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"title": "Vaccine Opt-Out Rate Doubled in 7 Years; Look Up Your School Online",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Olivia Allen-Price and Lisa Aliferis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Feb. 2, 2015:\u003c/strong> The state of California has released opt-out rates at schools statewide for the 2014-2015 school year. \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/#lookup\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/#lookup\" target=\"_blank\">They have dropped for the first time since 1998.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California law requires that children entering kindergarten be fully vaccinated against a range of diseases. But despite overwhelming evidence that vaccines are safe and effective, the rate of parents opting out of vaccines for their children has doubled since 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To opt out, parents must file a personal belief exemption, or PBE, a signed statement that vaccines are against their personal beliefs. In the 2007-2008 school year, the statewide PBE rate was 1.56 percent. By 2013-2014, the most recent year statistics are available, the rate had jumped to 3.15 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#find\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-21513\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/lookup.jpg\" alt=\"lookup\" width=\"300\" height=\"151\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PBE rates vary by county and by individual school. In the Bay Area, Marin has the highest PBE rate by far -- 7.57 percent. (Marin was \u003ca title=\"Vaccine Opt Out Rates in Marin\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">highest in the Bay Area last year too.\u003c/a>) The PBE rate at private schools tends to be higher, overall, then that at public schools. In the 2013-2014 school year, only 85 percent of private school kindergarten students statewide were fully vaccinated when school started, compared to about 90 percent of public school students. Other students enter on \"conditional\" status, meaning the school is to follow up with these children to make sure they receive all their vaccines.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nThe California Department of Public Health \u003ca title=\"California Department of Public Health Immunization page\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/pages/immunizationlevels.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">collects vaccination rates\u003c/a> and PBE rates at every kindergarten in the state with more than 10 students -- both public and private schools. Further below, we've made it easy for you to look up your own school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entering kindergarten children are required to be vaccinated against:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Polio\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Hepatitis B\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Varicella (Chickenpox)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\"We're definitely concerned\" about the increasing PBE rates, said Dr. James Watt, chief of the state's division of communicable disease control. \"We've been monitoring that. We've been increasing our analysis of the data to try to understand what's happening with that trend.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest concern, he said, is not the overall statewide rate. But that growing rate signals that individual schools or areas may have very high PBE rates. \"When those exemptions congregate in settings,\" Watt said, \"that's the risk where disease transmission is greatest.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014 alone, California has seen outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease. \"We've been grappling earlier this year with a lot of \u003ca title=\"Measles Cases on Rise Statewide\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/03/14/measles-cases-on-rise-statewide/\" target=\"_blank\">measles brought back in from other countries\u003c/a>,\" Watt said. \"We're in the middle of a whooping cough epidemic.\" The latest data from the state shows \u003ca title=\"Sept. 2 Whooping Cough Report\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis_report_9-2-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">nearly 8,000 cases so far this year\u003c/a>, and more than two-thirds of those hospitalized are infants younger than four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also experienced a whooping cough epidemic in 2010. Later research proved that vaccine refusal was \u003ca title=\"Vaccine Refusal Fueled Whooping Cough Epidemic\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">a factor in the epidemic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Requirement for Vaccine Exemption Passed by Senate\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">Under a new state law\u003c/a> that went into effect on Jan. 1, parents who don't want to have their children vaccinated now must meet with a health care provider to discuss risks and benefits of vaccines. The provider must sign a form that the conversation has happened and the parent must provide a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a similar law passed in Washington state in 2011, the PBE rate dropped 25 percent in 18 months. In California, the school year that is just starting is the first that makes this additional requirement of the PBE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watts said he hopes that the conversation with a health care provider \"will help (parents) to come to decisions that will enable children to be protected against disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In comparison to Marin's 7.57 percent PBE rate, five other Bay Area counties have a significantly lower opt-out rates:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>San Francisco: 1.64 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Santa Clara: 1.72 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Alameda: 1.78 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Mateo: 2.26 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contra Costa: 2.32 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"find\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Any School in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can look up the personal belief exemption rate at your own school below. So you can see the trend, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/our-vaccine-database-methodology/\" target=\"_blank\">we include data\u003c/a> from the 2007-2008 school year through the 2013-2014 school year, the most recent year for which data are available. This tool includes data from every kindergarten in the state, public or private, with 10 or more students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The column to the far right — “PBE” — shows the percentage of children at a kindergarten with a personal belief exemption on file. The higher the number, the more children are not receiving vaccines. \u003cstrong>Enter your child's school in the search box:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/vaccines/pbe2014-6.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700px\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nSee the \u003ca href=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/vaccines/pbe2014-6.html\" target=\"_blank\">search tool on its own page\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Olivia Allen-Price and Lisa Aliferis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Feb. 2, 2015:\u003c/strong> The state of California has released opt-out rates at schools statewide for the 2014-2015 school year. \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/#lookup\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/#lookup\" target=\"_blank\">They have dropped for the first time since 1998.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California law requires that children entering kindergarten be fully vaccinated against a range of diseases. But despite overwhelming evidence that vaccines are safe and effective, the rate of parents opting out of vaccines for their children has doubled since 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To opt out, parents must file a personal belief exemption, or PBE, a signed statement that vaccines are against their personal beliefs. In the 2007-2008 school year, the statewide PBE rate was 1.56 percent. By 2013-2014, the most recent year statistics are available, the rate had jumped to 3.15 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#find\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-21513\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/lookup.jpg\" alt=\"lookup\" width=\"300\" height=\"151\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PBE rates vary by county and by individual school. In the Bay Area, Marin has the highest PBE rate by far -- 7.57 percent. (Marin was \u003ca title=\"Vaccine Opt Out Rates in Marin\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">highest in the Bay Area last year too.\u003c/a>) The PBE rate at private schools tends to be higher, overall, then that at public schools. In the 2013-2014 school year, only 85 percent of private school kindergarten students statewide were fully vaccinated when school started, compared to about 90 percent of public school students. Other students enter on \"conditional\" status, meaning the school is to follow up with these children to make sure they receive all their vaccines.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nThe California Department of Public Health \u003ca title=\"California Department of Public Health Immunization page\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/pages/immunizationlevels.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">collects vaccination rates\u003c/a> and PBE rates at every kindergarten in the state with more than 10 students -- both public and private schools. Further below, we've made it easy for you to look up your own school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entering kindergarten children are required to be vaccinated against:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Polio\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Hepatitis B\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Varicella (Chickenpox)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\"We're definitely concerned\" about the increasing PBE rates, said Dr. James Watt, chief of the state's division of communicable disease control. \"We've been monitoring that. We've been increasing our analysis of the data to try to understand what's happening with that trend.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest concern, he said, is not the overall statewide rate. But that growing rate signals that individual schools or areas may have very high PBE rates. \"When those exemptions congregate in settings,\" Watt said, \"that's the risk where disease transmission is greatest.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014 alone, California has seen outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease. \"We've been grappling earlier this year with a lot of \u003ca title=\"Measles Cases on Rise Statewide\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/03/14/measles-cases-on-rise-statewide/\" target=\"_blank\">measles brought back in from other countries\u003c/a>,\" Watt said. \"We're in the middle of a whooping cough epidemic.\" The latest data from the state shows \u003ca title=\"Sept. 2 Whooping Cough Report\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis_report_9-2-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">nearly 8,000 cases so far this year\u003c/a>, and more than two-thirds of those hospitalized are infants younger than four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also experienced a whooping cough epidemic in 2010. Later research proved that vaccine refusal was \u003ca title=\"Vaccine Refusal Fueled Whooping Cough Epidemic\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">a factor in the epidemic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Requirement for Vaccine Exemption Passed by Senate\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">Under a new state law\u003c/a> that went into effect on Jan. 1, parents who don't want to have their children vaccinated now must meet with a health care provider to discuss risks and benefits of vaccines. The provider must sign a form that the conversation has happened and the parent must provide a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a similar law passed in Washington state in 2011, the PBE rate dropped 25 percent in 18 months. In California, the school year that is just starting is the first that makes this additional requirement of the PBE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watts said he hopes that the conversation with a health care provider \"will help (parents) to come to decisions that will enable children to be protected against disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In comparison to Marin's 7.57 percent PBE rate, five other Bay Area counties have a significantly lower opt-out rates:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>San Francisco: 1.64 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Santa Clara: 1.72 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Alameda: 1.78 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Mateo: 2.26 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contra Costa: 2.32 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"find\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Any School in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can look up the personal belief exemption rate at your own school below. So you can see the trend, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/our-vaccine-database-methodology/\" target=\"_blank\">we include data\u003c/a> from the 2007-2008 school year through the 2013-2014 school year, the most recent year for which data are available. This tool includes data from every kindergarten in the state, public or private, with 10 or more students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The column to the far right — “PBE” — shows the percentage of children at a kindergarten with a personal belief exemption on file. The higher the number, the more children are not receiving vaccines. \u003cstrong>Enter your child's school in the search box:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/vaccines/pbe2014-6.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700px\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nSee the \u003ca href=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/vaccines/pbe2014-6.html\" target=\"_blank\">search tool on its own page\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Government Funding Drops -- and Scientists Give Up",
"title": "Government Funding Drops -- and Scientists Give Up",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21417\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/randen-patterson-1_slide-ad57b5b88f7ff9de1f1681a3ca1443a715fa61ff-s40-c85-e1410383673360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-21417\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/randen-patterson-1_slide-ad57b5b88f7ff9de1f1681a3ca1443a715fa61ff-s40-c85-e1410383673360.jpg\" alt=\"Randen Patterson\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/randen-patterson-1_slide-ad57b5b88f7ff9de1f1681a3ca1443a715fa61ff-s40-c85-e1410383673360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/randen-patterson-1_slide-ad57b5b88f7ff9de1f1681a3ca1443a715fa61ff-s40-c85-e1410383673360-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/randen-patterson-1_slide-ad57b5b88f7ff9de1f1681a3ca1443a715fa61ff-s40-c85-e1410383673360-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Randen Patterson left a research career in physiology at U.C. Davis when funding got too tight. He now owns a grocery store in Guinda, outside Davis. (Max Whittaker/Prime for NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Richard Harris\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/09/09/345289127/when-scientists-give-up\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ian Glomski thought he was going to make a difference in the fight to protect people from deadly anthrax germs. He had done everything right — attended one top university, landed an assistant professorship at another.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"I shouldn't be a grocer right now. I should be training students. I should be doing deeper research. And I can't. I don't have an outlet for it.\" Former UC Davis professor\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Glomski ran head-on into an unpleasant reality: These days, the scramble for money to conduct research has become stultifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, he's giving up on science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he's not alone. Federal funding for biomedical research has declined by more than 20 percent in the past decade. There are far more scientists competing for grants than there is money to support them.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That crunch is forcing some people out of science altogether, either because they can't get research funding at all or, in Glomski's case, because the rat race has simply become too unpleasant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My lab was well-funded until, basically, the moment I decided I wasn't going to work there anymore,\" he says during an interview on the porch swing of his home in Charlottesville, Va. \"And I probably could have scraped through there for the rest of my career, as I had been doing, but I would have had regrets.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glomski's problem was that he could only get funding to do very predictable, unexciting research. When money gets tight, often only the most risk-averse ideas get funded, he and others say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're focusing basically on one idea you already have and making it as presentable as possible,\" he says. \"You're not spending time making new ideas. And it's making new ideas, for me personally, that I found rewarding. That's what my passion was about.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At his lab at the University of Virginia, Glomski had a new idea about how to study an anthrax infection as it spread through an animal — and doing this with scans, rather than having to cut the animal open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think if it did what I hoped it would, it would have revolutionized a lot of the research that I was focusing on,\" Glomski says. It would have given him important new insights, he thinks, into how this bacterium does its deadly damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21408\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/09/09/342196432/by-the-numbers-search-nih-grant-data-by-institution\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-21408 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/Screen-Shot-2014-09-10-at-1.27.17-PM-300x166.png\" alt=\"Graph of NIH funding\" width=\"300\" height=\"166\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NIH funding by year, in 2014 dollars. Click on the image to access a tool to look up funding changes by institution. (From NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it was not a surefire idea. Like a lot of science, it might not have worked at all. Glomski never found out. His repeated grant applications to the National Institutes of Health never made the cut. Funding is so competitive that reviewers shy away from ideas that might not pan out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You actually have to be much more conservative these days than you used to,\" Glomski says, \"and being that conservative I think ultimately hurts the scientific enterprise.\" Society, he says, is \"losing out on the cutting-edge research that really is what pushes science forward.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, payoffs in science come from out of the blue — oddball ideas or unexpected byways. Glomski says that's what research was like for him as he was getting his Ph.D. at the University of California, Berkeley. His lab leader there got funding to probe the frontiers. But Glomski sees that farsighted approach disappearing today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That ultimately squashed my passion for what I was doing,\" he says. So two years ago, at the age of 41, he quit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of helping society improve its defenses against deadly anthrax, he's starting a liquor distillery, Vitae Spirits. He's actually excited about that. It's a big challenge, and it allows him to pursue an idea with passion, rather than with resignation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Randen Patterson is not passionate about his post-science career as a grocery store proprietor. He recently bought the Corner Store in the tiny town of Guinda, about 45 minutes from Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patterson, 43, once worked for Dr. Solomon Snyder at Johns Hopkins University in one of the top neuroscience laboratories in the world. His research is published in some of the most prestigious journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Patterson got there against the odds. He was raised in a trailer park in Pennsylvania by a single parent, he says, and stumbled into science quite by accident. Mentors realized his potential and encouraged him to make a career of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He landed a tenure-track assistant professorship at Penn State University, and then moved on to a similar job at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Patterson struggled his entire career to get grants to fund his research, which uses computer simulations to probe the complex chemistry that goes on inside living cells. And he chose an arcane corner of this field to focus his intellectual energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I was a very young scientist, I told myself I would only work on the hardest questions because those were the ones that were worth working on,\" he says. \"And it has been to my advantage and my detriment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years, he has written a blizzard of grant proposals, but he couldn't convince his peers that his edgy ideas were worth taking a risk on. So, as the last of his funding dried up, he quit his academic job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I shouldn't be a grocer right now,\" he says with a note of anger in his voice. \"I should be training students. I should be doing deeper research. And I can't. I don't have an outlet for it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the writing was on the wall a few years ago, Patterson says he bought his own souped-up computer so he could continue dabbling in research on the side. But those ideas aren't adding to the world's body of knowledge about biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The country has invested, in me alone, $5 million or $6 million, easily,\" Patterson says, thinking back on the funding he received for his education and his research. And he's just one of many feeling the brunt of the funding crunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no national statistics about how many people are giving up on academic science, but an NPR analysis of NIH data found that 3,400 scientists lost their sustaining grants between 2012 and 2013. Some will eventually get new funding, others will retire; but others, like Glomski and Patterson, will just give up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're taking all this money as a country we've invested ... and we're saying we don't care about it,\" Patterson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He watches with some trepidation as his daughter, a fresh college graduate, hopes to launch her own career in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funding squeeze could persist for his daughter's generation as well. So Patterson is hoping she will settle on a field other than biomedical research — one where money isn't quite so tight.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21417\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/randen-patterson-1_slide-ad57b5b88f7ff9de1f1681a3ca1443a715fa61ff-s40-c85-e1410383673360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-21417\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/randen-patterson-1_slide-ad57b5b88f7ff9de1f1681a3ca1443a715fa61ff-s40-c85-e1410383673360.jpg\" alt=\"Randen Patterson\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/randen-patterson-1_slide-ad57b5b88f7ff9de1f1681a3ca1443a715fa61ff-s40-c85-e1410383673360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/randen-patterson-1_slide-ad57b5b88f7ff9de1f1681a3ca1443a715fa61ff-s40-c85-e1410383673360-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/randen-patterson-1_slide-ad57b5b88f7ff9de1f1681a3ca1443a715fa61ff-s40-c85-e1410383673360-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Randen Patterson left a research career in physiology at U.C. Davis when funding got too tight. He now owns a grocery store in Guinda, outside Davis. (Max Whittaker/Prime for NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Richard Harris\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/09/09/345289127/when-scientists-give-up\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ian Glomski thought he was going to make a difference in the fight to protect people from deadly anthrax germs. He had done everything right — attended one top university, landed an assistant professorship at another.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"I shouldn't be a grocer right now. I should be training students. I should be doing deeper research. And I can't. I don't have an outlet for it.\" Former UC Davis professor\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Glomski ran head-on into an unpleasant reality: These days, the scramble for money to conduct research has become stultifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, he's giving up on science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he's not alone. Federal funding for biomedical research has declined by more than 20 percent in the past decade. There are far more scientists competing for grants than there is money to support them.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That crunch is forcing some people out of science altogether, either because they can't get research funding at all or, in Glomski's case, because the rat race has simply become too unpleasant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My lab was well-funded until, basically, the moment I decided I wasn't going to work there anymore,\" he says during an interview on the porch swing of his home in Charlottesville, Va. \"And I probably could have scraped through there for the rest of my career, as I had been doing, but I would have had regrets.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glomski's problem was that he could only get funding to do very predictable, unexciting research. When money gets tight, often only the most risk-averse ideas get funded, he and others say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're focusing basically on one idea you already have and making it as presentable as possible,\" he says. \"You're not spending time making new ideas. And it's making new ideas, for me personally, that I found rewarding. That's what my passion was about.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At his lab at the University of Virginia, Glomski had a new idea about how to study an anthrax infection as it spread through an animal — and doing this with scans, rather than having to cut the animal open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think if it did what I hoped it would, it would have revolutionized a lot of the research that I was focusing on,\" Glomski says. It would have given him important new insights, he thinks, into how this bacterium does its deadly damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21408\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/09/09/342196432/by-the-numbers-search-nih-grant-data-by-institution\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-21408 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/Screen-Shot-2014-09-10-at-1.27.17-PM-300x166.png\" alt=\"Graph of NIH funding\" width=\"300\" height=\"166\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NIH funding by year, in 2014 dollars. Click on the image to access a tool to look up funding changes by institution. (From NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it was not a surefire idea. Like a lot of science, it might not have worked at all. Glomski never found out. His repeated grant applications to the National Institutes of Health never made the cut. Funding is so competitive that reviewers shy away from ideas that might not pan out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You actually have to be much more conservative these days than you used to,\" Glomski says, \"and being that conservative I think ultimately hurts the scientific enterprise.\" Society, he says, is \"losing out on the cutting-edge research that really is what pushes science forward.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, payoffs in science come from out of the blue — oddball ideas or unexpected byways. Glomski says that's what research was like for him as he was getting his Ph.D. at the University of California, Berkeley. His lab leader there got funding to probe the frontiers. But Glomski sees that farsighted approach disappearing today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That ultimately squashed my passion for what I was doing,\" he says. So two years ago, at the age of 41, he quit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of helping society improve its defenses against deadly anthrax, he's starting a liquor distillery, Vitae Spirits. He's actually excited about that. It's a big challenge, and it allows him to pursue an idea with passion, rather than with resignation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Randen Patterson is not passionate about his post-science career as a grocery store proprietor. He recently bought the Corner Store in the tiny town of Guinda, about 45 minutes from Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patterson, 43, once worked for Dr. Solomon Snyder at Johns Hopkins University in one of the top neuroscience laboratories in the world. His research is published in some of the most prestigious journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Patterson got there against the odds. He was raised in a trailer park in Pennsylvania by a single parent, he says, and stumbled into science quite by accident. Mentors realized his potential and encouraged him to make a career of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He landed a tenure-track assistant professorship at Penn State University, and then moved on to a similar job at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Patterson struggled his entire career to get grants to fund his research, which uses computer simulations to probe the complex chemistry that goes on inside living cells. And he chose an arcane corner of this field to focus his intellectual energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I was a very young scientist, I told myself I would only work on the hardest questions because those were the ones that were worth working on,\" he says. \"And it has been to my advantage and my detriment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years, he has written a blizzard of grant proposals, but he couldn't convince his peers that his edgy ideas were worth taking a risk on. So, as the last of his funding dried up, he quit his academic job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I shouldn't be a grocer right now,\" he says with a note of anger in his voice. \"I should be training students. I should be doing deeper research. And I can't. I don't have an outlet for it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the writing was on the wall a few years ago, Patterson says he bought his own souped-up computer so he could continue dabbling in research on the side. But those ideas aren't adding to the world's body of knowledge about biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The country has invested, in me alone, $5 million or $6 million, easily,\" Patterson says, thinking back on the funding he received for his education and his research. And he's just one of many feeling the brunt of the funding crunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no national statistics about how many people are giving up on academic science, but an NPR analysis of NIH data found that 3,400 scientists lost their sustaining grants between 2012 and 2013. Some will eventually get new funding, others will retire; but others, like Glomski and Patterson, will just give up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're taking all this money as a country we've invested ... and we're saying we don't care about it,\" Patterson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He watches with some trepidation as his daughter, a fresh college graduate, hopes to launch her own career in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21404\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/RS11826_photo-1-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-21404\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/RS11826_photo-1-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"The magnitude-6.0 earthquake struck Aug. 24. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/RS11826_photo-1-hpf.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/RS11826_photo-1-hpf-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/RS11826_photo-1-hpf-320x240.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The magnitude-6.0 earthquake struck Aug. 24. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A 65-year-old woman who suffered a head injury when a television struck her during last month's earthquake in California's wine country has died — the first death attributed to the magnitude-6.0 quake, sheriff's officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laurie Anne Thompson was at her Napa home during the Aug. 24 earthquake when she was hit, according to the Napa County Sheriff's Office. She did not go to the hospital until the next day when she felt dizzy and experienced a decline in mental function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sheriff's officials said she died Friday at a hospital of an intracranial hemorrhage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Her condition continued to deteriorate over time and, unfortunately, she passed away,\" Sheriff's Capt. Doug Pike said.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earthquake has not claimed any other lives, but left scores of people injured, among them a 13-year-old boy who broke his pelvis in several places when part of a chimney collapsed on him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the strongest quake to hit the San Francisco Bay area since a magnitude-6.9 quake in 1989.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quake was centered near the city of Napa and broke water mains and gas lines and sparked gas-fed fires that destroyed several mobile homes. The worst damage and disruption was confined to downtown Napa, where a post office, library and a 141-room hotel were among 150 homes and buildings deemed unsafe to occupy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 976px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/applewatch.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/applewatch.jpg\" alt=\"The Apple Watch marks Apple's first foray into smart watches and digital health. (Apple)\" width=\"976\" height=\"588\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apple Watch marks Apple’s first foray into smart watches and digital health. (Courtesy of Apple)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Apple has unveiled its first new gadget in four years, the Apple Watch. The company is billing the device as a health-and-fitness tool with smartphone capabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a much anticipated event in Cupertino Tuesday, Apple also unveiled a new payment system aimed at making it easier to make purchases using your phone, and new iPhones with larger screens. But the watch seems to have upstaged the company’s new big phones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/167015639&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is a little late to the party when it comes to smart watches. Samsung and other companies have had devices on the market for years. But, in typical Apple fashion, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apple Watch\u003c/a> looks a lot better than other smart watches and has some interesting offerings: It can receive phone calls and messages, play music, control your Apple TV, access maps, utilize Apple’s new payment system, access Siri voice command and monitor heart rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you are out running and you want to buy a latte. With Apple’s new watch, it sounds like you can use a map to find a coffee place, swipe the watch face to buy your latte and then monitor your rising caffeine-induced heart rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The design has a sapphire glass display, a rectangle face with curved corners, and comes in several watch face and band styles. The watch starts at $350, which is $50 higher than the average smart watch, and its high-end version, which includes 18-carat gold, will go for much, much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the right of the watch is a knob that can be used to zoom and scroll through the interface on the display. But design is really Apple’s thing so it’s not a big surprise the watch looks pretty good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is new for Apple is its entrance into the multibillion-dollar mobile health industry. The Apple Watch contains several sensors, including an accelerometer, heart-rate monitor and gyroscope to track your activities. A fitness app will track all your movements and you can customize goals and monitor activities, not that much different from some of the other wearables on the market like \u003ca href=\"http://www.fitbit.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fitbit\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://jawbone.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jawbone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other health bands and smart watches, Apple is partnering with large medical record companies and health care providers as it makes a push into the mobile health care market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, Apple is trying to change the health care landscape the way it disrupted the music industry with the iPod. But sharing health information is more complex than sharing music, and this new step raises a lot of thorny privacy issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The watch, which has to be connected to an iPhone to take advantage of its capabilities, will be available early next year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21533\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 976px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/applewatch.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/applewatch.jpg\" alt=\"The Apple Watch marks Apple's first foray into smart watches and digital health. (Apple)\" width=\"976\" height=\"588\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apple Watch marks Apple’s first foray into smart watches and digital health. (Courtesy of Apple)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Apple has unveiled its first new gadget in four years, the Apple Watch. The company is billing the device as a health-and-fitness tool with smartphone capabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a much anticipated event in Cupertino Tuesday, Apple also unveiled a new payment system aimed at making it easier to make purchases using your phone, and new iPhones with larger screens. But the watch seems to have upstaged the company’s new big phones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/167015639&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple is a little late to the party when it comes to smart watches. Samsung and other companies have had devices on the market for years. But, in typical Apple fashion, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apple Watch\u003c/a> looks a lot better than other smart watches and has some interesting offerings: It can receive phone calls and messages, play music, control your Apple TV, access maps, utilize Apple’s new payment system, access Siri voice command and monitor heart rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you are out running and you want to buy a latte. With Apple’s new watch, it sounds like you can use a map to find a coffee place, swipe the watch face to buy your latte and then monitor your rising caffeine-induced heart rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The design has a sapphire glass display, a rectangle face with curved corners, and comes in several watch face and band styles. The watch starts at $350, which is $50 higher than the average smart watch, and its high-end version, which includes 18-carat gold, will go for much, much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the right of the watch is a knob that can be used to zoom and scroll through the interface on the display. But design is really Apple’s thing so it’s not a big surprise the watch looks pretty good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is new for Apple is its entrance into the multibillion-dollar mobile health industry. The Apple Watch contains several sensors, including an accelerometer, heart-rate monitor and gyroscope to track your activities. A fitness app will track all your movements and you can customize goals and monitor activities, not that much different from some of the other wearables on the market like \u003ca href=\"http://www.fitbit.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fitbit\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://jawbone.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jawbone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike other health bands and smart watches, Apple is partnering with large medical record companies and health care providers as it makes a push into the mobile health care market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, Apple is trying to change the health care landscape the way it disrupted the music industry with the iPod. But sharing health information is more complex than sharing music, and this new step raises a lot of thorny privacy issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The watch, which has to be connected to an iPhone to take advantage of its capabilities, will be available early next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "UCSF's First Undocumented Medical Student Begins Training",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21328\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/Jirayut_New_Latthivongskorn--e1410207297503.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-21328 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/Jirayut_New_Latthivongskorn--640x711.jpg\" alt='Jirayut \"New\" Latthivongskorn, a newly-minted medical student at UCSF. ' width=\"640\" height=\"711\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jirayut \"New\" Latthivongskorn, a newly minted medical student at UCSF. (Courtesy: Jirayut Latthivongskorn)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Mina Kim\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first met Jirayut “New” Latthivongskorn a little over two years ago. He was completing his undergraduate degree at UC Berkeley and had dreams of going to medical school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he had no idea if he’d ever get there. Latthivongskorn is an undocumented immigrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents brought him to the U.S. from Thailand on a tourist visa when he was 9 years old, and the family never left.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latthivongskorn had good reason to be worried about going to medical school in the U.S. He had already had his admission to a \u003ca title=\"Travelers Summer Research Fellowship Program\" href=\"http://weill.cornell.edu/education/programs/tra_sum_res.html\" target=\"_blank\">research fellowship program\u003c/a> at Weill Cornell Medical College rescinded -- after the school learned of his immigration status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Cornell later readmitted him to the program, Latthivongskorn worried that medical schools would not want to admit a student who was living in the country illegally. He feared that schools might balk at a student who would have no guarantee of being able to practice medicine in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speed forward two years to last Friday. UCSF formally admitted its new medical school class, and one of the 149 students is Latthivongskorn. UCSF says he is its first undocumented immigrant student. Along with the other students, he was ceremoniously awarded a physician's white coat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ceremony marks the official start of a student's medical training. I talked to New about his achievement and the obstacles that lie ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/166437404&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Below are excerpts from our conversation; questions and comments edited for clarity.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mina Kim: What does it mean to you to reach this milestone?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Latthivongskorn:\u003c/strong> Definitely surreal, thinking about how much work it took to get here and how many people and family friends and community really supported me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MK: Are you guaranteed to do your residency, at which point you’ll need to be employed by a hospital?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NL:\u003c/strong> With Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, DACA, I have a work permit so I would be able to. However, there is always uncertainty with immigration and policy, and what would happen to [DACA] two years, five years down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MK: How are you financing medical school when you're not eligible for federal loans?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NL: \u003c/strong>I am very fortunate that the university is able to provide some form of grant funding, private funding that the university has, donations from alumni or various funding sources that the university has. And that’s only possible because of the California DREAM Act, which is a state law that provides for private funding to be accessible by a person like myself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That helps with a chunk of my tuition. (But) housing and other fees, I essentially have to come up with on my own. I’ve been looking into private loans. I am applying vigorously for private scholarships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MK: How do you respond to the issue of fairness? Is it fair to give a spot at a top medical school to an undocumented student, the child of a family that broke the law?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NL: \u003c/strong>Now, DACA means students are able to get a work permit, they're able to get residency, they're able to get licensed, so what are the real practical concerns of admitting an undocumented immigrant. Financial aid is a big issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real purpose is being able to train someone who will be able to effect change and improve health for the communities around us. Myself and other folks who are undocumented understand these communities. We have grown up here, we have experienced being at the edge of no access to health care. I think that we bring a really important perspective that can be seen as a positive and as an added perspective, instead of immigration status being seen as a minus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MK: Two years ago, after you were re-accepted as the first undocumented student to a Cornell internship, \u003ca title=\"Undocumented Grad Chases Medical Dreams\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/06/06/96569/undocumented_grad_chases_medical_dreams?category=education\" target=\"_blank\">you told me\u003c/a>:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"It's not just about myself anymore; it's bigger than myself. If I go and I do well and they really see this is what is possible from an undocumented student, it could potentially open up a lot more doors for a lot of other students who right now are in the same boat as me.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MK: Is that a pressure you continue to feel, and has it intensified by being the first undocumented medical student at UCSF?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NL: \u003c/strong>It definitely is still very much present, and in many ways the stakes have gone up now that I am in medical school. I’ll try to not only do well in school, but I’m always conscious of how it will be for the next undocumented student coming through the door.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jirayut Latthivongskorn helped\u003ca title=\"Pre-Health Dreamers\" href=\"http://www.phdreamers.org\" target=\"_blank\"> create a website that's a resource\u003c/a> for other undocumented immigrants who want to pursue health careers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21328\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/Jirayut_New_Latthivongskorn--e1410207297503.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-21328 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/Jirayut_New_Latthivongskorn--640x711.jpg\" alt='Jirayut \"New\" Latthivongskorn, a newly-minted medical student at UCSF. ' width=\"640\" height=\"711\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jirayut \"New\" Latthivongskorn, a newly minted medical student at UCSF. (Courtesy: Jirayut Latthivongskorn)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Mina Kim\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I first met Jirayut “New” Latthivongskorn a little over two years ago. He was completing his undergraduate degree at UC Berkeley and had dreams of going to medical school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he had no idea if he’d ever get there. Latthivongskorn is an undocumented immigrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents brought him to the U.S. from Thailand on a tourist visa when he was 9 years old, and the family never left.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latthivongskorn had good reason to be worried about going to medical school in the U.S. He had already had his admission to a \u003ca title=\"Travelers Summer Research Fellowship Program\" href=\"http://weill.cornell.edu/education/programs/tra_sum_res.html\" target=\"_blank\">research fellowship program\u003c/a> at Weill Cornell Medical College rescinded -- after the school learned of his immigration status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Cornell later readmitted him to the program, Latthivongskorn worried that medical schools would not want to admit a student who was living in the country illegally. He feared that schools might balk at a student who would have no guarantee of being able to practice medicine in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speed forward two years to last Friday. UCSF formally admitted its new medical school class, and one of the 149 students is Latthivongskorn. UCSF says he is its first undocumented immigrant student. Along with the other students, he was ceremoniously awarded a physician's white coat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ceremony marks the official start of a student's medical training. I talked to New about his achievement and the obstacles that lie ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/166437404&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Below are excerpts from our conversation; questions and comments edited for clarity.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mina Kim: What does it mean to you to reach this milestone?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Latthivongskorn:\u003c/strong> Definitely surreal, thinking about how much work it took to get here and how many people and family friends and community really supported me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MK: Are you guaranteed to do your residency, at which point you’ll need to be employed by a hospital?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NL:\u003c/strong> With Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, DACA, I have a work permit so I would be able to. However, there is always uncertainty with immigration and policy, and what would happen to [DACA] two years, five years down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MK: How are you financing medical school when you're not eligible for federal loans?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NL: \u003c/strong>I am very fortunate that the university is able to provide some form of grant funding, private funding that the university has, donations from alumni or various funding sources that the university has. And that’s only possible because of the California DREAM Act, which is a state law that provides for private funding to be accessible by a person like myself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That helps with a chunk of my tuition. (But) housing and other fees, I essentially have to come up with on my own. I’ve been looking into private loans. I am applying vigorously for private scholarships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MK: How do you respond to the issue of fairness? Is it fair to give a spot at a top medical school to an undocumented student, the child of a family that broke the law?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NL: \u003c/strong>Now, DACA means students are able to get a work permit, they're able to get residency, they're able to get licensed, so what are the real practical concerns of admitting an undocumented immigrant. Financial aid is a big issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real purpose is being able to train someone who will be able to effect change and improve health for the communities around us. Myself and other folks who are undocumented understand these communities. We have grown up here, we have experienced being at the edge of no access to health care. 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"title": "Fixing a Gene in a Fertilized Egg Prevents Muscular Dystrophy (in a Mouse)",
"headTitle": "Fixing a Gene in a Fertilized Egg Prevents Muscular Dystrophy (in a Mouse) | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21352\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DMDposter.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21352\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DMDposter.jpg\" alt=\"While it is too late for this boy, a new study gives hope for better treatments for patients with muscular dystrophy. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While it is too late for this boy, a new study gives hope for better treatments for patients with muscular dystrophy. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Muscular_dystrophy_poster_and_model_%284990843840%29.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before social media and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.alsa.org/fight-als/ice-bucket-challenge.html\">ice bucket challenge\u003c/a>, there were telethons. And of these televised pleas for money, perhaps the most famous is the one for muscular dystrophy, the one for “Jerry’s kids.” The MDA Show of Strength (as it is now called) has \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDA_Show_of_Strength\">raised something like two billion dollars \u003c/a>over the last 50 or 60 years and the money has been used to make great strides in helping people who suffer from this awful set of diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most severe forms of this disease is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy or DMD. Each year around \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/musculardystrophy/data.html\">one out of every 3500 boys (and a very few girls) is born worldwide \u003c/a>with this devastating, muscle wasting disease. By the age of 10, many are already in wheelchairs as their leg muscles begin to give out and until recently, very few lived beyond their teens. Nowadays, with better treatments, they can live into their 30s, 40s and even 50s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25123483\">study \u003c/a>reported in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/\">Science \u003c/a>gives hope that newer treatments may extend the lives of people with DMD even longer. In this study, Long and coworkers were able to repair the broken gene responsible for causing DMD in a fertilized mouse egg and so prevent the mouse from getting the disease in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21357\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/AAV.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/AAV.jpg\" alt=\"Viruses like these (AAV) could one day be used to fix the broken genes of patients with DMD (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"374\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Viruses like these (AAV) could one day be used to fix the broken genes of patients with DMD (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeno-associated_virus#mediaviewer/File:Adeno-associated_viruses.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now DMD won’t be cured in humans in exactly this way any time soon. Because they treated the mouse embryo at the fertilized egg stage, the researchers knew very early on that the broken gene was there. If parents already knew at that stage, then there are better options already available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a parent who is a carrier could opt for in vitro fertilization, fertilizing the egg in a petri dish, and then using \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/designer-baby-cured-baby\">preimplantation genetic diagnosis \u003c/a>(PGD) to pick out only girl embryos who won’t develop the disease. Or if they want boys, they could select boy embryos that do not have the broken gene. While PGD is invasive, it is way less invasive than what was done in this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this study isn’t really pointing towards a cure (at least not yet). But what this study does is give people hope that one day gene therapy might work to treat DMD using the same strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It won’t be the typical gene therapy where a working gene is added to do the job of the broken one, though. No, instead scientists would deliver a gene that can repair the broken gene in some but not all the muscle cells. This mouse study suggests that this approach has a shot at working one day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dealing with a Giant\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key problem in thinking about gene therapy and DMD is the size of the gene that is broken. This dystrophin gene is so big that it leaves the microscopic world and enters our everyday world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21360\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DaisywithRaindrops.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DaisywithRaindrops.jpg\" alt=\"When stretched out, the gene involved in DMD, the dystrophin gene, is as big as one of the smaller raindrops. (Jon Sullivan)\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When stretched out, the gene involved in DMD, the dystrophin gene, is as big as one of the smaller raindrops. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://www.public-domain-image.com/studio/slides/daisy-with-raindrops.html\">Jon Sullivan\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If we were to stretch it out, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/DMD\">2.2 million base pairs \u003c/a>of this gene would be around 2/3 of a millimeter long. This is something around the length of a small raindrop or a mustard seed. Sounds smallish but this is gigantic for a gene—by far the largest of the human genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is way too big a piece of DNA to stuff into any but the largest of viruses.* And since most gene therapy relies on using a virus to get the DNA to where it needs to go, scientists can’t really treat DMD by adding back a working copy of the gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>* There is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.giantvirus.org/top.html\">virus \u003c/a>that might accommodate such a big piece of DNA but it doesn’t infect people.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since scientists can’t add back a working gene, the authors instead worked on fixing the broken one with the hottest technology out there right now, CRISPR. And for the most part they succeeded. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/24/new-technology-allows-for-precise-genetic-engineering-in-primates/\">here \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/28/genetic-engineering-wild-populations-could-be-just-around-the-corner/\">here \u003c/a>for a couple of KQED articles on CRISPR.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Giving 40% is Enough\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the tricky parts of gene therapy has always been making sure that enough cells get the new DNA. If too few have the new or repaired gene, then there might be no effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21362\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DMDmuscleFiber.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21362\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DMDmuscleFiber.jpg\" alt=\"Gene therapy might be able to one day reverse the effects that DMD has had on this muscle fiber. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"451\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gene therapy might be able to one day reverse the effects that DMD has had on this muscle fiber. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Duchenne-muscular-dystrophy.jpg/640px-Duchenne-muscular-dystrophy.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the authors looked more deeply, they found that mice with just 40% of their cells having a corrected gene showed no signs of muscular dystrophy. This means that not every broken gene in muscle cells needs to be fixed. Which is incredibly important for gene therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not only that, but they also found that as the mice got older, the few muscle fibers showing signs of DMD were replaced by healthy ones. A new set of experiments showed that this probably has something to do with how muscle cells work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muscle cells are special in that they are really a fusion of many, many cells. They are very long cells with many nuclei.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skeletal muscles get stronger when satellite cells fuse with the muscle fiber, adding their DNA to the elongated cell. It could be that having a mix of nuclei with broken and repaired genes makes enough dystrophin to keep muscular dystrophy away. And to even revert cells that are showing signs of DMD back to healthy cells (at least in mice).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it may be enough to fix the genes in the satellite cells to help a patient. This won’t work for heart cells as they get stronger in a different way but it shows real promise for the rest of a patient’s muscles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may be hope in the future for using gene therapy to help deal with DMD. Not necessarily tomorrow, but much sooner than we thought. All of those telethons have definitely paid off.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists recently fixed a broken gene in a fertilized mouse egg and prevented the mouse from getting an ultimately fatal form of muscular dystrophy. This study may one day translate into gene therapies that will treat and maybe even reverse certain effects of the disease.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21352\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DMDposter.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21352\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DMDposter.jpg\" alt=\"While it is too late for this boy, a new study gives hope for better treatments for patients with muscular dystrophy. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While it is too late for this boy, a new study gives hope for better treatments for patients with muscular dystrophy. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Muscular_dystrophy_poster_and_model_%284990843840%29.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before social media and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.alsa.org/fight-als/ice-bucket-challenge.html\">ice bucket challenge\u003c/a>, there were telethons. And of these televised pleas for money, perhaps the most famous is the one for muscular dystrophy, the one for “Jerry’s kids.” The MDA Show of Strength (as it is now called) has \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDA_Show_of_Strength\">raised something like two billion dollars \u003c/a>over the last 50 or 60 years and the money has been used to make great strides in helping people who suffer from this awful set of diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most severe forms of this disease is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy or DMD. Each year around \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/musculardystrophy/data.html\">one out of every 3500 boys (and a very few girls) is born worldwide \u003c/a>with this devastating, muscle wasting disease. By the age of 10, many are already in wheelchairs as their leg muscles begin to give out and until recently, very few lived beyond their teens. Nowadays, with better treatments, they can live into their 30s, 40s and even 50s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25123483\">study \u003c/a>reported in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/\">Science \u003c/a>gives hope that newer treatments may extend the lives of people with DMD even longer. In this study, Long and coworkers were able to repair the broken gene responsible for causing DMD in a fertilized mouse egg and so prevent the mouse from getting the disease in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21357\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/AAV.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/AAV.jpg\" alt=\"Viruses like these (AAV) could one day be used to fix the broken genes of patients with DMD (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"374\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Viruses like these (AAV) could one day be used to fix the broken genes of patients with DMD (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeno-associated_virus#mediaviewer/File:Adeno-associated_viruses.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now DMD won’t be cured in humans in exactly this way any time soon. Because they treated the mouse embryo at the fertilized egg stage, the researchers knew very early on that the broken gene was there. If parents already knew at that stage, then there are better options already available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a parent who is a carrier could opt for in vitro fertilization, fertilizing the egg in a petri dish, and then using \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/designer-baby-cured-baby\">preimplantation genetic diagnosis \u003c/a>(PGD) to pick out only girl embryos who won’t develop the disease. Or if they want boys, they could select boy embryos that do not have the broken gene. While PGD is invasive, it is way less invasive than what was done in this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this study isn’t really pointing towards a cure (at least not yet). But what this study does is give people hope that one day gene therapy might work to treat DMD using the same strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It won’t be the typical gene therapy where a working gene is added to do the job of the broken one, though. No, instead scientists would deliver a gene that can repair the broken gene in some but not all the muscle cells. This mouse study suggests that this approach has a shot at working one day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dealing with a Giant\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key problem in thinking about gene therapy and DMD is the size of the gene that is broken. This dystrophin gene is so big that it leaves the microscopic world and enters our everyday world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21360\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DaisywithRaindrops.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DaisywithRaindrops.jpg\" alt=\"When stretched out, the gene involved in DMD, the dystrophin gene, is as big as one of the smaller raindrops. (Jon Sullivan)\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When stretched out, the gene involved in DMD, the dystrophin gene, is as big as one of the smaller raindrops. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://www.public-domain-image.com/studio/slides/daisy-with-raindrops.html\">Jon Sullivan\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If we were to stretch it out, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/DMD\">2.2 million base pairs \u003c/a>of this gene would be around 2/3 of a millimeter long. This is something around the length of a small raindrop or a mustard seed. Sounds smallish but this is gigantic for a gene—by far the largest of the human genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is way too big a piece of DNA to stuff into any but the largest of viruses.* And since most gene therapy relies on using a virus to get the DNA to where it needs to go, scientists can’t really treat DMD by adding back a working copy of the gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>* There is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.giantvirus.org/top.html\">virus \u003c/a>that might accommodate such a big piece of DNA but it doesn’t infect people.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since scientists can’t add back a working gene, the authors instead worked on fixing the broken one with the hottest technology out there right now, CRISPR. And for the most part they succeeded. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/24/new-technology-allows-for-precise-genetic-engineering-in-primates/\">here \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/28/genetic-engineering-wild-populations-could-be-just-around-the-corner/\">here \u003c/a>for a couple of KQED articles on CRISPR.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Giving 40% is Enough\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the tricky parts of gene therapy has always been making sure that enough cells get the new DNA. If too few have the new or repaired gene, then there might be no effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21362\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DMDmuscleFiber.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21362\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/DMDmuscleFiber.jpg\" alt=\"Gene therapy might be able to one day reverse the effects that DMD has had on this muscle fiber. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"451\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gene therapy might be able to one day reverse the effects that DMD has had on this muscle fiber. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Duchenne-muscular-dystrophy.jpg/640px-Duchenne-muscular-dystrophy.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the authors looked more deeply, they found that mice with just 40% of their cells having a corrected gene showed no signs of muscular dystrophy. This means that not every broken gene in muscle cells needs to be fixed. Which is incredibly important for gene therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not only that, but they also found that as the mice got older, the few muscle fibers showing signs of DMD were replaced by healthy ones. A new set of experiments showed that this probably has something to do with how muscle cells work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muscle cells are special in that they are really a fusion of many, many cells. They are very long cells with many nuclei.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skeletal muscles get stronger when satellite cells fuse with the muscle fiber, adding their DNA to the elongated cell. It could be that having a mix of nuclei with broken and repaired genes makes enough dystrophin to keep muscular dystrophy away. And to even revert cells that are showing signs of DMD back to healthy cells (at least in mice).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it may be enough to fix the genes in the satellite cells to help a patient. This won’t work for heart cells as they get stronger in a different way but it shows real promise for the rest of a patient’s muscles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may be hope in the future for using gene therapy to help deal with DMD. Not necessarily tomorrow, but much sooner than we thought. All of those telethons have definitely paid off.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Finding the Next Ebola Before it Breaks Out",
"headTitle": "Finding the Next Ebola Before it Breaks Out | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140908science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21384\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmonkey-1024x540.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmonkey-1024x540.jpg\" alt=\"A macaque in Nepal being sampled for viruses it carries. The monkey grabs dental rope with strawberry jam on it, chews on it and leaves it behind. Then scientists can test its saliva. (Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"540\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A macaque in Nepal being sampled for viruses it carries. The monkey grabs dental rope with strawberry jam on it, chews on it and leaves it behind. Then scientists can test its saliva.(Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As African countries struggle to fight the worst outbreak of Ebola in history, a team at UC Davis is working to identify the next disease like Ebola, before it becomes a pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonna Mazet runs the early warning project, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ohi/predict/index.cfm\">Predict\u003c/a>, based at the School of Veterinary Medicine. Many of today’s emerging diseases come from animals. Scientists believe Ebola, for example, is transmitted when people eat fruit bats that carry the virus. So Mazet is searching around the globe for new viruses carried by animals that humans may not have had much contact with before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Animals and the Viruses They Carry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are countless viruses out there in the world. Some that evolved with humans — so we’re the viruses’ primary hosts — and some that evolved to live in other animals. Sometimes the viruses in other animals are able to jump to humans. Those are called zoonoses. And when a zoonosis makes that jump, scientists call it a spillover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Throughout history, human beings have been dealing with those spillover events,” Mazet says. “Some of those, we really learn how to control.” Rabies and hantavirus, for instance, are zoonoses. So are some strains of E. coli. We’ve learned to vaccinate our dogs, to be careful about rodent control and to wash our hands and food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are the viruses like Ebola, MERS, SARS and HIV, all of which originally came from animals. Until we learn how to control those viruses, they seem a lot scarier than a bout of food poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for the Next Pandemic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21511\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predict-sampling-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21511\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predict-sampling-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Recent UC Davis PhD graduate Tierra Smiley Evans sampling a red-tailed guenon. (Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\" width=\"357\" height=\"238\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recent UC Davis PhD graduate Tierra Smiley Evans sampling a red-tailed guenon. (Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Learning about emerging threats is part of what Mazet is doing with Predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to be able to better equip ourselves and the countries that we work with to identify what might be out there that could cause an outbreak like this Ebola outbreak,” Mazet says. “So in order to do that, we need to understand what the hosts are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and the rest of the Predict team, with support from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usaid.gov/\">U.S. Agency for International Development\u003c/a> are searching around the world, looking especially at animals that can live easily around humans — like bats and rodents — and at animals that are closely related to us, like non-human primates. Also of interest are areas where humans are coming into contact with animals in new ways. “We’re more susceptible to an outbreak of disease if our systems are not experienced with that virus or pathogen,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For four years, in 20 different countries, they’ve been testing animals for viruses. So far, they’ve found more than 800, the vast majority of them new to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preventing the Next Pandemic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21391\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmap-1024x664.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21391\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmap-1024x664.png\" alt=\"Predict's map shows where the team has sampled animals -- and what viruses they've found. Click on the image to go to the interactive map. \" width=\"357\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Predict’s map shows where the team has sampled animals — and what viruses they’ve found. Click on the image to go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthmap.org/predict/\">interactive map\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After finding the viruses and assessing the risk of transmission to humans, the Predict team works with communities to warn people about local threats. They also work with labs and hospitals to help doctors diagnose a broader range of diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of testing people for a specific disease, doctors can use the methods Predict has developed to look for a family of diseases. Not just a specific strain of Ebola, for instance, but for the the whole family of viruses that Ebola is in. “And then we can do some genetic sequencing to say, is that an Ebolavirus that we expect to be in the region,” Mazet says, “or is that another closely related virus that might be the next cause of the next outbreak or pandemic?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to give doctors better tools,” Mazet says. “And to do that we think we need to not be chasing the last flu that was here last year, or the Ebola that was in the neighboring country, we need to be able to look at whatever might be there with a broader eye.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the approach is, essentially, two-pronged: Search the world for new viruses, and improve diagnostics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal is you would know about it ahead of time so you could reduce transmission risk,” Mazet says, “but you would also be able to recognize it super quickly. So instead of taking months like in this Ebola outbreak, and potentially allowing the outbreak to get out of control, you’d be able to diagnose it and shut it down very quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Difference Education Makes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emerging diseases can travel as fast and as far as people can, since they can hitch a ride with us on airplanes. That’s what happened with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-SARS.html\">SARS outbreak in 2003\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For Ebola, we’re really being vigilant and watching out for it,” Mazet says. “In the decade since the SARS outbreak, we’ve learned a lot.” How to track patients and passengers, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazet says the knowledge she and others are amassing could someday prove critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounds dramatic to say we found these 800 viruses that might cause a pandemic,” Mazet acknowledges. “Likely they’re not going to cause a pandemic, but if we don’t know about them, we aren’t watching for them, we can’t learn about them and we can’t reduce transmission risk.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21384\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmonkey-1024x540.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmonkey-1024x540.jpg\" alt=\"A macaque in Nepal being sampled for viruses it carries. The monkey grabs dental rope with strawberry jam on it, chews on it and leaves it behind. Then scientists can test its saliva. (Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"540\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A macaque in Nepal being sampled for viruses it carries. The monkey grabs dental rope with strawberry jam on it, chews on it and leaves it behind. Then scientists can test its saliva.(Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As African countries struggle to fight the worst outbreak of Ebola in history, a team at UC Davis is working to identify the next disease like Ebola, before it becomes a pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonna Mazet runs the early warning project, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ohi/predict/index.cfm\">Predict\u003c/a>, based at the School of Veterinary Medicine. Many of today’s emerging diseases come from animals. Scientists believe Ebola, for example, is transmitted when people eat fruit bats that carry the virus. So Mazet is searching around the globe for new viruses carried by animals that humans may not have had much contact with before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Animals and the Viruses They Carry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are countless viruses out there in the world. Some that evolved with humans — so we’re the viruses’ primary hosts — and some that evolved to live in other animals. Sometimes the viruses in other animals are able to jump to humans. Those are called zoonoses. And when a zoonosis makes that jump, scientists call it a spillover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Throughout history, human beings have been dealing with those spillover events,” Mazet says. “Some of those, we really learn how to control.” Rabies and hantavirus, for instance, are zoonoses. So are some strains of E. coli. We’ve learned to vaccinate our dogs, to be careful about rodent control and to wash our hands and food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are the viruses like Ebola, MERS, SARS and HIV, all of which originally came from animals. Until we learn how to control those viruses, they seem a lot scarier than a bout of food poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for the Next Pandemic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21511\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predict-sampling-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21511\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predict-sampling-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Recent UC Davis PhD graduate Tierra Smiley Evans sampling a red-tailed guenon. (Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\" width=\"357\" height=\"238\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recent UC Davis PhD graduate Tierra Smiley Evans sampling a red-tailed guenon. (Courtesy of UC Davis One Health Institute)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Learning about emerging threats is part of what Mazet is doing with Predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to be able to better equip ourselves and the countries that we work with to identify what might be out there that could cause an outbreak like this Ebola outbreak,” Mazet says. “So in order to do that, we need to understand what the hosts are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and the rest of the Predict team, with support from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usaid.gov/\">U.S. Agency for International Development\u003c/a> are searching around the world, looking especially at animals that can live easily around humans — like bats and rodents — and at animals that are closely related to us, like non-human primates. Also of interest are areas where humans are coming into contact with animals in new ways. “We’re more susceptible to an outbreak of disease if our systems are not experienced with that virus or pathogen,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For four years, in 20 different countries, they’ve been testing animals for viruses. So far, they’ve found more than 800, the vast majority of them new to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preventing the Next Pandemic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21391\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 357px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmap-1024x664.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21391\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/predictmap-1024x664.png\" alt=\"Predict's map shows where the team has sampled animals -- and what viruses they've found. Click on the image to go to the interactive map. \" width=\"357\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Predict’s map shows where the team has sampled animals — and what viruses they’ve found. Click on the image to go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthmap.org/predict/\">interactive map\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After finding the viruses and assessing the risk of transmission to humans, the Predict team works with communities to warn people about local threats. They also work with labs and hospitals to help doctors diagnose a broader range of diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of testing people for a specific disease, doctors can use the methods Predict has developed to look for a family of diseases. Not just a specific strain of Ebola, for instance, but for the the whole family of viruses that Ebola is in. “And then we can do some genetic sequencing to say, is that an Ebolavirus that we expect to be in the region,” Mazet says, “or is that another closely related virus that might be the next cause of the next outbreak or pandemic?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to give doctors better tools,” Mazet says. “And to do that we think we need to not be chasing the last flu that was here last year, or the Ebola that was in the neighboring country, we need to be able to look at whatever might be there with a broader eye.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the approach is, essentially, two-pronged: Search the world for new viruses, and improve diagnostics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal is you would know about it ahead of time so you could reduce transmission risk,” Mazet says, “but you would also be able to recognize it super quickly. So instead of taking months like in this Ebola outbreak, and potentially allowing the outbreak to get out of control, you’d be able to diagnose it and shut it down very quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Difference Education Makes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emerging diseases can travel as fast and as far as people can, since they can hitch a ride with us on airplanes. That’s what happened with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-SARS.html\">SARS outbreak in 2003\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For Ebola, we’re really being vigilant and watching out for it,” Mazet says. “In the decade since the SARS outbreak, we’ve learned a lot.” How to track patients and passengers, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazet says the knowledge she and others are amassing could someday prove critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounds dramatic to say we found these 800 viruses that might cause a pandemic,” Mazet acknowledges. “Likely they’re not going to cause a pandemic, but if we don’t know about them, we aren’t watching for them, we can’t learn about them and we can’t reduce transmission risk.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "West Nile Virus Infections in California at All-Time High (Map of Cases by County)",
"title": "West Nile Virus Infections in California at All-Time High (Map of Cases by County)",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/westnilevirus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-21170 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/westnilevirus.jpg\" alt=\"westnilevirus\" width=\"620\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/westnilevirus.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/westnilevirus-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/westnilevirus-320x214.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">West Nile virus is hosted primarily by birds — and spread by mosquitos. (Getty Images) \u003ccite>(Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>West Nile Virus infections in mosquitoes are at their highest recorded level ever in California. Last week, 52 new human cases were reported, bringing the total to 181.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eight people have died from the illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're out there at a time of day when the mosquitoes are out -- particularly at dawn and dusk -- the risk of being bitten with an infected mosquito is higher than it's been in the past,\" said James Watt of the California Department of Public Health. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Wear insect repellent and get rid of standing water.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> The department recommends precautions like wearing insect repellent and getting rid of standing water where mosquitoes can breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More from a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/07/31/west-nile-virus-making-its-summer-trek-across-california/\" target=\"_blank\">State of Health post\u003c/a> by Brittany Patterson, whose 80-year-old grandmother contracted the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>West Nile virus is a neurotropic arbovirus, meaning that it is a virus spread by blood-feeding insects. In some cases the virus can infect the brain. West Nile is hosted in birds and some other small mammals and spread by mosquitoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was first discovered in 1937 in the West Nile District of Uganda and the disease has long plagued other parts of the world. Here in the United States, West Nile’s tenure has been more recent. The first confirmed cases began showing up in New York in 1999. Quickly, the disease began to spread and by 2004, it had been found in every state in the landlocked U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since its appearance in California in 2003, 4007 people across the state have contracted the disease, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.westnile.ca.gov\" target=\"_blank\">145 have died,\u003c/a> according to numbers from the California Department of Public Health. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people who contract West Nile won’t know that they did. Typically it takes between two and 15 days from being bitten by an infected mosquito and contracting the virus to see symptoms. Of those who are infected with West Nile, only about one in 5 persons will show symptoms, which include include fever, headache, fatigue, muscle pain and rash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fewer than one percent of those who do get West Nile will develop the neuroinvasive form of the disease, in which a patient will contract a serious neurological illness such as encephalitis or meningitis. People age 50 and older have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.westnile.ca.gov/news.php?id=125\" target=\"_blank\">higher chance of getting sick \u003c/a>and are more likely to develop complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those who do contract the neuroinvasive variant of West Nile, about 10 percent die — \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/faq/genQuestions.html\" target=\"_blank\">usually the elderly and the very young\u003c/a>, according to the Centers for Disease Control..\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can view a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/2014_county_map1.pdf\">\u003cb>map of cases by California county\u003c/b>\u003c/a> at the state's \u003ca href=\"http://westnile.ca.gov/\">West Nile Virus website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orange County leads the state in reported cases, with 61, followed by Los Angeles County with 24 and Fresno County with 23.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/westnilevirus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-21170 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/westnilevirus.jpg\" alt=\"westnilevirus\" width=\"620\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/westnilevirus.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/westnilevirus-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/westnilevirus-320x214.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">West Nile virus is hosted primarily by birds — and spread by mosquitos. (Getty Images) \u003ccite>(Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>West Nile Virus infections in mosquitoes are at their highest recorded level ever in California. Last week, 52 new human cases were reported, bringing the total to 181.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eight people have died from the illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're out there at a time of day when the mosquitoes are out -- particularly at dawn and dusk -- the risk of being bitten with an infected mosquito is higher than it's been in the past,\" said James Watt of the California Department of Public Health. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Wear insect repellent and get rid of standing water.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> The department recommends precautions like wearing insect repellent and getting rid of standing water where mosquitoes can breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More from a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/07/31/west-nile-virus-making-its-summer-trek-across-california/\" target=\"_blank\">State of Health post\u003c/a> by Brittany Patterson, whose 80-year-old grandmother contracted the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>West Nile virus is a neurotropic arbovirus, meaning that it is a virus spread by blood-feeding insects. In some cases the virus can infect the brain. West Nile is hosted in birds and some other small mammals and spread by mosquitoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was first discovered in 1937 in the West Nile District of Uganda and the disease has long plagued other parts of the world. Here in the United States, West Nile’s tenure has been more recent. The first confirmed cases began showing up in New York in 1999. Quickly, the disease began to spread and by 2004, it had been found in every state in the landlocked U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since its appearance in California in 2003, 4007 people across the state have contracted the disease, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.westnile.ca.gov\" target=\"_blank\">145 have died,\u003c/a> according to numbers from the California Department of Public Health. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people who contract West Nile won’t know that they did. Typically it takes between two and 15 days from being bitten by an infected mosquito and contracting the virus to see symptoms. Of those who are infected with West Nile, only about one in 5 persons will show symptoms, which include include fever, headache, fatigue, muscle pain and rash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fewer than one percent of those who do get West Nile will develop the neuroinvasive form of the disease, in which a patient will contract a serious neurological illness such as encephalitis or meningitis. People age 50 and older have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.westnile.ca.gov/news.php?id=125\" target=\"_blank\">higher chance of getting sick \u003c/a>and are more likely to develop complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those who do contract the neuroinvasive variant of West Nile, about 10 percent die — \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/faq/genQuestions.html\" target=\"_blank\">usually the elderly and the very young\u003c/a>, according to the Centers for Disease Control..\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can view a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/2014_county_map1.pdf\">\u003cb>map of cases by California county\u003c/b>\u003c/a> at the state's \u003ca href=\"http://westnile.ca.gov/\">West Nile Virus website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orange County leads the state in reported cases, with 61, followed by Los Angeles County with 24 and Fresno County with 23.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why You Might Want to Wait Until January to Buy a New Sofa",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9274\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/sofa2-1024x575.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-9274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/sofa2-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"cabbit/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/cabbit/3385850471/\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chemicals from flame retardants in furniture have turned up in women’s breastmilk. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cabbit/3385850471/\">cabbit/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thirty-nine years ago a California law put flame retardants into virtually every piece of upholstered furniture sold in the country. By one estimate, an average sofa contains two pounds of flame retardant chemicals injected into its foam cushions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In retrospect, that decision struck many as unwise, especially when environmental health researchers began discovering that the chemicals were leaving the sofas and turning up in peoples’ bodies, especially young children. Studies done on rats suggest links between certain flame retardant chemicals and cancer and fertility problems, although those links are hard to confirm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, fire safety \u003ca href=\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Babrauskas-and-Blum-Paper.pdf\">researchers \u003c/a>and\u003ca href=\"http://www.cpf.org/go/cpf/news-and-events/news/ffs-make-case-for-removing-toxins-from-flame-retardants/\"> fire fighters\u003c/a> have \u003ca href=\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/topics/furniture/\">questioned \u003c/a>whether flame retardant chemicals actually prevent house fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California is reversing its policy. Two new rules – \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/21/its-official-toxic-flame-retardants-no-longer-required-in-furniture/\">one taking effect in January\u003c/a>, another awaiting Governor Browns’s signature – all but guarantee that the chemicals are going to be a lot less ubiquitous in coming years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear, Brown hasn’t outlawed the chemicals. Instead (without getting into the weeds here), the \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18301\">new rules\u003c/a>, which take effect in January, mean that furniture makers aren’t required to use the chemicals anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\n\u003cp>Is flame-retardant free furniture widely available yet? In lieu of labels, how can consumers know?\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>SB 1019, the bill awaiting signature, would require that any products that do contain the chemicals will be labeled. If passed, that law would take effect in January as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does this leave us? Is flame-retardant free furniture widely available yet? And – in lieu of labels — how can consumers know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For answers, I called Charles Margulis with the Oakland-based nonprofit Center for Environmental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: If I went to buy a sofa right now, what are the chances I’d find something that is flame-retardant free?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margulis: Most of the companies are telling us that, yes, they already have some [flame-retardant free] items on stock. They do still have some older items on the floor as well, but by the end of this year or early next, they say almost everything they sell will be flame-retardant free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve had lengthy discussions with these companies to see which are in transition, which are already offering flame-retardant free products, and which will soon be offering products made without those flame retardant chemicals. Those lists are up on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceh.org/campaigns/flame-retardants/ceh-action/finding-safer-products/\">our website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would say “Hey, I saw you were listed as a company in transition. Can you tell me what you have right now that’s flame-retardant free?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can hold off for a few months, hold off and buy your furniture early next year. Then you’ll have a much better chance, I think.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The new law doesn’t outlaw flame retardants in furniture. It just says manufacturers are no longer required to use them.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a way to tell by looking at a sofa or armchair whether it contains flame retardants?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The great thing about \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1019\">SB 1019\u003c/a> is that [if it’s signed into law] there will be a label. So you will know and you will be sure. Until then, we’ve put together some guidelines: one for office furniture; and two consumers’ lists, one for home products, the other for baby products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Furniture with a tag that says “TB117-2013” is less-likely, though not guaranteed (read on!) to have flame-retardant chemicals.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Governor Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/21/its-official-toxic-flame-retardants-no-longer-required-in-furniture/\">issued his new policy \u003c/a>last November. Why are we seeing any flame retardants in furniture at all?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, there was a transition period in that law. Companies were permitted to make their products to the new [flame-retardant free] standard by the first of January, 2014. But they weren’t required to meet the new standard until January 1 of 2015. So they gave the companies a one-year transition period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other thing about that law is that it doesn’t require companies to get rid of flame retardant chemicals. It simply says that for the first time in many decades, you can meet the standard without flame retardant chemicals. And that’s a big change, but not every company is going to make that change right away. They are legally allowed to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 1019 gives consumers the only way to know when they go to the store, what has flame retardants and what doesn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will SB 1019 cover all products?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 1019, the labeling disclosure law, is for furniture only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about children’s products like strollers and changing pads. Are those manufacturers phasing out the use of flame retardants?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think children’s and baby products are a little ahead of the game because they knew in late 2013 that they would be exempted from the standard. So there should be more baby products on the market that don’t contain flame retardant chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But again, parents should ask the companies. And don’t just settle for the people on the floor at the store. I would call the company’s consumer hotline and really get the bottom line from then\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Governor Brown’s new regulations exempted 17 baby and children’s products — including changing pads, infant swings and strollers — from the flammability standards altogether. So those manufacturers have no obligation to use flame retardant chemicals. For a complete list, see \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/mod_15day.pdf\">this PDF\u003c/a>, pg. 13.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Once the new laws take effect, is CEH going to be testing furniture, to see whether manufacturers are labeling correctly?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We intend to stay on top of this and keep testing throughout next year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9274\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/sofa2-1024x575.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-9274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/09/sofa2-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"cabbit/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/cabbit/3385850471/\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chemicals from flame retardants in furniture have turned up in women’s breastmilk. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cabbit/3385850471/\">cabbit/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thirty-nine years ago a California law put flame retardants into virtually every piece of upholstered furniture sold in the country. By one estimate, an average sofa contains two pounds of flame retardant chemicals injected into its foam cushions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In retrospect, that decision struck many as unwise, especially when environmental health researchers began discovering that the chemicals were leaving the sofas and turning up in peoples’ bodies, especially young children. Studies done on rats suggest links between certain flame retardant chemicals and cancer and fertility problems, although those links are hard to confirm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, fire safety \u003ca href=\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Babrauskas-and-Blum-Paper.pdf\">researchers \u003c/a>and\u003ca href=\"http://www.cpf.org/go/cpf/news-and-events/news/ffs-make-case-for-removing-toxins-from-flame-retardants/\"> fire fighters\u003c/a> have \u003ca href=\"http://greensciencepolicy.org/topics/furniture/\">questioned \u003c/a>whether flame retardant chemicals actually prevent house fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California is reversing its policy. Two new rules – \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/21/its-official-toxic-flame-retardants-no-longer-required-in-furniture/\">one taking effect in January\u003c/a>, another awaiting Governor Browns’s signature – all but guarantee that the chemicals are going to be a lot less ubiquitous in coming years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be clear, Brown hasn’t outlawed the chemicals. Instead (without getting into the weeds here), the \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18301\">new rules\u003c/a>, which take effect in January, mean that furniture makers aren’t required to use the chemicals anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\n\u003cp>Is flame-retardant free furniture widely available yet? In lieu of labels, how can consumers know?\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>SB 1019, the bill awaiting signature, would require that any products that do contain the chemicals will be labeled. If passed, that law would take effect in January as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does this leave us? Is flame-retardant free furniture widely available yet? And – in lieu of labels — how can consumers know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For answers, I called Charles Margulis with the Oakland-based nonprofit Center for Environmental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED: If I went to buy a sofa right now, what are the chances I’d find something that is flame-retardant free?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margulis: Most of the companies are telling us that, yes, they already have some [flame-retardant free] items on stock. They do still have some older items on the floor as well, but by the end of this year or early next, they say almost everything they sell will be flame-retardant free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve had lengthy discussions with these companies to see which are in transition, which are already offering flame-retardant free products, and which will soon be offering products made without those flame retardant chemicals. Those lists are up on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceh.org/campaigns/flame-retardants/ceh-action/finding-safer-products/\">our website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would say “Hey, I saw you were listed as a company in transition. Can you tell me what you have right now that’s flame-retardant free?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can hold off for a few months, hold off and buy your furniture early next year. Then you’ll have a much better chance, I think.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The new law doesn’t outlaw flame retardants in furniture. It just says manufacturers are no longer required to use them.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a way to tell by looking at a sofa or armchair whether it contains flame retardants?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The great thing about \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1019\">SB 1019\u003c/a> is that [if it’s signed into law] there will be a label. So you will know and you will be sure. Until then, we’ve put together some guidelines: one for office furniture; and two consumers’ lists, one for home products, the other for baby products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Furniture with a tag that says “TB117-2013” is less-likely, though not guaranteed (read on!) to have flame-retardant chemicals.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Governor Brown \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/21/its-official-toxic-flame-retardants-no-longer-required-in-furniture/\">issued his new policy \u003c/a>last November. Why are we seeing any flame retardants in furniture at all?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, there was a transition period in that law. Companies were permitted to make their products to the new [flame-retardant free] standard by the first of January, 2014. But they weren’t required to meet the new standard until January 1 of 2015. So they gave the companies a one-year transition period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other thing about that law is that it doesn’t require companies to get rid of flame retardant chemicals. It simply says that for the first time in many decades, you can meet the standard without flame retardant chemicals. And that’s a big change, but not every company is going to make that change right away. They are legally allowed to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 1019 gives consumers the only way to know when they go to the store, what has flame retardants and what doesn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will SB 1019 cover all products?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 1019, the labeling disclosure law, is for furniture only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about children’s products like strollers and changing pads. Are those manufacturers phasing out the use of flame retardants?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think children’s and baby products are a little ahead of the game because they knew in late 2013 that they would be exempted from the standard. So there should be more baby products on the market that don’t contain flame retardant chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But again, parents should ask the companies. And don’t just settle for the people on the floor at the store. I would call the company’s consumer hotline and really get the bottom line from then\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Governor Brown’s new regulations exempted 17 baby and children’s products — including changing pads, infant swings and strollers — from the flammability standards altogether. So those manufacturers have no obligation to use flame retardant chemicals. For a complete list, see \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/mod_15day.pdf\">this PDF\u003c/a>, pg. 13.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Once the new laws take effect, is CEH going to be testing furniture, to see whether manufacturers are labeling correctly?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We intend to stay on top of this and keep testing throughout next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/ninedragons/4822437519/in/photolist-8m9fEt-73gFj6-c4ug8f-d1LmMo-MBtHB-8xz7qh-fxgGtD-ao1kY1-teA2-2BTKYu-DrNxJ-bD6Q7-6MenJG-GddEf-dusSyo-gEmXYb-FXjgo-7med2o-85NCc8-dYc45D-aKhEf2-6sDzfH-dxBaXG-GSRWE-6TLeRn-2cy4dp-6qoSTC-cwUuT3-6dBBfS-4DGHti-aBzRvu-ofian-jrRLY-8wFaUW-22suSL-drQCTb-4TtS6x-dabbgt-4Uk61t-mqbQ-4jo4MX-4wttVC-4C1YZW-MQaFc-mkBPdM-9XTPc3-mt28-6f5XrY-dxLhGn-7w6sgm\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-21154\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/4822437519_c449a79734_z.jpg\" alt=\"Babies should only be given breastmilk or infant formula, unless directed differently by a doctor. (Christopher Lance/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/4822437519_c449a79734_z.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/4822437519_c449a79734_z-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/4822437519_c449a79734_z-320x240.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Babies should only be given breastmilk or infant formula, unless directed differently by a doctor. (Christopher Lance/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Brian Lau \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were you at a Labor Day barbecue last weekend? Did you drink soda? Sweet tea? Or maybe vitamin water? Sugar-sweetened drinks are a known risk factor for obesity, and according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, one in four American adults consumes at least one sugar-sweetened beverage every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, two new studies published Tuesday in the journal \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em> found that 80 percent of 6-year-olds drank sugar-sweetened beverages on a regular basis. (The studies can be found \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/Supplement_1/S29.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a> and\u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/Supplement_1/S56.abstract\" target=\"_blank\"> here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the kicker: researchers found that 25 percent of infants also were given sugar-sweetened beverages at some point, and this consumption can be associated with health problems later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the studies’ main findings was that babies given sugar-sweetened drinks during the first 6 months of life had a 92 percent greater risk of obesity by the time they were 6-years-old versus babies who were never given such drinks.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Infants do not need to drink sugar-sweetened beverages,\" said lead author Dr. Lipang Pan of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC), “Infants should be exclusively breastfed until 6 months and fed with breast milk, infant formulas, and solid foods after 6 months of age.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two studies, both conducted by the CDC, include the largest longitudinal study of infant diets. Researchers surveyed parents of 1,333 U.S. children each month during the first year of life on sugar-sweetened beverage intake and again when the children were 6-years-old. They assessed the children for obesity prevalence, and researchers corrected for factors including the mother's age, race or ethnicity of the children, education level, and breast-feeding duration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What babies eat can influence their taste preferences going forward, including leading to preferences for sweet-tasting foods and beverages throughout their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when parents know sugary drinks are bad, many of the drinks parents assume are not sugar-sweetened may well have often significant amounts of added sugar. This can include drinks that are labeled juice, but are not 100 percent fruit juice. So-called \"energy\" or \"sports\" drinks \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/08/06/sports-energy-drinks-as-unhealthful-as-soda-study-says/\" target=\"_blank\">may also be high in sugar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing a lousy job of teaching or convincing parents about sugar-sweetened beverages,” said Dr. Paul Chung in response to an email. He is chief of general pediatrics at the UCLA School of Medicine and was not affiliated with either study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents should be making the immediate gratification of sugar-sweetened drinks less immediate and more inconvenient, he said. “Remove all sugar-sweetened beverages from the house; have filtered refrigerated tap water available at all times, and have family rules against ordering drinks other than water when eating out,” Chung said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, limiting exposure can be hard for parents and children alike. The bigger task, Chung said, “is trying to figure out how to help families do something that doesn’t come naturally to anyone, which is to actively deny themselves and their children pretty reliable immediate gratification.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are clearly failing to individually educate and persuade,\" he said. \"Policy options with real teeth really do need to be considered,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chung outlined several policy approaches to decrease or restrict sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. One option includes taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages, as has been proposed in\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/02/berkeley-city-council-puts-soda-tax-on-november-ballot/\" target=\"_blank\"> Berkeley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/07/23/san-francisco-supervisors-put-soda-tax-on-ballot/\" target=\"_blank\">San Francisco\u003c/a>. Another is warning labels on sugar-sweetened beverages. A bill to require labels \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/04/29/soda-labeling-bill-on-hold-over-costs-at-california-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">failed in California\u003c/a> earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other options, Chung said, include providing water at schools and public places in hopes of displacing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Even more broadly, neighborhood redesign to emphasize healthier living is growing in popularity. But money and broad community support for these options are a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There likely is not one initiative to solve this problem, Chung said, but “ultimately an all-of-the above approach will probably be necessary and will require the active participation of the private sector in addition to public funds and rules.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal should be to promote policies large and small that establish healthy eating and active living as the default option [and] make unhealthy options less convenient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-style: inherit;color: #000000\">Brian Lau is a freelance writer and an orthopedic surgery resident at UCSF medical center. Follow him \u003ca style=\"font-weight: bold;color: #114999\" href=\"https://twitter.com/blauMD\" target=\"_blank\">on Twitter\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/ninedragons/4822437519/in/photolist-8m9fEt-73gFj6-c4ug8f-d1LmMo-MBtHB-8xz7qh-fxgGtD-ao1kY1-teA2-2BTKYu-DrNxJ-bD6Q7-6MenJG-GddEf-dusSyo-gEmXYb-FXjgo-7med2o-85NCc8-dYc45D-aKhEf2-6sDzfH-dxBaXG-GSRWE-6TLeRn-2cy4dp-6qoSTC-cwUuT3-6dBBfS-4DGHti-aBzRvu-ofian-jrRLY-8wFaUW-22suSL-drQCTb-4TtS6x-dabbgt-4Uk61t-mqbQ-4jo4MX-4wttVC-4C1YZW-MQaFc-mkBPdM-9XTPc3-mt28-6f5XrY-dxLhGn-7w6sgm\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-21154\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/4822437519_c449a79734_z.jpg\" alt=\"Babies should only be given breastmilk or infant formula, unless directed differently by a doctor. (Christopher Lance/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/4822437519_c449a79734_z.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/4822437519_c449a79734_z-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/4822437519_c449a79734_z-320x240.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Babies should only be given breastmilk or infant formula, unless directed differently by a doctor. (Christopher Lance/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Brian Lau \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were you at a Labor Day barbecue last weekend? Did you drink soda? Sweet tea? Or maybe vitamin water? Sugar-sweetened drinks are a known risk factor for obesity, and according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, one in four American adults consumes at least one sugar-sweetened beverage every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, two new studies published Tuesday in the journal \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em> found that 80 percent of 6-year-olds drank sugar-sweetened beverages on a regular basis. (The studies can be found \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/Supplement_1/S29.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a> and\u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/Supplement_1/S56.abstract\" target=\"_blank\"> here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the kicker: researchers found that 25 percent of infants also were given sugar-sweetened beverages at some point, and this consumption can be associated with health problems later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the studies’ main findings was that babies given sugar-sweetened drinks during the first 6 months of life had a 92 percent greater risk of obesity by the time they were 6-years-old versus babies who were never given such drinks.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Infants do not need to drink sugar-sweetened beverages,\" said lead author Dr. Lipang Pan of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC), “Infants should be exclusively breastfed until 6 months and fed with breast milk, infant formulas, and solid foods after 6 months of age.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two studies, both conducted by the CDC, include the largest longitudinal study of infant diets. Researchers surveyed parents of 1,333 U.S. children each month during the first year of life on sugar-sweetened beverage intake and again when the children were 6-years-old. They assessed the children for obesity prevalence, and researchers corrected for factors including the mother's age, race or ethnicity of the children, education level, and breast-feeding duration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What babies eat can influence their taste preferences going forward, including leading to preferences for sweet-tasting foods and beverages throughout their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when parents know sugary drinks are bad, many of the drinks parents assume are not sugar-sweetened may well have often significant amounts of added sugar. This can include drinks that are labeled juice, but are not 100 percent fruit juice. So-called \"energy\" or \"sports\" drinks \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/08/06/sports-energy-drinks-as-unhealthful-as-soda-study-says/\" target=\"_blank\">may also be high in sugar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing a lousy job of teaching or convincing parents about sugar-sweetened beverages,” said Dr. Paul Chung in response to an email. He is chief of general pediatrics at the UCLA School of Medicine and was not affiliated with either study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents should be making the immediate gratification of sugar-sweetened drinks less immediate and more inconvenient, he said. “Remove all sugar-sweetened beverages from the house; have filtered refrigerated tap water available at all times, and have family rules against ordering drinks other than water when eating out,” Chung said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, limiting exposure can be hard for parents and children alike. The bigger task, Chung said, “is trying to figure out how to help families do something that doesn’t come naturally to anyone, which is to actively deny themselves and their children pretty reliable immediate gratification.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are clearly failing to individually educate and persuade,\" he said. \"Policy options with real teeth really do need to be considered,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chung outlined several policy approaches to decrease or restrict sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. One option includes taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages, as has been proposed in\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/02/berkeley-city-council-puts-soda-tax-on-november-ballot/\" target=\"_blank\"> Berkeley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/07/23/san-francisco-supervisors-put-soda-tax-on-ballot/\" target=\"_blank\">San Francisco\u003c/a>. Another is warning labels on sugar-sweetened beverages. A bill to require labels \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/04/29/soda-labeling-bill-on-hold-over-costs-at-california-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">failed in California\u003c/a> earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other options, Chung said, include providing water at schools and public places in hopes of displacing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Even more broadly, neighborhood redesign to emphasize healthier living is growing in popularity. But money and broad community support for these options are a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There likely is not one initiative to solve this problem, Chung said, but “ultimately an all-of-the above approach will probably be necessary and will require the active participation of the private sector in addition to public funds and rules.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal should be to promote policies large and small that establish healthy eating and active living as the default option [and] make unhealthy options less convenient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-style: inherit;color: #000000\">Brian Lau is a freelance writer and an orthopedic surgery resident at UCSF medical center. Follow him \u003ca style=\"font-weight: bold;color: #114999\" href=\"https://twitter.com/blauMD\" target=\"_blank\">on Twitter\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Judge Rules Berkeley Must Change Soda Tax Language",
"title": "Judge Rules Berkeley Must Change Soda Tax Language",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-17715\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf-400x250.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf-320x200.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update September 2, 6:05 p.m.:\u003c/strong> A judge ruled Tuesday that Berkeley officials must change the soda tax measure language because it is currently misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Soda tax advocates say this change \"doesn't concern us at all.\" \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Alameda County Superior Court Judge Evelio Grillo said the city's statement that the tax would only be imposed on \"high-calorie, sugary drinks\" is \"a form of advocacy and therefore not impartial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grillo ordered the city to change the summary to say that the tax would apply to \"sugar-sweetened beverages,\" which he said is more neutral and less likely to create prejudice for or against Measure D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthony Johnson and Leon Cain \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2014/08/15/lawsuit-filed-over-berkeley-soda-tax-ballot-language/\" target=\"_blank\">filed the lawsuit in August\u003c/a>. Cain has previously attended Berkeley council meetings on behalf of the No Berkeley Beverage Tax campaign.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tax opponents had also argued that ballot language that says the tax would be paid by distributors, not by consumers, is misleading because they believe distributors would pass on the extra cost to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Grillo ruled against tax opponents on that issue, saying they failed to provide clear and convincing evidence based on the ballot statement that the tax won't be paid by consumers is misleading or partial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge said tax opponents \"only speculate that it is like that such cost will be passed down to consumers, but it is unknown at this point whether or not any of the tax will eventually be passed down to consumers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grillo said the city correctly pointed out that distributors and retailers could choose to absorb the cost of the tax in order to better compete with other businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley school board member Joshua Daniels, who is co-chair of the campaign in favor of Measure D, said Grillo's order that the ballot language be changed is only a \"relatively minor\" development and \"doesn't concern us at all\" because \"everyone knows that the measure is focused on preventing diabetes,\" and he thinks it will still be approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniels said that overall Grillo's ruling is \"a victory\" for Measure D supporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grillo's ruling came one day before the deadline on Wednesday for the Alameda County Registrar of Voters Office to send ballot arguments to the printer so that voters can receive them well in advance of the election on Nov. 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post July 2, 2014 \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Charles Siler\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2014/07/02/berkeley-puts-sugar-tax-on-november-ballot-could-be-first-in-country-to-take-on-big-soda/\" target=\"_blank\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley City Council voted unanimously Tuesday night to include a proposal that would tax distributors of sugar-sweetened beverages on the November ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Voters will decide on penny-per-ounce tax on soda and other sugar-sweetened beverages.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The measure, which proposes a one-cent-per-ounce charge at the distributor level, would be the first such tax passed in the country. Richmond tried to pass a similar tax in 2012, but it was voted down after a $2.7 million campaign by the soda industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the tax point to studies linking sugary drinks to childhood obesity and diabetes. Members of community organization Berkeley vs. Big Soda gathered on the steps of city hall before the Tuesday night meeting to voice their support of the tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to support our kids. We don’t want our kids to be sick with diabetes,” said Dr. Vicki Alexander, co-chair of the Berkeley Healthy Child Foundation, at the council meeting. “We know that we can change that trend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the tax said the measure would prove ineffective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I agree that diabetes and childhood obesity are big issues. I just don’t necessarily agree that taxation on sweetened beverages or soda is the best way to deal with that,” said Jennifer Skidmore of J&J Vending. “Statistics show that purchasing of sweetened beverages is already on the decline, without taxation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters also say the tax is a social justice issue, pointing to the higher rates of obesity in black and Latino communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Research shows diabetes rates in Latino, African-American communities have reached epidemic proportions,” said Xavier Morales, executive director of the Latino Coalition for a Healthy California. “That’s not an exaggeration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Big Soda will claim that we are attacking a product that is beloved by low-income folks,” said Councilmember Laurie Capitelli, “but those are the people who are coming to us and asking us to put this on the ballot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ted Mundorff, CEO and president of Landmark Theaters, which owns both the Shattuck Cinemas and the California Theater, said revenue from the tax would not be earmarked for any healthy initiatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we could solve obesity and diabetes with a one-cent tax I’d say bring it on, let’s do two cents,” Mundorff said. “But the reality is that this cent is going into the general fund, and it is not earmarked to do anything, except to hurt business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the measure proposes a general tax, as opposed to a special tax, revenue from the tax would go into the general fund and cannot be reserved for any special purpose. With a special tax, the money could be designated for anti-obesity initiatives, such as nutrition programs in schools — but a special tax requires a two-thirds majority vote, while a general tax requires only 50 percent plus one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sugar tax on San Francisco’s November ballot is a special tax, and so will require a two-thirds majority to pass, unlike the Berkeley proposal. The San Francisco measure also proposes a tax of two cents per ounce, rather than Berkeley’s one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley’s November ballot will read: “Shall an ordinance imposing a 1¢ per ounce general tax on the distribution of high-calorie, sugary drinks (e.g., sodas, energy drinks, presweetened teas) and sweeteners used to sweeten such drinks, but exempting: (1) sweeteners (e.g., sugar, honey,syrups) typically used by consumers and distributed to grocery stores; (2) drinks and sweeteners distributed to very small retailers; (3) diet drinks, milk products, 100% juice, baby formula, alcohol, or drinks taken for medical reasons, be adopted?” Councilmember Linda Maio proposed the new, slightly different language at the Tuesday meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the tax acknowledged that in the coming months, the soda industry will likely campaign heavily against the tax measure in Berkeley and in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think even if they spent a million dollars they could confuse the people of Berkeley. So I’m not really worried about how much money they spend,” said Councilmember Kriss Worthington. “The people of Berkeley are too smart to be confused.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s going to be a lot of opposition, there’s going to be lot of lies,” said Mayor Tom Bates. “They’re going to be sending people door to door with distortions, with misinformation, and it’s going to be tough. So we all need to work. This is the beginning, this is not the end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem style=\"color: #4d4d4d\">KQED News Associate \u003ca style=\"color: #336699\" href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a> is an independently owned news website based in Berkeley, Calif. \u003ca style=\"color: #336699\" href=\"http://berkeleyside.us2.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=4851428a10883a05193b1dd6c&id=aad4b5ee64\" target=\"_blank\">Click here\u003c/a> if you would you like to receive the latest Berkeley news in your inbox once a day for free with Berkeleyside’s Daily Briefing email.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-17715\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf-400x250.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf-320x200.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update September 2, 6:05 p.m.:\u003c/strong> A judge ruled Tuesday that Berkeley officials must change the soda tax measure language because it is currently misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Soda tax advocates say this change \"doesn't concern us at all.\" \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Alameda County Superior Court Judge Evelio Grillo said the city's statement that the tax would only be imposed on \"high-calorie, sugary drinks\" is \"a form of advocacy and therefore not impartial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grillo ordered the city to change the summary to say that the tax would apply to \"sugar-sweetened beverages,\" which he said is more neutral and less likely to create prejudice for or against Measure D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthony Johnson and Leon Cain \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2014/08/15/lawsuit-filed-over-berkeley-soda-tax-ballot-language/\" target=\"_blank\">filed the lawsuit in August\u003c/a>. Cain has previously attended Berkeley council meetings on behalf of the No Berkeley Beverage Tax campaign.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tax opponents had also argued that ballot language that says the tax would be paid by distributors, not by consumers, is misleading because they believe distributors would pass on the extra cost to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Grillo ruled against tax opponents on that issue, saying they failed to provide clear and convincing evidence based on the ballot statement that the tax won't be paid by consumers is misleading or partial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge said tax opponents \"only speculate that it is like that such cost will be passed down to consumers, but it is unknown at this point whether or not any of the tax will eventually be passed down to consumers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grillo said the city correctly pointed out that distributors and retailers could choose to absorb the cost of the tax in order to better compete with other businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley school board member Joshua Daniels, who is co-chair of the campaign in favor of Measure D, said Grillo's order that the ballot language be changed is only a \"relatively minor\" development and \"doesn't concern us at all\" because \"everyone knows that the measure is focused on preventing diabetes,\" and he thinks it will still be approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniels said that overall Grillo's ruling is \"a victory\" for Measure D supporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grillo's ruling came one day before the deadline on Wednesday for the Alameda County Registrar of Voters Office to send ballot arguments to the printer so that voters can receive them well in advance of the election on Nov. 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post July 2, 2014 \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Charles Siler\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2014/07/02/berkeley-puts-sugar-tax-on-november-ballot-could-be-first-in-country-to-take-on-big-soda/\" target=\"_blank\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley City Council voted unanimously Tuesday night to include a proposal that would tax distributors of sugar-sweetened beverages on the November ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Voters will decide on penny-per-ounce tax on soda and other sugar-sweetened beverages.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The measure, which proposes a one-cent-per-ounce charge at the distributor level, would be the first such tax passed in the country. Richmond tried to pass a similar tax in 2012, but it was voted down after a $2.7 million campaign by the soda industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the tax point to studies linking sugary drinks to childhood obesity and diabetes. Members of community organization Berkeley vs. Big Soda gathered on the steps of city hall before the Tuesday night meeting to voice their support of the tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to support our kids. We don’t want our kids to be sick with diabetes,” said Dr. Vicki Alexander, co-chair of the Berkeley Healthy Child Foundation, at the council meeting. “We know that we can change that trend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the tax said the measure would prove ineffective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I agree that diabetes and childhood obesity are big issues. I just don’t necessarily agree that taxation on sweetened beverages or soda is the best way to deal with that,” said Jennifer Skidmore of J&J Vending. “Statistics show that purchasing of sweetened beverages is already on the decline, without taxation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters also say the tax is a social justice issue, pointing to the higher rates of obesity in black and Latino communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Research shows diabetes rates in Latino, African-American communities have reached epidemic proportions,” said Xavier Morales, executive director of the Latino Coalition for a Healthy California. “That’s not an exaggeration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Big Soda will claim that we are attacking a product that is beloved by low-income folks,” said Councilmember Laurie Capitelli, “but those are the people who are coming to us and asking us to put this on the ballot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ted Mundorff, CEO and president of Landmark Theaters, which owns both the Shattuck Cinemas and the California Theater, said revenue from the tax would not be earmarked for any healthy initiatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we could solve obesity and diabetes with a one-cent tax I’d say bring it on, let’s do two cents,” Mundorff said. “But the reality is that this cent is going into the general fund, and it is not earmarked to do anything, except to hurt business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the measure proposes a general tax, as opposed to a special tax, revenue from the tax would go into the general fund and cannot be reserved for any special purpose. With a special tax, the money could be designated for anti-obesity initiatives, such as nutrition programs in schools — but a special tax requires a two-thirds majority vote, while a general tax requires only 50 percent plus one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sugar tax on San Francisco’s November ballot is a special tax, and so will require a two-thirds majority to pass, unlike the Berkeley proposal. The San Francisco measure also proposes a tax of two cents per ounce, rather than Berkeley’s one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley’s November ballot will read: “Shall an ordinance imposing a 1¢ per ounce general tax on the distribution of high-calorie, sugary drinks (e.g., sodas, energy drinks, presweetened teas) and sweeteners used to sweeten such drinks, but exempting: (1) sweeteners (e.g., sugar, honey,syrups) typically used by consumers and distributed to grocery stores; (2) drinks and sweeteners distributed to very small retailers; (3) diet drinks, milk products, 100% juice, baby formula, alcohol, or drinks taken for medical reasons, be adopted?” Councilmember Linda Maio proposed the new, slightly different language at the Tuesday meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the tax acknowledged that in the coming months, the soda industry will likely campaign heavily against the tax measure in Berkeley and in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think even if they spent a million dollars they could confuse the people of Berkeley. So I’m not really worried about how much money they spend,” said Councilmember Kriss Worthington. “The people of Berkeley are too smart to be confused.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s going to be a lot of opposition, there’s going to be lot of lies,” said Mayor Tom Bates. “They’re going to be sending people door to door with distortions, with misinformation, and it’s going to be tough. So we all need to work. This is the beginning, this is not the end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem style=\"color: #4d4d4d\">KQED News Associate \u003ca style=\"color: #336699\" href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a> is an independently owned news website based in Berkeley, Calif. \u003ca style=\"color: #336699\" href=\"http://berkeleyside.us2.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=4851428a10883a05193b1dd6c&id=aad4b5ee64\" target=\"_blank\">Click here\u003c/a> if you would you like to receive the latest Berkeley news in your inbox once a day for free with Berkeleyside’s Daily Briefing email.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Stanford Study: Double Mastectomies Don't Increase Breast Cancer Survival Rate",
"title": "Stanford Study: Double Mastectomies Don't Increase Breast Cancer Survival Rate",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21138\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/78022737-e1409697092845.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-21138\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/78022737-640x591.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"591\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About one-third of women under 40 diagnosed with breast cancer in California choose double mastectomy. (Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Nancy Shute,\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/09/02/345200586/double-mastectomies-dont-increase-cancer-survival-rates\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More women are choosing to have bilateral mastectomies when they are diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer, even though there's little evidence that removing both breasts improves their survival compared with more conservative treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Doctors worry that women choose double mastectomy out of the mistaken belief that it eliminates their future risk of cancer.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The biggest study yet on the question has found no survival benefit with bilateral mastectomy compared to breast-conserving surgery with radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1900512\" target=\"_blank\"> study\u003c/a>, published Tuesday in JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association, looked at the records of all women in California who were diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer from 1998 to 2011 — 189,734 women, all told.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women who had breast-conserving surgery had an 83.2 percent survival rate at 10 years, compared with 81.2 percent for those who had a double mastectomy. \"What it means is that women should be aware that if they choose double mastectomy, the chances are that it won't cause them to live any longer than if they had chosen something else,\" said Stanford professor \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/Allison_Kurian\" target=\"_blank\">Allison Kurian\u003c/a>, lead author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women who had a single mastectomy fared worse, with a 79.9 percent survival rate, enough to be statistically significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think that poorer survival in this group may be due to other factors that we weren't able to account for,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpic.org/our-research/our-scientists/scarlett-gomez.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Scarlett Lin Gomez\u003c/a>, a research scientist at the Cancer Prevention Institute of California and the senior author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women who had single mastectomies tended to be minority, especially Filipina or Hispanic, to be lower income and to be uninsured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One factor affecting these women could be lack of access to medical care, Gomez says. For instance, a woman who has breast-conserving surgery typically has radiation treatment every day for six weeks to kill remaining cancer cells. Lower-income women may have a hard time doing that, Gomez says. \"The only option available to them may be unilateral mastectomy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"DalZoBNmFtR3nFMelD44GIHbItrKXxbe\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if women having single mastectomies tended to be poorer and minority, women who chose bilateral mastectomies tended to be younger, white and better off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the double mastectomy rate had increased from 2 percent to 12 percent between 1998 and 2011. But for women under 40, the double mastectomy rate had increased to 33 percent, even though most of them had stage zero or stage one cancer, a very early, very treatable form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those women also were more likely to be treated at an academic medical center, which, along with their youth and low-risk cancer, should make it more likely that they would survive. So why are they not doing any better than women who have lumpectomies and radiation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think we know,\" Gomez told NPR. \"This is complete conjecture at this point. A bilateral mastectomy is major surgery, and just like any major surgery there are complications, side effects. So any advantage that comes from lowering your risk of cancer in the [healthy] breast could be offset by the fact that you're having major surgery.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing a randomized trial that directly compares the various treatments could help figure that out, but Gomez and others say it would be pretty much impossible to recruit lots of women in a trial that wouldn't give them a choice of treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Given the vast size of our data set, I think these findings may be as good as it's going to get in terms of giving us clues,\" Gomez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors have been increasingly concerned that women are choosing bilateral mastectomy in the mistaken belief that it eliminates their future risk of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Double mastectomies made headlines in 2013, when actress Angelina Jolie had a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/05/14/why-angelina-jolies-medical-choice-is-likely-not-yours/\" target=\"_blank\">prophylactic double mastectomy \u003c/a>after being diagnosed with a BRCA gene mutation that vastly increases cancer risk. (Her case was different from this study which exclusively focused on women with breast cancer. Jolie did not have breast cancer, but was at extremely high risk of the disease.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet only 5 percent of cancers are caused by BRCA mutations. Most of the women who are choosing double mastectomies haven't been diagnosed with a BRCA mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Bilateral mastectomy surgery maximally reduces the risk of a breast cancer patient developing a completely new breast cancer, but it does not affect the potentially life-threatening risk of the known first cancer damaging other organs in the body through metatastic spread,\" Dr. Lisa Newman, director of the University of Michigan Breast Care Center, told NPR via email. She wrote an\u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1900491\" target=\"_blank\"> editorial\u003c/a> in Tuesday's JAMA on the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since tiny bits of breast tissue can remain in the chest after surgery, a woman who has had a double mastectomy can still get breast cancer again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, both Gomez and Stanford's Kurian stressed that the study should not be seen as a treatment recommendation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gomez hopes that these new numbers will shift the focus to better understanding women's decision-making process, and to educating physicians on better communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors can't presume to dictate which choice will give a woman the best quality of life, Newman says. But doctors do have to counsel patients to have realistic expectations about their treatment choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are trying to understand he factors that might be motivating this trend, since there is no definitive survival advantage that has been demonstrated,\" Newman adds.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21138\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/78022737-e1409697092845.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-21138\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/78022737-640x591.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"591\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About one-third of women under 40 diagnosed with breast cancer in California choose double mastectomy. (Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Nancy Shute,\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/09/02/345200586/double-mastectomies-dont-increase-cancer-survival-rates\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More women are choosing to have bilateral mastectomies when they are diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer, even though there's little evidence that removing both breasts improves their survival compared with more conservative treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Doctors worry that women choose double mastectomy out of the mistaken belief that it eliminates their future risk of cancer.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The biggest study yet on the question has found no survival benefit with bilateral mastectomy compared to breast-conserving surgery with radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1900512\" target=\"_blank\"> study\u003c/a>, published Tuesday in JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association, looked at the records of all women in California who were diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer from 1998 to 2011 — 189,734 women, all told.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women who had breast-conserving surgery had an 83.2 percent survival rate at 10 years, compared with 81.2 percent for those who had a double mastectomy. \"What it means is that women should be aware that if they choose double mastectomy, the chances are that it won't cause them to live any longer than if they had chosen something else,\" said Stanford professor \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/Allison_Kurian\" target=\"_blank\">Allison Kurian\u003c/a>, lead author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women who had a single mastectomy fared worse, with a 79.9 percent survival rate, enough to be statistically significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think that poorer survival in this group may be due to other factors that we weren't able to account for,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpic.org/our-research/our-scientists/scarlett-gomez.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Scarlett Lin Gomez\u003c/a>, a research scientist at the Cancer Prevention Institute of California and the senior author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women who had single mastectomies tended to be minority, especially Filipina or Hispanic, to be lower income and to be uninsured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One factor affecting these women could be lack of access to medical care, Gomez says. For instance, a woman who has breast-conserving surgery typically has radiation treatment every day for six weeks to kill remaining cancer cells. Lower-income women may have a hard time doing that, Gomez says. \"The only option available to them may be unilateral mastectomy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if women having single mastectomies tended to be poorer and minority, women who chose bilateral mastectomies tended to be younger, white and better off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the double mastectomy rate had increased from 2 percent to 12 percent between 1998 and 2011. But for women under 40, the double mastectomy rate had increased to 33 percent, even though most of them had stage zero or stage one cancer, a very early, very treatable form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those women also were more likely to be treated at an academic medical center, which, along with their youth and low-risk cancer, should make it more likely that they would survive. So why are they not doing any better than women who have lumpectomies and radiation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think we know,\" Gomez told NPR. \"This is complete conjecture at this point. A bilateral mastectomy is major surgery, and just like any major surgery there are complications, side effects. So any advantage that comes from lowering your risk of cancer in the [healthy] breast could be offset by the fact that you're having major surgery.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing a randomized trial that directly compares the various treatments could help figure that out, but Gomez and others say it would be pretty much impossible to recruit lots of women in a trial that wouldn't give them a choice of treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Given the vast size of our data set, I think these findings may be as good as it's going to get in terms of giving us clues,\" Gomez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors have been increasingly concerned that women are choosing bilateral mastectomy in the mistaken belief that it eliminates their future risk of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Double mastectomies made headlines in 2013, when actress Angelina Jolie had a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/05/14/why-angelina-jolies-medical-choice-is-likely-not-yours/\" target=\"_blank\">prophylactic double mastectomy \u003c/a>after being diagnosed with a BRCA gene mutation that vastly increases cancer risk. (Her case was different from this study which exclusively focused on women with breast cancer. Jolie did not have breast cancer, but was at extremely high risk of the disease.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet only 5 percent of cancers are caused by BRCA mutations. Most of the women who are choosing double mastectomies haven't been diagnosed with a BRCA mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Bilateral mastectomy surgery maximally reduces the risk of a breast cancer patient developing a completely new breast cancer, but it does not affect the potentially life-threatening risk of the known first cancer damaging other organs in the body through metatastic spread,\" Dr. Lisa Newman, director of the University of Michigan Breast Care Center, told NPR via email. She wrote an\u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1900491\" target=\"_blank\"> editorial\u003c/a> in Tuesday's JAMA on the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since tiny bits of breast tissue can remain in the chest after surgery, a woman who has had a double mastectomy can still get breast cancer again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, both Gomez and Stanford's Kurian stressed that the study should not be seen as a treatment recommendation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gomez hopes that these new numbers will shift the focus to better understanding women's decision-making process, and to educating physicians on better communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors can't presume to dictate which choice will give a woman the best quality of life, Newman says. But doctors do have to counsel patients to have realistic expectations about their treatment choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are trying to understand he factors that might be motivating this trend, since there is no definitive survival advantage that has been demonstrated,\" Newman adds.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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