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"title": "Wind, Rain Clear Out Smoke in Most of Bay Area",
"headTitle": "Wind, Rain Clear Out Smoke in Most of Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Wednesday, Nov. 21, 8:30 a.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As expected, the rain and wind have cleared out the smoke in most of the Bay Area, bringing relief to millions of people forced to breathe air heavy with harmful particulate matter emanating from the Camp Fire in Butte County. But patches of red, categorized as “unhealthy,” do remain on the\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Air Quality Index map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the smoke has cleared, here’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934660/no-the-coming-rain-wont-be-toxic-heres-what-to-do-when-the-smoke-clears\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">what you should do in terms of housecleaning\u003c/a> to rid yourself of the remnants of this week-plus of pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if, perhaps out of necessity, you’ve become an air quality nerd during this period, here’s the\u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/state/ca/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Air Quality Index for dozens of California cities \u003c/a>(the site has gone down intermittently due to high web traffic). The BAAQMD has \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/about-air-quality/current-air-quality/air-monitoring-data?DataViewFormat=daily&DataView=aqi&StartDate=11/16/2018&ParameterId=316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current and recent AQI \u003c/a>from individual monitoring stations. The private company PurpleAir maintains an \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?#5.48/36.751/-117.255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive, crowdsourced AQI map\u003c/a> with highly localized air quality numbers. Click here for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934487/why-air-quality-monitoring-sites-kept-crashing-and-where-to-find-info-now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">complete list\u003c/a> of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Tuesday, Nov. 20, 8:30 a.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today will be the final day of hazy/smoky conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s not \u003cem>us\u003c/em> blowing smoke; that’s a direct quote from today’s National Weather Service \u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=NWS&issuedby=mtr&product=AFD&format=CI&glossary=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">forecast\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NWS says widespread rain will arrive late tonight and Wednesday, with scattered showers continuing through tomorrow. Then, a second system is expected to bring more rain Thanksgiving afternoon through Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve seen some concern on social media that the coming rain may be “toxic” due to the smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board says that’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934660/no-the-coming-rain-wont-be-toxic-heres-what-to-do-when-the-smoke-clears\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unlikely\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Although Paradise experienced a large wildfire, that’s not enough smoke to cause acid rain,” said Dar Mims, meteorologist for the board. \u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>As the winds and rain start to arrive you’re going to wash out the pollution. We will end up with a clean environment after this storm.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, right now, air quality is still \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unhealthy\u003c/a>, so staying indoors is still recommended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://hwp-viz.gsd.esrl.noaa.gov/smoke/index.html#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">smoke forecast\u003c/a> to see how smoke from the California fires has spread. (Click on “Near Surface Smoke” in the toolbar on the upper-left.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1934630\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-1020x534.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-1020x534.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-160x84.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-800x419.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-768x402.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-1200x629.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-1180x618.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-960x503.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-240x126.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-375x196.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-520x272.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt.png 1882w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other bad-air news, some San Jose State University students are unhappy with the administration’s decision to reopen school Monday after shutting down last week due to the region’s poor air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of students signed an online petition demanding the school cancel classes this week after administrators announced plans to reopen. The students noted that the air quality index in San Jose remains in the red zone — which Santa Clara County Public Health Officer Dr. Sara Cody says is unhealthy for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it’s at this level, the wildfire smoke can make anyone feel sick,” Cody said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University Vice President Charlie Faas says the air quality has improved significantly since last week and with the end of term less than a month away, the school wants to make sure students about to graduate can do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are monitoring this on an hour-by-hour basis,” Faas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unhealthy air is also leading a group of advocates for the homeless to give away masks in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mask Oakland” co-founder Jay Redwoods says the group has given away 30,000 since the Camp Fire began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, he says the group has 60,000 additional masks ready for volunteers to distribute on the streets and through organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mostly, we have focused on delivering to the most marginalized,” Redwoods said. “We work through community partners. We don’t want to just have a run on masks by people who just have the best access to Twitter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwoods says Mask Oakland has raised about $80,000 through online crowdfunding in addition to company donations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the group plans to stockpile any leftover masks for future emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks, Peter Jon Shuler and Ryan Levi contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Monday, Nov. 19, 9:55 a.m.\u003c/strong> The National Weather Service says lingering smoke will continue today. A break in the weather pattern is forecast for late Tuesday and widespread rainfall is likely early Wednesday with showers possibly throughout the day. More rain may come Thanksgiving evening through Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rainfall totals are expected to be 0.25 to 0.75 inches in the general Bay Area and 1 inch to 1.5 inches at elevations greater than 1,000 feet in the North Bay, Santa Cruz Mountains and Big Sur areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air quality for much of the Bay Area\u003c/a> is still in the red zone, signifying “unhealthy” conditions. That means you should continue to limit outdoor exertion, and it’s still best to stay indoors as much as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11707300/some-bay-area-colleges-universities-remain-closed-due-to-poor-air-quality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest on school and college closures\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Saturday, Nov. 17, 2:40 p.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather and air quality conditions in the Bay Area have improved slightly on Saturday, but aren’t expected to change much moving into Sunday, according to the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Widespread smoke and haze at times combining with coastal fog resulting in extended poor air quality and low visibilities over the San Francisco Bay Area should show some improvement first along the immediate coast today then inland Sunday,” the weather service said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expectations of high winds in the Chico area have triggered a red flag warning in Butte County. The winds to the north could fuel the spread of the Camp Fire and continue bringing smoke into the Bay Area. With little to no wind coming in from the ocean, the smoke is expected to continue to blanket the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air Quality Index for most of the Bay Area is in the red “unhealthy” zone, down slightly from the purple “very unhealthy” zone from Thursday and Friday. This week, San Francisco and Oakland recorded the poorest air quality since the Air District started measuring it 20 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air officials on Friday extended the winter Spare the Air alert through Tuesday. Burning wood and other solid fuels is prohibited during this period, because it contributes to the poor air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation caused school systems and colleges around the Bay Area to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11706584/friday-school-closures-and-restrictions-announced-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shut down\u003c/a> on Friday, and the annual Big Game between Stanford and California that had been scheduled for Saturday has been postponed two weeks due to the smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters continue to \u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=NWS&issuedby=mtr&product=AFD&format=CI&glossary=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">look ahead to rain\u003c/a> that’s expected to come starting on Wednesday and lasting through the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See our \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air quality map\u003c/a>, updated hourly, for air quality conditions in your area. The EPA has the \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/state/ca/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current Air Quality Index for dozens of California cities.\u003c/a> The BAAQMD has \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/about-air-quality/current-air-quality/air-monitoring-data?DataViewFormat=daily&DataView=aqi&StartDate=11/16/2018&ParameterId=316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current and historical AQI from individual monitoring stations\u003c/a>. The private company PurpleAir maintains an \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?#5.48/36.751/-117.255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive, crowdsourced AQI map\u003c/a>. More \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934487/why-air-quality-monitoring-sites-kept-crashing-and-where-to-find-info-now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air quality resources\u003c/a> here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara County officials have opened a number of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/osh/NeedAssistance/Documents/CleanAirCentersShelters_2018-11-16.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean air centers\u003c/a> for the public on the Peninsula and in the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several museums in San Francisco are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13845085/escape-the-smoke-these-san-francisco-museums-are-free-this-weekend\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">free this weekend\u003c/a> for people looking to get out of the smoke. Here is a map of air “havens” in San Francisco, where you can breathe filtered air:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[googlemaps https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1pCHFBbTTp7btPH9iJRkMLHjA5hQ&w=640&h=480]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is how to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926793/protecting-your-health-from-toxic-wildfire-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">protect yourself from wildfire smoke\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitor operations at Alcatraz Island, Fort Point National Historic Site and Muir Woods National Monument have been suspended through Sunday, the Golden Gate National Recreation Area announced Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alcatraz Island posted this amazing but disheartening before-and-after view from the island on its \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/alcatraznps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Facebook page\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1934385\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no matter how bad the air gets here, it’s better than the situation in \u003ca href=\"https://mobile.arb.ca.gov/breathewell/default.aspx?city=Chico#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chico\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bay City News contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705243/california-wildfires-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camp Fire\u003c/a> is still fouling the air in much of the Bay Area, and officials have extended the current Spare the Air alert through Friday. During this period, burning wood and manufactured logs is prohibited.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Wearing masks outdoors are a second-best option, say air quality officials — it’s better to stay indoors.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Air quality continues to be unhealthy through much of the region and these conditions are expected to persist through Friday at least,” the Bay Area Air Quality Management District announced Monday. “While weather conditions will vary somewhat throughout the week, air quality is expected to remain unhealthy because there is so much smoke trapped at the surface and surrounding the region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bepreparedcalifornia.ca.gov/ResourcesAndLinks/Languages/Documents/English/ENG_ProtectLungsSmoke7208color.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">How to choose and use a protective air mask\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Map: Current Air Quality Report for the Bay Area\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This is the worst air quality we’ve had this year,” the BAAQMD’s Kristine Roselius, told listeners of KQED Forum on Friday. “It’s quite unhealthy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you didn’t have to be an air quality professional to render the same judgment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”NB9Nh0RAqB8wURckGQLGkr1CP2qadPcg”]Smoke generated by the Butte County fire has blanketed much of the Bay Area for going on a week now, turning the sky a faintly pink or orange hue and the air quality maps an ominous red. The acrid air closed schools in Sonoma County and kept students in many districts indoors on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people walked the streets outfitted with the N95 masks, certified to filter out toxic particles, that are becoming critical household items due to more frequent wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cole Hardware in North Beach has sold thousands of respirator masks, said store manager Tina Rotolo, cleaning out its suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We bought as many as they would sell us,” Rotol said. “Eight hundred, 700, 500 at a time of any mask we could get our hands on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giselle Smith, who works in KQED’s garage, wore an N95 Friday as she checked in visitors to the station in San Francisco’s Mission District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I couldn’t breathe,” she said. “A lot of people who suffer from asthma had to call in and have asthma treatments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Anthony’s soup kitchen and clinic in San Francisco has converted its dining room into an overnight emergency shelter for the homeless, something it usually doesn’t do until winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opening early “is something we’ve never done before,” said St. Anthony’s spokeswoman Rachel Ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Oakland, volunteers are giving out respirator masks to the city’s homeless. A group called Mask Oakland has given out 5,000 masks since Friday, says Cassandra Williams, a volunteer with the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Best to Stay Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the masks are a second-best option, said Roselius, from the air district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Stay indoors, if at all possible,” she advised. “That’s your first and best defense. The masks are not always effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roselius said masks need to be securely strapped, fit closely to your face, and pinched snugly around your nose to be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also not designed for men with beards or for young children, she said. Nor should they be reused, if it’s avoidable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect yourself at home, keep your windows closed. The California Air Resources Board recommends HEPA air cleaners, which can greatly reduce indoor particle levels. If you’re in a car, close your windows and put your air conditioning on recirculate, which will help keep out the smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Siler, Anna Kusmer, Marissa Shieh and Queena Kim contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The changing weather has improved what were unhealthy levels of polluted air in much of the Bay Area.",
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"description": "The changing weather has improved what were unhealthy levels of polluted air in much of the Bay Area.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Wednesday, Nov. 21, 8:30 a.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As expected, the rain and wind have cleared out the smoke in most of the Bay Area, bringing relief to millions of people forced to breathe air heavy with harmful particulate matter emanating from the Camp Fire in Butte County. But patches of red, categorized as “unhealthy,” do remain on the\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Air Quality Index map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the smoke has cleared, here’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934660/no-the-coming-rain-wont-be-toxic-heres-what-to-do-when-the-smoke-clears\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">what you should do in terms of housecleaning\u003c/a> to rid yourself of the remnants of this week-plus of pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if, perhaps out of necessity, you’ve become an air quality nerd during this period, here’s the\u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/state/ca/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Air Quality Index for dozens of California cities \u003c/a>(the site has gone down intermittently due to high web traffic). The BAAQMD has \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/about-air-quality/current-air-quality/air-monitoring-data?DataViewFormat=daily&DataView=aqi&StartDate=11/16/2018&ParameterId=316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current and recent AQI \u003c/a>from individual monitoring stations. The private company PurpleAir maintains an \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?#5.48/36.751/-117.255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive, crowdsourced AQI map\u003c/a> with highly localized air quality numbers. Click here for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934487/why-air-quality-monitoring-sites-kept-crashing-and-where-to-find-info-now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">complete list\u003c/a> of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Tuesday, Nov. 20, 8:30 a.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today will be the final day of hazy/smoky conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s not \u003cem>us\u003c/em> blowing smoke; that’s a direct quote from today’s National Weather Service \u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=NWS&issuedby=mtr&product=AFD&format=CI&glossary=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">forecast\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NWS says widespread rain will arrive late tonight and Wednesday, with scattered showers continuing through tomorrow. Then, a second system is expected to bring more rain Thanksgiving afternoon through Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve seen some concern on social media that the coming rain may be “toxic” due to the smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board says that’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934660/no-the-coming-rain-wont-be-toxic-heres-what-to-do-when-the-smoke-clears\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unlikely\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Although Paradise experienced a large wildfire, that’s not enough smoke to cause acid rain,” said Dar Mims, meteorologist for the board. \u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>As the winds and rain start to arrive you’re going to wash out the pollution. We will end up with a clean environment after this storm.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, right now, air quality is still \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unhealthy\u003c/a>, so staying indoors is still recommended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://hwp-viz.gsd.esrl.noaa.gov/smoke/index.html#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">smoke forecast\u003c/a> to see how smoke from the California fires has spread. (Click on “Near Surface Smoke” in the toolbar on the upper-left.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1934630\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-1020x534.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-1020x534.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-160x84.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-800x419.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-768x402.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-1200x629.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-1180x618.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-960x503.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-240x126.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-375x196.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt-520x272.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/smokedrifgt.png 1882w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other bad-air news, some San Jose State University students are unhappy with the administration’s decision to reopen school Monday after shutting down last week due to the region’s poor air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of students signed an online petition demanding the school cancel classes this week after administrators announced plans to reopen. The students noted that the air quality index in San Jose remains in the red zone — which Santa Clara County Public Health Officer Dr. Sara Cody says is unhealthy for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it’s at this level, the wildfire smoke can make anyone feel sick,” Cody said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University Vice President Charlie Faas says the air quality has improved significantly since last week and with the end of term less than a month away, the school wants to make sure students about to graduate can do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are monitoring this on an hour-by-hour basis,” Faas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unhealthy air is also leading a group of advocates for the homeless to give away masks in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mask Oakland” co-founder Jay Redwoods says the group has given away 30,000 since the Camp Fire began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, he says the group has 60,000 additional masks ready for volunteers to distribute on the streets and through organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mostly, we have focused on delivering to the most marginalized,” Redwoods said. “We work through community partners. We don’t want to just have a run on masks by people who just have the best access to Twitter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwoods says Mask Oakland has raised about $80,000 through online crowdfunding in addition to company donations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the group plans to stockpile any leftover masks for future emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks, Peter Jon Shuler and Ryan Levi contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Monday, Nov. 19, 9:55 a.m.\u003c/strong> The National Weather Service says lingering smoke will continue today. A break in the weather pattern is forecast for late Tuesday and widespread rainfall is likely early Wednesday with showers possibly throughout the day. More rain may come Thanksgiving evening through Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rainfall totals are expected to be 0.25 to 0.75 inches in the general Bay Area and 1 inch to 1.5 inches at elevations greater than 1,000 feet in the North Bay, Santa Cruz Mountains and Big Sur areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air quality for much of the Bay Area\u003c/a> is still in the red zone, signifying “unhealthy” conditions. That means you should continue to limit outdoor exertion, and it’s still best to stay indoors as much as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11707300/some-bay-area-colleges-universities-remain-closed-due-to-poor-air-quality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest on school and college closures\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Saturday, Nov. 17, 2:40 p.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather and air quality conditions in the Bay Area have improved slightly on Saturday, but aren’t expected to change much moving into Sunday, according to the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Widespread smoke and haze at times combining with coastal fog resulting in extended poor air quality and low visibilities over the San Francisco Bay Area should show some improvement first along the immediate coast today then inland Sunday,” the weather service said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expectations of high winds in the Chico area have triggered a red flag warning in Butte County. The winds to the north could fuel the spread of the Camp Fire and continue bringing smoke into the Bay Area. With little to no wind coming in from the ocean, the smoke is expected to continue to blanket the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air Quality Index for most of the Bay Area is in the red “unhealthy” zone, down slightly from the purple “very unhealthy” zone from Thursday and Friday. This week, San Francisco and Oakland recorded the poorest air quality since the Air District started measuring it 20 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air officials on Friday extended the winter Spare the Air alert through Tuesday. Burning wood and other solid fuels is prohibited during this period, because it contributes to the poor air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation caused school systems and colleges around the Bay Area to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11706584/friday-school-closures-and-restrictions-announced-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shut down\u003c/a> on Friday, and the annual Big Game between Stanford and California that had been scheduled for Saturday has been postponed two weeks due to the smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters continue to \u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=NWS&issuedby=mtr&product=AFD&format=CI&glossary=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">look ahead to rain\u003c/a> that’s expected to come starting on Wednesday and lasting through the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See our \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air quality map\u003c/a>, updated hourly, for air quality conditions in your area. The EPA has the \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/state/ca/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current Air Quality Index for dozens of California cities.\u003c/a> The BAAQMD has \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/about-air-quality/current-air-quality/air-monitoring-data?DataViewFormat=daily&DataView=aqi&StartDate=11/16/2018&ParameterId=316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current and historical AQI from individual monitoring stations\u003c/a>. The private company PurpleAir maintains an \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?#5.48/36.751/-117.255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive, crowdsourced AQI map\u003c/a>. More \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934487/why-air-quality-monitoring-sites-kept-crashing-and-where-to-find-info-now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air quality resources\u003c/a> here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara County officials have opened a number of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/osh/NeedAssistance/Documents/CleanAirCentersShelters_2018-11-16.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean air centers\u003c/a> for the public on the Peninsula and in the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several museums in San Francisco are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13845085/escape-the-smoke-these-san-francisco-museums-are-free-this-weekend\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">free this weekend\u003c/a> for people looking to get out of the smoke. Here is a map of air “havens” in San Francisco, where you can breathe filtered air:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n src='https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1pCHFBbTTp7btPH9iJRkMLHjA5hQ&w=640&h=480'\n title='https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1pCHFBbTTp7btPH9iJRkMLHjA5hQ&w=640&h=480'\n width='640'\n height='480'\n scrolling='no'\n frameborder='no'>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is how to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926793/protecting-your-health-from-toxic-wildfire-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">protect yourself from wildfire smoke\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitor operations at Alcatraz Island, Fort Point National Historic Site and Muir Woods National Monument have been suspended through Sunday, the Golden Gate National Recreation Area announced Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alcatraz Island posted this amazing but disheartening before-and-after view from the island on its \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/alcatraznps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Facebook page\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1934385\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/alcatraz-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no matter how bad the air gets here, it’s better than the situation in \u003ca href=\"https://mobile.arb.ca.gov/breathewell/default.aspx?city=Chico#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chico\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bay City News contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705243/california-wildfires-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camp Fire\u003c/a> is still fouling the air in much of the Bay Area, and officials have extended the current Spare the Air alert through Friday. During this period, burning wood and manufactured logs is prohibited.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Wearing masks outdoors are a second-best option, say air quality officials — it’s better to stay indoors.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Air quality continues to be unhealthy through much of the region and these conditions are expected to persist through Friday at least,” the Bay Area Air Quality Management District announced Monday. “While weather conditions will vary somewhat throughout the week, air quality is expected to remain unhealthy because there is so much smoke trapped at the surface and surrounding the region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bepreparedcalifornia.ca.gov/ResourcesAndLinks/Languages/Documents/English/ENG_ProtectLungsSmoke7208color.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">How to choose and use a protective air mask\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Map: Current Air Quality Report for the Bay Area\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This is the worst air quality we’ve had this year,” the BAAQMD’s Kristine Roselius, told listeners of KQED Forum on Friday. “It’s quite unhealthy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you didn’t have to be an air quality professional to render the same judgment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Smoke generated by the Butte County fire has blanketed much of the Bay Area for going on a week now, turning the sky a faintly pink or orange hue and the air quality maps an ominous red. The acrid air closed schools in Sonoma County and kept students in many districts indoors on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people walked the streets outfitted with the N95 masks, certified to filter out toxic particles, that are becoming critical household items due to more frequent wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cole Hardware in North Beach has sold thousands of respirator masks, said store manager Tina Rotolo, cleaning out its suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We bought as many as they would sell us,” Rotol said. “Eight hundred, 700, 500 at a time of any mask we could get our hands on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giselle Smith, who works in KQED’s garage, wore an N95 Friday as she checked in visitors to the station in San Francisco’s Mission District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I couldn’t breathe,” she said. “A lot of people who suffer from asthma had to call in and have asthma treatments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Anthony’s soup kitchen and clinic in San Francisco has converted its dining room into an overnight emergency shelter for the homeless, something it usually doesn’t do until winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opening early “is something we’ve never done before,” said St. Anthony’s spokeswoman Rachel Ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Oakland, volunteers are giving out respirator masks to the city’s homeless. A group called Mask Oakland has given out 5,000 masks since Friday, says Cassandra Williams, a volunteer with the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Best to Stay Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the masks are a second-best option, said Roselius, from the air district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Stay indoors, if at all possible,” she advised. “That’s your first and best defense. The masks are not always effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roselius said masks need to be securely strapped, fit closely to your face, and pinched snugly around your nose to be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also not designed for men with beards or for young children, she said. Nor should they be reused, if it’s avoidable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect yourself at home, keep your windows closed. The California Air Resources Board recommends HEPA air cleaners, which can greatly reduce indoor particle levels. If you’re in a car, close your windows and put your air conditioning on recirculate, which will help keep out the smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Siler, Anna Kusmer, Marissa Shieh and Queena Kim contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Firefighters Use Supercomputers to Forecast Wildfires",
"headTitle": "California Firefighters Use Supercomputers to Forecast Wildfires | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The deadly blazes burning in California have put a spotlight on the crucial role of evacuation. To save lives and property, firefighters must predict where a fire will spread within moments after it starts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California firefighters are getting some help from a powerful new tool: supercomputers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crunching real-time data from satellites and weather stations, banks of servers are providing forecasts of how wildfires could behave over the next few hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those predictions could help fire agencies add crucial minutes to evacuation orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other recent fires fanned by extreme weather and a warming climate, the still-burning Camp Fire in Butte County spread at a terrifying speed,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The abnormal is the new normal,” says Jonathan Cox, division chief with Cal Fire. “It’s something that 30-year firefighters have never seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Computing Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, fire agencies predict how a fire will move by looking at the weather, terrain and fuel moisture, as well as relying on the decades of experience of fire analysts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an inexact science that is having to be done during the middle of an emergency,” says Cox. “So it can be extremely difficult to get a really precise idea of where a fire is going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1934490 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-800x656.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-800x656.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-768x630.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-1020x836.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-1180x968.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-960x787.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-240x197.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-375x308.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-520x426.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Comet supercomputer at the San Diego Supercomputer Center. \u003ccite>(San Diego Supercomputer Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For years, many fire agencies have used basic software that can produce projections of the fire on laptop computers. But in recent years, the availability of real-time fire data has mushroomed. NASA satellites are providing detailed images of fire perimeters. Weather stations, field cameras and aerial reconnaissance flights provide even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where supercomputers come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our current supercomputer is called Comet,” says Ilkay Altintas of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdsc.edu/about_sdsc/overview.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Diego Supercomputer Center\u003c/a> at UC San Diego. Comet has 2.76 petaflops of computing power — about the same as two million smartphones stuck together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supercomputer center has developed \u003ca href=\"https://wifire.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WIFIRE\u003c/a>, a fire behavior model that builds on existing models and adds in real-time data. It can run many simulations simultaneously, as soon as a fire breaks out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can understand where the fire will be, its rate of spread, its direction for the next couple of hours,” Altintas says. “Having that information in a matter of minutes, in your hand, as fast as possible, is very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately Comet has been churning out forecasts for the \u003ca href=\"https://la.curbed.com/2018/11/9/18080362/woolsey-fire-map-ventura-los-angeles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Woolsey Fire\u003c/a> burning in Southern California, and turning them over to Cal Fire. The agency has been reluctant to talk about their efficacy, saying use of the model is still experimental, but it’s part of a growing trend of more technology in firefighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more information we can get and decisions we can make based on technology is obviously the future,” Cox says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he doesn’t think machines will take the place of human judgment on the fire lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one more way that we can make decisions, but I don’t think it will ever replace the human factor because of the dynamics that come with these fires,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predicting Erratic Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some wildfires that today’s computer models can’t predict well: in particular those that create their own weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California firefighters saw this back in July, battling the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11689687/deadly-carr-fire-fully-contained-but-work-is-far-from-over\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carr Fire\u003c/a> near Redding. It was “unpredictable,” according to Cal Fire, spreading erratically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934492\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934492\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-800x491.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"491\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-800x491.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-768x471.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-1020x626.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-1200x736.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-1180x724.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-960x589.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-240x147.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-375x230.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-520x319.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New fire computer models could help provide precious extra minutes for evacuation. \u003ccite>(JOSH EDELSON/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It also produced a massive “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” with winds over 160 miles per hour. It claimed the life of fire inspector Jeremy Stoke of the Redding Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen a lot of fires that are driven primarily by these winds that are created by the fire itself,” says Janice Coen, scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these “plume-dominated” conditions, fire-generated winds propel the flames forward. Those winds can top 50 miles per hour, even though the winds outside may be much weaker. Current fire behavior models don’t account for that in their forecasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some of the most destructive, most important cases, they come up short,” Coen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coen is working on a computer model that simulates fire-driven weather, known as \u003ca href=\"https://ral.ucar.edu/solutions/products/coupled-atmosphere-wildland-fire-environment-cawfe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CAWFE\u003c/a>. She says it’s shown promise, but the hard part is rolling it out to fire agencies, because adopting new technology is risky for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to integrate new technology in firefighting in particular,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential, she says, is that communities in fire-prone areas will be a bit safer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a lot of hope that we’ll be able to understand fires and anticipate their behavior,” says Coen, “so that we can learn from it and avoid more catastrophes in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "They can harness a flood of real-time data to make better forecasts for wildfires. But getting fire agencies to trust them is a challenge.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The deadly blazes burning in California have put a spotlight on the crucial role of evacuation. To save lives and property, firefighters must predict where a fire will spread within moments after it starts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California firefighters are getting some help from a powerful new tool: supercomputers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crunching real-time data from satellites and weather stations, banks of servers are providing forecasts of how wildfires could behave over the next few hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those predictions could help fire agencies add crucial minutes to evacuation orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other recent fires fanned by extreme weather and a warming climate, the still-burning Camp Fire in Butte County spread at a terrifying speed,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The abnormal is the new normal,” says Jonathan Cox, division chief with Cal Fire. “It’s something that 30-year firefighters have never seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Computing Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, fire agencies predict how a fire will move by looking at the weather, terrain and fuel moisture, as well as relying on the decades of experience of fire analysts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an inexact science that is having to be done during the middle of an emergency,” says Cox. “So it can be extremely difficult to get a really precise idea of where a fire is going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1934490 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-800x656.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-800x656.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-768x630.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-1020x836.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-1180x968.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-960x787.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-240x197.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-375x308.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/Comet-blue-520x426.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Comet supercomputer at the San Diego Supercomputer Center. \u003ccite>(San Diego Supercomputer Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For years, many fire agencies have used basic software that can produce projections of the fire on laptop computers. But in recent years, the availability of real-time fire data has mushroomed. NASA satellites are providing detailed images of fire perimeters. Weather stations, field cameras and aerial reconnaissance flights provide even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where supercomputers come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our current supercomputer is called Comet,” says Ilkay Altintas of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdsc.edu/about_sdsc/overview.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Diego Supercomputer Center\u003c/a> at UC San Diego. Comet has 2.76 petaflops of computing power — about the same as two million smartphones stuck together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supercomputer center has developed \u003ca href=\"https://wifire.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WIFIRE\u003c/a>, a fire behavior model that builds on existing models and adds in real-time data. It can run many simulations simultaneously, as soon as a fire breaks out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can understand where the fire will be, its rate of spread, its direction for the next couple of hours,” Altintas says. “Having that information in a matter of minutes, in your hand, as fast as possible, is very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately Comet has been churning out forecasts for the \u003ca href=\"https://la.curbed.com/2018/11/9/18080362/woolsey-fire-map-ventura-los-angeles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Woolsey Fire\u003c/a> burning in Southern California, and turning them over to Cal Fire. The agency has been reluctant to talk about their efficacy, saying use of the model is still experimental, but it’s part of a growing trend of more technology in firefighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more information we can get and decisions we can make based on technology is obviously the future,” Cox says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he doesn’t think machines will take the place of human judgment on the fire lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one more way that we can make decisions, but I don’t think it will ever replace the human factor because of the dynamics that come with these fires,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predicting Erratic Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some wildfires that today’s computer models can’t predict well: in particular those that create their own weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California firefighters saw this back in July, battling the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11689687/deadly-carr-fire-fully-contained-but-work-is-far-from-over\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carr Fire\u003c/a> near Redding. It was “unpredictable,” according to Cal Fire, spreading erratically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934492\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934492\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-800x491.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"491\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-800x491.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-768x471.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-1020x626.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-1200x736.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-1180x724.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-960x589.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-240x147.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-375x230.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33838_GettyImages-1059684614-520x319.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New fire computer models could help provide precious extra minutes for evacuation. \u003ccite>(JOSH EDELSON/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It also produced a massive “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” with winds over 160 miles per hour. It claimed the life of fire inspector Jeremy Stoke of the Redding Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen a lot of fires that are driven primarily by these winds that are created by the fire itself,” says Janice Coen, scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these “plume-dominated” conditions, fire-generated winds propel the flames forward. Those winds can top 50 miles per hour, even though the winds outside may be much weaker. Current fire behavior models don’t account for that in their forecasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some of the most destructive, most important cases, they come up short,” Coen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coen is working on a computer model that simulates fire-driven weather, known as \u003ca href=\"https://ral.ucar.edu/solutions/products/coupled-atmosphere-wildland-fire-environment-cawfe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CAWFE\u003c/a>. She says it’s shown promise, but the hard part is rolling it out to fire agencies, because adopting new technology is risky for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to integrate new technology in firefighting in particular,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential, she says, is that communities in fire-prone areas will be a bit safer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a lot of hope that we’ll be able to understand fires and anticipate their behavior,” says Coen, “so that we can learn from it and avoid more catastrophes in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why Air Quality Monitoring Sites Kept Crashing and Where to Find Info Now",
"headTitle": "Why Air Quality Monitoring Sites Kept Crashing and Where to Find Info Now | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Smoke from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705243/california-wildfires-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Camp Fire\u003c/a> in Butte County has created \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934155/smoke-from-camp-fire-blankets-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“very unhealthy” and “hazardous” levels of air quality in the Bay Area\u003c/a>, per EPA standards, and it’s not expected to get much better until next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Resources to Check Air Quality\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://tools.airfire.org/monitoring/v4/#!/?category=PM2.5_nowcast¢erlat=42¢erlon=-95&zoom=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service Air Monitoring Program\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://mobile.arb.ca.gov/breathewell/CityList.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Air Resource Board Breathewell for Mobile\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/about-air-quality/current-air-quality/air-monitoring-data?DataViewFormat=daily&DataView=aqi&ParameterId=316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BAAQMD AQI Stations\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://aqicn.org/city/california/san-francisco/san-francisco-arkansas-street/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Air Quality Index\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map#1/25/-30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PurpleAir\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AirNow\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Air Quality Map\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s no wonder, then, that residents around the Bay have been trying to access more information about their air. Most of us have been clicking on the EPA’s air quality website,\u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> AirNow,\u003c/a> which allows you to type in your zip code and see the Air Quality Index (AQI) for your area. AirNow hasn’t been able to handle the crush of traffic, and the site has been crashing intermittently since the smoke descended upon the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The AirNow website is still experiencing very heavy traffic and may be slow,” the agency said on Facebook and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AIRNow/status/1061781457235075077\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a tweet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a spokesperson from the EPA, 3.2 million visitors hit the website from Nov. 9 to 15, with as many as 21,000 concurrent users. That’s 100 times more simultaneous users than usual, the EPA said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outages have prompted some very angry comments from the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”1GthEx6ZkGk0ffVFzig56hRo2SDzVRWC”]”Your website is broken. We are kind of in a state of emergency right now,” wrote one user \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/airnow/posts/10157280698459769?comment_id=10157282509934769&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on Facebook\u003c/a>. Wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/airnow/posts/10157280698459769?comment_id=10157281121744769&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%2310%22%7D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a>: “Please fix it. You are depriving people from accessing crucial info that will affect their health. Hire adequate developers who would run it normally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the factors affecting the site’s performance was that AirNow upgraded to a new interface in September, and the site’s expanded functionality required more server resources. When the site became overloaded this week, AirNow started redirecting users to parts of the old site to spread out the traffic. But some of the new links didn’t work on the old site and some of the old maps wouldn’t load. So AirNow decided to revert fully to the old site, which has made the service more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just AirNow site that’s struggled to meet the demand. \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Bay Area Air Quality Management District’s website\u003c/a> has been getting 300,000 page views per day, according to a spokesperson, a 6,000 percent increase in traffic. The agency had to increase server and database capacity to handle the load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PurpleAir\u003c/a>, which is a small private company that creates portable personal air monitors and uses a wi-fi open source network to map the air quality via that equipment, also succumbed to traffic overload Thursday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Kkqn03fC9rIQWVIvaFgWfWSvg2bUAJP6″]”This is much bigger than expected. Through the fires this summer we did not experience this sort of traffic,” said Amanda Hawkins, one of the company’s founders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news: Most of the sites have now upgraded their back-ends to handle the traffic. AirNow, for instance, is back to providing AQIs on a more granular geographical level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other good news: There are other places to get your air quality information, if one site isn’t loading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some options:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>AirNow partnered with the\u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/firenet.gov/wfaqrp-external/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> U.S. Forest Service’s Wildland Fire Air Quality Response Program\u003c/a> to send users to its site when necessary. The U.S. Forest Service increased their service capacity Thursday to take on some of the additional traffic. \u003ca href=\"https://tools.airfire.org/monitoring/v4/#!/?category=PM2.5_nowcast¢erlat=42¢erlon=-95&zoom=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See the U.S. Forest Service’s Air Monitoring site here\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The California Air Resources Board also runs a \u003ca href=\"https://mobile.arb.ca.gov/breathewell/CityList.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Breathewell site\u003c/a> designed for mobile users.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BAAQMD.gov\u003c/a> increased its server capacity and provides an air quality map, as well as pure data. The 31 actual air monitors around the Bay Area that feed the AirNow site come from BAAQMD.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The World Air Quality Index is a global project, based in Beijing, that provides AQI information for 1,000 cities around the world. You can view the\u003ca href=\"http://aqicn.org/city/california/san-francisco/san-francisco-arkansas-street/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> AQI at the nearest station to you\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map#1/25/-30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PurpleAir\u003c/a> also provides a map made up of data from its own network of personal air monitors. The difference, though, is PurpleAir provides rolling updates—so the AQI is the most recent 80-second average—whereas the AQI on AirNow or BAAQMD is often a 24-hour average with an hourly estimate based on calculations. PurpleAir uses a different type of monitor, a cheaper and more portable laser particle counter, which can read slightly higher than sensors that measure particulate matter by mass concentration.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s map\u003c/a> is updated hourly, based on the open data from AirNow, and includes info about the air quality categories.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>You can also try \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_city&zipcode=94102&submit=Go\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the AirNow website\u003c/a> again. It appeared to be working more reliably throughout Friday.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr />\n[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Smoke from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705243/california-wildfires-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Camp Fire\u003c/a> in Butte County has created \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934155/smoke-from-camp-fire-blankets-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“very unhealthy” and “hazardous” levels of air quality in the Bay Area\u003c/a>, per EPA standards, and it’s not expected to get much better until next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Resources to Check Air Quality\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://tools.airfire.org/monitoring/v4/#!/?category=PM2.5_nowcast¢erlat=42¢erlon=-95&zoom=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service Air Monitoring Program\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://mobile.arb.ca.gov/breathewell/CityList.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Air Resource Board Breathewell for Mobile\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/about-air-quality/current-air-quality/air-monitoring-data?DataViewFormat=daily&DataView=aqi&ParameterId=316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BAAQMD AQI Stations\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://aqicn.org/city/california/san-francisco/san-francisco-arkansas-street/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Air Quality Index\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map#1/25/-30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PurpleAir\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AirNow\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Air Quality Map\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s no wonder, then, that residents around the Bay have been trying to access more information about their air. Most of us have been clicking on the EPA’s air quality website,\u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> AirNow,\u003c/a> which allows you to type in your zip code and see the Air Quality Index (AQI) for your area. AirNow hasn’t been able to handle the crush of traffic, and the site has been crashing intermittently since the smoke descended upon the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The AirNow website is still experiencing very heavy traffic and may be slow,” the agency said on Facebook and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AIRNow/status/1061781457235075077\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a tweet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a spokesperson from the EPA, 3.2 million visitors hit the website from Nov. 9 to 15, with as many as 21,000 concurrent users. That’s 100 times more simultaneous users than usual, the EPA said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outages have prompted some very angry comments from the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”Your website is broken. We are kind of in a state of emergency right now,” wrote one user \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/airnow/posts/10157280698459769?comment_id=10157282509934769&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on Facebook\u003c/a>. Wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/airnow/posts/10157280698459769?comment_id=10157281121744769&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%2310%22%7D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a>: “Please fix it. You are depriving people from accessing crucial info that will affect their health. Hire adequate developers who would run it normally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the factors affecting the site’s performance was that AirNow upgraded to a new interface in September, and the site’s expanded functionality required more server resources. When the site became overloaded this week, AirNow started redirecting users to parts of the old site to spread out the traffic. But some of the new links didn’t work on the old site and some of the old maps wouldn’t load. So AirNow decided to revert fully to the old site, which has made the service more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just AirNow site that’s struggled to meet the demand. \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Bay Area Air Quality Management District’s website\u003c/a> has been getting 300,000 page views per day, according to a spokesperson, a 6,000 percent increase in traffic. The agency had to increase server and database capacity to handle the load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PurpleAir\u003c/a>, which is a small private company that creates portable personal air monitors and uses a wi-fi open source network to map the air quality via that equipment, also succumbed to traffic overload Thursday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”This is much bigger than expected. Through the fires this summer we did not experience this sort of traffic,” said Amanda Hawkins, one of the company’s founders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news: Most of the sites have now upgraded their back-ends to handle the traffic. AirNow, for instance, is back to providing AQIs on a more granular geographical level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other good news: There are other places to get your air quality information, if one site isn’t loading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some options:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>AirNow partnered with the\u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/firenet.gov/wfaqrp-external/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> U.S. Forest Service’s Wildland Fire Air Quality Response Program\u003c/a> to send users to its site when necessary. The U.S. Forest Service increased their service capacity Thursday to take on some of the additional traffic. \u003ca href=\"https://tools.airfire.org/monitoring/v4/#!/?category=PM2.5_nowcast¢erlat=42¢erlon=-95&zoom=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See the U.S. Forest Service’s Air Monitoring site here\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The California Air Resources Board also runs a \u003ca href=\"https://mobile.arb.ca.gov/breathewell/CityList.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Breathewell site\u003c/a> designed for mobile users.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BAAQMD.gov\u003c/a> increased its server capacity and provides an air quality map, as well as pure data. The 31 actual air monitors around the Bay Area that feed the AirNow site come from BAAQMD.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The World Air Quality Index is a global project, based in Beijing, that provides AQI information for 1,000 cities around the world. You can view the\u003ca href=\"http://aqicn.org/city/california/san-francisco/san-francisco-arkansas-street/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> AQI at the nearest station to you\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map#1/25/-30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PurpleAir\u003c/a> also provides a map made up of data from its own network of personal air monitors. The difference, though, is PurpleAir provides rolling updates—so the AQI is the most recent 80-second average—whereas the AQI on AirNow or BAAQMD is often a 24-hour average with an hourly estimate based on calculations. PurpleAir uses a different type of monitor, a cheaper and more portable laser particle counter, which can read slightly higher than sensors that measure particulate matter by mass concentration.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s map\u003c/a> is updated hourly, based on the open data from AirNow, and includes info about the air quality categories.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>You can also try \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_city&zipcode=94102&submit=Go\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the AirNow website\u003c/a> again. It appeared to be working more reliably throughout Friday.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Move the slider below to view the Camp Fire’s smoke blowing over 300 miles across Northern California. The first satellite image was taken Oct. 21, 2018 and the second on Nov. 11 by the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 satellite; both are provided by the Earth-imaging company \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet\u003c/a>. The images were taken approximately 500 miles above the Earth. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705243/california-wildfires-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camp Fire\u003c/a>, which started Nov. 8 in Butte County, is now the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934332/the-largest-deadliest-and-most-destructive-fires-in-california-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deadliest and most destructive\u003c/a> fire in California history.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"90%\" height=\"1335\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=91058622-e9ba-11e8-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Move the slider below to view the Camp Fire’s smoke blowing over 300 miles across Northern California. The first satellite image was taken Oct. 21, 2018 and the second on Nov. 11 by the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 satellite; both are provided by the Earth-imaging company \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet\u003c/a>. The images were taken approximately 500 miles above the Earth. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705243/california-wildfires-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camp Fire\u003c/a>, which started Nov. 8 in Butte County, is now the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934332/the-largest-deadliest-and-most-destructive-fires-in-california-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deadliest and most destructive\u003c/a> fire in California history.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"90%\" height=\"1335\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=91058622-e9ba-11e8-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "What You Need to Know About the Bay Area's Current Abysmal Air Quality",
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"content": "\u003cp>Since \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705243/california-wildfires-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Camp Fire\u003c/a> in Butte County blew up a week ago, the Bay Area has been choked with smoke, fouling the air quality throughout the region. As of Thursday afternoon, air quality readings had gotten so bad in San Francisco that it reached “hazardous” levels per EPA standards. Due to the smoke, a number of Bay Area school districts have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11706584/friday-school-closures-and-restrictions-announced-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">canceled classes on Friday.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conditions are expected \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934155/smoke-from-camp-fire-blankets-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to remain smoky at least through the weekend\u003c/a>, stretching the current stint of bad air to nearly two weeks, and leaving many residents wondering how to cope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”pDXbVZZoq1WjaMJkElnjfAXBMcSLtJSw”]Sharon Chinthrajah, a clinical associate professor in allergy and immunology at Stanford, and Kirk Smith, a professor of global environmental health at UC Berkeley, appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101868246/wildfire-smoke-air-quality-and-your-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Forum program\u003c/a> Wednesday to answer questions about smoke, air quality and the resulting health effects from exposure to toxic particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some key takeaways:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What Exactly is in the Air?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>When wildfires burn, they release a range of particles into the air. Wood smoke also contains chemicals like formaldehyde and benzene, especially when fire sweeps through urban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the ash consists of visible particles, but “really it’s the small particles we worry about,” said Chinthrajah. In “particular,” she means \u003ca href=\"http://www.npi.gov.au/resource/particulate-matter-pm10-and-pm25\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">particles less than 2.5 microns\u003c/a> in diameter. (A micron is 1/1,000,000th of a meter, or .00004 inches. For comparison, a human red blood cell is about five microns across.) When you breathe in particles smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter, they can readily enter your lungs and bloodstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Long-term v. Short-term Health Effects\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While there are a number of studies that have tracked the long-term effects of breathing in chronic air pollution, said Smith, it’s more difficult to pin down the short-term effects. In the long-term, chronic exposure to small particles has been linked to early morbidity, decreased lung function, and compromised immune cells. \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-10/tl-tlp101817.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">One study\u003c/a> suggested that 6.5 million people die each year prematurely due to poor air quality. In the short-term, however, it’s difficult to pin down what the effects are to those who aren’t already vulnerable to existing heart or lung disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How to Keep Track of the Air Quality\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There are a number of sites that track air quality, such as \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AirNow.gov\u003c/a>, which uses sensors and data from the Bay Area Air Quality Management District, and the privately run \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?#11/37.7846/-122.3379\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PurpleAir\u003c/a>, and uses crowd-sourced data from its own network of for-sale air quality sensors. Many of them have been overrun with web traffic, however. You can also use\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the KQED air quality map\u003c/a>, which is updated continually with AirNow data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”szYmvQahwNmXyG8eZRFOmSVPE8fyri4S”]All of these sites allow you to type in your zip code and see the AQI, or Air Quality Index number, with a description of what that number means. The AQI is a standard calculation that quantifies both ozone pollution and PM 2.5, or particles 2.5 microns wide. AQI numbers over 100 are considered unhealthy for sensitive groups, over 150 is considered unhealthy even for healthy people, and over 200 is considered hazardous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we are currently experiencing values in the high-100s and low-200s, other parts of the world regularly have AQI numbers higher than that. New Delhi, where Smith lives half of the year, had a 340 AQI when he looked it up before coming on the program. It’s a “\u003ca href=\"https://waqi.info/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global phenomenon\u003c/a>,” he said, adding for perspective that the worst air-quality days in the Bay Area are probably comparable to the best days in New Delhi.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How to Protect Yourself\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Limit your outdoor exposure. Even in a drafty house, the amount of air pollution is less than outdoors, because particles are absorbed partially by walls and don’t penetrate fully. Indoor air in the average house in the U.S., said Smith, is typically 15 percent less polluted than outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”fNL3Os6xjtEbhZRcgtol0ySPLqslM08y”]However, if you have HEPA-certified air filters running, doors and windows closed, gaps sealed, and the air recirculating inside the house, then you can bring the air pollution levels down to 3-4 times lower than outside, Smith noted. Most air conditioners, heaters and air circulation units bring air in from the outdoors. You want to turn off that function and let the system recirculate indoor air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t go in and out of the house frequently, so as not to bring in outside air, and don’t burn things inside the house, like candles or incense. Unfortunately there hasn’t been a consistent government standard for testing air filters, but you want to have a filter rated to at least PM 2.5 and from a reputable company. Additionally, said Smith, you’ll want to consider the CADR (clean air delivery rate) of your air filter; a small filter in the corner won’t deliver enough cubic feet of clean air to fill a large room. And you need to replace the filters in the units regularly, both in your furnace, portable air filters and in your car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have to be outside, then a mask rated at least N95 can catch many of the particles, if it fits well, said Chinthrajah. Health professionals will even get their masks fitted to make sure there is a good seal that doesn’t let air in. However, over-the-counter masks can fit badly, particularly for small kids or adults with facial hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unless it’s very uncomfortable, it’s not working,” said Smith. Masks also don’t last forever. Particles get trapped in them over time and the masks have to be replaced. Although it depends on the pollution levels, Smith suggested replacing them every few days or over a week at most, in conditions like this.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705243/california-wildfires-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Camp Fire\u003c/a> in Butte County blew up a week ago, the Bay Area has been choked with smoke, fouling the air quality throughout the region. As of Thursday afternoon, air quality readings had gotten so bad in San Francisco that it reached “hazardous” levels per EPA standards. Due to the smoke, a number of Bay Area school districts have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11706584/friday-school-closures-and-restrictions-announced-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">canceled classes on Friday.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conditions are expected \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934155/smoke-from-camp-fire-blankets-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to remain smoky at least through the weekend\u003c/a>, stretching the current stint of bad air to nearly two weeks, and leaving many residents wondering how to cope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Sharon Chinthrajah, a clinical associate professor in allergy and immunology at Stanford, and Kirk Smith, a professor of global environmental health at UC Berkeley, appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101868246/wildfire-smoke-air-quality-and-your-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Forum program\u003c/a> Wednesday to answer questions about smoke, air quality and the resulting health effects from exposure to toxic particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some key takeaways:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What Exactly is in the Air?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>When wildfires burn, they release a range of particles into the air. Wood smoke also contains chemicals like formaldehyde and benzene, especially when fire sweeps through urban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the ash consists of visible particles, but “really it’s the small particles we worry about,” said Chinthrajah. In “particular,” she means \u003ca href=\"http://www.npi.gov.au/resource/particulate-matter-pm10-and-pm25\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">particles less than 2.5 microns\u003c/a> in diameter. (A micron is 1/1,000,000th of a meter, or .00004 inches. For comparison, a human red blood cell is about five microns across.) When you breathe in particles smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter, they can readily enter your lungs and bloodstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Long-term v. Short-term Health Effects\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While there are a number of studies that have tracked the long-term effects of breathing in chronic air pollution, said Smith, it’s more difficult to pin down the short-term effects. In the long-term, chronic exposure to small particles has been linked to early morbidity, decreased lung function, and compromised immune cells. \u003ca href=\"https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-10/tl-tlp101817.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">One study\u003c/a> suggested that 6.5 million people die each year prematurely due to poor air quality. In the short-term, however, it’s difficult to pin down what the effects are to those who aren’t already vulnerable to existing heart or lung disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How to Keep Track of the Air Quality\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There are a number of sites that track air quality, such as \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AirNow.gov\u003c/a>, which uses sensors and data from the Bay Area Air Quality Management District, and the privately run \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?#11/37.7846/-122.3379\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PurpleAir\u003c/a>, and uses crowd-sourced data from its own network of for-sale air quality sensors. Many of them have been overrun with web traffic, however. You can also use\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the KQED air quality map\u003c/a>, which is updated continually with AirNow data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>All of these sites allow you to type in your zip code and see the AQI, or Air Quality Index number, with a description of what that number means. The AQI is a standard calculation that quantifies both ozone pollution and PM 2.5, or particles 2.5 microns wide. AQI numbers over 100 are considered unhealthy for sensitive groups, over 150 is considered unhealthy even for healthy people, and over 200 is considered hazardous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we are currently experiencing values in the high-100s and low-200s, other parts of the world regularly have AQI numbers higher than that. New Delhi, where Smith lives half of the year, had a 340 AQI when he looked it up before coming on the program. It’s a “\u003ca href=\"https://waqi.info/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global phenomenon\u003c/a>,” he said, adding for perspective that the worst air-quality days in the Bay Area are probably comparable to the best days in New Delhi.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How to Protect Yourself\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Limit your outdoor exposure. Even in a drafty house, the amount of air pollution is less than outdoors, because particles are absorbed partially by walls and don’t penetrate fully. Indoor air in the average house in the U.S., said Smith, is typically 15 percent less polluted than outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>However, if you have HEPA-certified air filters running, doors and windows closed, gaps sealed, and the air recirculating inside the house, then you can bring the air pollution levels down to 3-4 times lower than outside, Smith noted. Most air conditioners, heaters and air circulation units bring air in from the outdoors. You want to turn off that function and let the system recirculate indoor air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t go in and out of the house frequently, so as not to bring in outside air, and don’t burn things inside the house, like candles or incense. Unfortunately there hasn’t been a consistent government standard for testing air filters, but you want to have a filter rated to at least PM 2.5 and from a reputable company. Additionally, said Smith, you’ll want to consider the CADR (clean air delivery rate) of your air filter; a small filter in the corner won’t deliver enough cubic feet of clean air to fill a large room. And you need to replace the filters in the units regularly, both in your furnace, portable air filters and in your car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have to be outside, then a mask rated at least N95 can catch many of the particles, if it fits well, said Chinthrajah. Health professionals will even get their masks fitted to make sure there is a good seal that doesn’t let air in. However, over-the-counter masks can fit badly, particularly for small kids or adults with facial hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unless it’s very uncomfortable, it’s not working,” said Smith. Masks also don’t last forever. Particles get trapped in them over time and the masks have to be replaced. Although it depends on the pollution levels, Smith suggested replacing them every few days or over a week at most, in conditions like this.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Largest, Deadliest and Most Destructive Fires in California History",
"headTitle": "The Largest, Deadliest and Most Destructive Fires in California History | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATED: Monday, Dec. 5\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705243/california-wildfires-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Camp Fire burning in Butte County\u003c/a> became the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in California history, with 85 deaths reported to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the most destructive fires and two of the deadliest have occurred in the last two years, according to Cal Fire records. That doesn’t count the Thomas Fire in Southern California last year, in which just two people died as a direct result of the fire, but 21 more deaths were attributed to the mudslides that followed the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been doing this job for 31 years and probably in the last five, maybe seven years, every year seems to get worse,” Cal Fire Chief Scott Jalbert \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Lej-NG9Qb4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the \u003cem>Associated Press\u003c/em> recently\u003c/a>. He attributed some of the extreme fires to drought conditions and strong winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”eFcWMsVCKbrP5A0zx4EcbJ5R8rPwZe2Y”]Over the weekend President Trump twice \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1061168803218948096\">tweeted \u003c/a>that the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1061554334276747264\">fires \u003c/a>were the result of poor forest management, threatening to withhold federal aid if the problem wasn’t remedied. But forest management is just one factor in fire prevention — with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705903/megafires-more-frequent-because-of-climate-change-and-forest-management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change and global warming contributing to an increase in the number of large fires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Managing all the forests in every way we can does not stop climate change, and those who deny that are definitely contributing to the tragedies that we are now witnessing and will continue to witness,” Gov. Jerry Brown said during a news conference over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human-driven warming is \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Wildfires-getting-worse-due-to-climate-change-9961409.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drying out forests\u003c/a> to the point that peak fire seasons in the region have increased every year by about nine days since 2000, according to a 2017 study. Since 1970, average annual temperatures for the region have increased by 1.9 degree Farenheit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.W2thz_5KjOQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about twice the pace\u003c/a> of the global average warming, according to data from the Union of Concerned Scientists. Meanwhile urbanization is contributing to the destructiveness of wildfires \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928770\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as more people\u003c/a> move into harm’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”sAMHMv8j4MaXTDuTDFQaD5FcHgfSpODc”]What this means is the list of biggest and most destructive fires may need more updating soon. Below are the current top ten largest, most destructive and deadliest wildfires, according to Cal Fire records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>See all of our ongoing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire coverage\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934341\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934341\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters monitor the flames during the Thomas Fire in Dec. 2017. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/GETTY IMAGES)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Top 10 Largest Fires\u003c/h3>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Mendocino Complex, July 2018.\u003c/strong> Mendocino, Lake, Glenn and Colusa counties. 459,123 acres burned. 280 structures destroyed. One death. Cause is still under investigation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Thomas Fire, December 2017.\u003c/strong> Ventura and Santa Barbara counties. 281,893 acres burned. 1,063 structures destroyed. Two deaths (with an additional 21 deaths attributed to the mudslides that followed the fire). Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. 273,246 acres burned. 2,820 structures destroyed. Fifteen deaths. Sparked by a signal fire from lost hunter.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rush Fire, August 2012.\u003c/strong> Lassen County. 271,911 acres burned (with an additional 43,665 acres burned in Nevada). No structures destroyed. Zero deaths. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rim Fire, August 2013.\u003c/strong> Tuolumne County. 257,314 acres burned. 112 structures destroyed. Zero deaths. Sparked by camp fire.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Zaca Fire, July 2007.\u003c/strong> Santa Barbara County. 240,207 acres burned. One structure destroyed. Zero deaths. The fire was caused by sparks from a grinding machine on private property.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Carr Fire, July 2018\u003c/strong>. Shasta and Trinity counties. 229,651 acres. 1,604 structures destroyed. Eight deaths. Sparked by a tractor trailer scraping against pavement.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Matilija Fire, September 1932.\u003c/strong> Ventura County. 220,000 acres burned. No structures destroyed. Zero deaths. Unknown cause.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Witch Fire, October 2007.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. 197,990 acres burned. 1,650 structures destroyed. Two deaths. Sparked by power lines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Klamath Theater Complex, June 2008.\u003c/strong> Siskiyou County. 192,038 acres. Zero structures destroyed. Two deaths. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934339\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934339\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The destruction in Paradise has wiped out nearly the entire town. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Top 10 Most Destructive Fires\u003c/h3>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Camp Fire, November 2018 (ongoing).\u003c/strong> Butte County. As of Nov. 16, About 16,000 structures destroyed. 151,000 acres burned. 77 deaths. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tubbs Fire, October 2017\u003c/strong>. Napa and Sonoma counties. 5,643 structures destroyed. 36,807 acres burned. 22 deaths. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tunnel-Oakland Hills Fire, October 1991\u003c/strong>. Alameda County. 2,900 structures destroyed. 1,600 acres burned. 25 deaths. Sparked by a rekindled grassfire and spread by heavy winds.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. San Diego. 2,820 structures destroyed. 273,246 acres burned. Fifteen deaths. Sparked by a signal fire from lost hunter.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Valley Fire, September 2015\u003c/strong>. Lake, Napa and Sonoma counties. 1,955, structures destroyed. 76,067 acres burned. Four deaths. Sparked by faulty wiring in a hot tub installation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Witch Fire, October 2007.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. 1,650 structures destroyed. 197,990 acres burned. Two deaths. Sparked by power lines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Carr Fire, July 2018.\u003c/strong> Shasta and Trinity counties. 1,604 structures destroyed. 229,651 acres burned. Eight deaths. Sparked by a tractor trailer scraping against pavement.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Nuns Fire, October 2017.\u003c/strong> Sonoma County. 1,355 structures destroyed. 54,382 acres burned. Three deaths. Cause still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Thomas Fire, December 2017.\u003c/strong> Ventura and Santa Barbara counties. 1,063 structures destroyed. 281,893 acres burned. Two deaths (with an additional 21 deaths attributed to the mudslides that followed the fire). Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Old Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. San Bernardino County. 1,003 structures destroyed. 91,281 acres burned. Six deaths. One man convicted of arson for starting the fire.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934383\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934383\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two women look through the remains of the Tubbs Fire at Journey’s End Mobile Home Park in Santa Rosa. \u003ccite>(Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Top 10 Deadliest Fires\u003c/h3>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Camp Fire, November 2018 (ongoing).\u003c/strong> Butte County. As of Nov. 19, 77 deaths. 151,000 acres burned. About 16,000 structures destroyed. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Griffith Park, October 1933.\u003c/strong> Los Angeles. 29 deaths. 47 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Started as a brush fire, unknown was sparked the fire.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tunnel-Oakland Hills Fire, October 1991\u003c/strong>. Alameda County. 25 deaths. 1,600 acres burned. 2,900 structures destroyed. Sparked by a rekindled grassfire and spread by heavy winds.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tubbs Fire, October 2017\u003c/strong>. Napa and Sonoma counties. 22 deaths. 36,807 acres burned. 5,643 structures destroyed. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. San Diego. Fifteen deaths. 273,246 acres burned. 2,820 structures destroyed. Sparked by a signal fire from lost hunter.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rattlesnake Fire, July 1953. \u003c/strong>Glenn County. Fifteen deaths. 1,340 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Started as arson.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Loop Fire, November 1966. \u003c/strong>Los Angeles County. Twelve deaths. 2,028 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Sparked by power lines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Hauser Creek, October 1943.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. Eleven deaths. 43,904 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Cause unknown, likely sparked by a wayward bullet from a military training exercise.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Inaja Fire, November 1956.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. Eleven deaths. 1,345 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Sparked by a match at a campfire site.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Iron Alps Complex, August 2008.\u003c/strong> Trinity County. Ten deaths. 105,855 acres burned. Ten structures destroyed. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*Though only two deaths were attributed to the Thomas Fire in December 2017 in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, 21 people died as a result of the mudslides that followed the fire.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATED: Monday, Dec. 5\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705243/california-wildfires-what-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Camp Fire burning in Butte County\u003c/a> became the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in California history, with 85 deaths reported to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the most destructive fires and two of the deadliest have occurred in the last two years, according to Cal Fire records. That doesn’t count the Thomas Fire in Southern California last year, in which just two people died as a direct result of the fire, but 21 more deaths were attributed to the mudslides that followed the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been doing this job for 31 years and probably in the last five, maybe seven years, every year seems to get worse,” Cal Fire Chief Scott Jalbert \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Lej-NG9Qb4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the \u003cem>Associated Press\u003c/em> recently\u003c/a>. He attributed some of the extreme fires to drought conditions and strong winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Over the weekend President Trump twice \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1061168803218948096\">tweeted \u003c/a>that the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1061554334276747264\">fires \u003c/a>were the result of poor forest management, threatening to withhold federal aid if the problem wasn’t remedied. But forest management is just one factor in fire prevention — with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705903/megafires-more-frequent-because-of-climate-change-and-forest-management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change and global warming contributing to an increase in the number of large fires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Managing all the forests in every way we can does not stop climate change, and those who deny that are definitely contributing to the tragedies that we are now witnessing and will continue to witness,” Gov. Jerry Brown said during a news conference over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human-driven warming is \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Wildfires-getting-worse-due-to-climate-change-9961409.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drying out forests\u003c/a> to the point that peak fire seasons in the region have increased every year by about nine days since 2000, according to a 2017 study. Since 1970, average annual temperatures for the region have increased by 1.9 degree Farenheit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.W2thz_5KjOQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about twice the pace\u003c/a> of the global average warming, according to data from the Union of Concerned Scientists. Meanwhile urbanization is contributing to the destructiveness of wildfires \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928770\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as more people\u003c/a> move into harm’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>What this means is the list of biggest and most destructive fires may need more updating soon. Below are the current top ten largest, most destructive and deadliest wildfires, according to Cal Fire records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>See all of our ongoing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire coverage\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934341\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934341\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS28632_Thomas-Fire-1.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters monitor the flames during the Thomas Fire in Dec. 2017. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/GETTY IMAGES)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Top 10 Largest Fires\u003c/h3>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Mendocino Complex, July 2018.\u003c/strong> Mendocino, Lake, Glenn and Colusa counties. 459,123 acres burned. 280 structures destroyed. One death. Cause is still under investigation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Thomas Fire, December 2017.\u003c/strong> Ventura and Santa Barbara counties. 281,893 acres burned. 1,063 structures destroyed. Two deaths (with an additional 21 deaths attributed to the mudslides that followed the fire). Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. 273,246 acres burned. 2,820 structures destroyed. Fifteen deaths. Sparked by a signal fire from lost hunter.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rush Fire, August 2012.\u003c/strong> Lassen County. 271,911 acres burned (with an additional 43,665 acres burned in Nevada). No structures destroyed. Zero deaths. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rim Fire, August 2013.\u003c/strong> Tuolumne County. 257,314 acres burned. 112 structures destroyed. Zero deaths. Sparked by camp fire.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Zaca Fire, July 2007.\u003c/strong> Santa Barbara County. 240,207 acres burned. One structure destroyed. Zero deaths. The fire was caused by sparks from a grinding machine on private property.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Carr Fire, July 2018\u003c/strong>. Shasta and Trinity counties. 229,651 acres. 1,604 structures destroyed. Eight deaths. Sparked by a tractor trailer scraping against pavement.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Matilija Fire, September 1932.\u003c/strong> Ventura County. 220,000 acres burned. No structures destroyed. Zero deaths. Unknown cause.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Witch Fire, October 2007.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. 197,990 acres burned. 1,650 structures destroyed. Two deaths. Sparked by power lines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Klamath Theater Complex, June 2008.\u003c/strong> Siskiyou County. 192,038 acres. Zero structures destroyed. Two deaths. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934339\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934339\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS33883_IMG_1259-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The destruction in Paradise has wiped out nearly the entire town. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Top 10 Most Destructive Fires\u003c/h3>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Camp Fire, November 2018 (ongoing).\u003c/strong> Butte County. As of Nov. 16, About 16,000 structures destroyed. 151,000 acres burned. 77 deaths. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tubbs Fire, October 2017\u003c/strong>. Napa and Sonoma counties. 5,643 structures destroyed. 36,807 acres burned. 22 deaths. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tunnel-Oakland Hills Fire, October 1991\u003c/strong>. Alameda County. 2,900 structures destroyed. 1,600 acres burned. 25 deaths. Sparked by a rekindled grassfire and spread by heavy winds.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. San Diego. 2,820 structures destroyed. 273,246 acres burned. Fifteen deaths. Sparked by a signal fire from lost hunter.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Valley Fire, September 2015\u003c/strong>. Lake, Napa and Sonoma counties. 1,955, structures destroyed. 76,067 acres burned. Four deaths. Sparked by faulty wiring in a hot tub installation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Witch Fire, October 2007.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. 1,650 structures destroyed. 197,990 acres burned. Two deaths. Sparked by power lines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Carr Fire, July 2018.\u003c/strong> Shasta and Trinity counties. 1,604 structures destroyed. 229,651 acres burned. Eight deaths. Sparked by a tractor trailer scraping against pavement.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Nuns Fire, October 2017.\u003c/strong> Sonoma County. 1,355 structures destroyed. 54,382 acres burned. Three deaths. Cause still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Thomas Fire, December 2017.\u003c/strong> Ventura and Santa Barbara counties. 1,063 structures destroyed. 281,893 acres burned. Two deaths (with an additional 21 deaths attributed to the mudslides that followed the fire). Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Old Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. San Bernardino County. 1,003 structures destroyed. 91,281 acres burned. Six deaths. One man convicted of arson for starting the fire.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934383\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1934383\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/RS27478_journeys-end3-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two women look through the remains of the Tubbs Fire at Journey’s End Mobile Home Park in Santa Rosa. \u003ccite>(Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Top 10 Deadliest Fires\u003c/h3>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Camp Fire, November 2018 (ongoing).\u003c/strong> Butte County. As of Nov. 19, 77 deaths. 151,000 acres burned. About 16,000 structures destroyed. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Griffith Park, October 1933.\u003c/strong> Los Angeles. 29 deaths. 47 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Started as a brush fire, unknown was sparked the fire.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tunnel-Oakland Hills Fire, October 1991\u003c/strong>. Alameda County. 25 deaths. 1,600 acres burned. 2,900 structures destroyed. Sparked by a rekindled grassfire and spread by heavy winds.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Tubbs Fire, October 2017\u003c/strong>. Napa and Sonoma counties. 22 deaths. 36,807 acres burned. 5,643 structures destroyed. Cause is still under investigation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cedar Fire, October 2003\u003c/strong>. San Diego. Fifteen deaths. 273,246 acres burned. 2,820 structures destroyed. Sparked by a signal fire from lost hunter.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rattlesnake Fire, July 1953. \u003c/strong>Glenn County. Fifteen deaths. 1,340 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Started as arson.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Loop Fire, November 1966. \u003c/strong>Los Angeles County. Twelve deaths. 2,028 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Sparked by power lines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Hauser Creek, October 1943.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. Eleven deaths. 43,904 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Cause unknown, likely sparked by a wayward bullet from a military training exercise.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Inaja Fire, November 1956.\u003c/strong> San Diego County. Eleven deaths. 1,345 acres burned. Zero structures destroyed. Sparked by a match at a campfire site.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Iron Alps Complex, August 2008.\u003c/strong> Trinity County. Ten deaths. 105,855 acres burned. Ten structures destroyed. Sparked by lightning.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*Though only two deaths were attributed to the Thomas Fire in December 2017 in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, 21 people died as a result of the mudslides that followed the fire.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Recommends Ending Use of Chlorpyrifos on Most Crops",
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"content": "\u003cp>California regulators recommended new restrictions Thursday on a widely used pesticide blamed for harming the brains of babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”86B0jBZVsmhJ2V0GFCFFp5G9kgnpThDj”]The Department of Pesticide Regulation issued temporary guidelines for chlorpyrifos that include banning it from crop dusting, discontinuing its use on most crops and increasing perimeters around where it’s applied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dow Chemical Co. pesticide currently used on about 60 different crops — including grapes, almonds and oranges — has increasingly come under fire from regulators, lawmakers and courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal appeals court in August ordered the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to remove the pesticide from sale in the United States after it ruled the Trump administration endangered public health by reversing an Obama-era effort to ban the chemical. The EPA is appealing that 2-1 ruling to a full panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii passed legislation in June that will ban the use of the pesticide in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environmental group blasted the new recommendations as toothless and said California should be taking the pesticide off the market after scientists for three state agencies found it was toxic and couldn’t be safely used at any levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, these are voluntary recommendations for local officials that have no weight of law behind them,” said Paul Towers of the Pesticide Action Network. “Instead of taking this brain-harming pesticide off the market, California officials are again passing the buck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California action comes as the state considers long-term regulations to restrict the use of chlorpyrifos and designate it as a “toxic air contaminant” that poses a risk of serious illness or death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmworkers in the nation’s leading agricultural state have been sickened several times in recent years when the pesticide drifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than three dozen workers harvesting cabbage in Kern County last year were affected when the pesticide drifted from neighboring farms, causing some to become nauseous and vomit and sending some for medical treatment, the department said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 13 people were affected in four incidents this year, including 10 workers in Solano County where the pesticide was applied to an almond orchard in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pesticide is in a class of organophosphates chemically similar to a nerve gas developed by Nazi Germany before World War II. Its heavy use has often left traces in drinking water sources. A University of California at Berkeley study in 2012 found that 87 percent of umbilical-cord blood samples tested from newborn babies contained detectable levels of the pesticide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under pressure from federal regulators, Dow voluntarily withdrew chlorpyrifos for use as a home insecticide in 2000. EPA also placed “no-spray” buffer zones around sensitive sites, such as schools, in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow did not immediately respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action by California comes as the state proposes designating chlorpyrifos as a “toxic air contaminant” that poses a risk of serious illness or death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the department is recommending county agriculture commissioners, who issue pesticide application permits, adopt the restrictions in January so they can protect health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is like our short-term fix,” said department spokeswoman Charlotte Fadipe. “We’ve already started down a longer road to a permanent fix.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other recommendations include creating a 150-foot setback from homes, businesses and schools where the pesticide is applied. During applications, there would have to be a quarter-mile buffer zone for 24 hours around any field where the pesticide is applied and the only people allowed inside the area would be authorized applicators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department also recommended limiting use of chlorpyrifos to certain crops to combat specific pests, such as weevils and certain types of aphids on alfalfa, stink bugs on almonds and maggots on leafy vegetables and onions..\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California regulators recommended new restrictions Thursday on a widely used pesticide blamed for harming the brains of babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The Department of Pesticide Regulation issued temporary guidelines for chlorpyrifos that include banning it from crop dusting, discontinuing its use on most crops and increasing perimeters around where it’s applied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dow Chemical Co. pesticide currently used on about 60 different crops — including grapes, almonds and oranges — has increasingly come under fire from regulators, lawmakers and courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal appeals court in August ordered the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to remove the pesticide from sale in the United States after it ruled the Trump administration endangered public health by reversing an Obama-era effort to ban the chemical. The EPA is appealing that 2-1 ruling to a full panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii passed legislation in June that will ban the use of the pesticide in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environmental group blasted the new recommendations as toothless and said California should be taking the pesticide off the market after scientists for three state agencies found it was toxic and couldn’t be safely used at any levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, these are voluntary recommendations for local officials that have no weight of law behind them,” said Paul Towers of the Pesticide Action Network. “Instead of taking this brain-harming pesticide off the market, California officials are again passing the buck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California action comes as the state considers long-term regulations to restrict the use of chlorpyrifos and designate it as a “toxic air contaminant” that poses a risk of serious illness or death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmworkers in the nation’s leading agricultural state have been sickened several times in recent years when the pesticide drifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than three dozen workers harvesting cabbage in Kern County last year were affected when the pesticide drifted from neighboring farms, causing some to become nauseous and vomit and sending some for medical treatment, the department said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 13 people were affected in four incidents this year, including 10 workers in Solano County where the pesticide was applied to an almond orchard in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pesticide is in a class of organophosphates chemically similar to a nerve gas developed by Nazi Germany before World War II. Its heavy use has often left traces in drinking water sources. A University of California at Berkeley study in 2012 found that 87 percent of umbilical-cord blood samples tested from newborn babies contained detectable levels of the pesticide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under pressure from federal regulators, Dow voluntarily withdrew chlorpyrifos for use as a home insecticide in 2000. EPA also placed “no-spray” buffer zones around sensitive sites, such as schools, in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow did not immediately respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action by California comes as the state proposes designating chlorpyrifos as a “toxic air contaminant” that poses a risk of serious illness or death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the department is recommending county agriculture commissioners, who issue pesticide application permits, adopt the restrictions in January so they can protect health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is like our short-term fix,” said department spokeswoman Charlotte Fadipe. “We’ve already started down a longer road to a permanent fix.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other recommendations include creating a 150-foot setback from homes, businesses and schools where the pesticide is applied. During applications, there would have to be a quarter-mile buffer zone for 24 hours around any field where the pesticide is applied and the only people allowed inside the area would be authorized applicators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department also recommended limiting use of chlorpyrifos to certain crops to combat specific pests, such as weevils and certain types of aphids on alfalfa, stink bugs on almonds and maggots on leafy vegetables and onions..\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Proposition 3: State Voters Douse Hopes for Big Water Bond",
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"content": "\u003cp>California voters appear to be rejecting a multi-billion-dollar borrowing plan for a grab bag of water projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition 3, an $8.9 billion water bond, was failing late on Election Night by a 52 percent to 48 percent margin.\u003cbr>\n[election2018result race=8744]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest share, more than $2 billion, would have gone to protecting watersheds through land restoration, including in the Sierra Nevada, San Francisco Bay and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other projects include water conservation programs, water recycling and funding to improve drinking water quality. The bond would have provided $675 million for groundwater management and another $200 million to underwrite repairs at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the deal breaker might have been the $750 million for repairs to the Friant-Kern Canal. The federally owned project carries water to Central Valley farms. Growers in the area have overpumped the area’s groundwater, causing the land to sink and damaging the canal. It’s lost 60 percent of its capacity to deliver water to farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of Proposition 3, including the Sierra Club, objected to having state taxpayer funds go a federal project. Generally, the users of a water project, like farmers or water districts, pay for their infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition 3 was also criticized for lack of oversight. Previous water bonds, including Proposition 1, a $7.5 billion dollar bond passed in 2014, were placed on the ballot after hearings in the state legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of this latest funding proposal called it a “pay-to-play” measure, a hodgepodge of pet projects from interest groups around the state. The bond’s largest contributions came from Ducks Unlimited, the California Waterfowl Association and Western Growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bond would’ve cost the state a total of $17.3 billion over 40 years, including interest, according California’s Secretary of State.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California voters appear to be rejecting a multi-billion-dollar borrowing plan for a grab bag of water projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition 3, an $8.9 billion water bond, was failing late on Election Night by a 52 percent to 48 percent margin.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest share, more than $2 billion, would have gone to protecting watersheds through land restoration, including in the Sierra Nevada, San Francisco Bay and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other projects include water conservation programs, water recycling and funding to improve drinking water quality. The bond would have provided $675 million for groundwater management and another $200 million to underwrite repairs at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the deal breaker might have been the $750 million for repairs to the Friant-Kern Canal. The federally owned project carries water to Central Valley farms. Growers in the area have overpumped the area’s groundwater, causing the land to sink and damaging the canal. It’s lost 60 percent of its capacity to deliver water to farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of Proposition 3, including the Sierra Club, objected to having state taxpayer funds go a federal project. Generally, the users of a water project, like farmers or water districts, pay for their infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition 3 was also criticized for lack of oversight. Previous water bonds, including Proposition 1, a $7.5 billion dollar bond passed in 2014, were placed on the ballot after hearings in the state legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of this latest funding proposal called it a “pay-to-play” measure, a hodgepodge of pet projects from interest groups around the state. The bond’s largest contributions came from Ducks Unlimited, the California Waterfowl Association and Western Growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bond would’ve cost the state a total of $17.3 billion over 40 years, including interest, according California’s Secretary of State.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Proposition A: San Franciscans Want a New Seawall and Vote to Pay For It",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Franciscans have dispelled any doubt that they’re willing to pay the price to armor their beloved waterfront against earthquakes and rising waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters approved by more than a 4 to 1 margin a $425 million general obligation bond aimed at strengthening the crumbling Embarcadero seawall, an essential but mostly-invisible retaining structure that holds the city along the waterfront together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port officials have argued that an earthquake could\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933480/proposition-a-hundreds-of-millions-to-fix-san-franciscos-feeble-sea-wall\"> cause\u003c/a> bay mud behind the wall to liquefy and the wall itself to pancake. Sea level rise also threatens more intense storms and rising tides, both of which batter the 3 ½ mile-long piece of infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Board of Supervisors\u003ca href=\"https://sfbos.org/sites/default/files/r0183-18.pdf\"> proposed\u003c/a> the bond in May, after port officials found that\u003ca href=\"https://sfport.com/sites/default/files/PRESS&MEDIA/2018%20PRESS%20&%20%20MEDIA/City%20Residents%20Overwhelmingly%20Support%20for%20Improvements%20to%20SF's%20Seawall%2002-12-18%20final.pdf\"> nearly three-quarters of voters\u003c/a> thought fixing the seawall was a good idea. City economists \u003ca href=\"https://sfcontroller.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Economic%20Analysis/180454_economic_impact_final.pdf\">estimate\u003c/a> that an earthquake with a 1 percent chance of occurring annually would cause $608 million in business and structural losses. The bond debt will be paid by existing parcel taxes, as older bonds retire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure A’s bond will fund most of Phase 1 of the Port of San Francisco’s seawall facelift. Work planned through 2026 will reduce seismic risk, potentially beginning around the Ferry Building, where some of the oldest sections of the wall are cracking. In the longer term, port officials say protecting the waterfront against earthquakes and sea level rise could take decades, and cost close to $5 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Franciscans have dispelled any doubt that they’re willing to pay the price to armor their beloved waterfront against earthquakes and rising waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters approved by more than a 4 to 1 margin a $425 million general obligation bond aimed at strengthening the crumbling Embarcadero seawall, an essential but mostly-invisible retaining structure that holds the city along the waterfront together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port officials have argued that an earthquake could\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933480/proposition-a-hundreds-of-millions-to-fix-san-franciscos-feeble-sea-wall\"> cause\u003c/a> bay mud behind the wall to liquefy and the wall itself to pancake. Sea level rise also threatens more intense storms and rising tides, both of which batter the 3 ½ mile-long piece of infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Board of Supervisors\u003ca href=\"https://sfbos.org/sites/default/files/r0183-18.pdf\"> proposed\u003c/a> the bond in May, after port officials found that\u003ca href=\"https://sfport.com/sites/default/files/PRESS&MEDIA/2018%20PRESS%20&%20%20MEDIA/City%20Residents%20Overwhelmingly%20Support%20for%20Improvements%20to%20SF's%20Seawall%2002-12-18%20final.pdf\"> nearly three-quarters of voters\u003c/a> thought fixing the seawall was a good idea. City economists \u003ca href=\"https://sfcontroller.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Economic%20Analysis/180454_economic_impact_final.pdf\">estimate\u003c/a> that an earthquake with a 1 percent chance of occurring annually would cause $608 million in business and structural losses. The bond debt will be paid by existing parcel taxes, as older bonds retire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure A’s bond will fund most of Phase 1 of the Port of San Francisco’s seawall facelift. Work planned through 2026 will reduce seismic risk, potentially beginning around the Ferry Building, where some of the oldest sections of the wall are cracking. In the longer term, port officials say protecting the waterfront against earthquakes and sea level rise could take decades, and cost close to $5 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Proposition 7: California Edges Toward Year-Round Daylight Time",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s days of “springing forward” and “falling back” may be numbered. In a strong rejection of biannual clock-setting, voters overwhelmingly favored Proposition 7, a bill to lay the groundwork for year-round Daylight Saving Time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians endorsed the idea by a 60 to 40 percent margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition 7 was in response to constituent concerns, according to Democratic sponsor Kansen Chu, who complained about the inconvenience and hazards of the biannual chronological shakeup. Proposition 7 authorizes the California legislature to change (if approved by a two-thirds margin) to permanent Daylight Saving Time. If the legislature takes this step, California will still need Congressional approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California voters enacted Daylight Saving Time in 1949, by proposition, which is why the issue must go before voters again if the current system is going to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice of alternating between standard and daylight saving time has come under increased scrutiny as studies link the loss of an hour of sleep when we spring forward to increased \u003ca href=\"https://www.aeaweb.org/conference/2015/retrieve.php?pdfid=544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">traffic accidents,\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.aan.com/PressRoom/Home/PressRelease/1440\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stroke\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://cal-access.sos.ca.gov/Campaign/Measures/Detail.aspx?id=1407102&session=2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heart attack\u003c/a>. Some studies have also reported a \u003ca href=\"https://www.oregonlive.com/data/2015/10/daylight_saving_time_linked_to.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decrease in crime during DST\u003c/a>, as lighter evenings deter would-be criminals. The energy savings that were once seen during DST, when it first came to the United States as a wartime measure, are now \u003ca href=\"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45208.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">essentially a wash\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the proposition have pointed to the last time the U.S. instituted year-round DST, during the OPEC oil embargo, and it was fairly unpopular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Public opinion polls showed that everybody liked daylight saving time from March to October,” says David Prerau, author of Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time, “but nobody liked it in the middle of winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike many other propositions on the California ballot, Proposition 7 has been remarkably free from big spending or partisan rhetoric. \u003ca href=\"http://cal-access.sos.ca.gov/Campaign/Measures/Detail.aspx?id=1407102&session=2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">No ballot measure committees registered\u003c/a> to either support or oppose the measure.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In one of the most lopsided votes among statewide propositions on the ballot, voters declared that they're sick of changing their clocks twice a year.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s days of “springing forward” and “falling back” may be numbered. In a strong rejection of biannual clock-setting, voters overwhelmingly favored Proposition 7, a bill to lay the groundwork for year-round Daylight Saving Time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians endorsed the idea by a 60 to 40 percent margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition 7 was in response to constituent concerns, according to Democratic sponsor Kansen Chu, who complained about the inconvenience and hazards of the biannual chronological shakeup. Proposition 7 authorizes the California legislature to change (if approved by a two-thirds margin) to permanent Daylight Saving Time. If the legislature takes this step, California will still need Congressional approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California voters enacted Daylight Saving Time in 1949, by proposition, which is why the issue must go before voters again if the current system is going to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice of alternating between standard and daylight saving time has come under increased scrutiny as studies link the loss of an hour of sleep when we spring forward to increased \u003ca href=\"https://www.aeaweb.org/conference/2015/retrieve.php?pdfid=544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">traffic accidents,\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.aan.com/PressRoom/Home/PressRelease/1440\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stroke\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://cal-access.sos.ca.gov/Campaign/Measures/Detail.aspx?id=1407102&session=2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heart attack\u003c/a>. Some studies have also reported a \u003ca href=\"https://www.oregonlive.com/data/2015/10/daylight_saving_time_linked_to.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decrease in crime during DST\u003c/a>, as lighter evenings deter would-be criminals. The energy savings that were once seen during DST, when it first came to the United States as a wartime measure, are now \u003ca href=\"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45208.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">essentially a wash\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the proposition have pointed to the last time the U.S. instituted year-round DST, during the OPEC oil embargo, and it was fairly unpopular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Public opinion polls showed that everybody liked daylight saving time from March to October,” says David Prerau, author of Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time, “but nobody liked it in the middle of winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike many other propositions on the California ballot, Proposition 7 has been remarkably free from big spending or partisan rhetoric. \u003ca href=\"http://cal-access.sos.ca.gov/Campaign/Measures/Detail.aspx?id=1407102&session=2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">No ballot measure committees registered\u003c/a> to either support or oppose the measure.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Proposition 12: California Voters Require More Spacious Digs for Farm Animals",
"headTitle": "Proposition 12: California Voters Require More Spacious Digs for Farm Animals | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Californians love their critters. And they showed it again on Election Day by banning the sale of pork, eggs or veal from animals confined in tight cages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters approved statewide Proposition 12 by a healthy margin of 61 to 39 percent.\u003cbr>\n[election2018result race=3257]\u003cbr>\nThe measure applies to animals in California, and those raised elsewhere for products sold in the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Didn’t We Already Vote on Cage-Free Conditions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents may have experienced a little déjà vu when they cast their vote for Proposition 12. Back in 2008, voters overwhelmingly passed a strikingly similar animal welfare law. It won by 63-37 percent, losing in Central Valley farm counties, but passing in Los Angeles and Bay Area urban communities by as much as 70 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade-old \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_2,_Standards_for_Confining_Farm_Animals_(2008)\">Proposition 2\u003c/a> promised to give animals enough room to stand up, sit down, turn around and extend their limbs or wings. But some farmers argued the measure’s language was too vague to interpret in practical terms so they challenged the measure in court. Eventually, state agriculture officials ruled that farmers could comply with the law without getting rid of their cages, as long as they provided more space within them. To end confinement altogether, the Humane Society sponsored Proposition 12, which requires each farm animal has a specific amount of floor space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Specifics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 2020, a veal calf must receive 43 square feet, 24 square feet for a breeding pig, and 1 square foot for an egg-laying hen. Cage-free conditions will be mandatory for hens by 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.eggfarmers.org/item/usa-today-asks-national-egg-farmers-the-reasons-for-opposing-prop-12\">Association of California Egg Farmers\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://nppc.org/\">National Pork Producers Council\u003c/a> opposed Proposition 12 primarily because the measure applies to all veal, pork and eggs sold in California, even when the animals are raised in other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potential Price Hikes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents predict Proposition 12 will lead to higher prices for consumers. The National Pork Producers Council says the industry will have to spend billions on new facilities, costs that will likely trickle down to pork consumers. Economists, though, say it’s tough to forecast exact price increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is easier to predict egg prices, as cage-free eggs are already on store shelves. They are usually priced about 50 cents to a dollar more per dozen than conventional eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People spend $50 to $100 a year on eggs,” says UC Davis economist Dan Sumner. “It’ll go up to $100 to $150.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though another factor could also be at play in egg prices: an uncertain future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concern for the people investing in these new standards is that it’s not at all clear that they’re going to last very long,” says Sumner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, animal welfare groups such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.peta.org/blog/why-we-oppose-californias-farmed-animal-initiative-and-you-should-too/\">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals\u003c/a> opposed Proposition 12. PETA says the measure doesn’t go far enough to protect chickens, which still can be confined in barns if it passes. So, the battle over how much space farm animals deserve is likely not over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Proposition 12 will effectively outlaw tight cages for pigs, veal calves and egg-laying hens. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Californians love their critters. And they showed it again on Election Day by banning the sale of pork, eggs or veal from animals confined in tight cages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters approved statewide Proposition 12 by a healthy margin of 61 to 39 percent.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nThe measure applies to animals in California, and those raised elsewhere for products sold in the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Didn’t We Already Vote on Cage-Free Conditions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents may have experienced a little déjà vu when they cast their vote for Proposition 12. Back in 2008, voters overwhelmingly passed a strikingly similar animal welfare law. It won by 63-37 percent, losing in Central Valley farm counties, but passing in Los Angeles and Bay Area urban communities by as much as 70 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade-old \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_2,_Standards_for_Confining_Farm_Animals_(2008)\">Proposition 2\u003c/a> promised to give animals enough room to stand up, sit down, turn around and extend their limbs or wings. But some farmers argued the measure’s language was too vague to interpret in practical terms so they challenged the measure in court. Eventually, state agriculture officials ruled that farmers could comply with the law without getting rid of their cages, as long as they provided more space within them. To end confinement altogether, the Humane Society sponsored Proposition 12, which requires each farm animal has a specific amount of floor space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Specifics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 2020, a veal calf must receive 43 square feet, 24 square feet for a breeding pig, and 1 square foot for an egg-laying hen. Cage-free conditions will be mandatory for hens by 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.eggfarmers.org/item/usa-today-asks-national-egg-farmers-the-reasons-for-opposing-prop-12\">Association of California Egg Farmers\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://nppc.org/\">National Pork Producers Council\u003c/a> opposed Proposition 12 primarily because the measure applies to all veal, pork and eggs sold in California, even when the animals are raised in other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potential Price Hikes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents predict Proposition 12 will lead to higher prices for consumers. The National Pork Producers Council says the industry will have to spend billions on new facilities, costs that will likely trickle down to pork consumers. Economists, though, say it’s tough to forecast exact price increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is easier to predict egg prices, as cage-free eggs are already on store shelves. They are usually priced about 50 cents to a dollar more per dozen than conventional eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People spend $50 to $100 a year on eggs,” says UC Davis economist Dan Sumner. “It’ll go up to $100 to $150.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though another factor could also be at play in egg prices: an uncertain future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concern for the people investing in these new standards is that it’s not at all clear that they’re going to last very long,” says Sumner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, animal welfare groups such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.peta.org/blog/why-we-oppose-californias-farmed-animal-initiative-and-you-should-too/\">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals\u003c/a> opposed Proposition 12. PETA says the measure doesn’t go far enough to protect chickens, which still can be confined in barns if it passes. So, the battle over how much space farm animals deserve is likely not over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Last month, as much of Colorado was enduring a snowstorm, hundreds of crabs in Fort Collins were enjoying more pleasant conditions: 75-degree heat with 80 percent humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University, crustacean biologist Donald Mykles houses a population of blackback land crabs, natives of the Caribbean, in an environment that mimics their tropical habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blackback land crab is native to the Caribbean. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These warm-weather crabs don’t take to snow. “The blackback land crab is a temperature wimp,” Mykles said. “You can kill one by putting it on ice for five minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the Crab Lab focuses on molting, the process that allows crabs to shed their hard shells when the soft body inside grows too big for its britches. Scientists have long studied molting, but what exactly controls it has remained somewhat mysterious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mykles’ research examines how molting might be manipulated, in case we ever wanted to, say, engineer a fast-growing variety to feed the world’s appetite for shellfish. Crab is a $700 million industry in the U.S, the second-most valuable seafood menu item after lobster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they molt more quickly, they grow more rapidly,” Mykles said, “Instead of two crops per year, you might be able to have three, or perhaps even four.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chief crab food species are blue crab on the East Coast, Dungeness in California, and king crab in Alaska. Since all crabs share a basic molting mechanism, Mykles’ work with the blackback land crab — which is not a major food source, except in some Caribbean stews — is transferable to the more popular commercial species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933541\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933541 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Mykles runs the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides trying to build a better crab, Mykles hopes to understand how rising ocean temperatures and acidity, both associated with global climate change, might play a role in crabs’ ability to keep up with their popularity as a menu item in the future. These environmental factors could affect new shell hardening after a molt, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere mean more of the gas becomes dissolved in the ocean, especially near the surface where crabs live. In water, carbon dioxide becomes carbonic acid, which breaks down crustacean shells. Warmer temperatures accelerate these reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, conditions are still in the livable range for crabs and their relatives, Mykles said. “We don’t really know where that threshold is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more imminent climate-change worry with crabs is about the plankton that make up their diets. These single-celled organisms are the source of the calcium carbonate critical to shell formation and are more vulnerable to changing ocean conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their tastier cousins, Mykles’ blackback crabs spend most of their lives on land. Females return to the sea only briefly to lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the sand-dune beaches where they live, the males do constant battle over territory. The stakes are high: If one of these baby-faced crabs secures a winning spot, he can invite a mate into his den, 6 or 7 feet beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_crabfight-grab_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blackback land crabs can tear each other apart in their battles for territory. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With all this roughhousing, more than feelings get hurt. “These crabs are not very nice. They live in large colonies. They attack each other, and they’ll eat each other,” Mykles said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male crabs inevitably lose limbs and damage their shells in constant dust-ups. Luckily, like many other arthropods, a group that includes insects and spiders, these crabs can release a leg or claw voluntarily if threatened. It’s not unusual to see animals in the field missing two or three walking legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limbs regrow at the next molt, which is typically once a year for an adult. When a molt cycle begins, tiny limb buds form where a leg or a claw has been lost. Over the next six to eight weeks, the buds enlarge while the crab reabsorbs calcium from its old shell and secretes a new, paper-thin one underneath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last hour of the cycle, the crab gulps air to create enough internal pressure to pop open the top of its shell, called the carapace. As the crab pushes its way out, the same internal pressure helps uncoil the new legs. The replacement shell thickens and hardens, and the crab eats the old shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933542\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a crab’s molt cycle, tiny buds sprout in the sockets where it lost legs. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The clues about how to produce molting on demand have been stacking up for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the control center lies in an unexpected place: the crab’s eyestalks, where a master nerve cluster like the human pituitary gland orders up a cocktail of hormones from an array of secondary glands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the location of this so-called X-organ, identified in the 1950s, Mykles and others have guessed that visual cues, like the number of nearby crabs or the length of daylight, could play a role in determining when it’s time for a change of shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the hormones from X-organ don’t induce molting — they prevent it. Without the enzymes that keep molting in check, a crab would be constantly cycling through new shells. Such unbridled molting is fatal to a crab — after a few rounds, they get stuck trying to get out of the last shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, Dorothy Skinner at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee hit on something else. Despite its very small brain, the blackback can count, at least when it comes to its legs. Consistently, her research found, if a crab loses five legs or more, molting starts ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While these discoveries relied on classic scientific approaches, such as behavioral studies, the current work in the Crab Lab employs newly developed gene-based tools. In particular, High-Throughput Sequencing or HTS, which tracks which crab genes are most active at different points in the molt cycle, is opening a lot of avenues of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, what I’d like to do is use genomic tools to knock out the molt-inhibiting hormone,” said Mykles. “It really has revolutionized our work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933545\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_sunset_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At sunset, blackback land crabs return to their dens. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Last month, as much of Colorado was enduring a snowstorm, hundreds of crabs in Fort Collins were enjoying more pleasant conditions: 75-degree heat with 80 percent humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University, crustacean biologist Donald Mykles houses a population of blackback land crabs, natives of the Caribbean, in an environment that mimics their tropical habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blackback land crab is native to the Caribbean. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These warm-weather crabs don’t take to snow. “The blackback land crab is a temperature wimp,” Mykles said. “You can kill one by putting it on ice for five minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the Crab Lab focuses on molting, the process that allows crabs to shed their hard shells when the soft body inside grows too big for its britches. Scientists have long studied molting, but what exactly controls it has remained somewhat mysterious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mykles’ research examines how molting might be manipulated, in case we ever wanted to, say, engineer a fast-growing variety to feed the world’s appetite for shellfish. Crab is a $700 million industry in the U.S, the second-most valuable seafood menu item after lobster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they molt more quickly, they grow more rapidly,” Mykles said, “Instead of two crops per year, you might be able to have three, or perhaps even four.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chief crab food species are blue crab on the East Coast, Dungeness in California, and king crab in Alaska. Since all crabs share a basic molting mechanism, Mykles’ work with the blackback land crab — which is not a major food source, except in some Caribbean stews — is transferable to the more popular commercial species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933541\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933541 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Mykles runs the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides trying to build a better crab, Mykles hopes to understand how rising ocean temperatures and acidity, both associated with global climate change, might play a role in crabs’ ability to keep up with their popularity as a menu item in the future. These environmental factors could affect new shell hardening after a molt, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere mean more of the gas becomes dissolved in the ocean, especially near the surface where crabs live. In water, carbon dioxide becomes carbonic acid, which breaks down crustacean shells. Warmer temperatures accelerate these reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, conditions are still in the livable range for crabs and their relatives, Mykles said. “We don’t really know where that threshold is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more imminent climate-change worry with crabs is about the plankton that make up their diets. These single-celled organisms are the source of the calcium carbonate critical to shell formation and are more vulnerable to changing ocean conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their tastier cousins, Mykles’ blackback crabs spend most of their lives on land. Females return to the sea only briefly to lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the sand-dune beaches where they live, the males do constant battle over territory. The stakes are high: If one of these baby-faced crabs secures a winning spot, he can invite a mate into his den, 6 or 7 feet beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_crabfight-grab_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blackback land crabs can tear each other apart in their battles for territory. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With all this roughhousing, more than feelings get hurt. “These crabs are not very nice. They live in large colonies. They attack each other, and they’ll eat each other,” Mykles said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male crabs inevitably lose limbs and damage their shells in constant dust-ups. Luckily, like many other arthropods, a group that includes insects and spiders, these crabs can release a leg or claw voluntarily if threatened. It’s not unusual to see animals in the field missing two or three walking legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limbs regrow at the next molt, which is typically once a year for an adult. When a molt cycle begins, tiny limb buds form where a leg or a claw has been lost. Over the next six to eight weeks, the buds enlarge while the crab reabsorbs calcium from its old shell and secretes a new, paper-thin one underneath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last hour of the cycle, the crab gulps air to create enough internal pressure to pop open the top of its shell, called the carapace. As the crab pushes its way out, the same internal pressure helps uncoil the new legs. The replacement shell thickens and hardens, and the crab eats the old shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933542\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a crab’s molt cycle, tiny buds sprout in the sockets where it lost legs. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The clues about how to produce molting on demand have been stacking up for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the control center lies in an unexpected place: the crab’s eyestalks, where a master nerve cluster like the human pituitary gland orders up a cocktail of hormones from an array of secondary glands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the location of this so-called X-organ, identified in the 1950s, Mykles and others have guessed that visual cues, like the number of nearby crabs or the length of daylight, could play a role in determining when it’s time for a change of shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the hormones from X-organ don’t induce molting — they prevent it. Without the enzymes that keep molting in check, a crab would be constantly cycling through new shells. Such unbridled molting is fatal to a crab — after a few rounds, they get stuck trying to get out of the last shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, Dorothy Skinner at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee hit on something else. Despite its very small brain, the blackback can count, at least when it comes to its legs. Consistently, her research found, if a crab loses five legs or more, molting starts ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While these discoveries relied on classic scientific approaches, such as behavioral studies, the current work in the Crab Lab employs newly developed gene-based tools. In particular, High-Throughput Sequencing or HTS, which tracks which crab genes are most active at different points in the molt cycle, is opening a lot of avenues of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, what I’d like to do is use genomic tools to knock out the molt-inhibiting hormone,” said Mykles. “It really has revolutionized our work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933545\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_sunset_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At sunset, blackback land crabs return to their dens. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"perspectives": {
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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