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"content": "\u003cp>Are you growing weary of Apollo 11 anniversary posts yet? Wait! Here are nine websites you really want to check out because they’re — we mean it — astronomically good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://apolloinrealtime.org/11/?t=127:56:00\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apollo 11 in Realtime\u003c/a> – Using entirely historical footage timed to the Ground Elapsed Time (clock begins one second before liftoff), this site plays the moon landing as it happened 50 years ago.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.apollopresskits.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apollo 11 Press Kits\u003c/a> – Downloadable and full of beautiful photographs and information that wasn’t in NASA news releases.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/a11trans.html\">Apollo Transcripts\u003c/a> – Detailed transcripts of recorded conversations aboard Apollo 11 and between the Apollo 11 crew and Houston Mission Control. For the true space nerd.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://wiki.kerbalspaceprogram.com/wiki/Tutorial:_Apollo_11\">Kerbal Space Program How-To\u003c/a> – A detailed tutorial on how to recreate Apollo 11 in the popular flight simulation game, Kerbal Space Program. Instructions include notes on how to build the ship, get into orbit, and nail the landing.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0ADCA6F9DFADA36D\">Apollo Reporting Montage\u003c/a> – To see how the moon landing was reported on live TV, here’s a playlist of CBS’ coverage of the Apollo 11 mission from 50 years ago.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://3d.si.edu/apollo11cm_media/boxes/play-cm-2016-09-26/cm-interior.html\">VR-ish Tour of Apollo 11\u003c/a> – Discover the Smithsonian’s 3D model of the Apollo 11 Command Module.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/413105/Apollo%20Press%20Kits/Stouffer's.pdf\">Stouffer’s Astronaut Menus\u003c/a> – Short ribs, potatoes au gratin and green salads — Stouffer’s prepared the astronauts’ meals during Apollo 11, as this fascinating (and food-stained) document attests.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0015ZP2AC/ref=nosim/0sil8\">Original Astronaut Space Pen\u003c/a> – Marvel at (and purchase, if you wish) the Fisher space pen model that astronauts carried with them to the moon. Hermetically sealed! Pressurized with nitrogen gas!\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html\">Apollo 11 Revisited\u003c/a> – NASA’s official narrative of the Apollo 11 mission, including exclusive video, audio, and content for kids.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Disappearing Icons: Joshua Trees Could Die Out in Park That Bears Their Name",
"headTitle": "Disappearing Icons: Joshua Trees Could Die Out in Park That Bears Their Name | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This story has been updated with new research. The original post was published on August 1, 2016.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many national parks were chosen for, and even named after, the country’s iconic natural sights, like sequoia trees, everglades and glaciers. Now, as the climate warms, many of these icons are beginning to disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.2763\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> on the future of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/jotr/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joshua Tree National Park\u003c/a> finds that the eponymous trees’ survival there depends on how forcefully humans act to restrict carbon pollution. The study from the Center for Conservation Biology and UC Riverside says that with little to no change in carbon emissions, by the end of the century, the trees could die off entirely within the park that bears their name. With moderate or strong interventions, the trees could survive in small remnant patches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vanishing Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Joshua Tree National Park in the Southern California desert, its namesake quirky trees are unmissable on the horizon, with twisted branches, shaggy bark and needle-like leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something you don’t even imagine could live on Earth and here it is,” observes Cameron Barrows, an ecologist with UC Riverside and co-author of the new study. “It’s like a Dr. Seuss book.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LISTEN:\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/07/WEBNationalParksClimateSommer160801.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_884306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-884306 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Joshua2-web2\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ecologist Cameron Barrows and National Park Service biologist Kristen Lalumiere in a “climate refuge” in Joshua Tree National Park. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Were we all in a Dr. Seuss book, Barrows would be the Lorax, the character who speaks for the trees. He’s been trying to predict what will happen to Joshua trees in a warming climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest ones over there, those could be anywhere from 150 to 250 years old,” he says, pointing across the dusty valley we’re in, two hours east of Los Angeles. “Not bad for something that’s essentially a giant lily.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A field crew from UC Riverside and the National Park Service has marked several large rectangular plots on the ground, mapping the location and condition of every Joshua tree, as well as every shrub and cactus. It’s part of an annual vegetation survey to document how things are changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You walk to a site where there are some and your spirits lift.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Kristen Lalumiere, National Park Service Biologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To the untrained eye, the Joshua trees in this valley look big and healthy. But that worries Barrows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to see babies and what we’re not seeing are individual seedlings that are coming up,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The youngest trees around us are 30-to-40 years old, which means seedlings aren’t surviving. The likely culprit, Barrows says, is climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua trees already live on the edge, surviving 120-degree summer days and as little as one inch of rain per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re well adapted to what we have now,” Barrow says. “But you turn up the temperature a couple of degrees and that would be the end of most of these plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adult Joshua trees can withstand punishing desert conditions by storing water in their trunks. Seedlings are much more vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-897894\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Desktop_edited.jpg\" alt=\"Joshua_Desktop_edited\" width=\"1040\" height=\"835\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Desktop_edited.jpg 1040w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Desktop_edited-400x321.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Desktop_edited-800x642.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Desktop_edited-768x617.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Desktop_edited-960x771.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1040px) 100vw, 1040px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-897896\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Mobile_edited.png\" alt=\"Joshua_Mobile_edited\" width=\"751\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Mobile_edited.png 751w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Mobile_edited-400x711.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the rate the planet is warming, Barrows expects Joshua tree habitat in the park to \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233729230_Modeling_impacts_of_climate_change_on_Joshua_trees_at_their_southern_boundary_How_scale_impacts_predictions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shrink \u003c/a>by anywhere from \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.2763\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233729230_Modeling_impacts_of_climate_change_on_Joshua_trees_at_their_southern_boundary_How_scale_impacts_predictions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">90 percent\u003c/a> by the end of the century, disappearing altogether if humans take little action to cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings shook those who love the park’s stark landscape. The bleak joke is that without Joshua trees, the park would have to change its name. Barrows says there may be a way to avoid that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Climate Refuges\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half an hour away, Barrows is finding baby Joshua trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a little one sprouting there,” Barrows says, pointing to a Joshua tree that’s knee-high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This site is at a higher elevation, where it’s a bit cooler and wetter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are these little niches in this landscape that should be able to sustain Joshua trees,” Barrows says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The little pockets, or “climate refugia” as Barrows called them, make up a small fraction of the habitat that’s here now, but they’re still within the national park boundary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This site is actually looking pretty good,” says Kristen Lalumiere, a wildlife biologist with the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You walk to a site where there are some and your spirits lift,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_884316\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-884316 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web.jpg\" alt=\"James Heintz of UC Riverside maps out plant life for a yearly ecosystem census.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">James Heintz of UC Riverside maps out plant life for a yearly ecosystem census. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The park service is looking at how to manage the refuge areas to preserve the trees there. That will likely mean protecting them from wildfires. Joshua trees aren’t adapted to withstand fire and invasive grasses in the park have made it easier for fire to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the climate warms, Joshua trees may be able to shift outside the park’s boundary, where some already exist. In February, President Obama established the Mojave Trails National Monument, protecting 1.6 million acres next to Joshua Tree. Two other national monuments, Sand to Snow and Castle Mountains, were also created nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They connect this landscape to other protected landscapes,” says Barrows. “We’ve created an undistributed, continuous landscape where species can shift and move. The future is much brighter for biodiversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, park officials are considering public displays, explaining to visitors that the Joshua trees they see today might one day be gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evolving Parks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are already seeing the effects of climate change throughout the National Park system,” says Jon Jarvis, director of the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a long list of examples. Sea level rise threatens the everglades of Everglades National Park in Florida. Sequoia trees in Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Park face drought stress from a shrinking Sierra snowpack. At Glacier National Park in Montana, its glaciers could all grind to a halt by 2030, according to Park Service projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it is inevitable at this point,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_884322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-884322 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web.jpg\" alt=\"The National Park Service is looking at protecting areas where Joshua trees could survive.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1132\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web-400x236.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web-800x472.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web-768x453.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web-1440x849.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web-1180x696.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web-960x566.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The National Park Service is looking at protecting areas where Joshua trees could survive. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That creates a more complicated mission for the parks. Until now, the goal has been preserving parks and all the plants and animals in them. Now, maintaining that historic picture probably isn’t possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Managing for continuous change? That’s harder to imagine, harder to visualize,” Jarvis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connecting the parks to open spaces will be key, so plants and animals have places to move to as the climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service’s other job will be helping the public understand what’s happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are places that people care about,” says Jarvis. “And maybe it can stimulate their own actions as a result of seeing the effects of climate change in our national parks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jarvis hopes that 100 years from now, visitors will still see Joshua trees in the wild, instead of only in pictures on the park’s welcome sign.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Disappearing Icons: Joshua Trees Could Die Out in Park That Bears Their Name | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This story has been updated with new research. The original post was published on August 1, 2016.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many national parks were chosen for, and even named after, the country’s iconic natural sights, like sequoia trees, everglades and glaciers. Now, as the climate warms, many of these icons are beginning to disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.2763\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> on the future of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/jotr/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joshua Tree National Park\u003c/a> finds that the eponymous trees’ survival there depends on how forcefully humans act to restrict carbon pollution. The study from the Center for Conservation Biology and UC Riverside says that with little to no change in carbon emissions, by the end of the century, the trees could die off entirely within the park that bears their name. With moderate or strong interventions, the trees could survive in small remnant patches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vanishing Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Joshua Tree National Park in the Southern California desert, its namesake quirky trees are unmissable on the horizon, with twisted branches, shaggy bark and needle-like leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something you don’t even imagine could live on Earth and here it is,” observes Cameron Barrows, an ecologist with UC Riverside and co-author of the new study. “It’s like a Dr. Seuss book.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LISTEN:\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_884306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-884306 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Joshua2-web2\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua2-web2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ecologist Cameron Barrows and National Park Service biologist Kristen Lalumiere in a “climate refuge” in Joshua Tree National Park. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Were we all in a Dr. Seuss book, Barrows would be the Lorax, the character who speaks for the trees. He’s been trying to predict what will happen to Joshua trees in a warming climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest ones over there, those could be anywhere from 150 to 250 years old,” he says, pointing across the dusty valley we’re in, two hours east of Los Angeles. “Not bad for something that’s essentially a giant lily.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A field crew from UC Riverside and the National Park Service has marked several large rectangular plots on the ground, mapping the location and condition of every Joshua tree, as well as every shrub and cactus. It’s part of an annual vegetation survey to document how things are changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You walk to a site where there are some and your spirits lift.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Kristen Lalumiere, National Park Service Biologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To the untrained eye, the Joshua trees in this valley look big and healthy. But that worries Barrows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to see babies and what we’re not seeing are individual seedlings that are coming up,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The youngest trees around us are 30-to-40 years old, which means seedlings aren’t surviving. The likely culprit, Barrows says, is climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua trees already live on the edge, surviving 120-degree summer days and as little as one inch of rain per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re well adapted to what we have now,” Barrow says. “But you turn up the temperature a couple of degrees and that would be the end of most of these plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adult Joshua trees can withstand punishing desert conditions by storing water in their trunks. Seedlings are much more vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-897894\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Desktop_edited.jpg\" alt=\"Joshua_Desktop_edited\" width=\"1040\" height=\"835\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Desktop_edited.jpg 1040w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Desktop_edited-400x321.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Desktop_edited-800x642.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Desktop_edited-768x617.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Desktop_edited-960x771.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1040px) 100vw, 1040px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-897896\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Mobile_edited.png\" alt=\"Joshua_Mobile_edited\" width=\"751\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Mobile_edited.png 751w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Joshua_Mobile_edited-400x711.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the rate the planet is warming, Barrows expects Joshua tree habitat in the park to \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233729230_Modeling_impacts_of_climate_change_on_Joshua_trees_at_their_southern_boundary_How_scale_impacts_predictions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shrink \u003c/a>by anywhere from \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.2763\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233729230_Modeling_impacts_of_climate_change_on_Joshua_trees_at_their_southern_boundary_How_scale_impacts_predictions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">90 percent\u003c/a> by the end of the century, disappearing altogether if humans take little action to cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings shook those who love the park’s stark landscape. The bleak joke is that without Joshua trees, the park would have to change its name. Barrows says there may be a way to avoid that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Climate Refuges\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half an hour away, Barrows is finding baby Joshua trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a little one sprouting there,” Barrows says, pointing to a Joshua tree that’s knee-high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This site is at a higher elevation, where it’s a bit cooler and wetter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are these little niches in this landscape that should be able to sustain Joshua trees,” Barrows says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The little pockets, or “climate refugia” as Barrows called them, make up a small fraction of the habitat that’s here now, but they’re still within the national park boundary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This site is actually looking pretty good,” says Kristen Lalumiere, a wildlife biologist with the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You walk to a site where there are some and your spirits lift,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_884316\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-884316 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web.jpg\" alt=\"James Heintz of UC Riverside maps out plant life for a yearly ecosystem census.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua3-web-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">James Heintz of UC Riverside maps out plant life for a yearly ecosystem census. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The park service is looking at how to manage the refuge areas to preserve the trees there. That will likely mean protecting them from wildfires. Joshua trees aren’t adapted to withstand fire and invasive grasses in the park have made it easier for fire to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the climate warms, Joshua trees may be able to shift outside the park’s boundary, where some already exist. In February, President Obama established the Mojave Trails National Monument, protecting 1.6 million acres next to Joshua Tree. Two other national monuments, Sand to Snow and Castle Mountains, were also created nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They connect this landscape to other protected landscapes,” says Barrows. “We’ve created an undistributed, continuous landscape where species can shift and move. The future is much brighter for biodiversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, park officials are considering public displays, explaining to visitors that the Joshua trees they see today might one day be gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evolving Parks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are already seeing the effects of climate change throughout the National Park system,” says Jon Jarvis, director of the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a long list of examples. Sea level rise threatens the everglades of Everglades National Park in Florida. Sequoia trees in Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Park face drought stress from a shrinking Sierra snowpack. At Glacier National Park in Montana, its glaciers could all grind to a halt by 2030, according to Park Service projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it is inevitable at this point,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_884322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-884322 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web.jpg\" alt=\"The National Park Service is looking at protecting areas where Joshua trees could survive.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1132\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web-400x236.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web-800x472.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web-768x453.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web-1440x849.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web-1180x696.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Joshua5-web-960x566.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The National Park Service is looking at protecting areas where Joshua trees could survive. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That creates a more complicated mission for the parks. Until now, the goal has been preserving parks and all the plants and animals in them. Now, maintaining that historic picture probably isn’t possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Managing for continuous change? That’s harder to imagine, harder to visualize,” Jarvis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connecting the parks to open spaces will be key, so plants and animals have places to move to as the climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service’s other job will be helping the public understand what’s happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are places that people care about,” says Jarvis. “And maybe it can stimulate their own actions as a result of seeing the effects of climate change in our national parks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jarvis hopes that 100 years from now, visitors will still see Joshua trees in the wild, instead of only in pictures on the park’s welcome sign.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How the Bay Area Helped Apollo 11 Get Home Safely",
"headTitle": "How the Bay Area Helped Apollo 11 Get Home Safely | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In the hit parade of NASA locations on Earth, there’s Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Mission Control in Houston, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, nestled right in the Bay Area’s backyard is an innovation powerhouse: NASA Ames Research Center, without which space exploration as it looks today would not exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation='Mike Collins, Apollo 11 astronaut']‘This trip of ours to the moon may have looked, to you, simple or easy. I’d like to assure you that has not been the case.’[/pullquote]Ames researchers brought the world near-magical coatings and shields to protect humans and machines from the fiery inferno of re-entry. And its researchers had the insight that the best spacecraft wasn’t a pointy, sleek vehicle with wide wings cutting through the air. It was an almost humorously dumpy, vaguely pear-shaped vehicle. But this pear keeps people alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Ames scientists and the equipment they invented out of imagination, engineering, and research helped get astronauts to and from the moon 50 years ago, and today they’re doing it again, as NASA sets its sights on our lunar neighbor once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Returning Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Apollo 11 fell toward Earth, cruising at more than 5,000 feet per second, astronauts Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong and Michael Collins received news updates via Mission Control in Houston: The first super highway in South Korea would be named ‘Apollo Highway’ to commemorate their trip. And a newborn baby girl in Tennessee had been named ‘Module’ (as in ‘Lunar Module’).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Nixon was on his way to meet them and cities along the West Coast – from Vancouver to San Francisco – would be turning on their porch lights at night to create a luminous welcome mat under their flight path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most dangerous phases of their journey lay ahead of them: re-entering the atmosphere. If the angle of entry was too shallow, they would bounce off the atmosphere like a rock skipping on a lake. If the angle was too steep, the force of impact could injure or kill them. As the Command Module screamed through the atmosphere, the temperature on the outside surface would climb to 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945232\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945232 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ARC-1957-A-23438_medium-800x1020.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1020\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ARC-1957-A-23438_medium-800x1020.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ARC-1957-A-23438_medium-160x204.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ARC-1957-A-23438_medium-768x979.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ARC-1957-A-23438_medium-941x1200.jpg 941w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ARC-1957-A-23438_medium.jpg 1004w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">H. Julian ‘Harvey’ Allen in front of a blunt body model mounted in a wind tunnel at Ames for testing. The ‘blunt body’ concept is one of the clearest contributions scientists at NASA Ames Research Center made to the Apollo program. \u003ccite>(NASA Ames)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The ‘Blunt Body Concept’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That pear-shaped blunt body was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/there-and-back-again\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">brainchild of “Harvey” Julian Allen\u003c/a>, who joined Ames in 1940 when it was known as Ames Aeronautical Laboratory. (NASA was founded in 1958.) He developed it while working on the re-entry problem for long-range ballistic missiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen had the insight that a craft entering the atmosphere at very high speeds, needed to be blunt, rather than sharp or complex. This is so that a shock layer, a section of compressed air that travels in front of the craft, is thick. The thick layer minimizes the heating on the craft, encouraging heat to flow around, and helps the craft slow down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was at Ames in the 1960s that Allen and his colleague Dean Chapman were able “to really prove that the blunt body concept would be the best way to build a re-entry body like Apollo,” says longtime Ames employee and Apollo-era veteran Howard Goldstein. “It was adopted all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This shape is now a staple of spaceflight, and one of Ames’ crowning innovations. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/orion/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orion spacecraft\u003c/a>, designed to send humans deep into space to an asteroid or even to Mars, will fly with this shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Protective Cloak \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/ames/faces-of-apollo/howard-goldstein/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Howard Goldstein\u003c/a>’s specialty is heat shields – cloaks built to protect the soft bodies of astronauts from the terrors of re-entry\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> Goldstein started at Ames in 1967, and officially retired in 2000, but stuck around consulting and still has an office there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I came into the space industry just having a degree in chemical engineering,” said Goldstein, “and never expected that I would end up helping to design spacecraft and come up with heat shield materials that would be used on spacecraft that the whole world would watch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945237\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945237\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S69-41985_medium-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S69-41985_medium-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S69-41985_medium-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S69-41985_medium-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S69-41985_medium-1020x671.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S69-41985_medium-1200x789.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S69-41985_medium.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apollo 11 spacecraft Command Module is loaded for shipment to the North American Rockwell Corporation at Downey, California, after its release from post-flight quarantine in August 1969. Note the darkened coloring on the bottom of the module caused by extreme heat of Earth reentry. \u003ccite>(Johnson Space Center/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the early days of the space missions, NASA relied on commercially built materials for heat shields. Generally, the companies manufacturing the materials were cagey about what the materials were made of and how they were manufactured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They gave us materials to test, but they did not tell us exactly what these materials were,” says Goldstein, adding that this made it hard to interpret the results of tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we decided to make some of our own materials, and then we could understand better why they performed the way they did. And pretty soon, we were making materials that were comparable or better than what the contractors were providing to us. And that’s really how we got into the heat shield material business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, heat shield technologies developed at Ames are used all over the world, including by commercial companies like SpaceX.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To the Moon and On to Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the Trump administration announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/15/741281881/50-years-after-apollo-11-moon-landing-nasa-sets-its-sights-on-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plans \u003c/a>to return people to the moon by 2024 – four years earlier than the previous plan. To meet that timeline NASA will need extra funding, something Congress has not yet approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945240\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 509px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945240\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS35927_NASA_008-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"509\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS35927_NASA_008-sfi.jpg 509w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS35927_NASA_008-sfi-160x113.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Robin Beck holds a sample material designed at NASA Ames for heat shields. Beck is responsible for thermal protection for the Mars 2020 mission. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA also has ambitions to send astronauts to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/nasas-orion-flight-test-and-the-journey-to-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mars in the 2030s. \u003c/a>Robin Beck is an aerospace engineer who’s working on how to get missions to Mars and back. When bring astronauts back from a Mars mission they’ll travel a lot faster than the Apollo crews, which means they need more help in slowing down. And the spacecraft will get hotter on re-entry so they need more advanced heat shields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And we have new ideas that are amazing for ways to fly bigger heat shields,” says Beck. “How do we get more drag?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One design they’re working on looks like a sort of expandable umbrella, made of flexible woven carbon. This design, known as \u003ca href=\"https://gameon.nasa.gov/projects-2/archived-projects-2/adaptable-deployable-entry-and-placement-technology-adept-edl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ADEPT\u003c/a> could make it possible to land heavier loads. The shield flew on its first\u003ca href=\"https://gameon.nasa.gov/2018/09/19/nasa-tests-space-tech-on-up-aerospace-rocket/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> test flight\u003c/a> last September and will fly on future test flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronauts get all the glory. Escape Earth’s gravity and instantly you receive hero status. To be sure, the men and women who go through astronaut training are extraordinarily dedicated and brave. But theirs is not the whole story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their final\u003ca href=\"https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap11fj/25day8-reentry-stowage.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> televised address\u003c/a> from Apollo 11, delivered as they were returning to Earth, the astronauts took the time to thank everyone who had got them there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmH8p0f8tBM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This trip of ours to the Moon may have looked, to you, simple or easy. I’d like to assure you that has not been the case,” said Mike Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He praised the Saturn V rocket that had put them into space, the Command Module and its computer with its 38,000-word vocabulary, the Service Module, and the parachutes which would be deployed during their descent to Earth to slow them down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have always had confidence that all this equipment will work, and work properly, and we continue to have confidence that it will do so for the remainder of the flight. All this is possible only through the blood, sweat and tears of a number of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA estimates it took more than 400,000 engineers, scientists and technicians to accomplish the moon landings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howard Goldstein says during his long career, one of the things that made Ames special was the freedom and innovation it fostered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I came into the space industry just having a degree in chemical engineering,” says Goldstein, “and never expected that I would end up helping to design spacecraft, and come up with heat shield materials that would be used on spacecraft that the whole world would watch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you are involved in the space program, he says, “you are involved with things that change the world. It’s really been an extraordinary life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The moonwalk 50 years ago made two men, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, very famous. But it took hundreds of thousands of engineers, scientists and technicians to get them there. We take a look at how the Bay Area's NASA research center helped drive the moonshot.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the hit parade of NASA locations on Earth, there’s Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Mission Control in Houston, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, nestled right in the Bay Area’s backyard is an innovation powerhouse: NASA Ames Research Center, without which space exploration as it looks today would not exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘This trip of ours to the moon may have looked, to you, simple or easy. I’d like to assure you that has not been the case.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Ames researchers brought the world near-magical coatings and shields to protect humans and machines from the fiery inferno of re-entry. And its researchers had the insight that the best spacecraft wasn’t a pointy, sleek vehicle with wide wings cutting through the air. It was an almost humorously dumpy, vaguely pear-shaped vehicle. But this pear keeps people alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Ames scientists and the equipment they invented out of imagination, engineering, and research helped get astronauts to and from the moon 50 years ago, and today they’re doing it again, as NASA sets its sights on our lunar neighbor once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Returning Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Apollo 11 fell toward Earth, cruising at more than 5,000 feet per second, astronauts Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong and Michael Collins received news updates via Mission Control in Houston: The first super highway in South Korea would be named ‘Apollo Highway’ to commemorate their trip. And a newborn baby girl in Tennessee had been named ‘Module’ (as in ‘Lunar Module’).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Nixon was on his way to meet them and cities along the West Coast – from Vancouver to San Francisco – would be turning on their porch lights at night to create a luminous welcome mat under their flight path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most dangerous phases of their journey lay ahead of them: re-entering the atmosphere. If the angle of entry was too shallow, they would bounce off the atmosphere like a rock skipping on a lake. If the angle was too steep, the force of impact could injure or kill them. As the Command Module screamed through the atmosphere, the temperature on the outside surface would climb to 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945232\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945232 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ARC-1957-A-23438_medium-800x1020.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1020\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ARC-1957-A-23438_medium-800x1020.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ARC-1957-A-23438_medium-160x204.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ARC-1957-A-23438_medium-768x979.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ARC-1957-A-23438_medium-941x1200.jpg 941w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/ARC-1957-A-23438_medium.jpg 1004w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">H. Julian ‘Harvey’ Allen in front of a blunt body model mounted in a wind tunnel at Ames for testing. The ‘blunt body’ concept is one of the clearest contributions scientists at NASA Ames Research Center made to the Apollo program. \u003ccite>(NASA Ames)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The ‘Blunt Body Concept’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That pear-shaped blunt body was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/there-and-back-again\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">brainchild of “Harvey” Julian Allen\u003c/a>, who joined Ames in 1940 when it was known as Ames Aeronautical Laboratory. (NASA was founded in 1958.) He developed it while working on the re-entry problem for long-range ballistic missiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen had the insight that a craft entering the atmosphere at very high speeds, needed to be blunt, rather than sharp or complex. This is so that a shock layer, a section of compressed air that travels in front of the craft, is thick. The thick layer minimizes the heating on the craft, encouraging heat to flow around, and helps the craft slow down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was at Ames in the 1960s that Allen and his colleague Dean Chapman were able “to really prove that the blunt body concept would be the best way to build a re-entry body like Apollo,” says longtime Ames employee and Apollo-era veteran Howard Goldstein. “It was adopted all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This shape is now a staple of spaceflight, and one of Ames’ crowning innovations. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/orion/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orion spacecraft\u003c/a>, designed to send humans deep into space to an asteroid or even to Mars, will fly with this shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Protective Cloak \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/ames/faces-of-apollo/howard-goldstein/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Howard Goldstein\u003c/a>’s specialty is heat shields – cloaks built to protect the soft bodies of astronauts from the terrors of re-entry\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> Goldstein started at Ames in 1967, and officially retired in 2000, but stuck around consulting and still has an office there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I came into the space industry just having a degree in chemical engineering,” said Goldstein, “and never expected that I would end up helping to design spacecraft and come up with heat shield materials that would be used on spacecraft that the whole world would watch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945237\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945237\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S69-41985_medium-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S69-41985_medium-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S69-41985_medium-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S69-41985_medium-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S69-41985_medium-1020x671.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S69-41985_medium-1200x789.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S69-41985_medium.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apollo 11 spacecraft Command Module is loaded for shipment to the North American Rockwell Corporation at Downey, California, after its release from post-flight quarantine in August 1969. Note the darkened coloring on the bottom of the module caused by extreme heat of Earth reentry. \u003ccite>(Johnson Space Center/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the early days of the space missions, NASA relied on commercially built materials for heat shields. Generally, the companies manufacturing the materials were cagey about what the materials were made of and how they were manufactured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They gave us materials to test, but they did not tell us exactly what these materials were,” says Goldstein, adding that this made it hard to interpret the results of tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we decided to make some of our own materials, and then we could understand better why they performed the way they did. And pretty soon, we were making materials that were comparable or better than what the contractors were providing to us. And that’s really how we got into the heat shield material business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, heat shield technologies developed at Ames are used all over the world, including by commercial companies like SpaceX.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To the Moon and On to Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the Trump administration announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/15/741281881/50-years-after-apollo-11-moon-landing-nasa-sets-its-sights-on-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plans \u003c/a>to return people to the moon by 2024 – four years earlier than the previous plan. To meet that timeline NASA will need extra funding, something Congress has not yet approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945240\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 509px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945240\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS35927_NASA_008-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"509\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS35927_NASA_008-sfi.jpg 509w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS35927_NASA_008-sfi-160x113.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Robin Beck holds a sample material designed at NASA Ames for heat shields. Beck is responsible for thermal protection for the Mars 2020 mission. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA also has ambitions to send astronauts to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/nasas-orion-flight-test-and-the-journey-to-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mars in the 2030s. \u003c/a>Robin Beck is an aerospace engineer who’s working on how to get missions to Mars and back. When bring astronauts back from a Mars mission they’ll travel a lot faster than the Apollo crews, which means they need more help in slowing down. And the spacecraft will get hotter on re-entry so they need more advanced heat shields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And we have new ideas that are amazing for ways to fly bigger heat shields,” says Beck. “How do we get more drag?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One design they’re working on looks like a sort of expandable umbrella, made of flexible woven carbon. This design, known as \u003ca href=\"https://gameon.nasa.gov/projects-2/archived-projects-2/adaptable-deployable-entry-and-placement-technology-adept-edl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ADEPT\u003c/a> could make it possible to land heavier loads. The shield flew on its first\u003ca href=\"https://gameon.nasa.gov/2018/09/19/nasa-tests-space-tech-on-up-aerospace-rocket/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> test flight\u003c/a> last September and will fly on future test flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronauts get all the glory. Escape Earth’s gravity and instantly you receive hero status. To be sure, the men and women who go through astronaut training are extraordinarily dedicated and brave. But theirs is not the whole story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their final\u003ca href=\"https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap11fj/25day8-reentry-stowage.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> televised address\u003c/a> from Apollo 11, delivered as they were returning to Earth, the astronauts took the time to thank everyone who had got them there.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/qmH8p0f8tBM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/qmH8p0f8tBM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“This trip of ours to the Moon may have looked, to you, simple or easy. I’d like to assure you that has not been the case,” said Mike Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He praised the Saturn V rocket that had put them into space, the Command Module and its computer with its 38,000-word vocabulary, the Service Module, and the parachutes which would be deployed during their descent to Earth to slow them down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have always had confidence that all this equipment will work, and work properly, and we continue to have confidence that it will do so for the remainder of the flight. All this is possible only through the blood, sweat and tears of a number of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA estimates it took more than 400,000 engineers, scientists and technicians to accomplish the moon landings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howard Goldstein says during his long career, one of the things that made Ames special was the freedom and innovation it fostered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I came into the space industry just having a degree in chemical engineering,” says Goldstein, “and never expected that I would end up helping to design spacecraft, and come up with heat shield materials that would be used on spacecraft that the whole world would watch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you are involved in the space program, he says, “you are involved with things that change the world. It’s really been an extraordinary life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Wildfire smoke isn’t great for anybody, but a new rule California regulators vote on today recognizes that it’s particularly dangerous for workers while they’re on the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board will decide whether to require employers to offer workers additional protections under specific circumstances when air quality is poor. The move comes after especially active fire seasons in 2017 and 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all of California, and it’s not just a certain time, it’s all year round,” says attorney Nicole Marquez, with the advocacy group Worksafe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' citation='Nicole Marquez, Worksafe']It’s an emergency because fire season is upon us. Workers are already being exposed to some of this fine particulate matter while they’re working outside, and they don’t have this protection.[/pullquote]Small and often toxic particles of pollution in smoke — also called PM2.5 — cause chest pain and coughing, trigger asthma attacks, and boost hospital admissions during wildfires. Under the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/Protection-from-Wildfire-Smoke-Emergency-txtbrdconsider.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed rule\u003c/a>, employers who cannot reschedule shifts or move their workers away from smoke hazards must provide them with N95 filtering masks when air quality reaches “unhealthy” levels on the air quality index.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that way, they can use those respirators,” Marquez says, “and not be told that you have to go to Home Depot to buy an N95 when your employer should really be providing that for you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As fires still burned last December, Worksafe, the California Labor Foundation, and the California Rural Legal Assistance Foundation together petitioned the state’s Department of Industrial Regulation about the health risks of wildfire smoke on outdoor jobs such as construction, landscaping and farming. In March, the board \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/petition-573-adopteddecision.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">approved consideration\u003c/a> of an emergency rule. Thursday, the board will consider both whether an emergency is happening, and if so, whether a temporary rule should take effect for 180 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1926793']“It’s an emergency because fire season is upon us,” Marquez says. “Workers are already being exposed to some of this fine particulate matter while they’re working outside, and they don’t have this protection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmful wildfire smoke has long been common in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929784/breathing-fire-californias-central-valley-bears-the-brunt-of-harmful-wildfire-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Valley\u003c/a> and in Southern California. But last year Northern California fires smothered San Francisco in more than a week of days deemed unhealthy on the AQI, and bad air hovered for almost two weeks in San Jose and Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quantifying the hazard of wildfire smoke is difficult for geophysical reasons: Smoke interacts with weather and wind patterns, for example, which is why the Bay Area’s inversion layers have locked pollutants in place for longer periods of time. And particles of the same size can contain different combinations and different amounts of toxicants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, research is establishing stronger evidence that breathing smoke bears long-term health impacts as well as the acute ones during the fire itself. A \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GH000144\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> published last year projected that premature deaths associated with wildfire smoke could double nationally by century’s end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trade groups and the Chamber of Commerce have not objected to the rule in principle, but have \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Protection-from-Wildfire-Smoke/Comments-1/Chamber-Coalition.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">critiqued\u003c/a> it as “impractically vague” and broad in scope. State workplace officials are already moving toward a permanent regulation, with a meeting \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Protection-from-Wildfire-Smoke/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scheduled\u003c/a> August 27th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wildfire smoke isn’t great for anybody, but a new rule California regulators vote on today recognizes that it’s particularly dangerous for workers while they’re on the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board will decide whether to require employers to offer workers additional protections under specific circumstances when air quality is poor. The move comes after especially active fire seasons in 2017 and 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all of California, and it’s not just a certain time, it’s all year round,” says attorney Nicole Marquez, with the advocacy group Worksafe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Small and often toxic particles of pollution in smoke — also called PM2.5 — cause chest pain and coughing, trigger asthma attacks, and boost hospital admissions during wildfires. Under the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/Protection-from-Wildfire-Smoke-Emergency-txtbrdconsider.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed rule\u003c/a>, employers who cannot reschedule shifts or move their workers away from smoke hazards must provide them with N95 filtering masks when air quality reaches “unhealthy” levels on the air quality index.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that way, they can use those respirators,” Marquez says, “and not be told that you have to go to Home Depot to buy an N95 when your employer should really be providing that for you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As fires still burned last December, Worksafe, the California Labor Foundation, and the California Rural Legal Assistance Foundation together petitioned the state’s Department of Industrial Regulation about the health risks of wildfire smoke on outdoor jobs such as construction, landscaping and farming. In March, the board \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/oshsb/documents/petition-573-adopteddecision.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">approved consideration\u003c/a> of an emergency rule. Thursday, the board will consider both whether an emergency is happening, and if so, whether a temporary rule should take effect for 180 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“It’s an emergency because fire season is upon us,” Marquez says. “Workers are already being exposed to some of this fine particulate matter while they’re working outside, and they don’t have this protection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmful wildfire smoke has long been common in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929784/breathing-fire-californias-central-valley-bears-the-brunt-of-harmful-wildfire-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Valley\u003c/a> and in Southern California. But last year Northern California fires smothered San Francisco in more than a week of days deemed unhealthy on the AQI, and bad air hovered for almost two weeks in San Jose and Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quantifying the hazard of wildfire smoke is difficult for geophysical reasons: Smoke interacts with weather and wind patterns, for example, which is why the Bay Area’s inversion layers have locked pollutants in place for longer periods of time. And particles of the same size can contain different combinations and different amounts of toxicants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, research is establishing stronger evidence that breathing smoke bears long-term health impacts as well as the acute ones during the fire itself. A \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GH000144\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> published last year projected that premature deaths associated with wildfire smoke could double nationally by century’s end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trade groups and the Chamber of Commerce have not objected to the rule in principle, but have \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Protection-from-Wildfire-Smoke/Comments-1/Chamber-Coalition.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">critiqued\u003c/a> it as “impractically vague” and broad in scope. State workplace officials are already moving toward a permanent regulation, with a meeting \u003ca href=\"https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/doshreg/Protection-from-Wildfire-Smoke/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scheduled\u003c/a> August 27th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kab9GXmi9_4]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An animal rescue group is asking for help caring for 89 baby snowy egrets and black-crowned night herons left homeless last week after a tree fell in downtown Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International Bird Rescue said Wednesday it needs donations and volunteers to help feed and care for the baby birds rescued after an old ficus tree serving as a rookery split in half and partially fell last week, said JD Bergeron, the group’s executive director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is caring for 89 young birds and eggs rescued from the tree including, 50 snowy egrets and 22 black-crowned night herons. It also rescued 17 eggs that need intensive care and round-the-clock support. Another 20 birds died when the tree fell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rescue group was already taking care of more than 200 Bay Area water birds at its busy hospital in the city of Fairfield, Bergeron said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The youngest of the birds need care for at least six weeks. The oldest could be ready to fly in the next week or two, Bergeron said\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But what it does mean every single day is feeding the little ones every 60 to 90 minutes, keeping all the birds in a clean enclosure, proper food and warmth, water, (and) daily checks to make sure their weight and their health status are good,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these birds did suffer trauma from falls so we have to take care of any wounds that came from that as well,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds, which breed in large groups, began using the massive and old leafy ficus trees in downtown Oakland for nesting about 10 years ago after non-native vegetation was removed from nearby Lake Merritt, scaring them away, said Cindy Margulis, executive director of Golden Gate Audubon Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of those trees are really enormous canopies and their roots are underneath concrete so they cannot spread to get the support they need and gravity takes its toll,” Margulis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margulis, whose organization helped rescue the baby birds, said wildlife protection groups are working to get the snowy egrets and black-crowned night herons back to nest in Lake Merrit, where there are more sturdy trees and not as much concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists have identified two trees and have placed speakers in them that broadcast the sounds of a breeding colony, decoys of herons and egrets and nests left over from other breeding seasons to get the birds to raise their chicks there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are visiting the destination sites so, that tells us there is interest and that’s very encouraging,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "An animal rescue group is asking for help caring for 89 baby snowy egrets and black-crowned night herons left homeless last week after a tree fell in downtown Oakland.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Kab9GXmi9_4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Kab9GXmi9_4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An animal rescue group is asking for help caring for 89 baby snowy egrets and black-crowned night herons left homeless last week after a tree fell in downtown Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International Bird Rescue said Wednesday it needs donations and volunteers to help feed and care for the baby birds rescued after an old ficus tree serving as a rookery split in half and partially fell last week, said JD Bergeron, the group’s executive director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is caring for 89 young birds and eggs rescued from the tree including, 50 snowy egrets and 22 black-crowned night herons. It also rescued 17 eggs that need intensive care and round-the-clock support. Another 20 birds died when the tree fell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rescue group was already taking care of more than 200 Bay Area water birds at its busy hospital in the city of Fairfield, Bergeron said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The youngest of the birds need care for at least six weeks. The oldest could be ready to fly in the next week or two, Bergeron said\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But what it does mean every single day is feeding the little ones every 60 to 90 minutes, keeping all the birds in a clean enclosure, proper food and warmth, water, (and) daily checks to make sure their weight and their health status are good,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these birds did suffer trauma from falls so we have to take care of any wounds that came from that as well,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds, which breed in large groups, began using the massive and old leafy ficus trees in downtown Oakland for nesting about 10 years ago after non-native vegetation was removed from nearby Lake Merritt, scaring them away, said Cindy Margulis, executive director of Golden Gate Audubon Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of those trees are really enormous canopies and their roots are underneath concrete so they cannot spread to get the support they need and gravity takes its toll,” Margulis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margulis, whose organization helped rescue the baby birds, said wildlife protection groups are working to get the snowy egrets and black-crowned night herons back to nest in Lake Merrit, where there are more sturdy trees and not as much concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists have identified two trees and have placed speakers in them that broadcast the sounds of a breeding colony, decoys of herons and egrets and nests left over from other breeding seasons to get the birds to raise their chicks there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are visiting the destination sites so, that tells us there is interest and that’s very encouraging,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "These Bay Area Robots Are Cool, But They Freak Me Out Anyway",
"headTitle": "These Bay Area Robots Are Cool, But They Freak Me Out Anyway | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>My generation has been on the receiving end of popular culture warnings about the rise of robots and artificial intelligence since we were old enough to sit up straight in a movie seat. Whether it was the HAL 9000 computer murdering all but one of his astronaut colleagues in “2001” or the misanthropic Skynet AI sending robo-Arnold back in time to obliterate the human race, the message was clear: If it looks, sounds, or acts human, but \u003cem>isn’t\u003c/em>, time to flee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, it can be disquieting to realize that after all that screen speculation about machine malice, some real honest-to-goodness robots are finally among us. And while a robotic smoothie-making arm, as photographed below, is unlikely to figure out time travel, one does wonder, at the very least, if these latest advances in automation are going to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Robots-kill-jobs-Is-the-Bay-Area-better-off-for-14089354.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bite the same chunk\u003c/a> out of service industry jobs that an earlier wave \u003ca href=\"http://resources.oxfordeconomics.com/how-robots-change-the-world?source=homepage-hero\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">did \u003c/a>out of manufacturing. The five automatons profiled below aren’t the only ones in town; \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">you should also mull over the societal implications of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5TBnwh7U1AU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">burger-making robot\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hOx5QLIpEI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">salad-making robot\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/26825/ucsfs-new-hospital-offers-robots-and-other-high-tech-bells-and-whistles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pharmaceutical-technician robot\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, the robots are here. Get used to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pepper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1943846\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Pepper_PRC.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1417\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Pepper_PRC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Pepper_PRC-160x118.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Pepper_PRC-800x590.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Pepper_PRC-768x567.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Pepper_PRC-1020x753.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Pepper_PRC-1200x886.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pepper, from Softbank Robotics, went “live” in 2014, and for now, at least, we’re still putting that word in quotes. According to the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.softbankrobotics.com/emea/en/pepper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a>, Pepper is the “first social humanoid robot able to recognize faces and basic human emotions,” though some work in that area may be needed — h\u003c/span>ere’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75uINJNIzf4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video\u003c/a> of Pepper asking a kid her household income. Pepper is 4 feet tall, speaks 15 different languages and can currently be found loitering outside the Microsoft store in San Francisco’s Westfield Mall. Softbank says more than 2,000 companies “around the world have adopted Pepper as an assistant to welcome, inform and guide visitors in an innovative way.” Above, young Giavannie Ugarte tells Pepper she comes in peace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Marble\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1943845\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Marble_002_PRC.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1424\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Marble_002_PRC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Marble_002_PRC-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Marble_002_PRC-800x593.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Marble_002_PRC-768x570.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Marble_002_PRC-1020x757.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Marble_002_PRC-1200x890.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marble is an electric autonomous delivery robot that uses cameras and sensors to navigate sidewalks. The company was founded in San Francisco in 2015 by two computer scientists out of Carnegie Mellon University. Here Marble makes its way along a testing route in Concord, with its “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eSj_nzHR6E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cross at the Green, Not In Between\u003c/a>” algorithm on display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Knightscope Security Robot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1943844\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_K5_003_PRC.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1347\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_K5_003_PRC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_K5_003_PRC-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_K5_003_PRC-800x561.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_K5_003_PRC-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_K5_003_PRC-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_K5_003_PRC-1200x842.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This vaguely R2D2-looking robocop was created by the Knightscope company, headquartered in Mountain View. This K5 model seen patrolling the Westfield Valley Fair Mall in Santa Clara deters criminals at around a 3 mph clip, streaming and recording the goings-on for humans to view offsite. About 5 feet tall and 398 pounds, the K5 has a body-mass index only another robot could appreciate. The company says about 60 of its robots are active in 15 different states. If you happen to find the K5 a tad creepy, just wait till you get a load of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.knightscope.com/knightscope-k7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">K7\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cafe X\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1943843\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_CafeX-1_PRC.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1328\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_CafeX-1_PRC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_CafeX-1_PRC-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_CafeX-1_PRC-800x553.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_CafeX-1_PRC-768x531.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_CafeX-1_PRC-1020x706.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_CafeX-1_PRC-1200x830.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Sony Metreon in San Francisco, Cafe X looks like a lot of fun to Diana, Sam and Hamilton Carter, shown here agog at the coffee-making robotic arm that may one day superannuate thousands of Bay Area baristas like so many 1970s gas station attendants. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Customers can order on their phones or at kiosks.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kiwibots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1943847\" style=\"color: #2b2b2b;font-size: 16px\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/KiwiBot_005_PRC.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/KiwiBot_005_PRC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/KiwiBot_005_PRC-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/KiwiBot_005_PRC-800x573.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/KiwiBot_005_PRC-768x550.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/KiwiBot_005_PRC-1020x730.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/KiwiBot_005_PRC-1200x859.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with six cameras, a GPS system, and eight-hour batteries, Kiwibots come bearing food and other merchandise at UC Berkeley and Stanford, but their tos and fros are monitored by human colleagues in the company’s hometown of Bogota, Colombia, should one of the little guys, say\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> wander off to a union meeting. Customers order from partner restaurants and merchants on an app, and the company claims an average delivery time of 35 minutes. Here in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2b-J4AiQQ8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video \u003c/a>you can watch the Kiwibots swarm the UC Berkeley campus as if they were headed to a protest rally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blendid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1943842\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Blendid_PRC.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1349\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Blendid_PRC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Blendid_PRC-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Blendid_PRC-800x562.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Blendid_PRC-768x540.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Blendid_PRC-1020x717.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Blendid_PRC-1200x843.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blendid aims to do for mixed fruity beverages what CafeX wants to do for coffee drinks: make them without the intervention of humans. In the Market Cafe at the University of San Francisco, above, a robotic arm named Chef B, a marvel of precisely calibrated human mimickry, whirls, twirls, darts and bobs, all in the service of making a smoothie. One motion you won’t see: edging a tip jar closer to the customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "They're on a sidewalk, in cafes, in shopping malls, and they may be taking videos of you, delivering your lunch, or trying to direct you to the right counter. If you haven't interacted with a robot yet, it may not be long.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>My generation has been on the receiving end of popular culture warnings about the rise of robots and artificial intelligence since we were old enough to sit up straight in a movie seat. Whether it was the HAL 9000 computer murdering all but one of his astronaut colleagues in “2001” or the misanthropic Skynet AI sending robo-Arnold back in time to obliterate the human race, the message was clear: If it looks, sounds, or acts human, but \u003cem>isn’t\u003c/em>, time to flee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, it can be disquieting to realize that after all that screen speculation about machine malice, some real honest-to-goodness robots are finally among us. And while a robotic smoothie-making arm, as photographed below, is unlikely to figure out time travel, one does wonder, at the very least, if these latest advances in automation are going to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Robots-kill-jobs-Is-the-Bay-Area-better-off-for-14089354.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bite the same chunk\u003c/a> out of service industry jobs that an earlier wave \u003ca href=\"http://resources.oxfordeconomics.com/how-robots-change-the-world?source=homepage-hero\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">did \u003c/a>out of manufacturing. The five automatons profiled below aren’t the only ones in town; \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">you should also mull over the societal implications of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5TBnwh7U1AU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">burger-making robot\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hOx5QLIpEI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">salad-making robot\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/26825/ucsfs-new-hospital-offers-robots-and-other-high-tech-bells-and-whistles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pharmaceutical-technician robot\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, the robots are here. Get used to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pepper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1943846\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Pepper_PRC.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1417\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Pepper_PRC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Pepper_PRC-160x118.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Pepper_PRC-800x590.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Pepper_PRC-768x567.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Pepper_PRC-1020x753.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Pepper_PRC-1200x886.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pepper, from Softbank Robotics, went “live” in 2014, and for now, at least, we’re still putting that word in quotes. According to the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.softbankrobotics.com/emea/en/pepper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a>, Pepper is the “first social humanoid robot able to recognize faces and basic human emotions,” though some work in that area may be needed — h\u003c/span>ere’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75uINJNIzf4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video\u003c/a> of Pepper asking a kid her household income. Pepper is 4 feet tall, speaks 15 different languages and can currently be found loitering outside the Microsoft store in San Francisco’s Westfield Mall. Softbank says more than 2,000 companies “around the world have adopted Pepper as an assistant to welcome, inform and guide visitors in an innovative way.” Above, young Giavannie Ugarte tells Pepper she comes in peace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Marble\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1943845\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Marble_002_PRC.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1424\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Marble_002_PRC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Marble_002_PRC-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Marble_002_PRC-800x593.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Marble_002_PRC-768x570.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Marble_002_PRC-1020x757.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Marble_002_PRC-1200x890.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marble is an electric autonomous delivery robot that uses cameras and sensors to navigate sidewalks. The company was founded in San Francisco in 2015 by two computer scientists out of Carnegie Mellon University. Here Marble makes its way along a testing route in Concord, with its “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eSj_nzHR6E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cross at the Green, Not In Between\u003c/a>” algorithm on display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Knightscope Security Robot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1943844\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_K5_003_PRC.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1347\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_K5_003_PRC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_K5_003_PRC-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_K5_003_PRC-800x561.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_K5_003_PRC-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_K5_003_PRC-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_K5_003_PRC-1200x842.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This vaguely R2D2-looking robocop was created by the Knightscope company, headquartered in Mountain View. This K5 model seen patrolling the Westfield Valley Fair Mall in Santa Clara deters criminals at around a 3 mph clip, streaming and recording the goings-on for humans to view offsite. About 5 feet tall and 398 pounds, the K5 has a body-mass index only another robot could appreciate. The company says about 60 of its robots are active in 15 different states. If you happen to find the K5 a tad creepy, just wait till you get a load of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.knightscope.com/knightscope-k7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">K7\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cafe X\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1943843\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_CafeX-1_PRC.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1328\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_CafeX-1_PRC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_CafeX-1_PRC-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_CafeX-1_PRC-800x553.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_CafeX-1_PRC-768x531.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_CafeX-1_PRC-1020x706.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_CafeX-1_PRC-1200x830.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Sony Metreon in San Francisco, Cafe X looks like a lot of fun to Diana, Sam and Hamilton Carter, shown here agog at the coffee-making robotic arm that may one day superannuate thousands of Bay Area baristas like so many 1970s gas station attendants. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Customers can order on their phones or at kiosks.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kiwibots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1943847\" style=\"color: #2b2b2b;font-size: 16px\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/KiwiBot_005_PRC.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/KiwiBot_005_PRC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/KiwiBot_005_PRC-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/KiwiBot_005_PRC-800x573.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/KiwiBot_005_PRC-768x550.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/KiwiBot_005_PRC-1020x730.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/KiwiBot_005_PRC-1200x859.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with six cameras, a GPS system, and eight-hour batteries, Kiwibots come bearing food and other merchandise at UC Berkeley and Stanford, but their tos and fros are monitored by human colleagues in the company’s hometown of Bogota, Colombia, should one of the little guys, say\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> wander off to a union meeting. Customers order from partner restaurants and merchants on an app, and the company claims an average delivery time of 35 minutes. Here in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2b-J4AiQQ8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video \u003c/a>you can watch the Kiwibots swarm the UC Berkeley campus as if they were headed to a protest rally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blendid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1943842\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Blendid_PRC.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1349\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Blendid_PRC.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Blendid_PRC-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Blendid_PRC-800x562.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Blendid_PRC-768x540.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Blendid_PRC-1020x717.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/BayAreaRobots_Blendid_PRC-1200x843.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blendid aims to do for mixed fruity beverages what CafeX wants to do for coffee drinks: make them without the intervention of humans. In the Market Cafe at the University of San Francisco, above, a robotic arm named Chef B, a marvel of precisely calibrated human mimickry, whirls, twirls, darts and bobs, all in the service of making a smoothie. One motion you won’t see: edging a tip jar closer to the customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Elon Musk’s Latest Startup Wants to Test Brain-Reading Sensors in Paralyzed Patients",
"headTitle": "Elon Musk’s Latest Startup Wants to Test Brain-Reading Sensors in Paralyzed Patients | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In front of a crowd of techies packed into a planetarium, Elon Musk strode out on stage, waxed philosophical about achieving symbiosis with artificial intelligence, and made his latest ambitious pronouncement in a career that’s been full of them: His startup Neuralink has developed technology meant to be implanted into the brain that’s designed to allow people to operate computers and smartphones with their thoughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With some early animal testing under its belt, Neuralink wants to start human testing of its so-called “brain-machine interface” in paralyzed patients by the end of next year. Notably, the startup has yet to convince the Food and Drug Administration to allow it do so, said Musk, who has tangled with regulators over his other companies Tesla, SpaceX, and the Boring Company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And down the line? Musk wants the implants to be as safe and easy for healthy people to get as an elective procedure like LASIK vision correction surgery, the billionaire entrepreneur said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuralink’s much-hyped presentation, delivered by Musk and his team Tuesday night here at a science museum in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park, marked the first time that the secretive startup has spoken publicly about its work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also released an \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6204648-Neuralink-White-Paper.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unpublished research paper\u003c/a>, authored by “Elon Musk & Neuralink,” that described its technology. At its core are thousands of electrodes, laced into flexible “threads,” which are high-tech wires much thinner than a human hair. Neuralink has also built a surgical robot to insert the threads deep into the brain. The idea is that the electrodes would relay brain signals to an AirPod-like device mounted behind the ear that would wirelessly hook up with a smartphone app that people could control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 19 surgeries on rats, the startup successfully placed the threads 87% of the time, the paper said. Musk and his team said the technique has promise to capture more neural data more safely than existing approaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuralink will face a long list of formidable obstacles as it aims to move from rats to the clinic. Decoding the mysteries of the brain is a steeper challenge than manufacturing cars or drilling tunnels or even building rockets. Even peer-reviewed and published data in rats usually disappoints when it gets translated to human patients — and Neuralink doesn’t even have that yet. And there are plenty of reasons that neuroscientists who have worked on brain-machine interfaces for years have yet to make nearly any commercial traction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk, whose eccentricities and outlandish Twitter presence have helped him build a cult following, put that offbeat personality on full display on Tuesday night. Donning a black jacket, a white button-up shirt, and no tie, he mused at one point about his technology giving people the option of merging with AI. “We are a brain in a vat,” he remarked at another point. Later, he spoke dreamily about communicating telepathically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about Neuralink’s animal research by a member of the audience, Musk turned earnest for a moment in speaking about the startup’s seriousness in caring for the rats it uses in its research — before making a joke that didn’t quite land about “karmic payback” for the Black Plague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuralink is also conducting research in monkeys at the University of California, Davis, Musk said. Then he spilled the goods: “A monkey has been able to control the computer with its brain,” Musk said. (At no point has the company provided evidence to support that assertion.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk had clearly gone off-script. Max Hodak, the company’s president up on stage beside him, seemed a bit rattled. “I didn’t realize we were running that result today, but there it goes,” Hodak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for its planned clinical study, Neuralink said it would focus on enrolling patients with paralysis of all four limbs due to a spinal cord injury. No details were shared about the intended size of study, nor the specific endpoints it would aim to evaluate. Musk did, however, say offhandedly that one of the company’s goals is to allow patients who are paraplegic to use their thoughts to type at a rate of 40 words per minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the company’s FDA pathway, Hodak said Neuralink would attempt to pursue an early feasibility study, under what’s known as an investigational device exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Stellar, vice president of product management at Enzyme, a startup working on software to help life sciences companies with the regulatory process, told STAT that he expects technology as ambitious as Neuralink’s will demand rigorous, long-term study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unless the FDA is blinded by Elon’s star power, a premarket trial of significant size” — 100-1,000 people — “will probably be needed, with a minimum observational period of two years, but perhaps as much as seven,” Stellar speculated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Tuesday night’s event, Musk trotted out several key members of the team of scientists and executives he’s assembled to carry out the company’s ambitions. Among them were the company’s senior scientist, Philip Sabes, who was previously a full-time professor at the University of California, San Francisco, researching how the brain processes movement. Another was the company’s head neurosurgeon, Dr. Matthew MacDougall, who delivered his part of the presentation in blue scrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk said the event’s primary purpose was to recruit talent to the San Francisco-based startup, which has a headcount near 100. Neuralink’s website \u003ca href=\"https://jobs.lever.co/neuralink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lists\u003c/a> a handful of job postings, including for an accountant and a software engineer who can build robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuralink, which was incorporated in 2016, has brought in $158 million in funding, $100 million of it from Musk himself. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1708503/000170850319000001/xslFormDX01/primary_doc.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission\u003c/a> this past May, the company said that it had brought in $39 million of an anticipated $51 million funding round.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuralink’s big reveal, which was also \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-vbh3t7WVI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">live-streamed online\u003c/a>, had an atmosphere unlike that of a typical corporate update. Attendees sipped red wine and posed for selfies. After the presentation, many of them crowded around a display case filled with several prototypes of Neuralink’s technology, jostling to take a perfectly framed smartphone photo. The scene was reminiscent of tourists in a museum shoving their way to the best position to snap a photo of a precious treasure from antiquity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuralink’s event was invitation-only — interested attendees had to fill out an online form making a case for why they should get a golden ticket — and those who received an emailed invitation were asked, “for security reasons,” to refrain from publicly sharing the location of the event and to avoid bringing “any bags larger than a purse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until Tuesday night, Neuralink had disclosed little about its research, despite big promises from Musk. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/07/elon-musk-discusses-neurolink-on-joe-rogan-podcast.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">September 2018 appearance\u003c/a> on the comedian Joe Rogan’s podcast, Musk smoked pot, drank whiskey, and posited that brain-machine interface technology “will enable anyone who wants to have superhuman cognition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578542v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper posted to a preprint server\u003c/a> in March, a team of researchers affiliated with Neuralink described a technique, which they likened to a “sewing machine,” similar to what was unveiled on Tuesday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuralink has the highest profile among a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbinsights.com/research/neurotech-startups-to-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">number of startups working on brain-machine interfaces\u003c/a>. A few of the buzziest include \u003ca href=\"https://kernel.co/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kernel\u003c/a>, founded by the 41-year-old tech entrepreneur and venture capitalist Bryan Johnson, and \u003ca href=\"https://paradromics.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paradromics\u003c/a>, which is working on an implantable chip designed to record and stimulate electrical activity in the brain. DARPA, the U.S. Department of Defense agency focused on futuristic research projects, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2019-05-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its own initiative\u003c/a> that’s funded research with an eye toward the development of brain-machine interfaces that could be used by members of the military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the excitement around brain-machine interfaces, the field has made little commercial progress since the development of the first prototypes more than a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first applications of the technology focused on movement. They aimed to read electrical signals in the motor cortex corresponding to the intention to move — and then used software to try to translate those signals into instructions to operate a computer cursor or robotic arm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, decoding brain signals into speech has \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/15/brain-computer-interface-translate-thoughts-speech/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">become the next frontier\u003c/a> in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/07/17/elon-musk-wants-to-test-brain-reading-implants-in-paralyzed-patients-next-year/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In front of a crowd of techies packed into a planetarium, Elon Musk strode out on stage, waxed philosophical about achieving symbiosis with artificial intelligence, and made his latest ambitious pronouncement in a career that’s been full of them: His startup Neuralink has developed technology meant to be implanted into the brain that’s designed to allow people to operate computers and smartphones with their thoughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With some early animal testing under its belt, Neuralink wants to start human testing of its so-called “brain-machine interface” in paralyzed patients by the end of next year. Notably, the startup has yet to convince the Food and Drug Administration to allow it do so, said Musk, who has tangled with regulators over his other companies Tesla, SpaceX, and the Boring Company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And down the line? Musk wants the implants to be as safe and easy for healthy people to get as an elective procedure like LASIK vision correction surgery, the billionaire entrepreneur said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuralink’s much-hyped presentation, delivered by Musk and his team Tuesday night here at a science museum in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park, marked the first time that the secretive startup has spoken publicly about its work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also released an \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6204648-Neuralink-White-Paper.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unpublished research paper\u003c/a>, authored by “Elon Musk & Neuralink,” that described its technology. At its core are thousands of electrodes, laced into flexible “threads,” which are high-tech wires much thinner than a human hair. Neuralink has also built a surgical robot to insert the threads deep into the brain. The idea is that the electrodes would relay brain signals to an AirPod-like device mounted behind the ear that would wirelessly hook up with a smartphone app that people could control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 19 surgeries on rats, the startup successfully placed the threads 87% of the time, the paper said. Musk and his team said the technique has promise to capture more neural data more safely than existing approaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuralink will face a long list of formidable obstacles as it aims to move from rats to the clinic. Decoding the mysteries of the brain is a steeper challenge than manufacturing cars or drilling tunnels or even building rockets. Even peer-reviewed and published data in rats usually disappoints when it gets translated to human patients — and Neuralink doesn’t even have that yet. And there are plenty of reasons that neuroscientists who have worked on brain-machine interfaces for years have yet to make nearly any commercial traction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk, whose eccentricities and outlandish Twitter presence have helped him build a cult following, put that offbeat personality on full display on Tuesday night. Donning a black jacket, a white button-up shirt, and no tie, he mused at one point about his technology giving people the option of merging with AI. “We are a brain in a vat,” he remarked at another point. Later, he spoke dreamily about communicating telepathically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about Neuralink’s animal research by a member of the audience, Musk turned earnest for a moment in speaking about the startup’s seriousness in caring for the rats it uses in its research — before making a joke that didn’t quite land about “karmic payback” for the Black Plague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuralink is also conducting research in monkeys at the University of California, Davis, Musk said. Then he spilled the goods: “A monkey has been able to control the computer with its brain,” Musk said. (At no point has the company provided evidence to support that assertion.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk had clearly gone off-script. Max Hodak, the company’s president up on stage beside him, seemed a bit rattled. “I didn’t realize we were running that result today, but there it goes,” Hodak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for its planned clinical study, Neuralink said it would focus on enrolling patients with paralysis of all four limbs due to a spinal cord injury. No details were shared about the intended size of study, nor the specific endpoints it would aim to evaluate. Musk did, however, say offhandedly that one of the company’s goals is to allow patients who are paraplegic to use their thoughts to type at a rate of 40 words per minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the company’s FDA pathway, Hodak said Neuralink would attempt to pursue an early feasibility study, under what’s known as an investigational device exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Stellar, vice president of product management at Enzyme, a startup working on software to help life sciences companies with the regulatory process, told STAT that he expects technology as ambitious as Neuralink’s will demand rigorous, long-term study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unless the FDA is blinded by Elon’s star power, a premarket trial of significant size” — 100-1,000 people — “will probably be needed, with a minimum observational period of two years, but perhaps as much as seven,” Stellar speculated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Tuesday night’s event, Musk trotted out several key members of the team of scientists and executives he’s assembled to carry out the company’s ambitions. Among them were the company’s senior scientist, Philip Sabes, who was previously a full-time professor at the University of California, San Francisco, researching how the brain processes movement. Another was the company’s head neurosurgeon, Dr. Matthew MacDougall, who delivered his part of the presentation in blue scrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk said the event’s primary purpose was to recruit talent to the San Francisco-based startup, which has a headcount near 100. Neuralink’s website \u003ca href=\"https://jobs.lever.co/neuralink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lists\u003c/a> a handful of job postings, including for an accountant and a software engineer who can build robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuralink, which was incorporated in 2016, has brought in $158 million in funding, $100 million of it from Musk himself. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1708503/000170850319000001/xslFormDX01/primary_doc.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission\u003c/a> this past May, the company said that it had brought in $39 million of an anticipated $51 million funding round.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuralink’s big reveal, which was also \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-vbh3t7WVI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">live-streamed online\u003c/a>, had an atmosphere unlike that of a typical corporate update. Attendees sipped red wine and posed for selfies. After the presentation, many of them crowded around a display case filled with several prototypes of Neuralink’s technology, jostling to take a perfectly framed smartphone photo. The scene was reminiscent of tourists in a museum shoving their way to the best position to snap a photo of a precious treasure from antiquity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuralink’s event was invitation-only — interested attendees had to fill out an online form making a case for why they should get a golden ticket — and those who received an emailed invitation were asked, “for security reasons,” to refrain from publicly sharing the location of the event and to avoid bringing “any bags larger than a purse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until Tuesday night, Neuralink had disclosed little about its research, despite big promises from Musk. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/07/elon-musk-discusses-neurolink-on-joe-rogan-podcast.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">September 2018 appearance\u003c/a> on the comedian Joe Rogan’s podcast, Musk smoked pot, drank whiskey, and posited that brain-machine interface technology “will enable anyone who wants to have superhuman cognition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578542v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper posted to a preprint server\u003c/a> in March, a team of researchers affiliated with Neuralink described a technique, which they likened to a “sewing machine,” similar to what was unveiled on Tuesday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuralink has the highest profile among a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbinsights.com/research/neurotech-startups-to-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">number of startups working on brain-machine interfaces\u003c/a>. A few of the buzziest include \u003ca href=\"https://kernel.co/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kernel\u003c/a>, founded by the 41-year-old tech entrepreneur and venture capitalist Bryan Johnson, and \u003ca href=\"https://paradromics.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paradromics\u003c/a>, which is working on an implantable chip designed to record and stimulate electrical activity in the brain. DARPA, the U.S. Department of Defense agency focused on futuristic research projects, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2019-05-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its own initiative\u003c/a> that’s funded research with an eye toward the development of brain-machine interfaces that could be used by members of the military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the excitement around brain-machine interfaces, the field has made little commercial progress since the development of the first prototypes more than a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first applications of the technology focused on movement. They aimed to read electrical signals in the motor cortex corresponding to the intention to move — and then used software to try to translate those signals into instructions to operate a computer cursor or robotic arm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, decoding brain signals into speech has \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/15/brain-computer-interface-translate-thoughts-speech/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">become the next frontier\u003c/a> in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/07/17/elon-musk-wants-to-test-brain-reading-implants-in-paralyzed-patients-next-year/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Underwater Video Shows Violent Shaking During 7.1M SoCal Earthquake",
"headTitle": "Underwater Video Shows Violent Shaking During 7.1M SoCal Earthquake | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.nps.gov/media/video/embed.htm?id=10BFE6E0-E94E-2768-0BCBA5F0756EA110\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, July 5th, at 8:20 pm, a 7.1 magnitude earthquake\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11759142/6-4-magnitude-desert-earthquake-shakes-wide-area-in-southern-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> rocked\u003c/a> a wide area of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quake struck outside of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11759431/this-town-cant-handle-any-more-ridgecrest-residents-reflect-after-back-to-back-earthquakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ridgecrest\u003c/a>, but it was also felt about 150 miles to the east, at Devils Hole, a detached 40-acre area of Death Valley National Park that is across the California border in Nevada. That shaking is shown in a remarkable \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/media/video/view.htm?id=10BFE6E0-E94E-2768-0BCBA5F0756EA110\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video\u003c/a> released by the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clip shows water violently sloshing around, rising and falling 10 to 15 feet, according to a park estimate. The video captures two angles, one looking into the cave and the other underwater inside it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Devils Hole is a part of the desert uplands and spring-fed oases that make up the Ash Meadows complex, a national wildlife refuge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the first time that a distant earthquake has been felt inside Devils Hole, a water-filled limestone cave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 2018, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake in the Gulf of Alaska shook the cave from about 2,000 miles away, as did a similar sized \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/thousands-dead-in-china-earthquake/\">quake\u003c/a> that rocked western China in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really unique place in its relationship to earthquakes,” said Kevin Wilson, the park’s aquatic ecologist and manager of Devils Hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water in Devils Hole is incredibly deep—so deep, divers have not been able to reach the bottom and the exact depth remains unknown, Wilson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at great distances, earthquakes affect Devils Hole because they force groundwater up into the cave, a phenomenon known as seismic seiche.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945142\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945142\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male Devils Hole pupfish swims over algae. Approximate size is about an inch. \u003ccite>(NPS photo by Brett Seymour)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Devils Hole is a window into the groundwater,” Wilson said. “The earthquakes displace the water, so it will rise up quickly and then drop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Wilson said that the underwater shaking and frothy white water spilling out of the cave’s mouth were “unlike anything I’ve seen here in my career,” Wilson said. “The 7.1 quake walloped Devils Hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water inside the cave is the native environment of the Devils Hole Pupfish, a critically endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park officials train cameras on the area to monitor the fish remotely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement posted with the video, the park says that fish were luckily spared. “The fish seem to be in good condition with spawning behavior occurring,” they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A video posted by the National Park Service shows violent shaking underwater at Devils Hole in Death Valley. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.nps.gov/media/video/embed.htm?id=10BFE6E0-E94E-2768-0BCBA5F0756EA110\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, July 5th, at 8:20 pm, a 7.1 magnitude earthquake\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11759142/6-4-magnitude-desert-earthquake-shakes-wide-area-in-southern-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> rocked\u003c/a> a wide area of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quake struck outside of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11759431/this-town-cant-handle-any-more-ridgecrest-residents-reflect-after-back-to-back-earthquakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ridgecrest\u003c/a>, but it was also felt about 150 miles to the east, at Devils Hole, a detached 40-acre area of Death Valley National Park that is across the California border in Nevada. That shaking is shown in a remarkable \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/media/video/view.htm?id=10BFE6E0-E94E-2768-0BCBA5F0756EA110\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video\u003c/a> released by the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clip shows water violently sloshing around, rising and falling 10 to 15 feet, according to a park estimate. The video captures two angles, one looking into the cave and the other underwater inside it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Devils Hole is a part of the desert uplands and spring-fed oases that make up the Ash Meadows complex, a national wildlife refuge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the first time that a distant earthquake has been felt inside Devils Hole, a water-filled limestone cave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 2018, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake in the Gulf of Alaska shook the cave from about 2,000 miles away, as did a similar sized \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/thousands-dead-in-china-earthquake/\">quake\u003c/a> that rocked western China in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really unique place in its relationship to earthquakes,” said Kevin Wilson, the park’s aquatic ecologist and manager of Devils Hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water in Devils Hole is incredibly deep—so deep, divers have not been able to reach the bottom and the exact depth remains unknown, Wilson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at great distances, earthquakes affect Devils Hole because they force groundwater up into the cave, a phenomenon known as seismic seiche.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945142\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945142\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male Devils Hole pupfish swims over algae. Approximate size is about an inch. \u003ccite>(NPS photo by Brett Seymour)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Devils Hole is a window into the groundwater,” Wilson said. “The earthquakes displace the water, so it will rise up quickly and then drop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Wilson said that the underwater shaking and frothy white water spilling out of the cave’s mouth were “unlike anything I’ve seen here in my career,” Wilson said. “The 7.1 quake walloped Devils Hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water inside the cave is the native environment of the Devils Hole Pupfish, a critically endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park officials train cameras on the area to monitor the fish remotely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement posted with the video, the park says that fish were luckily spared. “The fish seem to be in good condition with spawning behavior occurring,” they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study: Climate Change a Leading Driver of California's Wildfires",
"headTitle": "Study: Climate Change a Leading Driver of California’s Wildfires | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944972/this-will-be-a-sweltering-century\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heating up\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='news_11759209' label='MAP: Do You Live In a High-Risk Fire Zone']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That heat is driving an increase in the land burned by California wildfires every year as the arid weather dries out forests along the North Coast and Sierra Nevada, according to new \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001210\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research \u003c/a>that published this week in the journal\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/23284277\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Earth’s Future.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer forest fires are pushing up the annual burn rates across the state, according to Park Williams, the study’s lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen a five-fold increase in areas of California that burn in any given year,” said Williams, a bioclimatologist at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. “But just in the summer forest fire areas, we have seen an eight-fold increase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California wildfire activity has been increasing for the last 50 years, and the dominant driver of the increase is warming that is “very likely human-caused climate change,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have said that climate change is baking California’s forests, but the wildfires are also driven by other factors, including forest management techniques and natural climate variation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disentangling all the wildfire drivers is complicated, but Williams calls climate change “decisive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the new research suggests that arid and hot conditions, in particular, were key reasons for the devastating forest fires that burned in recent years. The Tubbs fire killed 22 people and burned 36,807 acres in 2017, and last year’s Camp Fire killed 85 people and torched an incredible 153,336 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two fires are the worst on record in California. Of the \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/TJ8GC2k96Qfp4jYATn8Zi3?domain=fire.ca.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">top 20\u003c/a> most destructive California wildfires, 10 have occurred since 2015. Of the top 10, seven have burned over the last four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we compare the records of forest fire areas in California against all the variables out there, the strongest correlation by far is the aridity of the atmosphere, and that’s driven by temperature,” said Williams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944996\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 637px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944996\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Williams-calif-wildfire-2019-637x423.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"637\" height=\"423\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Williams-calif-wildfire-2019-637x423.jpg 637w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Williams-calif-wildfire-2019-637x423-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 637px) 100vw, 637px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Area burned by California wildfires in thousands of square kilometers, 1972-2018. Specific regions studied are at upper left. \u003ccite>(Adapted from Williams et al., 2019)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Meg Krawchuk, a fire ecologist at the College of Forestry at Oregon State University, said the study is a thorough assessment of relationships between area burned and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is incredibly important for all of us living in areas vulnerable to wildfire to more thoroughly appreciate how climate, and anthropogenic climate change more specifically, is contributing to the fires we’re experiencing in recent decades,” said Krawchuk, who was not involved in the study.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon E. Keeley, a fire scientist with the US Geological Survey, said he agrees that rising temperatures are drying out forests and playing a major role in the increase in wildfire activity during the summer. “The hot air dries out fuels and makes the forests more flammable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he disagrees with another portion of the paper that emphasized the role that climate change plays in coastal and Southern California. He said the problem is that people there are starting more fires, either intentionally or with infrastructure like power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to fire, climate is important but it’s not the only show in town,” said Keeley, who did not participate in the study. “I think the real issue is population growth. We’ve added 6 million more people in the last 18 years, you can’t overlook that and address that as an important factor. The increases in fire are, in large part, due to ignition during extreme wind events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, there are many reasons that fire threatens to unleash disaster and chaos in more California communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, forest managers suppress naturally-occurring fires. Federal agencies resist \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1942384/california-lagging-way-behind-southeast-in-prescribed-burns-to-curb-wildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">performing \u003c/a>prescribed burns in California when they’re needed, which would curb the risk of wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, as wildfire-susceptible areas expand statewide, new Californians keep \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943266/one-potential-solution-to-fires-in-the-wilderness-dont-build-there\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pouring into them\u003c/a>. By midcentury, home builders \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837714001409\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">may add\u003c/a> as many as 1.2 million new units in geographic areas most at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are major factors, but Williams reiterates that a warming climate is the most powerful lever. As the atmosphere heats up, it acts like a sponge, soaking moisture out of the state’s forests — which increases the risk of a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warmer the atmosphere gets, the more moisture it can pull out of forests. Each degree of warming does more to promote fire than the previous degree, according to Williams, who said that large fires are likely to become increasingly frequent with continued warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians can learn to survive wildfire in a warming world. It will mean big changes in how we think and live. Read some of the stories of people leading the way in communities across the state \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1941376/we-can-make-california-wildfires-less-horrific-will-we\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944972/this-will-be-a-sweltering-century\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heating up\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That heat is driving an increase in the land burned by California wildfires every year as the arid weather dries out forests along the North Coast and Sierra Nevada, according to new \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001210\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research \u003c/a>that published this week in the journal\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/23284277\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Earth’s Future.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer forest fires are pushing up the annual burn rates across the state, according to Park Williams, the study’s lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen a five-fold increase in areas of California that burn in any given year,” said Williams, a bioclimatologist at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. “But just in the summer forest fire areas, we have seen an eight-fold increase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California wildfire activity has been increasing for the last 50 years, and the dominant driver of the increase is warming that is “very likely human-caused climate change,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have said that climate change is baking California’s forests, but the wildfires are also driven by other factors, including forest management techniques and natural climate variation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disentangling all the wildfire drivers is complicated, but Williams calls climate change “decisive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the new research suggests that arid and hot conditions, in particular, were key reasons for the devastating forest fires that burned in recent years. The Tubbs fire killed 22 people and burned 36,807 acres in 2017, and last year’s Camp Fire killed 85 people and torched an incredible 153,336 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two fires are the worst on record in California. Of the \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/TJ8GC2k96Qfp4jYATn8Zi3?domain=fire.ca.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">top 20\u003c/a> most destructive California wildfires, 10 have occurred since 2015. Of the top 10, seven have burned over the last four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we compare the records of forest fire areas in California against all the variables out there, the strongest correlation by far is the aridity of the atmosphere, and that’s driven by temperature,” said Williams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944996\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 637px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944996\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Williams-calif-wildfire-2019-637x423.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"637\" height=\"423\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Williams-calif-wildfire-2019-637x423.jpg 637w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Williams-calif-wildfire-2019-637x423-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 637px) 100vw, 637px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Area burned by California wildfires in thousands of square kilometers, 1972-2018. Specific regions studied are at upper left. \u003ccite>(Adapted from Williams et al., 2019)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Meg Krawchuk, a fire ecologist at the College of Forestry at Oregon State University, said the study is a thorough assessment of relationships between area burned and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is incredibly important for all of us living in areas vulnerable to wildfire to more thoroughly appreciate how climate, and anthropogenic climate change more specifically, is contributing to the fires we’re experiencing in recent decades,” said Krawchuk, who was not involved in the study.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon E. Keeley, a fire scientist with the US Geological Survey, said he agrees that rising temperatures are drying out forests and playing a major role in the increase in wildfire activity during the summer. “The hot air dries out fuels and makes the forests more flammable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he disagrees with another portion of the paper that emphasized the role that climate change plays in coastal and Southern California. He said the problem is that people there are starting more fires, either intentionally or with infrastructure like power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to fire, climate is important but it’s not the only show in town,” said Keeley, who did not participate in the study. “I think the real issue is population growth. We’ve added 6 million more people in the last 18 years, you can’t overlook that and address that as an important factor. The increases in fire are, in large part, due to ignition during extreme wind events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, there are many reasons that fire threatens to unleash disaster and chaos in more California communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, forest managers suppress naturally-occurring fires. Federal agencies resist \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1942384/california-lagging-way-behind-southeast-in-prescribed-burns-to-curb-wildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">performing \u003c/a>prescribed burns in California when they’re needed, which would curb the risk of wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, as wildfire-susceptible areas expand statewide, new Californians keep \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943266/one-potential-solution-to-fires-in-the-wilderness-dont-build-there\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pouring into them\u003c/a>. By midcentury, home builders \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837714001409\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">may add\u003c/a> as many as 1.2 million new units in geographic areas most at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are major factors, but Williams reiterates that a warming climate is the most powerful lever. As the atmosphere heats up, it acts like a sponge, soaking moisture out of the state’s forests — which increases the risk of a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warmer the atmosphere gets, the more moisture it can pull out of forests. Each degree of warming does more to promote fire than the previous degree, according to Williams, who said that large fires are likely to become increasingly frequent with continued warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians can learn to survive wildfire in a warming world. It will mean big changes in how we think and live. Read some of the stories of people leading the way in communities across the state \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1941376/we-can-make-california-wildfires-less-horrific-will-we\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "This Will Be a Sweltering Century in California and the Nation",
"headTitle": "This Will Be a Sweltering Century in California and the Nation | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Extreme heat \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/story/phoenix-flights-canceled-heat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grounds\u003c/a> planes in Arizona. Last year in Australia, the government \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-44720166\">blamed\u003c/a> it for melting tires on a road. And during a particularly brutal July in 2006, heat \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/epic/impacts-biological-systems/heat-related-mortality-and-morbidity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killed\u003c/a> at least \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627866/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">163 Californians\u003c/a>, with state epidemiologists estimating that it contributed to hundreds more deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align='right' size='medium' citation='Kristina Dahl, Union of Concerned Scientists']‘These results are really terrifying to me.’[/pullquote]If emissions aren’t seriously curbed — that is, even if the climate continues to warm with some abatement — researchers at the Union of Concerned Scientists say millions more people in California alone can expect at least \u003ca href=\"https://ucsusa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=e4e9082a1ec343c794d27f3e12dd006d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a month\u003c/a> of extreme heat days each year, those days bringing with them more health risks and rippling environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even in the next few decades we’ll see \u003ca href=\"https://ucsusa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=e4e9082a1ec343c794d27f3e12dd006d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">major increases\u003c/a> in the frequency of really hot days,” says Kristina Dahl, a researcher with the Union of Concerned Scientists, who authored the study. “These results are really terrifying to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global climate models project how the planet will warm under various scenarios, anticipating a range of atmospheric conditions. The study’s authors ran climate models with two different emissions scenarios: one, where emissions begin to be curbed by mid-century; and a second, where no policies achieve significant reductions in emissions. Using daily high temperatures, the researchers calculated what’s known as heat indexes for cities and counties \u003ca href=\"https://ucsusa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=e4e9082a1ec343c794d27f3e12dd006d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">around the country\u003c/a>; the heat index is what the temperature “feels like” when humidity is taken into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/6OZjI/8/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along a national “sunbelt,” inland cities, including in California’s Central Valley, could count dramatic increases in days with a heat index above 105 degrees. Until recently, Fresno averaged three such days a year, but the study found by late century, Fresno could have 58 days that feel like 105 degrees, in the absence of emissions limits. Even if governments rapidly move toward arresting global warming at a threshold of 2 degrees Celsius, parts of the Central Valley could still experience more than two-and-a-half weeks of heat that severe each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where high heat is already common, as in Southern California, the study projects it will continue to grow. Los Angeles has experienced a heat index of 90 for twenty days a year, on average; even with some emissions curbed, the study projects that number will triple toward the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/37joO/12/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indio, a Sonoran Desert town in San Bernardino County, historically has racked up more than 100 high heat days a year, but it’s been rare that the heat index is so high as to be “off the charts.” Without action to curb emissions, the study’s authors say Indio can expect, on average, 37 days a year of excessive and dangerous heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Significantly, modeling suggests that the most dramatic transformations in the state are likely to come where the climate has been temperate — along the coast and in Northern California. Within a half century, the Sonoma County town of Petaluma could have 11 times as many days where the heat feels like 90 degrees. Santa Barbara County could have 27 times the number of days where that happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align='right' size='small']To Protect Yourself and Loved Ones From Heat:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Drink more water whether you’re active or not\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Go to an air-conditioned building, such as a library, movie theater, senior center, grocery store, or shopping mall.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Check on elderly people twice day\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>See \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11753650/bay-area-braces-for-extreme-heat-advisory-in-effect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">these tips\u003c/a> from KQED’s audience[/pullquote]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>No one heat index or temperature definitely protects against health risks, and no one threshold triggers public response to heat. According to the National Weather Service, heat cramps, sun stroke, and heat exhaustion are possible at a heat index of 90 for some groups; in California, state labor regulations offer outdoor workers additional protections at that point. At a heat index of 105, according to federal authorities, even healthy adults are at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study may well underestimate some contributions to rising heat, especially in cities. In the built environment, concrete, asphalt and glass warm cities; so does energy consumption, including air conditioners that release heat to the atmosphere; so do greenhouse gases, like those released from cars and power plants. The resulting urban heat island isn’t accounted for in the new study, according to Dahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That makes some of the results we have for cities conservative,” she says, “because, realistically, they’ll be experiencing even hotter temperatures earlier than we’re projecting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And the projections don’t account at all for some other climate-driven temperature shifts. In temperate northern California, nighttime lows have risen, making it harder for people’s bodies to recover when they become overheated. In 2017, during a Labor Day heat wave in San Francisco, it was still \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932692/climate-change-dishes-up-dangerous-heat-even-in-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 degrees near midnight\u003c/a>; that weekend, the city’s coroner’s office counted six deaths attributable to heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While Dahl says the new study focuses solely on high heat index days, “we do know that if people don’t have the opportunity to cool down at night, their bodies just carry that potential heat stress over from one day to the next, and that can build up over time.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1932736\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-674x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"334\" height=\"594\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-674x1200.jpg 674w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-375x668.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-520x926.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\">\u003c/a>Some Bay Area counties trigger warnings well below a heat index of 90 degrees. The city of San Francisco considers it an extreme heat day when temperatures hit 85; based on Cal-Adapt projections, by late century city officials are \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=093e26ddb26a4e3180fa1e35158858bf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">planning for \u003c/a>that to happen 15 days a year. Last month, San Francisco’s departments of public health and emergency management \u003ca href=\"https://sfmayor.org/article/mayor-breed-announces-update-citys-air-quality-and-extreme-weather-emergency-preparedness\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated\u003c/a> the city’s emergency plan, including directions for respite centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a heat wave last month in San Francisco, two sites in Bayview and Hunters’ Point, Mother Brown’s Kitchen and the Adult Day Senior Center, provided cooling resources to their clients. The San Francisco Foundation has funded that work with a grant to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.empowersf.org/resilientbayview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient Bayview\u003c/a> initiative, a program of the city’s Neighborhood Empowerment Network. The network also sponsors block-by-block potlucks known as Neighborfests; the idea is that through planning a party, neighbors can \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933237/investigation-finds-home-can-be-the-most-dangerous-place-in-a-heat-wave\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">develop skills\u003c/a> in community resilience and disaster response. This year, San Francisco’s Neighborfest idea is expanding in the East Bay and \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2897/Neighborfest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in Santa Rosa\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts say planning for diffuse and spotty heat waves in the greater Bay Area is challenging when there’s no historical practice or a response infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’ve had the impetus to take my kids to the library, thinking, ‘Well, of course the library will be cool,’ but not all of the libraries here are air-conditioned,” says UCS’s Dahl, a San Francisco resident. “So we don’t have places to escape the heat when our homes aren’t air-conditioned here in the Bay Area.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Risks related to heat, such as wildfires and air pollution, aren’t analyzed in the study. And local public officials are still taking the full measure of heat’s impacts. In San Mateo County, officials are using a CalTrans planning grant to study climate hazards, map heat islands where the tree canopy is low and more vulnerable people live, and communicate risk to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jasneet Sharma, an acting program manager for sustainability in San Mateo County, says the county is considering wider impacts. For example, sustained high temperatures threaten public transit systems by warping tracks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“An inability to cool homes would mean not just discomfort but unsafe conditions for seniors, farmworkers on the coastside and vulnerable community members,” Sharma says. “We know for certain we’re going to be impacted by rising heat. The full story goes beyond just the temperatures.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers say millions more people in California alone can expect at least a month of extreme heat days every year. Find out the predictions for your area, and for other states.",
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"description": "Researchers say millions more people in California alone can expect at least a month of extreme heat days every year. Find out the predictions for your area, and for other states.",
"title": "This Will Be a Sweltering Century in California and the Nation | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Extreme heat \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/story/phoenix-flights-canceled-heat/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grounds\u003c/a> planes in Arizona. Last year in Australia, the government \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-44720166\">blamed\u003c/a> it for melting tires on a road. And during a particularly brutal July in 2006, heat \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/epic/impacts-biological-systems/heat-related-mortality-and-morbidity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killed\u003c/a> at least \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627866/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">163 Californians\u003c/a>, with state epidemiologists estimating that it contributed to hundreds more deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘These results are really terrifying to me.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>If emissions aren’t seriously curbed — that is, even if the climate continues to warm with some abatement — researchers at the Union of Concerned Scientists say millions more people in California alone can expect at least \u003ca href=\"https://ucsusa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=e4e9082a1ec343c794d27f3e12dd006d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a month\u003c/a> of extreme heat days each year, those days bringing with them more health risks and rippling environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even in the next few decades we’ll see \u003ca href=\"https://ucsusa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=e4e9082a1ec343c794d27f3e12dd006d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">major increases\u003c/a> in the frequency of really hot days,” says Kristina Dahl, a researcher with the Union of Concerned Scientists, who authored the study. “These results are really terrifying to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global climate models project how the planet will warm under various scenarios, anticipating a range of atmospheric conditions. The study’s authors ran climate models with two different emissions scenarios: one, where emissions begin to be curbed by mid-century; and a second, where no policies achieve significant reductions in emissions. Using daily high temperatures, the researchers calculated what’s known as heat indexes for cities and counties \u003ca href=\"https://ucsusa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=e4e9082a1ec343c794d27f3e12dd006d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">around the country\u003c/a>; the heat index is what the temperature “feels like” when humidity is taken into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/6OZjI/8/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along a national “sunbelt,” inland cities, including in California’s Central Valley, could count dramatic increases in days with a heat index above 105 degrees. Until recently, Fresno averaged three such days a year, but the study found by late century, Fresno could have 58 days that feel like 105 degrees, in the absence of emissions limits. Even if governments rapidly move toward arresting global warming at a threshold of 2 degrees Celsius, parts of the Central Valley could still experience more than two-and-a-half weeks of heat that severe each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where high heat is already common, as in Southern California, the study projects it will continue to grow. Los Angeles has experienced a heat index of 90 for twenty days a year, on average; even with some emissions curbed, the study projects that number will triple toward the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/37joO/12/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indio, a Sonoran Desert town in San Bernardino County, historically has racked up more than 100 high heat days a year, but it’s been rare that the heat index is so high as to be “off the charts.” Without action to curb emissions, the study’s authors say Indio can expect, on average, 37 days a year of excessive and dangerous heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Significantly, modeling suggests that the most dramatic transformations in the state are likely to come where the climate has been temperate — along the coast and in Northern California. Within a half century, the Sonoma County town of Petaluma could have 11 times as many days where the heat feels like 90 degrees. Santa Barbara County could have 27 times the number of days where that happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "To Protect Yourself and Loved Ones From Heat:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Drink more water whether you’re active or not\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Go to an air-conditioned building, such as a library, movie theater, senior center, grocery store, or shopping mall.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Check on elderly people twice day\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>See \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11753650/bay-area-braces-for-extreme-heat-advisory-in-effect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">these tips\u003c/a> from KQED’s audience",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>No one heat index or temperature definitely protects against health risks, and no one threshold triggers public response to heat. According to the National Weather Service, heat cramps, sun stroke, and heat exhaustion are possible at a heat index of 90 for some groups; in California, state labor regulations offer outdoor workers additional protections at that point. At a heat index of 105, according to federal authorities, even healthy adults are at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study may well underestimate some contributions to rising heat, especially in cities. In the built environment, concrete, asphalt and glass warm cities; so does energy consumption, including air conditioners that release heat to the atmosphere; so do greenhouse gases, like those released from cars and power plants. The resulting urban heat island isn’t accounted for in the new study, according to Dahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That makes some of the results we have for cities conservative,” she says, “because, realistically, they’ll be experiencing even hotter temperatures earlier than we’re projecting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And the projections don’t account at all for some other climate-driven temperature shifts. In temperate northern California, nighttime lows have risen, making it harder for people’s bodies to recover when they become overheated. In 2017, during a Labor Day heat wave in San Francisco, it was still \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932692/climate-change-dishes-up-dangerous-heat-even-in-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 degrees near midnight\u003c/a>; that weekend, the city’s coroner’s office counted six deaths attributable to heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While Dahl says the new study focuses solely on high heat index days, “we do know that if people don’t have the opportunity to cool down at night, their bodies just carry that potential heat stress over from one day to the next, and that can build up over time.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1932736\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-674x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"334\" height=\"594\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-674x1200.jpg 674w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-375x668.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B-520x926.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/KQEDScience_Heat_181012B.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\">\u003c/a>Some Bay Area counties trigger warnings well below a heat index of 90 degrees. The city of San Francisco considers it an extreme heat day when temperatures hit 85; based on Cal-Adapt projections, by late century city officials are \u003ca href=\"https://sfgov.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=093e26ddb26a4e3180fa1e35158858bf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">planning for \u003c/a>that to happen 15 days a year. Last month, San Francisco’s departments of public health and emergency management \u003ca href=\"https://sfmayor.org/article/mayor-breed-announces-update-citys-air-quality-and-extreme-weather-emergency-preparedness\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated\u003c/a> the city’s emergency plan, including directions for respite centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a heat wave last month in San Francisco, two sites in Bayview and Hunters’ Point, Mother Brown’s Kitchen and the Adult Day Senior Center, provided cooling resources to their clients. The San Francisco Foundation has funded that work with a grant to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.empowersf.org/resilientbayview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient Bayview\u003c/a> initiative, a program of the city’s Neighborhood Empowerment Network. The network also sponsors block-by-block potlucks known as Neighborfests; the idea is that through planning a party, neighbors can \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933237/investigation-finds-home-can-be-the-most-dangerous-place-in-a-heat-wave\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">develop skills\u003c/a> in community resilience and disaster response. This year, San Francisco’s Neighborfest idea is expanding in the East Bay and \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2897/Neighborfest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in Santa Rosa\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But experts say planning for diffuse and spotty heat waves in the greater Bay Area is challenging when there’s no historical practice or a response infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’ve had the impetus to take my kids to the library, thinking, ‘Well, of course the library will be cool,’ but not all of the libraries here are air-conditioned,” says UCS’s Dahl, a San Francisco resident. “So we don’t have places to escape the heat when our homes aren’t air-conditioned here in the Bay Area.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Risks related to heat, such as wildfires and air pollution, aren’t analyzed in the study. And local public officials are still taking the full measure of heat’s impacts. In San Mateo County, officials are using a CalTrans planning grant to study climate hazards, map heat islands where the tree canopy is low and more vulnerable people live, and communicate risk to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jasneet Sharma, an acting program manager for sustainability in San Mateo County, says the county is considering wider impacts. For example, sustained high temperatures threaten public transit systems by warping tracks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“An inability to cool homes would mean not just discomfort but unsafe conditions for seniors, farmworkers on the coastside and vulnerable community members,” Sharma says. “We know for certain we’re going to be impacted by rising heat. The full story goes beyond just the temperatures.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "How We Made It to the Moon With Less Powerful Computers Than You Carry In Your Pocket",
"headTitle": "How We Made It to the Moon With Less Powerful Computers Than You Carry In Your Pocket | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Today, the basic physics of getting to the moon and back seem disarmingly simple. Apply the force of rocket thrust to oppose the force of Earth’s gravity, using it to lift off the ground. Apply further rocket thrust to propel your spacecraft toward the moon, then coast the rest of the way. Finally, use rockets to counter the moon’s gravity to control your downward speed and make a soft landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apollo missions\u003c/a> that made the round-trip voyage between 1969 and 1972 represented an unprecedented challenge for engineers of the day, who managed to deliver 12 astronauts to the surface of the moon and bring them back to Earth employing technology that today seems astonishingly primitive. Looking back at those events from our privileged high-tech perspective can prompt feelings of awe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944803\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944803\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Neil Armstrong's footprint in the lunar soil, Apollo 11.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Neil Armstrong’s footprint in the lunar soil, Apollo 11. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Apollo Flights Were Triumphs for Their Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the details of the primitive technological tools and complicated orbital mathematics that allowed us to navigate those simple laws of nature to get there and back again. If you were alive during the Apollo missions, you remember what things were like. Black-and-white tube televisions took minutes to warm up. Households shared a landline telephone. Even simple pocket calculators were yet to be invented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computers were more a creation of science fiction than something most regular folks had ever seen in person. They were barely beginning to evolve toward today’s miniature digital miracles — they employed transistors, electronic resistors, capacitors, and other basic components that were either wired together on circuit boards, or (at best) early versions of printed circuit technology — a far cry from the printed microchip devices we are dependent on today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In comparison, the smartphone in your pocket crunches numbers a hundred million times faster than the best computers of the Apollo age and can store billions of times more data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944978\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944978\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-800x835.png\" alt=\"The main display and keyboard for the Apollo 13 navigation computer.\" width=\"800\" height=\"835\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-800x835.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-160x167.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-768x802.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-1020x1065.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-1150x1200.png 1150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY.png 1845w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The main display and keyboard for the Apollo 13 navigation computer. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rocket technology grew up out of post-World War II military applications, as well as the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Rockets were simple tubes of solid fuel ignited like Roman candles, or single-use tanks of liquid fuel poured into combustion chambers and set alight. Today, the SpaceX Corporation has developed reusable rockets that return to Earth and land softly after lifting their payloads skyward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep Into the Unknown\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having never sent a human farther into space than low Earth orbit, the road to the moon was unpaved by human experience. NASA sent out a few preliminary robotic probes between 1962 and 1968 — the Rangers and Surveyors — to get an idea of what lay ahead for the Apollo astronauts. But many questions and \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/26593-apollo-11-moon-landing-scariest-moments.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unknown dangers\u003c/a> remained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, the surface of the moon was itself a largely unknown environment. Might there be a dusty lunar version of quicksand in some locations into which an Apollo lander or astronaut might sink, such as envisioned by Arthur C. Clarke in his novel “A Fall of Moondust”? Would the ground be stable and solid or collapse into hidden caverns below?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though prior robotic landers had set down safely, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nevillepublicmuseum.org/the-neville-blog/the-moon-a-dangerous-place\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no one knew\u003c/a> how varied the lunar landscape would be at any given Apollo landing site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another real concern at the time: space viruses and bacteria. No one was sure whether microscopic lunar critters would hitch a ride on the returning astronauts. So cautious were NASA directors and scientists about potential threats from space and the moon, the crew of the first three landing missions (Apollos 11 through 14) were quarantined in isolation for three weeks after returning to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944801\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944801\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-800x629.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram representing the zones of electrically charged particles trapped within Earth's magnetic field, called the Van Allen Radiation Belts.\" width=\"800\" height=\"629\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-800x629.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-160x126.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-768x603.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram representing the zones of electrically charged particles trapped within Earth’s magnetic field, called the Van Allen Radiation Belts. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Virgin space travel gave NASA plenty of other headaches. For starters, NASA gave serious attention to the swaths of high-energy radiation that surround Earth, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/blog-network/vintage-space/apollo-rocketed-through-van-allen-belts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Van Allen Radiation Belts\u003c/a>. Discovered by James Van Allen in the 1950s, these zones of potentially dangerous radiation are formed by electrons and protons trapped within Earth’s magnetic field. To minimize the risk to moon-bound astronauts, NASA aimed the Apollo 11 spacecraft to pass through the danger zone as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar radiation also concerned scientists. The dangers of radiation bursts from the sun, including solar flares and coronal mass ejections, were not as well understood in the 1960s as they are today. Once bursts of X-rays and high-energy solar particles venture outside the protection of Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field, they can inflict damage on astronauts and electronic equipment. Even today, crews aboard the International Space Station are sometimes instructed by Mission Control to take shelter in the portion of the ISS with the thickest radiation shields during powerful solar eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, all three years of the Apollo moon flights took place during a “solar minimum,” a period when the sun is relatively quiet and exhibits few dangerous eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944802\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944802\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-800x614.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-800x614.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-768x590.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-1020x783.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electron micrograph image of a hole pictured in the surface of the Solar Max robotic satellite by a micrometeoroid. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Finally, astronauts had dangerous space rocks to contend with. Even a pebble-sized rock flying at several miles per second can punch a hole in the thin-walled hull of a spacecraft, causing equipment damage or a leak of precious cabin air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preventing a minuscule, super-fast “micrometeoroid” from hitting a spacecraft is practically impossible since there is no way to see it coming, or to move out of its way quickly enough even if you could. So Apollo astronauts were equipped with spacesuits that could save their lives even if cabin air pressure was compromised. If depressurization was not catastrophic, they might have time to don that protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond this precaution, NASA relied heavily on the vastness of space and the sparseness of space debris to protect their missions’ intrepid crews. It still does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite enormous advancements in computer, material and propulsion technology, returning to the moon today won’t be done with a snap of the fingers. We still have to contend with the physics of gravity and rocket thrust, the radiation dangers in space, and a lethal physical environment held tenuously at bay by the thin walls of a spacecraft and a few swaddling layers of spacesuit material. But at least we know something about the challenges along the way, thanks to the early experiences of the Apollo astronauts, engineers, and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Considering how primitive early space age technology was during the Apollo missions, how did we ever get to the moon?",
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"title": "How We Made It to the Moon With Less Powerful Computers Than You Carry In Your Pocket | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Today, the basic physics of getting to the moon and back seem disarmingly simple. Apply the force of rocket thrust to oppose the force of Earth’s gravity, using it to lift off the ground. Apply further rocket thrust to propel your spacecraft toward the moon, then coast the rest of the way. Finally, use rockets to counter the moon’s gravity to control your downward speed and make a soft landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apollo missions\u003c/a> that made the round-trip voyage between 1969 and 1972 represented an unprecedented challenge for engineers of the day, who managed to deliver 12 astronauts to the surface of the moon and bring them back to Earth employing technology that today seems astonishingly primitive. Looking back at those events from our privileged high-tech perspective can prompt feelings of awe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944803\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944803\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Neil Armstrong's footprint in the lunar soil, Apollo 11.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/armstrong-footprint-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Neil Armstrong’s footprint in the lunar soil, Apollo 11. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Apollo Flights Were Triumphs for Their Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the details of the primitive technological tools and complicated orbital mathematics that allowed us to navigate those simple laws of nature to get there and back again. If you were alive during the Apollo missions, you remember what things were like. Black-and-white tube televisions took minutes to warm up. Households shared a landline telephone. Even simple pocket calculators were yet to be invented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computers were more a creation of science fiction than something most regular folks had ever seen in person. They were barely beginning to evolve toward today’s miniature digital miracles — they employed transistors, electronic resistors, capacitors, and other basic components that were either wired together on circuit boards, or (at best) early versions of printed circuit technology — a far cry from the printed microchip devices we are dependent on today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In comparison, the smartphone in your pocket crunches numbers a hundred million times faster than the best computers of the Apollo age and can store billions of times more data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944978\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944978\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-800x835.png\" alt=\"The main display and keyboard for the Apollo 13 navigation computer.\" width=\"800\" height=\"835\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-800x835.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-160x167.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-768x802.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-1020x1065.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY-1150x1200.png 1150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/P6220704_DSKY.png 1845w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The main display and keyboard for the Apollo 13 navigation computer. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rocket technology grew up out of post-World War II military applications, as well as the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Rockets were simple tubes of solid fuel ignited like Roman candles, or single-use tanks of liquid fuel poured into combustion chambers and set alight. Today, the SpaceX Corporation has developed reusable rockets that return to Earth and land softly after lifting their payloads skyward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep Into the Unknown\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having never sent a human farther into space than low Earth orbit, the road to the moon was unpaved by human experience. NASA sent out a few preliminary robotic probes between 1962 and 1968 — the Rangers and Surveyors — to get an idea of what lay ahead for the Apollo astronauts. But many questions and \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/26593-apollo-11-moon-landing-scariest-moments.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unknown dangers\u003c/a> remained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, the surface of the moon was itself a largely unknown environment. Might there be a dusty lunar version of quicksand in some locations into which an Apollo lander or astronaut might sink, such as envisioned by Arthur C. Clarke in his novel “A Fall of Moondust”? Would the ground be stable and solid or collapse into hidden caverns below?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though prior robotic landers had set down safely, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nevillepublicmuseum.org/the-neville-blog/the-moon-a-dangerous-place\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no one knew\u003c/a> how varied the lunar landscape would be at any given Apollo landing site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another real concern at the time: space viruses and bacteria. No one was sure whether microscopic lunar critters would hitch a ride on the returning astronauts. So cautious were NASA directors and scientists about potential threats from space and the moon, the crew of the first three landing missions (Apollos 11 through 14) were quarantined in isolation for three weeks after returning to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944801\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944801\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-800x629.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram representing the zones of electrically charged particles trapped within Earth's magnetic field, called the Van Allen Radiation Belts.\" width=\"800\" height=\"629\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-800x629.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-160x126.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3-768x603.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/vanallen-radiation-belts3.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram representing the zones of electrically charged particles trapped within Earth’s magnetic field, called the Van Allen Radiation Belts. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Virgin space travel gave NASA plenty of other headaches. For starters, NASA gave serious attention to the swaths of high-energy radiation that surround Earth, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/blog-network/vintage-space/apollo-rocketed-through-van-allen-belts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Van Allen Radiation Belts\u003c/a>. Discovered by James Van Allen in the 1950s, these zones of potentially dangerous radiation are formed by electrons and protons trapped within Earth’s magnetic field. To minimize the risk to moon-bound astronauts, NASA aimed the Apollo 11 spacecraft to pass through the danger zone as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar radiation also concerned scientists. The dangers of radiation bursts from the sun, including solar flares and coronal mass ejections, were not as well understood in the 1960s as they are today. Once bursts of X-rays and high-energy solar particles venture outside the protection of Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field, they can inflict damage on astronauts and electronic equipment. Even today, crews aboard the International Space Station are sometimes instructed by Mission Control to take shelter in the portion of the ISS with the thickest radiation shields during powerful solar eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, all three years of the Apollo moon flights took place during a “solar minimum,” a period when the sun is relatively quiet and exhibits few dangerous eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944802\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944802\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-800x614.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-800x614.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-768x590.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5-1020x783.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/solarmax-micrometeoroidamage-5.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electron micrograph image of a hole pictured in the surface of the Solar Max robotic satellite by a micrometeoroid. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Finally, astronauts had dangerous space rocks to contend with. Even a pebble-sized rock flying at several miles per second can punch a hole in the thin-walled hull of a spacecraft, causing equipment damage or a leak of precious cabin air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preventing a minuscule, super-fast “micrometeoroid” from hitting a spacecraft is practically impossible since there is no way to see it coming, or to move out of its way quickly enough even if you could. So Apollo astronauts were equipped with spacesuits that could save their lives even if cabin air pressure was compromised. If depressurization was not catastrophic, they might have time to don that protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond this precaution, NASA relied heavily on the vastness of space and the sparseness of space debris to protect their missions’ intrepid crews. It still does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite enormous advancements in computer, material and propulsion technology, returning to the moon today won’t be done with a snap of the fingers. We still have to contend with the physics of gravity and rocket thrust, the radiation dangers in space, and a lethal physical environment held tenuously at bay by the thin walls of a spacecraft and a few swaddling layers of spacesuit material. But at least we know something about the challenges along the way, thanks to the early experiences of the Apollo astronauts, engineers, and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Administration Sidelines Federal Biologists Who Could Stand in Way of More Water for Calif. Farmers",
"headTitle": "Administration Sidelines Federal Biologists Who Could Stand in Way of More Water for Calif. Farmers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After rushing forward on a plan to send more water to California’s Central Valley, the Trump Administration has unexpectedly hit the brakes and ordered the work already done by federal scientists to be completed by a different team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just days before federal biologists were set to release new rules governing the future of endangered salmon and drinking water for two-thirds of Californians, the administration replaced them with an almost entirely new group of lawyers, administrators and biologists to “refine” and “improve” the rules, according to an email obtained by KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups said the Department of the Interior is interfering with the science and that bringing in a new team to re-write the scientific documents was, to their knowledge, unprecedented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an outrageous assault on California’s fish and wildlife, and the thousands of fishing jobs that depend on their health,” said Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal biologists in two wildlife agencies, NOAA Fisheries and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, have been analyzing the Bureau of Reclamation’s water plan, as required by law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They must ensure it doesn’t drive threatened species, like endangered salmon and delta smelt, to extinction. If the plan jeopardizes the future of endangered fish, these biologists are required to put limits on it, like restricting how much water can be pumped to farms from the state’s rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe the record will ultimately show that the Trump Administration simply didn’t like the truth, and so they’re taking steps to replace their own staff who told the truth with new staff who will give them an answer they want to hear,” said John McManus, president of the Golden Gate Salmon Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Fish and Wildlife service declined an interview but responded in an email to questions about the purpose of the delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is about taking the time we need to ensure we get this right,” said Paul Souza, regional director at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. “The decision was made to bring in a mix of additional expertise in science, law, policy and regulation to help our local representatives work through finalizing the biological opinions and to help ensure the highest quality of our respective biological opinions and underlying individual agency decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Souza also wrote that the new team will be “working with” the original team of scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘We Will Have It Done Very, Very Quickly’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump in October 2018 ordered the incredibly complex rules governing California’s water supply to be drafted faster than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will have it done very, very quickly,” Trump said to members of the California GOP congressional delegation last October, as he signed an executive order. “I hope you enjoy the water that you’re going to have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some see the fingerprints of Interior Secretary David Bernhardt; he is under scrutiny after a February New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/12/climate/david-bernhardt-endangered-species.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> reported that shortly after joining the Interior Department in 2017, he directly advocated on behalf of his former employer, the agricultural giant Westlands Water District, to get more water for farmers at the expense of endangered fish, even though federal rules preclude him from lobbying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed water rules govern a delicate balancing act, determining how much water is pumped to cities and farmland and how much must remain in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta ecosystem for threatened wildlife, like endangered salmon. That’s made the rules a target for Central Valley agricultural interests, because in dry years, the rules can limit their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Trump’s new plan, the federal government is proposing to pump more water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, an estuary that is the hub of the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1938750/trump-pressure-on-california-water-plan-excludes-public-rushes-science-emails-show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emails obtained last winter by KQED\u003c/a>, NOAA Fisheries scientists were concerned they didn’t have the resources to analyze the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Independent scientific reviewers who evaluated the government’s plan also said the tight timeline hurt their ability to thoroughly vet it, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944278/trumps-pending-rules-on-california-water-marked-by-missing-documents-and-hurried-reviews-say-scientists\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other documents obtained by KQED\u003c/a>. Several also wrote that the plan could have a devastating impact on fish species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, in late June, the federal scientists’ analyses, known as “biological opinions,” were nearly complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in early July, the government called for an unexpected two-month delay. A predominantly new group of 12 federal employees had taken over, made up of lawyers, biologists and staff, several from outside of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have the chance to improve these important documents even more,” Souza wrote to the new team in the email obtained by KQED. “These ‘fresh eyes’ — in concert with our local experts — will help ensure the highest quality of our respective documents and ultimate individual agency decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the two-month extension, the new federal team will seek a new independent scientific review, and, by law, will also seek feedback from the agricultural water districts who use the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late 2018, Souza was designated as the lead official to carry out Trump’s October water memo, which, in addition to imposing a tight deadline, ordered the government “to minimize unnecessary regulatory burdens.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Despite a deadline from President Trump, the water rules have been delayed two months so a new group of lawyers and biologists can step in.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After rushing forward on a plan to send more water to California’s Central Valley, the Trump Administration has unexpectedly hit the brakes and ordered the work already done by federal scientists to be completed by a different team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just days before federal biologists were set to release new rules governing the future of endangered salmon and drinking water for two-thirds of Californians, the administration replaced them with an almost entirely new group of lawyers, administrators and biologists to “refine” and “improve” the rules, according to an email obtained by KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups said the Department of the Interior is interfering with the science and that bringing in a new team to re-write the scientific documents was, to their knowledge, unprecedented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an outrageous assault on California’s fish and wildlife, and the thousands of fishing jobs that depend on their health,” said Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal biologists in two wildlife agencies, NOAA Fisheries and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, have been analyzing the Bureau of Reclamation’s water plan, as required by law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They must ensure it doesn’t drive threatened species, like endangered salmon and delta smelt, to extinction. If the plan jeopardizes the future of endangered fish, these biologists are required to put limits on it, like restricting how much water can be pumped to farms from the state’s rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe the record will ultimately show that the Trump Administration simply didn’t like the truth, and so they’re taking steps to replace their own staff who told the truth with new staff who will give them an answer they want to hear,” said John McManus, president of the Golden Gate Salmon Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Fish and Wildlife service declined an interview but responded in an email to questions about the purpose of the delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is about taking the time we need to ensure we get this right,” said Paul Souza, regional director at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. “The decision was made to bring in a mix of additional expertise in science, law, policy and regulation to help our local representatives work through finalizing the biological opinions and to help ensure the highest quality of our respective biological opinions and underlying individual agency decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Souza also wrote that the new team will be “working with” the original team of scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘We Will Have It Done Very, Very Quickly’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump in October 2018 ordered the incredibly complex rules governing California’s water supply to be drafted faster than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will have it done very, very quickly,” Trump said to members of the California GOP congressional delegation last October, as he signed an executive order. “I hope you enjoy the water that you’re going to have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some see the fingerprints of Interior Secretary David Bernhardt; he is under scrutiny after a February New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/12/climate/david-bernhardt-endangered-species.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> reported that shortly after joining the Interior Department in 2017, he directly advocated on behalf of his former employer, the agricultural giant Westlands Water District, to get more water for farmers at the expense of endangered fish, even though federal rules preclude him from lobbying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed water rules govern a delicate balancing act, determining how much water is pumped to cities and farmland and how much must remain in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta ecosystem for threatened wildlife, like endangered salmon. That’s made the rules a target for Central Valley agricultural interests, because in dry years, the rules can limit their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Trump’s new plan, the federal government is proposing to pump more water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, an estuary that is the hub of the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1938750/trump-pressure-on-california-water-plan-excludes-public-rushes-science-emails-show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emails obtained last winter by KQED\u003c/a>, NOAA Fisheries scientists were concerned they didn’t have the resources to analyze the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Independent scientific reviewers who evaluated the government’s plan also said the tight timeline hurt their ability to thoroughly vet it, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944278/trumps-pending-rules-on-california-water-marked-by-missing-documents-and-hurried-reviews-say-scientists\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other documents obtained by KQED\u003c/a>. Several also wrote that the plan could have a devastating impact on fish species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, in late June, the federal scientists’ analyses, known as “biological opinions,” were nearly complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in early July, the government called for an unexpected two-month delay. 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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"order": 5
},
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
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