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"title": "Stanford Identifies Drug That May Improve Cardiac Stents",
"headTitle": "Stanford Identifies Drug That May Improve Cardiac Stents | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25154\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Blausen_0034_Angioplasty_Stent_01_800x450.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Blausen_0034_Angioplasty_Stent_01_800x450.png\" alt=\"Stent in human coronary artery. (Wikimedia, Blausen gallery 2014) \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stent in human coronary artery. (\u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0034_Angioplasty_Stent_01.png\">Wikimedia\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Blausen_gallery_2014\">Blausen gallery 2014\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Stanford University School of Medicine believe they’ve found a drug for cardiac stents that can more effectively prevent stent complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a million people in the U.S. each year undergo angioplasty heart surgery using a drug-coated stent to treat blocked arteries, according to the \u003ca title=\"American Heart Association statistics\" href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/3/e28\">American Heart Association\u003c/a>. A stent is a tiny wire mesh tube that is permanently implanted into the artery at the blockage point, creating a scaffold that props open the artery to reduce the chance of a heart attack. However, placement of bare metal stents can themselves damage the artery lining, causing scar tissue to grow and narrow the artery. Known as in-stent stenosis, this typically occurs 3-6 months after the surgical procedure and can lead to chest pain and even heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help prevent in-stent stenosis, doctors use stents coated with drugs that inhibit tissue regrowth to help prevent the blood vessels from reclosing. Unfortunately, these drugs can also inhibit beneficial regrowth of the vessel’s blood lining (endothelium) that aids the healing process. So patients still need to take blood-thinners for up to a year to reduce the risk of a blood clot developing in the stent and blocking the artery. This need for blood thinners is a serious problem for many people with other health issues; for instance, it means they can’t have surgery while taking the medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford researchers have now identified a drug to coat cardiac stents that helps prevent in-stent stenosis without affecting the healing of the blood vessel lining. Their new research is described in a \u003ca title=\"JCI journal article\" href=\"http://www.jci.org/articles/view/77484\">paper published\u003c/a> this month in the Journal of Clinical Investigation. Dr. Euan Ashley, associate professor of cardiovascular medicine and genetics at Stanford University Medical Center, led the research team.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The major finding of the study is that artery stent disease acts surprisingly like a tumor in the blood vessel wall.’ \u003ccite>— Euan Ashley, Stanford University Medical Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The researchers first sought to more fully understand the genetic pathways of coronary artery disease using a “big data” computational biology approach. Using data from previous studies, they analyzed large datasets of coronary artery tissue samples and genome information from patients who had developed in-stent stenosis after undergoing angioplasty and stenting. Based on network analyses, the researchers hypothesized that there is an increased risk of in-stent stenosis due to the interplay of two genes, GPX1 and ROS1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GPX1 deficiency is known to be independently associated with coronary artery disease in humans. However, ROS1 expression is mostly known for its role in highly malignant cancers, such as lung cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t know anything about ROS1,” said Ashley in a \u003ca title=\"Stanford press release\" href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2014/11/big-data-approach-at-stanford-helps-pinpoint-possible-new-stent.html\">press release\u003c/a>. “It hadn’t been studied in cardiovascular disease. We knew it was an important gene in cancer. We thought, that’s odd, since the growth caused by stents is almost like a tumor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They confirmed their theory by performing an extensive series of laboratory experiments using human tissue samples and genetically engineered knockout mice. Some of these studies involved surgically implanting drug-coated stents in mice with clogged arteries. The researchers inhibited the ROS1 genes by coating these stents with crizotinib – a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain ROS1-positive lung cancers. They found that crizotinib inhibited in-stent stenosis without affecting the lining of the blood vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25160\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Ashley_MouseStent_800x450.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Ashley_MouseStent_800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Small mouse-sized stent used by Stanford researchers. (Courtesy of Euan Ashley)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tiny mouse-sized stent used by the Stanford researchers in their mice studies. (Courtesy of Euan Ashley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The major finding of the study is that artery stent disease acts surprisingly like a tumor in the blood vessel wall,” said Ashley in the press release. “Inhibiting it with nonspecific pharmaceutical agents, as we do now, leads to heart attacks from clots caused by lack of endothelial lining on the stent. Whereas, targeting it with the drug we use here, crizotinib, acts much more specifically and inhibits the disease without affecting the endothelium.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford researchers still have a lot more work to do before crizotinib-coated stents will be clinically available. However, this research should translate to the clinic more quickly since crizotinib is already an FDA approved drug.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25154\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Blausen_0034_Angioplasty_Stent_01_800x450.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Blausen_0034_Angioplasty_Stent_01_800x450.png\" alt=\"Stent in human coronary artery. (Wikimedia, Blausen gallery 2014) \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stent in human coronary artery. (\u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0034_Angioplasty_Stent_01.png\">Wikimedia\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Blausen_gallery_2014\">Blausen gallery 2014\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Stanford University School of Medicine believe they’ve found a drug for cardiac stents that can more effectively prevent stent complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a million people in the U.S. each year undergo angioplasty heart surgery using a drug-coated stent to treat blocked arteries, according to the \u003ca title=\"American Heart Association statistics\" href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/3/e28\">American Heart Association\u003c/a>. A stent is a tiny wire mesh tube that is permanently implanted into the artery at the blockage point, creating a scaffold that props open the artery to reduce the chance of a heart attack. However, placement of bare metal stents can themselves damage the artery lining, causing scar tissue to grow and narrow the artery. Known as in-stent stenosis, this typically occurs 3-6 months after the surgical procedure and can lead to chest pain and even heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help prevent in-stent stenosis, doctors use stents coated with drugs that inhibit tissue regrowth to help prevent the blood vessels from reclosing. Unfortunately, these drugs can also inhibit beneficial regrowth of the vessel’s blood lining (endothelium) that aids the healing process. So patients still need to take blood-thinners for up to a year to reduce the risk of a blood clot developing in the stent and blocking the artery. This need for blood thinners is a serious problem for many people with other health issues; for instance, it means they can’t have surgery while taking the medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford researchers have now identified a drug to coat cardiac stents that helps prevent in-stent stenosis without affecting the healing of the blood vessel lining. Their new research is described in a \u003ca title=\"JCI journal article\" href=\"http://www.jci.org/articles/view/77484\">paper published\u003c/a> this month in the Journal of Clinical Investigation. Dr. Euan Ashley, associate professor of cardiovascular medicine and genetics at Stanford University Medical Center, led the research team.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The major finding of the study is that artery stent disease acts surprisingly like a tumor in the blood vessel wall.’ \u003ccite>— Euan Ashley, Stanford University Medical Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The researchers first sought to more fully understand the genetic pathways of coronary artery disease using a “big data” computational biology approach. Using data from previous studies, they analyzed large datasets of coronary artery tissue samples and genome information from patients who had developed in-stent stenosis after undergoing angioplasty and stenting. Based on network analyses, the researchers hypothesized that there is an increased risk of in-stent stenosis due to the interplay of two genes, GPX1 and ROS1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GPX1 deficiency is known to be independently associated with coronary artery disease in humans. However, ROS1 expression is mostly known for its role in highly malignant cancers, such as lung cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t know anything about ROS1,” said Ashley in a \u003ca title=\"Stanford press release\" href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2014/11/big-data-approach-at-stanford-helps-pinpoint-possible-new-stent.html\">press release\u003c/a>. “It hadn’t been studied in cardiovascular disease. We knew it was an important gene in cancer. We thought, that’s odd, since the growth caused by stents is almost like a tumor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They confirmed their theory by performing an extensive series of laboratory experiments using human tissue samples and genetically engineered knockout mice. Some of these studies involved surgically implanting drug-coated stents in mice with clogged arteries. The researchers inhibited the ROS1 genes by coating these stents with crizotinib – a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain ROS1-positive lung cancers. They found that crizotinib inhibited in-stent stenosis without affecting the lining of the blood vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25160\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Ashley_MouseStent_800x450.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Ashley_MouseStent_800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Small mouse-sized stent used by Stanford researchers. (Courtesy of Euan Ashley)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tiny mouse-sized stent used by the Stanford researchers in their mice studies. (Courtesy of Euan Ashley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The major finding of the study is that artery stent disease acts surprisingly like a tumor in the blood vessel wall,” said Ashley in the press release. “Inhibiting it with nonspecific pharmaceutical agents, as we do now, leads to heart attacks from clots caused by lack of endothelial lining on the stent. Whereas, targeting it with the drug we use here, crizotinib, acts much more specifically and inhibits the disease without affecting the endothelium.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford researchers still have a lot more work to do before crizotinib-coated stents will be clinically available. However, this research should translate to the clinic more quickly since crizotinib is already an FDA approved drug.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Getting Genetic-Based Health Data Just Got Easier in Canada and the U.K.",
"headTitle": "Getting Genetic-Based Health Data Just Got Easier in Canada and the U.K. | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/BritishFlafFamily.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/BritishFlafFamily.jpg\" alt=\"Because she lives in the U.K., she can learn about some of her health risks from her 23andMe genetic test. If she lived in the U.S. she could not. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"501\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Because she lives in the U.K., she can learn about some of her health risks from her 23andMe genetic test. If she lived in the U.S. she could not. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:British_working_class.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in the U.S., if you want to get health information from your direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic test, you need \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/30/you-can-transform-your-genetic-ancestry-data-into-health-info-but-your-results-may-vary/\">to use an online resource like Promethease\u003c/a>. The same is no longer true in Canada and the U.K. Their regulatory authorities have given the genetic testing company \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a> the green light to start offering them health-based results like they used to for American consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2013, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/09/consumer-genetic-testing-company-23andme-faces-its-own-test-from-the-fda/\">the FDA ruled that 23andMe could no longer provide health information\u003c/a> as part of their services. What this meant was that U.S. customers could only use the results from the million or so simultaneous genetic tests 23andMe runs to find close relatives and to better understand their family’s ancestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big reason why the FDA forbade 23andMe from releasing health data was that they felt that 23andMe was overselling their product. And for some health issues, they were probably right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looks like 23andMe got approval in the U.K. and Canada by only reporting on the subset of genetic conditions and traits that had a solid, well-understood genetic foundation. This is why they offer the results for just over 100 genetic conditions and traits in these two countries instead of the 260 or so that were offered in the U.S. 23andMe also stresses more obviously that their test is for informational and not diagnostic purposes. These two changes seem to have put them back onto the path of acceptability for regulatory agencies in the U.K. and Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24838\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Cake.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24838\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Cake.jpg\" alt=\"If the results were organized differently, DTC genetic test customers might get to have their cake and eat it too. (Flickr)\" width=\"300\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If the results were organized differently, DTC genetic test customers might get to have their cake and eat it too. (\u003ca href=\"https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2380/2416470297_cfbb6c0fa7_z.jpg?zz=1\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If 23andMe had offered only this subset of tests when they started out, there might have been less blowback from the FDA. They might still be offering important health information to their customers in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, hindsight is 20/20. 23andMe was (is) a pioneer in the field and is still at the forefront of DTC genetic testing. They had no roadmap for what they were doing which means there were going to be bumps along the way. If the new services are anything to go by, it looks like they are learning from their mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one concern is that they may be learning the wrong lesson. It may be that presenting all of their original findings differently could be just as safe as the stripped down version and provide additional information. Customers could have had their solid information and their more ephemeral information too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Plusses and Minuses of the New Information\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I said, 23andMe probably oversold what they offered in the U.S. But by preventing any health information at all from being released, the FDA threw the baby out with the bath water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a lot of good, solid information in these tests that could really help people in their day to day lives. This is the information now available to people in the U.K. and Canada but not in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, without DTC genetic tests, it can be a real pain to figure out if you are a carrier for a disease like cystic fibrosis or hemochromatosis. At the very least you need a doctor’s appointment and for many of the more rare diseases, you probably need a family history to justify the test. Either that or you will probably have to pay the high out of pocket expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is much easier with one of these DTC tests. You just spend $99, spit in a vial, and wait for your results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of information can be very helpful for couples considering having children. If the test shows that both parents are carriers for one of these recessive diseases, then each of their kids would have a 1 in 4 chance of ending up with the disease. Even if the odds are against this, it is still definitely important information to have!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24829\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/DNAmutation.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24829\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/DNAmutation.jpg\" alt=\"Customers in Canada and the U.K. can learn about DNA differences that affect their and their future children's health risks. (palikam)\" width=\"350\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Customers in Canada and the U.K. can learn about DNA differences that affect their and their future children’s health risks. (\u003ca href=\"http://fc04.deviantart.net/fs29/f/2008/101/0/3/DNA_Mutation_by_palikam.jpg\">palikam\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is just one example of the kind of test that can give results you can use. They can also give you important information about your risks for diseases like breast cancer (think Angelina Jolie) and help doctors get your prescription dosage right, just to name a couple. These are no longer easily obtainable by U.S. customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, a DTC test is not necessarily equivalent to the one you get from a doctor. Often (but not always) the doctor’s test comes with explanations that can help someone decide whether the result matters, whether more testing is warranted and so on. And of course the DTC test needs to be reliable for it to be meaningful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the other point the FDA made in their ruling. They need for each of the hundreds of health-based tests that 23andMe offers to be solid enough for customers to make an informed decision based on the results. It is obviously critical that this be true for people to make important decisions based on the data and the FDA should make sure the tests are reliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the new information available to customers in Canada and the U.K. is lacking are the more speculative findings. Which is too bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is kind of fun to be at the forefront of the genetic revolution using your own data. I like seeing what the most recent research has to say about something like Type 2 diabetes (which runs in my family) and getting it written up for me in terms of my genetic information is a fun way to learn. And this works for me because as a geneticist, I know that any genetic results for Type 2 diabetes being offered right now aren’t really worth much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is why companies like 23andMe should probably have flagged these sorts of results as speculative from the get go. Don’t put them in the same list as the 100 or so conditions that are more definitive. Don’t use bar graphs to show a customer’s risk as that makes it seem more real than it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conditions like Type 2 diabetes should be binned together in a section where the company comes out and says that these results don’t mean a lot because we are just starting to understand the genetic basis of these diseases. They would also need to mention that even a complete genetic understanding of any of these conditions wouldn’t be the whole picture since the environment plays a big role too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reorganizing the information would give more value to the customer. They would get solid advice for some conditions like customers can now get in the U.K. and Canada and still get to find out where science is on the others. A win-win for customers, doctors and the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/BritishFlafFamily.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/BritishFlafFamily.jpg\" alt=\"Because she lives in the U.K., she can learn about some of her health risks from her 23andMe genetic test. If she lived in the U.S. she could not. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"501\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Because she lives in the U.K., she can learn about some of her health risks from her 23andMe genetic test. If she lived in the U.S. she could not. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:British_working_class.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in the U.S., if you want to get health information from your direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic test, you need \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/30/you-can-transform-your-genetic-ancestry-data-into-health-info-but-your-results-may-vary/\">to use an online resource like Promethease\u003c/a>. The same is no longer true in Canada and the U.K. Their regulatory authorities have given the genetic testing company \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a> the green light to start offering them health-based results like they used to for American consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2013, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/09/consumer-genetic-testing-company-23andme-faces-its-own-test-from-the-fda/\">the FDA ruled that 23andMe could no longer provide health information\u003c/a> as part of their services. What this meant was that U.S. customers could only use the results from the million or so simultaneous genetic tests 23andMe runs to find close relatives and to better understand their family’s ancestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big reason why the FDA forbade 23andMe from releasing health data was that they felt that 23andMe was overselling their product. And for some health issues, they were probably right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looks like 23andMe got approval in the U.K. and Canada by only reporting on the subset of genetic conditions and traits that had a solid, well-understood genetic foundation. This is why they offer the results for just over 100 genetic conditions and traits in these two countries instead of the 260 or so that were offered in the U.S. 23andMe also stresses more obviously that their test is for informational and not diagnostic purposes. These two changes seem to have put them back onto the path of acceptability for regulatory agencies in the U.K. and Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24838\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Cake.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24838\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Cake.jpg\" alt=\"If the results were organized differently, DTC genetic test customers might get to have their cake and eat it too. (Flickr)\" width=\"300\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If the results were organized differently, DTC genetic test customers might get to have their cake and eat it too. (\u003ca href=\"https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2380/2416470297_cfbb6c0fa7_z.jpg?zz=1\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If 23andMe had offered only this subset of tests when they started out, there might have been less blowback from the FDA. They might still be offering important health information to their customers in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, hindsight is 20/20. 23andMe was (is) a pioneer in the field and is still at the forefront of DTC genetic testing. They had no roadmap for what they were doing which means there were going to be bumps along the way. If the new services are anything to go by, it looks like they are learning from their mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one concern is that they may be learning the wrong lesson. It may be that presenting all of their original findings differently could be just as safe as the stripped down version and provide additional information. Customers could have had their solid information and their more ephemeral information too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Plusses and Minuses of the New Information\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I said, 23andMe probably oversold what they offered in the U.S. But by preventing any health information at all from being released, the FDA threw the baby out with the bath water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a lot of good, solid information in these tests that could really help people in their day to day lives. This is the information now available to people in the U.K. and Canada but not in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, without DTC genetic tests, it can be a real pain to figure out if you are a carrier for a disease like cystic fibrosis or hemochromatosis. At the very least you need a doctor’s appointment and for many of the more rare diseases, you probably need a family history to justify the test. Either that or you will probably have to pay the high out of pocket expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is much easier with one of these DTC tests. You just spend $99, spit in a vial, and wait for your results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of information can be very helpful for couples considering having children. If the test shows that both parents are carriers for one of these recessive diseases, then each of their kids would have a 1 in 4 chance of ending up with the disease. Even if the odds are against this, it is still definitely important information to have!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24829\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/DNAmutation.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24829\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/DNAmutation.jpg\" alt=\"Customers in Canada and the U.K. can learn about DNA differences that affect their and their future children's health risks. (palikam)\" width=\"350\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Customers in Canada and the U.K. can learn about DNA differences that affect their and their future children’s health risks. (\u003ca href=\"http://fc04.deviantart.net/fs29/f/2008/101/0/3/DNA_Mutation_by_palikam.jpg\">palikam\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is just one example of the kind of test that can give results you can use. They can also give you important information about your risks for diseases like breast cancer (think Angelina Jolie) and help doctors get your prescription dosage right, just to name a couple. These are no longer easily obtainable by U.S. customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, a DTC test is not necessarily equivalent to the one you get from a doctor. Often (but not always) the doctor’s test comes with explanations that can help someone decide whether the result matters, whether more testing is warranted and so on. And of course the DTC test needs to be reliable for it to be meaningful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the other point the FDA made in their ruling. They need for each of the hundreds of health-based tests that 23andMe offers to be solid enough for customers to make an informed decision based on the results. It is obviously critical that this be true for people to make important decisions based on the data and the FDA should make sure the tests are reliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the new information available to customers in Canada and the U.K. is lacking are the more speculative findings. Which is too bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is kind of fun to be at the forefront of the genetic revolution using your own data. I like seeing what the most recent research has to say about something like Type 2 diabetes (which runs in my family) and getting it written up for me in terms of my genetic information is a fun way to learn. And this works for me because as a geneticist, I know that any genetic results for Type 2 diabetes being offered right now aren’t really worth much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is why companies like 23andMe should probably have flagged these sorts of results as speculative from the get go. Don’t put them in the same list as the 100 or so conditions that are more definitive. Don’t use bar graphs to show a customer’s risk as that makes it seem more real than it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conditions like Type 2 diabetes should be binned together in a section where the company comes out and says that these results don’t mean a lot because we are just starting to understand the genetic basis of these diseases. They would also need to mention that even a complete genetic understanding of any of these conditions wouldn’t be the whole picture since the environment plays a big role too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reorganizing the information would give more value to the customer. They would get solid advice for some conditions like customers can now get in the U.K. and Canada and still get to find out where science is on the others. A win-win for customers, doctors and the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Find Genes in Mice That May Lead to Future Ebola Treatments",
"headTitle": "Scientists Find Genes in Mice That May Lead to Future Ebola Treatments | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Ebola.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Ebola.jpg\" alt=\"A new mouse model for Ebola may help to speed up the discovery of new treatments. (Flickr)\" width=\"800\" height=\"458\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A new mouse model for Ebola may help to speed up the discovery of new treatments. Image is of Ebola (red) budding from cells (blue) (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/niaid/14739204679/\">Photo Credit: NIAID / Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As anyone who watches movies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1598778/\">Contagion \u003c/a>knows, there are usually a few people who happen to have the right genetics to resist certain virus-causing diseases. Turns out that stories like these are based on fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, some people reacted less strongly to or were even immune to diseases like the Spanish flu or HIV. And the same may be true for Ebola as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ebola has been ravaging Western Africa for most of 2014 with the numbers of people dying going up day by day. But not everyone who is infected dies. In fact, many people have much less severe symptoms suggesting that perhaps their personal genetics might make them less susceptible to the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working in a high tech, Ebola-safe lab in Montana, a group of scientists have\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359852\"> found that some mice deal better with an Ebola infection than do others\u003c/a>. These researchers looked at 47 genetically distinct lines of mice and found a range of responses from shrugging off the infection to dying horribly. The only differences between these lines were their genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23697\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/LabMouseHalf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23697\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/LabMouseHalf.jpg\" alt=\"Thanks to mice like this one, we may get Ebola treatments more quickly. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thanks to mice like this one, we may get Ebola treatments more quickly. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lab_mouse_mg_3135.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is the first time scientists have been able to recapitulate an Ebola infection in mice. At the very least, the susceptible mice from this study may one day serve as a model system for studying new Ebola treatments. And if human and mouse genetics are similar enough, the resistant ones just might lead us to new treatments as has happened with HIV and AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in the AIDS epidemic, scientists noted that certain people (mostly sex workers in places like Nairobi) appeared to be immune to HIV. A close look at the immune people’s genomes showed they shared a certain version of the \u003cem>CCR5\u003c/em> gene, \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask336\">CCR5 delta 32\u003c/a>. Not only did this teach scientists a lot about how our immune systems work, but it has also led to some \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/09/09/molecular-scissors-may-help-potentially-cure-aids-in-the-future/\">promising new treatments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By identifying the \u003cem>CCR5\u003c/em> gene, scientists had found a new way to attack HIV and treat AIDS. If the mouse work translates to human resistance (definitely a big IF), then two genes, \u003cem>Tie1\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Tek\u003c/em>, could show real promise as new avenues for treating the bleeding associated with Ebola. And a deeper look at the genes of the resistant mice may find other genes that could lead to new treatments for other symptoms as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping the Bleeding at Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most disturbing features of Ebola is the bleeding it causes out of various parts of the body including the eyes and the nose. But again, not everyone with Ebola suffers from this “hemorrhagic syndrome.” This is also true of the mice in these studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23701\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/BloodVessels.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23701\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/BloodVessels.jpg\" alt=\"Ebola-resistant mice heal broken blood vessels better than Ebola-sensitive mice. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"250\" height=\"235\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ebola-resistant mice heal broken blood vessels better than Ebola-sensitive mice. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary#mediaviewer/File:Capillary_system_CERT.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the researchers in this study compared the effect Ebola was having on the genes of the resistant and susceptible mice, two genes, \u003cem>Tie1\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Tek\u003c/em>, stood out as being interesting because both were turned on to higher levels in the resistant mice. Since both genes are involved in repairing broken arteries, veins and capillaries, their increased expression might help explain why there was so much less bleeding in the resistant mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically these mice had a better system for fixing leaky blood vessels which helped staunch the bleeding. Turning to the DNA, the researchers couldn’t find any obvious reason the tie1 gene was turned up in resistant mice. But it was a different story for \u003cem>Tek\u003c/em>. Most of the resistant lines shared a common version of \u003cem>Tek\u003c/em> that might explain its increased expression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, these and experiments like these might be able to point scientists towards new treatments for Ebola. Perhaps goosing these or related genes in infected people might hold off the bleeding long enough for their bodies to mount a successful attack against the virus. Or maybe it was a mouse-specific effect and these two genes will not turn out to be helpful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, this work gives scientists new pathways to study that may eventually lead to better treatments for Ebola. This research may not help with this outbreak, but it could have a real impact on the next big one.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists have identified Ebola-resistant and Ebola-sensitive mouse strains. Not only will the sensitive mice be useful as a relatively quick way to test new Ebola treatments, but by comparing its genetics to those of the resistant strains, scientists may find new ways to treat Ebola.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Ebola.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Ebola.jpg\" alt=\"A new mouse model for Ebola may help to speed up the discovery of new treatments. (Flickr)\" width=\"800\" height=\"458\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A new mouse model for Ebola may help to speed up the discovery of new treatments. Image is of Ebola (red) budding from cells (blue) (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/niaid/14739204679/\">Photo Credit: NIAID / Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As anyone who watches movies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1598778/\">Contagion \u003c/a>knows, there are usually a few people who happen to have the right genetics to resist certain virus-causing diseases. Turns out that stories like these are based on fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, some people reacted less strongly to or were even immune to diseases like the Spanish flu or HIV. And the same may be true for Ebola as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ebola has been ravaging Western Africa for most of 2014 with the numbers of people dying going up day by day. But not everyone who is infected dies. In fact, many people have much less severe symptoms suggesting that perhaps their personal genetics might make them less susceptible to the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working in a high tech, Ebola-safe lab in Montana, a group of scientists have\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359852\"> found that some mice deal better with an Ebola infection than do others\u003c/a>. These researchers looked at 47 genetically distinct lines of mice and found a range of responses from shrugging off the infection to dying horribly. The only differences between these lines were their genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23697\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/LabMouseHalf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23697\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/LabMouseHalf.jpg\" alt=\"Thanks to mice like this one, we may get Ebola treatments more quickly. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thanks to mice like this one, we may get Ebola treatments more quickly. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lab_mouse_mg_3135.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is the first time scientists have been able to recapitulate an Ebola infection in mice. At the very least, the susceptible mice from this study may one day serve as a model system for studying new Ebola treatments. And if human and mouse genetics are similar enough, the resistant ones just might lead us to new treatments as has happened with HIV and AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in the AIDS epidemic, scientists noted that certain people (mostly sex workers in places like Nairobi) appeared to be immune to HIV. A close look at the immune people’s genomes showed they shared a certain version of the \u003cem>CCR5\u003c/em> gene, \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask336\">CCR5 delta 32\u003c/a>. Not only did this teach scientists a lot about how our immune systems work, but it has also led to some \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/09/09/molecular-scissors-may-help-potentially-cure-aids-in-the-future/\">promising new treatments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By identifying the \u003cem>CCR5\u003c/em> gene, scientists had found a new way to attack HIV and treat AIDS. If the mouse work translates to human resistance (definitely a big IF), then two genes, \u003cem>Tie1\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Tek\u003c/em>, could show real promise as new avenues for treating the bleeding associated with Ebola. And a deeper look at the genes of the resistant mice may find other genes that could lead to new treatments for other symptoms as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping the Bleeding at Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most disturbing features of Ebola is the bleeding it causes out of various parts of the body including the eyes and the nose. But again, not everyone with Ebola suffers from this “hemorrhagic syndrome.” This is also true of the mice in these studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23701\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/BloodVessels.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23701\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/BloodVessels.jpg\" alt=\"Ebola-resistant mice heal broken blood vessels better than Ebola-sensitive mice. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"250\" height=\"235\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ebola-resistant mice heal broken blood vessels better than Ebola-sensitive mice. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary#mediaviewer/File:Capillary_system_CERT.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the researchers in this study compared the effect Ebola was having on the genes of the resistant and susceptible mice, two genes, \u003cem>Tie1\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Tek\u003c/em>, stood out as being interesting because both were turned on to higher levels in the resistant mice. Since both genes are involved in repairing broken arteries, veins and capillaries, their increased expression might help explain why there was so much less bleeding in the resistant mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically these mice had a better system for fixing leaky blood vessels which helped staunch the bleeding. Turning to the DNA, the researchers couldn’t find any obvious reason the tie1 gene was turned up in resistant mice. But it was a different story for \u003cem>Tek\u003c/em>. Most of the resistant lines shared a common version of \u003cem>Tek\u003c/em> that might explain its increased expression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, these and experiments like these might be able to point scientists towards new treatments for Ebola. Perhaps goosing these or related genes in infected people might hold off the bleeding long enough for their bodies to mount a successful attack against the virus. Or maybe it was a mouse-specific effect and these two genes will not turn out to be helpful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, this work gives scientists new pathways to study that may eventually lead to better treatments for Ebola. This research may not help with this outbreak, but it could have a real impact on the next big one.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "UCSF Initiative Links 'Sugar Science' to Your Health",
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"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22428\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/11/iStock_000015590176_Large-e1415408861531.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-22428\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/11/iStock_000015590176_Large-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, sugar is pretty close to everywhere in the American diet. You probably know that too much sugar is probably not great for your health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a new initiative from UC San Francisco is spelling out the health dangers in clear terms. The project is called \"sugar science,\" and science there is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of researchers distilled 8,000 studies and research papers, and found strong evidence showing overconsumption of added sugar overloads vital organs and contributes to three major chronic illnesses: heart disease, Type 2 diabetes and liver disease.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are no federal guidelines recommending a limit on sugar consumption, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends cutting our consumption way down. Right now, the average American consumes the equivalent of \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db122.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db122.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">19.5 teaspoons \u003c/a>a day in added sugars. The AHA says men should cut that down to no more than \u003ca title=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyDietGoals/Added-Sugars_UCM_305858_Article.jsp\" href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyDietGoals/Added-Sugars_UCM_305858_Article.jsp\" target=\"_blank\">9 teaspoons and women should consume less than 6 teaspoons\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF Professor Laura Schmidt is lead investigator on the project. \"Right now, the reality is that our consumption of sugar is out of whack, and until we bring things back into balance, we need to focus on helping people understand what the consequences are to having the average American … consume too much added sugar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of its outreach, Schmidt's team has created a\u003ca title=\"Sugar Science\" href=\"http://sugarscience.org\" target=\"_blank\"> user-friendly website\u003c/a> and is partnering with health departments across the country to spread the word. The website includes downloadable resources, including television commercials, that public health officials can localize for their own cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/176317993&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And that's what sugar science is all about,\" Schmidt says. \"It's about translating the information that's locked up in the medical journals and sharing it with the public in ways that are understandable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health departments from San Francisco to New York City have already agreed to participate in outreach. In a statement, the New York Department of Health called Sugar Science a \"wonderful resource\" and said it was \"\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">something that can be used by researchers, the public health community and those who just want thorough information.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt is quick to point to the food environment as a driver in the increase of obesity that America has seen in the last generation. \"It's not like Americans suddenly lost their willpower,\" she says. \"The only major change in the diet that explains the obesity epidemic is this steep rise in added sugar consumption that started in the 1980s.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sugar isn't just making us fat, she says, \"it's making us sick.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt insists the team, which includes researchers from UC Davis and Emory University, is not \"anti-sugar.\" Instead, it's really about knowing how much sugar is too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But knowing how much sugar you're eating can be challenging. Some key facts on the Sugar Science website are these:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Added sugar is hiding in 74 percent of packaged foods. (\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/02/27/fda-proposes-food-label-overhaul/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/02/27/fda-proposes-food-label-overhaul/\" target=\"_blank\">Proposed changes\u003c/a> to the nutrition label would change this by including a separate line for added sugars.)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A common type of sugar can damage your liver -- just like too much alcohol.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>One 12-ounce can of soda a day can increase your risk of dying of heart disease by one-third.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The site also includes tips on concrete steps that people can take to cut down on sugar. \u003ca title=\"http://sugarscience.org/ask-the-sugarscientists.html#.VF1q3EvJ4Ts\" href=\"http://sugarscience.org/ask-the-sugarscientists.html#.VF1q3EvJ4Ts\" target=\"_blank\">The most straightforward\u003c/a> way to cut down on sugar is to stop drinking sugar-sweetened drinks, like sodas, sports drinks and energy drinks, the researchers say. More than one-third of added sugar in the diet \u003ca title=\"http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf\" href=\"http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">comes from sugary drinks\u003c/a>. They also recommend reading nutrition labels. While there are 61 different names for sugar on ingredients labels, the UCSF team says that \"if the chemical name has an 'ose' at the end—as in dextrose, fructose, lactose —- it’s likely to be added sugar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing Diabetes as the AIDS Crisis of This Generation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dean Schillinger is also part of the Sugar Science team. He's a primary care doctor at San Francisco General Hospital. He first came to San Francisco in 1990 at the peak of the AIDS epidemic. \"At that point, one out of every two patients we admitted was a young man dying of AIDS,\" he says. At that time, there were no treatments, little any doctor could do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, he says, there are good treatments, and it's rare to admit someone to the hospital dying of AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Schillinger says, that same ward, Ward 5A, where young men died of AIDS is now filled with diabetes patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I feel like we are with diabetes where we were in 1990 with the AIDS epidemic,\" Schillinger said. \"The ward is overwhelmed with diabetes –- they're getting their limbs amputated, they're on dialysis. And these are young people. They are suffering the ravages of diabetes in the prime of their life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike AIDS, where activists pushed hard for action from researchers and governments, there's little activist response for diabetes \"because it affects low-income communities disproportionately,\" Schillinger said. \"We're at the point where we need a public health response to it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing of the SugarScience launch is not a coincidence. The UC researchers waited until after the election last week voters in Berkeley and San Francisco were considering soda tax measures. \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/11/04/will-berkeley-and-san-francisco-soda-tax-measures-set-precedent/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/11/04/will-berkeley-and-san-francisco-soda-tax-measures-set-precedent/\" target=\"_blank\">Measure D in Berkeley passed \u003c/a>with 75 percent of the vote. Schmidt says that since the university is a public institution, it could not be seen as trying to sway votes with the announcement of the new initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sugar Science was funded by a grant from the\u003ca title=\"http://www.arnoldfoundation.org\" href=\"http://www.arnoldfoundation.org\" target=\"_blank\"> Laura and John Arnold Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22428\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/11/iStock_000015590176_Large-e1415408861531.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-22428\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/11/iStock_000015590176_Large-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, sugar is pretty close to everywhere in the American diet. You probably know that too much sugar is probably not great for your health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a new initiative from UC San Francisco is spelling out the health dangers in clear terms. The project is called \"sugar science,\" and science there is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of researchers distilled 8,000 studies and research papers, and found strong evidence showing overconsumption of added sugar overloads vital organs and contributes to three major chronic illnesses: heart disease, Type 2 diabetes and liver disease.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are no federal guidelines recommending a limit on sugar consumption, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends cutting our consumption way down. Right now, the average American consumes the equivalent of \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db122.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db122.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">19.5 teaspoons \u003c/a>a day in added sugars. The AHA says men should cut that down to no more than \u003ca title=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyDietGoals/Added-Sugars_UCM_305858_Article.jsp\" href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyDietGoals/Added-Sugars_UCM_305858_Article.jsp\" target=\"_blank\">9 teaspoons and women should consume less than 6 teaspoons\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF Professor Laura Schmidt is lead investigator on the project. \"Right now, the reality is that our consumption of sugar is out of whack, and until we bring things back into balance, we need to focus on helping people understand what the consequences are to having the average American … consume too much added sugar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of its outreach, Schmidt's team has created a\u003ca title=\"Sugar Science\" href=\"http://sugarscience.org\" target=\"_blank\"> user-friendly website\u003c/a> and is partnering with health departments across the country to spread the word. The website includes downloadable resources, including television commercials, that public health officials can localize for their own cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/176317993&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And that's what sugar science is all about,\" Schmidt says. \"It's about translating the information that's locked up in the medical journals and sharing it with the public in ways that are understandable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health departments from San Francisco to New York City have already agreed to participate in outreach. In a statement, the New York Department of Health called Sugar Science a \"wonderful resource\" and said it was \"\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">something that can be used by researchers, the public health community and those who just want thorough information.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt is quick to point to the food environment as a driver in the increase of obesity that America has seen in the last generation. \"It's not like Americans suddenly lost their willpower,\" she says. \"The only major change in the diet that explains the obesity epidemic is this steep rise in added sugar consumption that started in the 1980s.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sugar isn't just making us fat, she says, \"it's making us sick.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt insists the team, which includes researchers from UC Davis and Emory University, is not \"anti-sugar.\" Instead, it's really about knowing how much sugar is too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But knowing how much sugar you're eating can be challenging. Some key facts on the Sugar Science website are these:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Added sugar is hiding in 74 percent of packaged foods. (\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/02/27/fda-proposes-food-label-overhaul/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/02/27/fda-proposes-food-label-overhaul/\" target=\"_blank\">Proposed changes\u003c/a> to the nutrition label would change this by including a separate line for added sugars.)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A common type of sugar can damage your liver -- just like too much alcohol.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>One 12-ounce can of soda a day can increase your risk of dying of heart disease by one-third.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The site also includes tips on concrete steps that people can take to cut down on sugar. \u003ca title=\"http://sugarscience.org/ask-the-sugarscientists.html#.VF1q3EvJ4Ts\" href=\"http://sugarscience.org/ask-the-sugarscientists.html#.VF1q3EvJ4Ts\" target=\"_blank\">The most straightforward\u003c/a> way to cut down on sugar is to stop drinking sugar-sweetened drinks, like sodas, sports drinks and energy drinks, the researchers say. More than one-third of added sugar in the diet \u003ca title=\"http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf\" href=\"http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">comes from sugary drinks\u003c/a>. They also recommend reading nutrition labels. While there are 61 different names for sugar on ingredients labels, the UCSF team says that \"if the chemical name has an 'ose' at the end—as in dextrose, fructose, lactose —- it’s likely to be added sugar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeing Diabetes as the AIDS Crisis of This Generation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dean Schillinger is also part of the Sugar Science team. He's a primary care doctor at San Francisco General Hospital. He first came to San Francisco in 1990 at the peak of the AIDS epidemic. \"At that point, one out of every two patients we admitted was a young man dying of AIDS,\" he says. At that time, there were no treatments, little any doctor could do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, he says, there are good treatments, and it's rare to admit someone to the hospital dying of AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Schillinger says, that same ward, Ward 5A, where young men died of AIDS is now filled with diabetes patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I feel like we are with diabetes where we were in 1990 with the AIDS epidemic,\" Schillinger said. \"The ward is overwhelmed with diabetes –- they're getting their limbs amputated, they're on dialysis. And these are young people. They are suffering the ravages of diabetes in the prime of their life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike AIDS, where activists pushed hard for action from researchers and governments, there's little activist response for diabetes \"because it affects low-income communities disproportionately,\" Schillinger said. \"We're at the point where we need a public health response to it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing of the SugarScience launch is not a coincidence. The UC researchers waited until after the election last week voters in Berkeley and San Francisco were considering soda tax measures. \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/11/04/will-berkeley-and-san-francisco-soda-tax-measures-set-precedent/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/11/04/will-berkeley-and-san-francisco-soda-tax-measures-set-precedent/\" target=\"_blank\">Measure D in Berkeley passed \u003c/a>with 75 percent of the vote. Schmidt says that since the university is a public institution, it could not be seen as trying to sway votes with the announcement of the new initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sugar Science was funded by a grant from the\u003ca title=\"http://www.arnoldfoundation.org\" href=\"http://www.arnoldfoundation.org\" target=\"_blank\"> Laura and John Arnold Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "State Issues 'Tailored' Quarantine Guidelines for Travelers from Ebola-Affected Countries",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22272\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/10/Ebola_002-e1414611417497.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-22272\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/10/Ebola_002-640x354.jpg\" alt=\"Gov. Jerry Brown meets with state officials, including Dr. Ron Chapman, state health officer, on \" width=\"640\" height=\"354\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown met last week with state officials, including state health officer Dr. Ron Chapman, center left. (Brad Alexander/Office of the Governor)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Joining other states across the country, California's health officer has now added guidelines for a \"risk-based quarantine order\" for people traveling to California from one of the three Ebola-affected West African countries, Guinea, LIberia and Sierra Leone.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">California's guidelines consistent with those from the Centers for Disease Control \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At present there are no known or suspected cases of Ebola in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state's order is directed at anyone traveling to California from one of the affected countries who has also had contact with someone who has a confirmed case of Ebola.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Ron Chapman, California's health officer, said the state is establishing a \"standard protocol requiring some level of quarantine for those at highest risk of contracting and spreading Ebola.\"\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike New York or New Jersey, where governors have mandated 21-day quarantines on people, including health care workers, who have had direct contact with Ebola patients, California's policy is more flexible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, it is local health officers who have the authority to order a quarantine. They are to review each person on a \"case-by-case\" basis, the state says. Quarantine may involve \"isolation at home,\" but can also be tailored to allow people who are at lower risk fewer restrictions, such as \"observation and monitoring.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco health officer Dr. Tomas Aragon drew a distinction between the quarantine order in California and those being implemented in New York and New Jersey. \"There's always the ethical balance between the good of the community and individual rights, so we try to select the least restrictive option that achives that public health goal,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That’s what they didn’t do back East. They jumped to the most restrictive option, and the problem with jumping to the most restrictive option is that’s hard to defend legally, especially if there’s a less restrictive option.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order should \"protect the health and safety of Californians,\" Chapman said. He also seemed to acknowledge the tension between protecting the health of Californians at home -- and not posing an unfair burden on returning health care workers, whom he called \"great humanitarians,\" who are caring for Ebola patients in Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They will be treated with respect and dignity when they come home as these important public health actions are taken,\" Chapman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control were \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/s1027-revised-guidance-monitoring.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/s1027-revised-guidance-monitoring.html\" target=\"_blank\">updated earlier this week\u003c/a> and recommend that anyone returning from one of the three countries should be monitored for 21 days after they arrive in the U.S. The CDC guidelines also call for a \"case-by-case\" review for those it categorizes as being at \"some risk.\" This includes health care workers who have directly cared for Ebola patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These workers may be subject to \"additional restrictions,\" the CDC guidelines say, \"such as controlled movement, workplace exclusions, or restrictions on other activities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health says that its guidelines are \"consistent with CDC\" and called its order today \"\u003cspan class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #000000\">supplemental operational guidance for California local health departments.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New England Journal of Medicine \u003ca title=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1413139?query=featured_ebola&%20\" href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1413139?query=featured_ebola&%20\" target=\"_blank\">published an editorial\u003c/a> earlier this week criticizing the governors of New York and New Jersey for imposing mandatory 21-day quarantines of health care workers returning from West Africa who have cared for Ebola patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaci Hickox, a nurse who was subject to mandatory quarantine after arriving at Newark International Airport from treating Ebola patients in West Africa and then transferred to Maine, \u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/30/us/kaci-hickox-nurse-under-ebola-quarantine-threatens-lawsuit.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=first-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/30/us/kaci-hickox-nurse-under-ebola-quarantine-threatens-lawsuit.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=first-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news\" target=\"_blank\">says she is giving Maine's health officials \u003c/a>until tomorrow to lift her quarantine. She says she may sue the state if it does not comply.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, it is local health officers who have the authority to order a quarantine. They are to review each person on a \"case-by-case\" basis, the state says. Quarantine may involve \"isolation at home,\" but can also be tailored to allow people who are at lower risk fewer restrictions, such as \"observation and monitoring.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco health officer Dr. Tomas Aragon drew a distinction between the quarantine order in California and those being implemented in New York and New Jersey. \"There's always the ethical balance between the good of the community and individual rights, so we try to select the least restrictive option that achives that public health goal,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That’s what they didn’t do back East. They jumped to the most restrictive option, and the problem with jumping to the most restrictive option is that’s hard to defend legally, especially if there’s a less restrictive option.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order should \"protect the health and safety of Californians,\" Chapman said. He also seemed to acknowledge the tension between protecting the health of Californians at home -- and not posing an unfair burden on returning health care workers, whom he called \"great humanitarians,\" who are caring for Ebola patients in Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They will be treated with respect and dignity when they come home as these important public health actions are taken,\" Chapman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control were \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/s1027-revised-guidance-monitoring.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/s1027-revised-guidance-monitoring.html\" target=\"_blank\">updated earlier this week\u003c/a> and recommend that anyone returning from one of the three countries should be monitored for 21 days after they arrive in the U.S. The CDC guidelines also call for a \"case-by-case\" review for those it categorizes as being at \"some risk.\" This includes health care workers who have directly cared for Ebola patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These workers may be subject to \"additional restrictions,\" the CDC guidelines say, \"such as controlled movement, workplace exclusions, or restrictions on other activities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health says that its guidelines are \"consistent with CDC\" and called its order today \"\u003cspan class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #000000\">supplemental operational guidance for California local health departments.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New England Journal of Medicine \u003ca title=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1413139?query=featured_ebola&%20\" href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1413139?query=featured_ebola&%20\" target=\"_blank\">published an editorial\u003c/a> earlier this week criticizing the governors of New York and New Jersey for imposing mandatory 21-day quarantines of health care workers returning from West Africa who have cared for Ebola patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaci Hickox, a nurse who was subject to mandatory quarantine after arriving at Newark International Airport from treating Ebola patients in West Africa and then transferred to Maine, \u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/30/us/kaci-hickox-nurse-under-ebola-quarantine-threatens-lawsuit.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=first-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/30/us/kaci-hickox-nurse-under-ebola-quarantine-threatens-lawsuit.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=first-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news\" target=\"_blank\">says she is giving Maine's health officials \u003c/a>until tomorrow to lift her quarantine. She says she may sue the state if it does not comply.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Berkeley Lab Tackles Global Vaccine Delivery Problem with Portable Solar-Powered Fridge",
"headTitle": "Berkeley Lab Tackles Global Vaccine Delivery Problem with Portable Solar-Powered Fridge | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22949\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/XBD201405-00595-10_800x450.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/XBD201405-00595-10_800x450.png\" alt=\"LBNL Institute for Globally Transformative Technologies research team with prototype vaccine fridge and backpack for developing countries. (Berkeley Lab / Roy Kaltschmidt)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22949\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">LBNL Institute for Globally Transformative Technologies research team with prototype vaccine fridge and backpack for developing countries. (\u003ca href=\"http://photos.lbl.gov/viewphoto.php?imageId=9795568\" title=\"photo\">Berkeley Lab / Roy Kaltschmidt\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vaccines are arguably one of the most important inventions of mankind. Unfortunately, vaccines must be produced and stored in an environment with strict temperature regulation — between 36 °F and 46 °F — to keep the vaccine bugs alive. So vaccine delivery is a major problem due to the absence of reliable refrigeration in many remote countries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approximately \u003ca href=\"http://www.unicef.org/immunization/index_why.html\" title=\"UNICEF\">30 million children\u003c/a> worldwide — roughly one in five — do not receive immunizations, leaving them at significant risk of disease. As a result, \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/gho/immunization/en/\" title=\"World Health Organization\">1.5 million children\u003c/a> under the age of five die annually from vaccine-preventable diseases, such as pneumonia and diarrhea. Perhaps more surprising, almost half of the vaccines in developing countries are thrown away because they get too warm during delivery so they are no longer viable. Some administered vaccines are also ineffective because they froze during transport, but there is no easy way to test this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) are trying to solve this vaccine delivery problem by developing a portable solar-powered fridge. Fabricated entirely at LBNL, their portable solar-powered vaccine fridge will be transported by bicycle or motorcycle in remote areas of the developing world. Zach Friedman and Reshma Singh are leading the project as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://ligtt.lbl.gov/projects/portable-solar-powered-vaccine-refrigerator\" title=\"LGITT fridge project\">LBNL Institute for Globally Transformative Technologie\u003c/a>s, which seeks to bring scientific and technological breakthroughs to address global poverty and related social ills. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s first prototype portable fridge uses a thermoelectric heat pump, rather than a traditional vapor compression heat pump that relies on a circulating liquid refrigerant to absorb and remove heat. The thermoelectric chips were initially developed to keep laptops cool, so laptops could be made thinner without fans. The technology was adapted for this global application to reduce the size and weight of the fridge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their portable units have a one to three-liter capacity, much smaller than standard solar fridges that are typically 50 liters or more. Once the fridge cools down to the right temperature (36 °F – 46 °F), it is designed to run within that temperature range for at least five days without any power, at an ambient outside temperature as hot as 110 °F. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the researchers can field test their first prototype fridge in Africa, they need to pass the World Health Organization’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/immunization_standards/vaccine_quality/pqs_prequalified_devices/en/\" title=\"WHO PQS\">Performance, Quality and Safety\u003c/a> testing protocol for products used in immunization programs. They are currently busy performing in-house testing at LBNL to ensure that they pass the formal tests, which will be conducted by an independent laboratory in the UK. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aren’t in the process of field testing yet, but we have established field testing agreements in both Kenya and Nigeria and have locations identified,” said Friedman. “We expect to start testing this coming year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, they are continuing their portable fridge development. “Currently, we are pursuing both thermoelectric and vapor compression heat pumps, even for these smaller devices,” explained Jonathan Slack, lead engineer. “It is not clear which will win out in terms of manufacturability and affordability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are also developing a backpack version of the vaccine fridge. However, human-carried devices have to meet stricter World Health Organization standards, so they are focusing at this stage on the small portable fridge instead. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately their goal is to make it easy for health care workers to deliver viable vaccines to children in remote areas, solving the “last miles” of vaccine delivery.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22949\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/XBD201405-00595-10_800x450.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/XBD201405-00595-10_800x450.png\" alt=\"LBNL Institute for Globally Transformative Technologies research team with prototype vaccine fridge and backpack for developing countries. (Berkeley Lab / Roy Kaltschmidt)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22949\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">LBNL Institute for Globally Transformative Technologies research team with prototype vaccine fridge and backpack for developing countries. (\u003ca href=\"http://photos.lbl.gov/viewphoto.php?imageId=9795568\" title=\"photo\">Berkeley Lab / Roy Kaltschmidt\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vaccines are arguably one of the most important inventions of mankind. Unfortunately, vaccines must be produced and stored in an environment with strict temperature regulation — between 36 °F and 46 °F — to keep the vaccine bugs alive. So vaccine delivery is a major problem due to the absence of reliable refrigeration in many remote countries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approximately \u003ca href=\"http://www.unicef.org/immunization/index_why.html\" title=\"UNICEF\">30 million children\u003c/a> worldwide — roughly one in five — do not receive immunizations, leaving them at significant risk of disease. As a result, \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/gho/immunization/en/\" title=\"World Health Organization\">1.5 million children\u003c/a> under the age of five die annually from vaccine-preventable diseases, such as pneumonia and diarrhea. Perhaps more surprising, almost half of the vaccines in developing countries are thrown away because they get too warm during delivery so they are no longer viable. Some administered vaccines are also ineffective because they froze during transport, but there is no easy way to test this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) are trying to solve this vaccine delivery problem by developing a portable solar-powered fridge. Fabricated entirely at LBNL, their portable solar-powered vaccine fridge will be transported by bicycle or motorcycle in remote areas of the developing world. Zach Friedman and Reshma Singh are leading the project as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://ligtt.lbl.gov/projects/portable-solar-powered-vaccine-refrigerator\" title=\"LGITT fridge project\">LBNL Institute for Globally Transformative Technologie\u003c/a>s, which seeks to bring scientific and technological breakthroughs to address global poverty and related social ills. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s first prototype portable fridge uses a thermoelectric heat pump, rather than a traditional vapor compression heat pump that relies on a circulating liquid refrigerant to absorb and remove heat. The thermoelectric chips were initially developed to keep laptops cool, so laptops could be made thinner without fans. The technology was adapted for this global application to reduce the size and weight of the fridge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their portable units have a one to three-liter capacity, much smaller than standard solar fridges that are typically 50 liters or more. Once the fridge cools down to the right temperature (36 °F – 46 °F), it is designed to run within that temperature range for at least five days without any power, at an ambient outside temperature as hot as 110 °F. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the researchers can field test their first prototype fridge in Africa, they need to pass the World Health Organization’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/immunization_standards/vaccine_quality/pqs_prequalified_devices/en/\" title=\"WHO PQS\">Performance, Quality and Safety\u003c/a> testing protocol for products used in immunization programs. They are currently busy performing in-house testing at LBNL to ensure that they pass the formal tests, which will be conducted by an independent laboratory in the UK. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aren’t in the process of field testing yet, but we have established field testing agreements in both Kenya and Nigeria and have locations identified,” said Friedman. “We expect to start testing this coming year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, they are continuing their portable fridge development. “Currently, we are pursuing both thermoelectric and vapor compression heat pumps, even for these smaller devices,” explained Jonathan Slack, lead engineer. “It is not clear which will win out in terms of manufacturability and affordability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are also developing a backpack version of the vaccine fridge. However, human-carried devices have to meet stricter World Health Organization standards, so they are focusing at this stage on the small portable fridge instead. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately their goal is to make it easy for health care workers to deliver viable vaccines to children in remote areas, solving the “last miles” of vaccine delivery.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/10/20141027science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23036\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/92414-e1414198407252.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/92414-e1414198407252.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Linda Olmos De Koo examines Lisa Kulik's prosthetic retina at the USC Eye Institute. The device helps Kulik differentiate between light and shadows so that she can better interpret the world around her. Benjamin Brayfield/KPCC)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Linda Olmos De Koo examines Lisa Kulik’s prosthetic retina at the USC Eye Institute. The device helps Kulik differentiate between light and shadows so she can better interpret the world around her. (Benjamin Brayfield/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An eye implant developed by the University of Southern California — \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/productsandmedicalprocedures/deviceapprovalsandclearances/recently-approveddevices/ucm343162.htm\">the first FDA-approved implant of its kind\u003c/a> — is helping people with a rare type of vision loss regain some sight. And it’s paving the way for more types of “bionic eyes” to treat other forms of blindness in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dubbed the Argus II, the implant was designed to treat retinitis pigmentosa, a genetic disorder that slowly robs a person of sight by destroying photoreceptors in the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisa Kulik, 55, is the first person west of the Mississippi to receive the commercial version of this device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/10/02/47108/usc-developed-bionic-eye-offers-some-blind-patient/?slide=3\">Go to KPCC’s website\u003c/a> to read the full story and see how the device works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "A California woman recently became the first person in the West to receive a new type of bionic eye, an implant that will help her see for the first time in nearly three decades. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23036\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/92414-e1414198407252.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/92414-e1414198407252.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Linda Olmos De Koo examines Lisa Kulik's prosthetic retina at the USC Eye Institute. The device helps Kulik differentiate between light and shadows so that she can better interpret the world around her. Benjamin Brayfield/KPCC)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Linda Olmos De Koo examines Lisa Kulik’s prosthetic retina at the USC Eye Institute. The device helps Kulik differentiate between light and shadows so she can better interpret the world around her. (Benjamin Brayfield/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An eye implant developed by the University of Southern California — \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/productsandmedicalprocedures/deviceapprovalsandclearances/recently-approveddevices/ucm343162.htm\">the first FDA-approved implant of its kind\u003c/a> — is helping people with a rare type of vision loss regain some sight. And it’s paving the way for more types of “bionic eyes” to treat other forms of blindness in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dubbed the Argus II, the implant was designed to treat retinitis pigmentosa, a genetic disorder that slowly robs a person of sight by destroying photoreceptors in the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisa Kulik, 55, is the first person west of the Mississippi to receive the commercial version of this device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/10/02/47108/usc-developed-bionic-eye-offers-some-blind-patient/?slide=3\">Go to KPCC’s website\u003c/a> to read the full story and see how the device works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Vaccine Opt-Out Rate at Son's School is 32% -- 'Should I Freak Out?'",
"title": "Vaccine Opt-Out Rate at Son's School is 32% -- 'Should I Freak Out?'",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5990\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/05/Vaccination-Large-Jeff-J-Mitchell-Getty-e1411754682989.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-5990\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/05/Vaccination-Large-Jeff-J-Mitchell-Getty-620x398.jpg\" alt=\"(Jeff J. Mitchell: Getty Images)\" width=\"620\" height=\"398\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Jeff J. Mitchell: Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Statewide, there has been a dramatic increase in parents choosing not to vaccinate their children. The rate of parents opting out by filing what's called a \"personal belief exemption,\" or PBE, doubled over seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Parents check a school's test scores in advance. Why not vaccine rates?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, State of Health \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/vaccine-opt-out-rate-doubled-in-7-years-look-up-your-school-online/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/vaccine-opt-out-rate-doubled-in-7-years-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">published a chart\u003c/a> where people could look up any elementary school in California and see the PBE rate at their children's schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hours after we published, Cosmo Garvin of Sacramento sent me a tweet. \"Really nice work,\" the tweet said. \"But just found out PBE rate at my kid's school is 32 percent. Should I freak out?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirty-two percent. That means one in three kids is not vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Assessing Risk to Your Own Child\u003c/strong>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garvin's son is 9 years old and just transferred into a new school in Sacramento, a public school with a private school name: Alice Birney Waldorf-Inspired K-8. \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/vaccine-opt-out-rate-doubled-in-7-years-look-up-your-school-online/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/vaccine-opt-out-rate-doubled-in-7-years-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">Our chart \u003c/a>includes data over a seven-year period, from the 2007-2008 school year to the 2013-2014 school year, the most recent for which data are available. The PBE rate at Alice Birney during that stretch has ranged from 24 to 33 percent, meaning in the best year, only about three-fourths of children are vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're wondering what a preferred vaccination rate is, officials would love to see it as close to 100 percent as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garvin said he and his wife made a conscious decision to go to this school, but \"it never occurred to me to check the vaccination rate,\" he told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/169088755&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His major question was what the low vaccination rate at the school meant to the health of his son. The state's own \u003ca title=\"http://www.shotsforschool.org/k-12/how-doing/\" href=\"http://www.shotsforschool.org/k-12/how-doing/\" target=\"_blank\">tool to assess vulnerability of a school\u003c/a> showed that Alice Birney's low vaccination rate put it in the \"most vulnerable\" category. If a disease is introduced into a community with such a low vaccination rate, there is danger it would spread -- and fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what should Garvin do? He says both his children, his 9-year-old and an older son in high school, are up to date for all recommended vaccines. He also said they are healthy, with no chronic conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gil Chavez, state epidemiologist with the California Department of Public Health, was reassuring.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cspan class=\"Apple-style-span\"> \"As long as children are up to date on vaccines,\" he said, \"they should be protected against vaccine-preventable diseases.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for those kids who are not vaccinated, the risks are great. California saw a measles outbreak earlier this year and a high percentage of the cases occurred in people \u003ca title=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/03/18/42870/majority-of-states-measles-cases-were-unvaccinated/\" href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/03/18/42870/majority-of-states-measles-cases-were-unvaccinated/\" target=\"_blank\">who were intentionally unvaccinated.\u003c/a> In 2010, a whooping cough epidemic swept across California. Ten infants died. Babies cannot be vaccinated against whooping cough until they are 2 months old and are reliant on the blanket of protection from all the rest of us being vaccinated. Later research showed that \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">vaccine refusal fueled the epidemic.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the event of an outbreak, the first thing health officials do is determine who is vaccinated and who is not. Dr. Olivia Kasirye, health officer for Sacramento County, says the county health department is aware of the handful of schools with low vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents need to be aware that if there is a situation with an outbreak, that they can be required to keep their child out of school until the outbreak is over,\" Kasirye said. That could be two weeks, perhaps more, depending on the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gabe Ross, spokesman for the Sacramento City Unified School District, said that it's the district's goal to have \"a 100 percent immunization rate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We work hard at the schools with higher op-out rates to make sure that parents truly understand the issue, truly understand the risk with their kids and are making informed decisions,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Considering Opt-Out Rates in Advance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now let's take it back a step. What about parents who have school choice and are looking at schools? \"A lot of people want to know the test scores before they (select a school),\" Garvin said. \"I feel like (the PBE rate) is something you should know before you go.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular note are parents of children who do have a chronic health issue. How much should a school's PBE rate matter to them? \"It's hard to give a blanket answer in a situation like that,\" Kasirye told me, \"but definitely one thing would be to talk to a health care provider and say 'I'm considering this school and this is what I've found out, what are your thoughts.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley pediatrician Olivia Lang has faced that exact issue. Her practice no longer accepts families that refuse all vaccinations for their children. She stressed that she could not make school decision for parents, but did share her medical opinion. \"\u003cb>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">I've had parents worry about a school with a 35 percent opt-out rate,\" she said. \"They say, 'Does this pose a risk to my child?' And I've said, 'Yes, it does.' I've had families who've chosen not to attend a certain school because of that.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the state publishes these data, it's become easier for families to take the opt-out rate into account. Dr. James Watt, chief of the communicable disease branch at the California Department of Public Health, said he hopes that greater awareness of high opt-out rates will \"spark a discussion\" at the school level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical vs. Personal Belief Exemption\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One final note: There are two types of exemptions from vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some children have medical conditions, and vaccines may be detrimental to their health. In California, these children may receive a medical exemption from their physician. In 2013-2014, 0.19 percent of children had permanent medical exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a personal belief exemption, or PBE, is different. This is a signed statement from a parent indicating that vaccines are against his or her personal beliefs. Last year in California, 3.15 percent of children had such an exemption.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5990\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/05/Vaccination-Large-Jeff-J-Mitchell-Getty-e1411754682989.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-5990\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/05/Vaccination-Large-Jeff-J-Mitchell-Getty-620x398.jpg\" alt=\"(Jeff J. Mitchell: Getty Images)\" width=\"620\" height=\"398\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Jeff J. Mitchell: Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Statewide, there has been a dramatic increase in parents choosing not to vaccinate their children. The rate of parents opting out by filing what's called a \"personal belief exemption,\" or PBE, doubled over seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Parents check a school's test scores in advance. Why not vaccine rates?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, State of Health \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/vaccine-opt-out-rate-doubled-in-7-years-look-up-your-school-online/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/vaccine-opt-out-rate-doubled-in-7-years-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">published a chart\u003c/a> where people could look up any elementary school in California and see the PBE rate at their children's schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hours after we published, Cosmo Garvin of Sacramento sent me a tweet. \"Really nice work,\" the tweet said. \"But just found out PBE rate at my kid's school is 32 percent. Should I freak out?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirty-two percent. That means one in three kids is not vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Assessing Risk to Your Own Child\u003c/strong>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garvin's son is 9 years old and just transferred into a new school in Sacramento, a public school with a private school name: Alice Birney Waldorf-Inspired K-8. \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/vaccine-opt-out-rate-doubled-in-7-years-look-up-your-school-online/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/vaccine-opt-out-rate-doubled-in-7-years-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">Our chart \u003c/a>includes data over a seven-year period, from the 2007-2008 school year to the 2013-2014 school year, the most recent for which data are available. The PBE rate at Alice Birney during that stretch has ranged from 24 to 33 percent, meaning in the best year, only about three-fourths of children are vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're wondering what a preferred vaccination rate is, officials would love to see it as close to 100 percent as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garvin said he and his wife made a conscious decision to go to this school, but \"it never occurred to me to check the vaccination rate,\" he told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/169088755&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His major question was what the low vaccination rate at the school meant to the health of his son. The state's own \u003ca title=\"http://www.shotsforschool.org/k-12/how-doing/\" href=\"http://www.shotsforschool.org/k-12/how-doing/\" target=\"_blank\">tool to assess vulnerability of a school\u003c/a> showed that Alice Birney's low vaccination rate put it in the \"most vulnerable\" category. If a disease is introduced into a community with such a low vaccination rate, there is danger it would spread -- and fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what should Garvin do? He says both his children, his 9-year-old and an older son in high school, are up to date for all recommended vaccines. He also said they are healthy, with no chronic conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gil Chavez, state epidemiologist with the California Department of Public Health, was reassuring.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cspan class=\"Apple-style-span\"> \"As long as children are up to date on vaccines,\" he said, \"they should be protected against vaccine-preventable diseases.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for those kids who are not vaccinated, the risks are great. California saw a measles outbreak earlier this year and a high percentage of the cases occurred in people \u003ca title=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/03/18/42870/majority-of-states-measles-cases-were-unvaccinated/\" href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/03/18/42870/majority-of-states-measles-cases-were-unvaccinated/\" target=\"_blank\">who were intentionally unvaccinated.\u003c/a> In 2010, a whooping cough epidemic swept across California. Ten infants died. Babies cannot be vaccinated against whooping cough until they are 2 months old and are reliant on the blanket of protection from all the rest of us being vaccinated. Later research showed that \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">vaccine refusal fueled the epidemic.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the event of an outbreak, the first thing health officials do is determine who is vaccinated and who is not. Dr. Olivia Kasirye, health officer for Sacramento County, says the county health department is aware of the handful of schools with low vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents need to be aware that if there is a situation with an outbreak, that they can be required to keep their child out of school until the outbreak is over,\" Kasirye said. That could be two weeks, perhaps more, depending on the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gabe Ross, spokesman for the Sacramento City Unified School District, said that it's the district's goal to have \"a 100 percent immunization rate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We work hard at the schools with higher op-out rates to make sure that parents truly understand the issue, truly understand the risk with their kids and are making informed decisions,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Considering Opt-Out Rates in Advance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now let's take it back a step. What about parents who have school choice and are looking at schools? \"A lot of people want to know the test scores before they (select a school),\" Garvin said. \"I feel like (the PBE rate) is something you should know before you go.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular note are parents of children who do have a chronic health issue. How much should a school's PBE rate matter to them? \"It's hard to give a blanket answer in a situation like that,\" Kasirye told me, \"but definitely one thing would be to talk to a health care provider and say 'I'm considering this school and this is what I've found out, what are your thoughts.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley pediatrician Olivia Lang has faced that exact issue. Her practice no longer accepts families that refuse all vaccinations for their children. She stressed that she could not make school decision for parents, but did share her medical opinion. \"\u003cb>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">I've had parents worry about a school with a 35 percent opt-out rate,\" she said. \"They say, 'Does this pose a risk to my child?' And I've said, 'Yes, it does.' I've had families who've chosen not to attend a certain school because of that.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the state publishes these data, it's become easier for families to take the opt-out rate into account. Dr. James Watt, chief of the communicable disease branch at the California Department of Public Health, said he hopes that greater awareness of high opt-out rates will \"spark a discussion\" at the school level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical vs. Personal Belief Exemption\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One final note: There are two types of exemptions from vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some children have medical conditions, and vaccines may be detrimental to their health. In California, these children may receive a medical exemption from their physician. In 2013-2014, 0.19 percent of children had permanent medical exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a personal belief exemption, or PBE, is different. This is a signed statement from a parent indicating that vaccines are against his or her personal beliefs. Last year in California, 3.15 percent of children had such an exemption.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Genetic Variant Linked to Lower Breast Cancer Rates in Latinas",
"title": "Genetic Variant Linked to Lower Breast Cancer Rates in Latinas",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/04/154216755_2-e1396421050813.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-18497\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/04/154216755_2-640x424.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"424\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have long known that Latina women have lower rates of breast cancer compared to African-American and white women. They have mainly pointed to lifestyle and environmental factors to explain why –- Latinas tend to have more children, breast feed longer, and drink less alcohol, all factors that are associated with lower disease rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003ca title=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141020/ncomms6260/full/ncomms6260.html\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141020/ncomms6260/full/ncomms6260.html\" target=\"_blank\">an international study\u003c/a> led by scientists at UC San Francisco shows that a genetic variant unique to Latina women with indigenous ancestry plays a significant role, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we were accounting for all the non-genetic risk factors in our analysis, it was not enough to explain that women with more indigenous American ancestry tended to have less breast cancer,” says lead author Prof. Laura Fejerman, a member of UCSF's Institute of Human Genetics.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"a2YjM8txgs4w5LMaIHCCDyPoBqu3Uw3O\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About one in five U.S. Latinas have the variant. Women with one copy of the variant are 40 percent less likely to develop the disease, while women with two copies have an 80 percent reduction in risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two copies of the variant are uncommon, present in an estimated one percent of the U.S. Latina population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fejerman says the discovery will contribute to better risk prediction among Latinas and could lead to new drugs that help all women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might give potential hints of treatments for breast cancer that would take what this variant is doing into account and try to mimic it,” she says. But, she added, “With these findings you always have to be careful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fejerman cautioned that women who have the variant can still get breast cancer and should continue to get recommended screenings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, researchers analyzed data from more than 11,000 women, both women who had breast cancer and a control group who did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was\u003ca title=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141020/ncomms6260/full/ncomms6260.html\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141020/ncomms6260/full/ncomms6260.html\" target=\"_blank\"> published this week\u003c/a> in the journal Nature Communications, and was funded by the National Cancer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/04/154216755_2-e1396421050813.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-18497\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/04/154216755_2-640x424.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"424\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have long known that Latina women have lower rates of breast cancer compared to African-American and white women. They have mainly pointed to lifestyle and environmental factors to explain why –- Latinas tend to have more children, breast feed longer, and drink less alcohol, all factors that are associated with lower disease rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003ca title=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141020/ncomms6260/full/ncomms6260.html\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141020/ncomms6260/full/ncomms6260.html\" target=\"_blank\">an international study\u003c/a> led by scientists at UC San Francisco shows that a genetic variant unique to Latina women with indigenous ancestry plays a significant role, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we were accounting for all the non-genetic risk factors in our analysis, it was not enough to explain that women with more indigenous American ancestry tended to have less breast cancer,” says lead author Prof. Laura Fejerman, a member of UCSF's Institute of Human Genetics.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About one in five U.S. Latinas have the variant. Women with one copy of the variant are 40 percent less likely to develop the disease, while women with two copies have an 80 percent reduction in risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two copies of the variant are uncommon, present in an estimated one percent of the U.S. Latina population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fejerman says the discovery will contribute to better risk prediction among Latinas and could lead to new drugs that help all women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might give potential hints of treatments for breast cancer that would take what this variant is doing into account and try to mimic it,” she says. But, she added, “With these findings you always have to be careful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fejerman cautioned that women who have the variant can still get breast cancer and should continue to get recommended screenings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, researchers analyzed data from more than 11,000 women, both women who had breast cancer and a control group who did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was\u003ca title=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141020/ncomms6260/full/ncomms6260.html\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141020/ncomms6260/full/ncomms6260.html\" target=\"_blank\"> published this week\u003c/a> in the journal Nature Communications, and was funded by the National Cancer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Ebola Is Not That Contagious, and 10 Other Quick Facts",
"title": "Ebola Is Not That Contagious, and 10 Other Quick Facts",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22179\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/10/457205828-e1413999611876.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-22179\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/10/457205828-640x367.jpg\" alt=\"Two nurses at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas contracted Ebola from a patient they were treating, but 44 of 48 others who came in contact with the patient, including his fiancee, have completed their quarantine period and are cleared of the disease. The remaining four should complete their quarantine soon. (Mike Stone/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"367\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two nurses at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas contracted Ebola from a patient they were treating, but 44 of 48 others who came in contact with the patient, including his fiancee, have completed their quarantine period and are cleared of the disease. The remaining four should complete their quarantine soon. (Mike Stone/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alison Bruzek,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/22/356986015/quick-facts-about-ebola\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/22/356986015/quick-facts-about-ebola\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basic information about Ebola isn't as clear as it probably could be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/10/16/poll-more-than-half-of-americans-worry-about-ebola-outbreak-in-u-s/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/10/16/poll-more-than-half-of-americans-worry-about-ebola-outbreak-in-u-s/\" target=\"_blank\"> recent poll\u003c/a> by the Harvard School of Public Health, for instance, found that 38 percent of Americans are worried that Ebola will infect them or a family member in the next year, despite assurances that the U.S. will stop Ebola in its tracks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've put together a primer on what you need to know. We'll update it as new information develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. It's Not That Contagious. Really.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each person who contracts the virus spreads it, on average, to one or two other people. \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/10/02/ebola-may-be-deadly-but-its-not-that-contagious/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/10/02/ebola-may-be-deadly-but-its-not-that-contagious/\" target=\"_blank\">It's not as contagious\u003c/a> as HIV, SARS or measles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Ebola Is Not Airborne...\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ebola is transmitted through bodily fluids, such as blood, sweat, saliva, breast milk, feces, urine and semen. However, infectious disease specialists say \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/17/356966590/why-wont-the-fear-of-airborne-ebola-go-away\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/17/356966590/why-wont-the-fear-of-airborne-ebola-go-away\" target=\"_blank\">Ebola is not an airborne disease\u003c/a>, like the flu.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. … but It Can Be Dangerous\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Ebola's not the deadliest contagious disease (defined as the mortality rate for people who are diagnosed), outbreaks can have fatality rates up to 90 percent, according to the World Health Organization. The fatality rate for the current outbreak in West Africa is \u003ca title=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100\" href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100\" target=\"_blank\">estimated to be\u003c/a> about 70 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Health Officials Oppose A Travel Ban\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/18/business/experts-oppose-ebola-travel-ban-saying-it-would-cut-off-worst-hit-countries.html?_r=1\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/18/business/experts-oppose-ebola-travel-ban-saying-it-would-cut-off-worst-hit-countries.html?_r=1\" target=\"_blank\">A travel ban\u003c/a>, health specialists say, would be difficult to impose and would cut off help to those countries in West Africa hit the hardest by the disease. Dr. Thomas Frieden, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said a ban would make it harder to track the travel itineraries of infected people. On Tuesday, Department of Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson said travelers arriving from Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia must fly into one of five U.S. airports equipped for passenger screenings (see Fact 6).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. We Can Help Stop Ebola By Asking People How They Feel...\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC's Epidemic Intelligence Service tracked down possible cases of Ebola \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/03/353530016/a-simple-question-can-stop-ebola-how-do-you-feel\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/03/353530016/a-simple-question-can-stop-ebola-how-do-you-feel\" target=\"_blank\">by asking people\u003c/a> who came in contact with Thomas Eric Duncan how they felt and if they had a fever. The\u003ca title=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/\" href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/\" target=\"_blank\"> first symptoms of Ebola \u003c/a>are a fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache and sore throat, according to the World Health Organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. … or Taking Their Temperature\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passengers flying from West Africa to Washington Dulles International, Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson, Newark Liberty International, Chicago's O'Hare and New York's John F. Kennedy International airport have their temperatures taken as part of Ebola screening. The \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/15/356398102/how-a-no-touch-thermometer-detects-a-fever\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/15/356398102/how-a-no-touch-thermometer-detects-a-fever\" target=\"_blank\">no-touch thermometers\u003c/a> used in airport screenings aren't perfect, but they're one step in identifying patients who may need further testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. The Sick Need To Stay Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who have been in contact with someone who tested positive for Ebola,\u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/03/353487190/heres-how-an-ebola-quarantine-works-in-the-united-states\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/03/353487190/heres-how-an-ebola-quarantine-works-in-the-united-states\" target=\"_blank\"> a 21-day quarantine\u003c/a> (the virus' incubation period ranges from 2 to 21 days) can help stop the spread of infection. Nearly all of the people quarantined in Dallas because they had contact with Thomas Eric Duncan have passed the 21-day mark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>8. And Their Pets Need To Be Considered\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spanish health authorities \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/goatsandsoda/2014/10/08/354582867/we-dont-know-a-lot-about-dogs-and-ebola-but-we-should\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/goatsandsoda/2014/10/08/354582867/we-dont-know-a-lot-about-dogs-and-ebola-but-we-should\" target=\"_blank\">euthanized the dog\u003c/a> of a nurse who was diagnosed with Ebola. We know the virus can live inside dogs because they produce antibodies against Ebola. But we don't know if dogs can transmit the virus to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>9. The U.S. Has Specialized Facilities For Patients\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Emory University Hospital has treated and successfully released three patients with Ebola, and the Nebraska Medical Center has treated and released two. These hospitals use \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/10/06/354083214/why-ebola-patients-are-getting-treatment-in-nebraska\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/10/06/354083214/why-ebola-patients-are-getting-treatment-in-nebraska\" target=\"_blank\">biocontainment units \u003c/a>to protect hospital staff and other patients. Nina Pham, a nurse who treated Thomas Eric Duncan, was flown from Dallas to the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center in Bethesda, Md.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>10. There Are Experimental Drugs, But They Need More Testing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experimental drugs for Ebola are being developed, including \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/10/355184997/answering-your-questions-about-ebola-treatments-and-vaccines\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/10/355184997/answering-your-questions-about-ebola-treatments-and-vaccines\" target=\"_blank\">ZMapp,\u003c/a> which is produced in genetically modified tobacco plants. The drug was used to treat Kent Brantly and Nancy Writebol earlier this year before the limited supply ran out. GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson and NewLink Genetics are working on experimental Ebola vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>11. If You're Healthy, You Can Still Take That Safari\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ebola outbreak remains in West Africa, and countries other than those bordering Guinea, Liberia or Sierra Leone aren't considered to be at risk. The CDC \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/qa.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/qa.html\" target=\"_blank\">does not recommend\u003c/a> that travelers avoid visiting other African countries. \"\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Ebola is a very low risk for most travelers,\" CDC says on its \"\u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/qa.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/qa.html\" target=\"_blank\">Questions and Answers about Ebola\u003c/a>\" page.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22179\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/10/457205828-e1413999611876.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-22179\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/10/457205828-640x367.jpg\" alt=\"Two nurses at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas contracted Ebola from a patient they were treating, but 44 of 48 others who came in contact with the patient, including his fiancee, have completed their quarantine period and are cleared of the disease. The remaining four should complete their quarantine soon. (Mike Stone/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"367\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two nurses at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas contracted Ebola from a patient they were treating, but 44 of 48 others who came in contact with the patient, including his fiancee, have completed their quarantine period and are cleared of the disease. The remaining four should complete their quarantine soon. (Mike Stone/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alison Bruzek,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/22/356986015/quick-facts-about-ebola\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/22/356986015/quick-facts-about-ebola\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basic information about Ebola isn't as clear as it probably could be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/10/16/poll-more-than-half-of-americans-worry-about-ebola-outbreak-in-u-s/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/10/16/poll-more-than-half-of-americans-worry-about-ebola-outbreak-in-u-s/\" target=\"_blank\"> recent poll\u003c/a> by the Harvard School of Public Health, for instance, found that 38 percent of Americans are worried that Ebola will infect them or a family member in the next year, despite assurances that the U.S. will stop Ebola in its tracks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've put together a primer on what you need to know. We'll update it as new information develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. It's Not That Contagious. Really.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each person who contracts the virus spreads it, on average, to one or two other people. \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/10/02/ebola-may-be-deadly-but-its-not-that-contagious/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/10/02/ebola-may-be-deadly-but-its-not-that-contagious/\" target=\"_blank\">It's not as contagious\u003c/a> as HIV, SARS or measles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Ebola Is Not Airborne...\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ebola is transmitted through bodily fluids, such as blood, sweat, saliva, breast milk, feces, urine and semen. However, infectious disease specialists say \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/17/356966590/why-wont-the-fear-of-airborne-ebola-go-away\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/17/356966590/why-wont-the-fear-of-airborne-ebola-go-away\" target=\"_blank\">Ebola is not an airborne disease\u003c/a>, like the flu.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. … but It Can Be Dangerous\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Ebola's not the deadliest contagious disease (defined as the mortality rate for people who are diagnosed), outbreaks can have fatality rates up to 90 percent, according to the World Health Organization. The fatality rate for the current outbreak in West Africa is \u003ca title=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100\" href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100\" target=\"_blank\">estimated to be\u003c/a> about 70 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Health Officials Oppose A Travel Ban\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/18/business/experts-oppose-ebola-travel-ban-saying-it-would-cut-off-worst-hit-countries.html?_r=1\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/18/business/experts-oppose-ebola-travel-ban-saying-it-would-cut-off-worst-hit-countries.html?_r=1\" target=\"_blank\">A travel ban\u003c/a>, health specialists say, would be difficult to impose and would cut off help to those countries in West Africa hit the hardest by the disease. Dr. Thomas Frieden, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said a ban would make it harder to track the travel itineraries of infected people. On Tuesday, Department of Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson said travelers arriving from Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia must fly into one of five U.S. airports equipped for passenger screenings (see Fact 6).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. We Can Help Stop Ebola By Asking People How They Feel...\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC's Epidemic Intelligence Service tracked down possible cases of Ebola \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/03/353530016/a-simple-question-can-stop-ebola-how-do-you-feel\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/03/353530016/a-simple-question-can-stop-ebola-how-do-you-feel\" target=\"_blank\">by asking people\u003c/a> who came in contact with Thomas Eric Duncan how they felt and if they had a fever. The\u003ca title=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/\" href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/\" target=\"_blank\"> first symptoms of Ebola \u003c/a>are a fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache and sore throat, according to the World Health Organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. … or Taking Their Temperature\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passengers flying from West Africa to Washington Dulles International, Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson, Newark Liberty International, Chicago's O'Hare and New York's John F. Kennedy International airport have their temperatures taken as part of Ebola screening. The \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/15/356398102/how-a-no-touch-thermometer-detects-a-fever\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/15/356398102/how-a-no-touch-thermometer-detects-a-fever\" target=\"_blank\">no-touch thermometers\u003c/a> used in airport screenings aren't perfect, but they're one step in identifying patients who may need further testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. The Sick Need To Stay Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who have been in contact with someone who tested positive for Ebola,\u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/03/353487190/heres-how-an-ebola-quarantine-works-in-the-united-states\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/03/353487190/heres-how-an-ebola-quarantine-works-in-the-united-states\" target=\"_blank\"> a 21-day quarantine\u003c/a> (the virus' incubation period ranges from 2 to 21 days) can help stop the spread of infection. Nearly all of the people quarantined in Dallas because they had contact with Thomas Eric Duncan have passed the 21-day mark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>8. And Their Pets Need To Be Considered\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spanish health authorities \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/goatsandsoda/2014/10/08/354582867/we-dont-know-a-lot-about-dogs-and-ebola-but-we-should\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/goatsandsoda/2014/10/08/354582867/we-dont-know-a-lot-about-dogs-and-ebola-but-we-should\" target=\"_blank\">euthanized the dog\u003c/a> of a nurse who was diagnosed with Ebola. We know the virus can live inside dogs because they produce antibodies against Ebola. But we don't know if dogs can transmit the virus to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>9. The U.S. Has Specialized Facilities For Patients\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Emory University Hospital has treated and successfully released three patients with Ebola, and the Nebraska Medical Center has treated and released two. These hospitals use \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/10/06/354083214/why-ebola-patients-are-getting-treatment-in-nebraska\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/10/06/354083214/why-ebola-patients-are-getting-treatment-in-nebraska\" target=\"_blank\">biocontainment units \u003c/a>to protect hospital staff and other patients. Nina Pham, a nurse who treated Thomas Eric Duncan, was flown from Dallas to the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center in Bethesda, Md.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>10. There Are Experimental Drugs, But They Need More Testing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experimental drugs for Ebola are being developed, including \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/10/355184997/answering-your-questions-about-ebola-treatments-and-vaccines\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/10/10/355184997/answering-your-questions-about-ebola-treatments-and-vaccines\" target=\"_blank\">ZMapp,\u003c/a> which is produced in genetically modified tobacco plants. The drug was used to treat Kent Brantly and Nancy Writebol earlier this year before the limited supply ran out. GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson and NewLink Genetics are working on experimental Ebola vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>11. If You're Healthy, You Can Still Take That Safari\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ebola outbreak remains in West Africa, and countries other than those bordering Guinea, Liberia or Sierra Leone aren't considered to be at risk. The CDC \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/qa.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/qa.html\" target=\"_blank\">does not recommend\u003c/a> that travelers avoid visiting other African countries. \"\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Ebola is a very low risk for most travelers,\" CDC says on its \"\u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/qa.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/qa.html\" target=\"_blank\">Questions and Answers about Ebola\u003c/a>\" page.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Research Shows Targeted Antioxidants Help Mice Live Longer, Healthier Lives",
"headTitle": "New Research Shows Targeted Antioxidants Help Mice Live Longer, Healthier Lives | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22615\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Scid_mouse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22615\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Scid_mouse.jpg\" alt=\"The frailty that often comes with old age may one day be delayed by targeting antioxidants to the mitochondria. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"463\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mice can avoid the frailty that comes with old age when antioxidants are targeted to their mitochondria. One day perhaps a similar treatment can help people have a healthier old age. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scid_mouse.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can’t go to a health website without reading about the praises of antioxidants. These miracle chemicals found in foods such as various berries, beans and artichokes are touted to help you lose weight, give you younger-looking skin, help fight off infections and so much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many of the benefits of antioxidants are undoubtedly oversold, we do know that if given at high enough levels and targeted to the right place, antioxidants can help a mouse live 10-20% longer. If this holds up in people, that is equivalent to an extra 7-14 years for people here in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that isn’t all. These mice not only live longer but as Umanskya and coworkers show in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25288763\">new study\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> (PNAS), they also stay stronger and healthier for longer too. So the antioxidant treatment isn’t just adding extra time at the end of the mouse’s life. It is adding better, more productive years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22618\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/MitochondriaFlashCard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22618\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/MitochondriaFlashCard.jpg\" alt=\"Protecting the mitochondria of mice with antioxidants helps the mice live longer, healthier lives. (Flickr)\" width=\"300\" height=\"429\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protecting the mitochondria of mice with antioxidants helps the mice live longer, healthier lives. (\u003ca href=\"https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3613/3439703502_1ecb115c2b_z.jpg?zz=1\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now don’t think that you can get the same effects from eating truckloads of blueberries (although they are both tasty and good for you). You can’t. These mice were genetically engineered to make antioxidants in the key part of the cell that needs protection—the mitochondria. They lived longer not because of what they ate but because of genetic modification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that we need to wait until scientists figure out how to package antioxidants and deliver them specifically to the mitochondria to cash in on these benefits. And luckily for us, scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567724913000627\">are working furiously on this right now\u003c/a>. Not only would this sort of targeting help with aging, but it would help treat many other devastating mitochondrial diseases as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And who knows? Maybe in the not too distant future, scientists will be able to genetically engineer the mitochondria in human eggs so that the resulting child lives a longer, healthier life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, scientists are able to replace diseased mitochondria with healthy ones in the eggs of women suffering from mitochondrial disease (although they are being \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/21/controversial-technique-can-prevent-fatal-illnesses-in-children/\">prevented from doing this right now for ethical reasons\u003c/a>). So it may not be too long before they can do the same with genetically engineered mitochondria. It won’t be happening tomorrow but the technology could be closer than you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making Energy Produces Pollution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Targeting the mitochondria makes sense because these poor things take a beating during our lifetime. Mitochondria are the energy plants of the cells. After our food gets digested, the remains are sent to mitochondria to be turned into ATP, the main source of cellular energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like burning fossil fuels for energy creates all sorts of pollutants, making energy in the mitochondria does too. But instead of carbon dioxide, particulates and acid rain, the byproducts of making energy in the mitochondria are free radicals. And these are very, very nasty little chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22621\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PowerPlant.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22621\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PowerPlant.jpg\" alt=\"The pollution from making energy in mitochondria are free radicals. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pollution from making energy in mitochondria are free radicals. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Power_plant_in_P%C4%85tn%C3%B3w.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Free radicals tend to quickly react with and so damage whatever is close by and in cells, that means the mitochondria and their DNA. These wounded mitochondria can no longer do their jobs properly and this is thought to be one of the big reasons we age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given this, it made perfect sense for the scientists to try to have mice live longer by adding something to the mitochondria that can defuse those free radicals. In this case, they added the catalase gene whose product is responsible for turning hydrogen peroxide (a precursor to free radicals) into water and oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mice that had catalase added to their mitochondria lived longer. They also had fewer problems with age-related insulin resistance and energy imbalance. Overall, these mice did much better than their untreated littermates as they aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the current study, Umanskya and coworkers found that the genetically engineered mice also suffered less age-related muscle weakness than regular old mice. This is more evidence that dealing with free radicals in the mitochondria can have a profound effect on the quality of life in old age. At least if you are a mouse…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stronger Muscles, Better Old Age\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows that as you get older, your body slowly starts to break down. For example, your muscles can weaken as you age and this can have profound consequences in terms of falling and loss of independence. Something like \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23395245\">30-50% of 80 year olds suffer from age-related muscle weakness\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously it would be a boon to an aging population if we could somehow prevent this from happening. And this is apparently what happened when the mitochondria in mice were protected from damage. The protected mice suffered from less muscle weakness, were more willing to exercise and were generally stronger than their unprotected litter mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if we can figure out how to safely and effectively get antioxidants to our mitochondria, we may end up living longer and healthier lives. Sure beats the idea of \u003ca href=\"http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/274929.php\">protecting our mitochondria by starving ourselves\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22615\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Scid_mouse.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22615\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/Scid_mouse.jpg\" alt=\"The frailty that often comes with old age may one day be delayed by targeting antioxidants to the mitochondria. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"463\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mice can avoid the frailty that comes with old age when antioxidants are targeted to their mitochondria. One day perhaps a similar treatment can help people have a healthier old age. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scid_mouse.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can’t go to a health website without reading about the praises of antioxidants. These miracle chemicals found in foods such as various berries, beans and artichokes are touted to help you lose weight, give you younger-looking skin, help fight off infections and so much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many of the benefits of antioxidants are undoubtedly oversold, we do know that if given at high enough levels and targeted to the right place, antioxidants can help a mouse live 10-20% longer. If this holds up in people, that is equivalent to an extra 7-14 years for people here in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that isn’t all. These mice not only live longer but as Umanskya and coworkers show in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25288763\">new study\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> (PNAS), they also stay stronger and healthier for longer too. So the antioxidant treatment isn’t just adding extra time at the end of the mouse’s life. It is adding better, more productive years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22618\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/MitochondriaFlashCard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22618\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/MitochondriaFlashCard.jpg\" alt=\"Protecting the mitochondria of mice with antioxidants helps the mice live longer, healthier lives. (Flickr)\" width=\"300\" height=\"429\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protecting the mitochondria of mice with antioxidants helps the mice live longer, healthier lives. (\u003ca href=\"https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3613/3439703502_1ecb115c2b_z.jpg?zz=1\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now don’t think that you can get the same effects from eating truckloads of blueberries (although they are both tasty and good for you). You can’t. These mice were genetically engineered to make antioxidants in the key part of the cell that needs protection—the mitochondria. They lived longer not because of what they ate but because of genetic modification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that we need to wait until scientists figure out how to package antioxidants and deliver them specifically to the mitochondria to cash in on these benefits. And luckily for us, scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567724913000627\">are working furiously on this right now\u003c/a>. Not only would this sort of targeting help with aging, but it would help treat many other devastating mitochondrial diseases as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And who knows? Maybe in the not too distant future, scientists will be able to genetically engineer the mitochondria in human eggs so that the resulting child lives a longer, healthier life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, scientists are able to replace diseased mitochondria with healthy ones in the eggs of women suffering from mitochondrial disease (although they are being \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/21/controversial-technique-can-prevent-fatal-illnesses-in-children/\">prevented from doing this right now for ethical reasons\u003c/a>). So it may not be too long before they can do the same with genetically engineered mitochondria. It won’t be happening tomorrow but the technology could be closer than you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making Energy Produces Pollution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Targeting the mitochondria makes sense because these poor things take a beating during our lifetime. Mitochondria are the energy plants of the cells. After our food gets digested, the remains are sent to mitochondria to be turned into ATP, the main source of cellular energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like burning fossil fuels for energy creates all sorts of pollutants, making energy in the mitochondria does too. But instead of carbon dioxide, particulates and acid rain, the byproducts of making energy in the mitochondria are free radicals. And these are very, very nasty little chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22621\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PowerPlant.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22621\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/PowerPlant.jpg\" alt=\"The pollution from making energy in mitochondria are free radicals. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pollution from making energy in mitochondria are free radicals. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Power_plant_in_P%C4%85tn%C3%B3w.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Free radicals tend to quickly react with and so damage whatever is close by and in cells, that means the mitochondria and their DNA. These wounded mitochondria can no longer do their jobs properly and this is thought to be one of the big reasons we age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given this, it made perfect sense for the scientists to try to have mice live longer by adding something to the mitochondria that can defuse those free radicals. In this case, they added the catalase gene whose product is responsible for turning hydrogen peroxide (a precursor to free radicals) into water and oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mice that had catalase added to their mitochondria lived longer. They also had fewer problems with age-related insulin resistance and energy imbalance. Overall, these mice did much better than their untreated littermates as they aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the current study, Umanskya and coworkers found that the genetically engineered mice also suffered less age-related muscle weakness than regular old mice. This is more evidence that dealing with free radicals in the mitochondria can have a profound effect on the quality of life in old age. At least if you are a mouse…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stronger Muscles, Better Old Age\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows that as you get older, your body slowly starts to break down. For example, your muscles can weaken as you age and this can have profound consequences in terms of falling and loss of independence. Something like \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23395245\">30-50% of 80 year olds suffer from age-related muscle weakness\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously it would be a boon to an aging population if we could somehow prevent this from happening. And this is apparently what happened when the mitochondria in mice were protected from damage. The protected mice suffered from less muscle weakness, were more willing to exercise and were generally stronger than their unprotected litter mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if we can figure out how to safely and effectively get antioxidants to our mitochondria, we may end up living longer and healthier lives. Sure beats the idea of \u003ca href=\"http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/274929.php\">protecting our mitochondria by starving ourselves\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought-Stressed Crops May Be Better For You",
"headTitle": "Drought-Stressed Crops May Be Better For You | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/10/20141020science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22653\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/25-O.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/25-O.jpg\" alt=\"These pomegranates are about an inch smaller than the typical size, but they're packed with antioxidents.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22653\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These pomegranates are about an inch smaller than the typical size, but they’re packed with antioxidents. (Courtesy of Tiziana Centofanti)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tiziana Centofanti carefully hand-waters some pomegranate trees with a tiny bucket. “The important thing is to go really slowly,” she says. “The soil is very dry right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tizianacentofanti.weebly.com/uploads/3/9/4/1/39411617/tiziana_centofanti_cv_2014_september.pdf\">Centofanti \u003c/a>is a research scientist affiliated with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/jcast/cit/\">Center for Irrigation Technology\u003c/a> at Fresno State. She’s based at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=20-34-05-00\">U.S. Department of Agriculture lab in Parlier\u003c/a>, a sprawling campus of experimental farmland about half an hour south of Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions she’s asking is whether fruit from trees that don’t get much water are less nutritious, compared to fruit from trees that get plenty of water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My research is about physiological response to stresses,” Centofanti says, “and drought is one of those.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the pomegranate trees in these orchards are pretty stressed out. They’re planted inside a tile ring that constrains their root systems, so they burrow deep into the ground. Centofanti’s watering them with a solution of salt, boron and selenium; these are natural elements in the soil on many Central Valley farms that are also struggling with drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22714\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/tiny-pomegranates-constrained-roots--e1413592464992.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/tiny-pomegranates-constrained-roots--e1413592464992.jpg\" alt=\"The tile ring forces the roots of these trees to grow more deeply.\" width=\"320\" height=\"428\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22714\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tile ring prevents the roots of these trees from spreading out, forcing them to grow further down. (Tiziana Centofanti)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You will definitely see that these trees are much, much smaller,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re actually dwarfish, and the fruit on them is tiny, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centofanti shows me another plot of pomegranates she’s watering with just 35 percent of what a tree would normally drink, and yet another group of trees that are getting half the normal amount of water. These trees are all growing to the usual height, but their fruit is cracked, so you can see the pomegranate seeds peeking out, like tiny rubies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11052704\">shows\u003c/a> that pomegranates have specific compounds that may reduce swelling and infection, even possibly fight \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1026309813000692\">DNA damage\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.panelamonitor.org/media/docrepo/document/files/dietary-antioxidants-and-cardiovascular-disease.pdf\">cardiovascular disease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see how drought might change that fruit chemistry, Centofanti takes the water-stressed pomegranates into the lab. She cuts them and uses a french press to squeeze everything, including the peel, into juice. She shakes that onto a magnetic stirrer, and analyzes it with liquid chromatography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary data, she says, confirm her suspicions about drought’s effect on the fruit’s nutritional value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does not affect the fruit quality, so nothing, no differences at all,” Centofanti says, gesturing toward a deep freezer full of fruit samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The tiny pomegranates seem to have double the antioxidant content of pomegranates grown under normal conditions.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Preliminary results from this soon-to-be-published study show that the cracked pomegranates grown with much less water still have all the normal antioxidant levels — the same amount of vitamin C, micronutrients and macronutrients. Same with the drought-stressed grapes Centofanti’s tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is one interesting difference about the tiny pomegranate trees, the ones with constrained roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny pomegranates \u003ca href=\"http://www.icwt.net/wrpi/2013/Zoldoske.pdf\">grown with the salt and boron\u003c/a> seem to have\u003cem> double\u003c/em> the antioxidant content of pomegranates grown under normal conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants when they are stressed, they tend to produce higher content of phenolics, antioxidants,” Centofanti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the trees under the most stress come out fighting, releasing more protective chemical compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centofanti’s now looking into whether there’s a similar effect on peaches. Those trials are still in the early stages and so far, like pomegranates, the peaches she’s grown with less water are tiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big challenge? Convincing consumers that fruit that’s smaller or cracked might be better for you, and for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe that if we’re able to market this fruit as environmentally friendly because it uses it less water, and it’s grown in the Central Valley where we have so much drought problems,” Centofanti says, “consumers will be ready to buy the fruit, because it’s environmentally friendly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22723\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4608px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/0341.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/0341.jpg\" alt=\"Customers at the farmer's market in San Francisco's ferry building were snapping up these tomatoes from Dirty Girl Produce, grown without irrigation.\" width=\"4608\" height=\"3456\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22723\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Customers at the farmers market at San Francisco’s Ferry building were snapping up these tomatoes from Dirty Girl Produce, grown without irrigation. (Adizah Eghan/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That may be true at a foodie hub like the Ferry Building farmer’s market in San Francisco, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.dirtygirlproduce.com/\">Dirty Girl Produce \u003c/a>hands out free samples of dry-farmed tomatoes to enthusiastic customers. They’re grown in Santa Cruz, without irrigation — and that’s part of their appeal. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we put the tomato plants into the ground, after they’ve got some roots, we don’t water them again,” says Dirty Girl’s Tristan Covello, “so they have to find their own water. Because of that, they’ll grow lots of really deep roots to find lots of nutrients and minerals that make them really delicious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://giannini.ucop.edu/CalAgBook/Chap1.pdf\">dry farming was the norm\u003c/a> back in the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century for many California farmers. They relied on limited natural rainfall for dry land crops like winter wheat and barely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until massive irrigation projects plumbed water all over the state that the hot, arid Central Valley was transformed into the nation’s most productive farm belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But do those crops really need all that water?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sprawling vineyard near Delano, just north of Bakersfield, Andrew Zaninovich shows me a test plot of crimson seedless table grapes that get 50 to 70 percent of the water he’d usually use. Zaninovich runs \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunviewvineyards.com/sunview.htm\">Sunview Vineyards\u003c/a>, which supplies many of the nation’s biggest markets with table grapes, and he’s working with the USDA researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought-stressed vines look surprisingly green to my eyes. I thought they’d be all shriveled up and dried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To the layperson, they do look pretty green and healthy,” Zaninovich says, “but to me, the person who’s responsible for delivering a box of fruit that a consumer would be happy with, this\u003cem> is\u003c/em> a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zaninovich points out brown edges on the leaves, and the variable colors of the grapes. He takes a quarter from his pocket and holds it up next to a bunch of grapes on these vines. It’s a farmer’s trick to get a sense of their relative size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22726\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/IMG_8844.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/IMG_8844.jpg\" alt=\"Drought-stressed grapes have variable coloring, rather than a uniform deep red. And they're smaller than the shiny quarter -- a common test of grape quality.\" width=\"4272\" height=\"2848\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22726\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These drought-stressed grapes have variable coloring, rather than a uniform deep red. And they’re smaller than the shiny quarter. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This wouldn’t be commercially acceptable,” Zaninovich says, shaking his head. “Many retailers are telling us they don’t want fruit that’s less than 13/16 of an inch in diameter. They want big, juicy looking grapes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zaninovich doesn’t think much of the idea that mainstream consumers will want to buy grapes grown with less water, even if they don’t look as pretty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a really niche, high-risk approach,” he says. “Our industry last week sold somewhere between 4½ and 5 million boxes. Those are the numbers that make this a viable industry in California. We need to have something that’s mainstream that the consumers around the world agree on is a desirable package.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if Zaninovich doesn’t see promising results from growing fruit with half the water, why is he still investing in the experiment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a term that’s used, drops per crop, and I think we just need to figure out how to maximize that efficiency,” he says. “It’s worth the exercise, it’s worth the experiment, it’s worth the loss, just to learn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA researchers in Parlier are hoping to get funding to continue looking at the antioxidant content of fruit grown with less water. They’re not only analyzing pomegranates and peaches, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/jcast/cati/update/2013-fall/opuntia-study.html\">opuntia cacti,\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://foodblogga.blogspot.com/2011/06/what-is-agretti.html\">agretti \u003c/a>(salsola soda), a gourmet vegetable from Italy that can be watered with salt water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers in Mexico, Thailand, Taiwan and Spain have managed to grow spicier peppers by giving them less water. But when UC scientists working with jalapeño growers in Santa Clara and San Benito counties tried \u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=15571\">repeating the experiment\u003c/a>, the results were only lukewarm.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists in California's Central Valley are testing the nutrient content of fruits grown with less-than-normal amounts of water. And the findings so far are raising a question: will consumers buy fruits that are just as nutritional, or sometimes higher in antioxidants, if they aren't as pretty?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22653\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/25-O.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/25-O.jpg\" alt=\"These pomegranates are about an inch smaller than the typical size, but they're packed with antioxidents.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22653\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These pomegranates are about an inch smaller than the typical size, but they’re packed with antioxidents. (Courtesy of Tiziana Centofanti)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tiziana Centofanti carefully hand-waters some pomegranate trees with a tiny bucket. “The important thing is to go really slowly,” she says. “The soil is very dry right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tizianacentofanti.weebly.com/uploads/3/9/4/1/39411617/tiziana_centofanti_cv_2014_september.pdf\">Centofanti \u003c/a>is a research scientist affiliated with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/jcast/cit/\">Center for Irrigation Technology\u003c/a> at Fresno State. She’s based at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=20-34-05-00\">U.S. Department of Agriculture lab in Parlier\u003c/a>, a sprawling campus of experimental farmland about half an hour south of Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions she’s asking is whether fruit from trees that don’t get much water are less nutritious, compared to fruit from trees that get plenty of water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My research is about physiological response to stresses,” Centofanti says, “and drought is one of those.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the pomegranate trees in these orchards are pretty stressed out. They’re planted inside a tile ring that constrains their root systems, so they burrow deep into the ground. Centofanti’s watering them with a solution of salt, boron and selenium; these are natural elements in the soil on many Central Valley farms that are also struggling with drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22714\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/tiny-pomegranates-constrained-roots--e1413592464992.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/tiny-pomegranates-constrained-roots--e1413592464992.jpg\" alt=\"The tile ring forces the roots of these trees to grow more deeply.\" width=\"320\" height=\"428\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22714\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tile ring prevents the roots of these trees from spreading out, forcing them to grow further down. (Tiziana Centofanti)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You will definitely see that these trees are much, much smaller,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re actually dwarfish, and the fruit on them is tiny, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centofanti shows me another plot of pomegranates she’s watering with just 35 percent of what a tree would normally drink, and yet another group of trees that are getting half the normal amount of water. These trees are all growing to the usual height, but their fruit is cracked, so you can see the pomegranate seeds peeking out, like tiny rubies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11052704\">shows\u003c/a> that pomegranates have specific compounds that may reduce swelling and infection, even possibly fight \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1026309813000692\">DNA damage\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.panelamonitor.org/media/docrepo/document/files/dietary-antioxidants-and-cardiovascular-disease.pdf\">cardiovascular disease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see how drought might change that fruit chemistry, Centofanti takes the water-stressed pomegranates into the lab. She cuts them and uses a french press to squeeze everything, including the peel, into juice. She shakes that onto a magnetic stirrer, and analyzes it with liquid chromatography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary data, she says, confirm her suspicions about drought’s effect on the fruit’s nutritional value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does not affect the fruit quality, so nothing, no differences at all,” Centofanti says, gesturing toward a deep freezer full of fruit samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The tiny pomegranates seem to have double the antioxidant content of pomegranates grown under normal conditions.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Preliminary results from this soon-to-be-published study show that the cracked pomegranates grown with much less water still have all the normal antioxidant levels — the same amount of vitamin C, micronutrients and macronutrients. Same with the drought-stressed grapes Centofanti’s tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is one interesting difference about the tiny pomegranate trees, the ones with constrained roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny pomegranates \u003ca href=\"http://www.icwt.net/wrpi/2013/Zoldoske.pdf\">grown with the salt and boron\u003c/a> seem to have\u003cem> double\u003c/em> the antioxidant content of pomegranates grown under normal conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants when they are stressed, they tend to produce higher content of phenolics, antioxidants,” Centofanti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the trees under the most stress come out fighting, releasing more protective chemical compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centofanti’s now looking into whether there’s a similar effect on peaches. Those trials are still in the early stages and so far, like pomegranates, the peaches she’s grown with less water are tiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big challenge? Convincing consumers that fruit that’s smaller or cracked might be better for you, and for the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe that if we’re able to market this fruit as environmentally friendly because it uses it less water, and it’s grown in the Central Valley where we have so much drought problems,” Centofanti says, “consumers will be ready to buy the fruit, because it’s environmentally friendly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22723\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4608px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/0341.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/0341.jpg\" alt=\"Customers at the farmer's market in San Francisco's ferry building were snapping up these tomatoes from Dirty Girl Produce, grown without irrigation.\" width=\"4608\" height=\"3456\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22723\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Customers at the farmers market at San Francisco’s Ferry building were snapping up these tomatoes from Dirty Girl Produce, grown without irrigation. (Adizah Eghan/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That may be true at a foodie hub like the Ferry Building farmer’s market in San Francisco, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.dirtygirlproduce.com/\">Dirty Girl Produce \u003c/a>hands out free samples of dry-farmed tomatoes to enthusiastic customers. They’re grown in Santa Cruz, without irrigation — and that’s part of their appeal. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we put the tomato plants into the ground, after they’ve got some roots, we don’t water them again,” says Dirty Girl’s Tristan Covello, “so they have to find their own water. Because of that, they’ll grow lots of really deep roots to find lots of nutrients and minerals that make them really delicious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, \u003ca href=\"http://giannini.ucop.edu/CalAgBook/Chap1.pdf\">dry farming was the norm\u003c/a> back in the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century for many California farmers. They relied on limited natural rainfall for dry land crops like winter wheat and barely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until massive irrigation projects plumbed water all over the state that the hot, arid Central Valley was transformed into the nation’s most productive farm belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But do those crops really need all that water?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sprawling vineyard near Delano, just north of Bakersfield, Andrew Zaninovich shows me a test plot of crimson seedless table grapes that get 50 to 70 percent of the water he’d usually use. Zaninovich runs \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunviewvineyards.com/sunview.htm\">Sunview Vineyards\u003c/a>, which supplies many of the nation’s biggest markets with table grapes, and he’s working with the USDA researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought-stressed vines look surprisingly green to my eyes. I thought they’d be all shriveled up and dried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To the layperson, they do look pretty green and healthy,” Zaninovich says, “but to me, the person who’s responsible for delivering a box of fruit that a consumer would be happy with, this\u003cem> is\u003c/em> a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zaninovich points out brown edges on the leaves, and the variable colors of the grapes. He takes a quarter from his pocket and holds it up next to a bunch of grapes on these vines. It’s a farmer’s trick to get a sense of their relative size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22726\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/IMG_8844.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/IMG_8844.jpg\" alt=\"Drought-stressed grapes have variable coloring, rather than a uniform deep red. And they're smaller than the shiny quarter -- a common test of grape quality.\" width=\"4272\" height=\"2848\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22726\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These drought-stressed grapes have variable coloring, rather than a uniform deep red. And they’re smaller than the shiny quarter. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This wouldn’t be commercially acceptable,” Zaninovich says, shaking his head. “Many retailers are telling us they don’t want fruit that’s less than 13/16 of an inch in diameter. They want big, juicy looking grapes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zaninovich doesn’t think much of the idea that mainstream consumers will want to buy grapes grown with less water, even if they don’t look as pretty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a really niche, high-risk approach,” he says. “Our industry last week sold somewhere between 4½ and 5 million boxes. Those are the numbers that make this a viable industry in California. We need to have something that’s mainstream that the consumers around the world agree on is a desirable package.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if Zaninovich doesn’t see promising results from growing fruit with half the water, why is he still investing in the experiment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a term that’s used, drops per crop, and I think we just need to figure out how to maximize that efficiency,” he says. “It’s worth the exercise, it’s worth the experiment, it’s worth the loss, just to learn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA researchers in Parlier are hoping to get funding to continue looking at the antioxidant content of fruit grown with less water. They’re not only analyzing pomegranates and peaches, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/jcast/cati/update/2013-fall/opuntia-study.html\">opuntia cacti,\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://foodblogga.blogspot.com/2011/06/what-is-agretti.html\">agretti \u003c/a>(salsola soda), a gourmet vegetable from Italy that can be watered with salt water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers in Mexico, Thailand, Taiwan and Spain have managed to grow spicier peppers by giving them less water. But when UC scientists working with jalapeño growers in Santa Clara and San Benito counties tried \u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=15571\">repeating the experiment\u003c/a>, the results were only lukewarm.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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