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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzslkblqG-w&ab_channel=marky244\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re on the internet right now — and, oh that’s right, you are — you’re probably aware that a streaking light in the sky just after sunset had many in the Bay Area, Wednesday, reaching for their cellphones. The mysterious trail of light was visible for several minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not aliens or the anticipated rocket launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base, which was \u003ca href=\"https://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/local/article223366065.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scrubbed\u003c/a>, but a meteor, according to the Lick Observatory, near San Jose. The trail it left behind was smoke created by its disintegration in Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service added that the meteor may have created what’s called a noctilucent cloud, one that is still illuminated by sunlight after the sun appears to have set for those on the ground. (For more details, see below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meteor was unusual for a couple of reasons, says Ben Burress, a staff astronomer at \u003ca href=\"https://chabotspace.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> who also writes for KQED. First and foremost, it fell over a region where and a time of day when people could actually see it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Often these things happen over the ocean or unpopulated areas. They’re not as rare an event as people think,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, the object’s trail was particularly long-lived, probably because it was larger than your typical meteor. Usually, \u003cspan class=\"s1\">the objects, made of rock and metal, are marble-size or smaller.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cloud’s unusual wiggly shape can be attributed to the varying strengths and directions of the winds as the object plummeted through different altitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some more videos captured by the public:\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/embed/qS9rG9l8Pu8?start=119\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/embed/4RHN5cVtlOc?start=18\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/amsmeteors/status/1075709900330811393\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aim/news/meteor-smoke.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA\u003c/a> has to say about noctilucent clouds:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Anyone who’s ever seen a noctilucent cloud or “NLC” would agree: They look alien. The electric-blue ripples and pale tendrils of NLCs reaching across the night sky resemble something from another world. Researchers say that’s not far off. A key ingredient for the mysterious clouds comes from outer space.”We’ve detected bits of ‘meteor smoke’ imbedded in noctilucent clouds,” reports James Russell of Hampton University, principal investigator of NASA’s AIM mission to study the phenomenon. “This discovery supports the theory that meteor dust is the nucleating agent around which NLCs form.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Danielle Venton contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Steven Falk still remembers the moment he first laid eyes on Lafayette, California, even though it was 28 years ago. He was driving there to interview for a job as an assistant to the city manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The house is on fire, and our children and grandchildren are trapped in the attic. So what are we going to do about it?’\u003ccite>Steven Falk, former Lafayette city manager\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I saw this amazing landscape of emerald-green hills and native oak woodland, with neighborhoods sitting in and among these verdant valleys,” he says. “I loved it from the very first minute I got here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 25,000 people of \u003ca href=\"https://www.lovelafayette.org/\">Lafayette\u003c/a> live close to nature, yet they can step onto a commuter train and be in downtown San Francisco in half an hour. “It seemed like I had reached some kind of paradise,” Falk says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The median home in Lafayette is worth over a million dollars. The people are educated and environmentally aware. They voted three-to-one for Hillary Clinton in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the last 22 years, Steven Falk has been their city manager, more or less the CEO of local government, responsible for everything from police to potholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 2005, he read Elizabeth Kolbert’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/04/25/the-climate-of-man-i\">three-part series\u003c/a> of articles in the New Yorker about global warming. “They scared the daylights out of me,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started noticing evidence of climate change himself. For instance, he remembers sliding down glaciers in the Sierra Nevada mountains as a nine-year-old kid, backpacking with his dad. “When I became a parent, I took my own kids to the mountains, and we did the same trip. And the glaciers are gone!” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more he learned, the more it kept him up at night. “The analogy I’ve used is, the house is on fire, and our children and grandchildren are trapped in the attic. So what are we going to do about it?” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a city manager, there are, in fact, some things you can do. But they may be controversial. Steven Falk ended up in the middle of a battle over what gets built on some land right near the heart of his city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk takes me to a big parking lot, covering about five acres of land, right beside the Bay Area Rapid Transit station. This is where commuters take the trains to Oakland and San Francisco. This area is also close to shopping. One way to fight global warming: Build lots of housing right here, where people can live without driving cars and burning gasoline. Plus, multistory apartment buildings or condos generally take a lot less energy to heat and cool than single-family suburban homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just makes all the sense in the world that this parcel should have a multifamily housing development on it,” Falk says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But development is a really sensitive topic in Lafayette. There’s a whole citizens’ group called \u003ca href=\"http://savelafayette.org/\">Save Lafayette \u003c/a>that’s been fighting against plans for more high-density housing. As a Lafayette resident named Martin Stryker told the city council at a meeting in June, “People have chosen to live in Lafayette for the quality of life, \u003cem>away\u003c/em> from the city. … I encourage city leaders and staff to sharpen your vision and to be stronger in protecting the interests of our citizens despite the pressures from the state and outside interests like developers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has actually approved hundreds of new housing units in the central downtown area in recent years. Falk is proud of that. But he wanted to move faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tensions came to a head this past summer over a new California law that lets BART go ahead and build housing on land that it owns near its stations, like that parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk liked the idea. Lafayette’s city council members, though, considered it a power grab by the state. They asked Falk to go to the state capitol and take a public stand against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I drove to Sacramento, not feeling good about it,” Falk recalls. “I went into the Senate hearing room. I saw this line of speakers, and realized that I had to get up and speak against the bill. And that …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk’s voice breaks. After a long pause, he goes on. “And that was the moment I knew I had to resign.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his resignation \u003ca href=\"https://www.lovelafayette.org/Home/ShowDocument?id=5499\">letter\u003c/a> to the city council, Falk wrote that “it has become increasingly difficult for me to support, advocate for, or implement policies that would thwart transit density. My conscience won’t allow it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city made the letter public. Don Tatzin, who served on the Lafayette city council for 33 years and just stepped down as the city’s mayor, expressed some sympathy for Falk’s views. “I think it’s good to hear voices that say cities need to become denser. Over time, that becomes accepted,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But local communities, he says, need to be in control of that process. “Having a regional or state government impose that, on something that citizens consider of importance, runs the risk of significant backlash, and I’m not sure it’s wise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday was Steven Falk’s last day on the job. At his final city council meeting, Tatzin and others gave speeches celebrating his accomplishments. No one mentioned climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+One+City+Manager%2C+Climate+Becomes+A+Matter+Of+Conscience&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 2005, he read Elizabeth Kolbert’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/04/25/the-climate-of-man-i\">three-part series\u003c/a> of articles in the New Yorker about global warming. “They scared the daylights out of me,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started noticing evidence of climate change himself. For instance, he remembers sliding down glaciers in the Sierra Nevada mountains as a nine-year-old kid, backpacking with his dad. “When I became a parent, I took my own kids to the mountains, and we did the same trip. And the glaciers are gone!” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more he learned, the more it kept him up at night. “The analogy I’ve used is, the house is on fire, and our children and grandchildren are trapped in the attic. So what are we going to do about it?” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a city manager, there are, in fact, some things you can do. But they may be controversial. Steven Falk ended up in the middle of a battle over what gets built on some land right near the heart of his city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk takes me to a big parking lot, covering about five acres of land, right beside the Bay Area Rapid Transit station. This is where commuters take the trains to Oakland and San Francisco. This area is also close to shopping. One way to fight global warming: Build lots of housing right here, where people can live without driving cars and burning gasoline. Plus, multistory apartment buildings or condos generally take a lot less energy to heat and cool than single-family suburban homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just makes all the sense in the world that this parcel should have a multifamily housing development on it,” Falk says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But development is a really sensitive topic in Lafayette. There’s a whole citizens’ group called \u003ca href=\"http://savelafayette.org/\">Save Lafayette \u003c/a>that’s been fighting against plans for more high-density housing. As a Lafayette resident named Martin Stryker told the city council at a meeting in June, “People have chosen to live in Lafayette for the quality of life, \u003cem>away\u003c/em> from the city. … I encourage city leaders and staff to sharpen your vision and to be stronger in protecting the interests of our citizens despite the pressures from the state and outside interests like developers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has actually approved hundreds of new housing units in the central downtown area in recent years. Falk is proud of that. But he wanted to move faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tensions came to a head this past summer over a new California law that lets BART go ahead and build housing on land that it owns near its stations, like that parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk liked the idea. Lafayette’s city council members, though, considered it a power grab by the state. They asked Falk to go to the state capitol and take a public stand against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I drove to Sacramento, not feeling good about it,” Falk recalls. “I went into the Senate hearing room. I saw this line of speakers, and realized that I had to get up and speak against the bill. And that …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falk’s voice breaks. After a long pause, he goes on. “And that was the moment I knew I had to resign.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his resignation \u003ca href=\"https://www.lovelafayette.org/Home/ShowDocument?id=5499\">letter\u003c/a> to the city council, Falk wrote that “it has become increasingly difficult for me to support, advocate for, or implement policies that would thwart transit density. My conscience won’t allow it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city made the letter public. Don Tatzin, who served on the Lafayette city council for 33 years and just stepped down as the city’s mayor, expressed some sympathy for Falk’s views. “I think it’s good to hear voices that say cities need to become denser. Over time, that becomes accepted,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But local communities, he says, need to be in control of that process. “Having a regional or state government impose that, on something that citizens consider of importance, runs the risk of significant backlash, and I’m not sure it’s wise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday was Steven Falk’s last day on the job. At his final city council meeting, Tatzin and others gave speeches celebrating his accomplishments. No one mentioned climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+One+City+Manager%2C+Climate+Becomes+A+Matter+Of+Conscience&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The government’s top doctor is taking aim at what he called a youth vaping epidemic and targeted the best-selling electronic cigarette brand, Juul, for addicting millions of teenagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"https://e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/surgeon-generals-advisory-on-e-cigarette-use-among-youth-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">advisory\u003c/a> issued Tuesday, Surgeon General Jerome Adams said parents, teachers, health professionals and government officials must take “aggressive steps” to keep children from using e-cigarettes. The advisory also called on local authorities to use methods like bans on indoor vaping and restriction on sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”BmrLdG0RT1tkTveXslAZ6rViIyuNRdSP”]”I am officially declaring e-cigarette use among youth an epidemic in the United States,” Adams said at a news conference. “Now is the time to take action. We need to protect our young people from all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For young people, “nicotine is dangerous and it can have negative health effects,” Adams said in an interview. “It can impact learning, attention and memory, and it can prime the youth brain for addiction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advisory was prompted by the latest statistics on vaping among youth, which found e-cigarette use among teenagers has increased \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101868777/annual-survey-finds-the-percentage-of-teens-vaping-doubled-in-past-year\">dramatically\u003c/a>. Twice as many high school students used nicotine-tinged electronic cigarettes this year compared with last year, an unprecedented jump. It was the largest single-year increase in the annual survey’s 44-year history, far surpassing a mid-1970s surge in marijuana smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”uUgTXqY6R1WtcQKUL0S0BYpqzzN4B35r”]”We have never seen use of any substance by America’s young people rise this rapidly,” Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar said at the briefing. “This is an unprecedented challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federally funded survey of teen drug and alcohol use was released Monday and is conducted by University of Michigan researchers. The survey has been operating since 1975. This year’s findings are based on responses from about 45,000 students in schools across the country. According to the results, an estimated 3.6 million U.S. teens are now using e-cigarettes; with 1 in 5 high school seniors reporting having vaped nicotine in the previous month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After vaping and alcohol, the most common thing teens use is marijuana, the survey found. About 1 in 4 students said they’d used marijuana at least once in the past year. Overall, marijuana smoking is about the same level as it was the past few years. Vaping of marijuana rose, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more teens are saying no to other substances. Usage of alcohol, cigarettes, cocaine, LSD, ecstasy, heroin and opioid pills all declined. Experts say it’s not clear what’s behind those trends, especially since the nation is in the midst of the deadliest drug overdose epidemic ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarettes and other vaping devices have been sold in the U.S. since 2007, growing into a $6.6 billion business. Most devices heat a flavored nicotine solution into an inhalable vapor and have been pitched to adult smokers as a less-harmful alternative to cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams singled out Silicon Valley startup Juul, noting that the company’s devices are particularly popular among young people. Analysts estimate Juul controls more than 75 percent of the U.S. e-cigarette market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935936\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1180px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1935936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1180\" height=\"787\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1180px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colorful nicotine-filled pods, pictured on the right, are inserted into the Juul e-cigarette, which educators say looks deceptively like a flash drive, making it harder to identify. \u003ccite>(Juul Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”rL5GjJ5T3lmmic6RafoTkQHynAPpKGj3″]Juul defended its products, saying it’s taken steps to cut down on youth use. “Juul Labs shares a common goal with the Surgeon General and other federal health regulators – preventing youth from initiating on nicotine,” according to a statement from Victoria Davis, a Juul spokesperson. “We are committed to preventing youth access of Juul products.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the company shut down its Facebook and Instagram accounts and halted in-store sales of its flavored pods. The flavors remain available via age-restricted online sales. That action came days before the Food and Drug Administration announced plans to restrict sales of flavored e-cigarettes to youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say they are especially alarmed by the proportion of young people who don’t realize that electronic cigarettes contain nicotine, which is a highly addictive drug. A single Juul cartridge contains as much nicotine as a pack of 20 tobacco cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The government’s top doctor is taking aim at what he called a youth vaping epidemic and targeted the best-selling electronic cigarette brand, Juul, for addicting millions of teenagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"https://e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/surgeon-generals-advisory-on-e-cigarette-use-among-youth-2018.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">advisory\u003c/a> issued Tuesday, Surgeon General Jerome Adams said parents, teachers, health professionals and government officials must take “aggressive steps” to keep children from using e-cigarettes. The advisory also called on local authorities to use methods like bans on indoor vaping and restriction on sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”I am officially declaring e-cigarette use among youth an epidemic in the United States,” Adams said at a news conference. “Now is the time to take action. We need to protect our young people from all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For young people, “nicotine is dangerous and it can have negative health effects,” Adams said in an interview. “It can impact learning, attention and memory, and it can prime the youth brain for addiction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advisory was prompted by the latest statistics on vaping among youth, which found e-cigarette use among teenagers has increased \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101868777/annual-survey-finds-the-percentage-of-teens-vaping-doubled-in-past-year\">dramatically\u003c/a>. Twice as many high school students used nicotine-tinged electronic cigarettes this year compared with last year, an unprecedented jump. It was the largest single-year increase in the annual survey’s 44-year history, far surpassing a mid-1970s surge in marijuana smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”We have never seen use of any substance by America’s young people rise this rapidly,” Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar said at the briefing. “This is an unprecedented challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federally funded survey of teen drug and alcohol use was released Monday and is conducted by University of Michigan researchers. The survey has been operating since 1975. This year’s findings are based on responses from about 45,000 students in schools across the country. According to the results, an estimated 3.6 million U.S. teens are now using e-cigarettes; with 1 in 5 high school seniors reporting having vaped nicotine in the previous month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After vaping and alcohol, the most common thing teens use is marijuana, the survey found. About 1 in 4 students said they’d used marijuana at least once in the past year. Overall, marijuana smoking is about the same level as it was the past few years. Vaping of marijuana rose, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more teens are saying no to other substances. Usage of alcohol, cigarettes, cocaine, LSD, ecstasy, heroin and opioid pills all declined. Experts say it’s not clear what’s behind those trends, especially since the nation is in the midst of the deadliest drug overdose epidemic ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarettes and other vaping devices have been sold in the U.S. since 2007, growing into a $6.6 billion business. Most devices heat a flavored nicotine solution into an inhalable vapor and have been pitched to adult smokers as a less-harmful alternative to cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams singled out Silicon Valley startup Juul, noting that the company’s devices are particularly popular among young people. Analysts estimate Juul controls more than 75 percent of the U.S. e-cigarette market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935936\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1180px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1935936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1180\" height=\"787\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/juul-promo_1350-1180x787-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1180px) 100vw, 1180px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colorful nicotine-filled pods, pictured on the right, are inserted into the Juul e-cigarette, which educators say looks deceptively like a flash drive, making it harder to identify. \u003ccite>(Juul Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Juul defended its products, saying it’s taken steps to cut down on youth use. “Juul Labs shares a common goal with the Surgeon General and other federal health regulators – preventing youth from initiating on nicotine,” according to a statement from Victoria Davis, a Juul spokesperson. “We are committed to preventing youth access of Juul products.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the company shut down its Facebook and Instagram accounts and halted in-store sales of its flavored pods. The flavors remain available via age-restricted online sales. That action came days before the Food and Drug Administration announced plans to restrict sales of flavored e-cigarettes to youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say they are especially alarmed by the proportion of young people who don’t realize that electronic cigarettes contain nicotine, which is a highly addictive drug. A single Juul cartridge contains as much nicotine as a pack of 20 tobacco cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 9:40 a.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather and other delays marred what had been anticipated as a banner day for space launches Tuesday, as both SpaceX and Blue Origin were forced to postpone launches that had been scheduled to take place within minutes of each other. Both companies say they will look at moving their launches to Wednesday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue Origin says its launch was scrubbed due to what the company calls a “ground infrastructure issue.” Blue Origin says the rocket remains ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX says an abort order was triggered by the flight computer onboard the Falcon 9 rocket. Paired with an earlier delay due to unfavorable upper-level winds, the slowdown pushed the rocket past its launch window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vehicle and payload remain healthy,” SpaceX \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1075037745633001472\">said via Twitter\u003c/a>, adding, “next launch attempt is tomorrow” at 9:07 a.m. ET.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1075037745633001472\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to those missions from two of America’s top private space companies, two other space launches had been planned for Tuesday — but only one of them is now still scheduled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The delays threw cold water on a day that had left some space aficionados giddy with excitement. “If you’re a space fan, Christmas comes a week early this year,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/42772-four-rocket-launches-spacex-blue-origin-webcasts.html\">Space.com wrote\u003c/a> of the four planned launches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX was poised to send its Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, with a live webcast that started streaming about 15 minutes before the intended liftoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMtpVS0xM1c\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX plans to carry the first GPS III satellite into medium Earth orbit; it comes from Lockheed Martin, which says the new system will “launch the next generation of connection.” Because of the satellite’s weight and flight plan, the Falcon 9 will not return for a landing. Instead, it will be sent into the atmosphere to prevent space junk from accumulating in orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new GPS III satellites are designed to be three times more accurate than the current system, which went into civilian operation in the 1990s. As for how it might affect regular GPS users, the firm says, “our phones will receive an upgraded GPS signal from this satellite by the end of 2019.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vice President Mike Pence was in Florida for the now-delayed SpaceX launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue Origin had targeted 9:30 a.m. ET to launch its New Shepard rocket for a suborbital flight from its facility in West Texas, in the tenth mission for the reusable rocket system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New Shepard (named for astronaut Alan Shepard) will carry nine different NASA-sponsored \u003ca href=\"https://www.blueorigin.com/news/news/new-shepard-to-fly-9-nasa-sponsored-payloads-to-space-on-ns-10\">research and experimental projects\u003c/a> that have come from five colleges and several agencies and engineering firm Controlled Dynamics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day had promised four potential launches — but then the delays took hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final launch of the day is planned to take place in California, where the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ulalaunch?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\">United Launch Alliance\u003c/a> will send a Delta IV Heavy rocket up from Vandenberg Air Force Base at 8:57 p.m. ET. It will carry a U.S. National Reconnaissance Office satellite called the NROL- 71, which the Air Force says will help to give “innovative overhead intelligence systems for national security.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around midday Tuesday, \u003ca href=\"http://www.arianespace.com/mission/ariane-flight-vs20/\">Arianespace\u003c/a> had planned to launch a Soyuz rocket from the spaceport in French Guiana to carry a French defense and intelligence imaging satellite designated CSO-1 into orbit. That’s now scheduled for Wednesday at 11:37 a.m. ET.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 9:40 a.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather and other delays marred what had been anticipated as a banner day for space launches Tuesday, as both SpaceX and Blue Origin were forced to postpone launches that had been scheduled to take place within minutes of each other. Both companies say they will look at moving their launches to Wednesday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue Origin says its launch was scrubbed due to what the company calls a “ground infrastructure issue.” Blue Origin says the rocket remains ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX says an abort order was triggered by the flight computer onboard the Falcon 9 rocket. Paired with an earlier delay due to unfavorable upper-level winds, the slowdown pushed the rocket past its launch window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vehicle and payload remain healthy,” SpaceX \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1075037745633001472\">said via Twitter\u003c/a>, adding, “next launch attempt is tomorrow” at 9:07 a.m. ET.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>In addition to those missions from two of America’s top private space companies, two other space launches had been planned for Tuesday — but only one of them is now still scheduled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The delays threw cold water on a day that had left some space aficionados giddy with excitement. “If you’re a space fan, Christmas comes a week early this year,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/42772-four-rocket-launches-spacex-blue-origin-webcasts.html\">Space.com wrote\u003c/a> of the four planned launches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX was poised to send its Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, with a live webcast that started streaming about 15 minutes before the intended liftoff.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/UMtpVS0xM1c'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/UMtpVS0xM1c'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>SpaceX plans to carry the first GPS III satellite into medium Earth orbit; it comes from Lockheed Martin, which says the new system will “launch the next generation of connection.” Because of the satellite’s weight and flight plan, the Falcon 9 will not return for a landing. Instead, it will be sent into the atmosphere to prevent space junk from accumulating in orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new GPS III satellites are designed to be three times more accurate than the current system, which went into civilian operation in the 1990s. As for how it might affect regular GPS users, the firm says, “our phones will receive an upgraded GPS signal from this satellite by the end of 2019.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vice President Mike Pence was in Florida for the now-delayed SpaceX launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue Origin had targeted 9:30 a.m. ET to launch its New Shepard rocket for a suborbital flight from its facility in West Texas, in the tenth mission for the reusable rocket system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New Shepard (named for astronaut Alan Shepard) will carry nine different NASA-sponsored \u003ca href=\"https://www.blueorigin.com/news/news/new-shepard-to-fly-9-nasa-sponsored-payloads-to-space-on-ns-10\">research and experimental projects\u003c/a> that have come from five colleges and several agencies and engineering firm Controlled Dynamics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day had promised four potential launches — but then the delays took hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final launch of the day is planned to take place in California, where the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ulalaunch?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\">United Launch Alliance\u003c/a> will send a Delta IV Heavy rocket up from Vandenberg Air Force Base at 8:57 p.m. ET. It will carry a U.S. National Reconnaissance Office satellite called the NROL- 71, which the Air Force says will help to give “innovative overhead intelligence systems for national security.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around midday Tuesday, \u003ca href=\"http://www.arianespace.com/mission/ariane-flight-vs20/\">Arianespace\u003c/a> had planned to launch a Soyuz rocket from the spaceport in French Guiana to carry a French defense and intelligence imaging satellite designated CSO-1 into orbit. That’s now scheduled for Wednesday at 11:37 a.m. ET.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Nearly 200 countries have agreed on a set of rules to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, a crucial step in implementing the landmark 2015 Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules describe in detail how countries will track their emissions and communicate with each other about their progress in the coming years and decades. But it stops short of committing them to the more ambitious emissions reductions necessary to slow climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meeting in the heart of Poland’s coal country unfolded in the shadow of a stark scientific reality about the threat posed by rising temperatures and in the midst of global political upheaval. In the months leading up to the meeting, a series of reports from the world’s scientists showed that \u003ca href=\"https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2018\">global emissions\u003c/a> are not just continuing to rise, but that nations are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932445/un-report-issues-life-or-death-warning-for-planetary-survival\">not on track\u003c/a> to limit the rise of global temperatures enough to avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”NYpCPHuYQVQR9vqG0MFTtBNMKkGF3Rp2″]On the political front, President Trump says he intends to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/lowdown/27194/trump-just-backed-the-u-s-out-of-the-paris-climate-accord-this-is-what-were-walking-away-from\">withdraw the U.S.\u003c/a> from the Paris agreement and has engaged China in a trade war; Brazil’s new president-elect has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/29/671899163/brazil-pulls-its-offer-to-host-major-u-n-climate-summit\">signaled\u003c/a> he may no longer support the agreement; and leaders in Europe are struggling with domestic challenges, including the recent “Yellow Vest” protests in France over fuel taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that context, some observers were cautiously optimistic about the outcome of this week’s U.N. climate talks in the city of Katowice. “Particularly given the broader geopolitical context, this is a pretty solid outcome,” said Elliot Diringer, the executive vice president of the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. “It delivers what we need to get the Paris Agreement off the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The leader of the meeting, Polish official Michal Kurtyka, noted in his final speech to delegates that it was difficult to get nearly 200 countries to agree on specific rules. Even one step forward is an achievement, he explained, and “you have made a thousand little steps forward. You can be proud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most fundamental parts of the so-called rule book negotiated at the talks is a section on transparency, which governs what information governments must disclose to each other about their greenhouse gas emissions. Not all countries agreed going into the talks about how much information they should be required to share about their progress — and as a result, the inner workings of their economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final rules set a timeline for countries to update each other, and includes highly technical guidelines for what types of information they must provide, such as sources of emissions and explanations of their internal analyses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”m4WPA33WLrQleqovdPWX14MuHmLypjwS”]”The most significant part is the transparency guidelines, which put the meat on the bones of that section of the Paris agreement,” says Sue Biniaz, the former top climate lawyer for the U.S. State Department and one of the negotiators who worked on the Paris agreement. “It’s way more extensive than one might have imagined even a few weeks ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the talks also left many issues unresolved, including whether countries will commit to transitioning even more quickly to clean energy sources, and how much richer countries will help poorer countries pay for that transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>United Nations Executive Secretary Patricia Espinosa, reading a statement on behalf of the U.N. Secretary-General, spoke bluntly about the need for countries to move more quickly to curb greenhouse gas emissions. “From now on, my top five priorities will be ambition, ambition, ambition, ambition, ambition,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.N is hosting a special follow-up climate meeting next September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the most vulnerable nations in the world, including islands, left the meeting in Poland frustrated. In its final statement after the rules had been agreed to, the Malaysian government noted that Western Europe and North America have been industrialized far longer than many parts of Asia, and have profited while contributing enormously to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Malaysian delegation called for more money to flow from countries like the U.S. — the world’s largest economy and the second largest polluter — to help pay for damage caused by climate change, saying, “We owe this to the poor and vulnerable who are paying sometimes with their lives in our part of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nearly 200 countries have agreed on a set of rules to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, a crucial step in implementing the landmark 2015 Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules describe in detail how countries will track their emissions and communicate with each other about their progress in the coming years and decades. But it stops short of committing them to the more ambitious emissions reductions necessary to slow climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meeting in the heart of Poland’s coal country unfolded in the shadow of a stark scientific reality about the threat posed by rising temperatures and in the midst of global political upheaval. In the months leading up to the meeting, a series of reports from the world’s scientists showed that \u003ca href=\"https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2018\">global emissions\u003c/a> are not just continuing to rise, but that nations are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932445/un-report-issues-life-or-death-warning-for-planetary-survival\">not on track\u003c/a> to limit the rise of global temperatures enough to avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>On the political front, President Trump says he intends to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/lowdown/27194/trump-just-backed-the-u-s-out-of-the-paris-climate-accord-this-is-what-were-walking-away-from\">withdraw the U.S.\u003c/a> from the Paris agreement and has engaged China in a trade war; Brazil’s new president-elect has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/29/671899163/brazil-pulls-its-offer-to-host-major-u-n-climate-summit\">signaled\u003c/a> he may no longer support the agreement; and leaders in Europe are struggling with domestic challenges, including the recent “Yellow Vest” protests in France over fuel taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that context, some observers were cautiously optimistic about the outcome of this week’s U.N. climate talks in the city of Katowice. “Particularly given the broader geopolitical context, this is a pretty solid outcome,” said Elliot Diringer, the executive vice president of the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. “It delivers what we need to get the Paris Agreement off the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The leader of the meeting, Polish official Michal Kurtyka, noted in his final speech to delegates that it was difficult to get nearly 200 countries to agree on specific rules. Even one step forward is an achievement, he explained, and “you have made a thousand little steps forward. You can be proud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most fundamental parts of the so-called rule book negotiated at the talks is a section on transparency, which governs what information governments must disclose to each other about their greenhouse gas emissions. Not all countries agreed going into the talks about how much information they should be required to share about their progress — and as a result, the inner workings of their economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final rules set a timeline for countries to update each other, and includes highly technical guidelines for what types of information they must provide, such as sources of emissions and explanations of their internal analyses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”The most significant part is the transparency guidelines, which put the meat on the bones of that section of the Paris agreement,” says Sue Biniaz, the former top climate lawyer for the U.S. State Department and one of the negotiators who worked on the Paris agreement. “It’s way more extensive than one might have imagined even a few weeks ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the talks also left many issues unresolved, including whether countries will commit to transitioning even more quickly to clean energy sources, and how much richer countries will help poorer countries pay for that transition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>United Nations Executive Secretary Patricia Espinosa, reading a statement on behalf of the U.N. Secretary-General, spoke bluntly about the need for countries to move more quickly to curb greenhouse gas emissions. “From now on, my top five priorities will be ambition, ambition, ambition, ambition, ambition,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.N is hosting a special follow-up climate meeting next September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the most vulnerable nations in the world, including islands, left the meeting in Poland frustrated. In its final statement after the rules had been agreed to, the Malaysian government noted that Western Europe and North America have been industrialized far longer than many parts of Asia, and have profited while contributing enormously to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Malaysian delegation called for more money to flow from countries like the U.S. — the world’s largest economy and the second largest polluter — to help pay for damage caused by climate change, saying, “We owe this to the poor and vulnerable who are paying sometimes with their lives in our part of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Eldridge Moores: He Looked at a Jumble of Rocks and Saw the Sierra Being Born",
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"content": "\u003cp>The new year will mark a half-century since a “seismic” shift in geology unfolded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eldridge Moores was a key thinker in that shift. He died in late October, but the longtime UC Davis professor and field researcher left a permanent mark on geology and a gaping hole in the hearts of those who admired him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moores was known as a man of the field but one of my most indelible memories of Eldridge was in his living room in Davis. Here was this near-octogenarian crawling around on all fours, unrolling giant geological maps, slipping off his shoes to weigh down the corners, then pointing out with obvious enthusiasm that the blue areas were rocks as much as 500 million years old — the oldest rocks in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935835\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1935835\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Moores with map on floor\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Moores in 2017, poring over geology maps in his Davis living room. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Incompetent’ Rock\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I got another dose of that enduring youthfulness two years ago, chasing after him as he led me — at a brisk pace — down to the Yuba River bank. We were in search of the kind of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1537071/how-incompetent-rock-led-to-the-oroville-dam-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“incompetent” rock\u003c/a> that contributed to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918649/report-long-term-systemic-failure-led-to-oroville-dam-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic collapse\u003c/a> of two spillways at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can just dig it,” he said, as he hammered away at a patch of rusty-brown, flaky stone. “It’s on its way to becoming dirt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that weathered rock and rushing water are a poor combination for keeping dams in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from his boundless energy, Moores’ real gift was his vision: his ability to “see” geologic history in a pile of rocks. He was one of the first to look at a jumble of stone and see in that the literal construction of the Sierra Nevada — the forces that made these mountains over hundreds of millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hoPb8GrhWSM&w=560&h=315]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pillows of Ocean Lava in the Mountains of California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-five years ago, author John McPhee trailed Moores around the Sierra for his book “\u003ca href=\"http://movies2.nytimes.com/books/98/07/05/specials/mcphee-california.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assembling California\u003c/a>\u003ci>.”\u003c/i> In it, Moores reveals how the Sierra Nevada range didn’t just pop up from the Earth’s crust, as geologists long thought; rather, the building blocks bubbled up from faraway rifts in the ocean floor called “spreading centers,” then transported thousands of miles on moving plates and piled up onto the North American continent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March of last year, Moores and I drove into the foothills of Yuba County, where the whole process is laid bare in road cuts along Highway 20. Moores would pull over and dodge the trucks roaring by to show me smooth, black, ocean remnants called \u003ca href=\"https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/pillow_lava.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pillow lavas\u003c/a> bulging from the hillsides, and vertical layers of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.sandatlas.org/sheeted-dikes-of-the-troodos-ophiolite/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sheeted dikes\u003c/a>” striping the rock face. Moores is the one who decoded all this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a forensic exercise,” he explained. “You’re dealing with an experiment which you didn’t design and is still going on. And you have no eyewitnesses to the processes when they went on 160 million years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the notion had already been around for a century, the concept of plate tectonics was still a tough sell when Moores began his career in the 1950s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, there was lots of resistance,” Moores recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seismic Shift\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1969, Neil Armstrong hopped down from his lunar module and declared a “giant leap for mankind.” Later that year, a lesser-known leap occurred when geologists gathered at Pacific Grove’s Asilomar conference center. At Asilomar, scientists began to unpack the mechanics of plate tectonics, the idea that the Earth’s crust is constantly moving, kind of floating around on a molten sea, miles below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a very exciting time. I still get goosebumps even talking about it,” Moores recalled for me in 2017. “A turning point, I think it was, in the plate tectonic revolution, that was the watershed of geology.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That “watershed” now informs much of what we know about earthquakes, volcanoes, and how today’s continents were formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moores would eventually compile an eye-popping resumé: editor of Geology magazine by the 1980s, head of the Geological Society of America in the ’90s, and recipient of numerous awards\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>though some of his early work on tectonics wasn’t universally embraced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That didn’t exactly win over anybody very quickly,” Moores recalled, about an early paper he wrote during that time. “In fact, some people published an article saying, ‘We see no need for this.’ But they were wrong, I think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Supercontinents\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the whole idea of continental drift — that there was one enormous “supercontinent” \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/38218-facts-about-pangaea.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called Pangea\u003c/a> before it broke apart into the half-dozen we know today — got a major boost from Moores’ work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Oskin, who fills Moore’s old seat as chair of the UC Davis geology department, says it was Moores who discovered that rocks in Antarctica were identical to some in the southwestern U.S. That led to defining an even earlier mass, now \u003ca href=\"https://www.burkemuseum.org/geo_history_wa/Dance%20of%20the%20Giant%20Continents.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called Rodinia\u003c/a>, that broke up about 700 million years ago and reformed as Pangea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an old saying that every scientific truth goes through three stages,” he told me. “First people say it conflicts with the Bible, [by which he meant conventional scientific views], and then they say it’s been discovered before, and finally they say they always knew it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935825\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1935825\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Eldridge Moores poses with the reporter.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Couldn’t resist: my selfie with the affable legend. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moores once told McPhee that he saw his work not as a solo but an orchestral piece. At a packed memorial service in November, friends and colleagues called him a “Renaissance man.” True enough: his work on the forces below us earned him a permanent place in the geological renaissance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had all this in my head, and I was so excited at the end of that period, I could not stand still,” he told me.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eldridge Moores never really could stand still. He died in late October, while leading a group into the Sierra, sharing his vast knowledge and boundless enthusiasm for his rocks, one last time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The new year will mark a half-century since a “seismic” shift in geology unfolded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eldridge Moores was a key thinker in that shift. He died in late October, but the longtime UC Davis professor and field researcher left a permanent mark on geology and a gaping hole in the hearts of those who admired him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moores was known as a man of the field but one of my most indelible memories of Eldridge was in his living room in Davis. Here was this near-octogenarian crawling around on all fours, unrolling giant geological maps, slipping off his shoes to weigh down the corners, then pointing out with obvious enthusiasm that the blue areas were rocks as much as 500 million years old — the oldest rocks in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935835\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1935835\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Moores with map on floor\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6858-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Moores in 2017, poring over geology maps in his Davis living room. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Incompetent’ Rock\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I got another dose of that enduring youthfulness two years ago, chasing after him as he led me — at a brisk pace — down to the Yuba River bank. We were in search of the kind of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1537071/how-incompetent-rock-led-to-the-oroville-dam-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“incompetent” rock\u003c/a> that contributed to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918649/report-long-term-systemic-failure-led-to-oroville-dam-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic collapse\u003c/a> of two spillways at Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can just dig it,” he said, as he hammered away at a patch of rusty-brown, flaky stone. “It’s on its way to becoming dirt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that weathered rock and rushing water are a poor combination for keeping dams in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from his boundless energy, Moores’ real gift was his vision: his ability to “see” geologic history in a pile of rocks. He was one of the first to look at a jumble of stone and see in that the literal construction of the Sierra Nevada — the forces that made these mountains over hundreds of millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/hoPb8GrhWSM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/hoPb8GrhWSM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pillows of Ocean Lava in the Mountains of California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-five years ago, author John McPhee trailed Moores around the Sierra for his book “\u003ca href=\"http://movies2.nytimes.com/books/98/07/05/specials/mcphee-california.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assembling California\u003c/a>\u003ci>.”\u003c/i> In it, Moores reveals how the Sierra Nevada range didn’t just pop up from the Earth’s crust, as geologists long thought; rather, the building blocks bubbled up from faraway rifts in the ocean floor called “spreading centers,” then transported thousands of miles on moving plates and piled up onto the North American continent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March of last year, Moores and I drove into the foothills of Yuba County, where the whole process is laid bare in road cuts along Highway 20. Moores would pull over and dodge the trucks roaring by to show me smooth, black, ocean remnants called \u003ca href=\"https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/pillow_lava.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pillow lavas\u003c/a> bulging from the hillsides, and vertical layers of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.sandatlas.org/sheeted-dikes-of-the-troodos-ophiolite/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sheeted dikes\u003c/a>” striping the rock face. Moores is the one who decoded all this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a forensic exercise,” he explained. “You’re dealing with an experiment which you didn’t design and is still going on. And you have no eyewitnesses to the processes when they went on 160 million years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the notion had already been around for a century, the concept of plate tectonics was still a tough sell when Moores began his career in the 1950s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, there was lots of resistance,” Moores recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seismic Shift\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1969, Neil Armstrong hopped down from his lunar module and declared a “giant leap for mankind.” Later that year, a lesser-known leap occurred when geologists gathered at Pacific Grove’s Asilomar conference center. At Asilomar, scientists began to unpack the mechanics of plate tectonics, the idea that the Earth’s crust is constantly moving, kind of floating around on a molten sea, miles below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a very exciting time. I still get goosebumps even talking about it,” Moores recalled for me in 2017. “A turning point, I think it was, in the plate tectonic revolution, that was the watershed of geology.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That “watershed” now informs much of what we know about earthquakes, volcanoes, and how today’s continents were formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moores would eventually compile an eye-popping resumé: editor of Geology magazine by the 1980s, head of the Geological Society of America in the ’90s, and recipient of numerous awards\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>though some of his early work on tectonics wasn’t universally embraced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That didn’t exactly win over anybody very quickly,” Moores recalled, about an early paper he wrote during that time. “In fact, some people published an article saying, ‘We see no need for this.’ But they were wrong, I think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Supercontinents\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the whole idea of continental drift — that there was one enormous “supercontinent” \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/38218-facts-about-pangaea.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called Pangea\u003c/a> before it broke apart into the half-dozen we know today — got a major boost from Moores’ work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Oskin, who fills Moore’s old seat as chair of the UC Davis geology department, says it was Moores who discovered that rocks in Antarctica were identical to some in the southwestern U.S. That led to defining an even earlier mass, now \u003ca href=\"https://www.burkemuseum.org/geo_history_wa/Dance%20of%20the%20Giant%20Continents.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called Rodinia\u003c/a>, that broke up about 700 million years ago and reformed as Pangea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an old saying that every scientific truth goes through three stages,” he told me. “First people say it conflicts with the Bible, [by which he meant conventional scientific views], and then they say it’s been discovered before, and finally they say they always knew it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935825\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1935825\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Eldridge Moores poses with the reporter.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/IMG_6887-1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Couldn’t resist: my selfie with the affable legend. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moores once told McPhee that he saw his work not as a solo but an orchestral piece. At a packed memorial service in November, friends and colleagues called him a “Renaissance man.” True enough: his work on the forces below us earned him a permanent place in the geological renaissance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had all this in my head, and I was so excited at the end of that period, I could not stand still,” he told me.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eldridge Moores never really could stand still. He died in late October, while leading a group into the Sierra, sharing his vast knowledge and boundless enthusiasm for his rocks, one last time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Geminids Return Late Tonight! Where, When and How to Watch",
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"content": "\u003cp>Look up! It’s soon time to be dazzled by one of the year’s best meteor showers, the Geminids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their activity will peak this year on the morning of Friday, Dec. 14. Wake up early for the best viewing around 2:00 a.m. (or stay up late Thursday night.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As meteor showers go, this is a good one. At peak activity, if you are enjoying clear, dark skies, you may see up to 120 meteors per hour (two per minute!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the moon out of the picture, moonlight will not compete with the fainter meteors. (It is an early-setting waxing crescent on the 14th.) You may only have to contend with human-made light pollution. (Find tips on how to minimize this trouble below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where and How to Watch the Geminids\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know the drill if you have watched a meteor shower before — \u003ca href=\"https://www.amsmeteors.org/meteor-showers/meteor-shower-calendar/\">any meteor shower. \u003c/a>Find a good dark, safe location, be sure to dress appropriately for the weather, get comfortable in your chair, chaise, or blanket roll, and look up! Now, be patient, don’t blink. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1935311\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg\" alt=\"Meteor trails captured during the annual November Leonid meteor shower. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meteor trails captured during the annual November Leonid meteor shower. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At 2:00 a.m., when this shower is ripe for best viewing, fix your eyes on the twin stars of the constellation Gemini: Castor and Pollux. From our Bay Area latitude, Gemini will be located almost directly overhead. This meteor shower’s “radiant” — the point where the meteors appear to be radiating outward from — is in Gemini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meteors can appear almost anywhere in the sky, but most activity will be seen around the radiant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Escaping Light Pollution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you live in or near a big city, try to get yourself to a spot with darker skies. The same urban night-glow that lets you see only a dozen or so of the brightest stars will also limit the number of meteors you can see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-800x607.jpg\" alt=\"The glow of urban light pollution is an unfortunate backdrop for the observatory complex at Chabot Space & Science Center.\" width=\"800\" height=\"607\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-800x607.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-768x583.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-1020x774.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-1200x910.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-1920x1457.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-1180x895.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-960x728.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-240x182.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-375x285.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-520x395.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night.jpg 1960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The glow of urban light pollution is an unfortunate backdrop for the observatory complex at Chabot Space & Science Center. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even in the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.lightpollutionmap.info/#zoom=7&lat=4560966&lon=-13528434&layers=B0FFFFTFFFF\">San Francisco Bay Area,\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> with its ample sprawl and light pollution, there are many relatively accessible good viewing spots at least partially protected from urban light’s full blast. Just remember, the farther away from cities, the better, and natural barriers (such as forests or hills) can serve as shields to light pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/06/dark-secrets/\">Click here\u003c/a> for some ideas about possible dark places near you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a Meteor Shower?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A meteor shower occurs when Earth passes through a stream of dust particles. Earth travels around the sun at 18 miles per second. Dust particles also zip along at extreme speeds. So, when the dust grains hit Earth’s atmosphere, intense frictional heat incinerate the particles in a flash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the ground we see fast, brilliant streaks of light. The burn-up happens at an altitude of about 60 miles — so you can imagine how hot and bright those tiny pebbles of rock or metal are if you can see them from such a distance!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you were wondering why you have to get up after midnight to enjoy a meteor shower, it’s because of which side of the Earth faces into the dust stream as it plows through. It is under morning skies when we are on that leading side of the Earth, making all meteor showers of the year early morning events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a similar way, it is only on the windshield of a car that you see the streaks of insects that the car has plowed into, while the rear window remains relatively streak free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935320\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935320\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/comettaildiagram3-800x1104.jpg\" alt=\"A comet often has more than one tail: a gas tail and a dust tail. Pressure from sunlight pushes both tails away from the sun, but lighter gases are blown more strongly than the heavier dust particles, and are separated. The largest and heaviest dust particles are affected least by sunlight pressure, and tend to remain within the path of the comet's motion--this is the stream of dust that produces a meteor shower. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1104\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/comettaildiagram3.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/comettaildiagram3-160x221.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/comettaildiagram3-768x1060.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/comettaildiagram3-240x331.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/comettaildiagram3-375x518.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/comettaildiagram3-520x718.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A comet often has more than one tail: a gas tail and a dust tail. Pressure from sunlight pushes both tails away from the sun, but lighter gases are blown more strongly than the heavier dust particles, and are separated. The largest and heaviest dust particles are affected least by sunlight pressure, and tend to remain within the path of the comet’s motion–this is the stream of dust that produces a meteor shower. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dust streams that produce meteor showers are generally created by a comet leaving a trail of debris as it swings close to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are exceptions though. \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/rock-comet-3200-phaethon-geminid-meteor-shower\">The Geminids shower’s dust-supplying parent\u003c/a> is not a comet, but a special type of asteroid sometimes called a “rock comet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typical comets are largely made of frozen volatile materials, like water ice, with a lot of dust mixed in. When they heat up in sunlight while passing through the warmer reaches of the inner solar system, some of the frozen materials turn to gas and blow outward into space. The embedded dust is carried along for the ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, a rock comet is thought to be mostly made of rock or metals (like an asteroid) but with a good supply of frozen volatiles as well. So, when it passes close to the sun, the rock comet also blows off gas and dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1935308\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/phaeton-asteroid-2017.gif\" alt=\"Arecibo Observatory radar animation of the rock comet 3200 Phaethon.\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arecibo Observatory radar animation of the rock comet 3200 Phaethon. \u003ccite>(Arecibo Observatory/NASA/NSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Geminids’ parent object is called 3200 Phaethon, an asteroid that orbits the sun once every 1.4 years on an elongated ellipse. At the farthest point of its orbit 3200 Phaethon dwells beyond the orbit of Mars, but at its closest point (perihelion) it comes as close as 13 million miles from the sun — about three times closer than Mercury!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Geminids 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter skies are often darker and clearer than those at other times of the year, cloudy or stormy weather excepted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you lay under those glittering, meteor-punctuated skies, keep in mind that each brief flash you see is the end point of the millions- or billions-year journey of a single piece of space rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Look up! It’s soon time to be dazzled by one of the year’s best meteor showers, the Geminids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their activity will peak this year on the morning of Friday, Dec. 14. Wake up early for the best viewing around 2:00 a.m. (or stay up late Thursday night.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As meteor showers go, this is a good one. At peak activity, if you are enjoying clear, dark skies, you may see up to 120 meteors per hour (two per minute!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the moon out of the picture, moonlight will not compete with the fainter meteors. (It is an early-setting waxing crescent on the 14th.) You may only have to contend with human-made light pollution. (Find tips on how to minimize this trouble below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where and How to Watch the Geminids\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know the drill if you have watched a meteor shower before — \u003ca href=\"https://www.amsmeteors.org/meteor-showers/meteor-shower-calendar/\">any meteor shower. \u003c/a>Find a good dark, safe location, be sure to dress appropriately for the weather, get comfortable in your chair, chaise, or blanket roll, and look up! Now, be patient, don’t blink. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1935311\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg\" alt=\"Meteor trails captured during the annual November Leonid meteor shower. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meteor trails captured during the annual November Leonid meteor shower. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At 2:00 a.m., when this shower is ripe for best viewing, fix your eyes on the twin stars of the constellation Gemini: Castor and Pollux. From our Bay Area latitude, Gemini will be located almost directly overhead. This meteor shower’s “radiant” — the point where the meteors appear to be radiating outward from — is in Gemini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meteors can appear almost anywhere in the sky, but most activity will be seen around the radiant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Escaping Light Pollution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you live in or near a big city, try to get yourself to a spot with darker skies. The same urban night-glow that lets you see only a dozen or so of the brightest stars will also limit the number of meteors you can see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-800x607.jpg\" alt=\"The glow of urban light pollution is an unfortunate backdrop for the observatory complex at Chabot Space & Science Center.\" width=\"800\" height=\"607\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-800x607.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-768x583.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-1020x774.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-1200x910.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-1920x1457.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-1180x895.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-960x728.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-240x182.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-375x285.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night-520x395.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Domes-at-night.jpg 1960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The glow of urban light pollution is an unfortunate backdrop for the observatory complex at Chabot Space & Science Center. \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even in the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.lightpollutionmap.info/#zoom=7&lat=4560966&lon=-13528434&layers=B0FFFFTFFFF\">San Francisco Bay Area,\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> with its ample sprawl and light pollution, there are many relatively accessible good viewing spots at least partially protected from urban light’s full blast. Just remember, the farther away from cities, the better, and natural barriers (such as forests or hills) can serve as shields to light pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/06/dark-secrets/\">Click here\u003c/a> for some ideas about possible dark places near you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a Meteor Shower?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A meteor shower occurs when Earth passes through a stream of dust particles. Earth travels around the sun at 18 miles per second. Dust particles also zip along at extreme speeds. So, when the dust grains hit Earth’s atmosphere, intense frictional heat incinerate the particles in a flash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the ground we see fast, brilliant streaks of light. The burn-up happens at an altitude of about 60 miles — so you can imagine how hot and bright those tiny pebbles of rock or metal are if you can see them from such a distance!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you were wondering why you have to get up after midnight to enjoy a meteor shower, it’s because of which side of the Earth faces into the dust stream as it plows through. It is under morning skies when we are on that leading side of the Earth, making all meteor showers of the year early morning events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a similar way, it is only on the windshield of a car that you see the streaks of insects that the car has plowed into, while the rear window remains relatively streak free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935320\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935320\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/comettaildiagram3-800x1104.jpg\" alt=\"A comet often has more than one tail: a gas tail and a dust tail. Pressure from sunlight pushes both tails away from the sun, but lighter gases are blown more strongly than the heavier dust particles, and are separated. The largest and heaviest dust particles are affected least by sunlight pressure, and tend to remain within the path of the comet's motion--this is the stream of dust that produces a meteor shower. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1104\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/comettaildiagram3.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/comettaildiagram3-160x221.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/comettaildiagram3-768x1060.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/comettaildiagram3-240x331.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/comettaildiagram3-375x518.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/comettaildiagram3-520x718.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A comet often has more than one tail: a gas tail and a dust tail. Pressure from sunlight pushes both tails away from the sun, but lighter gases are blown more strongly than the heavier dust particles, and are separated. The largest and heaviest dust particles are affected least by sunlight pressure, and tend to remain within the path of the comet’s motion–this is the stream of dust that produces a meteor shower. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dust streams that produce meteor showers are generally created by a comet leaving a trail of debris as it swings close to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are exceptions though. \u003ca href=\"https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/rock-comet-3200-phaethon-geminid-meteor-shower\">The Geminids shower’s dust-supplying parent\u003c/a> is not a comet, but a special type of asteroid sometimes called a “rock comet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typical comets are largely made of frozen volatile materials, like water ice, with a lot of dust mixed in. When they heat up in sunlight while passing through the warmer reaches of the inner solar system, some of the frozen materials turn to gas and blow outward into space. The embedded dust is carried along for the ride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, a rock comet is thought to be mostly made of rock or metals (like an asteroid) but with a good supply of frozen volatiles as well. So, when it passes close to the sun, the rock comet also blows off gas and dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1935308\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/phaeton-asteroid-2017.gif\" alt=\"Arecibo Observatory radar animation of the rock comet 3200 Phaethon.\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arecibo Observatory radar animation of the rock comet 3200 Phaethon. \u003ccite>(Arecibo Observatory/NASA/NSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Geminids’ parent object is called 3200 Phaethon, an asteroid that orbits the sun once every 1.4 years on an elongated ellipse. At the farthest point of its orbit 3200 Phaethon dwells beyond the orbit of Mars, but at its closest point (perihelion) it comes as close as 13 million miles from the sun — about three times closer than Mercury!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Geminids 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter skies are often darker and clearer than those at other times of the year, cloudy or stormy weather excepted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you lay under those glittering, meteor-punctuated skies, keep in mind that each brief flash you see is the end point of the millions- or billions-year journey of a single piece of space rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bee Vaccine Targets Queen to Help Fight Off Deadly Disease",
"headTitle": "Bee Vaccine Targets Queen to Help Fight Off Deadly Disease | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Bees may soon get an ally in their fight against bacterial disease — one of the most serious threats the pollinators face — in the form of an edible vaccine. That’s the promise held out by researchers in Finland, who say they’ve made the first-ever vaccine for insects, aimed at helping struggling honeybee populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are targeting one of bees’ most deadly enemies: American foulbrood, or AFB, an infectious disease that devastates hives and can spread at a calamitous rate. Often introduced by nurse bees, the disease works by bacteria feeding on larvae — and then generating more spores, to spread further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of a potential new weapon to fight AFB has generated excitement in the beekeeping community, along with some skepticism about the claim of a vaccine — which remains in the testing phase. The news comes three years after the same researchers were hailed in \u003ca href=\"https://entomologytoday.org/2015/08/03/researchers-discover-key-to-bee-vaccination/\">Entomology Today\u003c/a> as discovering the “key to bee vaccination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists Dalial Freitak and Heli Salmela of the University of Helsinki \u003ca href=\"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/sustainability-news/the-first-ever-insect-vaccine-primebee-helps-bees-stay-healthy\">say their new vaccine\u003c/a> solves a vexing problem researchers have faced as they try to save bees from disease. Because insects’ immune systems don’t have antibodies, they essentially lack a “memory” for fighting diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a death sentence’ for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Freitak says she and her colleagues were able to get around that limitation, after she realized Salmela’s study of a protein called vitellogenin seemed to complement her own work, in which she found insects that were exposed to bacteria were able to impart an elevated immune response to their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the university’s news release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the queen bee eats something with pathogens in it, the pathogen signature molecules are bound by vitellogenin. Vitellogenin then carries these signature molecules into the queen’s eggs, where they work as inducers for future immune responses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we’ve discovered the mechanism to show that you can actually vaccinate them,” Freitak said in a news release. “You can transfer a signal from one generation to another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935740\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935740\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. Here, bees on a honeycomb in 2010. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researcher Dr. Michael Goblirsch, of the esteemed \u003ca href=\"https://www.beelab.umn.edu/\">Bee Lab\u003c/a> at the University of Minnesota, has proposed ways to test the vaccine on large bee colonies in field conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although our immune system and that of insects/invertebrates are different, they both store information about past experience with pathogens and use this information to potentially establish resistance upon subsequent exposure,” Goblirsch said. “With optimization dosage and the timing of delivery under field conditions, it is hoped that a vaccine for bees will increase a colony’s ability to fight infectious disease, making them more productive and healthy. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Finnish team calls their vaccine PrimeBEE, and they say it can be delivered to the queen via a sugar patty. Another plan would call for beekeepers to simply order a queen that’s already been vaccinated. While \u003ca href=\"https://primebee.org/\">a website has been created\u003c/a> for that product, it does not list a price — or say when the vaccine might be available commercially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. In the U.S., their pollination is vital for many foods we eat, from apples and almonds to watermelons and zucchini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When an American foulbrood infection sets in, each brood cell can host millions upon millions of spores. And because of bees’ tidy housekeeping practices, those spores are then spread even further when the bees clean the cell out. The disease can be treated with antibiotics, but no cure is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a death sentence” for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In D.C. and Maryland, Burnham says, “if a colony is diagnosed with AFB — regardless of the level of the infestation — it burns. Every bit of it burns; the bees are killed and the woodenware burns, and it’s gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns about American foulbrood are so serious, Burnham says, that it’s the main reason why her group recommends never buying used bee hives and other equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have pulled 100-year-old samples out of storage and have been able to reinoculate honeybee hives with American foulbrood spores,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to AFB, honeybees and other pollinators face a number of existential threats, from diseases and parasites to insecticides. The researchers in Finland say they plan to use the same approach to combat other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that we can also develop a vaccination against other infections, such as European foulbrood and fungal diseases,” Freitak said in a statement. “We have already started initial tests. The plan is to be able to vaccinate against any microbe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the vaccine works as the Finnish team expects, it would be a welcome bit of good news for beekeepers, farmers and advocates for pollinators, who have watched one of the world’s most important insects struggle in recent decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to help honeybees, absolutely,” Freitak said. “Even improving their life a little would have a big effect on the global scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While acknowledging the other problems bees face, she added, “If we can help honeybees to be healthier and if we can save even a small part of the bee population with this invention, I think we have done our good deed and saved the world a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bees may soon get an ally in their fight against bacterial disease — one of the most serious threats the pollinators face — in the form of an edible vaccine. That’s the promise held out by researchers in Finland, who say they’ve made the first-ever vaccine for insects, aimed at helping struggling honeybee populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are targeting one of bees’ most deadly enemies: American foulbrood, or AFB, an infectious disease that devastates hives and can spread at a calamitous rate. Often introduced by nurse bees, the disease works by bacteria feeding on larvae — and then generating more spores, to spread further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of a potential new weapon to fight AFB has generated excitement in the beekeeping community, along with some skepticism about the claim of a vaccine — which remains in the testing phase. The news comes three years after the same researchers were hailed in \u003ca href=\"https://entomologytoday.org/2015/08/03/researchers-discover-key-to-bee-vaccination/\">Entomology Today\u003c/a> as discovering the “key to bee vaccination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists Dalial Freitak and Heli Salmela of the University of Helsinki \u003ca href=\"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/sustainability-news/the-first-ever-insect-vaccine-primebee-helps-bees-stay-healthy\">say their new vaccine\u003c/a> solves a vexing problem researchers have faced as they try to save bees from disease. Because insects’ immune systems don’t have antibodies, they essentially lack a “memory” for fighting diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a death sentence’ for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Freitak says she and her colleagues were able to get around that limitation, after she realized Salmela’s study of a protein called vitellogenin seemed to complement her own work, in which she found insects that were exposed to bacteria were able to impart an elevated immune response to their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the university’s news release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the queen bee eats something with pathogens in it, the pathogen signature molecules are bound by vitellogenin. Vitellogenin then carries these signature molecules into the queen’s eggs, where they work as inducers for future immune responses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we’ve discovered the mechanism to show that you can actually vaccinate them,” Freitak said in a news release. “You can transfer a signal from one generation to another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935740\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935740\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. Here, bees on a honeycomb in 2010. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researcher Dr. Michael Goblirsch, of the esteemed \u003ca href=\"https://www.beelab.umn.edu/\">Bee Lab\u003c/a> at the University of Minnesota, has proposed ways to test the vaccine on large bee colonies in field conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although our immune system and that of insects/invertebrates are different, they both store information about past experience with pathogens and use this information to potentially establish resistance upon subsequent exposure,” Goblirsch said. “With optimization dosage and the timing of delivery under field conditions, it is hoped that a vaccine for bees will increase a colony’s ability to fight infectious disease, making them more productive and healthy. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Finnish team calls their vaccine PrimeBEE, and they say it can be delivered to the queen via a sugar patty. Another plan would call for beekeepers to simply order a queen that’s already been vaccinated. While \u003ca href=\"https://primebee.org/\">a website has been created\u003c/a> for that product, it does not list a price — or say when the vaccine might be available commercially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. In the U.S., their pollination is vital for many foods we eat, from apples and almonds to watermelons and zucchini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When an American foulbrood infection sets in, each brood cell can host millions upon millions of spores. And because of bees’ tidy housekeeping practices, those spores are then spread even further when the bees clean the cell out. The disease can be treated with antibiotics, but no cure is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a death sentence” for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In D.C. and Maryland, Burnham says, “if a colony is diagnosed with AFB — regardless of the level of the infestation — it burns. Every bit of it burns; the bees are killed and the woodenware burns, and it’s gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns about American foulbrood are so serious, Burnham says, that it’s the main reason why her group recommends never buying used bee hives and other equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have pulled 100-year-old samples out of storage and have been able to reinoculate honeybee hives with American foulbrood spores,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to AFB, honeybees and other pollinators face a number of existential threats, from diseases and parasites to insecticides. The researchers in Finland say they plan to use the same approach to combat other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that we can also develop a vaccination against other infections, such as European foulbrood and fungal diseases,” Freitak said in a statement. “We have already started initial tests. The plan is to be able to vaccinate against any microbe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the vaccine works as the Finnish team expects, it would be a welcome bit of good news for beekeepers, farmers and advocates for pollinators, who have watched one of the world’s most important insects struggle in recent decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to help honeybees, absolutely,” Freitak said. “Even improving their life a little would have a big effect on the global scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While acknowledging the other problems bees face, she added, “If we can help honeybees to be healthier and if we can save even a small part of the bee population with this invention, I think we have done our good deed and saved the world a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Adopts Landmark River Plan to Bring Back Salmon",
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"content": "\u003cp>In a landmark vote, California water officials adopted a revolutionary water plan on Wednesday, aimed at restoring the state’s ailing rivers. But they left the door open for a future compromise with the water districts that would bear the brunt of the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The vote means that some water districts, such as San Francisco’s, would likely get less water in order to keep more in the rivers where salmon populations have crashed.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The state water board’s plan, almost 10 years in the making and delayed several times, was thrown another curveball by last-minute negotiations between water districts and the Brown Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of tightening supplies, the board asked water users several years ago to put together their own agreement to share water and boost habitat for salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the hours before the water board’s vote, a tentative agreement had been reached on one river, but not others, so the board voted 4-1 to move ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Commercial salmon fisherman have experienced decades of disastrous decline,” said Noah Oppenheim, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://pcffa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Coast Federation of Fisherman’s Association\u003c/a>. “Today’s vote could be the turning of the tide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote means that some water districts, such as San Francisco’s, would likely get less water in order to keep more in the rivers where salmon populations have crashed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The voluntary agreements are still on the table and could be adopted later on. State officials say they could include an even broader array of water districts with millions of dollars in restoration, potentially becoming a “great compromise” of California’s water wars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s at Stake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan affects rivers flowing down from the Sierra Nevada, which are heavily used by both farms and cities. In some years, 90 percent of the water is siphoned off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s contributed to a crash in salmon populations, down from around 70,000 in the mid-1980s to about 10,000 in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the state water board has drafted a plan to boost the flows on three rivers, the Tuolumne, Stanislaus and Merced, as part of a water quality analysis for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta that hasn’t been updated for more than 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Science shows the delta has been out of balance far too long and is in ecological crisis,” said water board chair Felicia Marcus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”YIKuSncntQlR9ObBU4KKB35GeoqzG0XQ”]Water districts cried foul, saying the plan would mean losing water that feeds their local economies. That included the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which supplies millions of Bay Area residents with water from the Tuolumne River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife groups said the flows wouldn’t be nearly enough to bring salmon back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not easy,” said Marcus. “This is one of the hardest decisions the board has had to make.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The divisive debate fit a familiar script in California water of “fish vs. farms,” so the water board put out a challenge: Water districts could come up with their own plan to share water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The negotiations began, stalled and picked up again. The water board delayed its vote, twice, to give the parties more time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, state officials presented the water board with the outline of a settlement on the Tuolumne River. Water users on the Stanislaus and Merced couldn’t come to an agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the agreement went beyond the Tuolumne River, including the Sacramento River and other tributaries. The water board is scheduled to consider the flows on those rivers in the next phase of its water quality plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on your view, the agreements are either a rare moment of groundbreaking cooperation or a last-ditch effort to delay something long overdue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I view this as a way to come up with a comprehensive solution for the Bay-Delta,” said Michael Carlin of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. “If you look at the whole system, that’s how you recover the fishery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plans include habitat restoration, seasonal water flows for salmon and fallowing thousands of acres of land to free up water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, environmental groups were quick to point out, the plans likely won’t provide the river flows currently in the water board’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the Tuolumne River, it really doesn’t represent that significant an improvement over existing conditions in many ways,” said Gary Bobker of the Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While there was a lot of lipstick that was presented today, underlying that seems to be a pig in the poke,” said Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board plans to do an environmental analysis on the voluntary agreements, which are expected to be more fleshed out by March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water districts cautioned that the agreements may fall apart if the board voted to adopt the flow plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a risk, in my opinion, that we’re all going to be diverted into other processes and that very elusive thing called momentum might be lost,” said Kevin O’Brien, an attorney representing water districts on the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To actually return water to the rivers, the water board will undertake a water rights review, which could limit some of the oldest water rights holders in the state. Litigation will almost certainly follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a landmark vote, California water officials adopted a revolutionary water plan on Wednesday, aimed at restoring the state’s ailing rivers. But they left the door open for a future compromise with the water districts that would bear the brunt of the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The vote means that some water districts, such as San Francisco’s, would likely get less water in order to keep more in the rivers where salmon populations have crashed.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The state water board’s plan, almost 10 years in the making and delayed several times, was thrown another curveball by last-minute negotiations between water districts and the Brown Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of tightening supplies, the board asked water users several years ago to put together their own agreement to share water and boost habitat for salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the hours before the water board’s vote, a tentative agreement had been reached on one river, but not others, so the board voted 4-1 to move ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Commercial salmon fisherman have experienced decades of disastrous decline,” said Noah Oppenheim, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://pcffa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Coast Federation of Fisherman’s Association\u003c/a>. “Today’s vote could be the turning of the tide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote means that some water districts, such as San Francisco’s, would likely get less water in order to keep more in the rivers where salmon populations have crashed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The voluntary agreements are still on the table and could be adopted later on. State officials say they could include an even broader array of water districts with millions of dollars in restoration, potentially becoming a “great compromise” of California’s water wars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s at Stake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan affects rivers flowing down from the Sierra Nevada, which are heavily used by both farms and cities. In some years, 90 percent of the water is siphoned off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s contributed to a crash in salmon populations, down from around 70,000 in the mid-1980s to about 10,000 in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the state water board has drafted a plan to boost the flows on three rivers, the Tuolumne, Stanislaus and Merced, as part of a water quality analysis for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta that hasn’t been updated for more than 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Science shows the delta has been out of balance far too long and is in ecological crisis,” said water board chair Felicia Marcus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Water districts cried foul, saying the plan would mean losing water that feeds their local economies. That included the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which supplies millions of Bay Area residents with water from the Tuolumne River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife groups said the flows wouldn’t be nearly enough to bring salmon back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not easy,” said Marcus. “This is one of the hardest decisions the board has had to make.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The divisive debate fit a familiar script in California water of “fish vs. farms,” so the water board put out a challenge: Water districts could come up with their own plan to share water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The negotiations began, stalled and picked up again. The water board delayed its vote, twice, to give the parties more time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, state officials presented the water board with the outline of a settlement on the Tuolumne River. Water users on the Stanislaus and Merced couldn’t come to an agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the agreement went beyond the Tuolumne River, including the Sacramento River and other tributaries. The water board is scheduled to consider the flows on those rivers in the next phase of its water quality plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on your view, the agreements are either a rare moment of groundbreaking cooperation or a last-ditch effort to delay something long overdue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I view this as a way to come up with a comprehensive solution for the Bay-Delta,” said Michael Carlin of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. “If you look at the whole system, that’s how you recover the fishery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plans include habitat restoration, seasonal water flows for salmon and fallowing thousands of acres of land to free up water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, environmental groups were quick to point out, the plans likely won’t provide the river flows currently in the water board’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the Tuolumne River, it really doesn’t represent that significant an improvement over existing conditions in many ways,” said Gary Bobker of the Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While there was a lot of lipstick that was presented today, underlying that seems to be a pig in the poke,” said Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board plans to do an environmental analysis on the voluntary agreements, which are expected to be more fleshed out by March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water districts cautioned that the agreements may fall apart if the board voted to adopt the flow plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a risk, in my opinion, that we’re all going to be diverted into other processes and that very elusive thing called momentum might be lost,” said Kevin O’Brien, an attorney representing water districts on the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To actually return water to the rivers, the water board will undertake a water rights review, which could limit some of the oldest water rights holders in the state. Litigation will almost certainly follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Arctic Report Card Shows 'Most Unprecedented Transition in History'",
"headTitle": "Arctic Report Card Shows ‘Most Unprecedented Transition in History’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Few places will feel the blight of climate change as hard as the Arctic. Our upper pole is warming faster than any other region on Earth, a trend that may be tied to erratic weather patterns across the northern hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are two takeaways from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.noaa.gov/media-release/arctic-report-card-tracks-region-s-environmental-changes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2018 Arctic Report Card\u003c/a>, which was released Tuesday at the American Geophysical Union conference in Washington, D.C. The 13th year of this peer-reviewed report card features 14 essays by 81 scientists from 12 countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, the report card includes a warning about red tide and harmful algal blooms, which are expanding due to a lack of ice and warming ocean temperatures. Toxins from these micro-organisms are threatening marine wildlife and coastal fisheries, imperilling communities that depend on these species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year will also enter the record books as the second warmest for the Arctic since 1900, said Emily Osborne of the NOAA Arctic Research Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only warmer year occured in 2016,” Obsorne said, adding that Arctic air temperatures for the past five years have exceeded all records since the beginning of the 20th century. “The Arctic is experiencing the most unprecedented transition in history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are three things you need to know about the Arctic Report Card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Red tide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you hear about harmful algal blooms, the mind typically wanders to Florida, where thick scums of blue-green algae and clouds of red tide have floated in the state’s warm waters for more than a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to a warming Arctic Ocean, at least five families of these harmful micro-organisms are now present in other northern waters, like the Chukchi and Bering seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The vast majority of the Arctic ocean has experienced clear long- term trends of warming,” said Karen E. Frey, a geographer and biogeochemist at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. Microscopic creatures are thriving in these waters. Near St. Lawrence Island, for instance, west of the Alaska mainland, aquatic biomass in 2018 increased between 275 and 500 percent relative to the average over the last 14 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms produce a range of toxins, which can poison other plankton, fish, shellfish, birds and humans. One study of stranded marine mammals — like whales and seals — found the algal toxin domoic acid in all species tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mounting microplastics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This explosion in tiny creatures has been paralleled by the rapid rise of microplastics in the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Basin contains more microplastic than all other ocean basins in the world, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749117349400\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in June and cited in the report card, with the highest concentrations stuck in the Beaufort Sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These microplastics have made multiple intrusions into the food web, being found in everything from polar cod and seafloor-hugging invertebrates to Arctic birds. The plastic waste has also been found buried in sea ice, which scientists are using to study its abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The major sources of these microplastics remain unclear. They could be floating to the Arctic from other oceans, but some contribution is due to waste like fishing nets and other gear from shipping activities, which have \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2244\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased substantially\u003c/a> since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Despite growing food sources overall, caribou and wild reindeer are dying\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greening of the Arctic continues to gradually grow. Vegetation has expanded overall in the Arctic for the last 36 years, according to the new report card. As shrubs and grasses expand, some species of birds and mammals are thriving. Caribou and wild reindeer, both herbivores, are not part of this lucky class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arctic caribou in North America and Greenland and reindeer in Russia and Norway have declined 56 percent over the last two decades, with their populations dropping from 4.7 million to 2.1 million. Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increased drought and longer spans of hotter weather are causing outbreaks of infectious bacteria and parasites, said Howard Epstein, an ecologist at the University of Virginia. The caribou and reindeer populations are also declining due to a boon in predators and because extreme weather events are occasionally triggering droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XntO9a-NpeM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wacky weather and the eviction of older ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic pattern most pertinent to our daily lives, here in North America, revolves around warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm air temperatures, which are increasing at twice the rate of the remaining world, continue to disrupt the polar jet stream, making it sluggish and unusually wavy. A surge of warm Arctic weather in 2017 coincided with severe winter storms in the eastern United States at the beginning of 2018 and a cold snap in Europe in March. Osborne said the jury is still out on the strength of the connection between Arctic warming and wacky weather in the mid-latitudes, but at the moment, the correlation is solid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This atmospheric warming also drove declines in Arctic snow cover and caused melting of the Greenland ice sheet. But the biggest loser, in terms of frozen water, is Arctic sea ice. Older packs of Arctic sea ice, which used to be impervious to the annual melting cycle, are thinner and covering less area than they have in the past. The oldest ice has declined by 95 percent in the last 33 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During two weeks in February, which is typically the height of ice growth, the Bering Sea lost a piece of ice the size of Idaho,” said Donald Perovich, a sea ice geophysicist at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. March witnessed the second lowest sea ice extent in 39 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perovich said this loss is being felt hardest by coastal communities, which used to be buffered by the sea ice. The loss is also exposing communities to massive storm surge and disappearing shorelines. It is also depriving coastal residents of a safe route for hunting and travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2018, the effects of persistent Arctic warming continue to mount … pushing the Arctic into unchartered territory,” Obsorne added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Few places will feel the blight of climate change as hard as the Arctic. Our upper pole is warming faster than any other region on Earth, a trend that may be tied to erratic weather patterns across the northern hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are two takeaways from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.noaa.gov/media-release/arctic-report-card-tracks-region-s-environmental-changes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2018 Arctic Report Card\u003c/a>, which was released Tuesday at the American Geophysical Union conference in Washington, D.C. The 13th year of this peer-reviewed report card features 14 essays by 81 scientists from 12 countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, the report card includes a warning about red tide and harmful algal blooms, which are expanding due to a lack of ice and warming ocean temperatures. Toxins from these micro-organisms are threatening marine wildlife and coastal fisheries, imperilling communities that depend on these species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year will also enter the record books as the second warmest for the Arctic since 1900, said Emily Osborne of the NOAA Arctic Research Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only warmer year occured in 2016,” Obsorne said, adding that Arctic air temperatures for the past five years have exceeded all records since the beginning of the 20th century. “The Arctic is experiencing the most unprecedented transition in history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are three things you need to know about the Arctic Report Card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Red tide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you hear about harmful algal blooms, the mind typically wanders to Florida, where thick scums of blue-green algae and clouds of red tide have floated in the state’s warm waters for more than a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to a warming Arctic Ocean, at least five families of these harmful micro-organisms are now present in other northern waters, like the Chukchi and Bering seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The vast majority of the Arctic ocean has experienced clear long- term trends of warming,” said Karen E. Frey, a geographer and biogeochemist at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. Microscopic creatures are thriving in these waters. Near St. Lawrence Island, for instance, west of the Alaska mainland, aquatic biomass in 2018 increased between 275 and 500 percent relative to the average over the last 14 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms produce a range of toxins, which can poison other plankton, fish, shellfish, birds and humans. One study of stranded marine mammals — like whales and seals — found the algal toxin domoic acid in all species tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mounting microplastics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This explosion in tiny creatures has been paralleled by the rapid rise of microplastics in the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Basin contains more microplastic than all other ocean basins in the world, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749117349400\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in June and cited in the report card, with the highest concentrations stuck in the Beaufort Sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These microplastics have made multiple intrusions into the food web, being found in everything from polar cod and seafloor-hugging invertebrates to Arctic birds. The plastic waste has also been found buried in sea ice, which scientists are using to study its abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The major sources of these microplastics remain unclear. They could be floating to the Arctic from other oceans, but some contribution is due to waste like fishing nets and other gear from shipping activities, which have \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2244\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased substantially\u003c/a> since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Despite growing food sources overall, caribou and wild reindeer are dying\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greening of the Arctic continues to gradually grow. Vegetation has expanded overall in the Arctic for the last 36 years, according to the new report card. As shrubs and grasses expand, some species of birds and mammals are thriving. Caribou and wild reindeer, both herbivores, are not part of this lucky class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arctic caribou in North America and Greenland and reindeer in Russia and Norway have declined 56 percent over the last two decades, with their populations dropping from 4.7 million to 2.1 million. Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increased drought and longer spans of hotter weather are causing outbreaks of infectious bacteria and parasites, said Howard Epstein, an ecologist at the University of Virginia. The caribou and reindeer populations are also declining due to a boon in predators and because extreme weather events are occasionally triggering droughts.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XntO9a-NpeM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XntO9a-NpeM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wacky weather and the eviction of older ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic pattern most pertinent to our daily lives, here in North America, revolves around warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm air temperatures, which are increasing at twice the rate of the remaining world, continue to disrupt the polar jet stream, making it sluggish and unusually wavy. A surge of warm Arctic weather in 2017 coincided with severe winter storms in the eastern United States at the beginning of 2018 and a cold snap in Europe in March. Osborne said the jury is still out on the strength of the connection between Arctic warming and wacky weather in the mid-latitudes, but at the moment, the correlation is solid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This atmospheric warming also drove declines in Arctic snow cover and caused melting of the Greenland ice sheet. But the biggest loser, in terms of frozen water, is Arctic sea ice. Older packs of Arctic sea ice, which used to be impervious to the annual melting cycle, are thinner and covering less area than they have in the past. The oldest ice has declined by 95 percent in the last 33 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During two weeks in February, which is typically the height of ice growth, the Bering Sea lost a piece of ice the size of Idaho,” said Donald Perovich, a sea ice geophysicist at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. March witnessed the second lowest sea ice extent in 39 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perovich said this loss is being felt hardest by coastal communities, which used to be buffered by the sea ice. The loss is also exposing communities to massive storm surge and disappearing shorelines. It is also depriving coastal residents of a safe route for hunting and travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2018, the effects of persistent Arctic warming continue to mount … pushing the Arctic into unchartered territory,” Obsorne added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Under Earth's Surface, a Wild Menagerie of Strange Organisms",
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"content": "\u003cp>There’s life \u003cem>on\u003c/em> Earth, and there’s life \u003cem>in\u003c/em> Earth. And the latter, overlooked for so long, is coming into focus as a wild menagerie of strange, diverse organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known for some time that life can thrive even under the surface of the planet, within the very crust beneath the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today a group of international scientists from the \u003ca href=\"https://deepcarbon.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Carbon Observatory\u003c/a> reports at the \u003ca href=\"https://fallmeeting.agu.org/2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Geophysical Union’s annual meeting\u003c/a> on nearly 10 years of discovering such organisms. The life they found beneath the planet’s surface expands our notions of its limits and opens up new terrain in the search \u003cem>off\u003c/em> the Earth, for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Kind of Life We Talking About Here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deep biosphere — sometimes termed a “subterranean \u003ca href=\"http://www.discoveringgalapagos.org.uk/discover/sustainable-development/conservation-and-sustainability/the-value-of-biodiversity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galapagos\u003c/a>” — is dominated by microbial life, organisms that derive their energy from rocks. Even though two types of microbes, bacteria and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archaea,\u003c/a> are the main discoveries, other types of life, including multicellular animals, have been found as well. Genetically, life below the surface is as or even more diverse than what’s above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where \u003cem>Are\u003c/em> These Things?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All over the globe researchers are finding life by boring holes into the crust, examining deep mines or studying cracks in the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature brings the samples to us through volcanic fluids leaking out of the sea floor,” says Julie Huber, a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution microbiologist specializing in the study of life around underwater volcanoes. “Almost a mile beneath the surface of the ocean we were able to witness deep-sea lava eruptions — molten lava bombs going off. Yet right nearby the erupting pit, there were lush \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_mat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microbial mats\u003c/a> and they were shrimp eating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huber used an underwater vehicle to sample the water just above the lava plumes, water that is hellaciously hot and has a pH of around 1, the same as battery acid. Still, she could detect microbial life in the water above the plume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery columns=\"4\" ids=\"1935632,1935601,1935634,1935599,1935597,1935603,1935602\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Are Some of the Wilder Discoveries?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One surprising finding of the Deep Carbon Observatory is the existence of life that can hibernate, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-life/deep-underground-worms-and-zombie-microbes-rule-idUSBRE9230WM20130304\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">existing in a state of near death\u003c/a>, for millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard to describe some of this life in terms that we can even understand because they appear to be able to survive for such long periods of time with virtually no energy available,” says Rick Colwell, an oceanographer and astrobiologist at Oregon State University. “In some cases, we’ve started to refer to them as zombies — nearly dead. It appears, however, they can be revived, in some cases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this deep zombie-like state, Colwell says, the microbes are doing little more than hanging on. They are doing next to nothing in the way of feeding or reproducing, but under the right circumstances their metabolisms can kick into higher gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5j4nAVZAJw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Does This Research Tell Us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t yet understand the limits of the environments in which life can exist. Microbial life can survive \u003ca href=\"https://deepcarbon.net/feature/how-hot-is-too-hot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to 122 C\u003c/a> (252 F) and at extreme pressure and depths, miles beneath the ocean floor where the pressure is hundreds of times greater than at sea level new records are continually set as scientists discover organisms enduring ever more extreme conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time a life-sustaining boundary is breached here on Earth, new possibilities open up for discovering life on other planets. Perhaps our nearest living neighbors reside \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beneath the surface of the oceans of the Saturn moon Enceladus\u003c/a> or deep in the crust of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much Subsurface Life is There?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tons and tons, literally. Researchers from the Deep Carbon Observatory have calculated the collective mass of deep life at 15 to 23 billion tonnes, 245 to 385 times greater than that of all humans on the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s life \u003cem>on\u003c/em> Earth, and there’s life \u003cem>in\u003c/em> Earth. And the latter, overlooked for so long, is coming into focus as a wild menagerie of strange, diverse organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known for some time that life can thrive even under the surface of the planet, within the very crust beneath the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today a group of international scientists from the \u003ca href=\"https://deepcarbon.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Carbon Observatory\u003c/a> reports at the \u003ca href=\"https://fallmeeting.agu.org/2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Geophysical Union’s annual meeting\u003c/a> on nearly 10 years of discovering such organisms. The life they found beneath the planet’s surface expands our notions of its limits and opens up new terrain in the search \u003cem>off\u003c/em> the Earth, for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Kind of Life We Talking About Here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deep biosphere — sometimes termed a “subterranean \u003ca href=\"http://www.discoveringgalapagos.org.uk/discover/sustainable-development/conservation-and-sustainability/the-value-of-biodiversity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galapagos\u003c/a>” — is dominated by microbial life, organisms that derive their energy from rocks. Even though two types of microbes, bacteria and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archaea,\u003c/a> are the main discoveries, other types of life, including multicellular animals, have been found as well. Genetically, life below the surface is as or even more diverse than what’s above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where \u003cem>Are\u003c/em> These Things?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All over the globe researchers are finding life by boring holes into the crust, examining deep mines or studying cracks in the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature brings the samples to us through volcanic fluids leaking out of the sea floor,” says Julie Huber, a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution microbiologist specializing in the study of life around underwater volcanoes. “Almost a mile beneath the surface of the ocean we were able to witness deep-sea lava eruptions — molten lava bombs going off. Yet right nearby the erupting pit, there were lush \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_mat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microbial mats\u003c/a> and they were shrimp eating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huber used an underwater vehicle to sample the water just above the lava plumes, water that is hellaciously hot and has a pH of around 1, the same as battery acid. Still, she could detect microbial life in the water above the plume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Are Some of the Wilder Discoveries?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One surprising finding of the Deep Carbon Observatory is the existence of life that can hibernate, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-life/deep-underground-worms-and-zombie-microbes-rule-idUSBRE9230WM20130304\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">existing in a state of near death\u003c/a>, for millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard to describe some of this life in terms that we can even understand because they appear to be able to survive for such long periods of time with virtually no energy available,” says Rick Colwell, an oceanographer and astrobiologist at Oregon State University. “In some cases, we’ve started to refer to them as zombies — nearly dead. It appears, however, they can be revived, in some cases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this deep zombie-like state, Colwell says, the microbes are doing little more than hanging on. They are doing next to nothing in the way of feeding or reproducing, but under the right circumstances their metabolisms can kick into higher gear.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/x5j4nAVZAJw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/x5j4nAVZAJw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Does This Research Tell Us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t yet understand the limits of the environments in which life can exist. Microbial life can survive \u003ca href=\"https://deepcarbon.net/feature/how-hot-is-too-hot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to 122 C\u003c/a> (252 F) and at extreme pressure and depths, miles beneath the ocean floor where the pressure is hundreds of times greater than at sea level new records are continually set as scientists discover organisms enduring ever more extreme conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time a life-sustaining boundary is breached here on Earth, new possibilities open up for discovering life on other planets. Perhaps our nearest living neighbors reside \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beneath the surface of the oceans of the Saturn moon Enceladus\u003c/a> or deep in the crust of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much Subsurface Life is There?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tons and tons, literally. Researchers from the Deep Carbon Observatory have calculated the collective mass of deep life at 15 to 23 billion tonnes, 245 to 385 times greater than that of all humans on the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Sweltering in Nursing Home, 95-Year-Old Succumbs to Heat, as Climate Endangers Most Vulnerable",
"headTitle": "Sweltering in Nursing Home, 95-Year-Old Succumbs to Heat, as Climate Endangers Most Vulnerable | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s the Camp Fire swallowed Paradise, as many as 175 elderly patients in skilled nursing facilities lay in its path. Nimble care workers saved them from the flames, wrangling private cars and pleading with ambulance companies to speed safe evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A deadly and growing threat to nursing home patients remains overlooked: extreme heat.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Extraordinary, heroic efforts protected patients in Paradise. But climate change – which intensifies wildfires and strengthens heat waves and hurricanes – now flings ever-worsening natural disasters at nursing homes in California and across the country. And in some of these cases, managers and staff are failing their patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017 alone, disasters such as Hurricane Harvey in Texas and the Tubbs Fire in Northern California offered a glimpse of this growing risk, said Deborah Pacyna, director of public affairs for the California Association of Health Facilities, a trade association that represents nursing homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a wake-up call, definitely,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Gulf Coast, excessive heat sickened hundreds of nursing home patients who sheltered in place during hurricanes. In Texas, a group of citizens calling themselves the “Cajun Navy” \u003ca href=\"https://www.gq.com/story/cajun-navy-and-the-future-of-vigilante-disaster-relief\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke into\u003c/a> a nursing home to rescue patients when waters had risen a foot indoors; local police handcuffed one facility manager who refused to permit residents to leave. In Hollywood Hills, Florida, a medical examiner ruled 12 deaths as homicides after a hurricane knocked out power, leaving patients to swelter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934332/the-largest-deadliest-and-most-destructive-fires-in-california-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent wildfires\u003c/a> are a high-profile example of just how threatening climate-related catastrophes can be for some of these most vulnerable people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935474\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935474\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-800x525.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-800x525.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-768x504.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1020x669.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1200x787.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1920x1259.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1180x774.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-960x629.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-240x157.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-375x246.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-520x341.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign is posted on the Paradise Skilled Nursing Center as it is consumed by flames from the Camp Fire on November 8, 2018. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But another deadly and growing threat to nursing home patients remains overlooked: extreme heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, heat killed two nursing home patients and sent six more to the hospital in Burlingame. Bill Lockyer, who was then the state Attorney General, \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-lockyer-announces-enforcement-action-against-largest-provider\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigated\u003c/a> the first-ever Justice Department prosecution of a national nursing home chain. Temperatures for the sick and dying patients rose, on average, above 106 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘People should not be dying in heat waves in a nursing home. It’s unconscionable, but not surprising.’\u003ccite>Pat McGinnis,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Advocates for Nursing Home Reform\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 2006, in Stockton, Woodland and Fremont, nursing home patients died when air conditioning failed \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/07/24/heat-shatters-records-blackouts-possible/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">during a massive heat wave\u003c/a>. Local police evacuated some facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932903/extreme-heat-killed-14-people-in-the-bay-area-last-year-10-takeaways-from-our-investigation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> found that last year, extreme heat caused the deaths of at least 14 elderly people, including one 95-year-old woman at St. Francis Convalescent Pavilion, a skilled nursing facility in San Mateo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That patient, Loraine Christiansen, died from heat shock – and her story suggests that nursing home patients are at serious risk from health care facilities still adapting to climate-driven disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anatomy of an Extreme Heat Death\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span> little before 10 p.m. on Saturday, Sept. 2, 2017, a San Mateo County emergency dispatcher picked up a call from a nurse at St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just found a patient alert but nonverbally responsive,” the nurse said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperature had peaked at 101 degrees that day. It was still 85 when the nurse reported that the patient had turned pale, and had a temperature of 103.1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christiansen had just been moved to hospice care at St. Francis Pavilion. A widow and former secretary for a Methodist church, Christiansen had hypertension, diabetes and chronic renal disease – all conditions that worsen in heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio /> program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"St. Francis Pavilion 911 Call\" src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/12/911Call.wav\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/RS7512_fire.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paramedics arrived at St. Francis Pavilion 13 minutes after the 911 call, according to transcripts from San Mateo County public safety communications obtained by KQED. By the time Christiansen arrived in the emergency department at Kaiser Permanente’s South San Francisco Medical Center, her temperature was 106 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the coroner’s report, emergency department doctors then simply sought to relieve her pain. Christiansen’s death certificate lists the cause as heat-related shock. In a report filed with the county, relied on by the coroner in determining the cause of death, one of the paramedics who had attended to Christiansen estimated the temperature in St. Francis Pavilion at 98 to 100 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not supposed to happen in homes licensed to provide care to fragile patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935497\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-800x456.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-800x456.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-768x438.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-240x137.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-375x214.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-520x296.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner.jpg 867w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Mateo County Coroner’s Report for Loraine Christiansen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California law and federal regulations \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/42/483.10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require\u003c/a> skilled nursing facilities licensed after 1990 to keep temperatures between 71 and 81 degrees. In older facilities, such as St. Francis Pavilion, the temperature simply has to be “comfortable and safe.” Violating these standards carries penalties up to $25,000 or more if the California Department of Public Health determines that the conditions led directly to a patient’s death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Francis Pavilion’s administrator, Timothy Caslmon, did not respond to calls and emails between September and November. Calls to the main number for Generations Health, the facility’s Orange County-based management company, were directed back to St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health officially learned about one death at St. Francis Pavilion, possibly Christiansen’s (the individual is not named) \u003ca href=\"http://hfcis.cdph.ca.gov/LongTermCare/details/Complaint.aspx?fac=220000089\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through a complaint\u003c/a> related to heat. In a 2018 document stating the agency’s results in the case, CDPH said it was “\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/Pages/ASPEN_FEDERAL_2567.aspx?EventID=LP4Q11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unable to substantiate\u003c/a>” any federal or state code violations stemming from the death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio /> program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Firefighter Radio Call\" src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/12/ShortenedRadioTrafficCommandCall.wav\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/RS7512_fire.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>This radio call between firefighters has been edited for brevity and clarity. Photo: Andrew Burton/Getty Images\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Popsicles, but No Fans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he night Loraine Christiansen died, overnight temperatures hovered in the 80s, and St. Francis Pavilion has no air conditioning to offer relief indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after paramedics rushed her to the hospital, a fire truck stayed behind, working out a plan to cool the facility. Firefighters had one industrial-sized fan called a blower, used at major fires to repel smoke and gas. But one wasn’t enough. It would take at least three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On emergency communication channels, Daly City Fire Captain Joel Abelson, on Fire Truck 95, asked Engine 91 for assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003cstrong>Firefighter Calls for Additional Fans\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/strong>‘Yeah, 91, if you could stop by Station 95 and pick up the electric fan that’s in our back bay, we’re going to need both electric fans.\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>91, copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>Truck’s requesting a second fan from the back bay or off Engine 95, and then report to 99 Escuela with it, give it a blow out.’\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On that busy night, Daly City’s only ladder truck, and two out of five of the city’s fire engines, labored for hours at St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A person who was inside the facility and who spoke on condition of anonymity described firefighters moving through the 239-bed facility, using fans to blow hot air from one part of the facility to another, and eventually outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report for the North County Fire Authority obtained by KQED, Abelson wrote that St. Francis was “uncomfortably hot.” He reported that fire crews “attempted to ventilate the building to cool rooms,” and that workers needed to add fans, because “cooling in the building was insufficient.” And he wrote that emergency responders told the facility’s staff “to check patients frequently for signs of heat-related issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the weekend, San Mateo County Adult Protective Services visited St. Francis Pavilion, watching as staffers handed out popsicles and ice. Care workers told a government employee without authority to speak to the media that they tried to buy fans, but nearby stores were sold out. Instead, the staff gathered residents who were mobile into the coolest room they could find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935493\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935493\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-800x385.jpg\" alt=\"Report from North County Fire Authority about the response to a 911 call from St. Francis Pavilion on September 2, 2017.\" width=\"800\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-800x385.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-160x77.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-768x370.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-240x115.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-375x180.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-520x250.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1.jpg 927w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Report from North County Fire Authority about conditions found at St. Francis Pavilion, in response to a 911 call from a facility nurse, on September 2, 2017.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>KQED twice requested an interview with CDPH. The department offered a general statement, but refused to comment on reports of excessive heat at St. Francis. The department wouldn’t say whether or not it is investigating any other heat-related violations from that 2017 Labor Day weekend. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Details about ongoing investigations are confidential until the investigation is complete, and findings are issued to the facility,” said CDPH in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Failure to Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">S\u003c/span>ince the 2017 Labor Day heat wave, new regulations have taken effect in California that require St. Francis Pavilion and other facilities like it to be ready for emergencies, whether evacuating or sheltering in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CDPH \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/Pages/ASPEN_FEDERAL_2567.aspx?EventID=GIPK21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">records\u003c/a>, in December 2017 an inspection concluded that St. Francis Pavilion lacked an effective emergency preparedness plan, and had neither policy nor procedures in place to protect people sheltering in place during a disaster. The facility’s administrator said during that inspection that “he was not aware of this requirement of the emergency preparedness plan.” St. Francis \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=GIPK21~220000089\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated\u003c/a> its plan by January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Francis Pavilion isn’t alone. NPR’s Jordan Rau \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/09/19/552042095/many-nursing-homes-arent-prepared-for-even-basic-emergencies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote\u003c/a> last year that more than half of California’s nursing facilities have been cited for failing to train workers what to do in an emergency or for failing to have a plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ePXxNJbOu87Zut5NhteuQAOUJIHmS6wS”]That includes skilled nursing facilities in Paradise, surveyed earlier this year by CDPH. In February, investigators \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=BNEU21~230000031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> that the 136-bed Cypress Meadows hadn’t done all of its required emergency preparedness work, including a drill. And CDPH \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=M90R21~230000173\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> that the 99-bed Pine View Center hadn’t done a risk assessment for disasters or drills for emergencies, and that its manual alarm boxes and sprinklers weren’t correctly maintained. All of the problems were corrected within weeks, well before the Camp Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Association of Health Facilities \u003ca href=\"https://www.cahfdisasterprep.com/hva\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has offered support\u003c/a> to nursing facilities, with model emergency plans, training modules, and an app to promote emergency response. The trade group sometimes lobbies against new legal mandates, but its disaster response manager, Jason Belden, said he believes new regulations have encouraged better preparation – including in Butte County last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, “I’m actually hopeful about how our industry can respond in a disaster in California,” Belden said. “The providers, from an emergency manager’s standpoint – there’s not much in there we would suggest cutting out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Nation’s Failure to Regulate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">L\u003c/span>oraine Christiansen’s death in a Daly City nursing facility comes after years of warnings about heat-related illness in California, and after poor planning in other states endangered hundreds of patients who sheltered in place during hurricanes last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories of those vulnerable Gulf Coast patients prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Sheltering%20in%20Danger%20Report%20(2%20Nov%202018).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an investigative report\u003c/a> from the Democratic staff for the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance. Released this year, the report concluded that better emergency planning is crucial and that heat rules in particular should be re-evaluated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Trump administration is considering \u003ca href=\"http://theconsumervoice.org/news/detail/latest/cms-proposes-rollback-of-emergency-preparedness-rules-seeks-comments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">weakening\u003c/a> the requirement that facilities update emergency response plans annually; the proposal from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services would require updates only every other year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every licensed care facility in California is required to plan for emergencies. And climate change raises real questions about how ready our healthcare system is for more frequent hazards, said Linda Rudolph, \u003ca href=\"http://www.phi.org/people/?name=linda-rudolph\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">who directs\u003c/a> the Center for Climate Change and Health at the Public Health Institute, a nonprofit group in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to take a look at our planning, and our local and state laws and regulations,” Rudolph said, “to make sure that every school, every skilled nursing facility, every nursing home, and every hospital have plans in place that are based on what we know is in the forecast for these extreme and prolonged heat events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t have that now, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pat McGinnis, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.canhr.org/about/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform\u003c/a>, agrees that developing a solid emergency response plan is ever more crucial now: Fast-moving fires don’t leave much room for error. Nor do intensifying storms or excessive heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People should not be dying in heat waves in a nursing home,” she said. “It’s unconscionable, but not surprising.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This reporting was supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"description": "Climate-related disasters are threatening nursing home patients in a health care system still unprepared for fires, flood and extreme heat.",
"title": "Sweltering in Nursing Home, 95-Year-Old Succumbs to Heat, as Climate Endangers Most Vulnerable | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s the Camp Fire swallowed Paradise, as many as 175 elderly patients in skilled nursing facilities lay in its path. Nimble care workers saved them from the flames, wrangling private cars and pleading with ambulance companies to speed safe evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A deadly and growing threat to nursing home patients remains overlooked: extreme heat.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Extraordinary, heroic efforts protected patients in Paradise. But climate change – which intensifies wildfires and strengthens heat waves and hurricanes – now flings ever-worsening natural disasters at nursing homes in California and across the country. And in some of these cases, managers and staff are failing their patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017 alone, disasters such as Hurricane Harvey in Texas and the Tubbs Fire in Northern California offered a glimpse of this growing risk, said Deborah Pacyna, director of public affairs for the California Association of Health Facilities, a trade association that represents nursing homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a wake-up call, definitely,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Gulf Coast, excessive heat sickened hundreds of nursing home patients who sheltered in place during hurricanes. In Texas, a group of citizens calling themselves the “Cajun Navy” \u003ca href=\"https://www.gq.com/story/cajun-navy-and-the-future-of-vigilante-disaster-relief\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke into\u003c/a> a nursing home to rescue patients when waters had risen a foot indoors; local police handcuffed one facility manager who refused to permit residents to leave. In Hollywood Hills, Florida, a medical examiner ruled 12 deaths as homicides after a hurricane knocked out power, leaving patients to swelter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934332/the-largest-deadliest-and-most-destructive-fires-in-california-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent wildfires\u003c/a> are a high-profile example of just how threatening climate-related catastrophes can be for some of these most vulnerable people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935474\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935474\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-800x525.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-800x525.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-768x504.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1020x669.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1200x787.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1920x1259.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-1180x774.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-960x629.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-240x157.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-375x246.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/GettyImages-1059414734-520x341.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign is posted on the Paradise Skilled Nursing Center as it is consumed by flames from the Camp Fire on November 8, 2018. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But another deadly and growing threat to nursing home patients remains overlooked: extreme heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, heat killed two nursing home patients and sent six more to the hospital in Burlingame. Bill Lockyer, who was then the state Attorney General, \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-lockyer-announces-enforcement-action-against-largest-provider\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigated\u003c/a> the first-ever Justice Department prosecution of a national nursing home chain. Temperatures for the sick and dying patients rose, on average, above 106 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘People should not be dying in heat waves in a nursing home. It’s unconscionable, but not surprising.’\u003ccite>Pat McGinnis,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Advocates for Nursing Home Reform\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In 2006, in Stockton, Woodland and Fremont, nursing home patients died when air conditioning failed \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/07/24/heat-shatters-records-blackouts-possible/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">during a massive heat wave\u003c/a>. Local police evacuated some facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932903/extreme-heat-killed-14-people-in-the-bay-area-last-year-10-takeaways-from-our-investigation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> found that last year, extreme heat caused the deaths of at least 14 elderly people, including one 95-year-old woman at St. Francis Convalescent Pavilion, a skilled nursing facility in San Mateo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That patient, Loraine Christiansen, died from heat shock – and her story suggests that nursing home patients are at serious risk from health care facilities still adapting to climate-driven disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anatomy of an Extreme Heat Death\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span> little before 10 p.m. on Saturday, Sept. 2, 2017, a San Mateo County emergency dispatcher picked up a call from a nurse at St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just found a patient alert but nonverbally responsive,” the nurse said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperature had peaked at 101 degrees that day. It was still 85 when the nurse reported that the patient had turned pale, and had a temperature of 103.1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christiansen had just been moved to hospice care at St. Francis Pavilion. A widow and former secretary for a Methodist church, Christiansen had hypertension, diabetes and chronic renal disease – all conditions that worsen in heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paramedics arrived at St. Francis Pavilion 13 minutes after the 911 call, according to transcripts from San Mateo County public safety communications obtained by KQED. By the time Christiansen arrived in the emergency department at Kaiser Permanente’s South San Francisco Medical Center, her temperature was 106 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the coroner’s report, emergency department doctors then simply sought to relieve her pain. Christiansen’s death certificate lists the cause as heat-related shock. In a report filed with the county, relied on by the coroner in determining the cause of death, one of the paramedics who had attended to Christiansen estimated the temperature in St. Francis Pavilion at 98 to 100 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not supposed to happen in homes licensed to provide care to fragile patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935497\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-800x456.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-800x456.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-160x91.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-768x438.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-240x137.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-375x214.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner-520x296.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Coroner.jpg 867w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Mateo County Coroner’s Report for Loraine Christiansen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California law and federal regulations \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/42/483.10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require\u003c/a> skilled nursing facilities licensed after 1990 to keep temperatures between 71 and 81 degrees. In older facilities, such as St. Francis Pavilion, the temperature simply has to be “comfortable and safe.” Violating these standards carries penalties up to $25,000 or more if the California Department of Public Health determines that the conditions led directly to a patient’s death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Francis Pavilion’s administrator, Timothy Caslmon, did not respond to calls and emails between September and November. Calls to the main number for Generations Health, the facility’s Orange County-based management company, were directed back to St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health officially learned about one death at St. Francis Pavilion, possibly Christiansen’s (the individual is not named) \u003ca href=\"http://hfcis.cdph.ca.gov/LongTermCare/details/Complaint.aspx?fac=220000089\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through a complaint\u003c/a> related to heat. In a 2018 document stating the agency’s results in the case, CDPH said it was “\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/Pages/ASPEN_FEDERAL_2567.aspx?EventID=LP4Q11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unable to substantiate\u003c/a>” any federal or state code violations stemming from the death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>This radio call between firefighters has been edited for brevity and clarity. Photo: Andrew Burton/Getty Images\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Popsicles, but No Fans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he night Loraine Christiansen died, overnight temperatures hovered in the 80s, and St. Francis Pavilion has no air conditioning to offer relief indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after paramedics rushed her to the hospital, a fire truck stayed behind, working out a plan to cool the facility. Firefighters had one industrial-sized fan called a blower, used at major fires to repel smoke and gas. But one wasn’t enough. It would take at least three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On emergency communication channels, Daly City Fire Captain Joel Abelson, on Fire Truck 95, asked Engine 91 for assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003cstrong>Firefighter Calls for Additional Fans\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/strong>‘Yeah, 91, if you could stop by Station 95 and pick up the electric fan that’s in our back bay, we’re going to need both electric fans.\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>91, copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>Truck’s requesting a second fan from the back bay or off Engine 95, and then report to 99 Escuela with it, give it a blow out.’\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On that busy night, Daly City’s only ladder truck, and two out of five of the city’s fire engines, labored for hours at St. Francis Pavilion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A person who was inside the facility and who spoke on condition of anonymity described firefighters moving through the 239-bed facility, using fans to blow hot air from one part of the facility to another, and eventually outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report for the North County Fire Authority obtained by KQED, Abelson wrote that St. Francis was “uncomfortably hot.” He reported that fire crews “attempted to ventilate the building to cool rooms,” and that workers needed to add fans, because “cooling in the building was insufficient.” And he wrote that emergency responders told the facility’s staff “to check patients frequently for signs of heat-related issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the weekend, San Mateo County Adult Protective Services visited St. Francis Pavilion, watching as staffers handed out popsicles and ice. Care workers told a government employee without authority to speak to the media that they tried to buy fans, but nearby stores were sold out. Instead, the staff gathered residents who were mobile into the coolest room they could find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935493\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935493\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-800x385.jpg\" alt=\"Report from North County Fire Authority about the response to a 911 call from St. Francis Pavilion on September 2, 2017.\" width=\"800\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-800x385.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-160x77.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-768x370.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-240x115.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-375x180.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1-520x250.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/Fire-report-1.jpg 927w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Report from North County Fire Authority about conditions found at St. Francis Pavilion, in response to a 911 call from a facility nurse, on September 2, 2017.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>KQED twice requested an interview with CDPH. The department offered a general statement, but refused to comment on reports of excessive heat at St. Francis. The department wouldn’t say whether or not it is investigating any other heat-related violations from that 2017 Labor Day weekend. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Details about ongoing investigations are confidential until the investigation is complete, and findings are issued to the facility,” said CDPH in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Failure to Plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">S\u003c/span>ince the 2017 Labor Day heat wave, new regulations have taken effect in California that require St. Francis Pavilion and other facilities like it to be ready for emergencies, whether evacuating or sheltering in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CDPH \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/Pages/ASPEN_FEDERAL_2567.aspx?EventID=GIPK21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">records\u003c/a>, in December 2017 an inspection concluded that St. Francis Pavilion lacked an effective emergency preparedness plan, and had neither policy nor procedures in place to protect people sheltering in place during a disaster. The facility’s administrator said during that inspection that “he was not aware of this requirement of the emergency preparedness plan.” St. Francis \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=GIPK21~220000089\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated\u003c/a> its plan by January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Francis Pavilion isn’t alone. NPR’s Jordan Rau \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/09/19/552042095/many-nursing-homes-arent-prepared-for-even-basic-emergencies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote\u003c/a> last year that more than half of California’s nursing facilities have been cited for failing to train workers what to do in an emergency or for failing to have a plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>That includes skilled nursing facilities in Paradise, surveyed earlier this year by CDPH. In February, investigators \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=BNEU21~230000031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> that the 136-bed Cypress Meadows hadn’t done all of its required emergency preparedness work, including a drill. And CDPH \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/CalHealthFind/_vti_bin/HFCISService.svc/DownloadDocumentByEventID?param=M90R21~230000173\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> that the 99-bed Pine View Center hadn’t done a risk assessment for disasters or drills for emergencies, and that its manual alarm boxes and sprinklers weren’t correctly maintained. All of the problems were corrected within weeks, well before the Camp Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Association of Health Facilities \u003ca href=\"https://www.cahfdisasterprep.com/hva\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has offered support\u003c/a> to nursing facilities, with model emergency plans, training modules, and an app to promote emergency response. The trade group sometimes lobbies against new legal mandates, but its disaster response manager, Jason Belden, said he believes new regulations have encouraged better preparation – including in Butte County last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, “I’m actually hopeful about how our industry can respond in a disaster in California,” Belden said. “The providers, from an emergency manager’s standpoint – there’s not much in there we would suggest cutting out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Nation’s Failure to Regulate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">L\u003c/span>oraine Christiansen’s death in a Daly City nursing facility comes after years of warnings about heat-related illness in California, and after poor planning in other states endangered hundreds of patients who sheltered in place during hurricanes last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories of those vulnerable Gulf Coast patients prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Sheltering%20in%20Danger%20Report%20(2%20Nov%202018).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an investigative report\u003c/a> from the Democratic staff for the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance. Released this year, the report concluded that better emergency planning is crucial and that heat rules in particular should be re-evaluated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Trump administration is considering \u003ca href=\"http://theconsumervoice.org/news/detail/latest/cms-proposes-rollback-of-emergency-preparedness-rules-seeks-comments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">weakening\u003c/a> the requirement that facilities update emergency response plans annually; the proposal from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services would require updates only every other year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every licensed care facility in California is required to plan for emergencies. And climate change raises real questions about how ready our healthcare system is for more frequent hazards, said Linda Rudolph, \u003ca href=\"http://www.phi.org/people/?name=linda-rudolph\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">who directs\u003c/a> the Center for Climate Change and Health at the Public Health Institute, a nonprofit group in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to take a look at our planning, and our local and state laws and regulations,” Rudolph said, “to make sure that every school, every skilled nursing facility, every nursing home, and every hospital have plans in place that are based on what we know is in the forecast for these extreme and prolonged heat events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t have that now, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pat McGinnis, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.canhr.org/about/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform\u003c/a>, agrees that developing a solid emergency response plan is ever more crucial now: Fast-moving fires don’t leave much room for error. Nor do intensifying storms or excessive heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People should not be dying in heat waves in a nursing home,” she said. “It’s unconscionable, but not surprising.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This reporting was supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
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