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"content": "\u003cp>Farming insects may be more sustainable than raising meat, but so far that hasn’t been quite enough to convince most Westerners to eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing them as delicious, exquisite delicacies, though? That might do the trick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global demand for meat drives environmental decline, from forest depletion and soil erosion to increased water use and the release of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect farming is easier on the environment, says Joost Van Itterbeeck, visiting scientist at Rikkyo University in Tokyo and co-author of the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e00.htm\">\u003cem>Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. And, he adds, “The nutritional benefits are very obvious in terms of proteins, minerals and vitamins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as nice as that all sounds, Westerners are just plain disgusted by bugs on the dinner plate. And save-the-planet discussions don’t seem to be changing their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current marketing tactics for eating insects tend to point out environmental and health benefits. But a \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2018.00088/full\">new study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Frontiers in Nutrition\u003c/em> suggests it might be better to focus on taste and experience, such as highlighting how much dragonflies taste like soft-shelled crabs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hiding crickets in cookies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t come as a surprise to Kathy Rolin, who knows something about getting people to try edible insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her husband, James, originally started their business, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cowboycrickets.com/\">Cowboy Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, to sell whole frozen crickets to food manufacturers. After finding that more first-time bug eaters opt for cookies baked with cricket flour instead of a whole cricket, they decided to expand their business to sell Chocolate Chirp Cookies directly to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said ‘no.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They found the Chocolate Chirps had better profit margins. “We mainly market the cookies, because who doesn’t like a chocolate cookie?” says Kathy Rolin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/05/27/410013224/bugs-its-not-whats-for-dinner-until-theyre-tastier-maybe\">calls to appeal to consumers’ tastes\u003c/a> before, but now there is evidence that appealing to the senses might actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study shows that a willingness to try edible insects — in this case, a chocolate-covered mealworm — depends on what advertisement a person reads before deciding whether to eat it. When the ad focused on taste and experience, rather than environmental or health claims, more people would try the worms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, 180 volunteers reviewed informational flyers on an edible insect start-up company. The wording differed only in one sentence: “Eating meat has never been so _______,” meat referring to the meaty part of the insect in this case. The sentence ended with either “good for the environment,” “good for the body,” “exotic” or “delicious.” The latter two were considered by the researchers as hedonic marketing that appealed to the senses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reflecting on the ad, participants were then given the option to try a chocolate mealworm truffle, which contained whole and visible worms. Participants who read the hedonic marketing claims were more likely to try the truffle, which the researchers attributed to higher-quality expectations suggested by the advertisements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fighting disgust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Promoting taste may convince more people to try insects because it veers our reaction away from disgust. “It’s not a rational response,” says Val Curtis, a professor at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and author of the book \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Dont-Look-Touch-Eat-Revulsion-ebook/dp/B00EYZQWOK\">Don’t Look, Don’t Touch, the Science Behind Revulsion\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. “We have an innate response to things that might make us sick by feeling disgusted and, therefore, don’t want to consume them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disgust can be easily generalized, and bugs on the dinner plate trigger the “ick” reaction because we associate them with the cockroach scurrying across the floor. The result? A ruined appetite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Saving the planet is not something we’ve evolved to do,” notes Curtis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the researchers suggest that hedonic advertising is a better way to entice would-be diners to eat bugs, because it helps prevent the disgust response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The cockroach rises\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can clear that hurdle, insects could potentially become as common as lobster — which was once referred to as the “cockroach of the sea” and fed to prisoners and servants. But when railways began to spread across America and lobster was served to unsuspecting travelers — who didn’t know that the crustaceans were considered “trash food” — the passengers took a liking to the taste, and lobster began to soar in popularity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A related story surrounds sushi, which didn’t start \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07409710.2017.1420353\">gaining widespread acceptance\u003c/a> in the U.S. until the mid-’60s. When high-end restaurants started serving raw fish, it went from unpalatable to popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, both lobster and sushi are considered delicacies, a trend that was propelled by another effective form of advertising: status appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolin thinks insects could follow the same trend. “We’ve noticed that there’s been quite a few celebrities that have endorsed the idea of [eating] insects.” Recently, actress Nicole Kidman revealed her “secret talent” of bug consumption in a \u003cem>Vanity Fair\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3UqLAtdZ04\">video\u003c/a> by eating a four-course insect meal complete with fried grasshopper dessert, and singer Justin Timberlake served up bug dishes at a recent album release party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing campaigns that focus on a favorable bug-eating \u003cem>experience\u003c/em>, perhaps by showing celebrities eating them, might be enough to distract people from the disgust response long enough to get them to try it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reframing the bug\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say if you’re going to market insects, you take them as far away from anything slimy or crawling or creepy or too leggy,” says Curtis. “Meat is sold as a tasty product, and all pictures of animals have been taken off the packaging. I would say just do exactly the same with insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to do this is by changing the name of the dish. We’ve done this with other foods: We eat pork, not pig; and beef, not cow. When serving ant larvae, it may be better to use their alternative food name: escamoles, a delicacy served in Mexico City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taste and experience may prove to be a good way to promote eating insects, that shouldn’t discount environmental claims. Eco-friendly campaigns do get people to think more about food sustainability; they’re just \u003ca href=\"http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/520272\">not quite enough\u003c/a> to get most people to put their money where their mouth is, so to speak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by advertising escamoles in garlic sauce with cilantro and chipotle? It just might.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+Hyping+Edible+Bugs+Focus+On+The+Experience+Instead+Of+The+Environment%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Berly McCoy is a freelance science writer living in Northwest Montana. Follow her on Twitter: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/travlinscientst\">@travlinscientst\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Farming insects may be more sustainable than raising meat, but so far that hasn’t been quite enough to convince most Westerners to eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing them as delicious, exquisite delicacies, though? That might do the trick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global demand for meat drives environmental decline, from forest depletion and soil erosion to increased water use and the release of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect farming is easier on the environment, says Joost Van Itterbeeck, visiting scientist at Rikkyo University in Tokyo and co-author of the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e00.htm\">\u003cem>Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. And, he adds, “The nutritional benefits are very obvious in terms of proteins, minerals and vitamins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as nice as that all sounds, Westerners are just plain disgusted by bugs on the dinner plate. And save-the-planet discussions don’t seem to be changing their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current marketing tactics for eating insects tend to point out environmental and health benefits. But a \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2018.00088/full\">new study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Frontiers in Nutrition\u003c/em> suggests it might be better to focus on taste and experience, such as highlighting how much dragonflies taste like soft-shelled crabs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hiding crickets in cookies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t come as a surprise to Kathy Rolin, who knows something about getting people to try edible insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her husband, James, originally started their business, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cowboycrickets.com/\">Cowboy Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, to sell whole frozen crickets to food manufacturers. After finding that more first-time bug eaters opt for cookies baked with cricket flour instead of a whole cricket, they decided to expand their business to sell Chocolate Chirp Cookies directly to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said ‘no.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They found the Chocolate Chirps had better profit margins. “We mainly market the cookies, because who doesn’t like a chocolate cookie?” says Kathy Rolin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/05/27/410013224/bugs-its-not-whats-for-dinner-until-theyre-tastier-maybe\">calls to appeal to consumers’ tastes\u003c/a> before, but now there is evidence that appealing to the senses might actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study shows that a willingness to try edible insects — in this case, a chocolate-covered mealworm — depends on what advertisement a person reads before deciding whether to eat it. When the ad focused on taste and experience, rather than environmental or health claims, more people would try the worms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, 180 volunteers reviewed informational flyers on an edible insect start-up company. The wording differed only in one sentence: “Eating meat has never been so _______,” meat referring to the meaty part of the insect in this case. The sentence ended with either “good for the environment,” “good for the body,” “exotic” or “delicious.” The latter two were considered by the researchers as hedonic marketing that appealed to the senses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reflecting on the ad, participants were then given the option to try a chocolate mealworm truffle, which contained whole and visible worms. Participants who read the hedonic marketing claims were more likely to try the truffle, which the researchers attributed to higher-quality expectations suggested by the advertisements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fighting disgust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Promoting taste may convince more people to try insects because it veers our reaction away from disgust. “It’s not a rational response,” says Val Curtis, a professor at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and author of the book \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Dont-Look-Touch-Eat-Revulsion-ebook/dp/B00EYZQWOK\">Don’t Look, Don’t Touch, the Science Behind Revulsion\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. “We have an innate response to things that might make us sick by feeling disgusted and, therefore, don’t want to consume them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disgust can be easily generalized, and bugs on the dinner plate trigger the “ick” reaction because we associate them with the cockroach scurrying across the floor. The result? A ruined appetite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Saving the planet is not something we’ve evolved to do,” notes Curtis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the researchers suggest that hedonic advertising is a better way to entice would-be diners to eat bugs, because it helps prevent the disgust response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The cockroach rises\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can clear that hurdle, insects could potentially become as common as lobster — which was once referred to as the “cockroach of the sea” and fed to prisoners and servants. But when railways began to spread across America and lobster was served to unsuspecting travelers — who didn’t know that the crustaceans were considered “trash food” — the passengers took a liking to the taste, and lobster began to soar in popularity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A related story surrounds sushi, which didn’t start \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07409710.2017.1420353\">gaining widespread acceptance\u003c/a> in the U.S. until the mid-’60s. When high-end restaurants started serving raw fish, it went from unpalatable to popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, both lobster and sushi are considered delicacies, a trend that was propelled by another effective form of advertising: status appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolin thinks insects could follow the same trend. “We’ve noticed that there’s been quite a few celebrities that have endorsed the idea of [eating] insects.” Recently, actress Nicole Kidman revealed her “secret talent” of bug consumption in a \u003cem>Vanity Fair\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3UqLAtdZ04\">video\u003c/a> by eating a four-course insect meal complete with fried grasshopper dessert, and singer Justin Timberlake served up bug dishes at a recent album release party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing campaigns that focus on a favorable bug-eating \u003cem>experience\u003c/em>, perhaps by showing celebrities eating them, might be enough to distract people from the disgust response long enough to get them to try it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reframing the bug\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say if you’re going to market insects, you take them as far away from anything slimy or crawling or creepy or too leggy,” says Curtis. “Meat is sold as a tasty product, and all pictures of animals have been taken off the packaging. I would say just do exactly the same with insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to do this is by changing the name of the dish. We’ve done this with other foods: We eat pork, not pig; and beef, not cow. When serving ant larvae, it may be better to use their alternative food name: escamoles, a delicacy served in Mexico City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taste and experience may prove to be a good way to promote eating insects, that shouldn’t discount environmental claims. Eco-friendly campaigns do get people to think more about food sustainability; they’re just \u003ca href=\"http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/520272\">not quite enough\u003c/a> to get most people to put their money where their mouth is, so to speak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by advertising escamoles in garlic sauce with cilantro and chipotle? It just might.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+Hyping+Edible+Bugs+Focus+On+The+Experience+Instead+Of+The+Environment%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Berly McCoy is a freelance science writer living in Northwest Montana. Follow her on Twitter: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/travlinscientst\">@travlinscientst\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>NEW YORK (AP) — The U.S. cancer death rate has hit a milestone: It’s been falling for at least 25 years, according to a new report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lower smoking rates are translating into fewer deaths. Advances in early detection and treatment also are having a positive impact, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not all good news. Obesity-related cancer deaths are rising, and prostate cancer deaths are no longer dropping, said Rebecca Siegel, lead author of the American Cancer Society report published Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer also remains the nation’s No. 2 killer. The society predicts there will be more than 1.7 million new cancer cases, and more than 600,000 cancer deaths, in the U.S. this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a breakdown of the report:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Decline\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s been a lot of bad news recently regarding U.S. death rates. In 2017, increases were seen in fatalities from seven of the 10 leading causes of death, according to recently released government data. But cancer has been something of a bright spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s cancer death rate was increasing until the early 1990s. It has been dropping since, falling 27 percent between 1991 and 2016, the Cancer Society reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lung cancer is the main reason. Among cancers, it has long killed the most people, especially men. But the lung cancer death rate dropped by nearly 50 percent among men since 1991. It was a delayed effect from a decline in smoking that began in the 1960s, Siegel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Prostate Cancer\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The report has some mixed news about prostate cancer, the second leading cause of cancer death in men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prostate cancer death rate fell by half over two decades, but experts have been wondering whether the trend changed after a 2011 decision by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force to stop recommending routine testing of men using the PSA blood test. That decision was prompted by concerns the test was leading to over-diagnosis and over-treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prostate cancer death rate flattened from 2013 to 2016. So while the PSA testing may have surfaced cases that didn’t actually need treatment, it may also have prevented some cancer deaths, the report suggests.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Obesity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Of the most common types of cancer in the U.S., all the ones with increasing death rates are linked to obesity, including cancers of the pancreas and uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is liver cancer. Liver cancer deaths have been increasing since the 1970s, and initially most of the increase was tied to hepatitis C infections spread among people who abuse drugs. But now obesity accounts for a third of liver cancer deaths, and is more of a factor than hepatitis, Siegel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s growing obesity epidemic was first identified as a problem in the 1990s. It can take decades to see how a risk factor influences cancer rates, “so we may just be seeing the tip of the iceberg in terms of the effect of the obesity epidemic on cancer,” Siegel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Disparity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s been a decline in the historic racial gap in cancer death rates, but an economic gap is growing — especially when it comes to deaths that could be prevented by early screening and treatment, better eating and less smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1970s, colon cancer death rates in the poorest counties were 20 percent lower than those in affluent counties; now they’re 30 percent higher. Cervical cancer deaths are twice as high for women in poor counties now, compared with women in affluent counties. And lung and liver cancer death rates are 40 percent higher for men in poor counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Darrell Gray, deputy director of Ohio State University’s Center for Cancer Health Equity, called the findings “important but not surprising.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve known for some time that race is a surrogate” for other factors, like poverty and difficulty getting to — or paying for — doctor’s appointments, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2018/ap-hhmi-expand-collaboration-to-bolster-health-science-coverage\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/b5589e095abb4a0e9022bcffe9ed38b3\">Associated Press\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NEW YORK (AP) — The U.S. cancer death rate has hit a milestone: It’s been falling for at least 25 years, according to a new report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lower smoking rates are translating into fewer deaths. Advances in early detection and treatment also are having a positive impact, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not all good news. Obesity-related cancer deaths are rising, and prostate cancer deaths are no longer dropping, said Rebecca Siegel, lead author of the American Cancer Society report published Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer also remains the nation’s No. 2 killer. The society predicts there will be more than 1.7 million new cancer cases, and more than 600,000 cancer deaths, in the U.S. this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a breakdown of the report:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Decline\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s been a lot of bad news recently regarding U.S. death rates. In 2017, increases were seen in fatalities from seven of the 10 leading causes of death, according to recently released government data. But cancer has been something of a bright spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s cancer death rate was increasing until the early 1990s. It has been dropping since, falling 27 percent between 1991 and 2016, the Cancer Society reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lung cancer is the main reason. Among cancers, it has long killed the most people, especially men. But the lung cancer death rate dropped by nearly 50 percent among men since 1991. It was a delayed effect from a decline in smoking that began in the 1960s, Siegel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Prostate Cancer\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The report has some mixed news about prostate cancer, the second leading cause of cancer death in men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prostate cancer death rate fell by half over two decades, but experts have been wondering whether the trend changed after a 2011 decision by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force to stop recommending routine testing of men using the PSA blood test. That decision was prompted by concerns the test was leading to over-diagnosis and over-treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prostate cancer death rate flattened from 2013 to 2016. So while the PSA testing may have surfaced cases that didn’t actually need treatment, it may also have prevented some cancer deaths, the report suggests.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Obesity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Of the most common types of cancer in the U.S., all the ones with increasing death rates are linked to obesity, including cancers of the pancreas and uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is liver cancer. Liver cancer deaths have been increasing since the 1970s, and initially most of the increase was tied to hepatitis C infections spread among people who abuse drugs. But now obesity accounts for a third of liver cancer deaths, and is more of a factor than hepatitis, Siegel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s growing obesity epidemic was first identified as a problem in the 1990s. It can take decades to see how a risk factor influences cancer rates, “so we may just be seeing the tip of the iceberg in terms of the effect of the obesity epidemic on cancer,” Siegel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Disparity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s been a decline in the historic racial gap in cancer death rates, but an economic gap is growing — especially when it comes to deaths that could be prevented by early screening and treatment, better eating and less smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1970s, colon cancer death rates in the poorest counties were 20 percent lower than those in affluent counties; now they’re 30 percent higher. Cervical cancer deaths are twice as high for women in poor counties now, compared with women in affluent counties. And lung and liver cancer death rates are 40 percent higher for men in poor counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Darrell Gray, deputy director of Ohio State University’s Center for Cancer Health Equity, called the findings “important but not surprising.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve known for some time that race is a surrogate” for other factors, like poverty and difficulty getting to — or paying for — doctor’s appointments, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2018/ap-hhmi-expand-collaboration-to-bolster-health-science-coverage\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/b5589e095abb4a0e9022bcffe9ed38b3\">Associated Press\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Meet the Granary Weevil, the Tiny Bug Who Resides in Our Pantries",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you store grains in your pantry, you’ve probably had the unfortunate experience of opening a package or jar to find tiny bugs living inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re not alone — there are more than 200 species of these pesky grain insects ruining dinner plans around the world on a daily basis. It’s no accident that they’ve made a home in your pantry — they’ve evolved along with humans. In a way, they contain a fascinating natural history of our own domestication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is particularly true of the granary weevil. A reddish-brown beetle that turns up in oats, rice, corn, dry pasta and more, it’s the only grain insect that has never been found outside of human food-storage situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most grain insects are equal opportunity pests — feasting on animals’ food supplies in addition to our own. But the granary weevil has outplayed the others with a special adaptation that at first appears to be a disadvantage: It can’t fly. Its wings have fused together, encasing it in a solid exoskeleton. (Imagine getting knocked around by grains the size of your own body — you’d definitely want a protective suit like the granary weevils’.) But that also makes it hard to get anywhere outside its pile of grain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, the granary weevil has managed to infest grains all over the world for thousands of years. It even slipped its way into an Egyptian tomb — eating the grain meant for a pharaoh’s afterlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We are being used\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This puzzled Rudy Plarre, a scientist who studies insect pests at Freie University in Berlin. “They need to deposit their eggs to new food sources for the next generation,” he said. “How is this done by a beetle that cannot fly?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had a suspicion: Granary weevils are using \u003cem>us\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out if he was right, Plarre decided to try to re-create the granary weevils’ natural and cultural history. He started with the idea that human trade was key to its survival. Roughly past the dawn of the Neolithic Revolution about 12,000 years ago, humans began to trade grains among settlements. Before then, Plarre said it would have been virtually impossible for granary weevils to find enough food to survive, much less spread globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beetles act like stowaways, hiding as larvae within the kernel of a grain while they develop. “People would have traded grain that was infested because they didn’t know it was infested,” Plarre said. In other words, granary weevils don’t find their way into your food \u003cem>after\u003c/em> you put it into your pantry — the larvae are already there. The weevils’ ability to remain undetected is more proof of their human-influenced natural selection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if granary weevils are entirely dependent on human trade to reproduce, that means they would have branched off from other species of its genus, \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em>, and evolved on an incredible timeline. Evolutionarily speaking, 12,000 years goes by in a flash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The granary weevil likely came from humble beginnings, on the southwestern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains. That’s where you can still find other species of \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> living off tree fruits. When nearby humans began to farm and amass sizable stores of food, some \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> populations saw an opportunity. “There are probably six to seven \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> species,” said Plarre. “Only three of them — \u003cem>sitophilius granarius\u003c/em>, the granary weevil; \u003cem>sitophilus oryzae\u003c/em>, the rice weevil; and \u003cem>sitophilius zeamais\u003c/em>, the maize weevil — were able to make the evolutionary step into human environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Cosmopolitan pests”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These weevils are now known as “cosmopolitan pests,” meaning they made it out of their small mountain habitat to spread across the world. But unlike the granary weevil, the maize and rice weevils can fly, and they’re still found roughing it outside human storage situations. Plarre believes that the granary weevil was the only insect pest to take it to the next level: Post-human contact, they lost their wings and hitched their destiny to ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs of the granary weevils’ success pop up throughout history. They were excavated from an Egyptian tomb dating back to 2300 B.C., as well as from stables in Amarna from mid-14th century B.C. Sumerian cuneiform tablets, one of the earliest forms of writing, mention grain-eating pests interpreted to be granary weevils. The beetles were found within volcanic ash and lava that preserved early Roman settlements in Santorini, as well as in other Roman settlements ranging from Italy up to York, England. As the Roman Empire spread throughout Europe, they unknowingly helped establish the granary weevils’ empire, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, granary weevils appeared in art and science. One specimen was depicted in a 1630 drawing by Italian scientist Francesco Stelluti, who was among the first to use a microscope to study nature. Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoeck, who is considered the first microbiologist, used granary weevils to help disprove spontaneous generation, the long-held theory that new organisms can come from dead things. People apparently thought that the grains themselves were breeding the insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The big bug battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite granary weevils’ contributions to science and their faithful (clingy) companionship to humans through history, they have been bugging us the whole time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, we’ve been doggedly trying to annihilate the pest of our own creation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a huge industry just built around managing these insects and keeping infestations from happening. It might be surprising just how much thought and effort goes into it all the way through the chain,” said Jim Campbell, an entomologist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Manhattan, Kan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans wage battles against grain insects from the fields, to silos, to packaging and shipping, even on the shelves of your local grocery store. For much of the history of our co-evolution, humans had only the tools of creating dry environments and tightly sealed storage to fight pests like the granary weevil. Today, we have insecticides, sophisticated packaging, and even an “Infestation Destroyer” that uses centrifugal force to fling insects to meet their high-impact deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort is worthwhile. Campbell said that grain insects cause the loss of 2 to 5 percent of harvested grains in developed countries. That number shoots up to 50 percent in less-developed countries. It’s difficult to quantify the economic effects, because they’re distributed so widely through the manufacturing chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While granary weevils have evolved at an extraordinary pace, human progress might be faster than even those hard-core adapters can catch up with. “It’s way more rare for people to find insects in their food than they did just a generation ago,” said Campbell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time you disgustedly dump an insect-infested supply of rice, oats or pasta in the trash, take a moment to reluctantly tip your hat to the tenacity and dedication of the humble granary weevil — and its extraordinary, millennia-long journey to ruin your dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lindsay Patterson is the producer and co-host of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.sciencepodcastforkids.com&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=Xtci2Fudeb2mFuRu4fVJZeBvP4ufVbP6taPEukEjs-s&m=WP7sw9aBa6lDn_O0wOrUc8CIKEqmSoK_6mlLrtssxOE&s=Iso5FsIFyFliZSPf8yb79tFUs--MLpKpqNLbYWnuF-4&e=\">\u003cem>Tumble\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a science podcast for kids. She lives in Barcelona with her husband and son. Follow her on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TumbleCast?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\">\u003cem>@tumblecast\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Meet+The+Granary+Weevil%2C+The+Pantry+Monster+Of+Our+Own+Creation&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Granary weevils are different from similar species: They can't fly. That's because they figured out how to use humans to get around the globe, and we are getting tired of this clingy relationship.",
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"title": "Meet the Granary Weevil, the Tiny Bug Who Resides in Our Pantries | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you store grains in your pantry, you’ve probably had the unfortunate experience of opening a package or jar to find tiny bugs living inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re not alone — there are more than 200 species of these pesky grain insects ruining dinner plans around the world on a daily basis. It’s no accident that they’ve made a home in your pantry — they’ve evolved along with humans. In a way, they contain a fascinating natural history of our own domestication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is particularly true of the granary weevil. A reddish-brown beetle that turns up in oats, rice, corn, dry pasta and more, it’s the only grain insect that has never been found outside of human food-storage situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most grain insects are equal opportunity pests — feasting on animals’ food supplies in addition to our own. But the granary weevil has outplayed the others with a special adaptation that at first appears to be a disadvantage: It can’t fly. Its wings have fused together, encasing it in a solid exoskeleton. (Imagine getting knocked around by grains the size of your own body — you’d definitely want a protective suit like the granary weevils’.) But that also makes it hard to get anywhere outside its pile of grain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, the granary weevil has managed to infest grains all over the world for thousands of years. It even slipped its way into an Egyptian tomb — eating the grain meant for a pharaoh’s afterlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We are being used\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This puzzled Rudy Plarre, a scientist who studies insect pests at Freie University in Berlin. “They need to deposit their eggs to new food sources for the next generation,” he said. “How is this done by a beetle that cannot fly?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had a suspicion: Granary weevils are using \u003cem>us\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out if he was right, Plarre decided to try to re-create the granary weevils’ natural and cultural history. He started with the idea that human trade was key to its survival. Roughly past the dawn of the Neolithic Revolution about 12,000 years ago, humans began to trade grains among settlements. Before then, Plarre said it would have been virtually impossible for granary weevils to find enough food to survive, much less spread globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beetles act like stowaways, hiding as larvae within the kernel of a grain while they develop. “People would have traded grain that was infested because they didn’t know it was infested,” Plarre said. In other words, granary weevils don’t find their way into your food \u003cem>after\u003c/em> you put it into your pantry — the larvae are already there. The weevils’ ability to remain undetected is more proof of their human-influenced natural selection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if granary weevils are entirely dependent on human trade to reproduce, that means they would have branched off from other species of its genus, \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em>, and evolved on an incredible timeline. Evolutionarily speaking, 12,000 years goes by in a flash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The granary weevil likely came from humble beginnings, on the southwestern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains. That’s where you can still find other species of \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> living off tree fruits. When nearby humans began to farm and amass sizable stores of food, some \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> populations saw an opportunity. “There are probably six to seven \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> species,” said Plarre. “Only three of them — \u003cem>sitophilius granarius\u003c/em>, the granary weevil; \u003cem>sitophilus oryzae\u003c/em>, the rice weevil; and \u003cem>sitophilius zeamais\u003c/em>, the maize weevil — were able to make the evolutionary step into human environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Cosmopolitan pests”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These weevils are now known as “cosmopolitan pests,” meaning they made it out of their small mountain habitat to spread across the world. But unlike the granary weevil, the maize and rice weevils can fly, and they’re still found roughing it outside human storage situations. Plarre believes that the granary weevil was the only insect pest to take it to the next level: Post-human contact, they lost their wings and hitched their destiny to ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs of the granary weevils’ success pop up throughout history. They were excavated from an Egyptian tomb dating back to 2300 B.C., as well as from stables in Amarna from mid-14th century B.C. Sumerian cuneiform tablets, one of the earliest forms of writing, mention grain-eating pests interpreted to be granary weevils. The beetles were found within volcanic ash and lava that preserved early Roman settlements in Santorini, as well as in other Roman settlements ranging from Italy up to York, England. As the Roman Empire spread throughout Europe, they unknowingly helped establish the granary weevils’ empire, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, granary weevils appeared in art and science. One specimen was depicted in a 1630 drawing by Italian scientist Francesco Stelluti, who was among the first to use a microscope to study nature. Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoeck, who is considered the first microbiologist, used granary weevils to help disprove spontaneous generation, the long-held theory that new organisms can come from dead things. People apparently thought that the grains themselves were breeding the insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The big bug battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite granary weevils’ contributions to science and their faithful (clingy) companionship to humans through history, they have been bugging us the whole time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, we’ve been doggedly trying to annihilate the pest of our own creation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a huge industry just built around managing these insects and keeping infestations from happening. It might be surprising just how much thought and effort goes into it all the way through the chain,” said Jim Campbell, an entomologist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Manhattan, Kan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans wage battles against grain insects from the fields, to silos, to packaging and shipping, even on the shelves of your local grocery store. For much of the history of our co-evolution, humans had only the tools of creating dry environments and tightly sealed storage to fight pests like the granary weevil. Today, we have insecticides, sophisticated packaging, and even an “Infestation Destroyer” that uses centrifugal force to fling insects to meet their high-impact deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort is worthwhile. Campbell said that grain insects cause the loss of 2 to 5 percent of harvested grains in developed countries. That number shoots up to 50 percent in less-developed countries. It’s difficult to quantify the economic effects, because they’re distributed so widely through the manufacturing chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While granary weevils have evolved at an extraordinary pace, human progress might be faster than even those hard-core adapters can catch up with. “It’s way more rare for people to find insects in their food than they did just a generation ago,” said Campbell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time you disgustedly dump an insect-infested supply of rice, oats or pasta in the trash, take a moment to reluctantly tip your hat to the tenacity and dedication of the humble granary weevil — and its extraordinary, millennia-long journey to ruin your dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lindsay Patterson is the producer and co-host of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.sciencepodcastforkids.com&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=Xtci2Fudeb2mFuRu4fVJZeBvP4ufVbP6taPEukEjs-s&m=WP7sw9aBa6lDn_O0wOrUc8CIKEqmSoK_6mlLrtssxOE&s=Iso5FsIFyFliZSPf8yb79tFUs--MLpKpqNLbYWnuF-4&e=\">\u003cem>Tumble\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a science podcast for kids. She lives in Barcelona with her husband and son. Follow her on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TumbleCast?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\">\u003cem>@tumblecast\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Meet+The+Granary+Weevil%2C+The+Pantry+Monster+Of+Our+Own+Creation&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Satellite Can Immediately Warn of Wildfire. But Not Until the Shutdown Ends",
"headTitle": "Satellite Can Immediately Warn of Wildfire. But Not Until the Shutdown Ends | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>There are fresh eyes in the western sky, but they’re sporting a virtual blindfold with the federal government shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week NOAA was to officially throw the switch on the GOES-17 satellite, also known as GOES West. (GOES is an acronym for Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite.) It’s been up and \u003ca href=\"https://www.goes.noaa.gov/goes-w.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">feeding back pictures\u003c/a> in test mode since March, but NOAA has delayed making it fully operational as federal scientists and engineers wait out the shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bird carries an imaging device that has triple the color range and four times the resolution of previous satellites scanning the western U.S. landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it’s designed primarily as a weather satellite, it can also spot wildfires virtually as they’re starting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936516\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 879px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: GOES-17 in orbit\" width=\"879\" height=\"485\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin.jpg 879w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-800x441.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-768x424.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-240x132.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-375x207.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-520x287.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 879px) 100vw, 879px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The GOES West satellite is “geostationary,” meaning it rotates in sync with the Earth. \u003ccite>(Lockheed-Martin)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s a “game-changer,” according to Paul Wloszek, a program director at Harris Corp., which built the on-board Advanced Baseline Imager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it does all of this from geostationary orbit, which is 22,000 miles away,” Wloszek said. A geostationary satellite rotates in sync with the Earth, rather than making periodic “passes” over the planet. Essentially, it stays parked in the same spot, focused on the same area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing all of this adds up to is the potential for much faster response when wildfires break out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even 10 to 15 minutes before the first 911 call comes in,” says Wloszek, “first responders know that there’s a hotspot or a fire starting to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it’s not just theory; they’ve already seen it happen at a fire in Colorado, with images from its sister satellite, GOES East. Launched in 2017, it was the first to have the advanced imager. It captured distant images from the Camp Fire in Butte County, even from its position over the eastern half of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 478px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOES17_FergusonFire.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936557\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOES17_FergusonFire.gif\" alt=\"GIF: smoke plumes from space\" width=\"478\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Test images from GOES West capture smoke plumes from California’s Ferguson Fire in July, 2018. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>GOES West doesn’t try to pinpoint hotspots visually, but with the shortwave infrared part of its imager, which can pick up heat signatures with more precision, day or night. Forecasters can also call up new views every 30 seconds, which also has advantages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like you’re watching a movie from space of how it’s all evolving,” says Wloszek, “which really allows unprecedented situational awareness for first responders on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s important about all that,” he said, “is not only can it detect it earlier, but because they can do 30-second updates, they can actually track the progression of the fire in real time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bird can even “take the temperature” of a growing fire, to determine where it’s burning the most intensely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With it’s better image quality, GOES West will also offer advantages to weather forecasters; it can, for example, distinguish between clouds and smoke. The satellite is \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GOES_satellites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">part of a “constellation”\u003c/a> of orbiting eyes, which is set to get a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/goes-t-satellite-%E2%80%9Cbrains%E2%80%9D-and-%E2%80%9Cbody%E2%80%9D-come-together\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new addition\u003c/a>, GOES-T, in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new generation of sharp-eyed satellites will help more than weather forecasters; they could be a breakthrough tool in managing wildfires.",
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"title": "Satellite Can Immediately Warn of Wildfire. But Not Until the Shutdown Ends | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There are fresh eyes in the western sky, but they’re sporting a virtual blindfold with the federal government shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week NOAA was to officially throw the switch on the GOES-17 satellite, also known as GOES West. (GOES is an acronym for Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite.) It’s been up and \u003ca href=\"https://www.goes.noaa.gov/goes-w.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">feeding back pictures\u003c/a> in test mode since March, but NOAA has delayed making it fully operational as federal scientists and engineers wait out the shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bird carries an imaging device that has triple the color range and four times the resolution of previous satellites scanning the western U.S. landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it’s designed primarily as a weather satellite, it can also spot wildfires virtually as they’re starting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936516\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 879px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: GOES-17 in orbit\" width=\"879\" height=\"485\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin.jpg 879w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-800x441.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-768x424.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-240x132.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-375x207.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-520x287.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 879px) 100vw, 879px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The GOES West satellite is “geostationary,” meaning it rotates in sync with the Earth. \u003ccite>(Lockheed-Martin)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s a “game-changer,” according to Paul Wloszek, a program director at Harris Corp., which built the on-board Advanced Baseline Imager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it does all of this from geostationary orbit, which is 22,000 miles away,” Wloszek said. A geostationary satellite rotates in sync with the Earth, rather than making periodic “passes” over the planet. Essentially, it stays parked in the same spot, focused on the same area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing all of this adds up to is the potential for much faster response when wildfires break out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even 10 to 15 minutes before the first 911 call comes in,” says Wloszek, “first responders know that there’s a hotspot or a fire starting to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it’s not just theory; they’ve already seen it happen at a fire in Colorado, with images from its sister satellite, GOES East. Launched in 2017, it was the first to have the advanced imager. It captured distant images from the Camp Fire in Butte County, even from its position over the eastern half of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 478px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOES17_FergusonFire.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936557\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOES17_FergusonFire.gif\" alt=\"GIF: smoke plumes from space\" width=\"478\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Test images from GOES West capture smoke plumes from California’s Ferguson Fire in July, 2018. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>GOES West doesn’t try to pinpoint hotspots visually, but with the shortwave infrared part of its imager, which can pick up heat signatures with more precision, day or night. Forecasters can also call up new views every 30 seconds, which also has advantages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like you’re watching a movie from space of how it’s all evolving,” says Wloszek, “which really allows unprecedented situational awareness for first responders on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s important about all that,” he said, “is not only can it detect it earlier, but because they can do 30-second updates, they can actually track the progression of the fire in real time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bird can even “take the temperature” of a growing fire, to determine where it’s burning the most intensely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With it’s better image quality, GOES West will also offer advantages to weather forecasters; it can, for example, distinguish between clouds and smoke. The satellite is \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GOES_satellites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">part of a “constellation”\u003c/a> of orbiting eyes, which is set to get a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/goes-t-satellite-%E2%80%9Cbrains%E2%80%9D-and-%E2%80%9Cbody%E2%80%9D-come-together\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new addition\u003c/a>, GOES-T, in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "For Peanut Allergy Sufferers, A Look at the Latest Treatment Research",
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"content": "\u003cp>Whenever I see a report touting possible new peanut allergy treatments, I devour it. I can’t help it. It’s an occupational hazard for any health journalist whose reporting specialty and medical history intertwine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I write about the business of health care, focusing on how consumers interact with the system — what we pay, what we get and why American care costs so much. But in this particular instance, I have another kind of authority: 26 years of life-threatening allergies to nuts and peanuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So last month, when California-based Aimmune Therapeutics sparked optimistic headlines after releasing clinical trial results that its allergy product, AR101, would reduce the risks linked to an accidental exposure to peanuts, I received the usual wave of questions from friends, co-workers and my parents: Would you try it? Could this help?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aimmune is just one company eyeing the prize. Childhood peanut allergy diagnoses increased \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171027085541.htm\">more than 20 percent\u003c/a> in the United States from 2010 to 2017. The global market for relief is worth as much as $2 billion. The French drugmaker DBV Technologies is also working to commercialize a peanut allergy patch. \u003ca href=\"http://www.camallergy.com/about/\">Other companies\u003c/a>, including industry giant \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03463135\">Sanofi\u003c/a>, are following their \u003ca href=\"http://www.intrommune.com/oral-mucosal-therapy-omit/\">lead\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If any one of them succeeds, it could change my life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My friends call nuts “Shefali poison.” My allergies first surfaced when, as a 15-month-old, I picked Thai noodles off an aunt’s plate and developed hives on my face, and then a few months later when I tasted my mom’s kaju barfi – an Indian dessert with cashews – and ended up in the hospital. Nobody in my family had ever heard of peanut allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve carried epinephrine since I was 7 years old. My friends are trained to inject it in my leg, the standard procedure for an emergency allergen exposure. Though I luckily haven’t had to take a shot of it since I was 4. (Another child in my Montessori class had a peanut butter sandwich for lunch.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My mom also recalls another incident when she had to pick me up early from day care because the class was making peanut butter bird feeders. And I spent too many years of pre-adolescence eating lunch at the designated “peanut-free table.” Now, I can only dream of flying to visit my parents for Christmas without worrying about whether my seatmate’s snacks might induce anaphylaxis. And yes, \u003ca href=\"https://www.teenvogue.com/story/deathly-peanut-butter-kiss\">kissing someone\u003c/a> who has just eaten peanut butter would put my life in danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But are these pills and patches a true breakthrough for people like me?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I approached the question as I would any other assignment. I read the research, called immunologists, and spoke with economists and drug pricing experts about whether these treatments offer meaningful benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first things I heard: “We are still in the infancy of these treatments,” said Dr. Corinne Keet, a pediatric allergist at Johns Hopkins University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936503\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 770px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936503\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shefali.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"770\" height=\"513\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shefali.jpg 770w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shefali-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shefali-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shefali-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shefali-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shefali-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shefali Luthra (second from right), pictured in the seventh grade with her school math team, carried epinephrine in a fanny pack as a child, in case she had an allergic reaction. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Luthra family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Medically, there’s a lot we don’t know about the risks, how much these drugs could help and how long any effects would last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“None of these treatments have been shown to prevent fatal reaction,” Keet emphasized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind them is to desensitize people. Aimmune’s “peanut pill” is modeled on the oral therapies some specialists use to wean allergic kids back on to nuts. This approach has gained popularity in recent years, especially for children with multiple allergies, or when it’s a substance particularly hard to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A colleague’s young daughter, who was born with multiple allergies, used that very treatment, as did a younger cousin of mine who, for the first several years of her life, was allergic to — not joking — almost everything but fruits and vegetables. In my case, this therapy came into vogue after I was too old to have a good chance of it weakening my sensitivities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How it works: Kids ingest tiny, escalating doses of peanut protein. They then stay on peanut protein — Aimmune recommends the pill, though other doctors I spoke to suggested a little bit of peanut — as a maintenance drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s unclear how much the new therapies would improve upon that ad hoc oral immunotherapy allergists are already offering. Instead of drugs, they use store-bought peanut protein, usually de-fatted peanut flour available online for as little as $1 a pound. This method isn’t approved by the Food and Drug Administration, and often isn’t covered by insurance — though doctors’ visits can be billed as “food challenges” or other visits that are typically covered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, Aimmune’s product \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-peanut-allergy-treatment-20180220-story.html\">is expected\u003c/a> to cost between $5,000 and $10,000 for the first six months of use, and $300 to $400 per month after. \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-biotech-peanuts/biotech-companies-chase-elusive-peanut-allergy-treatment-idUSKCN0SL2LK20151027\">Analysts predict\u003c/a> DBV’s will cost more than $6,000 for a year’s supply, though the company says it has not yet determined a price. DBV, Aimmune’s chief rival, has come up with a wearable skin patch that would transmit tiny, desensitizing protein doses. It declined to estimate a price, but it does not view oral immunotherapy as a competitor, said Joseph Becker, a company spokesman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s excitement, there’s caution and a lot of unanswered questions,” warned Dr. Erwin Gelfand, a pediatrics and immunology professor at the University of Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">For an allergic kid, even the possibility [of a reaction] is maybe one of the most terrifying things you can imagine.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to Aimmune’s results, published in the prestigious \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1812856\">New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/a>, two-thirds of allergic children could ingest 600 milligrams of peanut without harm after going through treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear, even with Aimmune’s help, someone like me still couldn’t safely eat PB&J. But it would desensitize me enough that I could taste a friend’s wine even if he recently ate pad thai.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the treatment comes with caveats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While 496 children started the trial, only 372 completed it. Of the 20 percent who backed out, half did so because of adverse events. About 14 percent of kids getting treatment still had to take epinephrine, and one experienced anaphylaxis, a severe reaction that can involve rashes, vomiting, a tightening throat and difficulty breathing. (For an allergic kid, even the possibility is maybe one of the most terrifying things you can imagine.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children who completed the regimen still had to take small doses of peanut protein daily, either the Aimmune drug or a controlled peanut serving. Statistically significant benefits were clear only in patients through age 17, though Dr. Daniel Adelman, the company’s chief medical officer, said Aimmune plans to do a follow-up trial for adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the results don’t indicate who is likely to benefit, or how long improvements would last. That’s impossible to know, Adelman said, though he suggested accidental peanut exposure is scary enough — and pure avoidance ineffective enough — that the treatment is still worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all this means that anyone who has gone through Aimmune’s regimen would still want to carry epinephrine, and try to avoid peanuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not everybody responds well,” Gelfand said. When you factor in those details, the results are “not all that impressive,” he argued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Tina Sindher, a pediatric allergist at Stanford University, pointed out that the Aimmune pill is a repackaged, clinically tested version of that homegrown oral therapy many allergists have already been using. DBV’s peanut patch, Viaskin, to a lesser extent, is the same — more convenient, perhaps, and more regulated, but still a variation on the existing medical approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This concept has been around for a long time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s new is the addition of labor, standardization and federal oversight — which companies then say demonstrates increased value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It highlights a pattern \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/news/fish-oil-drug-looks-heart-healthy-just-dont-swallow-it-hook-line-and-sinker/\">I’ve noticed\u003c/a> from my reporting: Drugmakers develop medication that refines a low-tech remedy, run a clinical trial to secure FDA approval, and then sell it at a higher price. For pharma, it’s a logical way to profit. But it puts patients in a bind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hard outcome is we have these new products and they’re just about as good or slightly better than what we have,” said Nicholson Price, an assistant professor at the University of Michigan Law School, who studies drug pricing. “And they’re a lot more expensive.” He noted: “That’s when the choices get hard, and we’re not good at making hard choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also skeptical? The closest authority I know: my mother, who raised me with peanut allergies when they were more or less unheard of, and is now doing it all over again for my 10-year-old brother. (My other brother, my twin, was allergy-free until about a year ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not worth it,” my mom told me. Her concern? Getting any of us to maintain a peanut dose — without knowing how long that reduced sensitivity would last — could induce what she called “a false sense of security.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This thinking isn’t out of line, Sindher suggested. The way these studies are touted, she said, often “gloss over the fact that there’s a lot we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for now, I’ll have to maintain my distance from the newsroom stash of Reese’s Pieces. My epinephrine and I aren’t parting ways anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KHN’s coverage of children’s health care issues is supported in part by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsfoundation.org/\">Heising-Simons Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a> (KHN) is a national health policy news service. It is an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/\">Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a> which is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Whenever I see a report touting possible new peanut allergy treatments, I devour it. I can’t help it. It’s an occupational hazard for any health journalist whose reporting specialty and medical history intertwine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I write about the business of health care, focusing on how consumers interact with the system — what we pay, what we get and why American care costs so much. But in this particular instance, I have another kind of authority: 26 years of life-threatening allergies to nuts and peanuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So last month, when California-based Aimmune Therapeutics sparked optimistic headlines after releasing clinical trial results that its allergy product, AR101, would reduce the risks linked to an accidental exposure to peanuts, I received the usual wave of questions from friends, co-workers and my parents: Would you try it? Could this help?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aimmune is just one company eyeing the prize. Childhood peanut allergy diagnoses increased \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171027085541.htm\">more than 20 percent\u003c/a> in the United States from 2010 to 2017. The global market for relief is worth as much as $2 billion. The French drugmaker DBV Technologies is also working to commercialize a peanut allergy patch. \u003ca href=\"http://www.camallergy.com/about/\">Other companies\u003c/a>, including industry giant \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03463135\">Sanofi\u003c/a>, are following their \u003ca href=\"http://www.intrommune.com/oral-mucosal-therapy-omit/\">lead\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If any one of them succeeds, it could change my life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My friends call nuts “Shefali poison.” My allergies first surfaced when, as a 15-month-old, I picked Thai noodles off an aunt’s plate and developed hives on my face, and then a few months later when I tasted my mom’s kaju barfi – an Indian dessert with cashews – and ended up in the hospital. Nobody in my family had ever heard of peanut allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve carried epinephrine since I was 7 years old. My friends are trained to inject it in my leg, the standard procedure for an emergency allergen exposure. Though I luckily haven’t had to take a shot of it since I was 4. (Another child in my Montessori class had a peanut butter sandwich for lunch.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My mom also recalls another incident when she had to pick me up early from day care because the class was making peanut butter bird feeders. And I spent too many years of pre-adolescence eating lunch at the designated “peanut-free table.” Now, I can only dream of flying to visit my parents for Christmas without worrying about whether my seatmate’s snacks might induce anaphylaxis. And yes, \u003ca href=\"https://www.teenvogue.com/story/deathly-peanut-butter-kiss\">kissing someone\u003c/a> who has just eaten peanut butter would put my life in danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But are these pills and patches a true breakthrough for people like me?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I approached the question as I would any other assignment. I read the research, called immunologists, and spoke with economists and drug pricing experts about whether these treatments offer meaningful benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first things I heard: “We are still in the infancy of these treatments,” said Dr. Corinne Keet, a pediatric allergist at Johns Hopkins University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936503\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 770px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936503\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shefali.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"770\" height=\"513\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shefali.jpg 770w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shefali-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shefali-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shefali-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shefali-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Shefali-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shefali Luthra (second from right), pictured in the seventh grade with her school math team, carried epinephrine in a fanny pack as a child, in case she had an allergic reaction. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Luthra family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Medically, there’s a lot we don’t know about the risks, how much these drugs could help and how long any effects would last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“None of these treatments have been shown to prevent fatal reaction,” Keet emphasized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind them is to desensitize people. Aimmune’s “peanut pill” is modeled on the oral therapies some specialists use to wean allergic kids back on to nuts. This approach has gained popularity in recent years, especially for children with multiple allergies, or when it’s a substance particularly hard to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A colleague’s young daughter, who was born with multiple allergies, used that very treatment, as did a younger cousin of mine who, for the first several years of her life, was allergic to — not joking — almost everything but fruits and vegetables. In my case, this therapy came into vogue after I was too old to have a good chance of it weakening my sensitivities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How it works: Kids ingest tiny, escalating doses of peanut protein. They then stay on peanut protein — Aimmune recommends the pill, though other doctors I spoke to suggested a little bit of peanut — as a maintenance drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s unclear how much the new therapies would improve upon that ad hoc oral immunotherapy allergists are already offering. Instead of drugs, they use store-bought peanut protein, usually de-fatted peanut flour available online for as little as $1 a pound. This method isn’t approved by the Food and Drug Administration, and often isn’t covered by insurance — though doctors’ visits can be billed as “food challenges” or other visits that are typically covered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, Aimmune’s product \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-peanut-allergy-treatment-20180220-story.html\">is expected\u003c/a> to cost between $5,000 and $10,000 for the first six months of use, and $300 to $400 per month after. \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-biotech-peanuts/biotech-companies-chase-elusive-peanut-allergy-treatment-idUSKCN0SL2LK20151027\">Analysts predict\u003c/a> DBV’s will cost more than $6,000 for a year’s supply, though the company says it has not yet determined a price. DBV, Aimmune’s chief rival, has come up with a wearable skin patch that would transmit tiny, desensitizing protein doses. It declined to estimate a price, but it does not view oral immunotherapy as a competitor, said Joseph Becker, a company spokesman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s excitement, there’s caution and a lot of unanswered questions,” warned Dr. Erwin Gelfand, a pediatrics and immunology professor at the University of Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">For an allergic kid, even the possibility [of a reaction] is maybe one of the most terrifying things you can imagine.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to Aimmune’s results, published in the prestigious \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1812856\">New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/a>, two-thirds of allergic children could ingest 600 milligrams of peanut without harm after going through treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear, even with Aimmune’s help, someone like me still couldn’t safely eat PB&J. But it would desensitize me enough that I could taste a friend’s wine even if he recently ate pad thai.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the treatment comes with caveats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While 496 children started the trial, only 372 completed it. Of the 20 percent who backed out, half did so because of adverse events. About 14 percent of kids getting treatment still had to take epinephrine, and one experienced anaphylaxis, a severe reaction that can involve rashes, vomiting, a tightening throat and difficulty breathing. (For an allergic kid, even the possibility is maybe one of the most terrifying things you can imagine.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children who completed the regimen still had to take small doses of peanut protein daily, either the Aimmune drug or a controlled peanut serving. Statistically significant benefits were clear only in patients through age 17, though Dr. Daniel Adelman, the company’s chief medical officer, said Aimmune plans to do a follow-up trial for adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the results don’t indicate who is likely to benefit, or how long improvements would last. That’s impossible to know, Adelman said, though he suggested accidental peanut exposure is scary enough — and pure avoidance ineffective enough — that the treatment is still worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all this means that anyone who has gone through Aimmune’s regimen would still want to carry epinephrine, and try to avoid peanuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not everybody responds well,” Gelfand said. When you factor in those details, the results are “not all that impressive,” he argued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Tina Sindher, a pediatric allergist at Stanford University, pointed out that the Aimmune pill is a repackaged, clinically tested version of that homegrown oral therapy many allergists have already been using. DBV’s peanut patch, Viaskin, to a lesser extent, is the same — more convenient, perhaps, and more regulated, but still a variation on the existing medical approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This concept has been around for a long time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s new is the addition of labor, standardization and federal oversight — which companies then say demonstrates increased value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It highlights a pattern \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/news/fish-oil-drug-looks-heart-healthy-just-dont-swallow-it-hook-line-and-sinker/\">I’ve noticed\u003c/a> from my reporting: Drugmakers develop medication that refines a low-tech remedy, run a clinical trial to secure FDA approval, and then sell it at a higher price. For pharma, it’s a logical way to profit. But it puts patients in a bind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hard outcome is we have these new products and they’re just about as good or slightly better than what we have,” said Nicholson Price, an assistant professor at the University of Michigan Law School, who studies drug pricing. “And they’re a lot more expensive.” He noted: “That’s when the choices get hard, and we’re not good at making hard choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also skeptical? The closest authority I know: my mother, who raised me with peanut allergies when they were more or less unheard of, and is now doing it all over again for my 10-year-old brother. (My other brother, my twin, was allergy-free until about a year ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not worth it,” my mom told me. Her concern? Getting any of us to maintain a peanut dose — without knowing how long that reduced sensitivity would last — could induce what she called “a false sense of security.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This thinking isn’t out of line, Sindher suggested. The way these studies are touted, she said, often “gloss over the fact that there’s a lot we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for now, I’ll have to maintain my distance from the newsroom stash of Reese’s Pieces. My epinephrine and I aren’t parting ways anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KHN’s coverage of children’s health care issues is supported in part by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsfoundation.org/\">Heising-Simons Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a> (KHN) is a national health policy news service. It is an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/\">Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a> which is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "George, Reclusive Hawaiian Snail and Last of His Kind, Dies at 14",
"headTitle": "George, Reclusive Hawaiian Snail and Last of His Kind, Dies at 14 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>George, the last of his species of Hawaiian land snail, died on New Year’s Day. He was approximately 14 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His death was \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2019/01/04/nr18-249/\">confirmed\u003c/a> by Hawaii’s Department of Land and Natural Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George was born as part of a last-ditch effort to save his species. Back in 1997, the last 10 known \u003cem>Achatinella apexfulva \u003c/em>were brought into a University of Hawaii lab to try to increase their numbers. Some offspring resulted, but all of them died – except for George.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the last remaining \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>, George lived out his days alone in a cage at DLNR’s snail lab in Kailua, Oahu, alongside 30 other species close to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who knew George say he kept to himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a snail he was a little bit of a hermit,” David Sischo, a wildlife biologist with the Hawaii Invertebrate Program, tells NPR. “I very rarely saw him outside of his shell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sischo said George likely died of old age, as 14 is “up there in snail years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While those who knew George use male pronouns to talk about him, George was a hermaphrodite. With both male and female parts, some snails can reproduce without a partner. But seemingly not \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>: George leaves no survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while George (named for \u003ca href=\"https://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/about-galapagos/lonesome-george/\">the last surviving\u003c/a> Pinta Island Galapagos tortoise) was but one shy snail, his death takes place amid a crisis for native snails in the Hawaiian Islands, which have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/is-hawaii-the-extinction-capital-of-the-world-exhibit-a-the-alala-bird/2016/04/25/3f45c6ac-f210-11e5-89c3-a647fcce95e0_story.html?utm_term=.3b138cd45e44\">called\u003c/a> “the extinction capital of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Island flora and fauna in general are pretty susceptible to pressures that are brought in from outside areas, such as introduced species,” Sischo explains. “A lot of the animals that evolved here don’t have a lot of natural defenses to mammalian predators and diseases that are brought in from mainland areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936474\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936474\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hawaii’s Snail Extinction Prevention Program works to save rare and endangered snail species, like those seen here. These species, endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, occur nowhere else in the world. \u003ccite>(David Sischo/Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s native snail populations have been decimated by a series of invasive species arriving there, including \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/removerats/home/impacts-of-rodents-mongooses/\">rats\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/invasive-species-profiles/jacksons-chameleon/\">Jackson’s chameleons\u003c/a>, a native of Kenya brought to the islands as pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there is Snail Enemy Number One: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsusinvasives.org/home/database/euglandina-rosea\">rosy wolfsnail\u003c/a>. A predatory Florida snail introduced to Hawaii in the 1950s to control agricultural pests, it has an enormous appetite for other snails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately it hasn’t been a great bio control for what it was brought in for, and it’s just completely devouring our native snail fauna,” Sischo says. “That particular invasive species is probably the main driver of extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To try to save Hawaii’s imperiled snails, Sischo and his colleagues at the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ecosystems/hip/sep/\">Snail Extinction Prevention Program\u003c/a> will jump into action if they recognize that a species’ population is crashing or spot a very rare snail. They will bring members of the species into captivity, put up predator-proof fencing around small habitat areas, and then reintroduce species into those areas. Sischo calls these measures “manning the lifeboats” – a sort of stopgap against extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But time is running short: Sischo suspects most of the large tree snail species on the islands that are alive now will be extinct in the wild within the next five to 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have the tools to protect these species, it’s just a matter of if we can do it in enough time,” he says. “It’s hard to convey that timeframe to people because they don’t understand how quickly we’re losing these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the longer term, biotechnology like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05665-1\">CRISPR “gene drives”\u003c/a> may be able to eliminate predators. And in 2017, a couple millimeters from George’s foot were taken to San Diego’s \u003ca href=\"https://institute.sandiegozoo.org/resources/frozen-zoo%C2%AE\">Frozen Zoo\u003c/a>, where his cells live on in deep freeze, waiting for advances in snail cloning. But those technologies aren’t here yet, so for now, Sischo and his colleagues move as fast as they can, scooping up rare snails and installing fences.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter noborder\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/gIm16jdqlTM\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2017, Honolulu Magazine visited George at the snail lab. (HONOLULUMagazine YouTube)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Snails have major cultural importance in the Hawaiian Islands, where folklore often depicts snails as being able to sing. People who grew up in the islands have told Sischo about walking up the hill from their houses, shaking the trees and collecting snails by the bucketload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, “it’s a ghost town” if you’re looking for native snails, Sischo says. “We go to these areas and the host plants are there, and the conditions are right, and they’re just not there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sischo’s line of work, witnessing the last days of a species is common. He estimates that since he began working with snails in 2007, he’s been the last person to see 10 or 20 species in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, his heart sank a bit when he learned that George had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not so much that this one particular snail died, but it’s all of the history that goes with George,” he says, explaining that \u003cem>A. apexfulva \u003c/em>was the very first snail species in the Hawaiian Islands to be described by Western science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, he’s the last of his kind. … To have that last individual perish under your watch, it’s pretty depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=George%2C+Reclusive+Hawaiian+Snail+And+Last+Of+His+Kind%2C+Dies+At+14&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>George, the last of his species of Hawaiian land snail, died on New Year’s Day. He was approximately 14 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His death was \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2019/01/04/nr18-249/\">confirmed\u003c/a> by Hawaii’s Department of Land and Natural Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George was born as part of a last-ditch effort to save his species. Back in 1997, the last 10 known \u003cem>Achatinella apexfulva \u003c/em>were brought into a University of Hawaii lab to try to increase their numbers. Some offspring resulted, but all of them died – except for George.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the last remaining \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>, George lived out his days alone in a cage at DLNR’s snail lab in Kailua, Oahu, alongside 30 other species close to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who knew George say he kept to himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a snail he was a little bit of a hermit,” David Sischo, a wildlife biologist with the Hawaii Invertebrate Program, tells NPR. “I very rarely saw him outside of his shell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sischo said George likely died of old age, as 14 is “up there in snail years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While those who knew George use male pronouns to talk about him, George was a hermaphrodite. With both male and female parts, some snails can reproduce without a partner. But seemingly not \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>: George leaves no survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while George (named for \u003ca href=\"https://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/about-galapagos/lonesome-george/\">the last surviving\u003c/a> Pinta Island Galapagos tortoise) was but one shy snail, his death takes place amid a crisis for native snails in the Hawaiian Islands, which have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/is-hawaii-the-extinction-capital-of-the-world-exhibit-a-the-alala-bird/2016/04/25/3f45c6ac-f210-11e5-89c3-a647fcce95e0_story.html?utm_term=.3b138cd45e44\">called\u003c/a> “the extinction capital of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Island flora and fauna in general are pretty susceptible to pressures that are brought in from outside areas, such as introduced species,” Sischo explains. “A lot of the animals that evolved here don’t have a lot of natural defenses to mammalian predators and diseases that are brought in from mainland areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936474\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936474\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hawaii’s Snail Extinction Prevention Program works to save rare and endangered snail species, like those seen here. These species, endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, occur nowhere else in the world. \u003ccite>(David Sischo/Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s native snail populations have been decimated by a series of invasive species arriving there, including \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/removerats/home/impacts-of-rodents-mongooses/\">rats\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/invasive-species-profiles/jacksons-chameleon/\">Jackson’s chameleons\u003c/a>, a native of Kenya brought to the islands as pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there is Snail Enemy Number One: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsusinvasives.org/home/database/euglandina-rosea\">rosy wolfsnail\u003c/a>. A predatory Florida snail introduced to Hawaii in the 1950s to control agricultural pests, it has an enormous appetite for other snails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately it hasn’t been a great bio control for what it was brought in for, and it’s just completely devouring our native snail fauna,” Sischo says. “That particular invasive species is probably the main driver of extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To try to save Hawaii’s imperiled snails, Sischo and his colleagues at the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ecosystems/hip/sep/\">Snail Extinction Prevention Program\u003c/a> will jump into action if they recognize that a species’ population is crashing or spot a very rare snail. They will bring members of the species into captivity, put up predator-proof fencing around small habitat areas, and then reintroduce species into those areas. Sischo calls these measures “manning the lifeboats” – a sort of stopgap against extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But time is running short: Sischo suspects most of the large tree snail species on the islands that are alive now will be extinct in the wild within the next five to 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have the tools to protect these species, it’s just a matter of if we can do it in enough time,” he says. “It’s hard to convey that timeframe to people because they don’t understand how quickly we’re losing these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the longer term, biotechnology like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05665-1\">CRISPR “gene drives”\u003c/a> may be able to eliminate predators. And in 2017, a couple millimeters from George’s foot were taken to San Diego’s \u003ca href=\"https://institute.sandiegozoo.org/resources/frozen-zoo%C2%AE\">Frozen Zoo\u003c/a>, where his cells live on in deep freeze, waiting for advances in snail cloning. But those technologies aren’t here yet, so for now, Sischo and his colleagues move as fast as they can, scooping up rare snails and installing fences.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter noborder\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/gIm16jdqlTM\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2017, Honolulu Magazine visited George at the snail lab. (HONOLULUMagazine YouTube)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Snails have major cultural importance in the Hawaiian Islands, where folklore often depicts snails as being able to sing. People who grew up in the islands have told Sischo about walking up the hill from their houses, shaking the trees and collecting snails by the bucketload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, “it’s a ghost town” if you’re looking for native snails, Sischo says. “We go to these areas and the host plants are there, and the conditions are right, and they’re just not there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sischo’s line of work, witnessing the last days of a species is common. He estimates that since he began working with snails in 2007, he’s been the last person to see 10 or 20 species in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, his heart sank a bit when he learned that George had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not so much that this one particular snail died, but it’s all of the history that goes with George,” he says, explaining that \u003cem>A. apexfulva \u003c/em>was the very first snail species in the Hawaiian Islands to be described by Western science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, he’s the last of his kind. … To have that last individual perish under your watch, it’s pretty depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=George%2C+Reclusive+Hawaiian+Snail+And+Last+Of+His+Kind%2C+Dies+At+14&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Government Shutdown Threatens Funding for Public Health Programs",
"headTitle": "Government Shutdown Threatens Funding for Public Health Programs | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>There seems to be no end in sight for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/01/02/681658834/congressional-leaders-get-briefing-on-border-as-impacts-of-partial-shutdown-grow\">current partial government shutdown\u003c/a>, the third since the beginning of the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the vast majority of the federal government’s public health efforts, though, it’s business as usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because Congress has already passed five of its major appropriations bills, funding about three-fourths of the federal government, including the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Veterans Affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/resources/display/content/Appropriations+for+Fiscal+Year+2019\">seven bills\u003c/a> are outstanding — including those that fund the Interior, Agriculture and Justice departments — and that puts the squeeze on some important health-related initiatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shutdown itself is not about health policies. It’s the result of differences of opinion between the administration and congressional Democrats regarding Trump’s so-called border wall. But it’s far-reaching, nonetheless. Here’s where things stand:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Funding for “big-ticket” health programs is already in place, alleviating much of the shutdown’s immediate potential impact.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since HHS funding is set through September, the flagship government health care programs — think Obamacare, Medicare and Medicaid — are insulated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s also true of public health surveillance, like tracking the flu virus, a responsibility of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The National Institutes of Health, which oversees major biomedical research, is also fine. It’s a stark contrast to \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/news/in-the-event-of-a-shutdown/\">last January’s shutdown\u003c/a>, which sent home about half of HHS’ staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But some other public health operations are vulnerable because of complicated funding streams.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the Food and Drug Administration falls under the HHS umbrella, it receives significant funding for its food safety operations through the spending bill for the Department of Agriculture, which is entirely caught up in the shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, that tallied an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://appropriations.house.gov/uploadedfiles/03.21.18_fy18_omnibus_-_agriculture_-_summary.pdf\">$2.9 billion\u003c/a> to support among other things these FDA oversight efforts, which involve everything from food recalls to routine facility inspections and cosmetics regulation. Not having those dollars now means, according to the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2019-hhs-lapse-contingency-plan-narrative-december-ag-interior.pdf\">contingency plan\u003c/a>, that about 40 percent of the agency — thousands of government workers — is furloughed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA’s responsibilities for drug approval and oversight are funded by user fees and are generally not affected. Regulation of tobacco products is also continuing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Health services for Native Americans are also on hold.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because Congress has yet to approve funding for the Indian Health Service, which is run by HHS but gets its money through the Department of the Interior, IHS feels the full weight of the shutdown. The only services that can continue are those that meet “immediate needs of the patients, medical staff, and medical facilities,” according to the shutdown contingency plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes IHS-run clinics, which provide direct health care to tribes \u003ca href=\"https://www.ihs.gov/locations/\">around the country\u003c/a>. These facilities are open, and many staffers are reporting to work because they are deemed “excepted,” said Jennifer Buschik, an agency spokeswoman. But they will not be paid until Congress and the administration reach a deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other IHS programs are taking a more direct hit. For example, the agency has suspended grants that support tribal health programs, as well as preventive health clinics run by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ihs.gov/urban/\">Office of Urban Indian Health Programs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Public health efforts by Homeland Security and the EPA face serious constraints.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Health Affairs assesses threats posed by infectious diseases, pandemics and biological and chemical attacks. It is supposed to be scaling back, according to the department’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/DHS%20Procedure%20Related%20to%20a%20Lapse%20in%20Appropriations%20%2812-20-2018%29%20-%20FINAL%20..._0.pdf\">shutdown contingency plan\u003c/a>. This office is just one component of the 204-person Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office, which is retaining about 65 employees during the funding gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other DHS health workers are likely to work without pay — for instance, health inspectors at the border, said Peter Boogaard, who was an agency spokesman under the Obama administration. According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/DHS%20Procedure%20Related%20to%20a%20Lapse%20in%20Appropriations%20%2812-20-2018%29%20-%20FINAL%20..._0.pdf\">DHS’ plan\u003c/a>, the vast majority of border patrol employees will continue working through the shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Protection Agency has also run \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/tsca-peer-review\">out of funding\u003c/a>. According to its \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-12/documents/epa_contingency_plan_december_18_2018_508.pdf\">contingency plan\u003c/a>, it’s keeping on more than 700 employees without pay, including those who work on Superfund sites or other activities where the “threat to life or property is imminent.” (More than 13,000 EPA workers have been furloughed.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That limits the agency’s capacity for activities including inspecting water that people drink and regulating pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just regulation. The public health stakes are visceral — and sometimes, frankly, pretty gross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just look at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/2018_01_nps_contingency_plan.pdf\">National Park Service\u003c/a>, which has halted restroom maintenance and trash service for lack of funding. On Sunday, Yosemite National Park in California closed its campgrounds. On Wednesday, Joshua Tree National Park, also in California, did the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Per a park service \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/jotr/learn/news/park-campgrounds-closed-during-government-shutdown.htm\">press release\u003c/a>: “The park is being forced to take this action for health and safety concerns as vault toilets reach capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a> (KHN) is a national health policy news service. It is an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kff.org/\">Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a> which is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "With the partial government shutdown continuing for a third straight week, several bills remain tied up in Congress — including those that fund the Interior, Agriculture and Justice departments. The standstill has limited funding going to agencies like the EPA, FDA and National Park Service. Here's how the shutdown is impacting some important health-related initiatives.",
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"description": "With the partial government shutdown continuing for a third straight week, several bills remain tied up in Congress — including those that fund the Interior, Agriculture and Justice departments. The standstill has limited funding going to agencies like the EPA, FDA and National Park Service. Here's how the shutdown is impacting some important health-related initiatives.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There seems to be no end in sight for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/01/02/681658834/congressional-leaders-get-briefing-on-border-as-impacts-of-partial-shutdown-grow\">current partial government shutdown\u003c/a>, the third since the beginning of the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the vast majority of the federal government’s public health efforts, though, it’s business as usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because Congress has already passed five of its major appropriations bills, funding about three-fourths of the federal government, including the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Veterans Affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/resources/display/content/Appropriations+for+Fiscal+Year+2019\">seven bills\u003c/a> are outstanding — including those that fund the Interior, Agriculture and Justice departments — and that puts the squeeze on some important health-related initiatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shutdown itself is not about health policies. It’s the result of differences of opinion between the administration and congressional Democrats regarding Trump’s so-called border wall. But it’s far-reaching, nonetheless. Here’s where things stand:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Funding for “big-ticket” health programs is already in place, alleviating much of the shutdown’s immediate potential impact.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since HHS funding is set through September, the flagship government health care programs — think Obamacare, Medicare and Medicaid — are insulated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s also true of public health surveillance, like tracking the flu virus, a responsibility of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The National Institutes of Health, which oversees major biomedical research, is also fine. It’s a stark contrast to \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/news/in-the-event-of-a-shutdown/\">last January’s shutdown\u003c/a>, which sent home about half of HHS’ staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But some other public health operations are vulnerable because of complicated funding streams.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the Food and Drug Administration falls under the HHS umbrella, it receives significant funding for its food safety operations through the spending bill for the Department of Agriculture, which is entirely caught up in the shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, that tallied an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://appropriations.house.gov/uploadedfiles/03.21.18_fy18_omnibus_-_agriculture_-_summary.pdf\">$2.9 billion\u003c/a> to support among other things these FDA oversight efforts, which involve everything from food recalls to routine facility inspections and cosmetics regulation. Not having those dollars now means, according to the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2019-hhs-lapse-contingency-plan-narrative-december-ag-interior.pdf\">contingency plan\u003c/a>, that about 40 percent of the agency — thousands of government workers — is furloughed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA’s responsibilities for drug approval and oversight are funded by user fees and are generally not affected. Regulation of tobacco products is also continuing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Health services for Native Americans are also on hold.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because Congress has yet to approve funding for the Indian Health Service, which is run by HHS but gets its money through the Department of the Interior, IHS feels the full weight of the shutdown. The only services that can continue are those that meet “immediate needs of the patients, medical staff, and medical facilities,” according to the shutdown contingency plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes IHS-run clinics, which provide direct health care to tribes \u003ca href=\"https://www.ihs.gov/locations/\">around the country\u003c/a>. These facilities are open, and many staffers are reporting to work because they are deemed “excepted,” said Jennifer Buschik, an agency spokeswoman. But they will not be paid until Congress and the administration reach a deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other IHS programs are taking a more direct hit. For example, the agency has suspended grants that support tribal health programs, as well as preventive health clinics run by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ihs.gov/urban/\">Office of Urban Indian Health Programs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Public health efforts by Homeland Security and the EPA face serious constraints.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Health Affairs assesses threats posed by infectious diseases, pandemics and biological and chemical attacks. It is supposed to be scaling back, according to the department’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/DHS%20Procedure%20Related%20to%20a%20Lapse%20in%20Appropriations%20%2812-20-2018%29%20-%20FINAL%20..._0.pdf\">shutdown contingency plan\u003c/a>. This office is just one component of the 204-person Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office, which is retaining about 65 employees during the funding gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other DHS health workers are likely to work without pay — for instance, health inspectors at the border, said Peter Boogaard, who was an agency spokesman under the Obama administration. According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/DHS%20Procedure%20Related%20to%20a%20Lapse%20in%20Appropriations%20%2812-20-2018%29%20-%20FINAL%20..._0.pdf\">DHS’ plan\u003c/a>, the vast majority of border patrol employees will continue working through the shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Protection Agency has also run \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/tsca-peer-review\">out of funding\u003c/a>. According to its \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-12/documents/epa_contingency_plan_december_18_2018_508.pdf\">contingency plan\u003c/a>, it’s keeping on more than 700 employees without pay, including those who work on Superfund sites or other activities where the “threat to life or property is imminent.” (More than 13,000 EPA workers have been furloughed.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That limits the agency’s capacity for activities including inspecting water that people drink and regulating pesticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just regulation. The public health stakes are visceral — and sometimes, frankly, pretty gross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just look at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/2018_01_nps_contingency_plan.pdf\">National Park Service\u003c/a>, which has halted restroom maintenance and trash service for lack of funding. On Sunday, Yosemite National Park in California closed its campgrounds. On Wednesday, Joshua Tree National Park, also in California, did the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? Per a park service \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/jotr/learn/news/park-campgrounds-closed-during-government-shutdown.htm\">press release\u003c/a>: “The park is being forced to take this action for health and safety concerns as vault toilets reach capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a> (KHN) is a national health policy news service. It is an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kff.org/\">Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a> which is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Software Can Spot Genetic Mutations Using Photos",
"headTitle": "New Software Can Spot Genetic Mutations Using Photos | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]S[/dropcap]ome people’s faces — or even just a photo of them — hint at the genes they carry. And now, an algorithm can predict not only whether they carry a genetic mutation, but which genes were mutated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0279-0\">study\u003c/a>, published Monday in Nature Medicine, is the latest from a Boston-based company called FDNA, one of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/10/facial-recognition-genetic-disorders/\">few organizations creating software\u003c/a> that can help physicians diagnose genetic syndromes based just on a face — and may serve an important validation of the company’s technology, said Yaron Gurovich, the company’s chief technology officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We went for this high-impact journal to prove beyond any doubt that this technology is good, it performs as we say, we can stand behind it, and now it opens a lot of doors to publish more,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study itself is a collection of experiments testing how the results of algorithms — FDNA refers to them as DeepGestalt — stack up against clinicians’ diagnoses. In one of the experiments, DeepGestalt’s performance was better than random chance when picking which of five genetic mutations might be causing a condition called Noonan syndrome. It was correct 64 percent of the time, far more than the 20 percent success rate that would be expected from guesswork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is new — we’ve never published something like this before,” Gurovich said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gurovich is quick to say that the tool isn’t specifically or only for Noonan syndrome. His team chose the condition because there are already published studies about how well humans can distinguish between the various faces associated with it. FDNA is already working on another paper Gurovich said will show that the tool can be used more broadly. It’s going through the peer review process, he said, but a \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/11/21/473306\">preprint version\u003c/a> is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This is new — we’ve never published something like this before.’\u003ccite>Yaron Gurovich, FDNA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One expert on Noonan syndrome, Dr. Bruce Gelb, the director of the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute and a professor at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, cautioned that being able to pick apart a person’s genotype based on facial features is not generally going to be useful for people with the condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noonan syndrome comes with a variety of symptoms, including difficulty learning, facial appearance, short stature, and heart issues — including issues with valves or the muscles of the heart itself. A few have a very high risk of leukemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some children with Noonan syndrome attend special education classes; others develop typically and can attend mainstream classes. Many can live independently when they’re adults. “It varies a lot,” Gelb said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic cause of Noonan syndrome can vary, too. Mutations in a few different genes can lead to the condition; some mutations cause more serious problems than others. All of the genes, however, are linked to one vital biochemical pathway. Gelb and his research group \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ng772.epdf?referrer_access_token=pyqbUoC1N6pu4ONrbf7p-dRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0N_aEXfBZJ5UdikqtmfwCNXtbaW16rct1gXy0ybOILq30HDNTADZng2FuE6EIQ5rZUCeTxb0IcHHWK4FYeWQUzl1RC37x8AUQ5VhWgJ_gCtuexxd6Hbv9Jdi_kTnCSJ58A%3D&tracking_referrer=www.statnews.com\">have discovered\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ng1939.epdf?referrer_access_token=YGvl4Y4X_QshFYTfu2YjQ9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Mrh-TZl36dLirUZe-74nzZOxlFsdIHF50ddu1dNrJfeaq9wkfjaVZoRTGs8sbI39nA6vpr1CpXKLQdwf7hvAQbSEiKx9tRYNbP-HvhG0GxWgTtRX2Ai6LzUREdlZecehg%3D&tracking_referrer=www.statnews.com\">some of them\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, children whose RAS1 gene is mutated almost always get hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a condition in which the muscles of the heart get thick, making it difficult for the heart to pump normally. Children with mutations in a gene called KRAS have some of the most severe forms of the syndrome and some of the worst neurological and heart outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There aren’t any drugs to treat Noonan syndrome, or many other developmental syndromes like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how a child with Noonan syndrome will develop can help health care providers figure out what medical problems they may face, Gelb said. But the algorithm isn’t likely to replace a genetic test, he said — which doctors can undertake easily if they notice something off in a particular region of a fetus’ neck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know why they undertook this, exactly,” he said of FDNA’s work. “It’s inconceivable to me that one wouldn’t send off the panel testing and figure out which one it actually is.” Even in low-resource countries — at least in those with a medical geneticist — such genetic testing is becoming more widely available, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gelb also pointed out that the paper only used a set of images of young children — a choice that may have set the algorithm up for success. “The facial features are most obvious in a toddler or young child, and it can kind of melt away in adolescence by the time they hit adulthood,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He acknowledged that the algorithm’s success rate, however, is “impressive” and could be especially useful for clinicians who don’t have hyper-specialized knowledge about a given genetic condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And using a tool like FDNA’s could show clinicians what genes they should ask labs to test, Gurovich suggested. “If you consider the phenotype properly, you are able to increase your odds of a diagnosis,” he said — something that he said humans can’t quite do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are geneticists that have tried to do this. They couldn’t. We can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/01/07/algorithm-spot-genetic-mutation-photo/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some people’s faces, or even just a photo of them, hint at the genes they carry. According to a study out today, a new algorithm can predict not only whether they carry a genetic mutation, but which genes were mutated.\r\n\r\nThe study, published Monday in Nature Medicin",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>ome people’s faces — or even just a photo of them — hint at the genes they carry. And now, an algorithm can predict not only whether they carry a genetic mutation, but which genes were mutated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0279-0\">study\u003c/a>, published Monday in Nature Medicine, is the latest from a Boston-based company called FDNA, one of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/10/facial-recognition-genetic-disorders/\">few organizations creating software\u003c/a> that can help physicians diagnose genetic syndromes based just on a face — and may serve an important validation of the company’s technology, said Yaron Gurovich, the company’s chief technology officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We went for this high-impact journal to prove beyond any doubt that this technology is good, it performs as we say, we can stand behind it, and now it opens a lot of doors to publish more,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study itself is a collection of experiments testing how the results of algorithms — FDNA refers to them as DeepGestalt — stack up against clinicians’ diagnoses. In one of the experiments, DeepGestalt’s performance was better than random chance when picking which of five genetic mutations might be causing a condition called Noonan syndrome. It was correct 64 percent of the time, far more than the 20 percent success rate that would be expected from guesswork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is new — we’ve never published something like this before,” Gurovich said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gurovich is quick to say that the tool isn’t specifically or only for Noonan syndrome. His team chose the condition because there are already published studies about how well humans can distinguish between the various faces associated with it. FDNA is already working on another paper Gurovich said will show that the tool can be used more broadly. It’s going through the peer review process, he said, but a \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/11/21/473306\">preprint version\u003c/a> is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This is new — we’ve never published something like this before.’\u003ccite>Yaron Gurovich, FDNA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One expert on Noonan syndrome, Dr. Bruce Gelb, the director of the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute and a professor at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, cautioned that being able to pick apart a person’s genotype based on facial features is not generally going to be useful for people with the condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noonan syndrome comes with a variety of symptoms, including difficulty learning, facial appearance, short stature, and heart issues — including issues with valves or the muscles of the heart itself. A few have a very high risk of leukemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some children with Noonan syndrome attend special education classes; others develop typically and can attend mainstream classes. Many can live independently when they’re adults. “It varies a lot,” Gelb said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic cause of Noonan syndrome can vary, too. Mutations in a few different genes can lead to the condition; some mutations cause more serious problems than others. All of the genes, however, are linked to one vital biochemical pathway. Gelb and his research group \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ng772.epdf?referrer_access_token=pyqbUoC1N6pu4ONrbf7p-dRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0N_aEXfBZJ5UdikqtmfwCNXtbaW16rct1gXy0ybOILq30HDNTADZng2FuE6EIQ5rZUCeTxb0IcHHWK4FYeWQUzl1RC37x8AUQ5VhWgJ_gCtuexxd6Hbv9Jdi_kTnCSJ58A%3D&tracking_referrer=www.statnews.com\">have discovered\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ng1939.epdf?referrer_access_token=YGvl4Y4X_QshFYTfu2YjQ9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Mrh-TZl36dLirUZe-74nzZOxlFsdIHF50ddu1dNrJfeaq9wkfjaVZoRTGs8sbI39nA6vpr1CpXKLQdwf7hvAQbSEiKx9tRYNbP-HvhG0GxWgTtRX2Ai6LzUREdlZecehg%3D&tracking_referrer=www.statnews.com\">some of them\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, children whose RAS1 gene is mutated almost always get hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a condition in which the muscles of the heart get thick, making it difficult for the heart to pump normally. Children with mutations in a gene called KRAS have some of the most severe forms of the syndrome and some of the worst neurological and heart outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There aren’t any drugs to treat Noonan syndrome, or many other developmental syndromes like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how a child with Noonan syndrome will develop can help health care providers figure out what medical problems they may face, Gelb said. But the algorithm isn’t likely to replace a genetic test, he said — which doctors can undertake easily if they notice something off in a particular region of a fetus’ neck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know why they undertook this, exactly,” he said of FDNA’s work. “It’s inconceivable to me that one wouldn’t send off the panel testing and figure out which one it actually is.” Even in low-resource countries — at least in those with a medical geneticist — such genetic testing is becoming more widely available, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gelb also pointed out that the paper only used a set of images of young children — a choice that may have set the algorithm up for success. “The facial features are most obvious in a toddler or young child, and it can kind of melt away in adolescence by the time they hit adulthood,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He acknowledged that the algorithm’s success rate, however, is “impressive” and could be especially useful for clinicians who don’t have hyper-specialized knowledge about a given genetic condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And using a tool like FDNA’s could show clinicians what genes they should ask labs to test, Gurovich suggested. “If you consider the phenotype properly, you are able to increase your odds of a diagnosis,” he said — something that he said humans can’t quite do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are geneticists that have tried to do this. They couldn’t. We can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/01/07/algorithm-spot-genetic-mutation-photo/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Indomitable Snowman Talks Snowpack Tech in a Changing Climate",
"headTitle": "California’s Indomitable Snowman Talks Snowpack Tech in a Changing Climate | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Frank Gehrke says that back in Missouri, where he was raised, snow was “something to be plowed.” He would soon take a very different view.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/airborne-snow-observatory-aso/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a> was a game-changer, says Frank Gehrke, California’s former chief snow surveyor.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In December, Gehrke retired as chief snow surveyor for the California Department of Water Resources. He spent much of his 31 years with the department on skis and snowshoes, in remote corners of the Sierra Nevada, \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measuring the “frozen reservoir”\u003c/a> that ultimately provides about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was also the guy flanking Gov. Jerry Brown in late March of 2015, when there was no snow to measure and Brown announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/28837/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sweeping drought measures\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after his retirement, I met Gehrke near his home on the American River, for some reflections. The following is an edited transcript.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s it like not being involved in the snow surveys after all this time?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little bittersweet. But by the same token it’s a relief not to have those worries about what could go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was it like to see the monthly surveys become a media event?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first came to work for the department in 1987, there would be an occasional call from the media about when we were doing the survey. And then as things evolved in that first five-year drought, I realized that when the media brought their own snowshoes they were serious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: 1958 snow survey\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surveyors using a Mt. Rose snow gauge to measure water content in 1958. Manual surveys are still done the same way. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It seems like the technology has really changed since you started in 1987.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well it has, and the real game-changer is what’s known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/airborne-snow-observatory-aso/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>A Disappointing Start\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KJ_snow_survey_0463_01_03_19.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first manual snow survey of the winter, conducted on Jan. 3, showed water content of the Sierra snowpack at just 67 percent of the long-term average, but that still beats last year at this time, when it was 31 percent of normal. Keep in mind the snowpack water content can change dramatically as the winter months progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>These are guys from NASA basically flying over the mountains in a plane, using light beams to measure the snow?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely. We started that. And that truly has been the huge change in all of the history of snow surveys. Being able to look at this basin-wide snow-water equivalent truly is phenomenal. And because we now can very accurately determine the snow in a basin, then we can start to look at some of the other factors that go into runoff prediction and examine those with the idea that the snow is now a known quantity. We’re not guessing or trying to estimate. We know how much snow is up there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How important are these precision measurements?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, they’re hugely important, especially as things are changing. Predictions are for less snow, more rain, so being able to accurately determine where the snow is and how much there is makes a big difference in terms of your modeling for those short-term flood events, and also for more long-term water-supply forecasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s also very important, for example down in the Tuolumne River watershed, where our highest ground-based measurement is at about 10,000 feet. Fully a third of the watershed is above that measurement point. So if you get into a spring situation where the snow has basically melted up to 10,000 feet, you’re flying blind — or you were prior to the Airborne Snow Observatory. And the ability to look at that, especially that late-spring runoff, can be extremely important for determining reservoir levels and managing that reservoir capacity for the benefit of both flood control as well as water supply and hydroelectric and a number of other benefits that you can more accurately monitor the reservoir and make intelligent decisions about releases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/J9tn1/5/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n \u003cstrong>You’ve been doing this over the past 30 years. What changes have you seen in the snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually not very much. We talk about the seasonal or inter-annual variability.[How California whipsaws between wet and dry years]. And those swings can mask perhaps a longer-term signal that’s in there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/factpub/sect_4a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow-course\u003c/a> record, people look at it and they tweak it and some people see a signal, others don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Editor’s note: Recent scientific \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923700/impact-of-a-warming-climate-on-the-sierra-nevada-and-californias-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studies have projected\u003c/a> that the Sierra snowpack could shrink by nearly 80 percent by 2100, and timing of the runoff could change dramatically.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you worry at all about California’s water future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even now, there is a lot of water in California. But it doesn’t come with the timing and the location of where we as a civilization really want it. That’s where I think technology can do a great deal. We probably aren’t going to be moving more water than we are right now; it’s unlikely we’ll be building any giant new pipelines or something. But what we’ll be able to do is identify where the water is, when it occurs, and improve that accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in 2019, we don’t know what water the rest of the year is going to bring. And if we could improve that, even a little bit, it would go a long way toward being able to manage what we have right now in terms of physical infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How do they do the manual snow surveys? Find out in this video from 2010, when I trailed Gehrke out to Tamarack Flat in El Dorado County.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xojdkhJwZxY&w=560&h=315]\u003cstrong>Speaking of technology, when does skiing up into a pass and shoving aluminum tubes into the snow to weigh the water content become obsolete?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can see the number of surveys being reduced. But I think, at least for the foreseeable future, they’re still what we use to verify everything else. Even though we have very advanced models, you still need that ground truth to ensure that something hasn’t gone haywire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Frank Gehrke says that back in Missouri, where he was raised, snow was “something to be plowed.” He would soon take a very different view.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/airborne-snow-observatory-aso/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a> was a game-changer, says Frank Gehrke, California’s former chief snow surveyor.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In December, Gehrke retired as chief snow surveyor for the California Department of Water Resources. He spent much of his 31 years with the department on skis and snowshoes, in remote corners of the Sierra Nevada, \u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Flood-Management/Flood-Data/Snow-Surveys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measuring the “frozen reservoir”\u003c/a> that ultimately provides about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was also the guy flanking Gov. Jerry Brown in late March of 2015, when there was no snow to measure and Brown announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/28837/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sweeping drought measures\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after his retirement, I met Gehrke near his home on the American River, for some reflections. The following is an edited transcript.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s it like not being involved in the snow surveys after all this time?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little bittersweet. But by the same token it’s a relief not to have those worries about what could go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was it like to see the monthly surveys become a media event?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first came to work for the department in 1987, there would be an occasional call from the media about when we were doing the survey. And then as things evolved in that first five-year drought, I realized that when the media brought their own snowshoes they were serious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: 1958 snow survey\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Snow_Sur_215-6_11_14_1958-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surveyors using a Mt. Rose snow gauge to measure water content in 1958. Manual surveys are still done the same way. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It seems like the technology has really changed since you started in 1987.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well it has, and the real game-changer is what’s known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/airborne-snow-observatory-aso/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>A Disappointing Start\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/KJ_snow_survey_0463_01_03_19.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first manual snow survey of the winter, conducted on Jan. 3, showed water content of the Sierra snowpack at just 67 percent of the long-term average, but that still beats last year at this time, when it was 31 percent of normal. Keep in mind the snowpack water content can change dramatically as the winter months progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>These are guys from NASA basically flying over the mountains in a plane, using light beams to measure the snow?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely. We started that. And that truly has been the huge change in all of the history of snow surveys. Being able to look at this basin-wide snow-water equivalent truly is phenomenal. And because we now can very accurately determine the snow in a basin, then we can start to look at some of the other factors that go into runoff prediction and examine those with the idea that the snow is now a known quantity. We’re not guessing or trying to estimate. We know how much snow is up there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How important are these precision measurements?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, they’re hugely important, especially as things are changing. Predictions are for less snow, more rain, so being able to accurately determine where the snow is and how much there is makes a big difference in terms of your modeling for those short-term flood events, and also for more long-term water-supply forecasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s also very important, for example down in the Tuolumne River watershed, where our highest ground-based measurement is at about 10,000 feet. Fully a third of the watershed is above that measurement point. So if you get into a spring situation where the snow has basically melted up to 10,000 feet, you’re flying blind — or you were prior to the Airborne Snow Observatory. And the ability to look at that, especially that late-spring runoff, can be extremely important for determining reservoir levels and managing that reservoir capacity for the benefit of both flood control as well as water supply and hydroelectric and a number of other benefits that you can more accurately monitor the reservoir and make intelligent decisions about releases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/J9tn1/5/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n \u003cstrong>You’ve been doing this over the past 30 years. What changes have you seen in the snowpack?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually not very much. We talk about the seasonal or inter-annual variability.[How California whipsaws between wet and dry years]. And those swings can mask perhaps a longer-term signal that’s in there. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/factpub/sect_4a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snow-course\u003c/a> record, people look at it and they tweak it and some people see a signal, others don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Editor’s note: Recent scientific \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1923700/impact-of-a-warming-climate-on-the-sierra-nevada-and-californias-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studies have projected\u003c/a> that the Sierra snowpack could shrink by nearly 80 percent by 2100, and timing of the runoff could change dramatically.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you worry at all about California’s water future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even now, there is a lot of water in California. But it doesn’t come with the timing and the location of where we as a civilization really want it. That’s where I think technology can do a great deal. We probably aren’t going to be moving more water than we are right now; it’s unlikely we’ll be building any giant new pipelines or something. But what we’ll be able to do is identify where the water is, when it occurs, and improve that accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in 2019, we don’t know what water the rest of the year is going to bring. And if we could improve that, even a little bit, it would go a long way toward being able to manage what we have right now in terms of physical infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How do they do the manual snow surveys? Find out in this video from 2010, when I trailed Gehrke out to Tamarack Flat in El Dorado County.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xojdkhJwZxY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speaking of technology, when does skiing up into a pass and shoving aluminum tubes into the snow to weigh the water content become obsolete?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can see the number of surveys being reduced. But I think, at least for the foreseeable future, they’re still what we use to verify everything else. Even though we have very advanced models, you still need that ground truth to ensure that something hasn’t gone haywire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"headTitle": "New Horizons Kicks Off 2019 With Ultima Thule Encounter | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It was a happy New Year for NASA. Only minutes into 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft made another historic achievement in space exploration: a fly-by of the most distant object ever visited, the \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/exploration/?page=0&per_page=10&order=launch_date+desc%2Ctitle+asc&search=&tags=Kuiper+Belt&category=33\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/a> Object called “Ultima Thule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 12:33 a.m. Eastern, January 1, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/807/new-horizons-successfully-explores-ultima-thule/\">New Horizons passed within 2,200\u003c/a> miles of the KBO, collecting about 7 gigabytes of data that will be transmitted back to Earth in the months ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 19 miles long and 4 billion miles away from Earth, Ultima Thule is equivalent to a 1-inch target seen from 3,000 miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is Ultima Thule, and How Did We Find It?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46742298\">Ultima Thule\u003c/a>, which is translated as “beyond the known world,” may be a tiny object, but just as New Horizons’ encounter with Pluto almost four years ago showed us, surprising and wonderful things can be wrapped up in small packages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The object was discovered by observations from the Hubble Space Telescope in 2014, as part of a search for potential post-Pluto destinations of discovery for New Horizons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936298\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 533px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute.jpg\" alt=\"New Horizon's first image of the Kuiper Belt Object "Ultima Thule," captured during approach from a distance of 18,000 miles. \" width=\"533\" height=\"585\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute.jpg 533w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-160x176.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-240x263.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-375x412.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-520x571.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Horizon’s first image of the Kuiper Belt Object “Ultima Thule,” captured during approach from a distance of 18,000 miles. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SWRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As suspected from those observations, and now \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20190102\">confirmed by New Horizons\u003c/a>, Ultima Thule is a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/01/2014-mu69-contact-binary-first-new-horizons-returns/\">contact binary\u003c/a>“: two smaller objects that at some time in the past met each other. And so gently did they make contact, like the lightest of “kisses” between two billiard balls, both remained intact, and did not rebound from each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pair have remained joined at the hip from then on, possibly since the earliest times in the formation of the solar system about 4.6 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Two For the Price of One\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Ultima Thule (officially designated 2014 MU69) was selected from a short list of candidates as an extended target for New Horizons following the 2015 Pluto encounter, little more was known about it than its orbital characteristics, a rough estimate of its size, and that it had an elongated shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Added to these meager facts was an assumption that the object was composed largely of frozen volatile materials (ices of water, ammonia, methane, and others), as cold and distant \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/K/Kuiper+Belt+Objects\">Kuiper Belt Objects\u003c/a> are expected to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the up-close encounter of Ultima Thule, NASA has bagged not only what were originally two separate KBOs, but potentially any morphological markings left behind by their union, so long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three potential angles to peer into the past is not bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Kuiper Belt\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The Kuiper Belt is a disk-shaped region of the solar system found between the orbit of Neptune (30 Astronomical Units from the sun, 1 AU being one sun-Earth distance) to about 50 AU.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936297\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The journey of New Horizons, from its 2006 launch to its 2015 Pluto encounter and its path through the Kuiper Belt to date. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The journey of New Horizons, from its 2006 launch to its 2015 Pluto encounter and its path through the Kuiper Belt to date. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First hypothesized as a wide belt of myriad small, icy objects in 1930, it wasn’t until 1992 that the first Kuiper Belt Object was discovered, 15760 Albion, orbiting the sun at distances between 40 and 46 AU.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being so far from the heat of the sun and the gravitational disturbance of large planets, the Kuiper Belt represents a vast treasure trove of mostly undisturbed, pristine evidence of the earliest conditions in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the early stages of formation of a hypothetical star system similar to our solar system. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the early stages of formation of a hypothetical star system similar to our solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On planets like Earth, meteoric impacts, weathering and tectonic activity tend to erase most traces of times long gone — but no so on a KBO. Frozen in time-capsule fashion, Kuiper Belt Objects can inform us of what was going on 4.6 billion years ago that led to the formation of the planets, including the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data acquired on Ultima Thule will add importantly to the growing body of “solar system archaeological evidence” amassed by other comet, asteroid, and planetary missions, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.asteroidmission.org/\">OSIRIS-REx\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hayabusa2.jaxa.jp/en/\">Hayabusa 2\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta \u003c/a>and soon \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">InSIGHT\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s On the Horizon For New Horizons Now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>In the months ahead, New Horizons will send back all the pictures and other data acquired during the brief fly-by of Ultima Thule, so we have yet to be dazzled by the crispest, highest resolution images of the tiny contact binary. More to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all systems still functioning, and plenty of course-correction fuel remaining on board, NASA is interested in finding yet another Kuiper Belt Object for New Horizons to target in the years ahead. So the adventure may not yet be over.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It was a happy New Year for NASA. Only minutes into 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft made another historic achievement in space exploration: a fly-by of the most distant object ever visited, the \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/exploration/?page=0&per_page=10&order=launch_date+desc%2Ctitle+asc&search=&tags=Kuiper+Belt&category=33\">Kuiper Belt\u003c/a> Object called “Ultima Thule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 12:33 a.m. Eastern, January 1, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/807/new-horizons-successfully-explores-ultima-thule/\">New Horizons passed within 2,200\u003c/a> miles of the KBO, collecting about 7 gigabytes of data that will be transmitted back to Earth in the months ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 19 miles long and 4 billion miles away from Earth, Ultima Thule is equivalent to a 1-inch target seen from 3,000 miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is Ultima Thule, and How Did We Find It?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46742298\">Ultima Thule\u003c/a>, which is translated as “beyond the known world,” may be a tiny object, but just as New Horizons’ encounter with Pluto almost four years ago showed us, surprising and wonderful things can be wrapped up in small packages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The object was discovered by observations from the Hubble Space Telescope in 2014, as part of a search for potential post-Pluto destinations of discovery for New Horizons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936298\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 533px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute.jpg\" alt=\"New Horizon's first image of the Kuiper Belt Object "Ultima Thule," captured during approach from a distance of 18,000 miles. \" width=\"533\" height=\"585\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute.jpg 533w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-160x176.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-240x263.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-375x412.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/Ultimathule_NASA_Johns-Hopkins-University-Applied-Physics-Laboratory_Southwest-Research-Institute-520x571.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Horizon’s first image of the Kuiper Belt Object “Ultima Thule,” captured during approach from a distance of 18,000 miles. \u003ccite>(NASA/JHUAPL/SWRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As suspected from those observations, and now \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20190102\">confirmed by New Horizons\u003c/a>, Ultima Thule is a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/01/2014-mu69-contact-binary-first-new-horizons-returns/\">contact binary\u003c/a>“: two smaller objects that at some time in the past met each other. And so gently did they make contact, like the lightest of “kisses” between two billiard balls, both remained intact, and did not rebound from each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pair have remained joined at the hip from then on, possibly since the earliest times in the formation of the solar system about 4.6 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Two For the Price of One\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Ultima Thule (officially designated 2014 MU69) was selected from a short list of candidates as an extended target for New Horizons following the 2015 Pluto encounter, little more was known about it than its orbital characteristics, a rough estimate of its size, and that it had an elongated shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Added to these meager facts was an assumption that the object was composed largely of frozen volatile materials (ices of water, ammonia, methane, and others), as cold and distant \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/K/Kuiper+Belt+Objects\">Kuiper Belt Objects\u003c/a> are expected to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the up-close encounter of Ultima Thule, NASA has bagged not only what were originally two separate KBOs, but potentially any morphological markings left behind by their union, so long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three potential angles to peer into the past is not bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Kuiper Belt\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The Kuiper Belt is a disk-shaped region of the solar system found between the orbit of Neptune (30 Astronomical Units from the sun, 1 AU being one sun-Earth distance) to about 50 AU.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936297\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The journey of New Horizons, from its 2006 launch to its 2015 Pluto encounter and its path through the Kuiper Belt to date. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/kuiper_belt_indepth_NASA-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The journey of New Horizons, from its 2006 launch to its 2015 Pluto encounter and its path through the Kuiper Belt to date. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First hypothesized as a wide belt of myriad small, icy objects in 1930, it wasn’t until 1992 that the first Kuiper Belt Object was discovered, 15760 Albion, orbiting the sun at distances between 40 and 46 AU.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being so far from the heat of the sun and the gravitational disturbance of large planets, the Kuiper Belt represents a vast treasure trove of mostly undisturbed, pristine evidence of the earliest conditions in the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the early stages of formation of a hypothetical star system similar to our solar system. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/106281main_image_feature_251_hires.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the early stages of formation of a hypothetical star system similar to our solar system. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On planets like Earth, meteoric impacts, weathering and tectonic activity tend to erase most traces of times long gone — but no so on a KBO. Frozen in time-capsule fashion, Kuiper Belt Objects can inform us of what was going on 4.6 billion years ago that led to the formation of the planets, including the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data acquired on Ultima Thule will add importantly to the growing body of “solar system archaeological evidence” amassed by other comet, asteroid, and planetary missions, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.asteroidmission.org/\">OSIRIS-REx\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hayabusa2.jaxa.jp/en/\">Hayabusa 2\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta \u003c/a>and soon \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">InSIGHT\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s On the Horizon For New Horizons Now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>In the months ahead, New Horizons will send back all the pictures and other data acquired during the brief fly-by of Ultima Thule, so we have yet to be dazzled by the crispest, highest resolution images of the tiny contact binary. More to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all systems still functioning, and plenty of course-correction fuel remaining on board, NASA is interested in finding yet another Kuiper Belt Object for New Horizons to target in the years ahead. So the adventure may not yet be over.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In 1977, the 39-year-old governor of California led a puzzled press corps to a blustery stretch of coastline near Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I heard that you were going to come out here and talk to the whales,” one reporter said to him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I came out here to see,” said Gov. Jerry Brown. “The idea of the project is to put hydrophones in the water and pick up the sounds that the whales make as they go through their migration south.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Governor Jerry Brown, on climate change\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Whale calls could be heard in the background, played by the “Gray Whale Listening Station,” an experimental project by the California-based art and architecture collective known as the Ant Farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was his first tour as governor, and Brown talked about environmentalism long before it was mainstream, promoting the nascent technologies of solar and wind power. At the time, critics thought his ideas were on the fringe. That approach earned him the nickname “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/weekinreview/07mckinley.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governor Moonbeam\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more than 40 years later, Brown is leaving office again, having passed some of the most ambitious climate change policies in the country. Under his watch, renewable energy has boomed and carbon emissions have declined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some say Brown didn’t go far enough, leaving California with the toughest climate challenges to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown sees it both ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d say California has taken more intelligent action on climate change than any state or province in the Western Hemisphere,” he said in an interview with KQED in the weeks before leaving office. “We’ve pushed way beyond what other states can even imagine. And we have to go even further and I agree with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there are few elected officials in the country who talk about climate change more than Brown, who calls it “a threat to organized human existence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jerry Brown thinks about this day and night,” says Ken Alex, Brown’s climate policy advisor for the past eight years. “I don’t think that’s an exaggeration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex recalls an out-of-office message he put on his email a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936292\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 710px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936292\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"710\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey.jpg 710w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the dry 2016 winter, Governor Brown meets with snow surveyor Frank Gehrke. \u003ccite>(Kelly M. Grow / California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“My response said, ‘I’m unplugging, no email, no nothing,’ and he wrote back and he said ‘Why? This is the time to be engaged. What are you doing?’” Alex remembers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as Brown’s tenure ends, here are his biggest climate accomplishments (and what his critics had to say about them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Putting California on Path to Be Carbon Neutral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years ago, Brown set an ambitious target for cutting greenhouse gas emissions in the state. He ordered a 40 percent reduction below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in September, he upped the ante, signing another order that would \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/9.10.18-Executive-Order.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">make the state carbon neutral\u003c/a> by 2045, then achieving negative emissions after that. It means California wouldn’t be creating a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement was called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931644/jerry-brown-has-directed-california-to-go-carbon-neutral-by-2045-is-that-even-possible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aspirational\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/9/11/17844896/california-jerry-brown-carbon-neutral-2045-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stunning\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will that actually look like? No one really knows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an executive order, the policy is more like a rough guideline. New laws or rules from state agencies would be needed for it to actually go into effect, usually after lengthy scoping processes. And a new governor could simply undo the order (though Governor-Elect Gavin Newsom has been largely supportive of Brown’s climate policies).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In practice, being carbon neutral wouldn’t require California to end all carbon emissions in the state. The state could offset any remaining emissions by finding ways to pull carbon out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes storage in natural ecosystems by building up the soil or by capturing it from manmade sources and putting it deep underground, a technology that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/485125/despite-millions-in-investment-carbon-capture-flops-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California has struggled to get off the ground\u003c/a>, despite millions of dollars of investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Getting Rid of Gas-Guzzlers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Car-loving Californians are potentially the state’s biggest hurdle to reaching its climate goals. Transportation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”IyxUwR7H2e9ndLJx4mY1zaZhTHlp0MtT”]“The real challenge is the consumption of oil, which has gone up,” Brown said in September. “Under my administration, gone up 4 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last January, Brown set a goal to \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/01/26/governor-brown-takes-action-to-increase-zero-emission-vehicles-fund-new-climate-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">put 5 million plug-in and electric cars\u003c/a> on the roads by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931169/governor-browns-biggest-climate-foe-isnt-trump-its-car-loving-californians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no small feat\u003c/a>, considering there are now only 500,000 on the roads in California. The state has been handing out rebates, carpool-lane privileges and other incentives to try to entice drivers to switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some environmental groups thought Brown should tackle the problem at the source by banning oil production. California is the fourth-largest oil producer in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we’re going to make real progress on climate change in the next decade, we have to decrease the use of oil and gas,” said Adam Scow of the advocacy group Food and Water Watch. “Governor Brown has been a major disappointment on the issue of fracking and oil drilling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown shrugged off the “leave it in the ground” critics by pointing out that oil production is already declining in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re moving in the same direction as the critics,” he said. “They’d just like it to go a little faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Extending California’s Flagship Climate Program: Cap and Trade\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, the future of one of California’s core climate policies was cloudy. The state’s cap-and-trade program faced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11560541/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a life-or-death vote\u003c/a> in the state legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few climate policies have been as controversial in the state as cap and trade. Critics blame it for everything from a rise in gas prices to providing funding for the much maligned high-speed rail project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the system, power plants and industrial and manufacturing facilities either must cut their emissions or buy carbon credits from someone else who has cut their emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since it was only mandated through 2020, Brown and others wanted to see it extended to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not here about some cockamamie legacy people talk about,” Brown said to legislators during the debate. “This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you. It’s for you and it’s damn real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But saving cap and trade would require winning over a tough audience for Brown: Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He knew that he needed to have Republican support to be able to make that happen,” said Assemblymember Chad Mayes, then the Republican Leader in the Assembly. “Not just from a technical perspective, but also for the sake of credibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936290\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 645px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936290\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"645\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy.jpg 645w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Brown and international leaders sign a climate accord in 2015. \u003ccite>(Joe McHugh, California Highway Patrol)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mayes says he and other Republicans had seats in Brown’s office, where details and compromises were hammered out. Some of those compromises even won over the oil industry, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/statement-on-californias-cap-and-trade-legislation-by-catherine-reheis-boyd-president-western-states-petroleum-association/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dropped its opposition\u003c/a> to extending cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somehow, compromise has become a dirty word amongst the activists on both the right and the left,” Mayes said. “I think Governor Brown has understood that, on the big issues, you need to have bipartisan support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, Brown and his executive team helped win eight GOP votes. Those legislators \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-cap-trade-climate-change-california-legislature-political-landscape-20170719-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">faced political backlash\u003c/a> from other Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups thought Brown’s compromises had gone too far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He essentially gave away opportunities to get more local pollution reductions from oil refineries–reductions that can protect public health–in exchange for the industry’s support for the cap-and-trade extension,” said Kathryn Phillips, director of Sierra Club California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Showdown with the Trump Administration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left-leaning California has tangled with Republican presidents before, but Brown hasn’t minced words about President Trump or climate deniers, whom he deemed “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/355510/governor-brown-takes-climate-message-to-world-stage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">troglodytes\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle came to a head when the Trump Administration sought to revoke California’s long-standing power to set its own clean air rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It dates back to when the Clean Air Act was signed in 1970. California was given special permission, known as a “waiver,” to put stricter limits on pollution coming from tailpipes because the state was facing a severe smog problem at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, that meant automakers had two sets of standards to meet when making cars: the federal fuel economy rules and then California’s tailpipe emissions rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twelve other states and Washington D.C. have also signed onto California’s rules. Then, under the Obama Administration, California and the federal government agreed on one uniform set of rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration sought to undo that, announcing its own proposal for fuel economy rules, freezing them for cars and trucks from 2021-26 instead of gradually allowing them to get tougher every year. The administration also announced it would seek to revoke California’s waiver, something that had never been tried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This cannot be taken lightly,” Gov. Brown said in response. “I take this as an existential threat to America, to California and the world, and I’m going to fight it with everything I can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California already has one lawsuit pending against the rules, which likely won’t be the end of its legal defense. In October, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the state filed public comments\u003c/a> against the proposed rules, saying they would “worsen air quality for the most vulnerable, waste billions of gallons of gasoline, forfeit our best chance to fight climate change …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Leading an International Climate Movement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Vatican in 2017, Brown opened a climate change speech as only he could: “For whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was just one of many stops he made on a worldwide climate change tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even under Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, who helped pass the state’s first major climate law, AB 32, California has seen itself as a leader on the international stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brown created a new partnerships. In 2015, he banded together with leaders from states, provinces and cities around the world to announce new commitments to cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The partnership was called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.under2coalition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 MOU,\u003c/a>” with the goal to keep global average temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius, which scientists say could avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, 220 governments have signed on, though the agreement to cut emissions is not binding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown traveled to China, to international climate negotiations in Paris, and even to the Vatican, quoting from scripture along the way: “For whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It culminated in September, when international leaders \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931186/live-blog-bringing-you-the-global-climate-action-summit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gathered in San Francisco for a climate summit\u003c/a>. Brown announced California would launch its “own damn satellite” to track carbon emissions globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jerry Brown was received almost as a head of state,” Alex says. “The reception everywhere he went was incredibly warm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His movement became higher-profile after the Trump administration announced it would pull the U.S. out of the Paris climate treaty. Brown told international leaders that California would fill the leadership void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in his retirement, Brown says he’ll continue to work on climate issues, to “try to wake people up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otherwise, he’ll be tending to olive trees on his Northern California ranch.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 1977, the 39-year-old governor of California led a puzzled press corps to a blustery stretch of coastline near Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I heard that you were going to come out here and talk to the whales,” one reporter said to him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I came out here to see,” said Gov. Jerry Brown. “The idea of the project is to put hydrophones in the water and pick up the sounds that the whales make as they go through their migration south.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Governor Jerry Brown, on climate change\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Whale calls could be heard in the background, played by the “Gray Whale Listening Station,” an experimental project by the California-based art and architecture collective known as the Ant Farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was his first tour as governor, and Brown talked about environmentalism long before it was mainstream, promoting the nascent technologies of solar and wind power. At the time, critics thought his ideas were on the fringe. That approach earned him the nickname “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/weekinreview/07mckinley.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governor Moonbeam\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more than 40 years later, Brown is leaving office again, having passed some of the most ambitious climate change policies in the country. Under his watch, renewable energy has boomed and carbon emissions have declined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some say Brown didn’t go far enough, leaving California with the toughest climate challenges to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown sees it both ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d say California has taken more intelligent action on climate change than any state or province in the Western Hemisphere,” he said in an interview with KQED in the weeks before leaving office. “We’ve pushed way beyond what other states can even imagine. And we have to go even further and I agree with that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there are few elected officials in the country who talk about climate change more than Brown, who calls it “a threat to organized human existence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jerry Brown thinks about this day and night,” says Ken Alex, Brown’s climate policy advisor for the past eight years. “I don’t think that’s an exaggeration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex recalls an out-of-office message he put on his email a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936292\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 710px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936292\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"710\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey.jpg 710w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/survey-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the dry 2016 winter, Governor Brown meets with snow surveyor Frank Gehrke. \u003ccite>(Kelly M. Grow / California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“My response said, ‘I’m unplugging, no email, no nothing,’ and he wrote back and he said ‘Why? This is the time to be engaged. What are you doing?’” Alex remembers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, as Brown’s tenure ends, here are his biggest climate accomplishments (and what his critics had to say about them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Putting California on Path to Be Carbon Neutral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years ago, Brown set an ambitious target for cutting greenhouse gas emissions in the state. He ordered a 40 percent reduction below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in September, he upped the ante, signing another order that would \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/9.10.18-Executive-Order.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">make the state carbon neutral\u003c/a> by 2045, then achieving negative emissions after that. It means California wouldn’t be creating a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement was called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931644/jerry-brown-has-directed-california-to-go-carbon-neutral-by-2045-is-that-even-possible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aspirational\u003c/a>” and “\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/9/11/17844896/california-jerry-brown-carbon-neutral-2045-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stunning\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will that actually look like? No one really knows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an executive order, the policy is more like a rough guideline. New laws or rules from state agencies would be needed for it to actually go into effect, usually after lengthy scoping processes. And a new governor could simply undo the order (though Governor-Elect Gavin Newsom has been largely supportive of Brown’s climate policies).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In practice, being carbon neutral wouldn’t require California to end all carbon emissions in the state. The state could offset any remaining emissions by finding ways to pull carbon out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes storage in natural ecosystems by building up the soil or by capturing it from manmade sources and putting it deep underground, a technology that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/485125/despite-millions-in-investment-carbon-capture-flops-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California has struggled to get off the ground\u003c/a>, despite millions of dollars of investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Getting Rid of Gas-Guzzlers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Car-loving Californians are potentially the state’s biggest hurdle to reaching its climate goals. Transportation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“The real challenge is the consumption of oil, which has gone up,” Brown said in September. “Under my administration, gone up 4 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last January, Brown set a goal to \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/01/26/governor-brown-takes-action-to-increase-zero-emission-vehicles-fund-new-climate-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">put 5 million plug-in and electric cars\u003c/a> on the roads by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931169/governor-browns-biggest-climate-foe-isnt-trump-its-car-loving-californians\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no small feat\u003c/a>, considering there are now only 500,000 on the roads in California. The state has been handing out rebates, carpool-lane privileges and other incentives to try to entice drivers to switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some environmental groups thought Brown should tackle the problem at the source by banning oil production. California is the fourth-largest oil producer in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we’re going to make real progress on climate change in the next decade, we have to decrease the use of oil and gas,” said Adam Scow of the advocacy group Food and Water Watch. “Governor Brown has been a major disappointment on the issue of fracking and oil drilling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown shrugged off the “leave it in the ground” critics by pointing out that oil production is already declining in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re moving in the same direction as the critics,” he said. “They’d just like it to go a little faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Extending California’s Flagship Climate Program: Cap and Trade\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, the future of one of California’s core climate policies was cloudy. The state’s cap-and-trade program faced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11560541/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a life-or-death vote\u003c/a> in the state legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few climate policies have been as controversial in the state as cap and trade. Critics blame it for everything from a rise in gas prices to providing funding for the much maligned high-speed rail project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the system, power plants and industrial and manufacturing facilities either must cut their emissions or buy carbon credits from someone else who has cut their emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since it was only mandated through 2020, Brown and others wanted to see it extended to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not here about some cockamamie legacy people talk about,” Brown said to legislators during the debate. “This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you. It’s for you and it’s damn real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But saving cap and trade would require winning over a tough audience for Brown: Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He knew that he needed to have Republican support to be able to make that happen,” said Assemblymember Chad Mayes, then the Republican Leader in the Assembly. “Not just from a technical perspective, but also for the sake of credibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936290\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 645px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936290\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"645\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy.jpg 645w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/i18964lb2-copy-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Brown and international leaders sign a climate accord in 2015. \u003ccite>(Joe McHugh, California Highway Patrol)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mayes says he and other Republicans had seats in Brown’s office, where details and compromises were hammered out. Some of those compromises even won over the oil industry, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.wspa.org/statement-on-californias-cap-and-trade-legislation-by-catherine-reheis-boyd-president-western-states-petroleum-association/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dropped its opposition\u003c/a> to extending cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somehow, compromise has become a dirty word amongst the activists on both the right and the left,” Mayes said. “I think Governor Brown has understood that, on the big issues, you need to have bipartisan support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, Brown and his executive team helped win eight GOP votes. Those legislators \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-cap-trade-climate-change-california-legislature-political-landscape-20170719-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">faced political backlash\u003c/a> from other Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups thought Brown’s compromises had gone too far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He essentially gave away opportunities to get more local pollution reductions from oil refineries–reductions that can protect public health–in exchange for the industry’s support for the cap-and-trade extension,” said Kathryn Phillips, director of Sierra Club California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Showdown with the Trump Administration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left-leaning California has tangled with Republican presidents before, but Brown hasn’t minced words about President Trump or climate deniers, whom he deemed “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/355510/governor-brown-takes-climate-message-to-world-stage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">troglodytes\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle came to a head when the Trump Administration sought to revoke California’s long-standing power to set its own clean air rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It dates back to when the Clean Air Act was signed in 1970. California was given special permission, known as a “waiver,” to put stricter limits on pollution coming from tailpipes because the state was facing a severe smog problem at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many years, that meant automakers had two sets of standards to meet when making cars: the federal fuel economy rules and then California’s tailpipe emissions rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twelve other states and Washington D.C. have also signed onto California’s rules. Then, under the Obama Administration, California and the federal government agreed on one uniform set of rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration sought to undo that, announcing its own proposal for fuel economy rules, freezing them for cars and trucks from 2021-26 instead of gradually allowing them to get tougher every year. The administration also announced it would seek to revoke California’s waiver, something that had never been tried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This cannot be taken lightly,” Gov. Brown said in response. “I take this as an existential threat to America, to California and the world, and I’m going to fight it with everything I can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California already has one lawsuit pending against the rules, which likely won’t be the end of its legal defense. In October, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the state filed public comments\u003c/a> against the proposed rules, saying they would “worsen air quality for the most vulnerable, waste billions of gallons of gasoline, forfeit our best chance to fight climate change …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Leading an International Climate Movement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Vatican in 2017, Brown opened a climate change speech as only he could: “For whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was just one of many stops he made on a worldwide climate change tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even under Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, who helped pass the state’s first major climate law, AB 32, California has seen itself as a leader on the international stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Brown created a new partnerships. In 2015, he banded together with leaders from states, provinces and cities around the world to announce new commitments to cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The partnership was called “\u003ca href=\"https://www.under2coalition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under 2 MOU,\u003c/a>” with the goal to keep global average temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius, which scientists say could avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, 220 governments have signed on, though the agreement to cut emissions is not binding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown traveled to China, to international climate negotiations in Paris, and even to the Vatican, quoting from scripture along the way: “For whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It culminated in September, when international leaders \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931186/live-blog-bringing-you-the-global-climate-action-summit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gathered in San Francisco for a climate summit\u003c/a>. Brown announced California would launch its “own damn satellite” to track carbon emissions globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Jerry Brown was received almost as a head of state,” Alex says. “The reception everywhere he went was incredibly warm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His movement became higher-profile after the Trump administration announced it would pull the U.S. out of the Paris climate treaty. Brown told international leaders that California would fill the leadership void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in his retirement, Brown says he’ll continue to work on climate issues, to “try to wake people up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otherwise, he’ll be tending to olive trees on his Northern California ranch.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Most Important New California Environmental and Health Laws of 2019",
"headTitle": "The Most Important New California Environmental and Health Laws of 2019 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The California Legislature in 2018 cranked out \u003ca href=\"http://www.counties.org/csac-bulletin-article/governor-brown-takes-final-action-2018-legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,016 pieces of legislation\u003c/a> that Gov. Brown \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GovPressOffice/status/1046601496702332928/photo/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signed\u003c/a> into law. Number of bills \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11624605/revealing-rejections-jerry-browns-vetoes-are-a-window-into-his-mind\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vetoed\u003c/a>? 201. (For those keeping track, note that Brown rejected bills at a \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Governors%20Vetoes%202017_Senate%20Office%20of%20Research.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">much higher clip\u003c/a> his second time around as governor.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the most important environmental and health changes coming in 2019:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 100\u003c/a>: The long road to 100 percent clean energy\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was, in many ways,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915384/can-california-really-go-100-percent-renewable-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the defining environmental law of the year\u003c/a>: a groundbreaking mandate for generating 100 percent of the state’s electricity from solar, wind and other non-fossil sources by 2045. Now comes the hard part: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">actually doing it\u003c/a>. Legislators have already passed a rash of environmental legislation to begin meeting these goals, including an increase in incentives for solar panels, more \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">restrictions\u003c/a> on hydrofluorocarbons, and an\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11560541/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> extension of the state’s cap-and-trade system\u003c/a> to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 901\u003c/a>, et al: Wildfire mitigation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, Brown signed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11694129/gov-brown-signs-major-wildfire-reforms-utility-protections-into-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">package of bills\u003c/a> in response to the massive wildfires of the last few years. The main bill, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 901\u003c/a>, requires utilities to implement fire prevention plans and upgrade equipment. It also creates incentives for landowners to reduce excess fuel and remove dead trees, and sets aside $1 billion for forest management over the next five years. Controversially, the negotiated deal \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11689138/last-minute-deal-allows-utilities-to-pass-along-costs-of-2017-fires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allows PG&E\u003c/a> to pass on to consumers some of the cost it may incur if it’s found liable for the 2017 fires. The two- dozen or so fire prevention bills Brown signed include rules making it easier for private landowners to conduct controlled burns, rules requiring garage door openers to have backup batteries in case of electrical outages, and a clarification that insurers \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/business/lazarus/la-fi-lazarus-mudslides-homeowners-insurance-20180130-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">must cover\u003c/a> losses due to landslides and mudslides if those calamities resulted mainly from a separate, insured catastrophe like fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1775\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1775\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>and \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB834\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 834\u003c/a>: No offshore drilling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11691228/brown-signs-bills-to-make-new-offshore-drilling-in-california-more-difficult\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two bills\u003c/a> to stem offshore drilling, in response to the Trump administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919605/offshore-drilling-showdown-in-sacramento-thursday\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">push\u003c/a> to open nearly the entire U.S. coastline to offshore oil leasing in federal waters. The companion bills prevent any new leases for construction of oil or gas infrastructure like pipelines or piers in state waters or tidal lands as of Jan. 1, which would ostensibly prevent any oil from coming ashore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1274\u003c/a>: Smog check exemption \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, cars six \u003ca href=\"https://www.autoblog.com/2016/04/15/determine-car-model-year-vin/\">model-years\u003c/a> old or newer could forego a smog-check. The new law extends that exemption to cars eight years old or newer. During the last two of those eight years, the smog abatement fee will jump to $25 from $20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 544\u003c/a>: HOV stickers for zero-emission cars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This law \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915616/ca-legislature-clean-cars-can-keep-carpool-lane-access\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extends\u003c/a> the program that allows \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">zero-emission cars\u003c/a> to drive in carpool lanes. Here are the new rules:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued before Jan. 1, 2017 expire on Jan. 1, 2019.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued to new cars after Jan. 1, 2019 are valid for three full years and then until Jan. 1 of their fourth year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Drivers issued stickers in 2017 and 2018 will be able to apply for a new sticker in 2019 that is valid until Jan. 1, 2022.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In addition, drivers that receive the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://cleanvehiclerebate.org/eng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Vehicle Rebate\u003c/a>, which can be several thousand dollars, won’t be eligible for HOV lane stickers unless their gross annual income falls below $150,000 for a single tax filer, $204,000 for a head of household and $300,000 for joint filers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is the California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/eligible-carpool-sticker-list\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">list of vehicles\u003c/a>, going back to 1997, that are eligible for carpool stickers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 606\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1668\u003c/a>: More efficient water use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These laws don’t go into effect in 2019, but their passage in 2018 was an important part of Gov. Brown’s push to make water conservation “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1235760/california-drought-six-years-in-how-will-the-state-keep-saving-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a way of life\u003c/a>.” SB 606 and AB 1668 collectively require the state to establish new efficiency standards for water use by 2022 and mandate that local agencies devise drought and water-shortage plans. The bills also set indoor residential use at 55 gallons per person per day, incrementally reducing that number after Jan. 1, 2025. Basically, this year, you might want to start getting used to using less water and more water- efficient appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1884\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1884\u003c/a>: No more plastic straws … unless you really want one\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a tough year for plastic straws. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927896/san-francisco-to-consider-outlawing-plastic-straws-stirrers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco banned them, \u003c/a> Starbucks announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927062/starbucks-goodbye-plastic-straws\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phaseout\u003c/a>, and California passed a law removing them from full-service restaurants starting Jan. 1. However, dining establishments can still give you a plastic straw if you ask for one. (This is similar to the new rule that restaurants are not supposed to serve water unless you ask for it.) Businesses that don’t comply will get two warnings and then can be fined $25 per day, up to $300 annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1192\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 1192\u003c/a>: No soda or juice with kid meals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurants will now have to remove soda and juice from kids’ menus. The default options starting in 2019 will be water with no added sweetners or milk or a dairy-free milk substitute. If kids or their parents want juice or soda, they’ll have to ask. (If you want to go full gadfly, ask for a plastic straw with that soda.) After a warning, restaurant violators can be fined $250, or $500 for a repeat offense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1976\u003c/a>: Breastfeeding at work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California already requires employers to provide a reasonable amount of time to breastfeed and a place for lactation that isn’t a toilet stall. AB 1976 now requires that area be outside the bathroom itself. Temporary locations are acceptable, as long as they’re private. Another bill, which would have legislated more specific requirements, was vetoed by Gov. Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 179\u003c/a>: Nonbinary gender option on official forms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436110/california-third-gender-nonbinary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gender Recognition Act \u003c/a>was passed in 2017, allowing Caifornians to change the gender on their birth certificates to “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/335790/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nonbinary\u003c/a>” instead of male or female. Now the rest of the law goes into effect. Starting Jan. 1, individuals can choose the nonbinary gender designation on \u003ca href=\"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/dl/gender_id\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">driver’s licenses or state IDs\u003c/a>. People wanting to change their gender on those forms will also no longer have to provide a doctor’s authorization. The law, of course, does not apply to federal forms, such as passports, or documents issued by other states. (For more on the law, check out the Transgender Law Center \u003ca href=\"https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact sheet\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1448\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 1448\u003c/a>: Informing patients about physician misconduct\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a number of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/stateofhealth/209413/nationwide-doctors-who-sexually-abuse-their-patients-continue-to-practice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">instances\u003c/a> in which doctors were allowed to continue practicing following sexual assault or misconduct, a movement ensued to arm the public with information about which physicians have been found culpable. Previously, patients could search an online database to see if their doctors were on probation, but that put the onus on the public. SB 1448 requires doctors to actively inform their patients if they’ve been disciplined by the regulatory board for the following: sexual misconduct involving a patient, drug abuse, criminal convictions involving harm to a patient, and inappropriate prescribing that resulted in patient harm. In July, the list of medical professionals required to proactively inform the public will expand to include surgeons, osteopaths, naturopathic doctors, chiropractors, podiatrists and acupuncturists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Also of interest …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We note: A \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">law\u003c/a> requiring vegan meals to be offered in prisons and hospitals; \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one\u003c/a> phasing out drift gill-net fishing, which unintentionally snares marine mammals; and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2998\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a> that phases out certain flame retardants by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "From an ambitious clean-energy goal to officially recognizing a third gender, California continued to break new legislative ground last year. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Legislature in 2018 cranked out \u003ca href=\"http://www.counties.org/csac-bulletin-article/governor-brown-takes-final-action-2018-legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,016 pieces of legislation\u003c/a> that Gov. Brown \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/GovPressOffice/status/1046601496702332928/photo/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signed\u003c/a> into law. Number of bills \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11624605/revealing-rejections-jerry-browns-vetoes-are-a-window-into-his-mind\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vetoed\u003c/a>? 201. (For those keeping track, note that Brown rejected bills at a \u003ca href=\"https://sor.senate.ca.gov/sites/sor.senate.ca.gov/files/Governors%20Vetoes%202017_Senate%20Office%20of%20Research.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">much higher clip\u003c/a> his second time around as governor.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the most important environmental and health changes coming in 2019:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 100\u003c/a>: The long road to 100 percent clean energy\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was, in many ways,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915384/can-california-really-go-100-percent-renewable-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the defining environmental law of the year\u003c/a>: a groundbreaking mandate for generating 100 percent of the state’s electricity from solar, wind and other non-fossil sources by 2045. Now comes the hard part: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">actually doing it\u003c/a>. Legislators have already passed a rash of environmental legislation to begin meeting these goals, including an increase in incentives for solar panels, more \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">restrictions\u003c/a> on hydrofluorocarbons, and an\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11560541/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> extension of the state’s cap-and-trade system\u003c/a> to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 901\u003c/a>, et al: Wildfire mitigation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, Brown signed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11694129/gov-brown-signs-major-wildfire-reforms-utility-protections-into-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">package of bills\u003c/a> in response to the massive wildfires of the last few years. The main bill, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 901\u003c/a>, requires utilities to implement fire prevention plans and upgrade equipment. It also creates incentives for landowners to reduce excess fuel and remove dead trees, and sets aside $1 billion for forest management over the next five years. Controversially, the negotiated deal \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11689138/last-minute-deal-allows-utilities-to-pass-along-costs-of-2017-fires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allows PG&E\u003c/a> to pass on to consumers some of the cost it may incur if it’s found liable for the 2017 fires. The two- dozen or so fire prevention bills Brown signed include rules making it easier for private landowners to conduct controlled burns, rules requiring garage door openers to have backup batteries in case of electrical outages, and a clarification that insurers \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/business/lazarus/la-fi-lazarus-mudslides-homeowners-insurance-20180130-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">must cover\u003c/a> losses due to landslides and mudslides if those calamities resulted mainly from a separate, insured catastrophe like fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1775\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1775\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>and \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB834\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 834\u003c/a>: No offshore drilling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11691228/brown-signs-bills-to-make-new-offshore-drilling-in-california-more-difficult\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two bills\u003c/a> to stem offshore drilling, in response to the Trump administration’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919605/offshore-drilling-showdown-in-sacramento-thursday\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">push\u003c/a> to open nearly the entire U.S. coastline to offshore oil leasing in federal waters. The companion bills prevent any new leases for construction of oil or gas infrastructure like pipelines or piers in state waters or tidal lands as of Jan. 1, which would ostensibly prevent any oil from coming ashore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1274\u003c/a>: Smog check exemption \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, cars six \u003ca href=\"https://www.autoblog.com/2016/04/15/determine-car-model-year-vin/\">model-years\u003c/a> old or newer could forego a smog-check. The new law extends that exemption to cars eight years old or newer. During the last two of those eight years, the smog abatement fee will jump to $25 from $20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 544\u003c/a>: HOV stickers for zero-emission cars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This law \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915616/ca-legislature-clean-cars-can-keep-carpool-lane-access\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extends\u003c/a> the program that allows \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">zero-emission cars\u003c/a> to drive in carpool lanes. Here are the new rules:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued before Jan. 1, 2017 expire on Jan. 1, 2019.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued to new cars after Jan. 1, 2019 are valid for three full years and then until Jan. 1 of their fourth year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Drivers issued stickers in 2017 and 2018 will be able to apply for a new sticker in 2019 that is valid until Jan. 1, 2022.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In addition, drivers that receive the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://cleanvehiclerebate.org/eng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Vehicle Rebate\u003c/a>, which can be several thousand dollars, won’t be eligible for HOV lane stickers unless their gross annual income falls below $150,000 for a single tax filer, $204,000 for a head of household and $300,000 for joint filers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is the California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/eligible-carpool-sticker-list\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">list of vehicles\u003c/a>, going back to 1997, that are eligible for carpool stickers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 606\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1668\u003c/a>: More efficient water use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These laws don’t go into effect in 2019, but their passage in 2018 was an important part of Gov. Brown’s push to make water conservation “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1235760/california-drought-six-years-in-how-will-the-state-keep-saving-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a way of life\u003c/a>.” SB 606 and AB 1668 collectively require the state to establish new efficiency standards for water use by 2022 and mandate that local agencies devise drought and water-shortage plans. The bills also set indoor residential use at 55 gallons per person per day, incrementally reducing that number after Jan. 1, 2025. Basically, this year, you might want to start getting used to using less water and more water- efficient appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1884\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1884\u003c/a>: No more plastic straws … unless you really want one\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a tough year for plastic straws. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927896/san-francisco-to-consider-outlawing-plastic-straws-stirrers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco banned them, \u003c/a> Starbucks announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927062/starbucks-goodbye-plastic-straws\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phaseout\u003c/a>, and California passed a law removing them from full-service restaurants starting Jan. 1. However, dining establishments can still give you a plastic straw if you ask for one. (This is similar to the new rule that restaurants are not supposed to serve water unless you ask for it.) Businesses that don’t comply will get two warnings and then can be fined $25 per day, up to $300 annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1192\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 1192\u003c/a>: No soda or juice with kid meals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurants will now have to remove soda and juice from kids’ menus. The default options starting in 2019 will be water with no added sweetners or milk or a dairy-free milk substitute. If kids or their parents want juice or soda, they’ll have to ask. (If you want to go full gadfly, ask for a plastic straw with that soda.) After a warning, restaurant violators can be fined $250, or $500 for a repeat offense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1976\u003c/a>: Breastfeeding at work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California already requires employers to provide a reasonable amount of time to breastfeed and a place for lactation that isn’t a toilet stall. AB 1976 now requires that area be outside the bathroom itself. Temporary locations are acceptable, as long as they’re private. Another bill, which would have legislated more specific requirements, was vetoed by Gov. Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 179\u003c/a>: Nonbinary gender option on official forms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436110/california-third-gender-nonbinary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gender Recognition Act \u003c/a>was passed in 2017, allowing Caifornians to change the gender on their birth certificates to “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/335790/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nonbinary\u003c/a>” instead of male or female. Now the rest of the law goes into effect. Starting Jan. 1, individuals can choose the nonbinary gender designation on \u003ca href=\"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/dl/gender_id\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">driver’s licenses or state IDs\u003c/a>. People wanting to change their gender on those forms will also no longer have to provide a doctor’s authorization. The law, of course, does not apply to federal forms, such as passports, or documents issued by other states. (For more on the law, check out the Transgender Law Center \u003ca href=\"https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/ca-sb179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact sheet\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1448\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 1448\u003c/a>: Informing patients about physician misconduct\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a number of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/stateofhealth/209413/nationwide-doctors-who-sexually-abuse-their-patients-continue-to-practice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">instances\u003c/a> in which doctors were allowed to continue practicing following sexual assault or misconduct, a movement ensued to arm the public with information about which physicians have been found culpable. Previously, patients could search an online database to see if their doctors were on probation, but that put the onus on the public. SB 1448 requires doctors to actively inform their patients if they’ve been disciplined by the regulatory board for the following: sexual misconduct involving a patient, drug abuse, criminal convictions involving harm to a patient, and inappropriate prescribing that resulted in patient harm. In July, the list of medical professionals required to proactively inform the public will expand to include surgeons, osteopaths, naturopathic doctors, chiropractors, podiatrists and acupuncturists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Also of interest …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We note: A \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">law\u003c/a> requiring vegan meals to be offered in prisons and hospitals; \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one\u003c/a> phasing out drift gill-net fishing, which unintentionally snares marine mammals; and \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2998\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another\u003c/a> that phases out certain flame retardants by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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