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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/BabyBlues.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27893\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/BabyBlues.jpg\" alt=\"In some cases a man can be both father and uncle to the same child. The wonderful genetics of chimerism. (Kenny Louie/Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"466\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In some cases, a man can be both father and uncle to the same child. The reason? Look to the wonderful genetics of chimerism. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_smiling_baby.jpg\">Kenny Louie/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A couple who used a fertility clinic to conceive was ready to sue when the child’s blood type didn’t match up with mom and dad’s. Obviously the clinic had used the wrong sperm or made some other awful mistake. Except in this case they probably hadn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple, whose case I worked on, gave me permission to write about it; information related to their identity has been withheld.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A detailed genetic test showed the baby was definitely related to dad, but did not appear to be a parent. Instead the man looked like an uncle at the DNA level. One way he could be both an uncle and a father to the same child would be if he was a human chimera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A human chimera forms in the womb when fraternal twins fuse together very early in development. Because fraternal twins do not have identical DNA, the end result is someone with two sets of DNA. Some of his or her cells have the DNA from the first twin and the rest have the DNA from the second twin. A chimera is a single person with the DNA of two siblings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”AxzxTZDBqcfssMPlXfDPaUAINuWnpLOh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this is what happened in this dad’s case, then we can easily explain the fact that he looks like an uncle at the DNA level. By chance, the DNA in the cells from the lining of the father’s mouth (sent in for genetics testing) was from one twin, and the DNA in the sperm that fertilized his wife’s egg was from the other twin. With the right genetic test, he would look like an uncle even though he was the dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And luckily for this couple they chose the right genetic test. Had they gone with a standard paternity test, they may have missed that they were related to the child, as those tests are not set up to see aunt/uncle and niece/nephew relationships. The most likely result would have been that the couple would have concluded the child was not theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the very least this probably would have ended in a lawsuit against the fertility clinic. The couple might also have given up the child even though the child was conceived with the man’s sperm and the woman’s egg. A real tragedy was averted by the growing power of genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Started With a Blood Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This couple was having difficulty conceiving and so underwent \u003ca href=\"http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/intrauterine-insemination/\">intrauterine insemination\u003c/a> (IUI). Basically, the man’s sperm was placed directly into his wife’s womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She became pregnant and they had a healthy baby. But a blood test showed the baby was AB while both parents were A. Usually two A parents can have only A or O babies (click \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask199\">here \u003c/a>for why that is). This was obviously worrisome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask115\">rare exceptions\u003c/a> where A parents can have an AB child, and the parents in this case wanted to rule those out. This is why they turned to a genetic test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thought was simply to determine paternity. If the child did not match the father, it would mean the clinic had made a mistake and used the wrong sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead of a simply paternity test, the couple used a more sensitive genetics test that’s offered by companies like 23andMe and ancestryDNA. (They used 23andMe in this case.) And it was a good thing they did. They were able to see that the child was related to dad, but not in the way expected. Here are the results:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/sharper-chart.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/sharper-chart.jpg\" alt=\"sharper chart\" width=\"396\" height=\"661\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-28014\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each bar on this chart represents a chromosomal pair comparing the child’s DNA with the dad’s. Remember, we get one chromosome in each pair from mom and one from dad, so that we are 50% related to each parent. This means a parent and a child should completely share one chromosome in each pair. If that were the case, each bar in this image would show one long, unbroken green line. This is not what we see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the two were unrelated or only distantly related, they would share very little of their DNA. There would be an occasional bit of green that represents some distant relative. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/3rd6thCousins.jpg\">here \u003c/a>for an image of a 3\u003csup>rd\u003c/sup>-6\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> cousin and \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask284\">here \u003c/a>for lots of different relationships.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two are somewhere in between. They share a lot of their DNA in most chromosome pairs. Totaling everything up shows they are about 25% related which is how much DNA an uncle would share with a niece or nephew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that the parents visited a fertility clinic, the best explanation is that the father is a chimera. The DNA in the fertilizing sperm was able to contribute a “B” to the child’s blood type, giving the child type AB blood, even though the DNA in dad’s cheek cells lacks that “B.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this goes to show that when something like blood types do not match up, there could be a perfectly reasonable genetic explanation for what was taught in school to be an impossible combination.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/BabyBlues.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27893\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/BabyBlues.jpg\" alt=\"In some cases a man can be both father and uncle to the same child. The wonderful genetics of chimerism. (Kenny Louie/Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"466\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In some cases, a man can be both father and uncle to the same child. The reason? Look to the wonderful genetics of chimerism. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_smiling_baby.jpg\">Kenny Louie/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A couple who used a fertility clinic to conceive was ready to sue when the child’s blood type didn’t match up with mom and dad’s. Obviously the clinic had used the wrong sperm or made some other awful mistake. Except in this case they probably hadn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple, whose case I worked on, gave me permission to write about it; information related to their identity has been withheld.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A detailed genetic test showed the baby was definitely related to dad, but did not appear to be a parent. Instead the man looked like an uncle at the DNA level. One way he could be both an uncle and a father to the same child would be if he was a human chimera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A human chimera forms in the womb when fraternal twins fuse together very early in development. Because fraternal twins do not have identical DNA, the end result is someone with two sets of DNA. Some of his or her cells have the DNA from the first twin and the rest have the DNA from the second twin. A chimera is a single person with the DNA of two siblings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this is what happened in this dad’s case, then we can easily explain the fact that he looks like an uncle at the DNA level. By chance, the DNA in the cells from the lining of the father’s mouth (sent in for genetics testing) was from one twin, and the DNA in the sperm that fertilized his wife’s egg was from the other twin. With the right genetic test, he would look like an uncle even though he was the dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And luckily for this couple they chose the right genetic test. Had they gone with a standard paternity test, they may have missed that they were related to the child, as those tests are not set up to see aunt/uncle and niece/nephew relationships. The most likely result would have been that the couple would have concluded the child was not theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the very least this probably would have ended in a lawsuit against the fertility clinic. The couple might also have given up the child even though the child was conceived with the man’s sperm and the woman’s egg. A real tragedy was averted by the growing power of genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Started With a Blood Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This couple was having difficulty conceiving and so underwent \u003ca href=\"http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/intrauterine-insemination/\">intrauterine insemination\u003c/a> (IUI). Basically, the man’s sperm was placed directly into his wife’s womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She became pregnant and they had a healthy baby. But a blood test showed the baby was AB while both parents were A. Usually two A parents can have only A or O babies (click \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask199\">here \u003c/a>for why that is). This was obviously worrisome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask115\">rare exceptions\u003c/a> where A parents can have an AB child, and the parents in this case wanted to rule those out. This is why they turned to a genetic test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thought was simply to determine paternity. If the child did not match the father, it would mean the clinic had made a mistake and used the wrong sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead of a simply paternity test, the couple used a more sensitive genetics test that’s offered by companies like 23andMe and ancestryDNA. (They used 23andMe in this case.) And it was a good thing they did. They were able to see that the child was related to dad, but not in the way expected. Here are the results:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/sharper-chart.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/sharper-chart.jpg\" alt=\"sharper chart\" width=\"396\" height=\"661\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-28014\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each bar on this chart represents a chromosomal pair comparing the child’s DNA with the dad’s. Remember, we get one chromosome in each pair from mom and one from dad, so that we are 50% related to each parent. This means a parent and a child should completely share one chromosome in each pair. If that were the case, each bar in this image would show one long, unbroken green line. This is not what we see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the two were unrelated or only distantly related, they would share very little of their DNA. There would be an occasional bit of green that represents some distant relative. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/3rd6thCousins.jpg\">here \u003c/a>for an image of a 3\u003csup>rd\u003c/sup>-6\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> cousin and \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask284\">here \u003c/a>for lots of different relationships.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two are somewhere in between. They share a lot of their DNA in most chromosome pairs. Totaling everything up shows they are about 25% related which is how much DNA an uncle would share with a niece or nephew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that the parents visited a fertility clinic, the best explanation is that the father is a chimera. The DNA in the fertilizing sperm was able to contribute a “B” to the child’s blood type, giving the child type AB blood, even though the DNA in dad’s cheek cells lacks that “B.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this goes to show that when something like blood types do not match up, there could be a perfectly reasonable genetic explanation for what was taught in school to be an impossible combination.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15266\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-e1380559925587.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-15266\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-640x452.jpg\" alt=\"Students leaving a vaccine clinic after being vaccinated against whooping cough at a middle school in Los Angeles. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"452\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students leaving a vaccine clinic after being vaccinated against whooping cough at a middle school in Los Angeles. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday in Sacramento, a MoveOn.org member is expected to \u003ca title=\"http://petitions.moveon.org/sign/make-vaccines-mandatory\" href=\"http://petitions.moveon.org/sign/make-vaccines-mandatory\" target=\"_blank\">deliver a petition \u003c/a>with 21,000 signatures calling on the state's government to abolish the personal belief exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"Focusing on the parental-choice issue risks provoking a counter-productive backlash.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She will be holding a press conference with Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento), who announced a \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/04/new-vaccination-bill-would-end-exemptions-for-personal-religious-beliefs/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/04/new-vaccination-bill-would-end-exemptions-for-personal-religious-beliefs/\" target=\"_blank\">bill earlier this mont\u003c/a>h to do just that. When he made the announcement, Pan repeatedly spoke of wanting to increase vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds so good: Just wipe out the option to refuse vaccines, and vaccination rates will improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is abolishing the personal belief exemption -- a choice that permits parents to lawfully send their children to school unvaccinated -- the best way to accomplish that goal?\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think focusing on the parental-choice issue risks provoking a counterproductive backlash,\" Professor Brendan Nyhan told me in an interview. He's a political scientist at Dartmouth whose research focuses on misperceptions in politics and health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's pretty easy to imagine that people who are ardently opposed to vaccinating their children are also going to be ardently opposed to a law that removes their personal choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tightening Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rather than eliminating choice,\" Nyhan says, \"we alter the administrative procedures to reflect the cost that going unvaccinated affects the community.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those administrative procedures have to do with tightening the rules around how people can obtain an exemption from vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Backing up for a moment, \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/school-immunization-exemption-state-laws.aspx\" href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/school-immunization-exemption-state-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">California is one of 20 states\u003c/a> that permits a philosophical exemption from vaccines. In addition, all states, except two, permit a religious exemption. Only West Virginia and Mississippi require all children to be vaccinated, except those who cannot be immunized for a medical reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this school year, it was easier in California to opt out of vaccines than it was to vaccinate your children. While it's state law that all kindergartners be vaccinated to attend any school statewide -- public, private or religious -- parents could opt out simply by writing a short statement declaring that they opposed vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this school year, parents now must meet first with a health care provider, who must attest that the parents have been provided with information about vaccines and vaccine-preventable illness. Right away, the rate of personal belief exemptions \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/\" target=\"_blank\">dropped by 19 percent statewide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The educational requirement can be a significant step in getting people to choose to have their children vaccinated,\" Ross Silverman, a professor of public health law at Indiana University, told me. \"The decision to have these exemptions at all is a purely political one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While public health agencies have the power to require vaccination, he said, \"you want to strike the balance with protecting the public's health against being seen as too forceful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He \u003ca title=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2091313\" href=\"//jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2091313\" target=\"_blank\">wrote recently in JAMA\u003c/a> about different legislative tools to limit non-medical vaccine exemptions, including options that California has not pursued:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Requiring annual renewal of the personal belief exemption. Right now, parents need only file at kindergarten and seventh grade\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Require notarization to file the personal belief exemption form\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>For religious exemptions, require a religious leader within the organization to submit a letter on your behalf\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The state with the best \"evidence-driven structure\" for a philosophical exemption, Silverman said, is Arkansas, which has all three policies above in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arkansas' exemption rate in the 2013-2014 school year was 1.2 percent, versus California's 3.3 percent that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Oregon has only a religious exemption, and its rate in 2013-2014 was 7.1 percent. That's among the highest exemption rates in the country, Silverman says, \"and they don't even have a philosophical exemption.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to strict rules about obtaining an exemption, the other opportunity to increase vaccination has to do with messaging around vaccines. Simply spreading straightforward public health information is not effective -- and may even be counterproductive -- for some people already hesitant about vaccines, Nyhan reported in \u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/upshot/vaccine-opponents-can-be-immune-to-education.html\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/upshot/vaccine-opponents-can-be-immune-to-education.html\" target=\"_blank\">a famous study last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he recommends other approaches to improving vaccination rates. He cited a campaign in a community in Western Australia that focuses on values, not science, shared by community members. \u003ca title=\"http://immunise.org.au/andrew/\" href=\"http://immunise.org.au/andrew/\" target=\"_blank\">One photo shows a dad, \"Andrew,\"\u003c/a> carrying a baby in a sling, with the message \"I use cloth nappies, I eat whole foods, and I immunise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a powerful message, and it \"communicate(s) that you share the values and backgrounds of the people exempting,\" Nyhan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nyhan \u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/upshot/spreading-along-with-measles-polarization-on-a-hot-button-issue.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=1\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/upshot/spreading-along-with-measles-polarization-on-a-hot-button-issue.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=1\" target=\"_blank\">also worries \u003c/a>that the media focus on people who refuse vaccines may create a false impression that those views are mainstream. Even in California, measles outbreak and all, only 2.5 percent of kindergartners this year had a non-medical exemption. Put a different way, more than 97 percent of California parents vaccinate their kids.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15266\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-e1380559925587.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-15266\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-640x452.jpg\" alt=\"Students leaving a vaccine clinic after being vaccinated against whooping cough at a middle school in Los Angeles. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"452\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students leaving a vaccine clinic after being vaccinated against whooping cough at a middle school in Los Angeles. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday in Sacramento, a MoveOn.org member is expected to \u003ca title=\"http://petitions.moveon.org/sign/make-vaccines-mandatory\" href=\"http://petitions.moveon.org/sign/make-vaccines-mandatory\" target=\"_blank\">deliver a petition \u003c/a>with 21,000 signatures calling on the state's government to abolish the personal belief exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"Focusing on the parental-choice issue risks provoking a counter-productive backlash.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She will be holding a press conference with Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento), who announced a \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/04/new-vaccination-bill-would-end-exemptions-for-personal-religious-beliefs/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/04/new-vaccination-bill-would-end-exemptions-for-personal-religious-beliefs/\" target=\"_blank\">bill earlier this mont\u003c/a>h to do just that. When he made the announcement, Pan repeatedly spoke of wanting to increase vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds so good: Just wipe out the option to refuse vaccines, and vaccination rates will improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is abolishing the personal belief exemption -- a choice that permits parents to lawfully send their children to school unvaccinated -- the best way to accomplish that goal?\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think focusing on the parental-choice issue risks provoking a counterproductive backlash,\" Professor Brendan Nyhan told me in an interview. He's a political scientist at Dartmouth whose research focuses on misperceptions in politics and health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's pretty easy to imagine that people who are ardently opposed to vaccinating their children are also going to be ardently opposed to a law that removes their personal choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tightening Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rather than eliminating choice,\" Nyhan says, \"we alter the administrative procedures to reflect the cost that going unvaccinated affects the community.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those administrative procedures have to do with tightening the rules around how people can obtain an exemption from vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Backing up for a moment, \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/school-immunization-exemption-state-laws.aspx\" href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/school-immunization-exemption-state-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">California is one of 20 states\u003c/a> that permits a philosophical exemption from vaccines. In addition, all states, except two, permit a religious exemption. Only West Virginia and Mississippi require all children to be vaccinated, except those who cannot be immunized for a medical reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this school year, it was easier in California to opt out of vaccines than it was to vaccinate your children. While it's state law that all kindergartners be vaccinated to attend any school statewide -- public, private or religious -- parents could opt out simply by writing a short statement declaring that they opposed vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this school year, parents now must meet first with a health care provider, who must attest that the parents have been provided with information about vaccines and vaccine-preventable illness. Right away, the rate of personal belief exemptions \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/\" target=\"_blank\">dropped by 19 percent statewide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The educational requirement can be a significant step in getting people to choose to have their children vaccinated,\" Ross Silverman, a professor of public health law at Indiana University, told me. \"The decision to have these exemptions at all is a purely political one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While public health agencies have the power to require vaccination, he said, \"you want to strike the balance with protecting the public's health against being seen as too forceful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He \u003ca title=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2091313\" href=\"//jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2091313\" target=\"_blank\">wrote recently in JAMA\u003c/a> about different legislative tools to limit non-medical vaccine exemptions, including options that California has not pursued:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Requiring annual renewal of the personal belief exemption. Right now, parents need only file at kindergarten and seventh grade\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Require notarization to file the personal belief exemption form\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>For religious exemptions, require a religious leader within the organization to submit a letter on your behalf\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The state with the best \"evidence-driven structure\" for a philosophical exemption, Silverman said, is Arkansas, which has all three policies above in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arkansas' exemption rate in the 2013-2014 school year was 1.2 percent, versus California's 3.3 percent that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Oregon has only a religious exemption, and its rate in 2013-2014 was 7.1 percent. That's among the highest exemption rates in the country, Silverman says, \"and they don't even have a philosophical exemption.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to strict rules about obtaining an exemption, the other opportunity to increase vaccination has to do with messaging around vaccines. Simply spreading straightforward public health information is not effective -- and may even be counterproductive -- for some people already hesitant about vaccines, Nyhan reported in \u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/upshot/vaccine-opponents-can-be-immune-to-education.html\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/upshot/vaccine-opponents-can-be-immune-to-education.html\" target=\"_blank\">a famous study last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he recommends other approaches to improving vaccination rates. He cited a campaign in a community in Western Australia that focuses on values, not science, shared by community members. \u003ca title=\"http://immunise.org.au/andrew/\" href=\"http://immunise.org.au/andrew/\" target=\"_blank\">One photo shows a dad, \"Andrew,\"\u003c/a> carrying a baby in a sling, with the message \"I use cloth nappies, I eat whole foods, and I immunise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a powerful message, and it \"communicate(s) that you share the values and backgrounds of the people exempting,\" Nyhan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nyhan \u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/upshot/spreading-along-with-measles-polarization-on-a-hot-button-issue.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=1\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/upshot/spreading-along-with-measles-polarization-on-a-hot-button-issue.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=1\" target=\"_blank\">also worries \u003c/a>that the media focus on people who refuse vaccines may create a false impression that those views are mainstream. Even in California, measles outbreak and all, only 2.5 percent of kindergartners this year had a non-medical exemption. Put a different way, more than 97 percent of California parents vaccinate their kids.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Is Your Dishwasher Increasing Your Child's Allergy Risk?",
"title": "Is Your Dishwasher Increasing Your Child's Allergy Risk?",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23978\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/iStock_000037223338_Medium-e1424720733978.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23978\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/iStock_000037223338_Medium-640x427.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Rob Stein,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/02/23/387553285/kids-allergies-and-a-possible-downside-to-squeaky-clean-dishes\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/02/23/387553285/kids-allergies-and-a-possible-downside-to-squeaky-clean-dishes\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could using a dishwashing machine increase the chances your child will develop allergies? That's what some provocative new research suggests — but don't rip out your machine just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/02/17/peds.2014-2968.full.pdf+html\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> involved 1,029 Swedish children (ages 7 or 8) and found that those whose parents said they mostly wash the family's dishes by hand were significantly less likely to develop eczema, and somewhat less likely to develop allergic asthma and hay fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it is very interesting that with a very common lifestyle factor like dishwashing, we could see effects on allergy development,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.gu.se/english/about_the_university/staff/?languageId=100001&userId=xhesbi&userName=Bill+Hesselmar\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Bill Hesselmar\u003c/a> of Sweden's University of Gothenburg, who led the study.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are the latest to support the \"hygiene hypothesis,\" a still-evolving proposition that's been gaining momentum in recent years. The hypothesis basically suggests that people in developed countries are growing up way too clean because of a variety of trends, including the use of hand sanitizers and detergents, and spending too little time around animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res387854830\" class=\"bucketwrap internallink insettwocolumn inset2col \">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As a result, children don't tend to be exposed to as many bacteria and other microorganisms, and maybe that deprives their immune system of the chance to be trained to recognize microbial friend from foe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may make the immune system more likely to misfire and overreact in a way that leads to allergies, eczema and asthma, Hesselmar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his colleagues have been trying to figure out some of the simple day-to-day ways we might be too clean. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/05/06/180817114/parents-saliva-on-pacifiers-could-ward-off-babys-allergies\" target=\"_blank\">previous study\u003c/a> examined how parents cleaned off their children's pacifiers. In their latest research, the researchers took a look at how people wash their dishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The hypothesis was that these different dishwashing methods ... are not equally good in reducing bacteria from eating utensils and so on,\" Hesselmar says. \"So we thought that perhaps hand dishwashing was less effective, so that you are exposed to more bacteria\" in a way that's helpful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study released Monday in the online version of the journal \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em>, the researchers report what they found: In families who said they mostly wash dishes by hand, significantly fewer children had eczema, and somewhat fewer had either asthma or hay fever, compared to kids from families who let machines wash their dishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers say the new study may be onto something, though it's still too soon to tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res387852160\" class=\"bucketwrap internallink insettwocolumn inset2col \">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's very intriguing and lends one more 'X' on the column for the hygiene hypothesis,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.gundersenhealth.org/physicians/Todd-Mahr\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Todd Mahr\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.gundersenhealth.org/physicians/Todd-Mahr\">,\u003c/a> an allergist at the Gundersen Health System in La Crosse, Wis., and a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are other possible explanations, Hesselmar and Mahr both caution. Though the researchers took economic status into account in the study, it could be that people who don't have dishwashers are alike in some other way that reduces their tendency to get allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, for example, certain other lifestyle characteristics — eating fermented foods regularly, and tending to buy some foods straight from the farm — seemed to strengthen the \"protective\" effect in families without dishwashers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors say they're not ready to recommend that parents stop using the machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're looking at, 'We have only a certain amount of money, and we're looking at buying a dishwasher or spending it on something else,' this might give you an argument to say: 'Well, maybe spend it on something else,' \" Mahr says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, \"I'm not convinced it's going to make that big a difference.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23978\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/iStock_000037223338_Medium-e1424720733978.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23978\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/iStock_000037223338_Medium-640x427.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Rob Stein,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/02/23/387553285/kids-allergies-and-a-possible-downside-to-squeaky-clean-dishes\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/02/23/387553285/kids-allergies-and-a-possible-downside-to-squeaky-clean-dishes\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could using a dishwashing machine increase the chances your child will develop allergies? That's what some provocative new research suggests — but don't rip out your machine just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/02/17/peds.2014-2968.full.pdf+html\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> involved 1,029 Swedish children (ages 7 or 8) and found that those whose parents said they mostly wash the family's dishes by hand were significantly less likely to develop eczema, and somewhat less likely to develop allergic asthma and hay fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it is very interesting that with a very common lifestyle factor like dishwashing, we could see effects on allergy development,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.gu.se/english/about_the_university/staff/?languageId=100001&userId=xhesbi&userName=Bill+Hesselmar\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Bill Hesselmar\u003c/a> of Sweden's University of Gothenburg, who led the study.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are the latest to support the \"hygiene hypothesis,\" a still-evolving proposition that's been gaining momentum in recent years. The hypothesis basically suggests that people in developed countries are growing up way too clean because of a variety of trends, including the use of hand sanitizers and detergents, and spending too little time around animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res387854830\" class=\"bucketwrap internallink insettwocolumn inset2col \">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As a result, children don't tend to be exposed to as many bacteria and other microorganisms, and maybe that deprives their immune system of the chance to be trained to recognize microbial friend from foe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may make the immune system more likely to misfire and overreact in a way that leads to allergies, eczema and asthma, Hesselmar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his colleagues have been trying to figure out some of the simple day-to-day ways we might be too clean. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/05/06/180817114/parents-saliva-on-pacifiers-could-ward-off-babys-allergies\" target=\"_blank\">previous study\u003c/a> examined how parents cleaned off their children's pacifiers. In their latest research, the researchers took a look at how people wash their dishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The hypothesis was that these different dishwashing methods ... are not equally good in reducing bacteria from eating utensils and so on,\" Hesselmar says. \"So we thought that perhaps hand dishwashing was less effective, so that you are exposed to more bacteria\" in a way that's helpful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study released Monday in the online version of the journal \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em>, the researchers report what they found: In families who said they mostly wash dishes by hand, significantly fewer children had eczema, and somewhat fewer had either asthma or hay fever, compared to kids from families who let machines wash their dishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers say the new study may be onto something, though it's still too soon to tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res387852160\" class=\"bucketwrap internallink insettwocolumn inset2col \">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's very intriguing and lends one more 'X' on the column for the hygiene hypothesis,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.gundersenhealth.org/physicians/Todd-Mahr\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Todd Mahr\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.gundersenhealth.org/physicians/Todd-Mahr\">,\u003c/a> an allergist at the Gundersen Health System in La Crosse, Wis., and a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are other possible explanations, Hesselmar and Mahr both caution. Though the researchers took economic status into account in the study, it could be that people who don't have dishwashers are alike in some other way that reduces their tendency to get allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, for example, certain other lifestyle characteristics — eating fermented foods regularly, and tending to buy some foods straight from the farm — seemed to strengthen the \"protective\" effect in families without dishwashers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors say they're not ready to recommend that parents stop using the machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're looking at, 'We have only a certain amount of money, and we're looking at buying a dishwasher or spending it on something else,' this might give you an argument to say: 'Well, maybe spend it on something else,' \" Mahr says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, \"I'm not convinced it's going to make that big a difference.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Create the Most Precise 3D Map of the Human Genome Yet",
"headTitle": "Scientists Create the Most Precise 3D Map of the Human Genome Yet | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27218\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Nucleome.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27218\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Nucleome.jpg\" alt=\"The human genome is packaged into a series of loops. This representation is from the Genome: Unlocking Life's Code exhibition, currently at The Tech Museum in San Jose. Each color represents a separate chromosome. \" width=\"800\" height=\"469\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The human genome is packaged into a series of loops. This representation is from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genome\">Genome: Unlocking Life’s Code\u003c/a> exhibition, currently at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum\u003c/a> in San Jose. Each color represents a separate chromosome. (The Tech Museum)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most people know our genetic code involves the letters A, T, C and G (adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine) to make up DNA. But what fewer people know about is the code found in the packaging of DNA. And there is a lot of it there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, we didn’t have a good way to systematically get at that information. Science took a big step forward in being able to do this with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(14)01497-4\">publication of the most precise map to date\u003c/a> of how human cells organize their 6 feet of DNA into their nuclei, a space that has a diameter of only around 0.0000016 inches. This kind of map will not only tell us how the instructions in our DNA lead to making each one of us, but it may also provide new ways to understand and even treat diseases like cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this study, Baylor College of Medicine researcher Suhas Rao and coworkers focused on a part of nuclear organization called DNA loops. Basically, our DNA forms a set of loops that each act as an independent region. Each loop has a set of controls for genes in that loop that don’t affect genes outside of that loop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most surprising results of this study was that instead of the one million loops that many scientists expected, the authors found only around 10,000 of them. Not simple to study but definitely a more manageable number than one million!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to think about these results is that it is a bit like the original human genome project. Just like that original DNA sequence, it is providing us with a reference to which all other studies like this can be compared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27220\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/BreastCancer.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27220\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/BreastCancer.jpg\" alt=\"Understanding how DNA is packaged may help us understand why certain mutations can cause cancers. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"320\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Understanding how DNA is packaged may help us understand why certain mutations can cause cancers. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Breast_cancer_cells_(1).jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists will be able to, for example, determine how DNA is packaged in the cells of people with certain diseases and compare it to this reference map. From that comparison they may be able to better understand why a certain DNA change leads to a certain disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This matters because many of the DNA differences scientists are discovering that are important in human disease happen outside of the 2 percent of DNA that comprise our genes. This makes it very hard to know why a DNA change is causing a certain problem. And if we don’t know the reasoning, it is hard to come up with a treatment for that disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely many of these DNA differences affect how a piece of DNA controls a gene but it has proven very tricky to connect the gene to the DNA difference. This becomes much easier with the mapping of DNA loops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, this sort of map has been deemed so important that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nih.gov/\">National Institutes of Health\u003c/a> has launched a new initiative called the \u003ca href=\"http://commonfund.nih.gov/4Dnucleome/index\">4D Nucleome project\u003c/a> which will create even more detailed maps. The project will involve many researchers all working together to map the 3D structure of the genome in a wide variety of healthy and diseased cell types over time. (Time is the 4\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> dimension in 4D.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Linking DNA Differences to Genes \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people have heard of genes, those stretches of DNA that each have the instructions for one small part of us. But as scientists have known for quite a while, this 2 percent of our DNA is not the whole story of our genome. The other 98 percent plays an important role in determining when and where a gene should be on and to what level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way that genes are controlled is with short DNA sequences called enhancers. These enhancers turn on genes in some cells and not in others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What has been hard to understand with these enhancers is how they know which genes to turn on and which ones to leave alone. In the bacterial world it is easy…the equivalent of an enhancer turns on whatever gene is closest. The same is not true in eukaryotes like us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enhancers sometimes ignore genes that are closest to them and instead activate a set of genes that is much further away. It turns out that one way they are able to pull this off is by only working within their own DNA loop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So imagine a bit of DNA that turns on many nearby genes. We will call it ENH for an enhancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now let’s imagine that a gene that can cause cancer when it is turned on is in a nearby loop. This gene might have been important during development when an embryo was becoming an infant, but it is now dangerous and so is tucked away in a place where it stays off. The situation looks something like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/TwoDNAloops.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27208\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/TwoDNAloops.jpg\" alt=\"TwoDNAloops\" width=\"394\" height=\"223\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the enhancer is in a different loop, it doesn’t affect this gene. The gene stays safely off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine something has happened, perhaps a mutation, that leads to a different DNA loop pattern. Here is the new situation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/OneDNAloop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27209\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/OneDNAloop.jpg\" alt=\"OneDNAloop\" width=\"394\" height=\"219\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two loops have merged into one big loop. Now the enhancer can turn on the gene causing cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be very hard to figure out without a map like this. The mutation that caused it isn’t in the enhancer or in the gene itself. It is somewhere else that affected how the DNA in the cell was looped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is for situations like this that precise 3D maps of the human genome will prove to be so useful. And of course, science isn’t just about curing disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maps like these will also help us understand why different kinds of cells look and act differently even though they all share the exact same DNA. Or how a single cell develops into the trillions that make up a human. Or about a million other cool things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following short video is a great way to learn what else Rao and coworkers learned in this study about human DNA:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dES-ozV65u4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> is hosting a traveling exhibition from the Smithsonian, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genome\">Genome: Unlocking Life’s Code\u003c/a> until April 27, 2015. Come and see it to learn more about what that original human genome project has allowed us to learn about ourselves over the past decade or so.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Until recently scientists have not been able to figure out the information coded in the folding of our DNA in the nucleus. A new map now makes this task simpler. This kind of map will not only tell us how the instructions in our DNA lead to making each one of us, but it may also provide new ways to understand and even treat diseases like cancer.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27218\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Nucleome.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27218\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Nucleome.jpg\" alt=\"The human genome is packaged into a series of loops. This representation is from the Genome: Unlocking Life's Code exhibition, currently at The Tech Museum in San Jose. Each color represents a separate chromosome. \" width=\"800\" height=\"469\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The human genome is packaged into a series of loops. This representation is from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genome\">Genome: Unlocking Life’s Code\u003c/a> exhibition, currently at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum\u003c/a> in San Jose. Each color represents a separate chromosome. (The Tech Museum)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most people know our genetic code involves the letters A, T, C and G (adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine) to make up DNA. But what fewer people know about is the code found in the packaging of DNA. And there is a lot of it there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, we didn’t have a good way to systematically get at that information. Science took a big step forward in being able to do this with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(14)01497-4\">publication of the most precise map to date\u003c/a> of how human cells organize their 6 feet of DNA into their nuclei, a space that has a diameter of only around 0.0000016 inches. This kind of map will not only tell us how the instructions in our DNA lead to making each one of us, but it may also provide new ways to understand and even treat diseases like cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this study, Baylor College of Medicine researcher Suhas Rao and coworkers focused on a part of nuclear organization called DNA loops. Basically, our DNA forms a set of loops that each act as an independent region. Each loop has a set of controls for genes in that loop that don’t affect genes outside of that loop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most surprising results of this study was that instead of the one million loops that many scientists expected, the authors found only around 10,000 of them. Not simple to study but definitely a more manageable number than one million!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to think about these results is that it is a bit like the original human genome project. Just like that original DNA sequence, it is providing us with a reference to which all other studies like this can be compared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27220\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/BreastCancer.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27220\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/BreastCancer.jpg\" alt=\"Understanding how DNA is packaged may help us understand why certain mutations can cause cancers. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"320\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Understanding how DNA is packaged may help us understand why certain mutations can cause cancers. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Breast_cancer_cells_(1).jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists will be able to, for example, determine how DNA is packaged in the cells of people with certain diseases and compare it to this reference map. From that comparison they may be able to better understand why a certain DNA change leads to a certain disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This matters because many of the DNA differences scientists are discovering that are important in human disease happen outside of the 2 percent of DNA that comprise our genes. This makes it very hard to know why a DNA change is causing a certain problem. And if we don’t know the reasoning, it is hard to come up with a treatment for that disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely many of these DNA differences affect how a piece of DNA controls a gene but it has proven very tricky to connect the gene to the DNA difference. This becomes much easier with the mapping of DNA loops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, this sort of map has been deemed so important that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nih.gov/\">National Institutes of Health\u003c/a> has launched a new initiative called the \u003ca href=\"http://commonfund.nih.gov/4Dnucleome/index\">4D Nucleome project\u003c/a> which will create even more detailed maps. The project will involve many researchers all working together to map the 3D structure of the genome in a wide variety of healthy and diseased cell types over time. (Time is the 4\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> dimension in 4D.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Linking DNA Differences to Genes \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people have heard of genes, those stretches of DNA that each have the instructions for one small part of us. But as scientists have known for quite a while, this 2 percent of our DNA is not the whole story of our genome. The other 98 percent plays an important role in determining when and where a gene should be on and to what level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way that genes are controlled is with short DNA sequences called enhancers. These enhancers turn on genes in some cells and not in others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What has been hard to understand with these enhancers is how they know which genes to turn on and which ones to leave alone. In the bacterial world it is easy…the equivalent of an enhancer turns on whatever gene is closest. The same is not true in eukaryotes like us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enhancers sometimes ignore genes that are closest to them and instead activate a set of genes that is much further away. It turns out that one way they are able to pull this off is by only working within their own DNA loop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So imagine a bit of DNA that turns on many nearby genes. We will call it ENH for an enhancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now let’s imagine that a gene that can cause cancer when it is turned on is in a nearby loop. This gene might have been important during development when an embryo was becoming an infant, but it is now dangerous and so is tucked away in a place where it stays off. The situation looks something like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/TwoDNAloops.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27208\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/TwoDNAloops.jpg\" alt=\"TwoDNAloops\" width=\"394\" height=\"223\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the enhancer is in a different loop, it doesn’t affect this gene. The gene stays safely off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine something has happened, perhaps a mutation, that leads to a different DNA loop pattern. Here is the new situation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/OneDNAloop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27209\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/OneDNAloop.jpg\" alt=\"OneDNAloop\" width=\"394\" height=\"219\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two loops have merged into one big loop. Now the enhancer can turn on the gene causing cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be very hard to figure out without a map like this. The mutation that caused it isn’t in the enhancer or in the gene itself. It is somewhere else that affected how the DNA in the cell was looped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is for situations like this that precise 3D maps of the human genome will prove to be so useful. And of course, science isn’t just about curing disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maps like these will also help us understand why different kinds of cells look and act differently even though they all share the exact same DNA. Or how a single cell develops into the trillions that make up a human. Or about a million other cool things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following short video is a great way to learn what else Rao and coworkers learned in this study about human DNA:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/dES-ozV65u4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/dES-ozV65u4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> is hosting a traveling exhibition from the Smithsonian, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genome\">Genome: Unlocking Life’s Code\u003c/a> until April 27, 2015. Come and see it to learn more about what that original human genome project has allowed us to learn about ourselves over the past decade or so.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Getting Vaccinated Against Measles: What You Need to Know",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23940\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/178270443-e1424287446474.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23940\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/178270443-640x427.jpg\" alt=\"(Spencer Platt/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Spencer Platt/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The measles outbreak that started in December has sickened 141 people in 17 states. California has the most cases by far: 113 as of last Friday with about half traced to Disneyland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State health officials are urging anyone who is not immunized against measles to get vaccinated. To help people figure out whether they need to get vaccinated against measles or other diseases, I spoke with Dr. Roger Baxter, who co-directs Kaiser Permanente’s Vaccine Study Center in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First up, children.\u003c/strong> The \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/child-easyread.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/child-easyread.html\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control recommends two doses \u003c/a>of the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>First dose at 12-15 months\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Second dose at 4-6 years\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I asked Dr. Baxter, why is a second shot needed?\u003c/strong>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. In general, we really only care that adults have had one dose because in the vast majority of people, one dose is very effective. It's a really fantastic vaccine, and one dose protects people most of the time for life. But some people don't [mount an immune response] the first time, and that's what the second dose is all about. We think if you get two doses, that covers everybody. And since it’s the school-age kids who are most at risk, you need to get that second dose into the whole group of kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. Since the MMR contains a live version of the measles virus, some people wonder if you could be contagious right after you get a shot.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. It's an attenuated [weakened] live virus, so we're not really worried about it. You get an infection but it's not enough to make you contagious. It gives you a good immune response, but it doesn't cause a full-blown infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. If you're an adult who doesn't know your vaccination status, what should you do to ensure that you have immunity?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. If you were born in 1956 or earlier, then you're considered immune because everybody got measles back then. You don't need anything at all. It's important to let people know that. For other adults, most of them have had a vaccine, but it's a little complicated because there were a few years when the vaccine didn't work very well. (Editor's note: Between 1963, when the measles vaccine was released, and 1967 people received a killed vaccine that wasn’t as effective as the current live-virus vaccine.) So we didn't consider a person vaccinated until 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you don't remember if you've been vaccinated, you can just take another dose, that's fine. Some people want to get (a blood test) to see if they have antibodies. You can do that and see if you have antibodies before you get the shot. But the shot is very safe. Even if you've had it before and don't need it, it won't hurt you at all [to get an extra dose].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. A second dose of MMR was recommended in 1989 as a severe measles outbreak ultimately infected 55,000 people, including some vaccinated children. More than 120 people died. Was there a problem with the vaccine?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. No, it's actually a very effective vaccine but to achieve herd immunity, to knock a virus out of the community so it actually can't get into the community at all, you really have to achieve a very high level of protection. So let's say you give a vaccine and 10 percent of kids don't take on that first dose, it may seem like the virus went away for a while but then eventually as more kids come up that aren't immune, eventually you'll have enough kids that can create the potential for an outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. What about pregnant women?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A: That’s a special group that can't be vaccinated for measles, because it’s a live vaccine. Not that we know it would cause a problem -- but just to be cautious. Two vaccines are recommended for pregnant women: flu and Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis). They're both killed vaccines with no live components.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. What are the chances that a person vaccinated against measles or pertussis (also called whooping cough) can transmit the disease?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. We don't think that the vaccine creates a \"carrier state\" in people who have contact with a case. Not at all. We think they provide protection for themselves, their family, their community, for everybody. Each person provides a tiny amount of herd immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. Adults often don’t worry about getting vaccinated, because they think of measles, whooping cough and other vaccine-preventable diseases as childhood diseases. But aren’t some infectious diseases more dangerous for adults?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. You're probably thinking of chicken pox and that's true. There were worries when the childhood chicken pox vaccine came out that it would push the age of chicken pox to older children and adults, where the disease is much more virulent, but \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24913796\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24913796\" target=\"_blank\">we actually recently published\u003c/a> and showed that that didn't happen. It was such a good vaccine that it took away chicken pox for everybody, it had a big herd effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But yes, diseases in childhood can be worse in adults. Measles is not an easy event for anybody. A full-blown case of measles is a rough illness for anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. Are there any vaccines that seniors should make sure they get?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. They don't have to worry about measles at all. With the pertussis, they just have to be aware that they can get it, but pertussis is much more of a problem in infants, teens and family members. When it comes to the elderly, we're really talking about flu and pneumococcal and Zostavax (for shingles). The older they are the more likely they should get the high-dose flu shot. And the shingles vaccine is recommended at age 60 and above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. A \u003ca title=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/02/young-adults-more-likely-to-say-vaccinating-kids-should-be-a-parental-choice/\" href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/02/young-adults-more-likely-to-say-vaccinating-kids-should-be-a-parental-choice/\" target=\"_blank\">recent Pew study \u003c/a>found that over 40 percent of young adults, ages 18 to 29, think childhood vaccinations shouldn’t be required but should be up to parents. And a 2013 Harris Poll found that 61 percent of people think drug companies minimize vaccine risk. As head of the Vaccine Study Center you’re constantly reevaluating the safety of vaccines. How safe are vaccines compared to widely prescribed preventive drugs like statins? And what are you looking for in your studies?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. What I see in what I read and hear from people is that there's a total lack of trust with regard to vaccines. They feel that there's some sort of hidden information that someone's covering up that they're really not safe. But I've been looking at this for years and we work with a lot of people who are dedicated to the safety of vaccines. There's no hidden agenda here. We care about these kids and about the people we give vaccines to. We want to ensure that the vaccine supply is extremely safe and stays safe. That's why there's ongoing surveillance. Even though we don't see signals of risk we keep looking for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that when you say you're looking for something people think it's there, so the discussion can be very difficult. When I tell someone we didn't see something in a vaccine, if they're not educated on it, they go, \"What? You thought it was there?\" It's a difficult conversation, and I'm not sure there's a simple answer to that when there's such distrust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But beyond mistrust, there's also a lot of misinformation out there from people who have an extremely loud voice, on the internet, and are giving information that is neither true nor appropriate. I've actually had patients tell me that they thought their search on the internet was worth more than their visit with me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How safe are vaccines? I think vaccines are unbelievably safe. The bar for vaccine safety is probably 100 times higher than it is for medications. It's because we give them to our most vulnerable population, little babies. For the little babies, we're really fanatic about ensuring safety from the vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23940\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/178270443-e1424287446474.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23940\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/178270443-640x427.jpg\" alt=\"(Spencer Platt/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Spencer Platt/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The measles outbreak that started in December has sickened 141 people in 17 states. California has the most cases by far: 113 as of last Friday with about half traced to Disneyland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State health officials are urging anyone who is not immunized against measles to get vaccinated. To help people figure out whether they need to get vaccinated against measles or other diseases, I spoke with Dr. Roger Baxter, who co-directs Kaiser Permanente’s Vaccine Study Center in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First up, children.\u003c/strong> The \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/child-easyread.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/child-easyread.html\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control recommends two doses \u003c/a>of the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>First dose at 12-15 months\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Second dose at 4-6 years\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I asked Dr. Baxter, why is a second shot needed?\u003c/strong>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. In general, we really only care that adults have had one dose because in the vast majority of people, one dose is very effective. It's a really fantastic vaccine, and one dose protects people most of the time for life. But some people don't [mount an immune response] the first time, and that's what the second dose is all about. We think if you get two doses, that covers everybody. And since it’s the school-age kids who are most at risk, you need to get that second dose into the whole group of kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. Since the MMR contains a live version of the measles virus, some people wonder if you could be contagious right after you get a shot.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. It's an attenuated [weakened] live virus, so we're not really worried about it. You get an infection but it's not enough to make you contagious. It gives you a good immune response, but it doesn't cause a full-blown infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. If you're an adult who doesn't know your vaccination status, what should you do to ensure that you have immunity?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. If you were born in 1956 or earlier, then you're considered immune because everybody got measles back then. You don't need anything at all. It's important to let people know that. For other adults, most of them have had a vaccine, but it's a little complicated because there were a few years when the vaccine didn't work very well. (Editor's note: Between 1963, when the measles vaccine was released, and 1967 people received a killed vaccine that wasn’t as effective as the current live-virus vaccine.) So we didn't consider a person vaccinated until 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you don't remember if you've been vaccinated, you can just take another dose, that's fine. Some people want to get (a blood test) to see if they have antibodies. You can do that and see if you have antibodies before you get the shot. But the shot is very safe. Even if you've had it before and don't need it, it won't hurt you at all [to get an extra dose].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. A second dose of MMR was recommended in 1989 as a severe measles outbreak ultimately infected 55,000 people, including some vaccinated children. More than 120 people died. Was there a problem with the vaccine?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. No, it's actually a very effective vaccine but to achieve herd immunity, to knock a virus out of the community so it actually can't get into the community at all, you really have to achieve a very high level of protection. So let's say you give a vaccine and 10 percent of kids don't take on that first dose, it may seem like the virus went away for a while but then eventually as more kids come up that aren't immune, eventually you'll have enough kids that can create the potential for an outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. What about pregnant women?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A: That’s a special group that can't be vaccinated for measles, because it’s a live vaccine. Not that we know it would cause a problem -- but just to be cautious. Two vaccines are recommended for pregnant women: flu and Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis). They're both killed vaccines with no live components.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. What are the chances that a person vaccinated against measles or pertussis (also called whooping cough) can transmit the disease?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. We don't think that the vaccine creates a \"carrier state\" in people who have contact with a case. Not at all. We think they provide protection for themselves, their family, their community, for everybody. Each person provides a tiny amount of herd immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. Adults often don’t worry about getting vaccinated, because they think of measles, whooping cough and other vaccine-preventable diseases as childhood diseases. But aren’t some infectious diseases more dangerous for adults?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. You're probably thinking of chicken pox and that's true. There were worries when the childhood chicken pox vaccine came out that it would push the age of chicken pox to older children and adults, where the disease is much more virulent, but \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24913796\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24913796\" target=\"_blank\">we actually recently published\u003c/a> and showed that that didn't happen. It was such a good vaccine that it took away chicken pox for everybody, it had a big herd effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But yes, diseases in childhood can be worse in adults. Measles is not an easy event for anybody. A full-blown case of measles is a rough illness for anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. Are there any vaccines that seniors should make sure they get?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. They don't have to worry about measles at all. With the pertussis, they just have to be aware that they can get it, but pertussis is much more of a problem in infants, teens and family members. When it comes to the elderly, we're really talking about flu and pneumococcal and Zostavax (for shingles). The older they are the more likely they should get the high-dose flu shot. And the shingles vaccine is recommended at age 60 and above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. A \u003ca title=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/02/young-adults-more-likely-to-say-vaccinating-kids-should-be-a-parental-choice/\" href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/02/young-adults-more-likely-to-say-vaccinating-kids-should-be-a-parental-choice/\" target=\"_blank\">recent Pew study \u003c/a>found that over 40 percent of young adults, ages 18 to 29, think childhood vaccinations shouldn’t be required but should be up to parents. And a 2013 Harris Poll found that 61 percent of people think drug companies minimize vaccine risk. As head of the Vaccine Study Center you’re constantly reevaluating the safety of vaccines. How safe are vaccines compared to widely prescribed preventive drugs like statins? And what are you looking for in your studies?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. What I see in what I read and hear from people is that there's a total lack of trust with regard to vaccines. They feel that there's some sort of hidden information that someone's covering up that they're really not safe. But I've been looking at this for years and we work with a lot of people who are dedicated to the safety of vaccines. There's no hidden agenda here. We care about these kids and about the people we give vaccines to. We want to ensure that the vaccine supply is extremely safe and stays safe. That's why there's ongoing surveillance. Even though we don't see signals of risk we keep looking for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that when you say you're looking for something people think it's there, so the discussion can be very difficult. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How safe are vaccines? I think vaccines are unbelievably safe. The bar for vaccine safety is probably 100 times higher than it is for medications. It's because we give them to our most vulnerable population, little babies. For the little babies, we're really fanatic about ensuring safety from the vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What a Narcoleptic Dog Can Teach Us About Sleep",
"headTitle": "What a Narcoleptic Dog Can Teach Us About Sleep | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27148\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson-e1423551319547-1024x573.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27148\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson-e1423551319547-1024x573.jpg\" alt=\"(Courtesy Emmanuel Mignot)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"573\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford University professor Emmanuel Mignot adopted Watson from Vermont soon after his previous narcoleptic dog Bear passed away. (Courtesy Emmanuel Mignot)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Emmanuel Mignot’s new Chihuahua, Watson, is small enough to fit in a handbag, somewhat skittish around strangers and utterly vanquished by a slice of lamb chop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I spoke to Mignot on the phone, he held the receiver next to Watson so I could hear for myself. The two of them had been snuggling on Mignot’s leather sofa when I asked what it would take to hear Watson’s narcolepsy in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mignot produced a lamb chop from his refrigerator and offered his pet a bite. I pressed my ear into the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Parts of this interview aired on the California Report. Listen \u003ca href=\"http://audio.californiareport.org/archive/R201503020850/c\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that a narcoleptic Chihuahua doesn’t make a whole lot of noise as it crumples to a cataplexic puddle on the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a narcoleptic dog, Mignot is the owner you want. As director of Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"http://sleep.stanford.edu/\">Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine\u003c/a>, founded by the legendary sleep researcher William Dement, Mignot helped oversee the country’s first and largest pack of narcolepsy research dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dogs – about 80 of them at the program’s peak – were mostly Dobermans and Labradors, collected over the years mostly via word-of-mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narcolepsy in dogs is vanishingly rare. Mignot estimates that about one in a million dogs have the disease compared to one in 2,000 humans. In 1999, Mignot \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/1999/august11/narcolepsy-811.html\">identified\u003c/a> the genetic cause of canine narcolepsy: a mutation that blocks a response to hypocretin, a brain chemical that keeps us awake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27149\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 416px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson_2-1024x683.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27149\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson_2-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"(Becky Bach)\" width=\"416\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watson has a form of narcolepsy that has one of two causes and becomes apparent when he’s overly excited and then collapses. (Becky Bach)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Mignot and others believe another, “sporadic” form of narcolpesy may be caused by an immune reaction, perhaps to the flu. He believes dogs may experience this type as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mignot, who was born in France, cooed French reassurances to his new companion, Watson sprang back into action, attacking the lamb chop that had been his undoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mignot told me he hopes that narcoleptic dog research – dormant for the last decade or so – might have its own revival to answer new questions about sleep disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did you find Watson?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I received an email from a veterinarian in Vermont, telling me they had a dog with narcolepsy. In this case, [an owner], seeing that the dog was collapsing and falling asleep all the time, didn’t want to keep him. So he had returned the dog to the breeder, who took it to the vet. They didn’t really know what to do with the dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was good timing. You probably know that I had another dog with narcolepsy before, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/17/stanford-sleep-researcher-mourns-the-loss-of-narcoleptic-dog/\">Bear\u003c/a>, and he just passed away. So it was almost like a reincarnation of Bear!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took the plane [to Vermont] and I brought him back. And I have to say he’s really adorable. I would have never thought I’d get a Chihuahua. He’s a crazy little spring on four legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Except when he’s asleep, that is…\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes he’s definitely sleepier than other dogs. There are times when you see he really needs to take a nap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s very cute. You see him fading, like “Oof, I fall asleep” and he kind of crumples, you know? Then he lifts his head again, like he nods, trying to stay awake. And he looks at you with his eyes half closed and you have the feeling like he’s telling you “I love you,” but in fact he’s falling asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘He doesn’t fall from very high – I mean, he’s a Chihuahua.’\u003ccite>–Emmanuel MignotStanford University professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Falling asleep a lot is one aspect of narcolepsy. But another symptom is cataplexy, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. When Watson gets excited sometimes he becomes completely paralyzed. That happens with good food, but it has to be really good food, like a piece of chicken, or filet mignon. He gets excited and then –boom! — he’s paralyzed. Sometimes it’s just the back legs and he stumbles. Or sometimes he falls on the floor and can’t move for a few seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans [who have narcolepsy] it can happen when patients are laughing or joking, but with dogs it’s anything that he’s very happy about. For example it’s not uncommon that [I come home from work and] he’s running around, so happy to see me and then – boom! — he collapses and he can’t move for a few seconds or minutes. That’s called cataplexy. It’s a symptom that’s classic of narcolepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like going on the beach. We often go to the beach and he runs around and loves to run around and very often, when he’s too happy – poof! – he collapses on the sand. And he’s paralyzed for a few seconds to a minute sometimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You make this cataplexy sound cute and charming. But is it painful for him, or stressful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t think it bothers him. He doesn’t fall from very high – I mean, he’s a Chihuahua. So he doesn’t really hurt himself. When he’s down, you can sense sometimes there’s frustration, like his nose is in front of a piece of food, and he’s trying to fight it. But it lasts for only a few seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best cure is to have him well rested. He has a normal life. It’s not severe enough that he needs to be treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Narcolepsy is a lot more stressful for people than for dogs, sounds like.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With humans, if you can nap at any time the disease is much less severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know a few patients who don’t get treated and have special lifestyle where they wake up, work for an hour and a half or so, then take a nap for a half an hour, work a bit more, and so on. If you can live like this, you can almost have a normal life. But in our society it’s usually impossible. That’s why narcolepsy is a terrible disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> [contextly_sidebar id=”xl2mSAc2xg8ykuvm03gR2Vadm631697Y”]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford no longer maintains a pack of narcoleptic dogs for research purposes. Is there anything you can still learn from Watson?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think there’s still a mystery around narcolepsy that we have not solved. I mean thanks to the dogs, we found the cause of narcolepsy was this lack of this chemical in the brain, called hypocretin – a chemical produced by cells in the brain. When it’s not there you have narcolepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And sometimes this happens because of a genetic mutation. But other times it’s spontaneous?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, we think that in these cases, it’s an immune disease, triggered by the flu. People develop a reaction to the flu that is abnormal and instead of just fighting flu they kind of confuse the flu with the cell that produced this chemical, hypocretin, and destroy it. Then you have narcolepsy. But we still don’t understand this process very well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the dogs we have probably developed narcolepsy the same way. I wouldn’t be surprised if we discover something new again that helps us understand how the immune system is killing the hypocretin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Watson, I don’t know if it’s the genetic form with the mutation, or if it’s the sporadic kind. I have blood samples from all the dogs who were in the colony. It’ll be interesting to sequence all these dogs that have sporadic form and see if we can find something else that will eliminate the human disease.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Stanford retired its famed pack of narcoleptic research dogs almost a decade ago. But one researcher says there's more to be learned from a sleepy Chihuahua puppy who goes limp at the sight of a good snack. ",
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"title": "What a Narcoleptic Dog Can Teach Us About Sleep | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27148\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson-e1423551319547-1024x573.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27148\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson-e1423551319547-1024x573.jpg\" alt=\"(Courtesy Emmanuel Mignot)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"573\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford University professor Emmanuel Mignot adopted Watson from Vermont soon after his previous narcoleptic dog Bear passed away. (Courtesy Emmanuel Mignot)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Emmanuel Mignot’s new Chihuahua, Watson, is small enough to fit in a handbag, somewhat skittish around strangers and utterly vanquished by a slice of lamb chop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I spoke to Mignot on the phone, he held the receiver next to Watson so I could hear for myself. The two of them had been snuggling on Mignot’s leather sofa when I asked what it would take to hear Watson’s narcolepsy in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mignot produced a lamb chop from his refrigerator and offered his pet a bite. I pressed my ear into the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Parts of this interview aired on the California Report. Listen \u003ca href=\"http://audio.californiareport.org/archive/R201503020850/c\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that a narcoleptic Chihuahua doesn’t make a whole lot of noise as it crumples to a cataplexic puddle on the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a narcoleptic dog, Mignot is the owner you want. As director of Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"http://sleep.stanford.edu/\">Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine\u003c/a>, founded by the legendary sleep researcher William Dement, Mignot helped oversee the country’s first and largest pack of narcolepsy research dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dogs – about 80 of them at the program’s peak – were mostly Dobermans and Labradors, collected over the years mostly via word-of-mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narcolepsy in dogs is vanishingly rare. Mignot estimates that about one in a million dogs have the disease compared to one in 2,000 humans. In 1999, Mignot \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/1999/august11/narcolepsy-811.html\">identified\u003c/a> the genetic cause of canine narcolepsy: a mutation that blocks a response to hypocretin, a brain chemical that keeps us awake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27149\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 416px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson_2-1024x683.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27149\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Watson_2-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"(Becky Bach)\" width=\"416\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watson has a form of narcolepsy that has one of two causes and becomes apparent when he’s overly excited and then collapses. (Becky Bach)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Mignot and others believe another, “sporadic” form of narcolpesy may be caused by an immune reaction, perhaps to the flu. He believes dogs may experience this type as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mignot, who was born in France, cooed French reassurances to his new companion, Watson sprang back into action, attacking the lamb chop that had been his undoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mignot told me he hopes that narcoleptic dog research – dormant for the last decade or so – might have its own revival to answer new questions about sleep disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did you find Watson?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I received an email from a veterinarian in Vermont, telling me they had a dog with narcolepsy. In this case, [an owner], seeing that the dog was collapsing and falling asleep all the time, didn’t want to keep him. So he had returned the dog to the breeder, who took it to the vet. They didn’t really know what to do with the dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was good timing. You probably know that I had another dog with narcolepsy before, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/17/stanford-sleep-researcher-mourns-the-loss-of-narcoleptic-dog/\">Bear\u003c/a>, and he just passed away. So it was almost like a reincarnation of Bear!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took the plane [to Vermont] and I brought him back. And I have to say he’s really adorable. I would have never thought I’d get a Chihuahua. He’s a crazy little spring on four legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Except when he’s asleep, that is…\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes he’s definitely sleepier than other dogs. There are times when you see he really needs to take a nap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s very cute. You see him fading, like “Oof, I fall asleep” and he kind of crumples, you know? Then he lifts his head again, like he nods, trying to stay awake. And he looks at you with his eyes half closed and you have the feeling like he’s telling you “I love you,” but in fact he’s falling asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘He doesn’t fall from very high – I mean, he’s a Chihuahua.’\u003ccite>–Emmanuel MignotStanford University professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Falling asleep a lot is one aspect of narcolepsy. But another symptom is cataplexy, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. When Watson gets excited sometimes he becomes completely paralyzed. That happens with good food, but it has to be really good food, like a piece of chicken, or filet mignon. He gets excited and then –boom! — he’s paralyzed. Sometimes it’s just the back legs and he stumbles. Or sometimes he falls on the floor and can’t move for a few seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans [who have narcolepsy] it can happen when patients are laughing or joking, but with dogs it’s anything that he’s very happy about. For example it’s not uncommon that [I come home from work and] he’s running around, so happy to see me and then – boom! — he collapses and he can’t move for a few seconds or minutes. That’s called cataplexy. It’s a symptom that’s classic of narcolepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like going on the beach. We often go to the beach and he runs around and loves to run around and very often, when he’s too happy – poof! – he collapses on the sand. And he’s paralyzed for a few seconds to a minute sometimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You make this cataplexy sound cute and charming. But is it painful for him, or stressful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t think it bothers him. He doesn’t fall from very high – I mean, he’s a Chihuahua. So he doesn’t really hurt himself. When he’s down, you can sense sometimes there’s frustration, like his nose is in front of a piece of food, and he’s trying to fight it. But it lasts for only a few seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best cure is to have him well rested. He has a normal life. It’s not severe enough that he needs to be treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Narcolepsy is a lot more stressful for people than for dogs, sounds like.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With humans, if you can nap at any time the disease is much less severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know a few patients who don’t get treated and have special lifestyle where they wake up, work for an hour and a half or so, then take a nap for a half an hour, work a bit more, and so on. If you can live like this, you can almost have a normal life. But in our society it’s usually impossible. That’s why narcolepsy is a terrible disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford no longer maintains a pack of narcoleptic dogs for research purposes. Is there anything you can still learn from Watson?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think there’s still a mystery around narcolepsy that we have not solved. I mean thanks to the dogs, we found the cause of narcolepsy was this lack of this chemical in the brain, called hypocretin – a chemical produced by cells in the brain. When it’s not there you have narcolepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And sometimes this happens because of a genetic mutation. But other times it’s spontaneous?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, we think that in these cases, it’s an immune disease, triggered by the flu. People develop a reaction to the flu that is abnormal and instead of just fighting flu they kind of confuse the flu with the cell that produced this chemical, hypocretin, and destroy it. Then you have narcolepsy. But we still don’t understand this process very well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the dogs we have probably developed narcolepsy the same way. I wouldn’t be surprised if we discover something new again that helps us understand how the immune system is killing the hypocretin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Watson, I don’t know if it’s the genetic form with the mutation, or if it’s the sporadic kind. I have blood samples from all the dogs who were in the colony. It’ll be interesting to sequence all these dogs that have sporadic form and see if we can find something else that will eliminate the human disease.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Stem Cell Therapy Helping Hard-to-Heal Bone Fractures",
"headTitle": "New Stem Cell Therapy Helping Hard-to-Heal Bone Fractures | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26793\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/XLabC_DCCMDS_Std_Front03_ver0514_800x450.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/XLabC_DCCMDS_Std_Front03_ver0514_800x450.png\" alt=\"Device used by UC Davis researchers to rapidly concentrate stem cells, which are harvested from surgical irrigation fluid during an orthopedic procedure (Courtesy of SynGen Inc). \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Device used by UC Davis researchers to rapidly concentrate stem cells, which are harvested from surgical irrigation fluid during an orthopedic procedure (Courtesy of SynGen Inc).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 6 million people in North America suffer bone fractures each year. While most recover well, 5 to 10 percent of these patients — half a million Americans annually — are resistant to healing, according to the \u003ca title=\"AAOS\" href=\"http://www.aaos.org/research/stats/patientstats.asp\">American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons\u003c/a>. UC Davis researchers are developing an improved surgical therapy for such fractures, that uses stem cells to speed recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a broken bone is treated, new bone tissue usually begins to form and connect the broken pieces. However, some bone fractures don’t heal due to a lack of adequate stability, blood flow, or large bone loss, such as one might encounter in a high-energy car wreck or other trauma. Several other factors increase the risk of non-healing bones including old age, diabetes, poor nutrition, use of tobacco and severe anemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional treatments to address this problem, such as bone grafts taken from another part of the body can lead to additional pain, impaired limb function and other undesirable outcomes. In the last several years, treating the wound site with stem cells has emerged as a promising way to treat non-healing fractures. However, acquiring the necessary stem cells from the patient, a matched donor, or embryo is not without drawbacks of its own. Even when the stem cells come directly from the patient, it requires a painful surgical procedure with general anesthesia and a large needle to retrieve the stem cells from the hip. In addition, the retrieved stem cells need to be isolated before they can be transplanted back into a patient, which requires a second surgery, and a longer combined recovery period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26797\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/MarkLee2_smaller.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26797\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/MarkLee2_smaller.jpg\" alt=\"Mark Lee, UC Davis associate professor of orthopedic surgery (Courtesy of UC Davis). \" width=\"216\" height=\"195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Lee, UC Davis associate professor of orthopedic surgery (Courtesy of UC Davis).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“People come to me after suffering for six months or more with a non-healing bone fracture, often after multiple surgeries, infections and hospitalizations,” said Mark Lee, UC Davis associate professor of orthopaedic surgery, in a \u003ca title=\"UC Davis press release\" href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/publish/news/newsroom/9631\">press release\u003c/a>. “Stem cell therapy for these patients can be miraculous, and it is exciting to explore an important new way to improve on its delivery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their current clinical trial, Lee’s team is testing a new \u003ca title=\"SynGenX-Lab system\" href=\"http://syngeninc.com/products/laboratory-devices/syngenx-lab/\">SynGen Inc.\u003c/a> device that processes the irrigation fluid obtained during an orthopedic procedure. This irrigation fluid contains abundant stem cells and other factors that can be used to help make new blood vessels and improve wound healing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> ‘This is a dramatic difference that promises to make a real impact on wound healing and patient recovery.’ \u003ccite>— Mark Lee, UC Davis \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The SynGen device rapidly isolates a concentration of stem cells in less then 30 minutes. These concentrated stem cells are then delivered to the patient’s fracture during the same surgery. In addition to being fast, the device is compact — about the size of a food processor, so it can be easily used in an operating room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The device’s small size and rapid capabilities allow autologous stem cell transplantation to take place during a single operation in the operating room rather than requiring two procedures over a period of weeks,” said Lee in the press release. “This is a dramatic difference that promises to make a real impact on wound healing and patient recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC Davis researchers are already testing this new surgical treatment on patients. However, it is unclear when this treatment could move into general clinical practice.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "About 6 million people in North America suffer bone fractures each year. While most recover well, 5 to 10 percent of these patients -- half a million Americans annually -- are resistant to healing. UC Davis researchers are developing an improved surgical therapy for such fractures, that uses stem cells to speed recovery.",
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"description": "About 6 million people in North America suffer bone fractures each year. While most recover well, 5 to 10 percent of these patients -- half a million Americans annually -- are resistant to healing. UC Davis researchers are developing an improved surgical therapy for such fractures, that uses stem cells to speed recovery.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26793\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/XLabC_DCCMDS_Std_Front03_ver0514_800x450.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/XLabC_DCCMDS_Std_Front03_ver0514_800x450.png\" alt=\"Device used by UC Davis researchers to rapidly concentrate stem cells, which are harvested from surgical irrigation fluid during an orthopedic procedure (Courtesy of SynGen Inc). \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Device used by UC Davis researchers to rapidly concentrate stem cells, which are harvested from surgical irrigation fluid during an orthopedic procedure (Courtesy of SynGen Inc).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 6 million people in North America suffer bone fractures each year. While most recover well, 5 to 10 percent of these patients — half a million Americans annually — are resistant to healing, according to the \u003ca title=\"AAOS\" href=\"http://www.aaos.org/research/stats/patientstats.asp\">American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons\u003c/a>. UC Davis researchers are developing an improved surgical therapy for such fractures, that uses stem cells to speed recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a broken bone is treated, new bone tissue usually begins to form and connect the broken pieces. However, some bone fractures don’t heal due to a lack of adequate stability, blood flow, or large bone loss, such as one might encounter in a high-energy car wreck or other trauma. Several other factors increase the risk of non-healing bones including old age, diabetes, poor nutrition, use of tobacco and severe anemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional treatments to address this problem, such as bone grafts taken from another part of the body can lead to additional pain, impaired limb function and other undesirable outcomes. In the last several years, treating the wound site with stem cells has emerged as a promising way to treat non-healing fractures. However, acquiring the necessary stem cells from the patient, a matched donor, or embryo is not without drawbacks of its own. Even when the stem cells come directly from the patient, it requires a painful surgical procedure with general anesthesia and a large needle to retrieve the stem cells from the hip. In addition, the retrieved stem cells need to be isolated before they can be transplanted back into a patient, which requires a second surgery, and a longer combined recovery period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26797\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/MarkLee2_smaller.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26797\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/MarkLee2_smaller.jpg\" alt=\"Mark Lee, UC Davis associate professor of orthopedic surgery (Courtesy of UC Davis). \" width=\"216\" height=\"195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Lee, UC Davis associate professor of orthopedic surgery (Courtesy of UC Davis).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“People come to me after suffering for six months or more with a non-healing bone fracture, often after multiple surgeries, infections and hospitalizations,” said Mark Lee, UC Davis associate professor of orthopaedic surgery, in a \u003ca title=\"UC Davis press release\" href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/publish/news/newsroom/9631\">press release\u003c/a>. “Stem cell therapy for these patients can be miraculous, and it is exciting to explore an important new way to improve on its delivery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their current clinical trial, Lee’s team is testing a new \u003ca title=\"SynGenX-Lab system\" href=\"http://syngeninc.com/products/laboratory-devices/syngenx-lab/\">SynGen Inc.\u003c/a> device that processes the irrigation fluid obtained during an orthopedic procedure. This irrigation fluid contains abundant stem cells and other factors that can be used to help make new blood vessels and improve wound healing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> ‘This is a dramatic difference that promises to make a real impact on wound healing and patient recovery.’ \u003ccite>— Mark Lee, UC Davis \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The SynGen device rapidly isolates a concentration of stem cells in less then 30 minutes. These concentrated stem cells are then delivered to the patient’s fracture during the same surgery. In addition to being fast, the device is compact — about the size of a food processor, so it can be easily used in an operating room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The device’s small size and rapid capabilities allow autologous stem cell transplantation to take place during a single operation in the operating room rather than requiring two procedures over a period of weeks,” said Lee in the press release. “This is a dramatic difference that promises to make a real impact on wound healing and patient recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC Davis researchers are already testing this new surgical treatment on patients. However, it is unclear when this treatment could move into general clinical practice.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Vaccination Bill Would End 'Personal Belief Exemption'",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23614\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-640x456.jpg\" alt=\"A dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine, known commonly as MMR. (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"456\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine, known commonly as MMR. (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/FenitN\" target=\"_blank\">Fenit Nirappil\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SACRAMENTO — California lawmakers are proposing legislation that would require parents to vaccinate all school children unless a child's health is in danger, joining only two other states with such stringent restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents could no longer cite personal beliefs or religious reasons to send unvaccinated children to school under a proposal introduced Wednesday after dozens of people have fallen ill from a measles outbreak that started in late December at Disneyland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mississippi and West Virginia are the only other states with such strict vaccine rules, though the California bill's chief author said he would consider including a religious exemption, as allowed now.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are starting to realize, 'I'm vulnerable, my children are vulnerable,'\" said \u003ca href=\"http://sd06.senate.ca.gov/\">state Sen. Richard Pan\u003c/a>, a Democrat and pediatrician from Sacramento. \"We should not wait for more children to sicken or die before we act.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Wednesday, California's two U.S. senators issued a joint letter calling for a repeal of the state's \"personal belief exemption.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/189545740\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While a small number of children cannot be vaccinated due to an underlying medical condition, we believe there should be no such thing as a philosophical or personal belief exemption, since everyone uses public spaces,” Sens. Barbara Boxer and Dianne Feinstein wrote. “As we have learned in the past month, parents who refuse to vaccinate their children not only put their own family at risk, but they also endanger other families who choose to vaccinate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Childhood vaccine has become an emotionally charged topic and a national issue amid a measles outbreak that has sickened more than 100 people across the United States and in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most other states, California allows religious or personal belief exemptions. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, California is among 20 states that allow for personal belief exemptions and 48 that allow for religious exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents cite a variety of reasons for not immunizing their children, among them: religious values, concerns the shots could cause illness and a belief that allowing children to get sick helps them to build a stronger immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials believe an immunization rate of at least 90 percent in all communities, including schools, is critical to minimizing the potential for a disease outbreak. Statistics \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2014-15%20CA%20Child%20Care%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reported recently\u003c/a> by the state Department of Public Health show 89.4 percent of children in California child-care facilities -- kids between age 2 and 5 -- had received all required vaccinations at the start of the 2014-15 school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report showed 2.67 percent of those children -- about 12,500 statewide -- were unvaccinated due to personal belief exemptions. About 2,500 students were unvaccinated due to permanent medical exemptions -- the only group that would remain exempt under Pan's proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pan, who previously served in the Assembly, was the author of another vaccination bill that took effect last year. It requires parents who don't have their children vaccinated for non-religious reasons to get a note from the doctor's office before enrolling their children in school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for Gov. Jerry Brown, who signed that bill, did not say if the governor would oppose efforts to end exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Governor believes that vaccinations are profoundly important and a major public health benefit and any bill that reaches his desk will be closely considered,\" Spokesman Evan Westrup wrote in an e-mail.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23614\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-640x456.jpg\" alt=\"A dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine, known commonly as MMR. (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"456\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine, known commonly as MMR. (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/FenitN\" target=\"_blank\">Fenit Nirappil\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SACRAMENTO — California lawmakers are proposing legislation that would require parents to vaccinate all school children unless a child's health is in danger, joining only two other states with such stringent restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents could no longer cite personal beliefs or religious reasons to send unvaccinated children to school under a proposal introduced Wednesday after dozens of people have fallen ill from a measles outbreak that started in late December at Disneyland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mississippi and West Virginia are the only other states with such strict vaccine rules, though the California bill's chief author said he would consider including a religious exemption, as allowed now.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are starting to realize, 'I'm vulnerable, my children are vulnerable,'\" said \u003ca href=\"http://sd06.senate.ca.gov/\">state Sen. Richard Pan\u003c/a>, a Democrat and pediatrician from Sacramento. \"We should not wait for more children to sicken or die before we act.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Wednesday, California's two U.S. senators issued a joint letter calling for a repeal of the state's \"personal belief exemption.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/189545740&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/189545740'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While a small number of children cannot be vaccinated due to an underlying medical condition, we believe there should be no such thing as a philosophical or personal belief exemption, since everyone uses public spaces,” Sens. Barbara Boxer and Dianne Feinstein wrote. “As we have learned in the past month, parents who refuse to vaccinate their children not only put their own family at risk, but they also endanger other families who choose to vaccinate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Childhood vaccine has become an emotionally charged topic and a national issue amid a measles outbreak that has sickened more than 100 people across the United States and in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most other states, California allows religious or personal belief exemptions. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, California is among 20 states that allow for personal belief exemptions and 48 that allow for religious exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents cite a variety of reasons for not immunizing their children, among them: religious values, concerns the shots could cause illness and a belief that allowing children to get sick helps them to build a stronger immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials believe an immunization rate of at least 90 percent in all communities, including schools, is critical to minimizing the potential for a disease outbreak. Statistics \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2014-15%20CA%20Child%20Care%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reported recently\u003c/a> by the state Department of Public Health show 89.4 percent of children in California child-care facilities -- kids between age 2 and 5 -- had received all required vaccinations at the start of the 2014-15 school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report showed 2.67 percent of those children -- about 12,500 statewide -- were unvaccinated due to personal belief exemptions. About 2,500 students were unvaccinated due to permanent medical exemptions -- the only group that would remain exempt under Pan's proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pan, who previously served in the Assembly, was the author of another vaccination bill that took effect last year. It requires parents who don't have their children vaccinated for non-religious reasons to get a note from the doctor's office before enrolling their children in school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for Gov. Jerry Brown, who signed that bill, did not say if the governor would oppose efforts to end exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Governor believes that vaccinations are profoundly important and a major public health benefit and any bill that reaches his desk will be closely considered,\" Spokesman Evan Westrup wrote in an e-mail.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Once A Vaccine Skeptic, This Mom Changed Her Mind",
"title": "Once A Vaccine Skeptic, This Mom Changed Her Mind",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23813\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-04-at-10.26.34-AM.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23813\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-04-at-10.26.34-AM-640x420.png\" alt=\"Juniper Russo walks her dogs with her daughter Vivian (left). (Courtesy of Juniper Russo)\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juniper Russo walks her dogs with her daughter Vivian (left).\u003cbr>(Courtesy of Juniper Russo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Jon Hamilton,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/02/04/383567862/once-a-vaccine-skeptic-this-mom-changed-her-mind\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/02/04/383567862/once-a-vaccine-skeptic-this-mom-changed-her-mind\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ongoing measles outbreak linked to Disneyland has led to some harsh comments about parents who don't vaccinate their kids. But Juniper Russo, a writer in Chattanooga, Tenn., says she understands those parents because she used to be one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I know what it's like to be scared and just want to protect your children, and make the wrong decisions,\" Russo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When her daughter Vivian was born, \"I was really adamant that she not get vaccines,\" Russo says. \"I thought that she was going to be safe without them and they would unnecessarily introduce chemicals into her body that could hurt her.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a view shared by many parents who choose not to vaccinate. And in Russo's case, it was reinforced by parents she met online.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I had a lot of online acquaintances who claimed that their kids had become autistic because of vaccines,\" Russo says. \"I got kind of swept up in that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But fear of autism was only part of the reason Russo didn't want vaccines for her daughter. She says at that point in her life she identified strongly with what she calls \"crunchy moms\" who question mainstream medicine and things that aren't natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're the ones who breast-feed and cloth-diaper and co-sleep and all that stuff,\" Russo says. \"And so much of who I was, was being a crunchy mom. At the time I thought that if I went along with what my pediatrician suggested ... I would be losing part of who I was.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her daughter's pediatrician, though, kept talking to Russo about vaccines. And, over the next couple of years, she began to reconsider her position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also began to worry about Vivian. At 16 months old, her daughter still wasn't walking and her speech was odd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year or so, Russo allowed the pediatrician to give her daughter a few shots — though not the vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, when Vivian was nearly 3, Russo decided her daughter should get all her vaccines. By that time, Russo says, it was pretty clear that Vivian had autism, caused by something other than a vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russo's story reveals a lot about why people fear vaccines, says David Ropeik, the author of How Risky Is It, Really? Why Our Fears Don't Always Match the Facts. For one thing, science often has little influence on what we are afraid of, Ropeik says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fear, or the perception of risk, is subjective,\" Ropeik says. \"It's a matter of how we feel about the facts we have, not just what the facts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Also, our perceptions are often shaped by the communities we choose to join,\" Ropeik says. In Russo's case, that community was self-described \"crunchy moms\" who distrust mainstream medicine. But there are plenty of other communities with subgroups that reject vaccination for other reasons, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's conservatism: I don't like government butting in. There's libertarianism: Leave me alone, I want to decide for myself. There's environmentalism, there's religion,\" Ropeik says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for a long time, Ropeik says, these subgroups didn't have to confront a downside to rejecting vaccines. \"There is the sense that the diseases are largely gone, so why take even a small risk for no benefit?\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that sort of thinking is getting \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2015/02/03/383501038/science-denialism-has-consequences\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2015/02/03/383501038/science-denialism-has-consequences\" target=\"_blank\">harder to justify\u003c/a> because \"the diseases are back,\" Ropeik says. Equally important, the current measles outbreak involves Disneyland — \"an iconic, happy, associated-with-nothing-bad-happening kind of place,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's helped generate a huge amount of publicity for this outbreak, even though it's still much smaller than an outbreak centered in Ohio that occurred just last year. And it's got some former vaccine skeptics thinking that perhaps diseases do pose a greater risk than vaccines, Ropeik says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russo hopes the current outbreak gets a lot of people thinking about protecting children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her daughter is 6 now and has grown into a quirky kid who loves Pokemon, reading and writing and cats, Russo says. The concern now is for Russo's son, who is just 6 months old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's too young to have the measles vaccine, and I know that there's a chance that he could end up catching measles before he's old enough to get the vaccine,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23813\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-04-at-10.26.34-AM.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23813\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-04-at-10.26.34-AM-640x420.png\" alt=\"Juniper Russo walks her dogs with her daughter Vivian (left). (Courtesy of Juniper Russo)\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juniper Russo walks her dogs with her daughter Vivian (left).\u003cbr>(Courtesy of Juniper Russo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Jon Hamilton,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/02/04/383567862/once-a-vaccine-skeptic-this-mom-changed-her-mind\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/02/04/383567862/once-a-vaccine-skeptic-this-mom-changed-her-mind\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ongoing measles outbreak linked to Disneyland has led to some harsh comments about parents who don't vaccinate their kids. But Juniper Russo, a writer in Chattanooga, Tenn., says she understands those parents because she used to be one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I know what it's like to be scared and just want to protect your children, and make the wrong decisions,\" Russo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When her daughter Vivian was born, \"I was really adamant that she not get vaccines,\" Russo says. \"I thought that she was going to be safe without them and they would unnecessarily introduce chemicals into her body that could hurt her.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a view shared by many parents who choose not to vaccinate. And in Russo's case, it was reinforced by parents she met online.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I had a lot of online acquaintances who claimed that their kids had become autistic because of vaccines,\" Russo says. \"I got kind of swept up in that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But fear of autism was only part of the reason Russo didn't want vaccines for her daughter. She says at that point in her life she identified strongly with what she calls \"crunchy moms\" who question mainstream medicine and things that aren't natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're the ones who breast-feed and cloth-diaper and co-sleep and all that stuff,\" Russo says. \"And so much of who I was, was being a crunchy mom. At the time I thought that if I went along with what my pediatrician suggested ... I would be losing part of who I was.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her daughter's pediatrician, though, kept talking to Russo about vaccines. And, over the next couple of years, she began to reconsider her position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also began to worry about Vivian. At 16 months old, her daughter still wasn't walking and her speech was odd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year or so, Russo allowed the pediatrician to give her daughter a few shots — though not the vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, when Vivian was nearly 3, Russo decided her daughter should get all her vaccines. By that time, Russo says, it was pretty clear that Vivian had autism, caused by something other than a vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russo's story reveals a lot about why people fear vaccines, says David Ropeik, the author of How Risky Is It, Really? Why Our Fears Don't Always Match the Facts. For one thing, science often has little influence on what we are afraid of, Ropeik says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fear, or the perception of risk, is subjective,\" Ropeik says. \"It's a matter of how we feel about the facts we have, not just what the facts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Also, our perceptions are often shaped by the communities we choose to join,\" Ropeik says. In Russo's case, that community was self-described \"crunchy moms\" who distrust mainstream medicine. But there are plenty of other communities with subgroups that reject vaccination for other reasons, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's conservatism: I don't like government butting in. There's libertarianism: Leave me alone, I want to decide for myself. There's environmentalism, there's religion,\" Ropeik says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for a long time, Ropeik says, these subgroups didn't have to confront a downside to rejecting vaccines. \"There is the sense that the diseases are largely gone, so why take even a small risk for no benefit?\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that sort of thinking is getting \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2015/02/03/383501038/science-denialism-has-consequences\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2015/02/03/383501038/science-denialism-has-consequences\" target=\"_blank\">harder to justify\u003c/a> because \"the diseases are back,\" Ropeik says. Equally important, the current measles outbreak involves Disneyland — \"an iconic, happy, associated-with-nothing-bad-happening kind of place,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's helped generate a huge amount of publicity for this outbreak, even though it's still much smaller than an outbreak centered in Ohio that occurred just last year. And it's got some former vaccine skeptics thinking that perhaps diseases do pose a greater risk than vaccines, Ropeik says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russo hopes the current outbreak gets a lot of people thinking about protecting children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her daughter is 6 now and has grown into a quirky kid who loves Pokemon, reading and writing and cats, Russo says. The concern now is for Russo's son, who is just 6 months old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's too young to have the measles vaccine, and I know that there's a chance that he could end up catching measles before he's old enough to get the vaccine,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Every one of us started out as a single cell, dividing into two, then three and four cells during the first two days after fertilization. But only a few early embryos – about one in three – have a genetic makeup that’s good enough to let them continue their development. Scientists don’t know why, but together with cheetahs and horses, we humans are some of the least fertile mammals around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10 to 15 percent of couples have trouble conceiving. Among them, some end up needing in vitro fertilization (IVF), a treatment in which doctors join a woman’s eggs with a man’s sperm in the lab, in hopes of creating several healthy embryos that they can transfer into a woman’s uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26874\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Day_3_embryo_RSCBA_scaled_02.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26874\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Day_3_embryo_RSCBA_scaled_02.jpg\" alt=\"A human embryo three days after fertilization, at the Reproductive Science Center of the San Francisco Bay Area, in San Ramon. At this stage, healthy embryos like this one have six to 10 cells of similar size. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A human embryo three days after fertilization, at the Reproductive Science Center of the San Francisco Bay Area, in San Ramon. At this stage, healthy embryos like this one have six to 10 cells of similar size. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For IVF patients, any information on which of their embryos has the best chance of growing into a baby is invaluable. Because several embryos are often transferred, in vitro fertilization patients who get pregnant have \u003ca href=\"http://www.asrm.org/BOOKLET_Multiple_Pregnancy_and_Birth/\">much higher rates of twin and triplet pregnancies\u003c/a> than the general population. These pregnancies can be risky for the mother and the babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26877\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Embryo_fragmented_RSCBA_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26877\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Embryo_fragmented_RSCBA_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"This human embryo three days after fertilization shows signs of “fragmentation,” a phenomenon that makes it less likely to continue growing. While healthy embryos look like a little bunch of grapes, with cells of the same size, this one has developed tiny fragments. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This human embryo three days after fertilization shows signs of “fragmentation,” a phenomenon that makes it less likely to continue growing. While healthy embryos look like a little bunch of grapes, with cells of the same size, this one has developed tiny fragments. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And many IVF patients don’t get pregnant at all. According to the Centers for Disease Control, only 46 percent of embryo transfers culminate with a birth. And that’s among women under 35, who have a better chance of getting pregnant than older women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Auxogyn, a company in Menlo Park, has developed a test that company officials say can help with this problem. The so-called \u003ca href=\"http://www.eevatest.com\">Eeva Test\u003c/a> was cleared by the FDA in 2014 and is already being used in more than 30 fertility clinics, said Alice Chen, Auxogyn’s director of biomedical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test’s goal is to help embryologists at fertility clinics pick out the early embryos with the best chance of making it to day five, a critical milestone. On the fifth day after fertilization, the embryo has about 200 cells and is getting ready to break out of its shell, a dramatic event that allows it to then burrow into the uterus and continue its growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an embryo reaches day five, it has an increased chance of implanting and growing into a live baby,” said Chen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26872\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Green_embryos_viable_export.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26872\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Green_embryos_viable_export.jpg\" alt=\"By examining time-lapse videos of developing embryos, like the one this still came from, Stanford University scientists discovered in 2010 that the embryos that made it to day five had followed a precisely timed pattern. (Wong et al, Nature Biotechnology, 2010)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By examining time-lapse videos of developing embryos, like the one this still came from, Stanford University scientists discovered in 2010 that the embryos that made it to day five had followed a precisely timed pattern. (Wong et al, Nature Biotechnology, 2010)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Eeva Test is the result of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v28/n10/abs/nbt.1686.html\">a key finding about embryo development made at Stanford University in 2010.\u003c/a> By examining time-lapse videos of developing embryos, scientists there discovered that the embryos that made it to day five had actually followed a precisely timed pattern, something like an embryonic clock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are strict parameters around normal development,” said Renee Reijo Pera, the scientist who led the Stanford research. “An embryo can’t spend the first couple of days without making progress or else it won’t have the right structure to attach to the uterus. It really, really, really matters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until then, researchers – including Reijo Pera – thought that embryos could grow at many different rates and still be healthy. But her research, and subsequent studies by Auxogyn, have shown that embryos that divide from two to three cells in nine to 11 hours, and then from three to four cells in under two hours, have the best chance of making it to day five.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The timings can’t be too fast or too slow,” said Chen. “When the timings are just right, those embryos have a higher chance of developing to day five.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26871\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Embryos_in_Eeva_dish_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26871\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Embryos_in_Eeva_dish_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"In the Eeva Test, embryos in a petri dish, like these, are placed under a tiny camera in an incubator that photographs them every five minutes. Embryos just hours after fertilization are about one and a half times the width of a human hair. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the Eeva Test, embryos in a petri dish, like these, are placed under a tiny camera in an incubator that photographs them every five minutes. Embryos just hours after fertilization are about one and a half times the width of a human hair. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Auxogyn developed the Eeva Test based on this knowledge. In the test, embryos – which at this point are one and a half times the width of a human hair – are placed inside tiny wells in a petri dish. The dish is then placed under a microscope that goes inside the incubator. A tiny camera in the microscope takes photos of the embryos every five minutes as they divide and develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26875\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Eeva_dish_under_scope_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26875\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Eeva_dish_under_scope_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Danielle Gilbert, at Auxogyn, places a petri dish with early embryos under a microscope in an incubator. A tiny camera in the microscope will photograph the embryos during the first three days after fertilization, and a computer algorithm will track their development to determine which ones have the best chance of reaching day five, a critical milestone. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Danielle Gilbert, at Auxogyn, places a petri dish with early embryos under a microscope in an incubator. A tiny camera in the microscope will photograph the embryos during the first three days after fertilization, and a computer algorithm will track their development to determine which ones have the best chance of reaching day five, a critical milestone. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Using this time-lapse video, a computer algorithm automatically tracks the development of each embryo. The software gives a “high” grade to the embryos that most closely followed the pattern identified by the Stanford team. The embryos that deviated the most from the pattern get a “low” grade. This information helps embryologists select day three embryos with a higher chance of growing to day five.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was important that the system be automated and amenable to complement what embryologists are already doing,” said Reijo Pera, who now works as vice president for research at Montana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Eeva_test_12_embryos_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26876\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Eeva_test_12_embryos_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"The Eeva Test grades three-day-old embryos “high” or “low.” Embryos with a “high” grade are most likely to reach day five, says the Menlo Park company Auxogyn, which developed the test. (Courtesy Auxogyn) \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Eeva Test grades three-day-old embryos “high” or “low.” Embryos with a “high” grade are most likely to reach day five, says the Menlo Park company Auxogyn, which developed the test. (Courtesy Auxogyn)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Embryologists at fertility clinics traditionally have graded embryos by looking at them under a microscope three days after fertilization, when they look like a tiny clump of grapes. They look for embryos with six to 10 cells of the same size. But that system has shortcomings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they have a group of decent-looking embryos, it’s hard to decide which ones have the best chance,” said Chen. “That’s where the Eeva information is most useful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test allows clinics to transfer one or two three-day-old embryos with the best chance of reaching day five. The test is part of an effort among fertility doctors \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v28/n10/abs/nbt.1686.html\">that started in the late 1990s\u003c/a> to bring down the rate of multiple pregnancies among IVF patients. In 2011, doctors transferred an average of two to three embryos, according to the CDC, and about one woman in 100 who got pregnant through IVF in the US ended up having triplets. Naturally, triplets occur in about one in 10,000 pregnancies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an international effort to move towards single embryo transfers,” said Kelly Athayde Wirka, an embryologist at Auxogyn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Author’s note:\u003c/strong> We received a question as to whether any data has shown that the Eeva Test leads to an increase in live births among IVF patients. No research results to date show that the test increases the rate of live births among patients. Auxogyn’s Alice Chen said that the company is collecting data on this question.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Every one of us started out as a single cell, dividing into two, then three and four cells during the first two days after fertilization. But only a few early embryos – about one in three – have a genetic makeup that’s good enough to let them continue their development. Scientists don’t know why, but together with cheetahs and horses, we humans are some of the least fertile mammals around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10 to 15 percent of couples have trouble conceiving. Among them, some end up needing in vitro fertilization (IVF), a treatment in which doctors join a woman’s eggs with a man’s sperm in the lab, in hopes of creating several healthy embryos that they can transfer into a woman’s uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26874\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Day_3_embryo_RSCBA_scaled_02.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26874\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Day_3_embryo_RSCBA_scaled_02.jpg\" alt=\"A human embryo three days after fertilization, at the Reproductive Science Center of the San Francisco Bay Area, in San Ramon. At this stage, healthy embryos like this one have six to 10 cells of similar size. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A human embryo three days after fertilization, at the Reproductive Science Center of the San Francisco Bay Area, in San Ramon. At this stage, healthy embryos like this one have six to 10 cells of similar size. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For IVF patients, any information on which of their embryos has the best chance of growing into a baby is invaluable. Because several embryos are often transferred, in vitro fertilization patients who get pregnant have \u003ca href=\"http://www.asrm.org/BOOKLET_Multiple_Pregnancy_and_Birth/\">much higher rates of twin and triplet pregnancies\u003c/a> than the general population. These pregnancies can be risky for the mother and the babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26877\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Embryo_fragmented_RSCBA_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26877\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Embryo_fragmented_RSCBA_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"This human embryo three days after fertilization shows signs of “fragmentation,” a phenomenon that makes it less likely to continue growing. While healthy embryos look like a little bunch of grapes, with cells of the same size, this one has developed tiny fragments. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This human embryo three days after fertilization shows signs of “fragmentation,” a phenomenon that makes it less likely to continue growing. While healthy embryos look like a little bunch of grapes, with cells of the same size, this one has developed tiny fragments. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And many IVF patients don’t get pregnant at all. According to the Centers for Disease Control, only 46 percent of embryo transfers culminate with a birth. And that’s among women under 35, who have a better chance of getting pregnant than older women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Auxogyn, a company in Menlo Park, has developed a test that company officials say can help with this problem. The so-called \u003ca href=\"http://www.eevatest.com\">Eeva Test\u003c/a> was cleared by the FDA in 2014 and is already being used in more than 30 fertility clinics, said Alice Chen, Auxogyn’s director of biomedical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test’s goal is to help embryologists at fertility clinics pick out the early embryos with the best chance of making it to day five, a critical milestone. On the fifth day after fertilization, the embryo has about 200 cells and is getting ready to break out of its shell, a dramatic event that allows it to then burrow into the uterus and continue its growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an embryo reaches day five, it has an increased chance of implanting and growing into a live baby,” said Chen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26872\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Green_embryos_viable_export.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26872\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Green_embryos_viable_export.jpg\" alt=\"By examining time-lapse videos of developing embryos, like the one this still came from, Stanford University scientists discovered in 2010 that the embryos that made it to day five had followed a precisely timed pattern. (Wong et al, Nature Biotechnology, 2010)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By examining time-lapse videos of developing embryos, like the one this still came from, Stanford University scientists discovered in 2010 that the embryos that made it to day five had followed a precisely timed pattern. (Wong et al, Nature Biotechnology, 2010)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Eeva Test is the result of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v28/n10/abs/nbt.1686.html\">a key finding about embryo development made at Stanford University in 2010.\u003c/a> By examining time-lapse videos of developing embryos, scientists there discovered that the embryos that made it to day five had actually followed a precisely timed pattern, something like an embryonic clock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are strict parameters around normal development,” said Renee Reijo Pera, the scientist who led the Stanford research. “An embryo can’t spend the first couple of days without making progress or else it won’t have the right structure to attach to the uterus. It really, really, really matters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until then, researchers – including Reijo Pera – thought that embryos could grow at many different rates and still be healthy. But her research, and subsequent studies by Auxogyn, have shown that embryos that divide from two to three cells in nine to 11 hours, and then from three to four cells in under two hours, have the best chance of making it to day five.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The timings can’t be too fast or too slow,” said Chen. “When the timings are just right, those embryos have a higher chance of developing to day five.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26871\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Embryos_in_Eeva_dish_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26871\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Embryos_in_Eeva_dish_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"In the Eeva Test, embryos in a petri dish, like these, are placed under a tiny camera in an incubator that photographs them every five minutes. Embryos just hours after fertilization are about one and a half times the width of a human hair. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the Eeva Test, embryos in a petri dish, like these, are placed under a tiny camera in an incubator that photographs them every five minutes. Embryos just hours after fertilization are about one and a half times the width of a human hair. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Auxogyn developed the Eeva Test based on this knowledge. In the test, embryos – which at this point are one and a half times the width of a human hair – are placed inside tiny wells in a petri dish. The dish is then placed under a microscope that goes inside the incubator. A tiny camera in the microscope takes photos of the embryos every five minutes as they divide and develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26875\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Eeva_dish_under_scope_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26875\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Eeva_dish_under_scope_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Danielle Gilbert, at Auxogyn, places a petri dish with early embryos under a microscope in an incubator. A tiny camera in the microscope will photograph the embryos during the first three days after fertilization, and a computer algorithm will track their development to determine which ones have the best chance of reaching day five, a critical milestone. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Danielle Gilbert, at Auxogyn, places a petri dish with early embryos under a microscope in an incubator. A tiny camera in the microscope will photograph the embryos during the first three days after fertilization, and a computer algorithm will track their development to determine which ones have the best chance of reaching day five, a critical milestone. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Using this time-lapse video, a computer algorithm automatically tracks the development of each embryo. The software gives a “high” grade to the embryos that most closely followed the pattern identified by the Stanford team. The embryos that deviated the most from the pattern get a “low” grade. This information helps embryologists select day three embryos with a higher chance of growing to day five.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was important that the system be automated and amenable to complement what embryologists are already doing,” said Reijo Pera, who now works as vice president for research at Montana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Eeva_test_12_embryos_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26876\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/Eeva_test_12_embryos_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"The Eeva Test grades three-day-old embryos “high” or “low.” Embryos with a “high” grade are most likely to reach day five, says the Menlo Park company Auxogyn, which developed the test. (Courtesy Auxogyn) \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Eeva Test grades three-day-old embryos “high” or “low.” Embryos with a “high” grade are most likely to reach day five, says the Menlo Park company Auxogyn, which developed the test. (Courtesy Auxogyn)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Embryologists at fertility clinics traditionally have graded embryos by looking at them under a microscope three days after fertilization, when they look like a tiny clump of grapes. They look for embryos with six to 10 cells of the same size. But that system has shortcomings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they have a group of decent-looking embryos, it’s hard to decide which ones have the best chance,” said Chen. “That’s where the Eeva information is most useful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test allows clinics to transfer one or two three-day-old embryos with the best chance of reaching day five. The test is part of an effort among fertility doctors \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v28/n10/abs/nbt.1686.html\">that started in the late 1990s\u003c/a> to bring down the rate of multiple pregnancies among IVF patients. In 2011, doctors transferred an average of two to three embryos, according to the CDC, and about one woman in 100 who got pregnant through IVF in the US ended up having triplets. Naturally, triplets occur in about one in 10,000 pregnancies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an international effort to move towards single embryo transfers,” said Kelly Athayde Wirka, an embryologist at Auxogyn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Author’s note:\u003c/strong> We received a question as to whether any data has shown that the Eeva Test leads to an increase in live births among IVF patients. No research results to date show that the test increases the rate of live births among patients. Auxogyn’s Alice Chen said that the company is collecting data on this question.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Not Just Un-Vaccinated; Under-Vaccination Also a Problem Statewide",
"title": "Not Just Un-Vaccinated; Under-Vaccination Also a Problem Statewide",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17082\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/01/8165753357_390e69f46c_b-2-e1389225200216.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17082\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/01/8165753357_390e69f46c_b-2-640x320.jpg\" alt=\"Nursing student administers flu shot. (queensu/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(queensu/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Lauren M. Whaley,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://centerforhealthreporting.org\" href=\"http://centerforhealthreporting.org\" target=\"_blank\">CHCF Center for Health Reporting\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids without all their vaccinations are falling through the cracks at schools across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 80 percent of kindergarteners at \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2014-15%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2014-15%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">some Oakland schools\u003c/a> entered this year without all of their state-required vaccinations. At some \u003ca title=\"http://www.dailynews.com/health/20150130/majority-at-some-lausd-kindergartens-are-under-vaccinated\" href=\"http://www.dailynews.com/health/20150130/majority-at-some-lausd-kindergartens-are-under-vaccinated\" target=\"_blank\">Los Angeles Unified schools,\u003c/a> more than 90 percent are under-vaccinated, meaning only 10 percent of kids -- or far fewer -- are fully up to date on their immunizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems everyone has been focused on parents who opt-out of vaccinations for their kindergarteners. But, there are thousands of under-vaccinated students who may also be walking school halls for months, maybe even the whole school year, without all their shots.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe it’s just not as sexy as Personal Belief Exemptions,” Amy Pine told me, referring to the option parents have to refuse vaccines on behalf of their children and lawfully send them to school. Pine directs the immunization program for the Alameda County Public Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not sexy, maybe, but important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, 2.54 percent of children have a personal belief exemption on file, but 6.86 percent of kindergarteners enter school under-vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Under-vaccinated is still making you vulnerable for disease, for getting the disease, and for transmitting the disease,” Pine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These students may lawfully enter kindergarten on a “conditional basis,” with some, but not all, of their required shots. The condition is that they’ll get up to date soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/189379088\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is, it’s nearly impossible to tell if this ever happens. State and county health officials say it’s up to the schools to keep track. But, there is no official reporting required by schools after they submit their vaccination rates to the state in the fall. The schools are the ones charged with sending notices to parents and excluding kids from school who don’t get up to date within 10 days of those notifications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"Apple-style-span\">But, there's a powerful disincentive to keep kids out of school. \u003c/span>Several school nurses reminded me that schools get paid by how many kids are in school each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In general, we have not made a practice of turning students away,” said Troy Flint, spokesperson for Oakland Unified. The Los Angeles Unified School District also said they didn’t keep any “conditional entrants” out of school last year for failing to get the rest of their shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Unified also did not know how many of their “conditional entrants” ended up fully vaccinated by the end of the 2013-2014 school year. Los Angeles county's conditional entry rate is 12.28 percent, nearly twice the state average. San Francisco's rate is 11.62 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But neither of those counties is taking big steps to curb this problem. It’s Alameda County officials who say their rate of 9.68 percent must be fixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a conditional-entrant problem here,” insisted Pine.. “They’re not immunized. They’re not protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together with Dr. Kristen Lum, a pediatric resident at UC San Francisco Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, Pine visited Alameda County schools this fall with chronically high rates of conditional entrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine and Lum have made recommendations to the schools, to Oakland Unified School District, to the county, and to the state. They hope their recommendations will improve tracking of “conditional entrants,” and ultimately, immunization rates statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda County’s commitment comes at a critical time in California, with 91 confirmed cases of measles, and the 2014 statewide whooping cough epidemic left two infants dead and sickened nearly 11,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A child could be under-vaccinated for a number of reasons, including lack of training or personnel resources for school staff charged with tracking students; families moving in and out of care; or parents who are unable to get a child to the doctor in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine hopes that her team can change some of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s nothing like an outbreak to remind people about the importance of getting vaccinated,” she said. “Unfortunately it has to come to an outbreak or a vaccine shortage to get people lined up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lauren M. Whaley is the multimedia journalist for the CHCF Center for Health Reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17082\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/01/8165753357_390e69f46c_b-2-e1389225200216.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17082\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/01/8165753357_390e69f46c_b-2-640x320.jpg\" alt=\"Nursing student administers flu shot. (queensu/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(queensu/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Lauren M. Whaley,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://centerforhealthreporting.org\" href=\"http://centerforhealthreporting.org\" target=\"_blank\">CHCF Center for Health Reporting\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids without all their vaccinations are falling through the cracks at schools across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 80 percent of kindergarteners at \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2014-15%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2014-15%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">some Oakland schools\u003c/a> entered this year without all of their state-required vaccinations. At some \u003ca title=\"http://www.dailynews.com/health/20150130/majority-at-some-lausd-kindergartens-are-under-vaccinated\" href=\"http://www.dailynews.com/health/20150130/majority-at-some-lausd-kindergartens-are-under-vaccinated\" target=\"_blank\">Los Angeles Unified schools,\u003c/a> more than 90 percent are under-vaccinated, meaning only 10 percent of kids -- or far fewer -- are fully up to date on their immunizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems everyone has been focused on parents who opt-out of vaccinations for their kindergarteners. But, there are thousands of under-vaccinated students who may also be walking school halls for months, maybe even the whole school year, without all their shots.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe it’s just not as sexy as Personal Belief Exemptions,” Amy Pine told me, referring to the option parents have to refuse vaccines on behalf of their children and lawfully send them to school. Pine directs the immunization program for the Alameda County Public Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not sexy, maybe, but important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, 2.54 percent of children have a personal belief exemption on file, but 6.86 percent of kindergarteners enter school under-vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Under-vaccinated is still making you vulnerable for disease, for getting the disease, and for transmitting the disease,” Pine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These students may lawfully enter kindergarten on a “conditional basis,” with some, but not all, of their required shots. The condition is that they’ll get up to date soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='undefined' height='undefined'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/189379088&visual=true&undefined'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/189379088'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is, it’s nearly impossible to tell if this ever happens. State and county health officials say it’s up to the schools to keep track. But, there is no official reporting required by schools after they submit their vaccination rates to the state in the fall. The schools are the ones charged with sending notices to parents and excluding kids from school who don’t get up to date within 10 days of those notifications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"Apple-style-span\">But, there's a powerful disincentive to keep kids out of school. \u003c/span>Several school nurses reminded me that schools get paid by how many kids are in school each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In general, we have not made a practice of turning students away,” said Troy Flint, spokesperson for Oakland Unified. The Los Angeles Unified School District also said they didn’t keep any “conditional entrants” out of school last year for failing to get the rest of their shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Unified also did not know how many of their “conditional entrants” ended up fully vaccinated by the end of the 2013-2014 school year. Los Angeles county's conditional entry rate is 12.28 percent, nearly twice the state average. San Francisco's rate is 11.62 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But neither of those counties is taking big steps to curb this problem. It’s Alameda County officials who say their rate of 9.68 percent must be fixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a conditional-entrant problem here,” insisted Pine.. “They’re not immunized. They’re not protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together with Dr. Kristen Lum, a pediatric resident at UC San Francisco Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, Pine visited Alameda County schools this fall with chronically high rates of conditional entrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine and Lum have made recommendations to the schools, to Oakland Unified School District, to the county, and to the state. They hope their recommendations will improve tracking of “conditional entrants,” and ultimately, immunization rates statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda County’s commitment comes at a critical time in California, with 91 confirmed cases of measles, and the 2014 statewide whooping cough epidemic left two infants dead and sickened nearly 11,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A child could be under-vaccinated for a number of reasons, including lack of training or personnel resources for school staff charged with tracking students; families moving in and out of care; or parents who are unable to get a child to the doctor in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine hopes that her team can change some of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s nothing like an outbreak to remind people about the importance of getting vaccinated,” she said. “Unfortunately it has to come to an outbreak or a vaccine shortage to get people lined up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lauren M. Whaley is the multimedia journalist for the CHCF Center for Health Reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Building a Better Bionic Arm by Teaching the Brain a New Signal",
"headTitle": "Building a Better Bionic Arm by Teaching the Brain a New Signal | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/01/20150130ArtificiallimbsScience.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26749\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Bionic-arm-e1422650054858.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26749 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Bionic-arm-e1422650054858.jpg\" alt=\"Jason Koger, a father of three from Owensboro, Kentucky, uses a pair of high-tech bionic hands. Both his arms were amputated below the elbow after an ATV accident seven years ago. (Danny Beeler/Heart of the City Design)\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jason Koger, a father of three from Owensboro, Kentucky, uses these old-style hooks, and has a pair of bionic arms. Both his arms were amputated below the elbow after an ATV accident seven years ago. (Danny Beeler/Heart of the City Design)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have made dramatic improvements with artificial limbs in the last few years. Bionic hands, for example, are so dexterous they can pick up a quarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for prosthetics to move more naturally, they need both good engineering and a way to communicate with the brain. That’s something scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsf.edu/\">UC San Francisco\u003c/a> are working on, and their success hinges on the brain’s ability to make new connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jason Koger lost both his arms in an ATV accident seven years ago. A father of three from Owensboro, Kentucky, Koger doesn’t mind showing off the high-tech bionic hands he wears now. With them, he’s able to open soda cans and work gadgets that have pressure-sensitive touchscreens – but a few things are missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a three year old, a little boy,” Koger says, “and I can hold his hand, and we’re fixing to cross the street. But then all of the sudden I kind of look around and I look back and he’s not even holding my hand, and I thought he still was.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just touch that’s absent. Koger has a hard time sensing where his bionic hands are when he can’t see them. Say, for example, he tries to thread a belt through the loops in the back of his blue jeans. He has to do it before putting them on. The bionic hands lack a sense called \u003ca href=\"http://io9.com/sensing-your-own-body-is-more-complicated-than-you-real-1473461740\">proprioception\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Body’s Sense of Spatial Awareness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26756\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 423px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Artifical-limbs-photo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26756\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Artifical-limbs-photo.jpg\" alt=\"Though Koger owns a pair of high-tech bionic hands, he sometimes opts for old-fashioned hooks, like when he’s planning to work outside or when he expects rain. (Danny Beeler/Heart of the City Design)\" width=\"423\" height=\"282\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Koger tosses a pitch to his daughter while wearing his hooks. (Danny Beeler/Heart of the City Design)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The human body has a built-in sense for where its various parts are in space, explains \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/philip.sabes\">Philip Sabes\u003c/a>, a professor and neurophysiologist at UC San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are sensors that live in your muscles, in your joints, even in your tendons,” Sabes says, “that tell your brain about where you body is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why you can touch your nose even with your eyes closed; proprioception tells you where your nose is with respect to your hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you move, proprioception gives the brain feedback, and this feedback lets you refine your movement, moment by moment. But amputees controlling a prosthetic have to do without this sense. Generally, they rely on sight instead, which isn’t as fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Visual feedback is much slower to get to the parts of the brain that control movement than proprioception is,” Sabes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabes’ research is backed by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.defense.gov/\">Department of Defense\u003c/a> research agency, \u003ca href=\"http://www.darpa.mil/default.aspx\">DARPA\u003c/a>. There are hundreds of thousands of amputees in the U.S., including some 1,500 veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sabes’ Experiment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabes is researching how an artificial limb might be able to send useful feedback to the brain of an amputee. What if the signal were artificial, he asked, could the brain figure out what it meant and put it to use?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabes began with a monkey that was trained to move his hands in response to a dot on a screen, that is, a visual signal. Then Sabes added a signal to the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signal went to a tiny chip, surgically implanted just inside the monkey’s skull. It delivered tiny fractions of a volt to the motor cortex — an amount of electricity so small, Sabes says, you probably wouldn’t feel it on your hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26757\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Prof-Sabes-1024x683.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26757\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Prof-Sabes-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Philip Sabes is a professor and neurophysiologist at UC San Francisco, where he researches brain science and engineering in hopes of developing a better connection between man and machine. (Cindy Chew/UCSF)\" width=\"427\" height=\"284\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Philip Sabes is a professor and neurophysiologist at UC San Francisco, where he researches brain science and engineering in hopes of developing a better connection between humans and machines. (Cindy Chew/UCSF)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And so that signalled to the monkey,” Sabes says, “that maybe there was something lightly touching his arm or his elbow or his shoulder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers paired this stimulation alongside the visual signals the monkey was already used to reading. Sabes says initially, it didn’t make much difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over days and weeks,” he says, “we noticed that the monkey started to perform better and better when he had both cues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monkey’s brain was incorporating the new signal — putting it to use, so he had to rely less on visual cues alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After a few weeks, he was so good we actually let him do the task with just stimulation alone,” Sabes says. “So then he was able to sit in a dark room with no visual feedback, nonetheless he could reach from one target to the next to the next, because he could feel where those targets were, via the stimulation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What It Means\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe results show that the primate brain, given an arbitrary kind of signal, can adapt to understand it as a kind of faux proprioception. Knowing that the brain can do this could someday lead to giving amputees a sense of where their artificial limbs are in space. Such signals could be delivered through feedback, Sabes says, via either the nerves or small implants in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how long until this kind of technology is far enough along it can help amputees control their prosthetics well enough to move like the real thing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to be bullish,” Sabes said. “Fifteen to 20 years until it’s as natural as normal movement.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26749\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Bionic-arm-e1422650054858.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26749 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Bionic-arm-e1422650054858.jpg\" alt=\"Jason Koger, a father of three from Owensboro, Kentucky, uses a pair of high-tech bionic hands. Both his arms were amputated below the elbow after an ATV accident seven years ago. (Danny Beeler/Heart of the City Design)\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jason Koger, a father of three from Owensboro, Kentucky, uses these old-style hooks, and has a pair of bionic arms. Both his arms were amputated below the elbow after an ATV accident seven years ago. (Danny Beeler/Heart of the City Design)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have made dramatic improvements with artificial limbs in the last few years. Bionic hands, for example, are so dexterous they can pick up a quarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for prosthetics to move more naturally, they need both good engineering and a way to communicate with the brain. That’s something scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsf.edu/\">UC San Francisco\u003c/a> are working on, and their success hinges on the brain’s ability to make new connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jason Koger lost both his arms in an ATV accident seven years ago. A father of three from Owensboro, Kentucky, Koger doesn’t mind showing off the high-tech bionic hands he wears now. With them, he’s able to open soda cans and work gadgets that have pressure-sensitive touchscreens – but a few things are missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a three year old, a little boy,” Koger says, “and I can hold his hand, and we’re fixing to cross the street. But then all of the sudden I kind of look around and I look back and he’s not even holding my hand, and I thought he still was.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just touch that’s absent. Koger has a hard time sensing where his bionic hands are when he can’t see them. Say, for example, he tries to thread a belt through the loops in the back of his blue jeans. He has to do it before putting them on. The bionic hands lack a sense called \u003ca href=\"http://io9.com/sensing-your-own-body-is-more-complicated-than-you-real-1473461740\">proprioception\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Body’s Sense of Spatial Awareness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26756\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 423px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Artifical-limbs-photo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26756\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Artifical-limbs-photo.jpg\" alt=\"Though Koger owns a pair of high-tech bionic hands, he sometimes opts for old-fashioned hooks, like when he’s planning to work outside or when he expects rain. (Danny Beeler/Heart of the City Design)\" width=\"423\" height=\"282\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Koger tosses a pitch to his daughter while wearing his hooks. (Danny Beeler/Heart of the City Design)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The human body has a built-in sense for where its various parts are in space, explains \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/philip.sabes\">Philip Sabes\u003c/a>, a professor and neurophysiologist at UC San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are sensors that live in your muscles, in your joints, even in your tendons,” Sabes says, “that tell your brain about where you body is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why you can touch your nose even with your eyes closed; proprioception tells you where your nose is with respect to your hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you move, proprioception gives the brain feedback, and this feedback lets you refine your movement, moment by moment. But amputees controlling a prosthetic have to do without this sense. Generally, they rely on sight instead, which isn’t as fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Visual feedback is much slower to get to the parts of the brain that control movement than proprioception is,” Sabes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabes’ research is backed by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.defense.gov/\">Department of Defense\u003c/a> research agency, \u003ca href=\"http://www.darpa.mil/default.aspx\">DARPA\u003c/a>. There are hundreds of thousands of amputees in the U.S., including some 1,500 veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sabes’ Experiment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabes is researching how an artificial limb might be able to send useful feedback to the brain of an amputee. What if the signal were artificial, he asked, could the brain figure out what it meant and put it to use?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabes began with a monkey that was trained to move his hands in response to a dot on a screen, that is, a visual signal. Then Sabes added a signal to the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signal went to a tiny chip, surgically implanted just inside the monkey’s skull. It delivered tiny fractions of a volt to the motor cortex — an amount of electricity so small, Sabes says, you probably wouldn’t feel it on your hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26757\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Prof-Sabes-1024x683.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26757\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Prof-Sabes-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Philip Sabes is a professor and neurophysiologist at UC San Francisco, where he researches brain science and engineering in hopes of developing a better connection between man and machine. (Cindy Chew/UCSF)\" width=\"427\" height=\"284\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Philip Sabes is a professor and neurophysiologist at UC San Francisco, where he researches brain science and engineering in hopes of developing a better connection between humans and machines. (Cindy Chew/UCSF)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And so that signalled to the monkey,” Sabes says, “that maybe there was something lightly touching his arm or his elbow or his shoulder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers paired this stimulation alongside the visual signals the monkey was already used to reading. Sabes says initially, it didn’t make much difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over days and weeks,” he says, “we noticed that the monkey started to perform better and better when he had both cues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monkey’s brain was incorporating the new signal — putting it to use, so he had to rely less on visual cues alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After a few weeks, he was so good we actually let him do the task with just stimulation alone,” Sabes says. “So then he was able to sit in a dark room with no visual feedback, nonetheless he could reach from one target to the next to the next, because he could feel where those targets were, via the stimulation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What It Means\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe results show that the primate brain, given an arbitrary kind of signal, can adapt to understand it as a kind of faux proprioception. Knowing that the brain can do this could someday lead to giving amputees a sense of where their artificial limbs are in space. Such signals could be delivered through feedback, Sabes says, via either the nerves or small implants in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how long until this kind of technology is far enough along it can help amputees control their prosthetics well enough to move like the real thing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to be bullish,” Sabes said. “Fifteen to 20 years until it’s as natural as normal movement.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
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