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"content": "\u003cp>Solar panels will be a required feature on new houses in California, after the state’s Building Standards Commission gave final approval to a housing rule that’s the first of its kind in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Set to take effect in 2020, the new standard includes an exemption for houses that are often shaded from the sun. It also includes incentives for people to add a high-capacity battery to their home’s electrical system, to store the sun’s energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These provisions really are historic and will be a beacon of light for the rest of the country,” said commissioner Kent Sasaki, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/12/06/california-officially-adopts-solar-requirement-for-new-homes-built-in-2020-or-later/\">The Mercury News\u003c/a>. “[It’s] the beginning of substantial improvement in how we produce energy and reduce the consumption of fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule marks a new phase in California’s environmental policies, which have often set trends and established standards nationwide. The state has set the goal of drawing \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/10/646373423/california-sets-goal-of-100-percent-renewable-electric-power-by-2045\">100 percent of its electricity\u003c/a> from renewable energy sources and sharply reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar panels rule was initially endorsed as part of the state’s Green Building Standards Code by the California Energy Commission back in May. In a public hearing on Wednesday, the Building Standards Commission heard opinions on the change before approving it — the final step in adding the requirement to the state’s building code. The vote was unanimous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Single-family homes and multi-family buildings that are up to three stories high must conform to the new solar power standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New homes that are built under these standards are expected to use 53 percent less energy than our last standards” from 2016, said Drew Bohan, executive director of the energy commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state predicts that mandatory solar panel installations and other new improvements will add nearly $10,000 in the upfront cost of a home — a cost that officials say will balance out over time, due to lower electricity bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A homeowner will save $19,000 over the course of a 30-year mortgage, Bohan said at Wednesday’s meeting of the building commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in 2020, California homebuyers will have the option of either paying for solar panels outright, leasing them, or entering a power purchase agreement with developers. Another option is for communities to “pool resources instead of installing solar on individual homes,” Bohan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With extreme weather events becoming more frequent, there is even greater need for homes that are efficient, reliable and resilient,” Bohan said, adding that the standards will result in buildings that “will continue to keep costs down, better withstand the impacts of climate change, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speakers at Wednesday’s session mentioned the recent devastating wildfire in Butte County several times — as the type of case where solar panels and batteries could help people who face extended power outages from natural disasters, as well as an example of when state building and energy officials would need to help speed up wholesale rebuilding efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new rule has given solar panels a boost after the state’s installers \u003ca href=\"https://www.woodmac.com/research/products/power-and-renewables/us-solar-market-insight/\">saw a slump in 2017\u003c/a>, it is also been criticized for adding to home prices in a market that is already expensive. But to an extent, Wednesday’s meeting was largely a formality, focusing on whether the energy panel’s process for creating the rule was correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite worries that the solar power mandate could have an immediate impact not only on home buyers but on real estate developers and agents, the new rule has been largely supported by industry groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the energy commission’s May hearing where public comments and trade groups were also heard from, “the majority of those present, which included environmental groups, solar companies, and utilities, voiced their strong support for the new standards,” as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923652/in-a-first-california-set-to-require-solar-panels-on-all-new-homes\">member station KQED reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California hopes to achieve its carbon-neutral energy status within 30 years; in September, the California Energy Commission said the state is currently at 32 percent of achieving that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 40 years, Bohan said, the state’s energy policies have saved residents billions of dollars and helped California rein in per capita energy consumption more effectively than the rest of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Solar panels will be a required feature on new houses in California, after the state’s Building Standards Commission gave final approval to a housing rule that’s the first of its kind in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Set to take effect in 2020, the new standard includes an exemption for houses that are often shaded from the sun. It also includes incentives for people to add a high-capacity battery to their home’s electrical system, to store the sun’s energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These provisions really are historic and will be a beacon of light for the rest of the country,” said commissioner Kent Sasaki, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/12/06/california-officially-adopts-solar-requirement-for-new-homes-built-in-2020-or-later/\">The Mercury News\u003c/a>. “[It’s] the beginning of substantial improvement in how we produce energy and reduce the consumption of fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule marks a new phase in California’s environmental policies, which have often set trends and established standards nationwide. The state has set the goal of drawing \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/10/646373423/california-sets-goal-of-100-percent-renewable-electric-power-by-2045\">100 percent of its electricity\u003c/a> from renewable energy sources and sharply reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar panels rule was initially endorsed as part of the state’s Green Building Standards Code by the California Energy Commission back in May. In a public hearing on Wednesday, the Building Standards Commission heard opinions on the change before approving it — the final step in adding the requirement to the state’s building code. The vote was unanimous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Single-family homes and multi-family buildings that are up to three stories high must conform to the new solar power standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New homes that are built under these standards are expected to use 53 percent less energy than our last standards” from 2016, said Drew Bohan, executive director of the energy commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state predicts that mandatory solar panel installations and other new improvements will add nearly $10,000 in the upfront cost of a home — a cost that officials say will balance out over time, due to lower electricity bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A homeowner will save $19,000 over the course of a 30-year mortgage, Bohan said at Wednesday’s meeting of the building commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in 2020, California homebuyers will have the option of either paying for solar panels outright, leasing them, or entering a power purchase agreement with developers. Another option is for communities to “pool resources instead of installing solar on individual homes,” Bohan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With extreme weather events becoming more frequent, there is even greater need for homes that are efficient, reliable and resilient,” Bohan said, adding that the standards will result in buildings that “will continue to keep costs down, better withstand the impacts of climate change, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speakers at Wednesday’s session mentioned the recent devastating wildfire in Butte County several times — as the type of case where solar panels and batteries could help people who face extended power outages from natural disasters, as well as an example of when state building and energy officials would need to help speed up wholesale rebuilding efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new rule has given solar panels a boost after the state’s installers \u003ca href=\"https://www.woodmac.com/research/products/power-and-renewables/us-solar-market-insight/\">saw a slump in 2017\u003c/a>, it is also been criticized for adding to home prices in a market that is already expensive. But to an extent, Wednesday’s meeting was largely a formality, focusing on whether the energy panel’s process for creating the rule was correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite worries that the solar power mandate could have an immediate impact not only on home buyers but on real estate developers and agents, the new rule has been largely supported by industry groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the energy commission’s May hearing where public comments and trade groups were also heard from, “the majority of those present, which included environmental groups, solar companies, and utilities, voiced their strong support for the new standards,” as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923652/in-a-first-california-set-to-require-solar-panels-on-all-new-homes\">member station KQED reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California hopes to achieve its carbon-neutral energy status within 30 years; in September, the California Energy Commission said the state is currently at 32 percent of achieving that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 40 years, Bohan said, the state’s energy policies have saved residents billions of dollars and helped California rein in per capita energy consumption more effectively than the rest of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>REDDING, Calif. (AP) — A rare fire tornado that raged during this summer’s deadly Carr Fire in Northern California was created by a combination of scorching weather, erratic winds and an ice-topped cloud that towered miles into the atmosphere, according to a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The churning funnel of smoke and flame killed a firefighter as it exploded in what already was a vast and devastating wildfire in July on the edge of Redding, about 250 miles north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfire claimed eight lives and destroyed more than 1,000 homes before it was contained on Aug. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study in the Geophysical Research Letters journal used satellite and radar data to suggest how a monstrous “firenado” the size of three football fields developed on July 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It said the firenado was formed in much the same way as a regular tornado, which differs from the “fire whirls” that are formed only by heat from a wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935377\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935377\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-800x551.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-800x551.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-160x110.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-768x529.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1020x702.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1200x826.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1920x1322.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1180x812.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-960x661.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-240x165.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-375x258.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-520x358.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters try to control the Carr Fire as it continues to spread near Redding, California on July 31, 2018. \u003ccite>(MARK RALSTON/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The only other documented case of such a “firenado” was during the 2003 Canberra fires in Australia, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key factor was the development of a cloud generated by the fire itself that was ice-topped and grew quickly, doubling in length in just 15 minutes. It reached as high as 39,000 feet, according to the study, which was published on Nov. 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development of that pyrocumulonimbus cloud “helped stretch the underlying column of air, concentrating the rotation near the surface” and causing tornado-strength winds that reached 143 mph, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paints a clear picture of the sequence of events leading to the vortex development and intensification,” said Neil Lareau of the University of Nevada, Reno, who co-authored the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other factors included record high temperatures, low humidity and a “near-surface cyclonic wind shear zone,” according to the study. A wind shear occurs when the wind speed or direction suddenly changes, so that the wind actually is blowing in two opposite directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wind shear near the ground set up the spin that developed the fire tornado plume, Lareau said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These observations may help forecasters and scientists identify – and potentially warn – for future destructive fire-generated vortices,” according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau is an assistant professor in the Physics Department of the College of Science. The article was co-authored by Nicholas Nausler of the Storm Prediction Center in Norman, Oklahoma and John Abatzoglou from the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>REDDING, Calif. (AP) — A rare fire tornado that raged during this summer’s deadly Carr Fire in Northern California was created by a combination of scorching weather, erratic winds and an ice-topped cloud that towered miles into the atmosphere, according to a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The churning funnel of smoke and flame killed a firefighter as it exploded in what already was a vast and devastating wildfire in July on the edge of Redding, about 250 miles north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfire claimed eight lives and destroyed more than 1,000 homes before it was contained on Aug. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study in the Geophysical Research Letters journal used satellite and radar data to suggest how a monstrous “firenado” the size of three football fields developed on July 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It said the firenado was formed in much the same way as a regular tornado, which differs from the “fire whirls” that are formed only by heat from a wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935377\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935377\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-800x551.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-800x551.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-160x110.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-768x529.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1020x702.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1200x826.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1920x1322.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-1180x812.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-960x661.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-240x165.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-375x258.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1008708592-520x358.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters try to control the Carr Fire as it continues to spread near Redding, California on July 31, 2018. \u003ccite>(MARK RALSTON/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The only other documented case of such a “firenado” was during the 2003 Canberra fires in Australia, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key factor was the development of a cloud generated by the fire itself that was ice-topped and grew quickly, doubling in length in just 15 minutes. It reached as high as 39,000 feet, according to the study, which was published on Nov. 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development of that pyrocumulonimbus cloud “helped stretch the underlying column of air, concentrating the rotation near the surface” and causing tornado-strength winds that reached 143 mph, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paints a clear picture of the sequence of events leading to the vortex development and intensification,” said Neil Lareau of the University of Nevada, Reno, who co-authored the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other factors included record high temperatures, low humidity and a “near-surface cyclonic wind shear zone,” according to the study. A wind shear occurs when the wind speed or direction suddenly changes, so that the wind actually is blowing in two opposite directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wind shear near the ground set up the spin that developed the fire tornado plume, Lareau said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These observations may help forecasters and scientists identify – and potentially warn – for future destructive fire-generated vortices,” according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lareau is an assistant professor in the Physics Department of the College of Science. The article was co-authored by Nicholas Nausler of the Storm Prediction Center in Norman, Oklahoma and John Abatzoglou from the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Little Fish Mitten' Tilapia Skins Used to Treat Cats in Camp Fire",
"headTitle": "‘Little Fish Mitten’ Tilapia Skins Used to Treat Cats in Camp Fire | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Camp Fire in Butte County was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934332/the-largest-deadliest-and-most-destructive-fires-in-california-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deadliest and most destructive fire\u003c/a> in California history. Adding to the considerable misery are the cats, dogs and other pets badly burned in the blaze. A veterinary center in Chico, just east of the fire, has treated more than 500 injured animals, the vast majority of them cats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their paws have been badly burned,” said Dusty Spencer, a veterinary surgeon at the VCA Valley Oak Veterinary Center, in a press release. “Their whiskers are singed or gone. Some of them have had really bad burns on their eyelids and nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twelve of the animals — six dogs and six cats — have undergone a relatively new treatment of applying sterilized tilapia skins to their wounds. The fish skin contains collagen, a protein that can help prevent infection and restore burned skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Jamie Peyton, of the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, volunteered to treat the animals. She used the technique last year on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919050/bears-burned-in-california-wildfires-go-holistic-for-pain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two black bears and a 5-month old mountain lion \u003c/a>found in the Los Padres National Forest after the Thomas Fire. Tilapia skins are just one of the alternative treatments Peyton has used on animals; the others include acupuncture and chiropractic adjustments. She said today she was trying to “push the boundaries of veterinary burn care,” and she has also used tilapia skin to treat wounds on owls, pigs and horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oz3EB5AUpQA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Little Fish Mittens’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of using tilapia skins to treat burns \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/02/brazil-tilapia-skin-burns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first arose in Brazil\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got a great surprise when we saw that the amount of collagen proteins, types 1 and 3, which are very important for scarring, exist in large quantities in tilapia skin, even more than in human skin and other skins,” Edmar Maciel, a plastic surgeon and burn specialist, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/02/brazil-tilapia-skin-burns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told STAT\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peyton says a big advantage of tilapia skin is that it can be changed as infrequently as every two weeks; usually, new bandages have to be applied daily, which is painful for animals and is much more labor-intensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about treating a hundred cats and doing a hundred cat and dog bandage changes every day, it’s a lot of manpower,” Peyton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the animals treated in Chico was a 4-month old kitten with third-degree paw burns and the pads of his feet burned off. Peyton also treated an 8-year-old Boston terrier mix named Olivia, who showed up at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/UCDavis/videos/2169008480026935/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">press conference\u003c/a> today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the UC Davis \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/dogs-cats-rescued-california-camp-fire-heal-fish-skins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>She was found with multiple second-degree burns on her side and legs. Her owners, Curtis and Mindy Stark, were out of town when the Camp Fire started and thought their dog had perished when their home burned down. Fortunately, Olivia had been chipped and was reunited with her owners. VCA Valley Oak veterinarians cleaned Olivia’s wounds, and she was given traditional pain medications. The Starks also agreed to have Olivia treated with tilapia skins…New skin grew on Olivia’s leg burn within five days. Normally, it can take weeks for skin to grow over severe burns.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Mindy Stark, a former resident of Paradise, a town of 27,000 nearly erased by the fire, said that Olivia, sporting big sutures, gauze and wrapped legs, “started off kind of like a mummy” before the tilapia treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curtis Stark said the treatment has helped considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a day and night difference,” said Stark. “She got up on the bed and did a back flip. That is the first time we saw her acting like she was before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said Olivia likes the taste of the fish, which also helps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935326\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 713px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1935326 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"713\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 713px) 100vw, 713px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olivia, a dog that was burned in the Camp Fire in Butte County is held by her owner after receiving treatment. She was recovered six days after the start of the fire. \u003ccite>(Karin Higgins/UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Peyton and colleagues treated the bears and mountain lion last year, they stitched the tilapia skins to their burned paws, which were then wrapped in bandages of rice paper and corn husks; the fish skin eventually falls off when the wound is fully healed. But Peyton doesn’t always use that method on cats, she says, because anesthetizing them can be risky. Instead, she wraps a small strip of tilapia skin on their paws with a bandage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peyton calls the wrappings “little fish mittens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the cats and dogs, Peyton’s team is treating a bobcat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Camp Fire in Butte County was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934332/the-largest-deadliest-and-most-destructive-fires-in-california-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deadliest and most destructive fire\u003c/a> in California history. Adding to the considerable misery are the cats, dogs and other pets badly burned in the blaze. A veterinary center in Chico, just east of the fire, has treated more than 500 injured animals, the vast majority of them cats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their paws have been badly burned,” said Dusty Spencer, a veterinary surgeon at the VCA Valley Oak Veterinary Center, in a press release. “Their whiskers are singed or gone. Some of them have had really bad burns on their eyelids and nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twelve of the animals — six dogs and six cats — have undergone a relatively new treatment of applying sterilized tilapia skins to their wounds. The fish skin contains collagen, a protein that can help prevent infection and restore burned skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Jamie Peyton, of the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, volunteered to treat the animals. She used the technique last year on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919050/bears-burned-in-california-wildfires-go-holistic-for-pain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two black bears and a 5-month old mountain lion \u003c/a>found in the Los Padres National Forest after the Thomas Fire. Tilapia skins are just one of the alternative treatments Peyton has used on animals; the others include acupuncture and chiropractic adjustments. She said today she was trying to “push the boundaries of veterinary burn care,” and she has also used tilapia skin to treat wounds on owls, pigs and horses.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Oz3EB5AUpQA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Oz3EB5AUpQA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Little Fish Mittens’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of using tilapia skins to treat burns \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/02/brazil-tilapia-skin-burns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first arose in Brazil\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got a great surprise when we saw that the amount of collagen proteins, types 1 and 3, which are very important for scarring, exist in large quantities in tilapia skin, even more than in human skin and other skins,” Edmar Maciel, a plastic surgeon and burn specialist, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/02/brazil-tilapia-skin-burns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told STAT\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peyton says a big advantage of tilapia skin is that it can be changed as infrequently as every two weeks; usually, new bandages have to be applied daily, which is painful for animals and is much more labor-intensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about treating a hundred cats and doing a hundred cat and dog bandage changes every day, it’s a lot of manpower,” Peyton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the animals treated in Chico was a 4-month old kitten with third-degree paw burns and the pads of his feet burned off. Peyton also treated an 8-year-old Boston terrier mix named Olivia, who showed up at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/UCDavis/videos/2169008480026935/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">press conference\u003c/a> today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the UC Davis \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/dogs-cats-rescued-california-camp-fire-heal-fish-skins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>She was found with multiple second-degree burns on her side and legs. Her owners, Curtis and Mindy Stark, were out of town when the Camp Fire started and thought their dog had perished when their home burned down. Fortunately, Olivia had been chipped and was reunited with her owners. VCA Valley Oak veterinarians cleaned Olivia’s wounds, and she was given traditional pain medications. The Starks also agreed to have Olivia treated with tilapia skins…New skin grew on Olivia’s leg burn within five days. Normally, it can take weeks for skin to grow over severe burns.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Mindy Stark, a former resident of Paradise, a town of 27,000 nearly erased by the fire, said that Olivia, sporting big sutures, gauze and wrapped legs, “started off kind of like a mummy” before the tilapia treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curtis Stark said the treatment has helped considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a day and night difference,” said Stark. “She got up on the bed and did a back flip. That is the first time we saw her acting like she was before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said Olivia likes the taste of the fish, which also helps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935326\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 713px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1935326 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"713\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 713px) 100vw, 713px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olivia, a dog that was burned in the Camp Fire in Butte County is held by her owner after receiving treatment. She was recovered six days after the start of the fire. \u003ccite>(Karin Higgins/UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Peyton and colleagues treated the bears and mountain lion last year, they stitched the tilapia skins to their burned paws, which were then wrapped in bandages of rice paper and corn husks; the fish skin eventually falls off when the wound is fully healed. But Peyton doesn’t always use that method on cats, she says, because anesthetizing them can be risky. Instead, she wraps a small strip of tilapia skin on their paws with a bandage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peyton calls the wrappings “little fish mittens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the cats and dogs, Peyton’s team is treating a bobcat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Worldwide Carbon Emissions Show Biggest Jump in 7 Years",
"headTitle": "Worldwide Carbon Emissions Show Biggest Jump in 7 Years | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California may be ahead of the game in curbing climate emissions, but the world as a whole is falling behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several years of leveling off, global emissions of heat-trapping carbon dioxide are on track for their largest jump in seven years, discouraging scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World carbon dioxide emissions are estimated to have risen 2.7 percent from 2017 to 2018, according to three studies released Wednesday from the Global Carbon Project , an international scientific collaboration of academics, governments and industry that tracks greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement cast a pall over multinational climate talks happening this week in Poland. As negotiators hammer out details to put the 2015 Paris climate accord into effect, the latest emissions estimate puts some of the landmark agreement’s goals nearly out of reach, scientists said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is terrible news,” said Andrew Jones, co-director of Climate Interactive, which models greenhouse gas emissions and temperatures but was not part of the research. “Every year that we delay serious climate action, the Paris goals become difficult to meet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formally, the broad goal set in Paris was to halt warming since pre-industrial times at 2 degrees Celsius. But more recently, scientists have advised that tightening the screws to 1.5 C would better safeguard humanity against the worst climate impacts, such as extreme weather events and rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GCP studies concluded that this year the world would spew 40.9 billion tons of carbon dioxide, up from 39.8 billion tons last year. The margin of error is about one percentage point on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Global Carbon Project uses government and industry reports to come up with final emission figures for 2017 and projections for 2018 based on the four biggest polluters: China, the United States, India and the European Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S., which had been steadily decreasing its carbon pollution, showed a significant rise in emissions — up 2.5 percent — for the first time since 2013. China, the globe’s biggest carbon emitter, saw its largest increase since 2011: 4.6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, thanks to aggressive regulation and incentives, is running several years ahead of schedule toward its 2020 goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels. But California only accounts for about 1 percent of worldwide emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study lead author Corinne Le Quere, a climate change researcher at the University of East Anglia in England, said the increase is a surprising “reality check” after a few years of smaller emission increases. But she also doesn’t think the world will return to the even larger increases seen from 2003 to 2008. She believes unusual factors are at play this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the U.S., it was a combination of a hot summer and cold winter that required more electricity use for heating and cooling. For China, it was an economic stimulus that pushed coal-powered manufacturing, Le Quere said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Reilly, co-director of MIT’s Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, said the results aren’t too surprising because fossil fuels still account for 81 percent of the world’s energy use. The burning of coal, oil and gas release carbon dioxide, which warms the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. Reilly, who wasn’t part of the study, praised it as impressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global Carbon Project chairman Rob Jackson, a Stanford University climate scientist, said he was discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China increased its emissions to 11.4 billion tons, while the U.S. jumped to a shade under 6 billion tons. The European Union spewed 3.9 billion tons and India soared to 2.9 billion tons. Overall, the world is spewing about 1,300 tons (1,175 metric tons) of carbon dioxide into the air every second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning of coal — the biggest carbon emitter — is rising. And while countries are using more renewable fuels and trying to reduce carbon from electricity production, emissions from cars and planes are steadily increasing, Le Quere said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global carbon dioxide emissions have increased 55 percent in the last 20 years, the calculations show. At the same time, Earth has warmed on average about two-thirds of a degree (0.38 degrees Celsius), according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California may be ahead of the game in curbing climate emissions, but the world as a whole is falling behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After several years of leveling off, global emissions of heat-trapping carbon dioxide are on track for their largest jump in seven years, discouraging scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World carbon dioxide emissions are estimated to have risen 2.7 percent from 2017 to 2018, according to three studies released Wednesday from the Global Carbon Project , an international scientific collaboration of academics, governments and industry that tracks greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement cast a pall over multinational climate talks happening this week in Poland. As negotiators hammer out details to put the 2015 Paris climate accord into effect, the latest emissions estimate puts some of the landmark agreement’s goals nearly out of reach, scientists said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is terrible news,” said Andrew Jones, co-director of Climate Interactive, which models greenhouse gas emissions and temperatures but was not part of the research. “Every year that we delay serious climate action, the Paris goals become difficult to meet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formally, the broad goal set in Paris was to halt warming since pre-industrial times at 2 degrees Celsius. But more recently, scientists have advised that tightening the screws to 1.5 C would better safeguard humanity against the worst climate impacts, such as extreme weather events and rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GCP studies concluded that this year the world would spew 40.9 billion tons of carbon dioxide, up from 39.8 billion tons last year. The margin of error is about one percentage point on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Global Carbon Project uses government and industry reports to come up with final emission figures for 2017 and projections for 2018 based on the four biggest polluters: China, the United States, India and the European Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S., which had been steadily decreasing its carbon pollution, showed a significant rise in emissions — up 2.5 percent — for the first time since 2013. China, the globe’s biggest carbon emitter, saw its largest increase since 2011: 4.6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, thanks to aggressive regulation and incentives, is running several years ahead of schedule toward its 2020 goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels. But California only accounts for about 1 percent of worldwide emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study lead author Corinne Le Quere, a climate change researcher at the University of East Anglia in England, said the increase is a surprising “reality check” after a few years of smaller emission increases. But she also doesn’t think the world will return to the even larger increases seen from 2003 to 2008. She believes unusual factors are at play this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the U.S., it was a combination of a hot summer and cold winter that required more electricity use for heating and cooling. For China, it was an economic stimulus that pushed coal-powered manufacturing, Le Quere said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Reilly, co-director of MIT’s Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, said the results aren’t too surprising because fossil fuels still account for 81 percent of the world’s energy use. The burning of coal, oil and gas release carbon dioxide, which warms the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. Reilly, who wasn’t part of the study, praised it as impressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global Carbon Project chairman Rob Jackson, a Stanford University climate scientist, said he was discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China increased its emissions to 11.4 billion tons, while the U.S. jumped to a shade under 6 billion tons. The European Union spewed 3.9 billion tons and India soared to 2.9 billion tons. Overall, the world is spewing about 1,300 tons (1,175 metric tons) of carbon dioxide into the air every second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning of coal — the biggest carbon emitter — is rising. And while countries are using more renewable fuels and trying to reduce carbon from electricity production, emissions from cars and planes are steadily increasing, Le Quere said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global carbon dioxide emissions have increased 55 percent in the last 20 years, the calculations show. At the same time, Earth has warmed on average about two-thirds of a degree (0.38 degrees Celsius), according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Satellite Images: Snow Returns to the Sierra After Slow Start",
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"content": "\u003cp>The snow season got off to a slow start, with the first storms not settling in until nearly Thanksgiving. Since then, accumulations have caught up and then some. In the first week of December, the Sierra snowpack, measured by water content of the snow, was above the long-term average, with the southern Sierra at 139 percent of normal. It’s early in the season, though, and the outlook could change dramatically. Most of California’s snow falls from December to February. Move the sliders in the images to view the terrain before and after the snows.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Lake Tahoe\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Nov. 11, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Dec. 2, 2018\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=83788c30-f8be-11e8-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Lassen Volcanic National Park\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Nov. 11, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Dec. 2, 2018\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=106fbc04-f8be-11e8-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Mammoth Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Nov. 8, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Dec. 2, 2018\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=b465a88c-f8be-11e8-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Sierra National Forest\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Nov. 20, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Dec. 2, 2018\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=d6bb7358-f8be-11e8-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The snow season got off to a slow start, with the first storms not settling in until nearly Thanksgiving. Since then, accumulations have caught up and then some. In the first week of December, the Sierra snowpack, measured by water content of the snow, was above the long-term average, with the southern Sierra at 139 percent of normal. It’s early in the season, though, and the outlook could change dramatically. Most of California’s snow falls from December to February. Move the sliders in the images to view the terrain before and after the snows.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Lake Tahoe\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Nov. 11, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Dec. 2, 2018\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=83788c30-f8be-11e8-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Lassen Volcanic National Park\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Nov. 11, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Dec. 2, 2018\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=106fbc04-f8be-11e8-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Mammoth Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Nov. 8, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Dec. 2, 2018\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=b465a88c-f8be-11e8-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Sierra National Forest\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Nov. 20, 2018\u003cbr>\nAfter: Dec. 2, 2018\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"750\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=d6bb7358-f8be-11e8-9dba-0edaf8f81e27\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Rising Heat Is Making Workers Sick, Even Indoors",
"headTitle": "Rising Heat Is Making Workers Sick, Even Indoors | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Originally published Nov. 9, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Rising temperatures are risking the health of hundreds of thousands of Californians who do strenuous work indoors.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>We used sensors to measure how hot it gets for 16 people on the job in Sacramento, the Inland Empire and Los Angeles. The results showed that conditions were often dangerous.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Workers don’t report heat illness to employers or seek medical care out of fear of not getting scheduled or losing their jobs altogether.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">J\u003c/span>ose Rodriguez strides to his car near the Los Angeles-Long Beach harbor complex at the end of his shift. Over the last 26 years unloading goods for companies like Amazon and Sears, the money’s gotten a little better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some days the only good thing about his job is leaving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This air here feels fresh,” Rodriguez says, in Spanish. He leans on his car, a 1986 Crown Victoria, nearly dapper in blue slacks, a Minnesota Twins hat and a safety vest. “The difficult thing is inside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">‘They just set him to the side and put a piece of cardboard over him.’\u003ccite>D’Wayne Wilson, describing a company response to a worker passing out from the heat\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez, who is 68, spends most of his day inside a 40-foot-long metal can, a newly arrived shipping container at the logistics company California Cartage. For $16 an hour, he pulls merchandise out onto wooden pallets, rearranging consumer goods like table saws and radios before they continue their journey to retailers nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside that metal can, when Rodriguez is wet with sweat, it literally sizzles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1934253\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-674x1200.jpg 674w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-375x668.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-520x926.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">Excessive heat is already a health risk for millions of Californians at work, and it’s only getting worse. Over the last 30 years, warming nights and longer heat waves have become more frequent in the state. Four of the last five years were the hottest on record; 2018 could soon make it five out of six. This July and August, in Southern California, several daily and overnight temperature records toppled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day this summer, the temperature hit 98 degrees at the coast. As Rodriguez worked inside containers, a sensor measuring temperature and humidity found that the heat index – what it felt like to his body – was 115 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s that hot, he can’t think straight; he loses track of how many boxes he’s moved, and he has to start counting over. Sometimes he gets chills, and his knees give out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The deal is that you don’t mind those things,” he said. And it could be worse. At least he doesn’t vomit, like some of his coworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/11/PetersonWorkerHeatpt2.mp3\" title=\"Listen to Part 2\" program=\"Science\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/SciencePlayer_BG.jpeg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sensors Show Extreme Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, KQED investigated heat-related health hazards in workplaces where temperatures indoors can be dangerous. We gave sensors measuring temperature and humidity to 16 workers in seven workplaces, mostly in the Inland Empire and Los Angeles area, and some in Woodland, near Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”elidGrUCrYQcS8MWjiZpj5cgpbspUT33″]The most vulnerable workers labor in industrial kitchens and laundries, and in the types of workplaces where we placed sensors: warehouses and port terminals, car washes and garment factories, a cannery and an airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s workplace safety authority, Cal/OSHA, is in the process of setting an unprecedented standard to guard against illness and death resulting from indoor heat stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the state’s current \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Heat-Illness-Prevention-Indoors/Draft-revisions-Oct-16-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposal\u003c/a>, employers must step up efforts to cut heat-related health risks in several circumstances, including when conditions rise above a heat index of 90 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using our sensor data, we calculated the heat index each worker felt during short periods in July, August and September. The workers we tracked experienced a heat index above the state’s proposed threshold on average 47 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/D6HJc/13/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Sets Threshold\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the job, a worker’s core temperature rises when he exerts himself and when his environment is warm. Heat exhaustion – including nausea, headaches, confusion and muscle cramps – results when a person can’t cool off. When a body loses the ability to control core temperature, the more dangerous condition of heat stroke can send someone to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Workers we tracked experienced a heat index above the state’s proposed threshold on average 47 percent of the time.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 2011, that’s what happened to Domingo Blancas, over the course of several hundred-degree August days. Heat illness is generally underreported. But Blancas told his employer, saw a doctor and was hospitalized, which, along with a complaint, prompted a Cal/OSHA investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employers have a general duty under state and federal law to protect workers against illness and injury on the job. The Blancas case established for the first time that in California, this duty includes heat, indoors as well as outdoors. Blancas’ employers — a warehouse and a staffing agency — each paid an $18,000 penalty for failing to minimize heat risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Domingo Blancas case, I think was a turning point,” said Tim Shadix, a lawyer with the Oakland-based nonprofit Worksafe. “Because of the lawsuit around the case, it galvanized people to push for change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934294\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1934294\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/heatsensors-e1542168406700.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The heat sensors KQED placed in workplaces where it gets extremely hot indoors. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California was the first state in the country to set a threshold at which employers must protect workers outdoors. In 2016, state law added a similar requirement for employees indoors, requiring Cal/OSHA to send language to the state’s Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board by January 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will probably be one of the most comprehensive safety standards to protect workers against heat,” said UCSF’s Dr. Robert Harrison, who formerly sat on the state’s Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trade groups representing employers assert that the standard isn’t necessary, and criticize Cal/OSHA’s approach in crafting a rule that apply to every company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Chamber of Commerce, backed by management groups, is leading the opposition to the new standard, and objected to the law that enacted the requirement in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marti Fisher, a policy advocate for the group, while not commenting directly on the most recent draft proposal, says the state’s approach is overbroad, and its rule is potentially difficult for small employers to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they insist on having a one-size-fits-all, it has to fit all,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA’s draft standard includes what’s called a “hierarchy of controls,” actions employers must take to reduce heat or a worker’s exposure to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top priority in the state’s standard is to prevent heat, through ventilation and air conditioning. If that’s not feasible, employers can alter workers’ shifts to times when it’s cooler, or add breaks when it’s hot. Only if those measures don’t work can employers offer cooling vests and other personal protective gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher says she worries that this regime will force many businesses to incur big building costs and cooling bills. “We can’t just put air conditioning everywhere,” she said. “There are creative options that employers can figure out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Just as wind chill can make a temperature feel colder to the body, humidity can make a temperature feel hotter. In this National Weather Service chart, you can see how humidity makes heat harder for the body to handle.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1934140\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-768x449.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-240x140.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-375x219.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-520x304.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘They Just Set Him to the Side and Put a Piece of Cardboard on Him’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At California Cartage, near the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, D’Wayne Wilson, 25, drives a forklift and moves goods between containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once, he got sick from the heat, just after he started with the company. Last spring, he saw a co-worker go down: One moment, the guy was fine; the next, he was on the floor, unconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson says supervisors didn’t seem to know what to do. “They just set him to the side and put a piece of cardboard over him. They didn’t call the ambulance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, NFI, which acquired Cal Cartage after the incident occurred, didn’t address it directly, but said: “Our current practice is to allow heat breaks for anyone who requests one and inquire whether they feel they need medical attention. To date, no one has requested medical attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Running for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even where workers are represented by a union, rising heat is aggravating tensions around workplace conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, 54-year-old Marta Lopez worked on a canning line at Pacific Coast Producers in Woodland, a job she’s done every year since 2002. The sensor she carried measured a heat index above 90 degrees 51 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food hygiene rules prohibit water bottles on the line. But, Lopez says, the water coolers are on a different level, and because workers feel pressure to keep the line moving, they have to keep running up and down stairs. That makes them vulnerable to heat illness. “It’s a vicious circle that does not stop, because the heat is very strong,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mona Shulman, general counsel for Pacific Coast Producers, says that water shouldn’t be more than 30 feet from the canning line, and that no worker should have to run for a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having heard that, we will be reviewing that before we start processing again, next summer, for sure,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teamsters Local 601, which represents about 6,500 workers at agricultural processing jobs including those at the Woodland cannery, has filed a heat-related grievance, says Ashley Alvarado, the local’s president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PCP says no workers in Woodland reported heat illness this year. Shulman adds the company has recognized rising heat as a health hazard since 2006, when a major heat wave killed hundreds in California, many in the landlocked Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarado is skeptical. She says to ensure worker safety, a specific heat standard is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That company is going to do what they need to do when there is a law that requires them to do it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/fWGxg/11/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cardboard Fans and Damp Cloth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Inland Empire, warehouse workers are primarily Latino, low-paid, often temporary, and unlikely to have health care through their employer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For workers who told us they fear retaliation from their employers, we’re using pseudonyms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hugo,” who is 32, moves boxes in a warehouse for a logistics company in the Inland Empire. He says he knows that rest breaks and drinking water can prevent heat illness, but he’s under pressure to make quota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t make the quota, they’ll give you a warning,” he said. After four warnings, he says, workers have lost their jobs. “When people have two or three warnings they know they’re close to being fired. They get more stressed and don’t take care of their health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Heat illness is preventable on the job with sufficient water, rest, and shade. Since 2011, Cal/OSHA’s campaign, \u003ca href=\"https://www.99calor.org/espanol/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 Calor\u003c/a>, has communicated about outdoor worker heat risk in English, Spanish, Mixteco, Hmong and Punjabi. The state also works with \u003ca href=\"http://losh.ucla.edu/training-and-education/health-safety-leaders-specialist/health-safety/training/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCLA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lohp.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a>, whose labor and occupational health programs offer training on heat illness prevention for small businesses and workers’ groups.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Warehouse workers also say they’re worried about their health because they know the climate is warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s been getting hotter, year by year,” said “Brandon,” who is 50. “It’s affecting us, maybe not you because you’re in the offices, but us warehouse workers are being affected by that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brandon drives a forklift in a warehouse. Lately, he says, he has felt heat symptoms twice a week. He doesn’t have health insurance, and he has only been to see a doctor once, because he pays $25 a visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rebecca,” 40 and a married mother of two, experienced extreme heat more than any other worker we tracked. In July and August, her heat index on the job was higher than 90 degrees over 82 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a year, at a distribution center owned by fast-fashion retailer Charlotte Russe in San Bernardino County, she unpacked the clothes from boxes, hung them, and moved metal rods laden with merchandise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca said workers are “caged inside racks of clothes, so there is zero air getting to us.” To cool down, she and her co-workers tried using cardboard to fan each other, buying small battery-powered fans, and wrapping their heads and necks in damp cloth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She got severely sick from the heat this summer, causing her to nearly faint on a day we were tracking the heat in her workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That night, the index in the loft of the distribution center was 94 degrees, even after 10 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt that my stomach needed to throw up; then I noticed that my hands were starting to shake,” Rebecca said. Her supervisor offered her a break but no medical care. She drove herself to a clinic, where a doctor told her she was dehydrated but wouldn’t provide documentation that conditions on the job contributed to the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlotte Russe did not return email and phonecall requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Rebecca left work. she received no sick pay and was kept off the schedule for two days afterward. That week, after paying the doctor, she ending up losing money. Since then, she has found another job. But she still gets headaches when it’s hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People think that managers have the right to say what conditions are,” she said. “They’re afraid they might not find another opportunity elsewhere. But I think they need to do more to protect the people who are giving their time, their energy and their health to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This reporting was supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "KQED placed heat sensors on employees engaged in manual labor in Sacramento, the Inland Empire and Los Angeles to find out how hot it gets in their workplaces. The answer: dangerously so. \r\n",
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"description": "KQED placed heat sensors on employees engaged in manual labor in Sacramento, the Inland Empire and Los Angeles to find out how hot it gets in their workplaces. The answer: dangerously so. \r\n",
"title": "Rising Heat Is Making Workers Sick, Even Indoors | KQED",
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"headline": "Rising Heat Is Making Workers Sick, Even Indoors",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Originally published Nov. 9, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Rising temperatures are risking the health of hundreds of thousands of Californians who do strenuous work indoors.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>We used sensors to measure how hot it gets for 16 people on the job in Sacramento, the Inland Empire and Los Angeles. The results showed that conditions were often dangerous.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Workers don’t report heat illness to employers or seek medical care out of fear of not getting scheduled or losing their jobs altogether.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">J\u003c/span>ose Rodriguez strides to his car near the Los Angeles-Long Beach harbor complex at the end of his shift. Over the last 26 years unloading goods for companies like Amazon and Sears, the money’s gotten a little better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some days the only good thing about his job is leaving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This air here feels fresh,” Rodriguez says, in Spanish. He leans on his car, a 1986 Crown Victoria, nearly dapper in blue slacks, a Minnesota Twins hat and a safety vest. “The difficult thing is inside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">‘They just set him to the side and put a piece of cardboard over him.’\u003ccite>D’Wayne Wilson, describing a company response to a worker passing out from the heat\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez, who is 68, spends most of his day inside a 40-foot-long metal can, a newly arrived shipping container at the logistics company California Cartage. For $16 an hour, he pulls merchandise out onto wooden pallets, rearranging consumer goods like table saws and radios before they continue their journey to retailers nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside that metal can, when Rodriguez is wet with sweat, it literally sizzles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1934253\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-674x1200.jpg 674w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-375x668.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_Heat_graphic-520x926.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">Excessive heat is already a health risk for millions of Californians at work, and it’s only getting worse. Over the last 30 years, warming nights and longer heat waves have become more frequent in the state. Four of the last five years were the hottest on record; 2018 could soon make it five out of six. This July and August, in Southern California, several daily and overnight temperature records toppled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day this summer, the temperature hit 98 degrees at the coast. As Rodriguez worked inside containers, a sensor measuring temperature and humidity found that the heat index – what it felt like to his body – was 115 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s that hot, he can’t think straight; he loses track of how many boxes he’s moved, and he has to start counting over. Sometimes he gets chills, and his knees give out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The deal is that you don’t mind those things,” he said. And it could be worse. At least he doesn’t vomit, like some of his coworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sensors Show Extreme Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, KQED investigated heat-related health hazards in workplaces where temperatures indoors can be dangerous. We gave sensors measuring temperature and humidity to 16 workers in seven workplaces, mostly in the Inland Empire and Los Angeles area, and some in Woodland, near Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The most vulnerable workers labor in industrial kitchens and laundries, and in the types of workplaces where we placed sensors: warehouses and port terminals, car washes and garment factories, a cannery and an airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s workplace safety authority, Cal/OSHA, is in the process of setting an unprecedented standard to guard against illness and death resulting from indoor heat stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the state’s current \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Heat-Illness-Prevention-Indoors/Draft-revisions-Oct-16-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposal\u003c/a>, employers must step up efforts to cut heat-related health risks in several circumstances, including when conditions rise above a heat index of 90 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using our sensor data, we calculated the heat index each worker felt during short periods in July, August and September. The workers we tracked experienced a heat index above the state’s proposed threshold on average 47 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/D6HJc/13/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Sets Threshold\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the job, a worker’s core temperature rises when he exerts himself and when his environment is warm. Heat exhaustion – including nausea, headaches, confusion and muscle cramps – results when a person can’t cool off. When a body loses the ability to control core temperature, the more dangerous condition of heat stroke can send someone to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Workers we tracked experienced a heat index above the state’s proposed threshold on average 47 percent of the time.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 2011, that’s what happened to Domingo Blancas, over the course of several hundred-degree August days. Heat illness is generally underreported. But Blancas told his employer, saw a doctor and was hospitalized, which, along with a complaint, prompted a Cal/OSHA investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employers have a general duty under state and federal law to protect workers against illness and injury on the job. The Blancas case established for the first time that in California, this duty includes heat, indoors as well as outdoors. Blancas’ employers — a warehouse and a staffing agency — each paid an $18,000 penalty for failing to minimize heat risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Domingo Blancas case, I think was a turning point,” said Tim Shadix, a lawyer with the Oakland-based nonprofit Worksafe. “Because of the lawsuit around the case, it galvanized people to push for change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1934294\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1934294\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/heatsensors-e1542168406700.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The heat sensors KQED placed in workplaces where it gets extremely hot indoors. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California was the first state in the country to set a threshold at which employers must protect workers outdoors. In 2016, state law added a similar requirement for employees indoors, requiring Cal/OSHA to send language to the state’s Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board by January 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will probably be one of the most comprehensive safety standards to protect workers against heat,” said UCSF’s Dr. Robert Harrison, who formerly sat on the state’s Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trade groups representing employers assert that the standard isn’t necessary, and criticize Cal/OSHA’s approach in crafting a rule that apply to every company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Chamber of Commerce, backed by management groups, is leading the opposition to the new standard, and objected to the law that enacted the requirement in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marti Fisher, a policy advocate for the group, while not commenting directly on the most recent draft proposal, says the state’s approach is overbroad, and its rule is potentially difficult for small employers to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they insist on having a one-size-fits-all, it has to fit all,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA’s draft standard includes what’s called a “hierarchy of controls,” actions employers must take to reduce heat or a worker’s exposure to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top priority in the state’s standard is to prevent heat, through ventilation and air conditioning. If that’s not feasible, employers can alter workers’ shifts to times when it’s cooler, or add breaks when it’s hot. Only if those measures don’t work can employers offer cooling vests and other personal protective gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher says she worries that this regime will force many businesses to incur big building costs and cooling bills. “We can’t just put air conditioning everywhere,” she said. “There are creative options that employers can figure out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Just as wind chill can make a temperature feel colder to the body, humidity can make a temperature feel hotter. In this National Weather Service chart, you can see how humidity makes heat harder for the body to handle.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1934140\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-768x449.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-240x140.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-375x219.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/KQED_HeatIndex-520x304.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘They Just Set Him to the Side and Put a Piece of Cardboard on Him’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At California Cartage, near the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, D’Wayne Wilson, 25, drives a forklift and moves goods between containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once, he got sick from the heat, just after he started with the company. Last spring, he saw a co-worker go down: One moment, the guy was fine; the next, he was on the floor, unconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson says supervisors didn’t seem to know what to do. “They just set him to the side and put a piece of cardboard over him. They didn’t call the ambulance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, NFI, which acquired Cal Cartage after the incident occurred, didn’t address it directly, but said: “Our current practice is to allow heat breaks for anyone who requests one and inquire whether they feel they need medical attention. To date, no one has requested medical attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Running for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even where workers are represented by a union, rising heat is aggravating tensions around workplace conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, 54-year-old Marta Lopez worked on a canning line at Pacific Coast Producers in Woodland, a job she’s done every year since 2002. The sensor she carried measured a heat index above 90 degrees 51 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food hygiene rules prohibit water bottles on the line. But, Lopez says, the water coolers are on a different level, and because workers feel pressure to keep the line moving, they have to keep running up and down stairs. That makes them vulnerable to heat illness. “It’s a vicious circle that does not stop, because the heat is very strong,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mona Shulman, general counsel for Pacific Coast Producers, says that water shouldn’t be more than 30 feet from the canning line, and that no worker should have to run for a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having heard that, we will be reviewing that before we start processing again, next summer, for sure,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teamsters Local 601, which represents about 6,500 workers at agricultural processing jobs including those at the Woodland cannery, has filed a heat-related grievance, says Ashley Alvarado, the local’s president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PCP says no workers in Woodland reported heat illness this year. Shulman adds the company has recognized rising heat as a health hazard since 2006, when a major heat wave killed hundreds in California, many in the landlocked Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarado is skeptical. She says to ensure worker safety, a specific heat standard is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That company is going to do what they need to do when there is a law that requires them to do it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/fWGxg/11/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cardboard Fans and Damp Cloth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Inland Empire, warehouse workers are primarily Latino, low-paid, often temporary, and unlikely to have health care through their employer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For workers who told us they fear retaliation from their employers, we’re using pseudonyms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hugo,” who is 32, moves boxes in a warehouse for a logistics company in the Inland Empire. He says he knows that rest breaks and drinking water can prevent heat illness, but he’s under pressure to make quota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t make the quota, they’ll give you a warning,” he said. After four warnings, he says, workers have lost their jobs. “When people have two or three warnings they know they’re close to being fired. They get more stressed and don’t take care of their health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Heat illness is preventable on the job with sufficient water, rest, and shade. Since 2011, Cal/OSHA’s campaign, \u003ca href=\"https://www.99calor.org/espanol/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 Calor\u003c/a>, has communicated about outdoor worker heat risk in English, Spanish, Mixteco, Hmong and Punjabi. The state also works with \u003ca href=\"http://losh.ucla.edu/training-and-education/health-safety-leaders-specialist/health-safety/training/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCLA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lohp.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a>, whose labor and occupational health programs offer training on heat illness prevention for small businesses and workers’ groups.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Warehouse workers also say they’re worried about their health because they know the climate is warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s been getting hotter, year by year,” said “Brandon,” who is 50. “It’s affecting us, maybe not you because you’re in the offices, but us warehouse workers are being affected by that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brandon drives a forklift in a warehouse. Lately, he says, he has felt heat symptoms twice a week. He doesn’t have health insurance, and he has only been to see a doctor once, because he pays $25 a visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rebecca,” 40 and a married mother of two, experienced extreme heat more than any other worker we tracked. In July and August, her heat index on the job was higher than 90 degrees over 82 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a year, at a distribution center owned by fast-fashion retailer Charlotte Russe in San Bernardino County, she unpacked the clothes from boxes, hung them, and moved metal rods laden with merchandise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca said workers are “caged inside racks of clothes, so there is zero air getting to us.” To cool down, she and her co-workers tried using cardboard to fan each other, buying small battery-powered fans, and wrapping their heads and necks in damp cloth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She got severely sick from the heat this summer, causing her to nearly faint on a day we were tracking the heat in her workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That night, the index in the loft of the distribution center was 94 degrees, even after 10 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt that my stomach needed to throw up; then I noticed that my hands were starting to shake,” Rebecca said. Her supervisor offered her a break but no medical care. She drove herself to a clinic, where a doctor told her she was dehydrated but wouldn’t provide documentation that conditions on the job contributed to the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlotte Russe did not return email and phonecall requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Rebecca left work. she received no sick pay and was kept off the schedule for two days afterward. That week, after paying the doctor, she ending up losing money. Since then, she has found another job. But she still gets headaches when it’s hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People think that managers have the right to say what conditions are,” she said. “They’re afraid they might not find another opportunity elsewhere. But I think they need to do more to protect the people who are giving their time, their energy and their health to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This reporting was supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "One Twin's Difficult Birth Puts Project Designed to Reduce C-Sections to the Test",
"headTitle": "One Twin’s Difficult Birth Puts Project Designed to Reduce C-Sections to the Test | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The tiny hand and forearm slipped out too early. Babies are not delivered shoulder first. \u003ca href=\"https://www.southshorehealth.org/find-a-doctor/teresa-marino\">Dr. Terri Marino\u003c/a>, an obstetrician in the Boston area who specializes in high-risk deliveries, tucked it back inside the boy’s mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was trying to shake my hand and I was like, ‘I’m not having this — put your hand back in there,'” Marino would say later, after all 5 pounds, 1 ounce of the baby lay wailing under a heating lamp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the story of how that baby, Bryce McDougall, tested the best efforts of more than a dozen medical staffers at South Shore Hospital in Weymouth, Mass., one day last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryce’s birth also put to the test a new method of reducing cesarean sections that has been developed at Dr. Atul Gawande’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ariadnelabs.org/about-us/\">Ariadne Labs\u003c/a>, a “joint center for health systems innovation” at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story starts before Bryce’s birth, on the last day of August at about 9:30 in the morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa McDougall has just checked into South Shore, after a routine ultrasound. She’s in her 36th week, pregnant with twin boys. The doctors have warned Melisa that her placenta won’t hold out much longer. She’s propped up in bed, blond hair pulled into a neat bun, makeup still fresh, ordering a sandwich, when her regular obstetrician arrives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How are you?” asks Dr. Ruth Levesque, sweeping into the room and clapping her hands. “You’re going to have some babies today! Are you excited?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of the twins — Brady — is head-down, ready for a normal vaginal delivery. But his brother, Bryce, is horizontal at the top of Melisa’s uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason Melisa is a candidate for a C-section. Babies do not come out sideways. And there’s another reason most doctors would never consider a vaginal delivery in Melisa’s case, Levesque says. Four years ago, she delivered the twins’ sister by cesarean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Melisa] has a scar on her uterus,” Levesque explains, “so there’s a risk of uterine rupture — very rare, but there’s always a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that possibility may be greater for Melisa because she’s 37 years old and having twins. But the McDougalls hope to have vaginal deliveries for both boys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just feel like it’s better for the kids — better for the babies,” Melisa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How the Team Birth Project came to be\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding C-sections is also better for many moms. With cesareans, there’s a longer recovery period, a greater risk of infection and an association with injury and death. And most are not medically necessary, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ariadnelabs.org/about-us/people/leadership/neel-shah/\">Dr. Neel Shah\u003c/a>, who directs the Delivery Decisions Initiative at Ariadne Labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935047\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935047\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low-tech, but highly communicative, a whiteboard in the delivery room made sure all members of the birth team were clued in to procedures and preferences throughout labor. \u003ccite>(Jesse Costa/WBUR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re fairly confident that, when you look nationally, the plurality — if not the majority — of C-sections are probably avoidable,” says Shah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those avoidable C-sections are the focus of the Team Birth Project, designed by Shah with input from roughly 50 doctors, nurses, midwives, doulas, public health specialists and consumer advocates who focus on childbirth. South Shore Hospital is one of the pilot sites for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In describing the collaboration, Shah begins with an acknowledgement: Childbirth is complicated. You’ve got two patients — the mother and the baby — and an ad hoc, often shifting team that at a minimum includes the mom, a nurse and a doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you’ve got three people who have to come together and become a very high-performing team in a really short period of time, for one of the most important moments in a person’s life,” Shah says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this team has to perform at its best during an unpredictable event: labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shah says doctors and nurses generally agree about three things: when a mom is in active labor; when a mom can definitely try for a vaginal delivery; and when she must have a C-section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then there’s this huge gray zone,” Shah says. “And actually, everything about the Team Birth Project is about solving for the gray.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid unnecessary C-sections when what to do isn’t clear, this hospital, in conjunction with the Ariadne project, has changed the way labor and delivery is handled from start to finish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, women aren’t admitted until they are in active labor. Secondly, the mom’s preferences — such as whether she would like an epidural or not and whether she wants to have “skin-to-skin contact” with the baby immediately after birth — help guide the members of the labor team. The team members map the delivery plan — including Mom’s preferences and the medical team’s guidance — on a whiteboard, like the one in Melisa’s room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the births of Bryce and Brady McDougall, the white erasable planning board gets a lot of use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under “team,” Dr. Levesque and registered nurse Patty Newbitt write their names. Melisa and Shaun McDougall are also listed as equal partners. The names of other family members or nurses may be added and erased as labor progresses. Shah’s idea is that this team will “huddle” regularly throughout the labor to discuss the evolving birth plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birth plan itself is divided into three separate elements on the board: maternal (the mom), fetal (the baby) and progress (in terms of how the labor is progressing). A mom with high blood pressure may need special attention — and that would be noted on the board — but she could still have a normal labor and vaginal delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Good communication is key\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.southshorehealth.org/find-a-doctor/kimberly-o-dever\">Dr. Kim Dever\u003c/a>, who chairs the OB-GYN department at South Shore, highlights a section of the whiteboard called “Next Assessment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That category is included on the board, Dever says, “because one of the things I often heard from patients is that they didn’t know what was going to happen next. Now they know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935048\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It took a large team — including parents — at South Shore Hospital to deliver this baby, Bryce McDougall. \u003ccite>(Jesse Costa/WBUR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Asking the mom — and the couple — about their preferences for the delivery is crucial, too, Levesque says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It forces us to stop and to think about everything with the patient,” she explains.”It makes us verbalize our thought process, which I think is good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun McDougall walks across the room to get a closer look at the whiteboard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honestly, it seems like common sense,” he says. “I would always think the nurses would have something like this, but to have it out where mom and dad can see it — I think it’s pretty cool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Melisa McDougall’s plan in place, everyone settles in, to wait. About four hours later, Melisa isn’t yet feeling contractions. Levesque breaks the water sac around Brady.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looks nice and clear,” Levesque reports. “Hey bud, come on and hang out with us,” she says to the baby, tickling his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, you’re going to keep leaking fluid until you leak babies,” the doctor explains to Melisa. “Whenever you start getting uncomfortable, we’ll get you an epidural at that point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque moves to the board and adds updates: Melisa is 4 centimeters dilated; her waters broke at 13:26; the next assessment will be after she gets an epidural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medical team insisted ahead of time that Melisa agree to be numbed from the waist down if she wants to deliver Bryce — the second twin — vaginally. Melissa agreed. The obstetricians may need to rotate the baby in her uterus, find a foot and pull Bryce out, causing pain most women would not tolerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those doctors — Marino — peeks into the room and waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just came to say hi,” says Marino, who has more experience than most obstetricians in delivering babies positioned like Bryce. Along with Levesque, Marino has been seeing Melisa regularly in office visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun McDougall asks the physicians if they’ll pose for a picture with his wife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we make funny faces?” asks Levesque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want you to,” says Shaun. “You guys are like her favorite people on the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the hours tick by, there’s a shift change, and registered nurse Barbara Fatemi joins the McDougall team. She checks Melisa’s pain level regularly to determine when she’s ready for the epidural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa says she isn’t feeling much but adds that she has a high tolerance for pain. Shaun tells Fatemi he sees the strain on his wife’s face. Fatemi acts on Shaun’s assessment and calls an anesthesiologist to prepare the epidural, something Shaun later says reinforces his feeling that they’re a team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque soon arrives for the promised “next assessment.” Melisa is now 10 centimeters dilated and ready to deliver — but she must hold on until nurses can get her into an operating room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque will still attempt to deliver both babies vaginally, she explains, but in the operating room, Melisa will be in the right place if Bryce doesn’t shift his position inside the uterus, and the doctor needs to do a last-minute cesarean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll see you in a few minutes. No pushing without me, OK?” Levesque says over her shoulder as she heads to the operating room to prep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll try,” Melisa says, weakly. In a minute, nurses are rolling her down the hall, following Levesque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost five years ago, two women who were wheeled into this hospital’s operating rooms during childbirth died after undergoing C-sections. Though state investigators \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzMosQYOsmaTR3RXTDBHT0NJMFE/edit\">found no evidence\u003c/a> of substandard care, Dever says the hospital scrutinized everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have something like that happen, that expedites your efforts,” she says. “Exponentially.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Dever says, she sees an opportunity, through the Team Birth Project, to model changes that could help women far and wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would love women everywhere to be able to come in and have a safe birth and healthy baby,” she says. “That’s why I’m doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“They did not flinch”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dever is about to see her pilot study of the Team Birth Project pushed to new limits by little Bryce McDougall. First, though, Melisa must deliver Bryce’s brother, Brady. Even his birth, the one that was expected to be easier, is more difficult than anticipated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bent nearly in half, her face beet red, Melisa strains for five pushes. She throws up, then gets back to laboring. And suddenly, there he is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935049\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935049\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nurse checks the breastfeeding progress with Melisa and Brady. Melisa says she’s grateful she was able to delivery both babies vaginally. “I did not want to have a natural birth and a C-section,” she says. “That would be a brutal recovery.” \u003ccite>(Jesse Costa/WBUR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Oh my goodness, Brady, oh Brady,” wails Shaun. He follows a nurse holding his son over to a warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marino takes Shaun’s place next to Levesque, who has reached inside Melisa to get the next twin. Levesque’s mission is to grab Bryce’s feet and guide him out. But everything feels like fingers, not toes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>That’s a hand,” she murmurs. “That’s a hand, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marino rolls an ultrasound across Melisa’s belly, hoping the scan will show a foot. But Bryce’s feet are out of sight and out of reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marino has had more experience than most obstetricians with transverse babies, and this procedure, known as a breech extraction; she asks to try. She reaches into Melisa’s uterus while Levesque moves to Melisa’s right side and uses her forearm to shift Bryce and push him down. Dever, the head of obstetrics, has come into the room and takes over the ultrasound. At least six doctors and nurses encircle Melisa, whose face is taut. Shaun frowns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Babe, you OK?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa nods. Bryce’s heart rate is steady. But there’s still no sign of a foot. One little hand slips out and Marino nudges it back in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Open the table,” says Marino, her voice strained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s open and ready, her colleagues say, referring to the array of sterile surgical instruments that Marino may soon need, to begin a C-section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 36 seconds, this room with more than a dozen adults grows oddly quiet. Everyone is watching Marino twist her arm this way and that, determined to find Bryce’s feet. Levesque leans hard into Melisa’s belly. Shaun bites his lip. Then Marino yanks at something — and her gloved, bloodied hand emerges, clenching baby Bryce by his two teeny legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh babe, here he comes, here he comes — Woo!” squeals Shaun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun is overcome with emotion again. Melisa manages an exhausted giggle. Baby Bryce keeps everyone waiting a few more seconds and then howls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque starts to stitch up a small tear for Melisa, and Marino comes around to congratulate the new mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was fighting you, huh?” Melisa says, and laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the operating room, Levesque and Marino look relieved and elated. Both agree that most doctors would have delivered Bryce by C-section. But at South Shore, the McDougalls found a hospital that has challenged itself to perform fewer C-sections and a doctor with experience in these unusual deliveries — one who knew and respected the parents’ preference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They specifically wanted to have a vaginal delivery of both babies,” Marino says — and that was on her mind during the difficult moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryce was fine, says Marino, so the deciding factor for her was that Shaun and Melisa did not panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They did not flinch — they were like, ‘Keep going,’ ” Marino recalls. “Sometimes the patient will say ‘stop,’ and then you have to stop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The babies’ father says he came close to requesting that, in the very last minute before Bryce was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That part with the arm — it was pretty aggressive,” Shaun says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in that moment, he adds, the feeling that he and Melisa were part of the team made a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It made us more comfortable,” Shaun says, and that comfort translated to trust. “We trusted the decisions they were making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa says she’s grateful for the vaginal delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I did not want to have a natural birth \u003cem>and\u003c/em> a C-section,” she says. “That would be a brutal recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, 30 minutes after Marino pulled Bryce out of her, Melisa is nursing Brady and talking with family members via FaceTime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next assessment for The Team Birth Project\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South Shore began using the Team Birth approach in April. Three other hospitals are also pilot sites: Saint Francis in Tulsa, Okla.; EvergreenHealth in Kirkland, Wash.; and Overlake in Redmond, Wash. The test period runs for two years. In the first four months at South Shore, the hospital’s primary, low-risk C-section rate dropped from 31 percent to 27 percent — about four fewer C-sections each month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts who contributed to the development of the Team Birth Project are anxious to see whether other hospitals can lower their rates of C-section and keep them down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you get past the early adopters, how do you demonstrate the benefits for others that aren’t willing to change?” asks \u003ca href=\"https://www.bu.edu/sph/profile/eugene-declercq/\">Gene Declercq\u003c/a>, a professor of community health sciences at Boston University School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Declercq notes that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/05/23/611975420/californias-message-to-hospitals-shape-up-or-lose-in-network-status\">few insurers\u003c/a> are beginning to force that question, refusing to include in their networks hospitals that have high C-section rates, or high rates of other unnecessary, if not harmful, care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Declercq says the project’s focus on communication in the labor and delivery room makes sense because many physicians decide when to perform a cesarean based on clinical habit or the culture of their hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can impact that decision-making process, you can perhaps change the culture that might lead to unnecessary cesareans,” says Declercq.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has set a target rate for hospitals: No more than 23.9 percent of first-time, low-risk mothers should be delivering by C-section. The U.S. average \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf\">in 2016\u003c/a> was 25.7 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The target was put in place because \u003ca href=\"https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2013/07000/Primary_Cesarean_Delivery_in_the_United_States.6.aspx\">research\u003c/a> has shown that if a woman’s first delivery is a C-section, her subsequent deliveries are highly likely to be C-sections, too — \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24553167\">raising \u003c/a>her (and her baby’s) risk for complications and even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/24/662451106/twins-difficult-birth-put-a-project-designed-to-reduce-c-sections-to-the-test\">NPR\u003c/a>‘s reporting partnership with WBUR and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">\u003cem>Kaiser Health News\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/\">WBUR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The tiny hand and forearm slipped out too early. Babies are not delivered shoulder first. \u003ca href=\"https://www.southshorehealth.org/find-a-doctor/teresa-marino\">Dr. Terri Marino\u003c/a>, an obstetrician in the Boston area who specializes in high-risk deliveries, tucked it back inside the boy’s mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was trying to shake my hand and I was like, ‘I’m not having this — put your hand back in there,'” Marino would say later, after all 5 pounds, 1 ounce of the baby lay wailing under a heating lamp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the story of how that baby, Bryce McDougall, tested the best efforts of more than a dozen medical staffers at South Shore Hospital in Weymouth, Mass., one day last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryce’s birth also put to the test a new method of reducing cesarean sections that has been developed at Dr. Atul Gawande’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ariadnelabs.org/about-us/\">Ariadne Labs\u003c/a>, a “joint center for health systems innovation” at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story starts before Bryce’s birth, on the last day of August at about 9:30 in the morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa McDougall has just checked into South Shore, after a routine ultrasound. She’s in her 36th week, pregnant with twin boys. The doctors have warned Melisa that her placenta won’t hold out much longer. She’s propped up in bed, blond hair pulled into a neat bun, makeup still fresh, ordering a sandwich, when her regular obstetrician arrives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How are you?” asks Dr. Ruth Levesque, sweeping into the room and clapping her hands. “You’re going to have some babies today! Are you excited?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of the twins — Brady — is head-down, ready for a normal vaginal delivery. But his brother, Bryce, is horizontal at the top of Melisa’s uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason Melisa is a candidate for a C-section. Babies do not come out sideways. And there’s another reason most doctors would never consider a vaginal delivery in Melisa’s case, Levesque says. Four years ago, she delivered the twins’ sister by cesarean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Melisa] has a scar on her uterus,” Levesque explains, “so there’s a risk of uterine rupture — very rare, but there’s always a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that possibility may be greater for Melisa because she’s 37 years old and having twins. But the McDougalls hope to have vaginal deliveries for both boys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just feel like it’s better for the kids — better for the babies,” Melisa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How the Team Birth Project came to be\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding C-sections is also better for many moms. With cesareans, there’s a longer recovery period, a greater risk of infection and an association with injury and death. And most are not medically necessary, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ariadnelabs.org/about-us/people/leadership/neel-shah/\">Dr. Neel Shah\u003c/a>, who directs the Delivery Decisions Initiative at Ariadne Labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935047\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935047\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low-tech, but highly communicative, a whiteboard in the delivery room made sure all members of the birth team were clued in to procedures and preferences throughout labor. \u003ccite>(Jesse Costa/WBUR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re fairly confident that, when you look nationally, the plurality — if not the majority — of C-sections are probably avoidable,” says Shah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those avoidable C-sections are the focus of the Team Birth Project, designed by Shah with input from roughly 50 doctors, nurses, midwives, doulas, public health specialists and consumer advocates who focus on childbirth. South Shore Hospital is one of the pilot sites for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In describing the collaboration, Shah begins with an acknowledgement: Childbirth is complicated. You’ve got two patients — the mother and the baby — and an ad hoc, often shifting team that at a minimum includes the mom, a nurse and a doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you’ve got three people who have to come together and become a very high-performing team in a really short period of time, for one of the most important moments in a person’s life,” Shah says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this team has to perform at its best during an unpredictable event: labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shah says doctors and nurses generally agree about three things: when a mom is in active labor; when a mom can definitely try for a vaginal delivery; and when she must have a C-section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then there’s this huge gray zone,” Shah says. “And actually, everything about the Team Birth Project is about solving for the gray.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid unnecessary C-sections when what to do isn’t clear, this hospital, in conjunction with the Ariadne project, has changed the way labor and delivery is handled from start to finish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, women aren’t admitted until they are in active labor. Secondly, the mom’s preferences — such as whether she would like an epidural or not and whether she wants to have “skin-to-skin contact” with the baby immediately after birth — help guide the members of the labor team. The team members map the delivery plan — including Mom’s preferences and the medical team’s guidance — on a whiteboard, like the one in Melisa’s room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the births of Bryce and Brady McDougall, the white erasable planning board gets a lot of use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under “team,” Dr. Levesque and registered nurse Patty Newbitt write their names. Melisa and Shaun McDougall are also listed as equal partners. The names of other family members or nurses may be added and erased as labor progresses. Shah’s idea is that this team will “huddle” regularly throughout the labor to discuss the evolving birth plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birth plan itself is divided into three separate elements on the board: maternal (the mom), fetal (the baby) and progress (in terms of how the labor is progressing). A mom with high blood pressure may need special attention — and that would be noted on the board — but she could still have a normal labor and vaginal delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Good communication is key\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.southshorehealth.org/find-a-doctor/kimberly-o-dever\">Dr. Kim Dever\u003c/a>, who chairs the OB-GYN department at South Shore, highlights a section of the whiteboard called “Next Assessment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That category is included on the board, Dever says, “because one of the things I often heard from patients is that they didn’t know what was going to happen next. Now they know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935048\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It took a large team — including parents — at South Shore Hospital to deliver this baby, Bryce McDougall. \u003ccite>(Jesse Costa/WBUR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Asking the mom — and the couple — about their preferences for the delivery is crucial, too, Levesque says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It forces us to stop and to think about everything with the patient,” she explains.”It makes us verbalize our thought process, which I think is good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun McDougall walks across the room to get a closer look at the whiteboard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honestly, it seems like common sense,” he says. “I would always think the nurses would have something like this, but to have it out where mom and dad can see it — I think it’s pretty cool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Melisa McDougall’s plan in place, everyone settles in, to wait. About four hours later, Melisa isn’t yet feeling contractions. Levesque breaks the water sac around Brady.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looks nice and clear,” Levesque reports. “Hey bud, come on and hang out with us,” she says to the baby, tickling his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, you’re going to keep leaking fluid until you leak babies,” the doctor explains to Melisa. “Whenever you start getting uncomfortable, we’ll get you an epidural at that point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque moves to the board and adds updates: Melisa is 4 centimeters dilated; her waters broke at 13:26; the next assessment will be after she gets an epidural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medical team insisted ahead of time that Melisa agree to be numbed from the waist down if she wants to deliver Bryce — the second twin — vaginally. Melissa agreed. The obstetricians may need to rotate the baby in her uterus, find a foot and pull Bryce out, causing pain most women would not tolerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those doctors — Marino — peeks into the room and waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just came to say hi,” says Marino, who has more experience than most obstetricians in delivering babies positioned like Bryce. Along with Levesque, Marino has been seeing Melisa regularly in office visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun McDougall asks the physicians if they’ll pose for a picture with his wife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we make funny faces?” asks Levesque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want you to,” says Shaun. “You guys are like her favorite people on the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the hours tick by, there’s a shift change, and registered nurse Barbara Fatemi joins the McDougall team. She checks Melisa’s pain level regularly to determine when she’s ready for the epidural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa says she isn’t feeling much but adds that she has a high tolerance for pain. Shaun tells Fatemi he sees the strain on his wife’s face. Fatemi acts on Shaun’s assessment and calls an anesthesiologist to prepare the epidural, something Shaun later says reinforces his feeling that they’re a team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque soon arrives for the promised “next assessment.” Melisa is now 10 centimeters dilated and ready to deliver — but she must hold on until nurses can get her into an operating room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque will still attempt to deliver both babies vaginally, she explains, but in the operating room, Melisa will be in the right place if Bryce doesn’t shift his position inside the uterus, and the doctor needs to do a last-minute cesarean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll see you in a few minutes. No pushing without me, OK?” Levesque says over her shoulder as she heads to the operating room to prep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll try,” Melisa says, weakly. In a minute, nurses are rolling her down the hall, following Levesque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost five years ago, two women who were wheeled into this hospital’s operating rooms during childbirth died after undergoing C-sections. Though state investigators \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzMosQYOsmaTR3RXTDBHT0NJMFE/edit\">found no evidence\u003c/a> of substandard care, Dever says the hospital scrutinized everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have something like that happen, that expedites your efforts,” she says. “Exponentially.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Dever says, she sees an opportunity, through the Team Birth Project, to model changes that could help women far and wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would love women everywhere to be able to come in and have a safe birth and healthy baby,” she says. “That’s why I’m doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“They did not flinch”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dever is about to see her pilot study of the Team Birth Project pushed to new limits by little Bryce McDougall. First, though, Melisa must deliver Bryce’s brother, Brady. Even his birth, the one that was expected to be easier, is more difficult than anticipated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bent nearly in half, her face beet red, Melisa strains for five pushes. She throws up, then gets back to laboring. And suddenly, there he is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935049\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935049\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nurse checks the breastfeeding progress with Melisa and Brady. Melisa says she’s grateful she was able to delivery both babies vaginally. “I did not want to have a natural birth and a C-section,” she says. “That would be a brutal recovery.” \u003ccite>(Jesse Costa/WBUR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Oh my goodness, Brady, oh Brady,” wails Shaun. He follows a nurse holding his son over to a warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marino takes Shaun’s place next to Levesque, who has reached inside Melisa to get the next twin. Levesque’s mission is to grab Bryce’s feet and guide him out. But everything feels like fingers, not toes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>That’s a hand,” she murmurs. “That’s a hand, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marino rolls an ultrasound across Melisa’s belly, hoping the scan will show a foot. But Bryce’s feet are out of sight and out of reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marino has had more experience than most obstetricians with transverse babies, and this procedure, known as a breech extraction; she asks to try. She reaches into Melisa’s uterus while Levesque moves to Melisa’s right side and uses her forearm to shift Bryce and push him down. Dever, the head of obstetrics, has come into the room and takes over the ultrasound. At least six doctors and nurses encircle Melisa, whose face is taut. Shaun frowns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Babe, you OK?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa nods. Bryce’s heart rate is steady. But there’s still no sign of a foot. One little hand slips out and Marino nudges it back in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Open the table,” says Marino, her voice strained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s open and ready, her colleagues say, referring to the array of sterile surgical instruments that Marino may soon need, to begin a C-section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 36 seconds, this room with more than a dozen adults grows oddly quiet. Everyone is watching Marino twist her arm this way and that, determined to find Bryce’s feet. Levesque leans hard into Melisa’s belly. Shaun bites his lip. Then Marino yanks at something — and her gloved, bloodied hand emerges, clenching baby Bryce by his two teeny legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh babe, here he comes, here he comes — Woo!” squeals Shaun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun is overcome with emotion again. Melisa manages an exhausted giggle. Baby Bryce keeps everyone waiting a few more seconds and then howls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque starts to stitch up a small tear for Melisa, and Marino comes around to congratulate the new mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was fighting you, huh?” Melisa says, and laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the operating room, Levesque and Marino look relieved and elated. Both agree that most doctors would have delivered Bryce by C-section. But at South Shore, the McDougalls found a hospital that has challenged itself to perform fewer C-sections and a doctor with experience in these unusual deliveries — one who knew and respected the parents’ preference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They specifically wanted to have a vaginal delivery of both babies,” Marino says — and that was on her mind during the difficult moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryce was fine, says Marino, so the deciding factor for her was that Shaun and Melisa did not panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They did not flinch — they were like, ‘Keep going,’ ” Marino recalls. “Sometimes the patient will say ‘stop,’ and then you have to stop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The babies’ father says he came close to requesting that, in the very last minute before Bryce was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That part with the arm — it was pretty aggressive,” Shaun says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in that moment, he adds, the feeling that he and Melisa were part of the team made a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It made us more comfortable,” Shaun says, and that comfort translated to trust. “We trusted the decisions they were making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa says she’s grateful for the vaginal delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I did not want to have a natural birth \u003cem>and\u003c/em> a C-section,” she says. “That would be a brutal recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, 30 minutes after Marino pulled Bryce out of her, Melisa is nursing Brady and talking with family members via FaceTime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next assessment for The Team Birth Project\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South Shore began using the Team Birth approach in April. Three other hospitals are also pilot sites: Saint Francis in Tulsa, Okla.; EvergreenHealth in Kirkland, Wash.; and Overlake in Redmond, Wash. The test period runs for two years. In the first four months at South Shore, the hospital’s primary, low-risk C-section rate dropped from 31 percent to 27 percent — about four fewer C-sections each month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts who contributed to the development of the Team Birth Project are anxious to see whether other hospitals can lower their rates of C-section and keep them down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you get past the early adopters, how do you demonstrate the benefits for others that aren’t willing to change?” asks \u003ca href=\"https://www.bu.edu/sph/profile/eugene-declercq/\">Gene Declercq\u003c/a>, a professor of community health sciences at Boston University School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Declercq notes that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/05/23/611975420/californias-message-to-hospitals-shape-up-or-lose-in-network-status\">few insurers\u003c/a> are beginning to force that question, refusing to include in their networks hospitals that have high C-section rates, or high rates of other unnecessary, if not harmful, care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Declercq says the project’s focus on communication in the labor and delivery room makes sense because many physicians decide when to perform a cesarean based on clinical habit or the culture of their hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can impact that decision-making process, you can perhaps change the culture that might lead to unnecessary cesareans,” says Declercq.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has set a target rate for hospitals: No more than 23.9 percent of first-time, low-risk mothers should be delivering by C-section. The U.S. average \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf\">in 2016\u003c/a> was 25.7 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The target was put in place because \u003ca href=\"https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2013/07000/Primary_Cesarean_Delivery_in_the_United_States.6.aspx\">research\u003c/a> has shown that if a woman’s first delivery is a C-section, her subsequent deliveries are highly likely to be C-sections, too — \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24553167\">raising \u003c/a>her (and her baby’s) risk for complications and even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/24/662451106/twins-difficult-birth-put-a-project-designed-to-reduce-c-sections-to-the-test\">NPR\u003c/a>‘s reporting partnership with WBUR and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">\u003cem>Kaiser Health News\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/\">WBUR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "7.0 Magnitude Quake Hits Alaska, Triggers Tsunami Warning",
"headTitle": "7.0 Magnitude Quake Hits Alaska, Triggers Tsunami Warning | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>ANCHORAGE, Alaska — Back-to-back earthquakes measuring 7.0 and 5.8 rocked buildings and shattered roads Friday morning in Anchorage, sending people running into the streets and briefly triggering a warning to residents in Kodiak to flee to higher ground for fear of a tsunami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warning was lifted a short time later. There were no immediate reports of any deaths or serious injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey said the first and more powerful quake was centered about 7 miles north of Anchorage, Alaska’s largest city, with a population of about 300,000. People ran from their offices or took cover under desks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cracks could be seen in a two-story downtown Anchorage building, and photographs posted to social media showed fractured roads and collapsed ceiling tiles at an Anchorage high school. One image showed a car stranded on an island of pavement, surrounded by cavernous cracks where the earthquake split the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Nat_Herz/status/1068585299528232960\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cereal boxes and packages of batteries littered the floor of a grocery store, and picture frames and mirrors were knocked from living room walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People went back inside after the first earthquake struck, but the 5.8 aftershock about five minutes later sent them running back into the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A tsunami warning was issued for the southern Alaska coastal areas of Cook’s Inlet and part of the Kenai peninsula. Kodiak police on Kodiak Island warned people in the city of 6,100 to “evacuate to higher ground immediately” because of “wave estimated 10 minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Kenai, north of Anchorage, Brandon Slaton was alone at home and soaking in the bathtub when the earthquake struck. Slaton, who weighs 209 pounds, said it created a powerful bath-and-forth sloshing in the bath, and before he knew it, he was thrown out of the tub by the waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His 120-pound mastiff panicked and tried to run down the stairs, but the house was swaying so much that the dog was thrown off its feet and into a wall and tumbled to the base of the stairs, Slaton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slaton ran into his son’s room after the shaking stopped and found his fish tank shattered and the fish on the floor, gasping for breath. He grabbed it and put it in another bowl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was anarchy,” he said. “There’s no pictures left on the walls, there’s no power, there’s no fish tank left. Everything that’s not tied down is broke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaska averages 40,000 earthquakes per year, with more large quakes than the 49 other states combined. Southern Alaska has a high risk of earthquakes because of tectonic plates sliding past each other under the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Harper was getting some coffee at a store when the low rumble began and intensified into something that sounded “like the building was just going to fall apart.” Harper ran to the exit with other patrons there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main thought that was going through my head as I was trying to get out the door was, ‘I want this to stop,'” he said. Harper said the quake was “significant enough that the people who were outside were actively hugging each other. You could tell that it was a bad one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 27, 1964, Alaska was hit by a magnitude 9.2 earthquake, the strongest recorded in U.S. history, centered about 75 miles east of Anchorage. The quake, which lasted about four-and-a-half minutes, and the tsunami it triggered claimed about 130 lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/101ba6d6df894e629bddff152a45146d\">Associated Press\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Back-to-back earthquakes measuring 7.0 and 5.8 rocked buildings and shattered roads Friday morning in Anchorage. The quakes briefly triggering a warning to residents in Kodiak to flee to higher ground for fear of a tsunami.",
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"description": "Back-to-back earthquakes measuring 7.0 and 5.8 rocked buildings and shattered roads Friday morning in Anchorage. The quakes briefly triggering a warning to residents in Kodiak to flee to higher ground for fear of a tsunami.",
"title": "7.0 Magnitude Quake Hits Alaska, Triggers Tsunami Warning | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>ANCHORAGE, Alaska — Back-to-back earthquakes measuring 7.0 and 5.8 rocked buildings and shattered roads Friday morning in Anchorage, sending people running into the streets and briefly triggering a warning to residents in Kodiak to flee to higher ground for fear of a tsunami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warning was lifted a short time later. There were no immediate reports of any deaths or serious injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey said the first and more powerful quake was centered about 7 miles north of Anchorage, Alaska’s largest city, with a population of about 300,000. People ran from their offices or took cover under desks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cracks could be seen in a two-story downtown Anchorage building, and photographs posted to social media showed fractured roads and collapsed ceiling tiles at an Anchorage high school. One image showed a car stranded on an island of pavement, surrounded by cavernous cracks where the earthquake split the road.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cereal boxes and packages of batteries littered the floor of a grocery store, and picture frames and mirrors were knocked from living room walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People went back inside after the first earthquake struck, but the 5.8 aftershock about five minutes later sent them running back into the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A tsunami warning was issued for the southern Alaska coastal areas of Cook’s Inlet and part of the Kenai peninsula. Kodiak police on Kodiak Island warned people in the city of 6,100 to “evacuate to higher ground immediately” because of “wave estimated 10 minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Kenai, north of Anchorage, Brandon Slaton was alone at home and soaking in the bathtub when the earthquake struck. Slaton, who weighs 209 pounds, said it created a powerful bath-and-forth sloshing in the bath, and before he knew it, he was thrown out of the tub by the waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His 120-pound mastiff panicked and tried to run down the stairs, but the house was swaying so much that the dog was thrown off its feet and into a wall and tumbled to the base of the stairs, Slaton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slaton ran into his son’s room after the shaking stopped and found his fish tank shattered and the fish on the floor, gasping for breath. He grabbed it and put it in another bowl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was anarchy,” he said. “There’s no pictures left on the walls, there’s no power, there’s no fish tank left. Everything that’s not tied down is broke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaska averages 40,000 earthquakes per year, with more large quakes than the 49 other states combined. Southern Alaska has a high risk of earthquakes because of tectonic plates sliding past each other under the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Harper was getting some coffee at a store when the low rumble began and intensified into something that sounded “like the building was just going to fall apart.” Harper ran to the exit with other patrons there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main thought that was going through my head as I was trying to get out the door was, ‘I want this to stop,'” he said. Harper said the quake was “significant enough that the people who were outside were actively hugging each other. You could tell that it was a bad one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 27, 1964, Alaska was hit by a magnitude 9.2 earthquake, the strongest recorded in U.S. history, centered about 75 miles east of Anchorage. The quake, which lasted about four-and-a-half minutes, and the tsunami it triggered claimed about 130 lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/101ba6d6df894e629bddff152a45146d\">Associated Press\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Science Summit Denounces Gene-Edited Babies Claim, But Not Future Research",
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"content": "\u003cp>A Chinese scientist’s claims that he created the world’s first gene-edited babies is a “deeply disturbing” and “irresponsible” violation of international scientific norms, according to a formal conclusion issued Thursday by organizers of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/gene-editing/2nd_summit/index.htm\">Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing\u003c/a> in Hong Kong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the summit rejected calls for a blanket moratorium on such research, saying that the work could eventually lead to new ways to prevent a long list of serious genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making changes in the DNA of embryos could allow parents carrying disease-causing mutation have healthy genetically related children,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/what-broad/history-leadership/board-scientific-counselors/bios/david-baltimore-phd\">David Baltimore\u003c/a>, a Nobel-prize winning U.S. biologist who chaired the summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit was jolted by scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.sustc-genome.org.cn/\">He Jiankui’s \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/26/670752865/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-genetically-edit-babies\">surprise and unverified claims\u003c/a> earlier this week that he had edited the genes of twin girls who were born last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sustc-genome.org.cn/\">He, \u003c/a>of the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China, claims he modified the embryos of the twins with the gene-editing technique \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> so that they would be immune to the AIDS virus. His claims remain unproven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, hundreds of scientists from dozens of countries were engrossed by his claims as they gathered for the three-day summit, which was organized by the Academy of Sciences of Hong Kong, the Royal Society of London, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. National Academy of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal was to reach a global scientific consensus on how scientists might some day ethically use powerful new gene-editing techniques such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> to edit the human genetic blueprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A question of ethics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summit’s closing \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=11282018b\">statement\u003c/a> released early Thursday, the organizers called for an investigation to verify or refute He’s claims. But regardless of whether it is true, the organizers said the researcher’s experiment was premature, deeply flawed and unethical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935027\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935027\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinese scientist He Jiankui speaks at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing in Hong Kong on November 28, 2018. \u003ccite>(ANTHONY WALLACE/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Its flaws include an inadequate medical indication, a poorly designed study protocol, a failure to meet ethical standards for protecting the welfare of research subjects, and a lack of transparency in the development, review, and conduct of the clinical procedures,” said Baltimore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much more research is needed before anyone tries to prevent diseases by editing human embryos, the organizers concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making changes in the DNA of embryos … could allow parents who carry disease-causing mutations to have healthy, genetically related children,” Baltimore said. “However, heritable genome editing of … embryos … poses risks that remain difficult to evaluate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enough scientific advances have been made since the last summit in 2015 to begin plotting a course for how that could happen some day, according to the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Progress over the last three years and the discussions at the current summit, … suggest that it is time to define a rigorous, responsible … pathway toward such trials,” said Baltimore, a Nobel-prize winning U.S. biologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In doing this, the organizers rejected calls for a moratorium on such research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baltimore said “draconian bans would be antithetical to the goals of science,” and unnecessarily hinder the advancement of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.wisc.edu/profiles/racharo\">R. Alta Charo\u003c/a>, a University of Wisconsin bioethicist who helped organize the summit, argued that just because one scientist violated scientific norms, doesn’t necessarily mean the scientific system is flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the failure was his, not the failure of the scientific community,” Charo said. “You can’t expect to have perfection. What you can try to do is minimize these incidents with the constant effort of conversation and oversight and ultimately enforcement measures that will discourage rogue behavior that goes outside international norms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Concerns and possible benefits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making changes to the DNA in human embryos has long been considered taboo because of safety concerns and fears it could lead to “designer babies” — children whose traits are picked to make supposedly genetically superior people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many scientists have now become convinced that it may be ethical someday to edit human embryos to prevent genetic disorders, such as Huntington’s disease, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy and hemophilia. And several scientists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/08/18/543769759/a-first-look-inside-the-lab-where-scientists-are-editing-dna-in-human-embryos\">already edited\u003c/a> human embryos in their labs to try to determine the safety and effectiveness of the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientist and bioethicists agree that it is far too early to try to make babies from edited human embryos — primarily because safety protocols for the technique remain unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA editing may inadvertently cause genetic mutations that could cause health problems for any babies created this way and cause new health problems that would then be passed down for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some oppose all efforts to create genetically modified babies, saying it will be extremely difficult to draw a clear line between medical uses and attempts to create genetically enhanced individuals. And that could lead to a world of genetic haves and have-nots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Varied regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While gene-editing experiments on human embryos is \u003ca href=\"https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7827-12-108\">prohibited\u003c/a> in many countries, it has not been barred in many others. And scientist have long relied on self-regulation to prevent new technologies from being abused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit statement came amid a growing call for governments around the world to impose enforceable moratoriums on any future experiments. While such experiments are prohibited in some countries, previous scientific policing has largely relied on scientists to follow guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the summit opened, \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/feng-zhang\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a>, an MIT scientist who helped develop CRISPR, immediately \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/news/crispr-pioneers-feng-zhang-and-david-liu-respond-report-embryo-editing-china\">called\u003c/a> for a moratorium on such experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the current early state of genome editing technology, I’m in favor of a moratorium on implantation of edited embryos … until we have come up with a thoughtful set of safety requirements first,” Zhang wrote in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after the summit, Zhang said he agreed with the outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than focusing on criticizing what has happened, we should learn the lessons that it has taught us,” Feng wrote in an email. “There is a lot of potential for using gene editing to alleviate disease suffering, and providing a productive path forward is the best way to ensure that patient’s hopes will get realized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the last day of the summit was getting underway, more than 100 activists, bioethicists, scientists and other released a joint \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/internal-content/civil-society-statement-organizers-second-international-summit-human-genome\">statement \u003c/a>calling for the summit to call on governments and the United Nations to adopt moratoriums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the organizers of this week’s summit in Hong Kong wish to demonstrate that science is not out of control, and is worthy of public trust, now is the time for them and the rest of the international scientific community to act,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It noted that when He \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/28/671375070/facing-backlash-chinese-scientist-defends-gene-editing-research-on-babies\">defended his experiment\u003c/a> at the summit, he justified his experiment in part on a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24623/human-genome-editing-science-ethics-and-governance\">report\u003c/a> from the National Academies of Sciences. That report concluded that clinical trials “might be permitted” after laboratory studies show it would be safe and then only for “compelling medical reasons in the absence of reasonable alternatives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment was echoed by the Berkeley, Calif., based Center for Genetics and Society, which accused the summit organizers of “complicity” in He’s rogue research, saying the recommendations of the National Academies and the \u003ca href=\"http://nuffieldbioethics.org/about\">Nuttfield Council of Bioethics\u003c/a> had been interpreted as a “green light” by He.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their closing statement, the summit organizers “all but said outright that nothing will get in their way: not laws in dozens of countries or an international treaty, not widespread public and civil society opposition, not deep concern among their own scientific community, and not a grandstanding researcher,” CGS said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hgalert.org/topics/hge/threat.htm\">David King\u003c/a> of Human Genetics Alert, brought up the specter of “[the] horrifying history of eugenics in the 20th century,” and warned of the “disastrous consequences of going down this path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It should act immediately to prohibit such experiments, and ensure that He Jiankui is prosecuted as a warning to others,” King said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A Chinese scientist’s claims that he created the world’s first gene-edited babies is a “deeply disturbing” and “irresponsible” violation of international scientific norms, according to a formal conclusion issued Thursday by organizers of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/gene-editing/2nd_summit/index.htm\">Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing\u003c/a> in Hong Kong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the summit rejected calls for a blanket moratorium on such research, saying that the work could eventually lead to new ways to prevent a long list of serious genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making changes in the DNA of embryos could allow parents carrying disease-causing mutation have healthy genetically related children,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/what-broad/history-leadership/board-scientific-counselors/bios/david-baltimore-phd\">David Baltimore\u003c/a>, a Nobel-prize winning U.S. biologist who chaired the summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit was jolted by scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.sustc-genome.org.cn/\">He Jiankui’s \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/26/670752865/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-genetically-edit-babies\">surprise and unverified claims\u003c/a> earlier this week that he had edited the genes of twin girls who were born last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sustc-genome.org.cn/\">He, \u003c/a>of the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China, claims he modified the embryos of the twins with the gene-editing technique \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> so that they would be immune to the AIDS virus. His claims remain unproven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, hundreds of scientists from dozens of countries were engrossed by his claims as they gathered for the three-day summit, which was organized by the Academy of Sciences of Hong Kong, the Royal Society of London, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. National Academy of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal was to reach a global scientific consensus on how scientists might some day ethically use powerful new gene-editing techniques such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> to edit the human genetic blueprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A question of ethics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summit’s closing \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=11282018b\">statement\u003c/a> released early Thursday, the organizers called for an investigation to verify or refute He’s claims. But regardless of whether it is true, the organizers said the researcher’s experiment was premature, deeply flawed and unethical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935027\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935027\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinese scientist He Jiankui speaks at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing in Hong Kong on November 28, 2018. \u003ccite>(ANTHONY WALLACE/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Its flaws include an inadequate medical indication, a poorly designed study protocol, a failure to meet ethical standards for protecting the welfare of research subjects, and a lack of transparency in the development, review, and conduct of the clinical procedures,” said Baltimore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much more research is needed before anyone tries to prevent diseases by editing human embryos, the organizers concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making changes in the DNA of embryos … could allow parents who carry disease-causing mutations to have healthy, genetically related children,” Baltimore said. “However, heritable genome editing of … embryos … poses risks that remain difficult to evaluate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enough scientific advances have been made since the last summit in 2015 to begin plotting a course for how that could happen some day, according to the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Progress over the last three years and the discussions at the current summit, … suggest that it is time to define a rigorous, responsible … pathway toward such trials,” said Baltimore, a Nobel-prize winning U.S. biologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In doing this, the organizers rejected calls for a moratorium on such research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baltimore said “draconian bans would be antithetical to the goals of science,” and unnecessarily hinder the advancement of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.wisc.edu/profiles/racharo\">R. Alta Charo\u003c/a>, a University of Wisconsin bioethicist who helped organize the summit, argued that just because one scientist violated scientific norms, doesn’t necessarily mean the scientific system is flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the failure was his, not the failure of the scientific community,” Charo said. “You can’t expect to have perfection. What you can try to do is minimize these incidents with the constant effort of conversation and oversight and ultimately enforcement measures that will discourage rogue behavior that goes outside international norms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Concerns and possible benefits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making changes to the DNA in human embryos has long been considered taboo because of safety concerns and fears it could lead to “designer babies” — children whose traits are picked to make supposedly genetically superior people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many scientists have now become convinced that it may be ethical someday to edit human embryos to prevent genetic disorders, such as Huntington’s disease, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy and hemophilia. And several scientists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/08/18/543769759/a-first-look-inside-the-lab-where-scientists-are-editing-dna-in-human-embryos\">already edited\u003c/a> human embryos in their labs to try to determine the safety and effectiveness of the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientist and bioethicists agree that it is far too early to try to make babies from edited human embryos — primarily because safety protocols for the technique remain unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA editing may inadvertently cause genetic mutations that could cause health problems for any babies created this way and cause new health problems that would then be passed down for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some oppose all efforts to create genetically modified babies, saying it will be extremely difficult to draw a clear line between medical uses and attempts to create genetically enhanced individuals. And that could lead to a world of genetic haves and have-nots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Varied regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While gene-editing experiments on human embryos is \u003ca href=\"https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7827-12-108\">prohibited\u003c/a> in many countries, it has not been barred in many others. And scientist have long relied on self-regulation to prevent new technologies from being abused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit statement came amid a growing call for governments around the world to impose enforceable moratoriums on any future experiments. While such experiments are prohibited in some countries, previous scientific policing has largely relied on scientists to follow guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the summit opened, \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/feng-zhang\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a>, an MIT scientist who helped develop CRISPR, immediately \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/news/crispr-pioneers-feng-zhang-and-david-liu-respond-report-embryo-editing-china\">called\u003c/a> for a moratorium on such experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the current early state of genome editing technology, I’m in favor of a moratorium on implantation of edited embryos … until we have come up with a thoughtful set of safety requirements first,” Zhang wrote in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after the summit, Zhang said he agreed with the outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than focusing on criticizing what has happened, we should learn the lessons that it has taught us,” Feng wrote in an email. “There is a lot of potential for using gene editing to alleviate disease suffering, and providing a productive path forward is the best way to ensure that patient’s hopes will get realized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the last day of the summit was getting underway, more than 100 activists, bioethicists, scientists and other released a joint \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/internal-content/civil-society-statement-organizers-second-international-summit-human-genome\">statement \u003c/a>calling for the summit to call on governments and the United Nations to adopt moratoriums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the organizers of this week’s summit in Hong Kong wish to demonstrate that science is not out of control, and is worthy of public trust, now is the time for them and the rest of the international scientific community to act,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It noted that when He \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/28/671375070/facing-backlash-chinese-scientist-defends-gene-editing-research-on-babies\">defended his experiment\u003c/a> at the summit, he justified his experiment in part on a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24623/human-genome-editing-science-ethics-and-governance\">report\u003c/a> from the National Academies of Sciences. That report concluded that clinical trials “might be permitted” after laboratory studies show it would be safe and then only for “compelling medical reasons in the absence of reasonable alternatives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment was echoed by the Berkeley, Calif., based Center for Genetics and Society, which accused the summit organizers of “complicity” in He’s rogue research, saying the recommendations of the National Academies and the \u003ca href=\"http://nuffieldbioethics.org/about\">Nuttfield Council of Bioethics\u003c/a> had been interpreted as a “green light” by He.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their closing statement, the summit organizers “all but said outright that nothing will get in their way: not laws in dozens of countries or an international treaty, not widespread public and civil society opposition, not deep concern among their own scientific community, and not a grandstanding researcher,” CGS said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hgalert.org/topics/hge/threat.htm\">David King\u003c/a> of Human Genetics Alert, brought up the specter of “[the] horrifying history of eugenics in the 20th century,” and warned of the “disastrous consequences of going down this path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It should act immediately to prohibit such experiments, and ensure that He Jiankui is prosecuted as a warning to others,” King said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Warning: Climate Change in California Could Be Hazardous to Your Health",
"headTitle": "Warning: Climate Change in California Could Be Hazardous to Your Health | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Public%20Health%20Climate%20Change%20LINKS_4%201126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> released this week outlines, in great detail, the potential health and economic costs to California from climate change — everything from premature deaths due to heatstroke to anticipated spikes in West Nile virus, Valley fever, and even kidney stones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was commissioned by state Sen. Ricardo Lara, who will soon be giving up his senate seat after \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">being elected\u003c/a> insurance commissioner earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time we have a California report that combines the latest research on our health and the ‘new normal’ of extreme wildfire and climate-caused events,” Lara wrote to KQED in an email. (Gov. Jerry Brown recently amended his own climate vocabulary, calling global warming impacts “the new \u003cem>abnormal\u003c/em>.”) The senator was in Washington D.C. presenting to the World Bank on the report and on his bill to limit hydro-fluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants, which are potent greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”vn6VCB9SjRIBblKPRR18mDEt6roBFBjm”]The report contains no new research; it’s a review of existing literature, an attempt to outline both the current state of climate change in California and the expected health effects on the state’s population in coming years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the warnings: the Central Valley may experience heat-health events that last two weeks longer, while the northern Sierra region can expect four to 10 times more heat-health events than currently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is consensus among experts that by 2100, California will see maximum average temperatures increase by 5.6 to 8.8 degrees Fahrenheit above 1960–2005 temperatures,” says the report — depending on whether emissions continue rising or decrease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does that mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>By 2050, as many as 6,700 to 11,300 premature deaths are expected due to rising temperatures, which can exacerbate existing conditions like heat disease or asthma.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Poor air quality will increase the incidence of respiratory illnesses.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The intensity and frequency of storms will increase death and injury.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Higher temperatures will also lead to the growth of disease-carrying mosquitos and ticks, as well as food-borne pathogens.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“What this report shows is that we need to be discussing how to address the lingering effects on public health, our air and our food,” said Lara. Here are some of the details laid out. You can also read \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Public%20Health%20Climate%20Change%20LINKS_4%201126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the full 80-page report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increases in temperatures have dramatic impacts on the health of the community. In the state’s nine most populous counties, from 1999 to 2003, rising temperatures increased the risk of hospitalization for heatstroke by 342 percent, for dehydration by 10.8 percent and for renal failure by 7.4 percent. There was also a 1.7 percent increase in mortality across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During heat waves those numbers can be higher. Studies tracking the 2006 heat wave found a 9 percent increase in mortality per 10-degree increase in temperature in the affected counties. That caused about 600 heat-related deaths over the two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High temperatures are also associated with pre-term birth. From 1999 to 2006, a 10-degree rise in temperature increased the risk of pre-term birth by 8.6 percent across 16 California counties, though that risk was higher for younger mothers and highest for African-American mothers (14.9 percent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that kidney stones are also more prevalent in hotter climates, because minerals build up under dehydration conditions. Projecting existing rates of kidney stones in nearby hot climates onto anticipated temperatures increases in California predicts that the state will see a 10.7 percent increase in risk of kidney stones by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air Quality\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is also known to affect air quality as concentration of ground-level ozone is stoked by heat and methane emissions, while fine particulate matter in the air (typically known as PM2.5) is a product of wildfire smoke, which is expected to increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Jpmw1DpnGs905iMXpwAAljHeFkY04p4r”]Air pollution in the San Joaquin Valley already contributes to 460 premature deaths each year and approximately 3,230 cases of acute bronchitis in children — with projections for those numbers rising as air pollution worsens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate models project “large” wildfires are expected to increase in number by 21 percent by 2034, and with wildfire smoke comes a well-documented higher rate of hospitalizations and respiratory illnesses. During the 2015 wildfire season statewide, for example, there was a 171 percent increase in the risk of a pulmonary embolism during the heavy smoke periods. And during the 2003 fall fire in Southern California, acute bronchitis hospital admissions increased on average by 67 percent. Even after the fires, admission rates for acute bronchitis and pneumonia still went up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valley fever is also on the rise as the soil dries out and people are more apt to breathe in the fungus that leads to the illness. Valley fever includes coughing, fever, chest pains and, in the worst conditions, can result in meningitis. Valley fever rose 34 percent from 2016 to 2017, with the heavy majority of the cases in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Weather\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts, floods and fires all have immediate health consequences. And there are documented increases in mental health issues, like PTSD, depression and suicidal thoughts. Disaster recovery is also known to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11706264/study-people-of-color-and-low-income-residents-most-vulnerable-to-wildfire-impacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hit vulnerable populations harder\u003c/a>, especially those without insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8hBZ41YlWfjH8B4Rjxb7MBQPe3hQX0Sf”]But extreme weather events also have indirect health consequences. For example, in 1993 after several years of drought, a heavy rainfall in Tulare County led to an increase in Valley fever, because of the growth of fungus. The number of cases there spiked from an average of 450 annually to 1,208 cases that first year and over 4,000 cases the two following years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flooding and heavy rains also lead to contamination of water supplies, which has been shown to lead to an increase in gastrointestinal illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changing climate also affects how communities are exposed to infectious diseases and can increase the number of rodents or insects carrying pathogens — a trend that’s already already being seen. In 2007, there were 75 cases of Lyme disease reported statewide, while in 2016 there were 141 in just 33 counties. While climate was unlikely to be the sole driver of that increase, warming temperatures are expected to double the reproductive capacity of ticks, which carry Lyme disease, and peak tick activity is much longer in drier and warmer climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”GgX27KIsYVEVf36btfb9LA0yENVzkGu9″]Higher temperatures and drought also increase the number of mosquitoes and the transmission rates for West Nile virus. The recent drought led to the highest number of cases of West Nile virus in California, with 379 in 2013 alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agricultural and urban run-off in extreme flooding and heavy rainfall leads to an increase in bacterial contamination, and warming of surface water causes new bacterial and viral pathogens to emerge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, scientific evidence has unequivocally shown that climate change is a reality,” concludes the report. “While opportunities to entirely prevent the effects of climate change have already passed, there is still a role for strong leadership in the public and private sectors to reduce the levels of projected damage and hardship…By building communities that are resilient to a changing environment, the most extreme effects of climate change may be minimized.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Public%20Health%20Climate%20Change%20LINKS_4%201126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> released this week outlines, in great detail, the potential health and economic costs to California from climate change — everything from premature deaths due to heatstroke to anticipated spikes in West Nile virus, Valley fever, and even kidney stones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was commissioned by state Sen. Ricardo Lara, who will soon be giving up his senate seat after \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">being elected\u003c/a> insurance commissioner earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the first time we have a California report that combines the latest research on our health and the ‘new normal’ of extreme wildfire and climate-caused events,” Lara wrote to KQED in an email. (Gov. Jerry Brown recently amended his own climate vocabulary, calling global warming impacts “the new \u003cem>abnormal\u003c/em>.”) The senator was in Washington D.C. presenting to the World Bank on the report and on his bill to limit hydro-fluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants, which are potent greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The report contains no new research; it’s a review of existing literature, an attempt to outline both the current state of climate change in California and the expected health effects on the state’s population in coming years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the warnings: the Central Valley may experience heat-health events that last two weeks longer, while the northern Sierra region can expect four to 10 times more heat-health events than currently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is consensus among experts that by 2100, California will see maximum average temperatures increase by 5.6 to 8.8 degrees Fahrenheit above 1960–2005 temperatures,” says the report — depending on whether emissions continue rising or decrease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does that mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>By 2050, as many as 6,700 to 11,300 premature deaths are expected due to rising temperatures, which can exacerbate existing conditions like heat disease or asthma.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Poor air quality will increase the incidence of respiratory illnesses.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The intensity and frequency of storms will increase death and injury.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Higher temperatures will also lead to the growth of disease-carrying mosquitos and ticks, as well as food-borne pathogens.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“What this report shows is that we need to be discussing how to address the lingering effects on public health, our air and our food,” said Lara. Here are some of the details laid out. You can also read \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Public%20Health%20Climate%20Change%20LINKS_4%201126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the full 80-page report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increases in temperatures have dramatic impacts on the health of the community. In the state’s nine most populous counties, from 1999 to 2003, rising temperatures increased the risk of hospitalization for heatstroke by 342 percent, for dehydration by 10.8 percent and for renal failure by 7.4 percent. There was also a 1.7 percent increase in mortality across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During heat waves those numbers can be higher. Studies tracking the 2006 heat wave found a 9 percent increase in mortality per 10-degree increase in temperature in the affected counties. That caused about 600 heat-related deaths over the two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High temperatures are also associated with pre-term birth. From 1999 to 2006, a 10-degree rise in temperature increased the risk of pre-term birth by 8.6 percent across 16 California counties, though that risk was higher for younger mothers and highest for African-American mothers (14.9 percent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that kidney stones are also more prevalent in hotter climates, because minerals build up under dehydration conditions. Projecting existing rates of kidney stones in nearby hot climates onto anticipated temperatures increases in California predicts that the state will see a 10.7 percent increase in risk of kidney stones by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air Quality\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is also known to affect air quality as concentration of ground-level ozone is stoked by heat and methane emissions, while fine particulate matter in the air (typically known as PM2.5) is a product of wildfire smoke, which is expected to increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Air pollution in the San Joaquin Valley already contributes to 460 premature deaths each year and approximately 3,230 cases of acute bronchitis in children — with projections for those numbers rising as air pollution worsens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate models project “large” wildfires are expected to increase in number by 21 percent by 2034, and with wildfire smoke comes a well-documented higher rate of hospitalizations and respiratory illnesses. During the 2015 wildfire season statewide, for example, there was a 171 percent increase in the risk of a pulmonary embolism during the heavy smoke periods. And during the 2003 fall fire in Southern California, acute bronchitis hospital admissions increased on average by 67 percent. Even after the fires, admission rates for acute bronchitis and pneumonia still went up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valley fever is also on the rise as the soil dries out and people are more apt to breathe in the fungus that leads to the illness. Valley fever includes coughing, fever, chest pains and, in the worst conditions, can result in meningitis. Valley fever rose 34 percent from 2016 to 2017, with the heavy majority of the cases in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extreme Weather\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Droughts, floods and fires all have immediate health consequences. And there are documented increases in mental health issues, like PTSD, depression and suicidal thoughts. Disaster recovery is also known to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11706264/study-people-of-color-and-low-income-residents-most-vulnerable-to-wildfire-impacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hit vulnerable populations harder\u003c/a>, especially those without insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But extreme weather events also have indirect health consequences. For example, in 1993 after several years of drought, a heavy rainfall in Tulare County led to an increase in Valley fever, because of the growth of fungus. The number of cases there spiked from an average of 450 annually to 1,208 cases that first year and over 4,000 cases the two following years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flooding and heavy rains also lead to contamination of water supplies, which has been shown to lead to an increase in gastrointestinal illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changing climate also affects how communities are exposed to infectious diseases and can increase the number of rodents or insects carrying pathogens — a trend that’s already already being seen. In 2007, there were 75 cases of Lyme disease reported statewide, while in 2016 there were 141 in just 33 counties. While climate was unlikely to be the sole driver of that increase, warming temperatures are expected to double the reproductive capacity of ticks, which carry Lyme disease, and peak tick activity is much longer in drier and warmer climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Higher temperatures and drought also increase the number of mosquitoes and the transmission rates for West Nile virus. The recent drought led to the highest number of cases of West Nile virus in California, with 379 in 2013 alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agricultural and urban run-off in extreme flooding and heavy rainfall leads to an increase in bacterial contamination, and warming of surface water causes new bacterial and viral pathogens to emerge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, scientific evidence has unequivocally shown that climate change is a reality,” concludes the report. “While opportunities to entirely prevent the effects of climate change have already passed, there is still a role for strong leadership in the public and private sectors to reduce the levels of projected damage and hardship…By building communities that are resilient to a changing environment, the most extreme effects of climate change may be minimized.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Two New Studies Affirm Things Are Getting Hotter Across Regions and Seasons",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/11/eaau3487\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released on Wednesday says hot and dry conditions are increasingly going to hit multiple regions at the same time — shrinking crop yields, destabilizing food prices and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/11/27/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">laying the groundwork for large wildfires\u003c/a> like we’ve seen in California in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comes on the heels of \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/extreme-heat-increasing-both-summer-and-winter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another study\u003c/a> earlier this week from the American Geophysical Union which measured the rise in extreme heat events in both summer and winter. The AGU study was one of the first to also look at relative extreme temperatures — “hot” days in winter, cold days in summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8JMusayD4ShnLIZNCUDAIIPNFPKHrn2y”]The news, across the board, isn’t great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study examined historical data to quantify the odds that different regions experience hot and dry conditions in the same year. The authors calculated that before 1980 there was just a 5 percent likelihood that two separate regions would be dry and have extreme temperatures in the same year. Since then, the odds have risen to 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This matters because in the past if one region was hot and dry, resulting in low crop yields, the agricultural surplus in another region might compensate. Increasingly, that’s no longer the case. For example, the odds that both China and India — two of the world’s largest agricultural producers — have low precipitation and extremely warm temperatures in the same year has increased from 5 percent to 15 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The global marketplace provides a hedge against localized extremes,” noted Noah Diffenbaugh, a Stanford climate scientist and co-author of the study, “and we’re already seeing an erosion of that climate buffer as extremes have increased in response to global warming,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”TsjrIDHEp4FADnyAbpod5wkpWGZyF75A”]“When these extremes occur simultaneously, it exacerbates the adverse impacts beyond what any of them would have caused separately,” said Ali Sarhadi, the study’s lead author and a post-doctoral fellow at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also analyzed climate projections for future scenarios. Since the late 19th century, the global temperature has increased 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit. Moving forward, the study’s authors found, in many regions the odds increase to 75 percent that average temperatures will rise well beyond the normal range experienced this last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just going to get hotter in the summer, though. It’s going to get warmer in the winter too — which also has lasting implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018JD029150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> released this week, from the American Geophysical Union, found both relative and absolute “extreme heat” events have increased across the U.S. and Canada since 1980, while both relative and absolute extreme cold events decreased. In other words, we’ve seen a rise in both overall extremes, like the absolute hottest days in summer, but also extremes for the normal range of that time of year, like unseasonably warm days in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”raaLWEhxCsVCnB6sFwUvZyRhRMQu8Rfv”]Relative extremes are changing faster than absolute extremes. And relative extremes can pose a higher ecological risk because the out-of-season weather impact species and plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Relative temperature anomalies can trigger what are called phenological mismatches, where a mismatch in the temperature and the season can cause trees to bloom too early and birds and insects to migrate before there is appropriate food,” said Scott Sheridan, professor in geography at Kent State University and lead author of the AGU study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the unusually warm month of March in 2012, across the eastern and midwestern U.S., caused vegetation to bloom prematurely and then die off in subsequent frost, leading to large agricultural losses (2012 remains the hottest year on record in the continental U.S.). Mid-winter thaws and early-season heat can also have health impacts on vulnerable populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat events have increased across 79 percent of the U.S. and Canada, with the trend greatest in the southern U.S. and northern Quebec. Relative extreme heat events have increased at a greater rate, averaging .22 more days per decade, with some parts of the southern U.S. showing an increase of up to one day per decade of relative extreme heat. At the same time, extreme cold events have decreased at higher rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”rAZ2tFsSbR97GGfg5yu5iG9EVkxX7Oqx”]All of this comes in the wake of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934809/federal-report-climate-change-already-hurting-u-s-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a federal report\u003c/a> released last week that outlined the ways climate change is already affecting Americans’ economic and physical health. The message from the various studies’ authors? Planners and policymakers at all levels need to start preparing for the new future — and can still take steps to decrease these impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study modeled what would happen if the 200 nations in the U.N. Paris agreement achieved their emission reductions targets. The authors found that would dramatically reduce the likelihood of compounding hot, dry conditions in multiple regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are still options for mitigating these changes,” said Sarhadi.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/11/eaau3487\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released on Wednesday says hot and dry conditions are increasingly going to hit multiple regions at the same time — shrinking crop yields, destabilizing food prices and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/11/27/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">laying the groundwork for large wildfires\u003c/a> like we’ve seen in California in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comes on the heels of \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/extreme-heat-increasing-both-summer-and-winter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another study\u003c/a> earlier this week from the American Geophysical Union which measured the rise in extreme heat events in both summer and winter. The AGU study was one of the first to also look at relative extreme temperatures — “hot” days in winter, cold days in summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The news, across the board, isn’t great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study examined historical data to quantify the odds that different regions experience hot and dry conditions in the same year. The authors calculated that before 1980 there was just a 5 percent likelihood that two separate regions would be dry and have extreme temperatures in the same year. Since then, the odds have risen to 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This matters because in the past if one region was hot and dry, resulting in low crop yields, the agricultural surplus in another region might compensate. Increasingly, that’s no longer the case. For example, the odds that both China and India — two of the world’s largest agricultural producers — have low precipitation and extremely warm temperatures in the same year has increased from 5 percent to 15 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The global marketplace provides a hedge against localized extremes,” noted Noah Diffenbaugh, a Stanford climate scientist and co-author of the study, “and we’re already seeing an erosion of that climate buffer as extremes have increased in response to global warming,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“When these extremes occur simultaneously, it exacerbates the adverse impacts beyond what any of them would have caused separately,” said Ali Sarhadi, the study’s lead author and a post-doctoral fellow at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also analyzed climate projections for future scenarios. Since the late 19th century, the global temperature has increased 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit. Moving forward, the study’s authors found, in many regions the odds increase to 75 percent that average temperatures will rise well beyond the normal range experienced this last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just going to get hotter in the summer, though. It’s going to get warmer in the winter too — which also has lasting implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018JD029150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> released this week, from the American Geophysical Union, found both relative and absolute “extreme heat” events have increased across the U.S. and Canada since 1980, while both relative and absolute extreme cold events decreased. In other words, we’ve seen a rise in both overall extremes, like the absolute hottest days in summer, but also extremes for the normal range of that time of year, like unseasonably warm days in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Relative extremes are changing faster than absolute extremes. And relative extremes can pose a higher ecological risk because the out-of-season weather impact species and plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Relative temperature anomalies can trigger what are called phenological mismatches, where a mismatch in the temperature and the season can cause trees to bloom too early and birds and insects to migrate before there is appropriate food,” said Scott Sheridan, professor in geography at Kent State University and lead author of the AGU study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the unusually warm month of March in 2012, across the eastern and midwestern U.S., caused vegetation to bloom prematurely and then die off in subsequent frost, leading to large agricultural losses (2012 remains the hottest year on record in the continental U.S.). Mid-winter thaws and early-season heat can also have health impacts on vulnerable populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat events have increased across 79 percent of the U.S. and Canada, with the trend greatest in the southern U.S. and northern Quebec. Relative extreme heat events have increased at a greater rate, averaging .22 more days per decade, with some parts of the southern U.S. showing an increase of up to one day per decade of relative extreme heat. At the same time, extreme cold events have decreased at higher rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>All of this comes in the wake of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934809/federal-report-climate-change-already-hurting-u-s-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a federal report\u003c/a> released last week that outlined the ways climate change is already affecting Americans’ economic and physical health. The message from the various studies’ authors? Planners and policymakers at all levels need to start preparing for the new future — and can still take steps to decrease these impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study modeled what would happen if the 200 nations in the U.N. Paris agreement achieved their emission reductions targets. The authors found that would dramatically reduce the likelihood of compounding hot, dry conditions in multiple regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are still options for mitigating these changes,” said Sarhadi.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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