window.__IS_SSR__=true
window.__INITIAL_STATE__={
"attachmentsReducer": {
"audio_0": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_0",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background0.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_1": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_1",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background1.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_2": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_2",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background2.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_3": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_3",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background3.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_4": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_4",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background4.jpg"
}
}
},
"placeholder": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "placeholder",
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"height": 512,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"height": 576,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"small": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 32,
"height": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 50,
"height": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 64,
"height": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 96,
"height": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 128,
"height": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1.jpg",
"width": 2000,
"height": 1333
}
}
},
"futureofyou_1198": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_1198",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1198",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1192,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/greene-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/greene-400x279.jpg",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 279
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/greene-320x223.jpg",
"width": 320,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 223
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/greene-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/greene.jpg",
"width": 2705,
"height": 1884
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/greene-1180x822.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 822
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/greene-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/greene-800x557.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 557
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/greene-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/greene-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/greene-1180x822.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 822
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/greene-768x535.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 535
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/greene-75x75.jpg",
"width": 75,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 75
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/greene-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1428079672,
"modified": 1428079700,
"caption": "A Pennsylvania family from circa 1910",
"description": null,
"title": "greene",
"credit": "The Esther Ruth Hart Series, Cornerstone Genealogical Society Collection",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"stateofhealth_24787": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "stateofhealth_24787",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "24787",
"found": true
},
"parent": 24782,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824-400x268.jpg",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 268
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824-320x214.jpg",
"width": 320,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 214
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1284
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824-1440x963.jpg",
"width": 1440,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 963
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824-800x535.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 535
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824-1180x789.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 789
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824-768x514.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 514
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824-75x75.jpg",
"width": 75,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 75
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1427821053,
"modified": 1427821445,
"caption": "(David McNew/Getty Images)",
"description": "ARVIN, CA - AUGUST 11: A farmer plows a field on August 11, 2004 near the town of Arvin, southeast of Bakersfield, California. California?s Central Valley is one of the nation's most important agricultural and oil producing areas. Mass food production has brought heavy use of chemicals, including pesticides that have sickened hundreds of area workers and residents. In 2002, the last year for which numbers are available, 172 million pounds of pesticides were used on California fields sickening 478 people as airborne chemicals drifted 39 times, according to the state Department of Pesticide Regulation. On May 2, a crew of 100 workers was caught in a drift of pesticide near Arvin that made 19 of them sick, including a woman who was five months pregnant. This spring, state Sen. Dean Florez introduced a bill, the Pesticide Drift Exposure Response Act, to help pay for field workers' medical care. (Photo by David McNew/Getty Images)",
"title": "Bread and Oil: California's Central Valley",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_28515": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_28515",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "28515",
"found": true
},
"parent": 28510,
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/3964596491_d30ac31296_o_Flickr_800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 450
}
},
"publishDate": 1427086620,
"modified": 1427086739,
"caption": "Morphine is a common narcotic pain reliever with significant side effects (sfxeric/Flickr).",
"description": null,
"title": null,
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"stateofhealth_23614": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "stateofhealth_23614",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "23614",
"found": true
},
"parent": 23612,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312-400x285.jpg",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 285
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312-320x228.jpg",
"width": 320,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 228
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312.jpg",
"width": 1440,
"height": 1027
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312-1440x1027.jpg",
"width": 1440,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1027
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312-800x571.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 571
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312-1180x842.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 842
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312-768x548.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 548
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312-75x75.jpg",
"width": 75,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 75
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1422076898,
"modified": 1422076999,
"caption": "A dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine, known commonly as MMR. (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)",
"description": "MIAMI, FL - JUNE 02: A dose of measles vaccine is seen at the Miami Children's Hospital on June 02, 2014 in Miami, Florida. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention last week announced that in the United States they are seeing the most measles cases in 20 years as they warned clinicians, parents and others to watch for and get vaccinated against the potentially deadly virus. (Photo by Joe Raedle/Getty Images)",
"title": "Center For Disease Control Reports Highest Number Of Measles Cases In 20 Years",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"stateofhealth_24625": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "stateofhealth_24625",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "24625",
"found": true
},
"parent": 24623,
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/Screen-Shot-2015-03-19-at-10.09.29-AM-400x266.png",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 266
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/Screen-Shot-2015-03-19-at-10.09.29-AM-320x213.png",
"width": 320,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 213
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/Screen-Shot-2015-03-19-at-10.09.29-AM-672x372.png",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/Screen-Shot-2015-03-19-at-10.09.29-AM.png",
"width": 725,
"height": 483
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/Screen-Shot-2015-03-19-at-10.09.29-AM-96x96.png",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 96
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/Screen-Shot-2015-03-19-at-10.09.29-AM-64x64.png",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 64
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/Screen-Shot-2015-03-19-at-10.09.29-AM-75x75.png",
"width": 75,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 75
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/Screen-Shot-2015-03-19-at-10.09.29-AM-32x32.png",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 32
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/Screen-Shot-2015-03-19-at-10.09.29-AM-128x128.png",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1426784993,
"modified": 1426785056,
"caption": "A nurse in 1938 checks the amount of insulin in a needle. For many decades, the only insulin available to people with diabetes came from the pancreases of cattle or pigs. Insulin from animals is still available outside the U.S. — and cheaper than a recombinant DNA version. (Bettmann/Corbis)",
"description": "A nurse in 1938 checks the amount of insulin in a needle. For many decades, the only insulin available to people with diabetes came from the pancreases of cattle or pigs. Insulin from animals is still available outside the U.S. — and cheaper than a recombinant DNA version. (Bettmann/Corbis)",
"title": "Screen Shot 2015-03-19 at 10.09.29 AM",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_549": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_549",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "549",
"found": true
},
"parent": 527,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ChironHealthOffice-1892-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ChironHealthOffice-1892-400x266.jpg",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 266
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ChironHealthOffice-1892-320x213.jpg",
"width": 320,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 213
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ChironHealthOffice-1892-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ChironHealthOffice-1892.jpg",
"width": 4256,
"height": 2832
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ChironHealthOffice-1892-1180x785.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 785
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ChironHealthOffice-1892-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ChironHealthOffice-1892-800x532.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 532
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ChironHealthOffice-1892-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ChironHealthOffice-1892-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ChironHealthOffice-1892-1180x785.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 785
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ChironHealthOffice-1892-768x511.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 511
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ChironHealthOffice-1892-75x75.jpg",
"width": 75,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 75
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ChironHealthOffice-1892-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1426787135,
"modified": 1426788886,
"caption": "Chiron Health primarily sells its service to small medical practices and its\nteam has grown to over a dozen employees. (courtesy Chiron Health)",
"description": null,
"title": "ChironHealthOffice-1892",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_380": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_380",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "380",
"found": true
},
"parent": 370,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CRISPR_featured-image-1024x576.jpg",
"width": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CRISPR_featured-image-400x225.jpg",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 225
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CRISPR_featured-image-320x180.jpg",
"width": 320,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CRISPR_featured-image-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CRISPR_featured-image.jpg",
"width": 1024,
"height": 576
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CRISPR_featured-image-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CRISPR_featured-image-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CRISPR_featured-image-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CRISPR_featured-image-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CRISPR_featured-image-75x75.jpg",
"width": 75,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 75
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CRISPR_featured-image-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CRISPR_featured-image-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1426484705,
"modified": 1426535452,
"caption": "Phoenix was born with a rare genetic disease called SCID, or Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)",
"description": null,
"title": "CRISPR_featured image",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"stateofhealth_7357": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "stateofhealth_7357",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "7357",
"found": true
},
"parent": 7353,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534-400x276.jpg",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 276
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534-320x221.jpg",
"width": 320,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 221
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1323
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534-1440x992.jpg",
"width": 1440,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 992
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534-800x551.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 551
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534-1180x813.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 813
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534-768x529.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 529
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534-75x75.jpg",
"width": 75,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 75
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1342461130,
"modified": 1426265169,
"caption": "(Justin Sullivan: Getty Images)",
"description": "Bottles of antiretroviral drug Truvada are shown at Jack's Pharmacy on November 23, 2010 in San Anselmo, California.",
"title": "(Justin Sullivan: Getty Images)",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"stateofhealth_24413": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "stateofhealth_24413",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "24413",
"found": true
},
"parent": 24408,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266-400x267.jpg",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 267
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266-320x213.jpg",
"width": 320,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 213
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266.jpg",
"width": 1921,
"height": 1280
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266-1440x960.jpg",
"width": 1440,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 960
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266-1180x786.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 786
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266-75x75.jpg",
"width": 75,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 75
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1426098838,
"modified": 1426098861,
"caption": "(Getty Images)",
"description": null,
"title": "iStock_000031838146_Large",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"stateofhealth_24394": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "stateofhealth_24394",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "24394",
"found": true
},
"parent": 24387,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306-400x267.jpg",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 267
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306-320x213.jpg",
"width": 320,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 213
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306.jpg",
"width": 1921,
"height": 1280
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306-1440x960.jpg",
"width": 1440,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 960
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306-1180x786.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 786
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306-75x75.jpg",
"width": 75,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 75
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1426011466,
"modified": 1426011486,
"caption": "(Getty Images)",
"description": null,
"title": "iStock_000015590176_Large-2",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_27893": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_27893",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "27893",
"found": true
},
"parent": 27892,
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/BabyBlues.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 466
}
},
"publishDate": 1425571091,
"modified": 1425571210,
"caption": "In some cases a man can be both father and uncle to the smae child. The wonderful genetics of chimerism. (Wikimedia Commons)",
"description": null,
"title": "BabyBlues",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"stateofhealth_15266": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "stateofhealth_15266",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "15266",
"found": true
},
"parent": 15263,
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-e1380559925587-400x283.jpg",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 283
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-e1380559925587-320x226.jpg",
"width": 320,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 226
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-e1380559925587-641x372.jpg",
"width": 641,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-e1380559925587.jpg",
"width": 641,
"height": 453
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-e1380559925587-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-e1380559925587-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-e1380559925587-75x75.jpg",
"width": 75,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 75
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-e1380559925587-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-e1380559925587-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1380559911,
"modified": 1380559911,
"caption": "Students leaving a vaccine clinic after being vaccinated against whooping cough at a middle school in Los Angeles. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)",
"description": "vaccine clinic",
"title": "149948672",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
}
},
"audioPlayerReducer": {
"postId": "stream_live",
"isPaused": true,
"isPlaying": false,
"pfsActive": false,
"pledgeModalIsOpen": true,
"playerDrawerIsOpen": false,
"liveAudioPlayStartedAt": 0,
"liveAudioPlayContext": ""
},
"authorsReducer": {
"amystanden": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "210",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "210",
"found": true
},
"name": "Amy Standen",
"firstName": "Amy",
"lastName": "Standen",
"slug": "amystanden",
"email": "astanden@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": "KQED Contributor",
"bio": "Amy Standen (@amystanden) is co-host of #\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap\">TheLeapPodcast\u003c/a> (subscribe on iTunes or Stitcher!) and host of KQED and PBSDigital Studios' science video series, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/KQEDDeepLook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>. Her science radio stories appear on KQED and NPR.\r\n\r\nEmail her at astanden@kqed.org",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "stateofhealth",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": []
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Amy Standen | KQED",
"description": "KQED Contributor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/amystanden"
},
"lisaaliferis": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "240",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "240",
"found": true
},
"name": "Lisa Aliferis",
"firstName": "Lisa",
"lastName": "Aliferis",
"slug": "lisaaliferis",
"email": "laliferis@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": "KQED Contributor",
"bio": "Lisa Aliferis is the founding editor of KQED's \u003cem>State of Health\u003c/em> blog. Since 2011, she's been writing and editing stories for the site. Before taking up blogging, she toiled for many years (more than we can count) producing health stories for television, including\u003cem> Dateline NBC\u003c/em> and San Francisco's CBS affiliate, KPIX-TV. She also wrote up a \u003ca title=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/health/obamacare/obamacare-guide.jsp\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/health/obamacare/obamacare-guide.jsp\">handy guide to the Affordable Care Act\u003c/a>, especially for Californians. Her work has been honored for many awards. Most recently she was a finalist for \"Best Topical Reporting\" from the Online News Association. You can follow her on Twitter: \u003ca title=\"https://twitter.com/laliferis\" href=\"https://twitter.com/laliferis\">@laliferis\u003c/a>",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86c339d5cdcb0dcd2b6cf5d7c3f5886b?s=600&d=mm&r=g",
"twitter": "laliferis",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "stateofhealth",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "food",
"roles": []
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Lisa Aliferis | KQED",
"description": "KQED Contributor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86c339d5cdcb0dcd2b6cf5d7c3f5886b?s=600&d=mm&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86c339d5cdcb0dcd2b6cf5d7c3f5886b?s=600&d=mm&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/lisaaliferis"
},
"cfarr": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "3252",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "3252",
"found": true
},
"name": "Christina Farr",
"firstName": "Christina",
"lastName": "Farr",
"slug": "cfarr",
"email": "cfarr@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": "KQED Contributor",
"bio": "Christina Farr (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/chrissyfarr\">@chrissyfarr\u003c/a>) is the former editor and host of Future of You. She was previously with Reuters, covering digital health and Apple and before that, she reported for Venture Beat. Christina was born and raised in London and has graduate degrees from University of London and the Stanford School of Journalism. Farr’s work has appeared in a variety of publications, including the New York Times, the Daily Telegraph, the Bay Citizen and SFGate.com. She has appeared as a featured expert on NBC, ABC and Reuters TV, among others, and frequently speaks at health and technology conferences. She is also co-founder of Ladies Who Vino, a networking group for women in technology and business.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22c63869a7901c61c15e204391c1261d?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"administrator"
]
},
{
"site": "stateofhealth",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": []
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Christina Farr | KQED",
"description": "KQED Contributor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22c63869a7901c61c15e204391c1261d?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22c63869a7901c61c15e204391c1261d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/cfarr"
},
"dr-barry-starr": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "6177",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "6177",
"found": true
},
"name": "Dr. Barry Starr",
"firstName": "Dr. Barry",
"lastName": "Starr",
"slug": "dr-barry-starr",
"email": "bstarr@thetech.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": "KQED Contributor",
"bio": "Dr. Barry Starr (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/geneticsboy\">@geneticsboy\u003c/a>) is a Geneticist-in-Residence at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose, CA and runs their Stanford at The Tech program. The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "geneticsboy",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": []
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Dr. Barry Starr | KQED",
"description": "KQED Contributor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/dr-barry-starr"
},
"jenniferhuber": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "6360",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "6360",
"found": true
},
"name": "Jennifer Huber",
"firstName": "Jennifer",
"lastName": "Huber",
"slug": "jenniferhuber",
"email": "jshuber@lbl.gov",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": null,
"bio": "Jennifer Huber is a medical imaging scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory with more than 20 years of experience in academic science writing. She received her Ph.D. in Physics from the University of California Santa Barbara. She is also a freelance science writer, editor and blogger, as well as a science-writing instructor for the University of California Berkeley Extension. Jennifer has lived in the San Francisco Bay Area most of her life and she frequently enjoys the eclectic cultural, culinary and outdoor activities available in the area.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/jenniferhuber/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ci>QUEST\u003c/i>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ca897c62a710c0bf8c5f429c89331765?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Jennifer Huber | KQED",
"description": null,
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ca897c62a710c0bf8c5f429c89331765?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ca897c62a710c0bf8c5f429c89331765?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/jenniferhuber"
},
"state-of-health": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "8344",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "8344",
"found": true
},
"name": "State of Health",
"firstName": "State of Health",
"lastName": null,
"slug": "state-of-health",
"email": "stateofhealth@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": null,
"bio": null,
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/66de4bf6d331fa7402bba1ffe8135e17?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "arts",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "stateofhealth",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "State of Health | KQED",
"description": null,
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/66de4bf6d331fa7402bba1ffe8135e17?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/66de4bf6d331fa7402bba1ffe8135e17?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/state-of-health"
}
},
"pagesReducer": {
"science_category_health": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_39",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "39",
"score": 10.88648
},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Health Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 41,
"slug": "health",
"isLoading": false,
"title": "Health",
"pageMeta": {
"site": "science",
"WpPageTemplate": "page-topic-editorial",
"currentPage": 84
},
"blocks": [
{
"blockName": "kqed/post-list",
"attrs": {
"layout": "cardArticle2",
"query": "posts/science?category=health",
"seeMore": false,
"paginated": true,
"page": 84
}
},
{
"blockName": "kqed/ad"
}
]
}
},
"pfsSessionReducer": {},
"postsReducer": {
"stream_live": {
"type": "live",
"id": "stream_live",
"audioUrl": "https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio",
"title": "Live Stream",
"excerpt": "Live Stream information currently unavailable.",
"link": "/radio",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "KQED Live",
"link": "/"
}
},
"stream_kqedNewscast": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stream_kqedNewscast",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1",
"title": "KQED Newscast",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "88.5 FM",
"link": "/"
}
},
"futureofyou_1192": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_1192",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1192",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1428083943000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "futureofyou"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1428083943,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Ancestry Uses a Drop of Saliva to Find Your Relatives From Centuries Ago",
"title": "Ancestry Uses a Drop of Saliva to Find Your Relatives From Centuries Ago",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>By submitting a sample of your DNA, you can now learn about your ancestors from generations ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://ancestry.com\">Ancestry.com\u003c/a>-owned company called \u003ca href=\"http://dna.ancestry.com/\">AncestryDNA\u003c/a> released a product this week that it claims can provide glimpses into the lives of your distant descendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In exchange for a drop of spit, about 30 percent of Ancestry's customers can access details about their probable long-lost relatives, including their hometown, their criminal record and potentially even their cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Previously, the company has been offering a $99 DNA kit, which breaks down consumer's ethnicity and provides links to living relatives. But now the company is trying to go back several generations into the past. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the millions of people who are addicted to genealogical research, unlocking clues about family history is worthwhile in its own right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But AncestryDNA says its new product could prove to be useful for those who want to learn more about their own health. If the data is accurate, it might indicate a family history of a disease like breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take the DNA test, there’s a decent chance you’ll learn something about your ancestors as far back as the eighteenth-century,” said Ancestry.com CEO Tim Sullivan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1196\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-1196 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg.jpg\" alt=\"Ancestry CEO Tim Sullivan \" width=\"600\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg-400x285.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg-320x228.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ancestry CEO Tim Sullivan is one of millions of people fascinated by genealogical research \u003ccite>(Ancestry)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Family health histories are a natural extension of this product,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AncestryDNA is already testing a web service that lets people aggregate their family medical histories online, Sullivan said. But it’s not available to everyone just yet, as the company is slowly rolling out this tool to a small group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is watching closely as DNA testing company \u003ca href=\"http://23andme.com\">23andMe\u003c/a>, based in Mountain View, pushes for regulatory approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for its home DNA tests. AncestryDNA may release a similar service that determines people’s propensity for a whole battery of diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Your Roots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How is AncestryDNA tracing people’s family histories – no genealogical research required?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its geneticists are making connections between living people, like second or third cousins, who have submitted their DNA samples. Once that happens, a new customer who hasn’t submitted any genealogical information can learn more about their \"new\" relative's family tree, and glean information pulled from death records and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ancestry’s geneticists say this technique is effective enough to \"retroactively\" link people back to descendants who lived hundreds of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1193\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 455px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-1193\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone.jpg\" alt=\"AncestryDNA's product manager Kenny Freestone finds a link to a long-lost relative\" width=\"455\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone.jpg 2724w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-400x354.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-678x600.jpg 678w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-1180x1045.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-768x680.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-320x283.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 455px) 100vw, 455px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">AncestryDNA's product manager Kenny Freestone finds a link to a long-lost relative \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company’s product manager, Kenny Freestone, demonstrated this week how it’s done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freestone's DNA sample connected him to a distant ancestor, a bearded fellow named Ebenezer Hunter, who was born in Scotland in 1831. Ancestry.com gathered information about Hunter from over 140 people’s family trees, as well as census records and other publicly available information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freestone discovered that his ancestor was a polygamist who sired 25 children; he also learned some basic facts about how he died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some genetics experts say products like these have enormous potential for health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A couple of other labs have already tried to make these huge family trees using big databases,” said Alexandre Bolze, a geneticist and postdoctoral researcher at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is useful to understanding how genetics influenced certain traits, like height. Not everything is caused by genetics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others caution that it’s a challenge to determine if historical information is accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going back three or four generations, it’s going to be hard for a researcher to know whether you are descended from George Smith, the oldest of the family, or any of the other sons,” said Hank Greely, a director at the Center for Law and Biosciences at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The company is going to need an awful lot of family members' DNA to determine with a high degree of probability how closely you're related to a distant ancestor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greeley points out that it’s difficult for researchers to ascertain how long-lost relatives died, as reports are often inconclusive. Even 50 years ago, medical reports tended to be far more vague, citing things like “fever” or “cancer” as the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is worth informing your doctor if you learn that you have a family history of disease going back three or four generations, Greeley said, but it’s not cause for panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to imagine that this information would be powerful enough to raise any immediate personal health concerns.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "1192 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=1192",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/04/03/ancestry-uses-a-drop-of-saliva-to-find-your-relatives-from-centuries-ago/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 802,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 27
},
"modified": 1428087049,
"excerpt": "This week Ancestry.com released a product that it claims can provide glimpses into the lives of your distant descendants.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "This week Ancestry.com released a product that it claims can provide glimpses into the lives of your distant descendants.",
"title": "Ancestry Uses a Drop of Saliva to Find Your Relatives From Centuries Ago | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Ancestry Uses a Drop of Saliva to Find Your Relatives From Centuries Ago",
"datePublished": "2015-04-03T10:59:03-07:00",
"dateModified": "2015-04-03T11:50:49-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "ancestry-uses-a-drop-of-saliva-to-find-your-relatives-from-centuries-ago",
"status": "publish",
"path": "/futureofyou/1192/ancestry-uses-a-drop-of-saliva-to-find-your-relatives-from-centuries-ago",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By submitting a sample of your DNA, you can now learn about your ancestors from generations ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://ancestry.com\">Ancestry.com\u003c/a>-owned company called \u003ca href=\"http://dna.ancestry.com/\">AncestryDNA\u003c/a> released a product this week that it claims can provide glimpses into the lives of your distant descendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In exchange for a drop of spit, about 30 percent of Ancestry's customers can access details about their probable long-lost relatives, including their hometown, their criminal record and potentially even their cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Previously, the company has been offering a $99 DNA kit, which breaks down consumer's ethnicity and provides links to living relatives. But now the company is trying to go back several generations into the past. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the millions of people who are addicted to genealogical research, unlocking clues about family history is worthwhile in its own right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But AncestryDNA says its new product could prove to be useful for those who want to learn more about their own health. If the data is accurate, it might indicate a family history of a disease like breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take the DNA test, there’s a decent chance you’ll learn something about your ancestors as far back as the eighteenth-century,” said Ancestry.com CEO Tim Sullivan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1196\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-1196 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg.jpg\" alt=\"Ancestry CEO Tim Sullivan \" width=\"600\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg-400x285.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg-320x228.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ancestry CEO Tim Sullivan is one of millions of people fascinated by genealogical research \u003ccite>(Ancestry)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Family health histories are a natural extension of this product,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AncestryDNA is already testing a web service that lets people aggregate their family medical histories online, Sullivan said. But it’s not available to everyone just yet, as the company is slowly rolling out this tool to a small group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is watching closely as DNA testing company \u003ca href=\"http://23andme.com\">23andMe\u003c/a>, based in Mountain View, pushes for regulatory approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for its home DNA tests. AncestryDNA may release a similar service that determines people’s propensity for a whole battery of diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Your Roots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How is AncestryDNA tracing people’s family histories – no genealogical research required?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its geneticists are making connections between living people, like second or third cousins, who have submitted their DNA samples. Once that happens, a new customer who hasn’t submitted any genealogical information can learn more about their \"new\" relative's family tree, and glean information pulled from death records and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ancestry’s geneticists say this technique is effective enough to \"retroactively\" link people back to descendants who lived hundreds of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1193\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 455px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-1193\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone.jpg\" alt=\"AncestryDNA's product manager Kenny Freestone finds a link to a long-lost relative\" width=\"455\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone.jpg 2724w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-400x354.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-678x600.jpg 678w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-1180x1045.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-768x680.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-320x283.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 455px) 100vw, 455px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">AncestryDNA's product manager Kenny Freestone finds a link to a long-lost relative \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company’s product manager, Kenny Freestone, demonstrated this week how it’s done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freestone's DNA sample connected him to a distant ancestor, a bearded fellow named Ebenezer Hunter, who was born in Scotland in 1831. Ancestry.com gathered information about Hunter from over 140 people’s family trees, as well as census records and other publicly available information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freestone discovered that his ancestor was a polygamist who sired 25 children; he also learned some basic facts about how he died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some genetics experts say products like these have enormous potential for health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A couple of other labs have already tried to make these huge family trees using big databases,” said Alexandre Bolze, a geneticist and postdoctoral researcher at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is useful to understanding how genetics influenced certain traits, like height. Not everything is caused by genetics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others caution that it’s a challenge to determine if historical information is accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going back three or four generations, it’s going to be hard for a researcher to know whether you are descended from George Smith, the oldest of the family, or any of the other sons,” said Hank Greely, a director at the Center for Law and Biosciences at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The company is going to need an awful lot of family members' DNA to determine with a high degree of probability how closely you're related to a distant ancestor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greeley points out that it’s difficult for researchers to ascertain how long-lost relatives died, as reports are often inconclusive. Even 50 years ago, medical reports tended to be far more vague, citing things like “fever” or “cancer” as the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is worth informing your doctor if you learn that you have a family history of disease going back three or four generations, Greeley said, but it’s not cause for panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to imagine that this information would be powerful enough to raise any immediate personal health concerns.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/1192/ancestry-uses-a-drop-of-saliva-to-find-your-relatives-from-centuries-ago",
"authors": [
"3252"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_17",
"futureofyou_159",
"futureofyou_138",
"futureofyou_157",
"futureofyou_80",
"futureofyou_158"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_1198",
"label": "futureofyou"
},
"stateofhealth_24782": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stateofhealth_24782",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "24782",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1427821459000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "stateofhealth"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1427821459,
"format": "aside",
"disqusTitle": "Is Pollution From Asia Making the Central Valley's Bad Air Even Worse?",
"title": "Is Pollution From Asia Making the Central Valley's Bad Air Even Worse?",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24787\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-24787\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-640x428.jpg\" alt=\"(David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Advocates say the San Joaquin Valley Air District should focus on sources it can control, like farming machinery. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alice Daniel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Central Valley grapples with some of the dirtiest air in the nation. The culprits range from its vast agriculture industry to trucks on Highway 99. But one local air district is tagging a source far away: Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world in so many ways is getting smaller in respect to what we always thought was our own backyard issue: ozone,” says David Lighthall, the health science advisor for the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighthall is one of the organizers of an \u003ca title=\"http://www.valleyair.org/topc/\" href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/topc/\" target=\"_blank\">ozone pollution conference\u003c/a> starting Tuesday where scientists from California, China, Colorado and other places will discuss trends in global ozone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say pollutants from fast-growing Asian countries like China are blowing across the Pacific Ocean and increasing ozone levels in vulnerable areas that include parts of California. But how much of a difference that foreign -- or \"transboundary\" -- ozone makes in the Central Valley is debatable.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighthall says that on some days this additional pollution is enough to prevent the district from meeting federal clean air health standards. The Valley's bowl-shaped geography traps pollutants, sometimes for days at a time -- and that includes pollutants from other places, Lighthall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there's an \"upward trend\" in transboundary ozone and the ozone is now \"mixing down and really making a difference on certain days as to whether we actually meet the standard ... or whether we don’t meet it,” Lighthall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/198583646\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the EPA disagrees. It says that on the Valley’s worst air days, most ozone pollution comes from local sources. In fact, last year the air district unsuccessfully petitioned the EPA to exempt it from penalties for violating a health standard blaming it on smog from Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some local health advocates say the air district is straying too far from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The air district is famous for looking for loopholes,” says Delores Weller, director of the Central Valley Air Quality Coalition, an advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the district is focusing on sources it can’t control and should do everything it can first to tackle homegrown pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be great to see an agriculture, farming operations and air pollution conference based here in the Valley as opposed to a trans-boundary ozone conference,” Weller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the air district says it must research all sources of air pollution to know exactly what it’s dealing with and how best to mitigate. It’s even \u003ca title=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-pacific-smog-20150201-story.html#page=1\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-pacific-smog-20150201-story.html#page=1\" target=\"_blank\">funding research at U.C. Davis \u003c/a>to assess the effects of ozone from Asia.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "24782 http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=24782",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/31/is-pollution-from-asia-making-the-central-valleys-bad-air-even-worse/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 494,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 16
},
"modified": 1427994853,
"excerpt": "The air district says pollution from Asia makes a difference on certain days. Advocates say the district is looking for loopholes.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The air district says pollution from Asia makes a difference on certain days. Advocates say the district is looking for loopholes.",
"title": "Is Pollution From Asia Making the Central Valley's Bad Air Even Worse? | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Is Pollution From Asia Making the Central Valley's Bad Air Even Worse?",
"datePublished": "2015-03-31T10:04:19-07:00",
"dateModified": "2015-04-02T10:14:13-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "is-pollution-from-asia-making-the-central-valleys-bad-air-even-worse",
"status": "publish",
"path": "/stateofhealth/24782/is-pollution-from-asia-making-the-central-valleys-bad-air-even-worse",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24787\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-24787\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-640x428.jpg\" alt=\"(David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Advocates say the San Joaquin Valley Air District should focus on sources it can control, like farming machinery. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alice Daniel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Central Valley grapples with some of the dirtiest air in the nation. The culprits range from its vast agriculture industry to trucks on Highway 99. But one local air district is tagging a source far away: Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world in so many ways is getting smaller in respect to what we always thought was our own backyard issue: ozone,” says David Lighthall, the health science advisor for the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighthall is one of the organizers of an \u003ca title=\"http://www.valleyair.org/topc/\" href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/topc/\" target=\"_blank\">ozone pollution conference\u003c/a> starting Tuesday where scientists from California, China, Colorado and other places will discuss trends in global ozone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say pollutants from fast-growing Asian countries like China are blowing across the Pacific Ocean and increasing ozone levels in vulnerable areas that include parts of California. But how much of a difference that foreign -- or \"transboundary\" -- ozone makes in the Central Valley is debatable.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighthall says that on some days this additional pollution is enough to prevent the district from meeting federal clean air health standards. The Valley's bowl-shaped geography traps pollutants, sometimes for days at a time -- and that includes pollutants from other places, Lighthall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there's an \"upward trend\" in transboundary ozone and the ozone is now \"mixing down and really making a difference on certain days as to whether we actually meet the standard ... or whether we don’t meet it,” Lighthall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/198583646&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/198583646'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the EPA disagrees. It says that on the Valley’s worst air days, most ozone pollution comes from local sources. In fact, last year the air district unsuccessfully petitioned the EPA to exempt it from penalties for violating a health standard blaming it on smog from Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some local health advocates say the air district is straying too far from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The air district is famous for looking for loopholes,” says Delores Weller, director of the Central Valley Air Quality Coalition, an advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the district is focusing on sources it can’t control and should do everything it can first to tackle homegrown pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be great to see an agriculture, farming operations and air pollution conference based here in the Valley as opposed to a trans-boundary ozone conference,” Weller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the air district says it must research all sources of air pollution to know exactly what it’s dealing with and how best to mitigate. It’s even \u003ca title=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-pacific-smog-20150201-story.html#page=1\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-pacific-smog-20150201-story.html#page=1\" target=\"_blank\">funding research at U.C. Davis \u003c/a>to assess the effects of ozone from Asia.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/stateofhealth/24782/is-pollution-from-asia-making-the-central-valleys-bad-air-even-worse",
"authors": [
"8344"
],
"categories": [
"stateofhealth_11"
],
"tags": [
"stateofhealth_280",
"stateofhealth_461"
],
"featImg": "stateofhealth_24787",
"label": "stateofhealth"
},
"science_28510": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_28510",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "28510",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1427481349000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1427481349,
"format": "aside",
"title": "Researchers at SLAC Study Promising Alternative to Morphine",
"headTitle": "Researchers at SLAC Study Promising Alternative to Morphine | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28515\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/3964596491_d30ac31296_o_Flickr_800x450.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/3964596491_d30ac31296_o_Flickr_800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Morphine is a common narcotic pain reliever with significant side effects (sfxeric/Flickr).\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Morphine is a common narcotic pain reliever with significant side effects (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/sfxeric/3964596491/in/photolist-73kApV-qgtj9G\">sfxeric/Flickr\u003c/a>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Morphine is a powerful narcotic, commonly used to treat moderate to severe pain from surgery, injury and chronic health conditions like cancer or osteoarthritis. However, morphine has many negative side effects. It can cause drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and constipation. More troubling, people can become dependent on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca title=\"CDC statistics opioid use\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db189.htm\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>, narcotic dependence and overdose deaths are a growing health problem in the United States. Narcotic sales quadrupled from 1999 to 2010 and narcotic-related deaths more than tripled from 1999 to 2012. More than 2 million people in the U.S. currently abuse narcotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to address this problem, researchers have long searched for alternative drugs that effectively relieve pain without inducing dependence as morphine does. A team of researchers now believe they’ve found a good candidate for such a drug, although it will be a long time before this drug, if it proves to be effective, is available in stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These researchers are studying their new kind of pain reliever using an ultrabright, ultrafast X-ray source called the \u003ca href=\"https://portal.slac.stanford.edu/sites/lcls_public/aboutlcls/Pages/About-LCLS.aspx\">Linac Coherent Light Source\u003c/a> (LCLS), which is located at \u003ca href=\"https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The LCLS creates the brightest X-ray source on the planet, which researchers need to accurately study the structure of tiny, nanoscale drug compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Narcotics Work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narcotics are also called opioid pain relievers, because they block the sensation of pain by binding to opioid receptors within the pain pathway of the brain. A drug can provide pain relief by binding to one of three types of opioid receptors in the brain: delta, mu and kappa. Narcotics like morphine target the opioid mu receptors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that long-term use of morphine reduces the number of available opioid mu receptors. As a result, tolerance develops so a higher dose of the drug is needed to achieve the same level of pain relief. Ultimately, prolonged use leads to physical dependence — which is when the neurons adapt to the presence of the drug and function normally only when it’s in the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nsmb/journal/v22/n3/full/nsmb.2965.html\">Previous research\u003c/a> has shown that administering morphine with another drug that simultaneously blocks the opioid delta receptors prevents this morphine-induced tolerance and dependence. Researchers just need to find the right drug combination with minimal side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a team of researchers, led by University of Southern California chemistry professor Vadim Cherezov, developed a drug that activates opioid mu receptors while blocking opioid delta receptors. Their drug is derived from a specialized peptide – a naturally occurring chain of amino acids. Their \u003ca title=\"journal article\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/nsmb/journal/v22/n3/full/nsmb.2965.html\">research results\u003c/a> were reported in the February issue of \u003cem>Nature Structural and Molecular Biology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Tiny Crystals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, it is very difficult to study new opioid compounds like the one Cherezov recently developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> ‘This work will provide a solid basis for the design of a new generation of pain relievers with reduced dependency.’ \u003ccite>— Vadim Cherezov, USC \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In order to understand the structure of new compounds, scientists usually grow crystals of the compound and then hit them with X-rays. By measuring the angles and intensity of how the X-rays bounce off the crystals, they can produce a three-dimensional picture of the crystal structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, it can be difficult to grow crystals large enough to use this standard method, called X-ray crystallography. Plus, you typically need to freeze the crystal to make it more rigid, rather than study it in natural conditions and temperatures. On top of that, a conventional X-ray beam might blast and destroy the small crystal before you can collect enough data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Cherezov’s team used the Linac Coherent Light Source to perform their experiment on tiny crystals, very fast, and at room temperature. LCLS X-ray pulses last just a quadrillionth of a second, or 100 times faster than it takes light to travel the width of a human hair. Yet they are a billion times brighter than a conventional X-ray source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this unique X-ray source with higher-intensity, very short pulses, Cherezov was able to use smaller crystals and still collect terabytes of structural data before the crystals vaporized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each crystal the research team prepared was a millionth of a meter and contained many copies of their new opioid compound bound to an opioid receptor. The team placed the crystals in a toothpaste-like gel to simulate the receptors’ natural environment, and then injected a thin stream of this gel into the path of the LCLS X-ray beam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting structural model was precise enough to show how the new drug molecules bind with the receptor. This atomic-scale map should help scientists develop pain-relieving drugs with fewer negative side effects. It’s likely to to take years, though, before it can be tested in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This work will provide a solid basis for the design of a new generation of pain relievers with reduced dependency,” Cherezov said in a \u003ca title=\"SLAC press release\" href=\"https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2015-02-17-study-could-pave-way-painkillers-fewer-side-effects.aspx%20\">press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cherezov’s experiment is just one of many performed at the Linac Coherent Light Source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The LCLS is a Department of Energy User Facility where approximately 600 scientists conduct groundbreaking experiments each year, across many fields, including chemistry, biology, material science, technology and energy science.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 896,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 23
},
"modified": 1704932074,
"excerpt": "Researchers are now studying a new kind of pain reliever with less side effects than morphine, using the Linac Coherent Light Source at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Researchers are now studying a new kind of pain reliever with less side effects than morphine, using the Linac Coherent Light Source at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.",
"title": "Researchers at SLAC Study Promising Alternative to Morphine | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Researchers at SLAC Study Promising Alternative to Morphine",
"datePublished": "2015-03-27T11:35:49-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T16:14:34-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "researchers-at-slac-study-promising-alternative-to-morphine",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/28510/researchers-at-slac-study-promising-alternative-to-morphine",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28515\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/3964596491_d30ac31296_o_Flickr_800x450.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/3964596491_d30ac31296_o_Flickr_800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Morphine is a common narcotic pain reliever with significant side effects (sfxeric/Flickr).\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Morphine is a common narcotic pain reliever with significant side effects (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/sfxeric/3964596491/in/photolist-73kApV-qgtj9G\">sfxeric/Flickr\u003c/a>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Morphine is a powerful narcotic, commonly used to treat moderate to severe pain from surgery, injury and chronic health conditions like cancer or osteoarthritis. However, morphine has many negative side effects. It can cause drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and constipation. More troubling, people can become dependent on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca title=\"CDC statistics opioid use\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db189.htm\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>, narcotic dependence and overdose deaths are a growing health problem in the United States. Narcotic sales quadrupled from 1999 to 2010 and narcotic-related deaths more than tripled from 1999 to 2012. More than 2 million people in the U.S. currently abuse narcotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to address this problem, researchers have long searched for alternative drugs that effectively relieve pain without inducing dependence as morphine does. A team of researchers now believe they’ve found a good candidate for such a drug, although it will be a long time before this drug, if it proves to be effective, is available in stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These researchers are studying their new kind of pain reliever using an ultrabright, ultrafast X-ray source called the \u003ca href=\"https://portal.slac.stanford.edu/sites/lcls_public/aboutlcls/Pages/About-LCLS.aspx\">Linac Coherent Light Source\u003c/a> (LCLS), which is located at \u003ca href=\"https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The LCLS creates the brightest X-ray source on the planet, which researchers need to accurately study the structure of tiny, nanoscale drug compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Narcotics Work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narcotics are also called opioid pain relievers, because they block the sensation of pain by binding to opioid receptors within the pain pathway of the brain. A drug can provide pain relief by binding to one of three types of opioid receptors in the brain: delta, mu and kappa. Narcotics like morphine target the opioid mu receptors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that long-term use of morphine reduces the number of available opioid mu receptors. As a result, tolerance develops so a higher dose of the drug is needed to achieve the same level of pain relief. Ultimately, prolonged use leads to physical dependence — which is when the neurons adapt to the presence of the drug and function normally only when it’s in the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nsmb/journal/v22/n3/full/nsmb.2965.html\">Previous research\u003c/a> has shown that administering morphine with another drug that simultaneously blocks the opioid delta receptors prevents this morphine-induced tolerance and dependence. Researchers just need to find the right drug combination with minimal side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a team of researchers, led by University of Southern California chemistry professor Vadim Cherezov, developed a drug that activates opioid mu receptors while blocking opioid delta receptors. Their drug is derived from a specialized peptide – a naturally occurring chain of amino acids. Their \u003ca title=\"journal article\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/nsmb/journal/v22/n3/full/nsmb.2965.html\">research results\u003c/a> were reported in the February issue of \u003cem>Nature Structural and Molecular Biology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Tiny Crystals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, it is very difficult to study new opioid compounds like the one Cherezov recently developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> ‘This work will provide a solid basis for the design of a new generation of pain relievers with reduced dependency.’ \u003ccite>— Vadim Cherezov, USC \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In order to understand the structure of new compounds, scientists usually grow crystals of the compound and then hit them with X-rays. By measuring the angles and intensity of how the X-rays bounce off the crystals, they can produce a three-dimensional picture of the crystal structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, it can be difficult to grow crystals large enough to use this standard method, called X-ray crystallography. Plus, you typically need to freeze the crystal to make it more rigid, rather than study it in natural conditions and temperatures. On top of that, a conventional X-ray beam might blast and destroy the small crystal before you can collect enough data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Cherezov’s team used the Linac Coherent Light Source to perform their experiment on tiny crystals, very fast, and at room temperature. LCLS X-ray pulses last just a quadrillionth of a second, or 100 times faster than it takes light to travel the width of a human hair. Yet they are a billion times brighter than a conventional X-ray source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this unique X-ray source with higher-intensity, very short pulses, Cherezov was able to use smaller crystals and still collect terabytes of structural data before the crystals vaporized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each crystal the research team prepared was a millionth of a meter and contained many copies of their new opioid compound bound to an opioid receptor. The team placed the crystals in a toothpaste-like gel to simulate the receptors’ natural environment, and then injected a thin stream of this gel into the path of the LCLS X-ray beam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting structural model was precise enough to show how the new drug molecules bind with the receptor. This atomic-scale map should help scientists develop pain-relieving drugs with fewer negative side effects. It’s likely to to take years, though, before it can be tested in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This work will provide a solid basis for the design of a new generation of pain relievers with reduced dependency,” Cherezov said in a \u003ca title=\"SLAC press release\" href=\"https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2015-02-17-study-could-pave-way-painkillers-fewer-side-effects.aspx%20\">press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cherezov’s experiment is just one of many performed at the Linac Coherent Light Source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The LCLS is a Department of Energy User Facility where approximately 600 scientists conduct groundbreaking experiments each year, across many fields, including chemistry, biology, material science, technology and energy science.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/28510/researchers-at-slac-study-promising-alternative-to-morphine",
"authors": [
"6360"
],
"categories": [
"science_30",
"science_29",
"science_39"
],
"featImg": "science_28515",
"label": "science"
},
"stateofhealth_24699": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stateofhealth_24699",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "24699",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1427301518000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "stateofhealth"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1427301518,
"format": "aside",
"disqusTitle": "Frontline 'Vaccine War' Live Chat; Wednesday 3/25, Noon PT",
"title": "Frontline 'Vaccine War' Live Chat; Wednesday 3/25, Noon PT",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23614\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-640x456.jpg\" alt=\"A dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine, known commonly as MMR. (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"456\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine, known commonly as MMR. (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frontline aired an updated version of its 2008 documentary \u003ca title=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/\" href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/\" target=\"_blank\">The Vaccine War\u003c/a> on Tuesday night. The film dives deep into the debate over vaccines. While the overwhelming majority of parents vaccinate their children, a small but growing minority either under-vaccinate their children or refuse vaccines altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate has taken a new turn in the wake of the measles outbreak which started in Disneyland in December. Public health officials believe a still-unknown person infected with measles visited the park and spread it to others. As the outbreak took hold, a new front in the debate grew: that of people who are immune-compromised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State of Health \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" target=\"_blank\">first told the story of Carl Krawitt\u003c/a> the father of 7-year-old Rhett who was diagnosed with leukemia when he was two and a half. Because of the treatments Rhett underwent to fight his disease, prior vaccine protection was wiped out, and he had to wait until he had been in remission for a year \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/13/parents-relieved-as-son-gets-first-post-leukemia-vaccines/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/13/parents-relieved-as-son-gets-first-post-leukemia-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">before his vaccines could begin again\u003c/a>. The Krawitt family has been arguing that those unvaccinated by choice should not be able to attend public school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frontline producers told the story of Rhett's family in The Vaccine War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, it's your turn. On Wednesday (March 25) at noon PT, Frontline is hosting a live chat, and I'm honored to be the moderator. 'Vaccine War' producer and director Kate McMahon will take your questions, along with Carl Krawitt, and Dr. Arthur Reingold, Head of Epidemiology at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feel free to leave a question now and please join us at noon for the chat!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://wwwssl.coveritlive.com/embed.html?altcastCode=0fc95ef8b6&srcdom=www.coveritlive.com&srcdomsec=wwwssl.coveritlive.com&height=550&entryLoc=top&commentLoc=top&titlePage=off&replayContentOrder=chronological&embedType=stream&titleImage=%2Ftemplates%2Fcoveritlive%2Fimages%2FbuildPage%2FNewsImage.jpg\" style=\"width:100%;height:550px\" height=\"550px\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "24699 http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=24699",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/25/frontline-vaccine-war-live-chat-wednesday-325-noon-pt/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": true,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 292,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [
"http://wwwssl.coveritlive.com/embed.html"
],
"paragraphCount": 9
},
"modified": 1427303735,
"excerpt": "KQED health editor Lisa Aliferis moderates live chat with Frontline producer, two guests.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "KQED health editor Lisa Aliferis moderates live chat with Frontline producer, two guests.",
"title": "Frontline 'Vaccine War' Live Chat; Wednesday 3/25, Noon PT | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Frontline 'Vaccine War' Live Chat; Wednesday 3/25, Noon PT",
"datePublished": "2015-03-25T09:38:38-07:00",
"dateModified": "2015-03-25T10:15:35-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "frontline-vaccine-war-live-chat-wednesday-325-noon-pt",
"status": "publish",
"path": "/stateofhealth/24699/frontline-vaccine-war-live-chat-wednesday-325-noon-pt",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23614\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-640x456.jpg\" alt=\"A dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine, known commonly as MMR. (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"456\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine, known commonly as MMR. (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frontline aired an updated version of its 2008 documentary \u003ca title=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/\" href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/\" target=\"_blank\">The Vaccine War\u003c/a> on Tuesday night. The film dives deep into the debate over vaccines. While the overwhelming majority of parents vaccinate their children, a small but growing minority either under-vaccinate their children or refuse vaccines altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate has taken a new turn in the wake of the measles outbreak which started in Disneyland in December. Public health officials believe a still-unknown person infected with measles visited the park and spread it to others. As the outbreak took hold, a new front in the debate grew: that of people who are immune-compromised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State of Health \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" target=\"_blank\">first told the story of Carl Krawitt\u003c/a> the father of 7-year-old Rhett who was diagnosed with leukemia when he was two and a half. Because of the treatments Rhett underwent to fight his disease, prior vaccine protection was wiped out, and he had to wait until he had been in remission for a year \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/13/parents-relieved-as-son-gets-first-post-leukemia-vaccines/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/13/parents-relieved-as-son-gets-first-post-leukemia-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">before his vaccines could begin again\u003c/a>. The Krawitt family has been arguing that those unvaccinated by choice should not be able to attend public school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frontline producers told the story of Rhett's family in The Vaccine War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, it's your turn. On Wednesday (March 25) at noon PT, Frontline is hosting a live chat, and I'm honored to be the moderator. 'Vaccine War' producer and director Kate McMahon will take your questions, along with Carl Krawitt, and Dr. Arthur Reingold, Head of Epidemiology at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feel free to leave a question now and please join us at noon for the chat!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://wwwssl.coveritlive.com/embed.html?altcastCode=0fc95ef8b6&srcdom=www.coveritlive.com&srcdomsec=wwwssl.coveritlive.com&height=550&entryLoc=top&commentLoc=top&titlePage=off&replayContentOrder=chronological&embedType=stream&titleImage=%2Ftemplates%2Fcoveritlive%2Fimages%2FbuildPage%2FNewsImage.jpg\" style=\"width:100%;height:550px\" height=\"550px\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/stateofhealth/24699/frontline-vaccine-war-live-chat-wednesday-325-noon-pt",
"authors": [
"240"
],
"categories": [
"stateofhealth_11",
"stateofhealth_12",
"stateofhealth_13"
],
"tags": [
"stateofhealth_726",
"stateofhealth_461",
"stateofhealth_725"
],
"featImg": "stateofhealth_23614",
"label": "stateofhealth"
},
"stateofhealth_24623": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stateofhealth_24623",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "24623",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1426785449000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "stateofhealth"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1426785449,
"format": "aside",
"disqusTitle": "Why Insulin Is So Expensive in the U.S.",
"title": "Why Insulin Is So Expensive in the U.S.",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/Screen-Shot-2015-03-19-at-10.09.29-AM.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-24625\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/Screen-Shot-2015-03-19-at-10.09.29-AM-640x426.png\" alt=\"A nurse in 1938 checks the amount of insulin in a needle. For many decades, the only insulin available to people with diabetes came from the pancreases of cattle or pigs. Insulin from animals is still available outside the U.S. — and cheaper than a recombinant DNA version. (Bettmann/Corbis)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nurse in 1938 checks the amount of insulin in a needle. For many decades, the only insulin available to people with diabetes came from the pancreases of cattle or pigs. Insulin from animals is still available outside the U.S. — and cheaper than a recombinant DNA version. (Bettmann/Corbis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Anders Kelto,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/03/19/393856788/why-is-u-s-insulin-so-expensive\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/03/19/393856788/why-is-u-s-insulin-so-expensive\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Jeremy Greene sees a lot of patients with diabetes that's out of control.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">More than 90 years after insulin was developed, there are no low-cost options available today. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, he says, sometimes their blood sugar is \"so high that you can't even record the number on their glucometer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinshistoryofmedicine.org/content/jeremy-greene\">Greene\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine and history of medicine at Johns Hopkins University, started asking patients at his clinic in Baltimore why they had so much trouble keeping their blood sugar stable. He was shocked by their answer: the high cost of insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene decided to call some local pharmacies, to ask about low-cost options. He was told no such options existed.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Only then did I realize there is no such thing as generic insulin in the United States in the year 2015,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene wondered why that was the case. Why was a medicine more than 90 years old so expensive? He started looking into the history of insulin, and has \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMms1411398\">published a paper\u003c/a> about his findings in this week's issue of the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story of insulin, it turns out, starts back in the late 1800s. That's when scientists discovered a link between diabetes and damaged cells in the pancreas — cells that produce insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1920s, researchers in Toronto extracted insulin from cattle pancreases and gave it to people who had diabetes, as part of a clinical trial. The first patient was a 14-year-old boy, who made a dramatic recovery. Most others recovered as well. Soon, insulin from pigs and cattle was being produced and sold on a massive scale around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res393881578\" class=\"bucketwrap image large\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"imagewrap\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"img alignnone\" src=\"http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2015/03/18/insulin-production_sq-26b52a203998117570dac24e7cd8e9d122a61561-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Acids, alcohol and pancreatic tissue were separated, bathed and mixed in this laboratory of a 1946 insulin factory in Bielefeld, Germany.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\">\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"credit-caption\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"caption\">\n\u003cp>Acids, alcohol and pancreatic tissue were separated, bathed and mixed in this laboratory of a 1946 insulin factory in Bielefeld, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"credit\">Chris Ware/Getty Images\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But for some, the early forms of the medicine weren't ideal. Many people required multiple injections every day, and some developed minor allergic reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next few decades, scientists figured out how to produce higher-quality insulin, Greene says. They made the drug purer, so recipients had fewer bad reactions. They also made the substance able to last longer in the bloodstream, which led to more stable blood sugar levels and less frequent injections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of these innovations helped to make insulin a little bit safer, a little bit more effective,\" Greene says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in the 1970s, scientists developed a new technique they could use for insulin production, called recombinant DNA technology. It involves putting the human gene for insulin into bacteria, which then produce large quantities of the hormone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, a funny thing happened, Greene says: \"The older [animal] insulin, rather than remaining around on the market as a cheaper, older alternative, disappeared from the market.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene says there's no one reason that companies stopped producing the older animal versions, but they clearly felt it would not be profitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gim/clinical/gss/Riggs.html\">Dr. Kevin Riggs\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins and co-author of the new insulin study, says the newer, recombinant version of insulin may have had some advantages in terms of convenience and fewer side effects. But there was probably something else at work — doctors being influenced by marketing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company that made the new form of insulin, called Humulin, launched a large marketing effort aimed at doctors and patients shortly after its release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But newer drugs aren't\u003cem> \u003c/em>always better, says \u003ca href=\"http://explore.georgetown.edu/people/ajf29/\">Dr. Adriane Fugh-Berman\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine and pharmacology at Georgetown University. That's partly because drug companies don't have to prove that a new drug is better than what is already on the market — they just have to prove that it's not worse.\"In government-funded studies that have compared older drugs to newer drugs, often older drugs come out looking better or equal to newer drugs,\" Fugh-Berman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, some patients have found that animal-derived forms of insulin work better for them, she says. They cause less variability in blood sugar, and fewer episodes of hypoglycemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while those older kinds of insulin are not available in the U.S., they are available elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In Canada, there actually is still an animal-derived insulin on the market, and that was really due to the efforts of consumer advocates,\" Fugh-Berman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the older versions have vanished in the U.S., newer versions have stayed expensive. The drug can cost up to $400 a month. Because of that high cost, many of the estimated 29 million people living with diabetes in the U.S. can't afford it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some industry analysts expect insulin costs to fall in the future. That's because the most recent insulin patents have expired, paving the way to more competition. The FDA has also decided to allow \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/03/10/388668910/fda-decision-signals-new-competition-for-some-of-the-costliest-drugs\">biosimilar\u003c/a> versions of insulin onto the market. These are substances that act in a similar way to existing forms, but are not necessarily identical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But there's concern that the cost savings [with biosimilar insulin] will be nowhere near as robust as they have been with [other types of] generic drugs,\" Greene says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rather than reducing costs by 80 percent, as many generics have done, they might reduce costs by 40 percent,\" Riggs says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene says the point of their recent study about insulin costs isn't to simply blame the drug industry. \"We do not believe that there is a conspiracy to keep insulin expensive,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather, he says, incremental improvements in the drug — and the disappearance of older versions, which aren't as profitable — are more likely explanations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene says innovations in insulin over the past 90 years have been significant. But, he says, it's important to ask this question: \"Do these innovations merit the loss of affordable insulin?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For patients at his clinic who can't afford insulin, Greene says, the answer is clear. A more affordable version is needed.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "24623 http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=24623",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/19/why-insulin-is-so-expensive-in-the-u-s/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1058,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 34
},
"modified": 1426870099,
"excerpt": "More than 90 years after insulin was developed, there are no low-cost options available today.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "More than 90 years after insulin was developed, there are no low-cost options available today.",
"title": "Why Insulin Is So Expensive in the U.S. | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Why Insulin Is So Expensive in the U.S.",
"datePublished": "2015-03-19T10:17:29-07:00",
"dateModified": "2015-03-20T09:48:19-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "why-insulin-is-so-expensive-in-the-u-s",
"status": "publish",
"path": "/stateofhealth/24623/why-insulin-is-so-expensive-in-the-u-s",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/Screen-Shot-2015-03-19-at-10.09.29-AM.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-24625\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/Screen-Shot-2015-03-19-at-10.09.29-AM-640x426.png\" alt=\"A nurse in 1938 checks the amount of insulin in a needle. For many decades, the only insulin available to people with diabetes came from the pancreases of cattle or pigs. Insulin from animals is still available outside the U.S. — and cheaper than a recombinant DNA version. (Bettmann/Corbis)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nurse in 1938 checks the amount of insulin in a needle. For many decades, the only insulin available to people with diabetes came from the pancreases of cattle or pigs. Insulin from animals is still available outside the U.S. — and cheaper than a recombinant DNA version. (Bettmann/Corbis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Anders Kelto,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/03/19/393856788/why-is-u-s-insulin-so-expensive\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/03/19/393856788/why-is-u-s-insulin-so-expensive\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Jeremy Greene sees a lot of patients with diabetes that's out of control.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">More than 90 years after insulin was developed, there are no low-cost options available today. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, he says, sometimes their blood sugar is \"so high that you can't even record the number on their glucometer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinshistoryofmedicine.org/content/jeremy-greene\">Greene\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine and history of medicine at Johns Hopkins University, started asking patients at his clinic in Baltimore why they had so much trouble keeping their blood sugar stable. He was shocked by their answer: the high cost of insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene decided to call some local pharmacies, to ask about low-cost options. He was told no such options existed.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Only then did I realize there is no such thing as generic insulin in the United States in the year 2015,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene wondered why that was the case. Why was a medicine more than 90 years old so expensive? He started looking into the history of insulin, and has \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMms1411398\">published a paper\u003c/a> about his findings in this week's issue of the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story of insulin, it turns out, starts back in the late 1800s. That's when scientists discovered a link between diabetes and damaged cells in the pancreas — cells that produce insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1920s, researchers in Toronto extracted insulin from cattle pancreases and gave it to people who had diabetes, as part of a clinical trial. The first patient was a 14-year-old boy, who made a dramatic recovery. Most others recovered as well. Soon, insulin from pigs and cattle was being produced and sold on a massive scale around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res393881578\" class=\"bucketwrap image large\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"imagewrap\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"img alignnone\" src=\"http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2015/03/18/insulin-production_sq-26b52a203998117570dac24e7cd8e9d122a61561-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Acids, alcohol and pancreatic tissue were separated, bathed and mixed in this laboratory of a 1946 insulin factory in Bielefeld, Germany.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\">\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"credit-caption\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"caption\">\n\u003cp>Acids, alcohol and pancreatic tissue were separated, bathed and mixed in this laboratory of a 1946 insulin factory in Bielefeld, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"credit\">Chris Ware/Getty Images\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But for some, the early forms of the medicine weren't ideal. Many people required multiple injections every day, and some developed minor allergic reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next few decades, scientists figured out how to produce higher-quality insulin, Greene says. They made the drug purer, so recipients had fewer bad reactions. They also made the substance able to last longer in the bloodstream, which led to more stable blood sugar levels and less frequent injections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of these innovations helped to make insulin a little bit safer, a little bit more effective,\" Greene says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in the 1970s, scientists developed a new technique they could use for insulin production, called recombinant DNA technology. It involves putting the human gene for insulin into bacteria, which then produce large quantities of the hormone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, a funny thing happened, Greene says: \"The older [animal] insulin, rather than remaining around on the market as a cheaper, older alternative, disappeared from the market.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene says there's no one reason that companies stopped producing the older animal versions, but they clearly felt it would not be profitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gim/clinical/gss/Riggs.html\">Dr. Kevin Riggs\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins and co-author of the new insulin study, says the newer, recombinant version of insulin may have had some advantages in terms of convenience and fewer side effects. But there was probably something else at work — doctors being influenced by marketing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company that made the new form of insulin, called Humulin, launched a large marketing effort aimed at doctors and patients shortly after its release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But newer drugs aren't\u003cem> \u003c/em>always better, says \u003ca href=\"http://explore.georgetown.edu/people/ajf29/\">Dr. Adriane Fugh-Berman\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine and pharmacology at Georgetown University. That's partly because drug companies don't have to prove that a new drug is better than what is already on the market — they just have to prove that it's not worse.\"In government-funded studies that have compared older drugs to newer drugs, often older drugs come out looking better or equal to newer drugs,\" Fugh-Berman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, some patients have found that animal-derived forms of insulin work better for them, she says. They cause less variability in blood sugar, and fewer episodes of hypoglycemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while those older kinds of insulin are not available in the U.S., they are available elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In Canada, there actually is still an animal-derived insulin on the market, and that was really due to the efforts of consumer advocates,\" Fugh-Berman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the older versions have vanished in the U.S., newer versions have stayed expensive. The drug can cost up to $400 a month. Because of that high cost, many of the estimated 29 million people living with diabetes in the U.S. can't afford it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some industry analysts expect insulin costs to fall in the future. That's because the most recent insulin patents have expired, paving the way to more competition. The FDA has also decided to allow \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/03/10/388668910/fda-decision-signals-new-competition-for-some-of-the-costliest-drugs\">biosimilar\u003c/a> versions of insulin onto the market. These are substances that act in a similar way to existing forms, but are not necessarily identical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But there's concern that the cost savings [with biosimilar insulin] will be nowhere near as robust as they have been with [other types of] generic drugs,\" Greene says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rather than reducing costs by 80 percent, as many generics have done, they might reduce costs by 40 percent,\" Riggs says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene says the point of their recent study about insulin costs isn't to simply blame the drug industry. \"We do not believe that there is a conspiracy to keep insulin expensive,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather, he says, incremental improvements in the drug — and the disappearance of older versions, which aren't as profitable — are more likely explanations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene says innovations in insulin over the past 90 years have been significant. But, he says, it's important to ask this question: \"Do these innovations merit the loss of affordable insulin?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For patients at his clinic who can't afford insulin, Greene says, the answer is clear. A more affordable version is needed.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/stateofhealth/24623/why-insulin-is-so-expensive-in-the-u-s",
"authors": [
"8344"
],
"categories": [
"stateofhealth_13"
],
"tags": [
"stateofhealth_118",
"stateofhealth_461"
],
"featImg": "stateofhealth_24625",
"label": "stateofhealth"
},
"futureofyou_527": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_527",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "527",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1426789852000
]
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "digital-health-explodes-in-austin-a-visit-to-chiron-health",
"title": "Digital Health Explodes in Austin: A Visit to Chiron Health",
"publishDate": 1426789852,
"format": "standard",
"headTitle": "Digital Health Explodes in Austin: A Visit to Chiron Health | KQED",
"labelTerm": {
"term": 110,
"site": "futureofyou"
},
"content": "\u003cp>Watch out Silicon Valley, Boston and New York, Austin, Texas is on track to become the next hub for digital health startups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the city’s entrepreneurs are applying their knowledge of consumer technology to health care, which still relies on outdated IT systems. Others are finding ways to improve access to care in the most rural and underserved parts of Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Three years ago I don’t know if I could name one digital health startup in Austin,” said Joshua Baer, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://capitalfactory.com/\">Capital Factory\u003c/a>, an accelerator program for startups. Baer said he’s now experiencing a high volume of applications to his program from companies in the space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We definitely have a scene now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We spoke with local investors and learned about a small group of promising health-tech startups. We decided to visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.chironhealth.com/\">Chiron Health\u003c/a>, due to the swelling interest in tools that hospitals and health systems can use to virtually connect with patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/chiron-ping-pong.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-556 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/chiron-ping-pong-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"True to startup culture and their mission of promoting health, Chiron includes a ping pong table at its Austin-based office. (courtesy Chiron Health) \" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/chiron-ping-pong-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/chiron-ping-pong-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/chiron-ping-pong-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/chiron-ping-pong-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/chiron-ping-pong-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">True to startup culture and their mission of promoting health, Chiron includes a Ping-Pong table at its Austin-based office. (courtesy Chiron Health)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chiron, one of the recent graduates of Baer’s program, is experiencing some early success with its web-based video chat service for doctors. Since it launched its demo at Capital Factory in 2014, the company has sold its service to about 20 small medical practices, according to the startup’s chief executive officer Andrew O’Hara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to help patients with chronic conditions get easier access to care,” said O’Hara. “This is especially a problem in Texas.” In the most rural parts of Texas, patients often travel long distances to see a doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiron Health’s target customer is a physician working in a small practice in Texas or in a neighboring state. Most care providers use the service to follow-up with a patient after they’ve left the office and deliver a lab result, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I paid O’Hara a visit to his office, a few blocks east of downtown Austin on a temperate morning during the \u003ca href=\"http://sxsw.com/\">South by Southwest Music and Media Conference\u003c/a>. The space resembled any small business with the exception of the Ping-Pong table, a tech startup staple. O’Hara said he’s hired just over a dozen people since he formed the company in 2013 and raised just over $1 million in capital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is focused on connecting with health insurance software and the physicians’ scheduling system. But O’Hara hopes Chiron will integrate with patients’ glucometers, heart rate monitors and other health-tracking devices. Doctors could receive notifications or alerts if a patient is exhibiting any worrying symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Hara believes that Chiron and other video-chat services will hit the mainstream market in the next few years. For one thing, it offers an additional income stream for doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to using Chiron Health, O’Hara said many physicians would set aside an afternoon to follow-up with patients via phone. They don’t typically get paid for these calls, as there’s no billing or insurance code that covers them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-528 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list-284x600.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"284\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list-284x600.jpg 284w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list-400x845.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list-558x1180.jpg 558w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list-768x1623.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list-320x676.jpg 320w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 284px) 100vw, 284px\">\u003c/a>But Texas is one of over 20 states that now require private insurers to cover telehealth services like Chiron Health, meaning the remote delivery of care using a secure telecommunications technology. Medicare does pay doctors for virtual conferencing with patients, but only in a limited set of circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Telemedicine has been talked about for the past 20 years, but I feel that its time is now,” said O’Hara. He also pointed to such policy developments as the Affordable Care Act, which added 30 million patients to an already costly and overloaded health care system. Telemedicine could help doctors see a far greater number of patients each day, said O’Hara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And patients are proving receptive to the idea, particularly those that have grown up \u003ca href=\"http://medcitynews.com/2015/02/salesforce-survey-millennials-want-telehealth-mobile-apps/\">glued to smartphones and laptops\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the U.S., dozens of telemedicine startups are emerging to take advantage of the friendly regulatory environment. Among the best known are Doctor on Demand, a startup that was founded by television personality Dr. Phil McGraw to offer virtual doctors’ appointments for a $40 flat flee, and MDLive, a similar service that is backed by the former CEO of Apple, John Sculley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Austin?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to starting Chiron, O’Hara worked as a stock analyst at an investment bank in Chicago, specializing in health IT. He noticed a lack of telemedicine services in outpatient settings, like primary care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He chose to relocate to Austin to start the company to take advantage of the affordability and new sources of capital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Austin has a great entrepreneurship and investment scene, and the cost of living is cheap,” he said. In Silicon Valley and San Francisco, entrepreneurs need to raise vast sums to afford the sky-high costs of renting commercial real estate and hiring talent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Hara also pointed to the “access problem” in Texas, meaning that those in rural areas often have to travel a long way to see a doctor in person. And rates of chronic disease are on the rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The [digital health] space has exploded in the last three years.”\u003ccite> Jim Graham, former venture capitalist\u003cbr>\n\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s most recent figures from 2007, 66 percent of adults in Texas are obese or overweight, and over 50 percent of adults do not regularly engage in even moderate physical activity. This obesity epidemic has led to rising rates of chronic disease: \u003ca href=\"http://www.texastribune.org/2010/11/30/texas-diabetic-population-will-quadruple-by-2040/\">One report predicts\u003c/a> that the number of adult Texans with diabetes is expected to quadruple over the next three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Investors have realized that one of the surest and fastest ways to improve healthcare quality without ballooning costs is through all varieties of digital health and healthcare IT,” said Jim Graham, a former health care venture capitalist with \u003ca href=\"http://santeventures.com/\">Santé Ventures\u003c/a>, who now works as a consultant for Life Sciences startups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The [digital health] space has exploded in the last three years”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graham pointed to some new additions to Austin’s health care ecosystem:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Texas-based computer technology company, Dell’s foundation recently invested $50 million to establish a new medical school at the University of Texas at Austin, which is welcoming its first class of students in 2016. And construction is underway for the \u003ca href=\"http://seton.dochs.org/\">Seton Medical Center\u003c/a> at the University of Texas, a new teaching hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both schools could serve as an incubator of sorts to test new health apps and devices, similarly to Stanford University and UCSF in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, there are some challenges to launching a startup in Austin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Austin’s entrepreneurs also face tough competition when hiring technical talent, particularly those with a few years of experience. O’Hara has recruited three software engineers, but is perpetually on the hunt for more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another stumbling block for early and mid-stage startups: Venture funding is still in short supply. According to \u003ca href=\"http://rockhealth.com/\">Rock Health\u003c/a>, a San Francisco-based seed fund, only nine digital health startups raised over $2 million in funding between 2012 and 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The quantity and quality of startups in Austin could probably support twice the amount of venture capital funding that we have here,” said O’Hara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Our story on Austin based Chiron Health kicks off a new, occasional series. Future of You Editor, Christina Farr, will pay a visit to an up-and-coming health-technology startup once a month. Reach out to her at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:cfarr@kqed.org\">\u003cem>cfarr@kqed.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to make a suggestion for a future profile.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"blocks": [],
"excerpt": "During the SXSW tech conference in Austin, Texas, this past week, we stopped by the office of Chiron Health, a local company that is helping bring virtual doctor visits to patients. ",
"status": "publish",
"parent": 0,
"modified": 1721150446,
"stats": {
"hasAudio": false,
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"paragraphCount": 34,
"wordCount": 1306
},
"headData": {
"title": "Digital Health Explodes in Austin: A Visit to Chiron Health",
"description": "During the SXSW tech conference in Austin, Texas, this past week, we stopped by the office of Chiron Health, a local company that is helping bring virtual doctor visits to patients. ",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogDescription": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"twDescription": "",
"twImgId": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Digital Health Explodes in Austin: A Visit to Chiron Health",
"datePublished": "2015-03-19T11:30:52-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-07-16T10:20:46-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"sticky": false,
"path": "/futureofyou/527/digital-health-explodes-in-austin-a-visit-to-chiron-health",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Watch out Silicon Valley, Boston and New York, Austin, Texas is on track to become the next hub for digital health startups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the city’s entrepreneurs are applying their knowledge of consumer technology to health care, which still relies on outdated IT systems. Others are finding ways to improve access to care in the most rural and underserved parts of Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Three years ago I don’t know if I could name one digital health startup in Austin,” said Joshua Baer, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://capitalfactory.com/\">Capital Factory\u003c/a>, an accelerator program for startups. Baer said he’s now experiencing a high volume of applications to his program from companies in the space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We definitely have a scene now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We spoke with local investors and learned about a small group of promising health-tech startups. We decided to visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.chironhealth.com/\">Chiron Health\u003c/a>, due to the swelling interest in tools that hospitals and health systems can use to virtually connect with patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/chiron-ping-pong.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-556 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/chiron-ping-pong-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"True to startup culture and their mission of promoting health, Chiron includes a ping pong table at its Austin-based office. (courtesy Chiron Health) \" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/chiron-ping-pong-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/chiron-ping-pong-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/chiron-ping-pong-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/chiron-ping-pong-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/chiron-ping-pong-320x213.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">True to startup culture and their mission of promoting health, Chiron includes a Ping-Pong table at its Austin-based office. (courtesy Chiron Health)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chiron, one of the recent graduates of Baer’s program, is experiencing some early success with its web-based video chat service for doctors. Since it launched its demo at Capital Factory in 2014, the company has sold its service to about 20 small medical practices, according to the startup’s chief executive officer Andrew O’Hara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to help patients with chronic conditions get easier access to care,” said O’Hara. “This is especially a problem in Texas.” In the most rural parts of Texas, patients often travel long distances to see a doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiron Health’s target customer is a physician working in a small practice in Texas or in a neighboring state. Most care providers use the service to follow-up with a patient after they’ve left the office and deliver a lab result, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I paid O’Hara a visit to his office, a few blocks east of downtown Austin on a temperate morning during the \u003ca href=\"http://sxsw.com/\">South by Southwest Music and Media Conference\u003c/a>. The space resembled any small business with the exception of the Ping-Pong table, a tech startup staple. O’Hara said he’s hired just over a dozen people since he formed the company in 2013 and raised just over $1 million in capital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is focused on connecting with health insurance software and the physicians’ scheduling system. But O’Hara hopes Chiron will integrate with patients’ glucometers, heart rate monitors and other health-tracking devices. Doctors could receive notifications or alerts if a patient is exhibiting any worrying symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Hara believes that Chiron and other video-chat services will hit the mainstream market in the next few years. For one thing, it offers an additional income stream for doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to using Chiron Health, O’Hara said many physicians would set aside an afternoon to follow-up with patients via phone. They don’t typically get paid for these calls, as there’s no billing or insurance code that covers them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-528 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list-284x600.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"284\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list-284x600.jpg 284w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list-400x845.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list-558x1180.jpg 558w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list-768x1623.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list-320x676.jpg 320w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Austin-med-start-up-list.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 284px) 100vw, 284px\">\u003c/a>But Texas is one of over 20 states that now require private insurers to cover telehealth services like Chiron Health, meaning the remote delivery of care using a secure telecommunications technology. Medicare does pay doctors for virtual conferencing with patients, but only in a limited set of circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Telemedicine has been talked about for the past 20 years, but I feel that its time is now,” said O’Hara. He also pointed to such policy developments as the Affordable Care Act, which added 30 million patients to an already costly and overloaded health care system. Telemedicine could help doctors see a far greater number of patients each day, said O’Hara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And patients are proving receptive to the idea, particularly those that have grown up \u003ca href=\"http://medcitynews.com/2015/02/salesforce-survey-millennials-want-telehealth-mobile-apps/\">glued to smartphones and laptops\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the U.S., dozens of telemedicine startups are emerging to take advantage of the friendly regulatory environment. Among the best known are Doctor on Demand, a startup that was founded by television personality Dr. Phil McGraw to offer virtual doctors’ appointments for a $40 flat flee, and MDLive, a similar service that is backed by the former CEO of Apple, John Sculley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Austin?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to starting Chiron, O’Hara worked as a stock analyst at an investment bank in Chicago, specializing in health IT. He noticed a lack of telemedicine services in outpatient settings, like primary care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He chose to relocate to Austin to start the company to take advantage of the affordability and new sources of capital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Austin has a great entrepreneurship and investment scene, and the cost of living is cheap,” he said. In Silicon Valley and San Francisco, entrepreneurs need to raise vast sums to afford the sky-high costs of renting commercial real estate and hiring talent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Hara also pointed to the “access problem” in Texas, meaning that those in rural areas often have to travel a long way to see a doctor in person. And rates of chronic disease are on the rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The [digital health] space has exploded in the last three years.”\u003ccite> Jim Graham, former venture capitalist\u003cbr>\n\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s most recent figures from 2007, 66 percent of adults in Texas are obese or overweight, and over 50 percent of adults do not regularly engage in even moderate physical activity. This obesity epidemic has led to rising rates of chronic disease: \u003ca href=\"http://www.texastribune.org/2010/11/30/texas-diabetic-population-will-quadruple-by-2040/\">One report predicts\u003c/a> that the number of adult Texans with diabetes is expected to quadruple over the next three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Investors have realized that one of the surest and fastest ways to improve healthcare quality without ballooning costs is through all varieties of digital health and healthcare IT,” said Jim Graham, a former health care venture capitalist with \u003ca href=\"http://santeventures.com/\">Santé Ventures\u003c/a>, who now works as a consultant for Life Sciences startups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The [digital health] space has exploded in the last three years”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graham pointed to some new additions to Austin’s health care ecosystem:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Texas-based computer technology company, Dell’s foundation recently invested $50 million to establish a new medical school at the University of Texas at Austin, which is welcoming its first class of students in 2016. And construction is underway for the \u003ca href=\"http://seton.dochs.org/\">Seton Medical Center\u003c/a> at the University of Texas, a new teaching hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both schools could serve as an incubator of sorts to test new health apps and devices, similarly to Stanford University and UCSF in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, there are some challenges to launching a startup in Austin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Austin’s entrepreneurs also face tough competition when hiring technical talent, particularly those with a few years of experience. O’Hara has recruited three software engineers, but is perpetually on the hunt for more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another stumbling block for early and mid-stage startups: Venture funding is still in short supply. According to \u003ca href=\"http://rockhealth.com/\">Rock Health\u003c/a>, a San Francisco-based seed fund, only nine digital health startups raised over $2 million in funding between 2012 and 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The quantity and quality of startups in Austin could probably support twice the amount of venture capital funding that we have here,” said O’Hara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Our story on Austin based Chiron Health kicks off a new, occasional series. Future of You Editor, Christina Farr, will pay a visit to an up-and-coming health-technology startup once a month. Reach out to her at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:cfarr@kqed.org\">\u003cem>cfarr@kqed.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to make a suggestion for a future profile.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/527/digital-health-explodes-in-austin-a-visit-to-chiron-health",
"authors": [
"3252"
],
"series": [
"futureofyou_110"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_99",
"futureofyou_108",
"futureofyou_102",
"futureofyou_80",
"futureofyou_109"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_549",
"label": "futureofyou_110"
},
"futureofyou_370": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_370",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "370",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1451462462000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "futureofyou",
"term": 54
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1451462462,
"format": "audio",
"disqusTitle": "CRISPR: What You Need to Know About the Medical Science 'Breakthrough of the Year'",
"title": "CRISPR: What You Need to Know About the Medical Science 'Breakthrough of the Year'",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/03/20150313ScienceCRISPR.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note: One of our most fascinating stories of 2015 was this one, about a dramatic breakthrough that could help children suffering from the tragic illness known as \"Bubble-Boy Disease.\" This breakthrough in gene editing, using a tool called CRISPR, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/28/460705645/gene-editing-tool-hailed-as-a-breakthrough-and-it-really-is-one\" target=\"_blank\">revolutionizing medical research\u003c/a>. Science magazine has \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/scientific-community/2015/12/and-science-s-breakthrough-year\" target=\"_blank\">named CRISPR\u003c/a> the 2015 Breakthrough of the Year. We present this story again here, in case you missed it in March.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They named him Phoenix because he was born five weeks early while his parents were on vacation, and spent his first few weeks in an incubator. Kristen and Patrick Wilkinson thought they knew exactly which ashes their son might soon rise from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they got him home to San Francisco things just got worse, Kristen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix wasn’t gaining weight. He had a persistent skin rash. Eventually he was admitted to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/\">UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital\u003c/a> with a diagnosis of “failure to thrive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix had been born in Kentucky, a state where, unlike in California, infants are not routinely screened for a disease called SCID -- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. So at first, California doctors puzzled over what might be wrong with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_384\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 669px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-669x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"669\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-669x600.jpg 669w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-400x359.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-768x689.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-320x287.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 669px) 100vw, 669px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoenix was lucky: His doctors found a good match for a bone marrow transplant. But he still had to undergo chemotherapy. Researchers say CRISPR could lead to better treatments. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Dr. Jennifer Puck, a SCID specialist at UCSF who pioneered the screening test, says Phoenix’s rash was the hallmark of an almost completely deficient immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The Jeffrey Modell Foundation maintains a map of states that have implemented infant SCID screening (\u003ca href=\"http://downloads.info4pi.org/pdfs/JMF_International_Map_3-9-2015.pdf\">PDF\u003c/a>), as well as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.info4pi.org/town-hall/newborn-screening\">list of states\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The baby’s rogue [immune] cells were attacking his own skin,” says Puck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left unchecked, she says, SCID is fatal. “Babies who don’t have this immunity start out getting one infection after another and can’t get over any of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Bubbles to Transplants\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A generation ago, SCID was commonly known as “bubble boy disease,” named after the kids (including one portrayed by John Travolta in a 1976 \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boy_in_the_Plastic_Bubble\">made-for-TV movie\u003c/a>) who spent their lives in plastic bubbles to shield them from germs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowadays SCID babies receive bone marrow transplants. Healthy donors contribute bone marrow capable of producing infection-fighting white blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transplanted into the blood stream of a SCID baby, the donated cells take up residence in the infant’s bone marrow and begin building a functional immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But transplants are tough on babies and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be difficult to find a good donor match. And even once one is found, most SCID babies must undergo chemotherapy to prepare their bodies for the transplanted cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_386\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 442px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-386\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-600x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"442\" height=\"442\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-600x600.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-768x768.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-320x320.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-75x75.jpg 75w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoenix is back at home now and doing \"great,\" says his mom, Kristen Wilkinson. (Photo courtesy Kristen Wilkinson)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kristen Wilkinson says the chemo was the hardest part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix had painful sores on the inside of his mouth. He stopped breastfeeding, had to be fed intravenously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was throwing up, really nauseous,” she says. “Anytime he was awake he was screaming. He never was awake and not screaming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hope for Future Treatment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Phoenix is six months old, home with his parents and doing well. But Dr. Puck and others want better treatment for babies like him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best idea, says Puck, would be to fix the SCID mutation in Phoenix’s own cells: Take them out, reprogram them so that they can make a functional immune system, and then put them back into his body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix would be his own donor. There would be no search for a donor match, no fear of rejection, no chemo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Actually just correcting the spelling mistake of the gene in the person, and not putting in any new genetic material is very attractive,” Puck says. \"That should be safer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene therapy, as this is called, is not a new strategy. But it’s proved to be a challenging one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to explain why is to picture a string of Christmas tree lights containing one broken bulb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Promising Treatment Backfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That string is the DNA, wound up inside the nucleus of a cell. The broken bulb is the mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you want to replace the broken bulb, but the string is too small to see. How do you know you’re taking out the right bulb and putting a new one in the correct place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, doctors in Europe tried this kind of fix on a group of babies with SCID, with mixed results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In placing the correct copy of the gene into a chromosome, we couldn’t direct where it was going to land,” says Puck. “And sometimes it landed in a dangerous spot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “dangerous spot” in this case, was next to a growth factor gene that was inadvertently turned on by the insertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growth factor genes incorrectly turned on are called oncogenes,” explains Puck. “Cancer genes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five children got Leukemia, induced by a treatment that had been intended to save their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of them recovered. One baby died. Puck says it was a devastating time for the entire field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole world mourned the loss of that baby,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter CRISPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Puck is excited about a new tool for making precise changes in a baby’s genome. It’s called CRISPR, an acronym for “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As UC Berkeley biologist Jennifer Doudna puts it, think of CRISPR as “a molecular scalpel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_389\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-389\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg\" alt=\"The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, shown in gold, at selected sites. The enzyme can be programmed to snip out mutated DNA and replace it with healthy DNA. This model was created from electron microscope images. (David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna/UC Berkeley)\" width=\"427\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg 427w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR-400x447.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR-320x357.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, shown in gold, at selected sites. The enzyme can be programmed to snip out mutated DNA and replace it with healthy DNA. This model was created from electron microscope images. (David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna/UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doudna isn’t a medical doctor, or even a medical researcher. She studies bacteria -- more specifically, an enzyme, called Cas9, produced by bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous scientists had noticed that these bacteria possess an unusually effective way of fighting off viruses. The bacteria were able to recognize viral DNA and use Cas9 to precisely disable the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Doudna and collaborators, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research_topics/bacterial_and_viral_pathogens/regulation_in_infection_biology/e_charpentier/\">Emmanuelle Charpentier\u003c/a>, took this a step further \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6096/816.abstract?sid=3750cfc2-3490-4c65-ab99-fb2a2b6099bc\">in a paper\u003c/a> in the journal Science that thrilled cell biologists around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper showed that biologists could program Cas9 -- arm it, in other words -- with a customized DNA payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They could direct the enzyme at virtually any cell, programmed to make whatever genetic change they wanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, says Doudna, “scientists can go into the DNA and make a precise change that corrects the mutations that give rise to disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “State of Wonder”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing the DNA in a cell: that idea had been around for a while. But CRISPR works dramatically better than the old ways. It’s more accurate, faster. A process that could take years of trial and error now took an inexpensive few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many scientists are just -- they're sort of in a state of wonder about this,” Doudna says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“CRISPR works in almost every organism it's been tried in.”\u003ccite>George Church, Harvard geneticist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On the day we met, Doudna was showing visitors around a brand-new research center at UC Berkeley, the \u003ca href=\"http://innovativegenomics.org/\">Innovative Genomics Initiative\u003c/a>, which is devoted to CRISPR research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now several such centers around the world and hundreds of researchers working with CRISPR on the cells of mice, cows, monkeys, plants and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CRISPR works in almost every organism it’s been tried in,” says Harvard geneticist George Church. “Dozens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church is quick to point out that there are currently no CRISPR-based treatments in clinical trials. The technology is too new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He believes this could change in a few years, though for which disease, it’s hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church reels off a few of what he thinks might be early contenders: “Sickle cell anemia, clotting diseases, muscular dystrophies, blindness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Oodles and Oodles of Money”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If CRISPR is a big deal for people who have these diseases, it’ll also be a big financial deal for the scientists who helped develop it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And by big, Jacob Sherkow, an associate professor at New York Law School and author of a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v33/n3/full/nbt.3160.html\">paper\u003c/a> on CRISPR in Nature Biotechnology, “big” means “oodles and oodles of money. Potentially in the $200 billion to $300 billion range.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-392\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-322x600.jpg\" alt=\"Crispr-Publications\" width=\"322\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-322x600.jpg 322w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-400x745.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-320x596.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications.jpg 550w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 322px) 100vw, 322px\">\u003c/a>This windfall, he says, could go to whoever holds key patents on CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/532796/who-owns-the-biggest-biotech-discovery-of-the-century/\">widely\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.genomeweb.com/rnai/crispr-cas9-technology-sets-take-uncertainty-swirls-around-ip-landscape\">reported\u003c/a>, even though the University of California filed Doudna and Charpentier's application first, a key CRISPR patent went to another researcher -- Feng Zhang at MIT’s Broad Institute, which filed afterwards, but paid an additional fee to have its application expedited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the subject of CRISPR patents, Doudna says only that she is “very confident in the UC position.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Zhang’s patent prevails, Doudna and her collaborators could find themselves in the position of having to license a technology they are widely credited with discovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very confident that we’re going to be able to do incredible science,\" she says, \"and we’ll let the dispute play out as it will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow says there are a number of ways this dispute could play out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US Patent Office could deny UC’s application and let Zhang's patent stand. Or it could reverse its earlier decision, revoking the Broad patent and awarding it to Doudna and her collaborators instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna and Zhang both point to a third possibility: that among what will likely be dozens of CRISPR patents it could be difficult, at this point, to know which one will be most lucrative or important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These early CRISPR patents, says Zhang “are just the first ones. There will be many more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a fourth possibility: that CRISPR could disappoint everyone, a “tempest in the teapot,” as George Church puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But I hope that’s not the case,” he says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "370 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=370",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/30/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": true,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1763,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 69
},
"modified": 1477272814,
"excerpt": "This hot new gene-editing technique may help researchers find new cures for disease. Here's your primer for 2016 and beyond. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "This hot new gene-editing technique may help researchers find new cures for disease. Here's your primer for 2016 and beyond. ",
"title": "CRISPR: What You Need to Know About the Medical Science 'Breakthrough of the Year' | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "CRISPR: What You Need to Know About the Medical Science 'Breakthrough of the Year'",
"datePublished": "2015-12-30T00:01:02-08:00",
"dateModified": "2016-10-23T18:33:34-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease",
"status": "publish",
"customPermalink": "CRISPR%3A-What-You-Need-to-Know-About-the-Medical-Science-%27Breakthrough-of-the-Year%27",
"path": "/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease",
"audioUrl": "http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/03/20150313ScienceCRISPR.mp3",
"audioDuration": null,
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "audioLink",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"src": "http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/03/20150313ScienceCRISPR.mp3"
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note: One of our most fascinating stories of 2015 was this one, about a dramatic breakthrough that could help children suffering from the tragic illness known as \"Bubble-Boy Disease.\" This breakthrough in gene editing, using a tool called CRISPR, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/28/460705645/gene-editing-tool-hailed-as-a-breakthrough-and-it-really-is-one\" target=\"_blank\">revolutionizing medical research\u003c/a>. Science magazine has \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/scientific-community/2015/12/and-science-s-breakthrough-year\" target=\"_blank\">named CRISPR\u003c/a> the 2015 Breakthrough of the Year. We present this story again here, in case you missed it in March.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They named him Phoenix because he was born five weeks early while his parents were on vacation, and spent his first few weeks in an incubator. Kristen and Patrick Wilkinson thought they knew exactly which ashes their son might soon rise from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they got him home to San Francisco things just got worse, Kristen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix wasn’t gaining weight. He had a persistent skin rash. Eventually he was admitted to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/\">UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital\u003c/a> with a diagnosis of “failure to thrive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix had been born in Kentucky, a state where, unlike in California, infants are not routinely screened for a disease called SCID -- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. So at first, California doctors puzzled over what might be wrong with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_384\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 669px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-669x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"669\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-669x600.jpg 669w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-400x359.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-768x689.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-320x287.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 669px) 100vw, 669px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoenix was lucky: His doctors found a good match for a bone marrow transplant. But he still had to undergo chemotherapy. Researchers say CRISPR could lead to better treatments. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Dr. Jennifer Puck, a SCID specialist at UCSF who pioneered the screening test, says Phoenix’s rash was the hallmark of an almost completely deficient immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The Jeffrey Modell Foundation maintains a map of states that have implemented infant SCID screening (\u003ca href=\"http://downloads.info4pi.org/pdfs/JMF_International_Map_3-9-2015.pdf\">PDF\u003c/a>), as well as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.info4pi.org/town-hall/newborn-screening\">list of states\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The baby’s rogue [immune] cells were attacking his own skin,” says Puck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left unchecked, she says, SCID is fatal. “Babies who don’t have this immunity start out getting one infection after another and can’t get over any of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Bubbles to Transplants\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A generation ago, SCID was commonly known as “bubble boy disease,” named after the kids (including one portrayed by John Travolta in a 1976 \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boy_in_the_Plastic_Bubble\">made-for-TV movie\u003c/a>) who spent their lives in plastic bubbles to shield them from germs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowadays SCID babies receive bone marrow transplants. Healthy donors contribute bone marrow capable of producing infection-fighting white blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transplanted into the blood stream of a SCID baby, the donated cells take up residence in the infant’s bone marrow and begin building a functional immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But transplants are tough on babies and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be difficult to find a good donor match. And even once one is found, most SCID babies must undergo chemotherapy to prepare their bodies for the transplanted cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_386\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 442px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-386\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-600x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"442\" height=\"442\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-600x600.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-768x768.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-320x320.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-75x75.jpg 75w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoenix is back at home now and doing \"great,\" says his mom, Kristen Wilkinson. (Photo courtesy Kristen Wilkinson)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kristen Wilkinson says the chemo was the hardest part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix had painful sores on the inside of his mouth. He stopped breastfeeding, had to be fed intravenously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was throwing up, really nauseous,” she says. “Anytime he was awake he was screaming. He never was awake and not screaming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hope for Future Treatment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Phoenix is six months old, home with his parents and doing well. But Dr. Puck and others want better treatment for babies like him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best idea, says Puck, would be to fix the SCID mutation in Phoenix’s own cells: Take them out, reprogram them so that they can make a functional immune system, and then put them back into his body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix would be his own donor. There would be no search for a donor match, no fear of rejection, no chemo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Actually just correcting the spelling mistake of the gene in the person, and not putting in any new genetic material is very attractive,” Puck says. \"That should be safer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene therapy, as this is called, is not a new strategy. But it’s proved to be a challenging one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to explain why is to picture a string of Christmas tree lights containing one broken bulb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Promising Treatment Backfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That string is the DNA, wound up inside the nucleus of a cell. The broken bulb is the mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you want to replace the broken bulb, but the string is too small to see. How do you know you’re taking out the right bulb and putting a new one in the correct place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, doctors in Europe tried this kind of fix on a group of babies with SCID, with mixed results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In placing the correct copy of the gene into a chromosome, we couldn’t direct where it was going to land,” says Puck. “And sometimes it landed in a dangerous spot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “dangerous spot” in this case, was next to a growth factor gene that was inadvertently turned on by the insertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growth factor genes incorrectly turned on are called oncogenes,” explains Puck. “Cancer genes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five children got Leukemia, induced by a treatment that had been intended to save their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of them recovered. One baby died. Puck says it was a devastating time for the entire field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole world mourned the loss of that baby,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter CRISPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Puck is excited about a new tool for making precise changes in a baby’s genome. It’s called CRISPR, an acronym for “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As UC Berkeley biologist Jennifer Doudna puts it, think of CRISPR as “a molecular scalpel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_389\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-389\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg\" alt=\"The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, shown in gold, at selected sites. The enzyme can be programmed to snip out mutated DNA and replace it with healthy DNA. This model was created from electron microscope images. (David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna/UC Berkeley)\" width=\"427\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg 427w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR-400x447.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR-320x357.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, shown in gold, at selected sites. The enzyme can be programmed to snip out mutated DNA and replace it with healthy DNA. This model was created from electron microscope images. (David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna/UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doudna isn’t a medical doctor, or even a medical researcher. She studies bacteria -- more specifically, an enzyme, called Cas9, produced by bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous scientists had noticed that these bacteria possess an unusually effective way of fighting off viruses. The bacteria were able to recognize viral DNA and use Cas9 to precisely disable the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Doudna and collaborators, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research_topics/bacterial_and_viral_pathogens/regulation_in_infection_biology/e_charpentier/\">Emmanuelle Charpentier\u003c/a>, took this a step further \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6096/816.abstract?sid=3750cfc2-3490-4c65-ab99-fb2a2b6099bc\">in a paper\u003c/a> in the journal Science that thrilled cell biologists around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper showed that biologists could program Cas9 -- arm it, in other words -- with a customized DNA payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They could direct the enzyme at virtually any cell, programmed to make whatever genetic change they wanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, says Doudna, “scientists can go into the DNA and make a precise change that corrects the mutations that give rise to disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “State of Wonder”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing the DNA in a cell: that idea had been around for a while. But CRISPR works dramatically better than the old ways. It’s more accurate, faster. A process that could take years of trial and error now took an inexpensive few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many scientists are just -- they're sort of in a state of wonder about this,” Doudna says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“CRISPR works in almost every organism it's been tried in.”\u003ccite>George Church, Harvard geneticist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On the day we met, Doudna was showing visitors around a brand-new research center at UC Berkeley, the \u003ca href=\"http://innovativegenomics.org/\">Innovative Genomics Initiative\u003c/a>, which is devoted to CRISPR research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now several such centers around the world and hundreds of researchers working with CRISPR on the cells of mice, cows, monkeys, plants and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CRISPR works in almost every organism it’s been tried in,” says Harvard geneticist George Church. “Dozens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church is quick to point out that there are currently no CRISPR-based treatments in clinical trials. The technology is too new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He believes this could change in a few years, though for which disease, it’s hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church reels off a few of what he thinks might be early contenders: “Sickle cell anemia, clotting diseases, muscular dystrophies, blindness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Oodles and Oodles of Money”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If CRISPR is a big deal for people who have these diseases, it’ll also be a big financial deal for the scientists who helped develop it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And by big, Jacob Sherkow, an associate professor at New York Law School and author of a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v33/n3/full/nbt.3160.html\">paper\u003c/a> on CRISPR in Nature Biotechnology, “big” means “oodles and oodles of money. Potentially in the $200 billion to $300 billion range.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-392\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-322x600.jpg\" alt=\"Crispr-Publications\" width=\"322\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-322x600.jpg 322w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-400x745.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-320x596.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications.jpg 550w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 322px) 100vw, 322px\">\u003c/a>This windfall, he says, could go to whoever holds key patents on CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/532796/who-owns-the-biggest-biotech-discovery-of-the-century/\">widely\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.genomeweb.com/rnai/crispr-cas9-technology-sets-take-uncertainty-swirls-around-ip-landscape\">reported\u003c/a>, even though the University of California filed Doudna and Charpentier's application first, a key CRISPR patent went to another researcher -- Feng Zhang at MIT’s Broad Institute, which filed afterwards, but paid an additional fee to have its application expedited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the subject of CRISPR patents, Doudna says only that she is “very confident in the UC position.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Zhang’s patent prevails, Doudna and her collaborators could find themselves in the position of having to license a technology they are widely credited with discovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very confident that we’re going to be able to do incredible science,\" she says, \"and we’ll let the dispute play out as it will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow says there are a number of ways this dispute could play out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US Patent Office could deny UC’s application and let Zhang's patent stand. Or it could reverse its earlier decision, revoking the Broad patent and awarding it to Doudna and her collaborators instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna and Zhang both point to a third possibility: that among what will likely be dozens of CRISPR patents it could be difficult, at this point, to know which one will be most lucrative or important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These early CRISPR patents, says Zhang “are just the first ones. There will be many more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a fourth possibility: that CRISPR could disappoint everyone, a “tempest in the teapot,” as George Church puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But I hope that’s not the case,” he says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease",
"authors": [
"210"
],
"programs": [
"futureofyou_54"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1064"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_91",
"futureofyou_896",
"futureofyou_93",
"futureofyou_94",
"futureofyou_90",
"futureofyou_88",
"futureofyou_80",
"futureofyou_89"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_380",
"label": "futureofyou_54"
},
"stateofhealth_24448": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stateofhealth_24448",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "24448",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1426265888000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "stateofhealth"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1426265888,
"format": "aside",
"disqusTitle": "Will the HIV-Prevention Pill Protect Teens or Encourage Risky Behavior?",
"title": "Will the HIV-Prevention Pill Protect Teens or Encourage Risky Behavior?",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7357\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-7357\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-620x427.jpg\" alt=\"(Justin Sullivan: Getty Images)\" width=\"620\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Justin Sullivan: Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Rafael Johns\u003c/strong>, \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/03/11/392362374/would-a-pill-to-protect-teens-from-hiv-make-them-feel-invincible\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/03/11/392362374/would-a-pill-to-protect-teens-from-hiv-make-them-feel-invincible\" target=\"_blank\">Youth Radio via NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leon Richardson is 18 years old and tall, charismatic and thoughtful about his sexual health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He understands that as a young, gay black man, he is in the demographic with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/age/youth/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">highest rate of HIV infections\u003c/a> in the country. But when Richardson learned that he could be part of an HIV prevention pill research study for young people, he was skeptical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was scared. I had to really think about it, 'What is this drug going to do to me?' \" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regimen, called pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, can reduce the risk of HIV infection by more than 85 percent when a pill called Truvada is taken daily. In a first, the Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/07/16/156850747/fda-approves-first-drug-to-prevent-hiv-infection\" target=\"_blank\">approved Truvada for prevention of the infection\u003c/a> in 2012. Truvada had been used previously to treat HIV infection.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends caution when prescribing PrEP to adolescents. CDC is waiting for final results from the trials being conducted on young people in cities across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, Richardson's mom stoked his concerns. \"She was saying the medical industry tried to sterilize some people; they were trying to do it again,\" he remembers. But he found encouragement from another family member: his grandfather, who is HIV-positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had a long discussion about this drug and what the side effects\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>could be, and he overall supported me totally,\" Richardson says. \"And it was kinda like, why not? Let me just try it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Richardson is part of \u003ca title=\"CRUSH\" href=\"http://www.crush510.org/\" target=\"_blank\">CRUSH\u003c/a>, an HIV-prevention project in Oakland. CRUSH offers PrEP to participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Zeh is part of a PrEP study being conducted by the \u003ca title=\"Adolescent Trials Network\" href=\"https://www.atnonline.org/public/default.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Adolescent Trials Network\u003c/a> with young people between the ages of 15 and 22, based at John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital in Chicago. He was 17 when he started taking the pill as part of a daily regimen that was sometimes hard to explain, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I guess it was kind of weird during high school, popping it before lunch, trying to make sure nobody sees,\" Zeh chuckles. \"People are like, 'What are you taking?' 'Nothing, you know, just a sugar pill.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zeh first heard about the Stroger Hospital study on Facebook. Outreach coordinators also turned to gay hook-up apps, like Grindr and Jack'd, to recruit possible subjects. It's a clever strategy, even if it's awkward to run into a researcher when you're looking for a date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psychologist Sybil Hosek, the lead researcher for the study, funded by the National Institutes of Health, offered to pay participants $50 per visit to the clinic. When enough guys said yes, she got to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we wanted to do was design a study where they could try to take this pill every day,\" Hosek explains. \"And see whether, one, they were interested in taking it; two, if it was hard for them to take it; and three, how it impacted their sexual behavior.\" For instance, would being on the pill encourage more risky sexual activity?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside a conference room at the hospital, a group of the guys in the study share stories about what it's like to be on PrEP. Dexter Canty is also enrolled in the Chicago PrEP study, and says people have a lot of misunderstandings about the pill and individuals who take it. They're often asked, \"Are you HIV positive?\" But, in fact, they're taking the drug to \u003cem>prevent\u003c/em> getting infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Canty compares the reactions he's experienced to people's perceptions when he goes to the drugstore to buy condoms or when a woman goes to Planned Parenthood and gets birth control. \"You're automatically looked at as being promiscuous instead of safe,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that PrEP would be used in combination with condoms. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/07/19/332708119/as-new-york-embraces-hiv-preventing-pill-some-voice-doubts\" target=\"_blank\">critics worry\u003c/a> that the pill will make users feel invincible, increasing the likelihood that they won't use condoms or follow through on taking the pill every day. And when you miss doses, the pill becomes less effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Weinstein, president of the Los Angeles-based AIDS Healthcare Foundation, is against PrEP use, especially by young people. \"Young people have unstable lives. They're sleeping on someone's couch. They're out for the weekend,\" he says. \"That's not to stigmatize them, it's just the nature of youth. It's a carefree time. Expecting people to take a pill every day is not realistic,\" says Weinstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's enticing to imagine a magic pill that could bring about the end of AIDS. But a recent study of young adults taking PrEP shows that they take it, at best, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3656981/\" target=\"_blank\">60 percent of the time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"https://youthradio.org/news/desk/outloud/\" target=\"_blank\">outLoud\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cem>, a project of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youthradio.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Youth Radio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "24448 http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=24448",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/13/will-the-hiv-prevention-pill-protect-teens-or-encourage-risky-behavior/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 817,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 22
},
"modified": 1426616338,
"excerpt": "Oakland program is part of national study looking at Truvada to protect at-risk teens.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Oakland program is part of national study looking at Truvada to protect at-risk teens.",
"title": "Will the HIV-Prevention Pill Protect Teens or Encourage Risky Behavior? | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Will the HIV-Prevention Pill Protect Teens or Encourage Risky Behavior?",
"datePublished": "2015-03-13T09:58:08-07:00",
"dateModified": "2015-03-17T11:18:58-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "will-the-hiv-prevention-pill-protect-teens-or-encourage-risky-behavior",
"status": "publish",
"path": "/stateofhealth/24448/will-the-hiv-prevention-pill-protect-teens-or-encourage-risky-behavior",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7357\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-e1426265162534.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-7357\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/07/TruvadaBottle_05102012_JustinSullivan_GettyImages-620x427.jpg\" alt=\"(Justin Sullivan: Getty Images)\" width=\"620\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Justin Sullivan: Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Rafael Johns\u003c/strong>, \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/03/11/392362374/would-a-pill-to-protect-teens-from-hiv-make-them-feel-invincible\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/03/11/392362374/would-a-pill-to-protect-teens-from-hiv-make-them-feel-invincible\" target=\"_blank\">Youth Radio via NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leon Richardson is 18 years old and tall, charismatic and thoughtful about his sexual health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He understands that as a young, gay black man, he is in the demographic with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/age/youth/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">highest rate of HIV infections\u003c/a> in the country. But when Richardson learned that he could be part of an HIV prevention pill research study for young people, he was skeptical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was scared. I had to really think about it, 'What is this drug going to do to me?' \" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regimen, called pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, can reduce the risk of HIV infection by more than 85 percent when a pill called Truvada is taken daily. In a first, the Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/07/16/156850747/fda-approves-first-drug-to-prevent-hiv-infection\" target=\"_blank\">approved Truvada for prevention of the infection\u003c/a> in 2012. Truvada had been used previously to treat HIV infection.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends caution when prescribing PrEP to adolescents. CDC is waiting for final results from the trials being conducted on young people in cities across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, Richardson's mom stoked his concerns. \"She was saying the medical industry tried to sterilize some people; they were trying to do it again,\" he remembers. But he found encouragement from another family member: his grandfather, who is HIV-positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had a long discussion about this drug and what the side effects\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>could be, and he overall supported me totally,\" Richardson says. \"And it was kinda like, why not? Let me just try it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Richardson is part of \u003ca title=\"CRUSH\" href=\"http://www.crush510.org/\" target=\"_blank\">CRUSH\u003c/a>, an HIV-prevention project in Oakland. CRUSH offers PrEP to participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Zeh is part of a PrEP study being conducted by the \u003ca title=\"Adolescent Trials Network\" href=\"https://www.atnonline.org/public/default.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Adolescent Trials Network\u003c/a> with young people between the ages of 15 and 22, based at John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital in Chicago. He was 17 when he started taking the pill as part of a daily regimen that was sometimes hard to explain, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I guess it was kind of weird during high school, popping it before lunch, trying to make sure nobody sees,\" Zeh chuckles. \"People are like, 'What are you taking?' 'Nothing, you know, just a sugar pill.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zeh first heard about the Stroger Hospital study on Facebook. Outreach coordinators also turned to gay hook-up apps, like Grindr and Jack'd, to recruit possible subjects. It's a clever strategy, even if it's awkward to run into a researcher when you're looking for a date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psychologist Sybil Hosek, the lead researcher for the study, funded by the National Institutes of Health, offered to pay participants $50 per visit to the clinic. When enough guys said yes, she got to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we wanted to do was design a study where they could try to take this pill every day,\" Hosek explains. \"And see whether, one, they were interested in taking it; two, if it was hard for them to take it; and three, how it impacted their sexual behavior.\" For instance, would being on the pill encourage more risky sexual activity?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside a conference room at the hospital, a group of the guys in the study share stories about what it's like to be on PrEP. Dexter Canty is also enrolled in the Chicago PrEP study, and says people have a lot of misunderstandings about the pill and individuals who take it. They're often asked, \"Are you HIV positive?\" But, in fact, they're taking the drug to \u003cem>prevent\u003c/em> getting infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Canty compares the reactions he's experienced to people's perceptions when he goes to the drugstore to buy condoms or when a woman goes to Planned Parenthood and gets birth control. \"You're automatically looked at as being promiscuous instead of safe,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that PrEP would be used in combination with condoms. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/07/19/332708119/as-new-york-embraces-hiv-preventing-pill-some-voice-doubts\" target=\"_blank\">critics worry\u003c/a> that the pill will make users feel invincible, increasing the likelihood that they won't use condoms or follow through on taking the pill every day. And when you miss doses, the pill becomes less effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Weinstein, president of the Los Angeles-based AIDS Healthcare Foundation, is against PrEP use, especially by young people. \"Young people have unstable lives. They're sleeping on someone's couch. They're out for the weekend,\" he says. \"That's not to stigmatize them, it's just the nature of youth. It's a carefree time. Expecting people to take a pill every day is not realistic,\" says Weinstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's enticing to imagine a magic pill that could bring about the end of AIDS. But a recent study of young adults taking PrEP shows that they take it, at best, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3656981/\" target=\"_blank\">60 percent of the time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"https://youthradio.org/news/desk/outloud/\" target=\"_blank\">outLoud\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cem>, a project of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youthradio.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Youth Radio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/stateofhealth/24448/will-the-hiv-prevention-pill-protect-teens-or-encourage-risky-behavior",
"authors": [
"8344"
],
"categories": [
"stateofhealth_11",
"stateofhealth_13"
],
"tags": [
"stateofhealth_64",
"stateofhealth_461",
"stateofhealth_320"
],
"featImg": "stateofhealth_7357",
"label": "stateofhealth"
},
"stateofhealth_24408": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stateofhealth_24408",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "24408",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1426098980000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "stateofhealth"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1426098980,
"format": "aside",
"disqusTitle": "Industry Reaction to 'Sugar Papers' Mirrors Tobacco in 1990s",
"title": "Industry Reaction to 'Sugar Papers' Mirrors Tobacco in 1990s",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24413\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-24413\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-640x427.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The sugar industry worked to steer federal health research,\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/10/sugar-papers-show-industrys-influence-in-1970s-dental-program-study-says/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/10/sugar-papers-show-industrys-influence-in-1970s-dental-program-study-says/\" target=\"_blank\"> a report\u003c/a> released Monday revealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/10/sugar-papers-show-industrys-influence-in-1970s-dental-program-study-says/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/10/sugar-papers-show-industrys-influence-in-1970s-dental-program-study-says/\" target=\"_blank\">State of Health reported\u003c/a>, newly uncovered industry documents dating to the1960s showed that the sugar industry influenced the National Institute of Dental Research, part of the National Institutes of Health, away from looking at research to determine strategies to encourage people to eat less sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What this shows is that sugar interests were running science manipulation in as sophisticated a manner as ‘big tobacco’ was back in the '50s and '60s,” said UCSF Professor Stan Glantz, a co-author of the study and longtime anti-tobacco advocate.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier today, Glantz sent me a short but pointed follow that he posted on the UCSF Center for Tobacco Control, Research and Education website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He excerpted from the statement the Sugar Association gave to Time Magazine and \u003ca title=\"http://tobacco.ucsf.edu/“sugar-papers”-reveal-industry-role-1970s-nih-dental-program-just-big-tobacco#comment-10491\" href=\"http://tobacco.ucsf.edu/%E2%80%9Csugar-papers%E2%80%9D-reveal-industry-role-1970s-nih-dental-program-just-big-tobacco#comment-10491\" target=\"_blank\">then drew a comparison\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It is challenging for the current Sugar Association staff to comment directly on documents and events that allegedly occurred before and during Richard Nixon’s presidency, given the staff has changed entirely since the 1970s. However, we are confused as to the relevance of attempts to dredge up history when decades of modern science has provided answers regarding the role of diet in the pathogenesis of dental caries… A combined approach of reducing the amount of time sugars and starches are in the mouth, drinking fluoridated water, and brushing and flossing teeth, is the most effective way to reduce dental caries. [Time shortened the statement for brevity]\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In his post, Glantz then noted: \"This sounds simliar to the statement from Brown and Williamson Tobacco put out in 1995 in response to \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=glantz%20hanauer&holding=ucsflib&otool=cdlotool&cmd=search\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=glantz%20hanauer&holding=ucsflib&otool=cdlotool&cmd=search\" target=\"_blank\">our first papers\u003c/a> based on tobacco industry documents:\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Lifting single phrases or sentences from 30 year-old documents and using that information to distort and misrepresent B&W's position on a number of issues is clearly what is occurring ... We continue to believe that nicotine is not addictive because over 40 million Americans have quit smoking, 90 percent of them without any help at all.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "24408 http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=24408",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/11/industry-reaction-to-sugar-papers-mirrors-tobacco-in-1990s/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 351,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 10
},
"modified": 1426118533,
"excerpt": "Read short statements from the Sugar Association and a tobacco company to see how they compare.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Read short statements from the Sugar Association and a tobacco company to see how they compare.",
"title": "Industry Reaction to 'Sugar Papers' Mirrors Tobacco in 1990s | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Industry Reaction to 'Sugar Papers' Mirrors Tobacco in 1990s",
"datePublished": "2015-03-11T11:36:20-07:00",
"dateModified": "2015-03-11T17:02:13-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "industry-reaction-to-sugar-papers-mirrors-tobacco-in-1990s",
"status": "publish",
"path": "/stateofhealth/24408/industry-reaction-to-sugar-papers-mirrors-tobacco-in-1990s",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24413\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-e1426098852266.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-24413\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000031838146_Large-640x427.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The sugar industry worked to steer federal health research,\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/10/sugar-papers-show-industrys-influence-in-1970s-dental-program-study-says/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/10/sugar-papers-show-industrys-influence-in-1970s-dental-program-study-says/\" target=\"_blank\"> a report\u003c/a> released Monday revealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/10/sugar-papers-show-industrys-influence-in-1970s-dental-program-study-says/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/10/sugar-papers-show-industrys-influence-in-1970s-dental-program-study-says/\" target=\"_blank\">State of Health reported\u003c/a>, newly uncovered industry documents dating to the1960s showed that the sugar industry influenced the National Institute of Dental Research, part of the National Institutes of Health, away from looking at research to determine strategies to encourage people to eat less sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What this shows is that sugar interests were running science manipulation in as sophisticated a manner as ‘big tobacco’ was back in the '50s and '60s,” said UCSF Professor Stan Glantz, a co-author of the study and longtime anti-tobacco advocate.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier today, Glantz sent me a short but pointed follow that he posted on the UCSF Center for Tobacco Control, Research and Education website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He excerpted from the statement the Sugar Association gave to Time Magazine and \u003ca title=\"http://tobacco.ucsf.edu/“sugar-papers”-reveal-industry-role-1970s-nih-dental-program-just-big-tobacco#comment-10491\" href=\"http://tobacco.ucsf.edu/%E2%80%9Csugar-papers%E2%80%9D-reveal-industry-role-1970s-nih-dental-program-just-big-tobacco#comment-10491\" target=\"_blank\">then drew a comparison\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It is challenging for the current Sugar Association staff to comment directly on documents and events that allegedly occurred before and during Richard Nixon’s presidency, given the staff has changed entirely since the 1970s. However, we are confused as to the relevance of attempts to dredge up history when decades of modern science has provided answers regarding the role of diet in the pathogenesis of dental caries… A combined approach of reducing the amount of time sugars and starches are in the mouth, drinking fluoridated water, and brushing and flossing teeth, is the most effective way to reduce dental caries. [Time shortened the statement for brevity]\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In his post, Glantz then noted: \"This sounds simliar to the statement from Brown and Williamson Tobacco put out in 1995 in response to \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=glantz%20hanauer&holding=ucsflib&otool=cdlotool&cmd=search\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=glantz%20hanauer&holding=ucsflib&otool=cdlotool&cmd=search\" target=\"_blank\">our first papers\u003c/a> based on tobacco industry documents:\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Lifting single phrases or sentences from 30 year-old documents and using that information to distort and misrepresent B&W's position on a number of issues is clearly what is occurring ... We continue to believe that nicotine is not addictive because over 40 million Americans have quit smoking, 90 percent of them without any help at all.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/stateofhealth/24408/industry-reaction-to-sugar-papers-mirrors-tobacco-in-1990s",
"authors": [
"240"
],
"categories": [
"stateofhealth_11"
],
"tags": [
"stateofhealth_461",
"stateofhealth_161",
"stateofhealth_127"
],
"featImg": "stateofhealth_24413",
"label": "stateofhealth"
},
"stateofhealth_24387": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stateofhealth_24387",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "24387",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1426011512000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "stateofhealth"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1426011512,
"format": "aside",
"disqusTitle": "'Sugar Papers' Show Industry's Influence in 1970s Dental Program, Study Says",
"title": "'Sugar Papers' Show Industry's Influence in 1970s Dental Program, Study Says",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-24394\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-640x427.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of pages of newly-found documents show that the sugar industry worked closely with the federal government in the late 1960s and early 1970s to determine a research agenda to prevent cavities in children, researchers who analyzed the documents say.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The sugar industry … is following the tobacco industry's playbook.\" \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca title=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001798\" href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001798\" target=\"_blank\">the analysis\u003c/a>, published Wednesday in the journal PLOS Medicine, researchers concluded that industry influence starting in the late 1960s helped steer the National Institute of Dental Research, part of the National Institutes of Health, away from addressing the question of determining a safe level of sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What this paper has shown is that our (NIH) was working toward potentially answering that question,\" said Cristin Kearns, a fellow at UC San Francisco and lead author of the analysis, \"and the sugar industry derailed them from doing the research to help to answer that question, so we're still debating (it) here in 2015.\"\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kearns uncovered the 1,551 pages of documents at a public archive at the University of Illinois.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents show that an expert panel formed by the sugar industry included all but one member of the government panel that was examining priorities for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, a report from the industry was submitted to the government panel and became the foundation for research going forward. \"Seventy-eight percent of the sugar industry submission was incorporated into the NIDR’s call for research applications. Research that could have been harmful to sugar industry interests was omitted,\" the authors note.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What this shows is that sugar interests were running science manipulation in as sophisticated a manner as 'big tobacco' was back in the 50s and 60s,\" said UCSF Professor Stan Glantz, a co-author of the study and long time anti-tobacco advocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marion Nestle, professor nutrition of New York University was not involved in the analysis, which she called \"incredibly revealing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper \"makes it clear that the sugar industry systematically and deliberately adopted strategies to make sure that federal research agencies did not urge the public to cut down on sugar intake as a means to prevent tooth decay,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can attest that the sugar industry is especially aggressive in defending itself against any suggestion to eat less and is following the tobacco industry's playbook.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the Sugar Association said it \"\u003cspan class=\"Apple-style-span\">questions the relevance of attempts to dredge up history when decades of modern science has provided answers regarding the role of diet in the pathogenesis of dental caries.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement also says that the authors' \"use of attention-grabbing headlines and scare tactics that liken consumption of all-natural sugar ... to a known carcinogen is a 'textbook' play from the activist agenda.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors admit their analysis is limited because it \"provides a narrow window into the activities of just one sugar industry trade association\" and that they could not \"interview key actors.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Long Hunt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cristin Kearns found the papers after a long hunt. In 2007, she says, while attending a conference, she was handed a government pamphlet titled, \"How to Talk to Patients About Diabetes.\" She was startled that the diet advice didn't mention reducing sugar intake. It made her wonder if the sugar industry \"somehow impacted what the government can or cannot say about diet advice for diabetics?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She started searching online and, ultimately \u003ca title=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2012/10/former-dentist-sugar-industry-lies\" href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2012/10/former-dentist-sugar-industry-lies\" target=\"_blank\">quit her day job\u003c/a>. After months of looking, she uncovered some documents and ultimately identified the documents discussed in the analysis today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kearns says there are more documents to be found, \"just need time and money to do it.\" And, with an eye toward the history of tobacco litigation, she believes litigation is \"certainly a possibility\" in this case as well. \"We've only just begun to scratch the surface of understanding some of the tactics the sugar groups have implemented.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "24387 http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=24387",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/10/sugar-papers-show-industrys-influence-in-1970s-dental-program-study-says/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 646,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 19
},
"modified": 1426110985,
"excerpt": "UCSF researchers liken sugar industry strategies to those used by tobacco companies. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "UCSF researchers liken sugar industry strategies to those used by tobacco companies. ",
"title": "'Sugar Papers' Show Industry's Influence in 1970s Dental Program, Study Says | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "'Sugar Papers' Show Industry's Influence in 1970s Dental Program, Study Says",
"datePublished": "2015-03-10T11:18:32-07:00",
"dateModified": "2015-03-11T14:56:25-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "sugar-papers-show-industrys-influence-in-1970s-dental-program-study-says",
"status": "publish",
"path": "/stateofhealth/24387/sugar-papers-show-industrys-influence-in-1970s-dental-program-study-says",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-e1426011478306.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-24394\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/iStock_000015590176_Large-21-640x427.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of pages of newly-found documents show that the sugar industry worked closely with the federal government in the late 1960s and early 1970s to determine a research agenda to prevent cavities in children, researchers who analyzed the documents say.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The sugar industry … is following the tobacco industry's playbook.\" \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca title=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001798\" href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001798\" target=\"_blank\">the analysis\u003c/a>, published Wednesday in the journal PLOS Medicine, researchers concluded that industry influence starting in the late 1960s helped steer the National Institute of Dental Research, part of the National Institutes of Health, away from addressing the question of determining a safe level of sugar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What this paper has shown is that our (NIH) was working toward potentially answering that question,\" said Cristin Kearns, a fellow at UC San Francisco and lead author of the analysis, \"and the sugar industry derailed them from doing the research to help to answer that question, so we're still debating (it) here in 2015.\"\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kearns uncovered the 1,551 pages of documents at a public archive at the University of Illinois.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents show that an expert panel formed by the sugar industry included all but one member of the government panel that was examining priorities for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, a report from the industry was submitted to the government panel and became the foundation for research going forward. \"Seventy-eight percent of the sugar industry submission was incorporated into the NIDR’s call for research applications. Research that could have been harmful to sugar industry interests was omitted,\" the authors note.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What this shows is that sugar interests were running science manipulation in as sophisticated a manner as 'big tobacco' was back in the 50s and 60s,\" said UCSF Professor Stan Glantz, a co-author of the study and long time anti-tobacco advocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marion Nestle, professor nutrition of New York University was not involved in the analysis, which she called \"incredibly revealing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper \"makes it clear that the sugar industry systematically and deliberately adopted strategies to make sure that federal research agencies did not urge the public to cut down on sugar intake as a means to prevent tooth decay,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can attest that the sugar industry is especially aggressive in defending itself against any suggestion to eat less and is following the tobacco industry's playbook.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the Sugar Association said it \"\u003cspan class=\"Apple-style-span\">questions the relevance of attempts to dredge up history when decades of modern science has provided answers regarding the role of diet in the pathogenesis of dental caries.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement also says that the authors' \"use of attention-grabbing headlines and scare tactics that liken consumption of all-natural sugar ... to a known carcinogen is a 'textbook' play from the activist agenda.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors admit their analysis is limited because it \"provides a narrow window into the activities of just one sugar industry trade association\" and that they could not \"interview key actors.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Long Hunt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cristin Kearns found the papers after a long hunt. In 2007, she says, while attending a conference, she was handed a government pamphlet titled, \"How to Talk to Patients About Diabetes.\" She was startled that the diet advice didn't mention reducing sugar intake. It made her wonder if the sugar industry \"somehow impacted what the government can or cannot say about diet advice for diabetics?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She started searching online and, ultimately \u003ca title=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2012/10/former-dentist-sugar-industry-lies\" href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2012/10/former-dentist-sugar-industry-lies\" target=\"_blank\">quit her day job\u003c/a>. After months of looking, she uncovered some documents and ultimately identified the documents discussed in the analysis today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kearns says there are more documents to be found, \"just need time and money to do it.\" And, with an eye toward the history of tobacco litigation, she believes litigation is \"certainly a possibility\" in this case as well. \"We've only just begun to scratch the surface of understanding some of the tactics the sugar groups have implemented.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/stateofhealth/24387/sugar-papers-show-industrys-influence-in-1970s-dental-program-study-says",
"authors": [
"240"
],
"categories": [
"stateofhealth_11",
"stateofhealth_14"
],
"tags": [
"stateofhealth_461",
"stateofhealth_161"
],
"featImg": "stateofhealth_24394",
"label": "stateofhealth"
},
"science_27892": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_27892",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "27892",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1425909641000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1425909641,
"format": "aside",
"title": "Powerful Genetic Test Prevents Paternity Mix-Up",
"headTitle": "Powerful Genetic Test Prevents Paternity Mix-Up | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/BabyBlues.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27893\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/BabyBlues.jpg\" alt=\"In some cases a man can be both father and uncle to the same child. The wonderful genetics of chimerism. (Kenny Louie/Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"466\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In some cases, a man can be both father and uncle to the same child. The reason? Look to the wonderful genetics of chimerism. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_smiling_baby.jpg\">Kenny Louie/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A couple who used a fertility clinic to conceive was ready to sue when the child’s blood type didn’t match up with mom and dad’s. Obviously the clinic had used the wrong sperm or made some other awful mistake. Except in this case they probably hadn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple, whose case I worked on, gave me permission to write about it; information related to their identity has been withheld.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A detailed genetic test showed the baby was definitely related to dad, but did not appear to be a parent. Instead the man looked like an uncle at the DNA level. One way he could be both an uncle and a father to the same child would be if he was a human chimera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A human chimera forms in the womb when fraternal twins fuse together very early in development. Because fraternal twins do not have identical DNA, the end result is someone with two sets of DNA. Some of his or her cells have the DNA from the first twin and the rest have the DNA from the second twin. A chimera is a single person with the DNA of two siblings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”AxzxTZDBqcfssMPlXfDPaUAINuWnpLOh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this is what happened in this dad’s case, then we can easily explain the fact that he looks like an uncle at the DNA level. By chance, the DNA in the cells from the lining of the father’s mouth (sent in for genetics testing) was from one twin, and the DNA in the sperm that fertilized his wife’s egg was from the other twin. With the right genetic test, he would look like an uncle even though he was the dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And luckily for this couple they chose the right genetic test. Had they gone with a standard paternity test, they may have missed that they were related to the child, as those tests are not set up to see aunt/uncle and niece/nephew relationships. The most likely result would have been that the couple would have concluded the child was not theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the very least this probably would have ended in a lawsuit against the fertility clinic. The couple might also have given up the child even though the child was conceived with the man’s sperm and the woman’s egg. A real tragedy was averted by the growing power of genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Started With a Blood Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This couple was having difficulty conceiving and so underwent \u003ca href=\"http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/intrauterine-insemination/\">intrauterine insemination\u003c/a> (IUI). Basically, the man’s sperm was placed directly into his wife’s womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She became pregnant and they had a healthy baby. But a blood test showed the baby was AB while both parents were A. Usually two A parents can have only A or O babies (click \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask199\">here \u003c/a>for why that is). This was obviously worrisome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask115\">rare exceptions\u003c/a> where A parents can have an AB child, and the parents in this case wanted to rule those out. This is why they turned to a genetic test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thought was simply to determine paternity. If the child did not match the father, it would mean the clinic had made a mistake and used the wrong sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead of a simply paternity test, the couple used a more sensitive genetics test that’s offered by companies like 23andMe and ancestryDNA. (They used 23andMe in this case.) And it was a good thing they did. They were able to see that the child was related to dad, but not in the way expected. Here are the results:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/sharper-chart.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/sharper-chart.jpg\" alt=\"sharper chart\" width=\"396\" height=\"661\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-28014\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each bar on this chart represents a chromosomal pair comparing the child’s DNA with the dad’s. Remember, we get one chromosome in each pair from mom and one from dad, so that we are 50% related to each parent. This means a parent and a child should completely share one chromosome in each pair. If that were the case, each bar in this image would show one long, unbroken green line. This is not what we see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the two were unrelated or only distantly related, they would share very little of their DNA. There would be an occasional bit of green that represents some distant relative. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/3rd6thCousins.jpg\">here \u003c/a>for an image of a 3\u003csup>rd\u003c/sup>-6\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> cousin and \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask284\">here \u003c/a>for lots of different relationships.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two are somewhere in between. They share a lot of their DNA in most chromosome pairs. Totaling everything up shows they are about 25% related which is how much DNA an uncle would share with a niece or nephew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that the parents visited a fertility clinic, the best explanation is that the father is a chimera. The DNA in the fertilizing sperm was able to contribute a “B” to the child’s blood type, giving the child type AB blood, even though the DNA in dad’s cheek cells lacks that “B.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this goes to show that when something like blood types do not match up, there could be a perfectly reasonable genetic explanation for what was taught in school to be an impossible combination.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 904,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 22
},
"modified": 1704932175,
"excerpt": null,
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "A couple who used a fertility clinic to conceive was ready to sue when the child’s blood type didn’t match up with mom and dad’s. Obviously the clinic had used the wrong sperm or made some other awful mistake. Except in this case they probably hadn’t. The couple, whose case I worked on, gave me",
"title": "Powerful Genetic Test Prevents Paternity Mix-Up | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Powerful Genetic Test Prevents Paternity Mix-Up",
"datePublished": "2015-03-09T07:00:41-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-10T16:16:15-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "powerful-genetic-test-prevents-paternity-mix-up",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/27892/powerful-genetic-test-prevents-paternity-mix-up",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/BabyBlues.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27893\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/BabyBlues.jpg\" alt=\"In some cases a man can be both father and uncle to the same child. The wonderful genetics of chimerism. (Kenny Louie/Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"800\" height=\"466\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In some cases, a man can be both father and uncle to the same child. The reason? Look to the wonderful genetics of chimerism. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_smiling_baby.jpg\">Kenny Louie/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A couple who used a fertility clinic to conceive was ready to sue when the child’s blood type didn’t match up with mom and dad’s. Obviously the clinic had used the wrong sperm or made some other awful mistake. Except in this case they probably hadn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple, whose case I worked on, gave me permission to write about it; information related to their identity has been withheld.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A detailed genetic test showed the baby was definitely related to dad, but did not appear to be a parent. Instead the man looked like an uncle at the DNA level. One way he could be both an uncle and a father to the same child would be if he was a human chimera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A human chimera forms in the womb when fraternal twins fuse together very early in development. Because fraternal twins do not have identical DNA, the end result is someone with two sets of DNA. Some of his or her cells have the DNA from the first twin and the rest have the DNA from the second twin. A chimera is a single person with the DNA of two siblings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this is what happened in this dad’s case, then we can easily explain the fact that he looks like an uncle at the DNA level. By chance, the DNA in the cells from the lining of the father’s mouth (sent in for genetics testing) was from one twin, and the DNA in the sperm that fertilized his wife’s egg was from the other twin. With the right genetic test, he would look like an uncle even though he was the dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And luckily for this couple they chose the right genetic test. Had they gone with a standard paternity test, they may have missed that they were related to the child, as those tests are not set up to see aunt/uncle and niece/nephew relationships. The most likely result would have been that the couple would have concluded the child was not theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the very least this probably would have ended in a lawsuit against the fertility clinic. The couple might also have given up the child even though the child was conceived with the man’s sperm and the woman’s egg. A real tragedy was averted by the growing power of genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Started With a Blood Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This couple was having difficulty conceiving and so underwent \u003ca href=\"http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/intrauterine-insemination/\">intrauterine insemination\u003c/a> (IUI). Basically, the man’s sperm was placed directly into his wife’s womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She became pregnant and they had a healthy baby. But a blood test showed the baby was AB while both parents were A. Usually two A parents can have only A or O babies (click \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask199\">here \u003c/a>for why that is). This was obviously worrisome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask115\">rare exceptions\u003c/a> where A parents can have an AB child, and the parents in this case wanted to rule those out. This is why they turned to a genetic test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thought was simply to determine paternity. If the child did not match the father, it would mean the clinic had made a mistake and used the wrong sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead of a simply paternity test, the couple used a more sensitive genetics test that’s offered by companies like 23andMe and ancestryDNA. (They used 23andMe in this case.) And it was a good thing they did. They were able to see that the child was related to dad, but not in the way expected. Here are the results:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/sharper-chart.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/sharper-chart.jpg\" alt=\"sharper chart\" width=\"396\" height=\"661\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-28014\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each bar on this chart represents a chromosomal pair comparing the child’s DNA with the dad’s. Remember, we get one chromosome in each pair from mom and one from dad, so that we are 50% related to each parent. This means a parent and a child should completely share one chromosome in each pair. If that were the case, each bar in this image would show one long, unbroken green line. This is not what we see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the two were unrelated or only distantly related, they would share very little of their DNA. There would be an occasional bit of green that represents some distant relative. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/3rd6thCousins.jpg\">here \u003c/a>for an image of a 3\u003csup>rd\u003c/sup>-6\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> cousin and \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask284\">here \u003c/a>for lots of different relationships.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two are somewhere in between. They share a lot of their DNA in most chromosome pairs. Totaling everything up shows they are about 25% related which is how much DNA an uncle would share with a niece or nephew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that the parents visited a fertility clinic, the best explanation is that the father is a chimera. The DNA in the fertilizing sperm was able to contribute a “B” to the child’s blood type, giving the child type AB blood, even though the DNA in dad’s cheek cells lacks that “B.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this goes to show that when something like blood types do not match up, there could be a perfectly reasonable genetic explanation for what was taught in school to be an impossible combination.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/27892/powerful-genetic-test-prevents-paternity-mix-up",
"authors": [
"6177"
],
"categories": [
"science_30",
"science_39"
],
"tags": [
"science_304"
],
"featImg": "science_27893",
"label": "science"
},
"stateofhealth_23986": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stateofhealth_23986",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "23986",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1424826422000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "stateofhealth"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1424826422,
"format": "aside",
"disqusTitle": "Beyond Abolishing the 'Personal Belief Exemption' To Raise Vaccination Rates",
"title": "Beyond Abolishing the 'Personal Belief Exemption' To Raise Vaccination Rates",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15266\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-e1380559925587.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-15266\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-640x452.jpg\" alt=\"Students leaving a vaccine clinic after being vaccinated against whooping cough at a middle school in Los Angeles. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"452\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students leaving a vaccine clinic after being vaccinated against whooping cough at a middle school in Los Angeles. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday in Sacramento, a MoveOn.org member is expected to \u003ca title=\"http://petitions.moveon.org/sign/make-vaccines-mandatory\" href=\"http://petitions.moveon.org/sign/make-vaccines-mandatory\" target=\"_blank\">deliver a petition \u003c/a>with 21,000 signatures calling on the state's government to abolish the personal belief exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"Focusing on the parental-choice issue risks provoking a counter-productive backlash.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She will be holding a press conference with Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento), who announced a \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/04/new-vaccination-bill-would-end-exemptions-for-personal-religious-beliefs/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/04/new-vaccination-bill-would-end-exemptions-for-personal-religious-beliefs/\" target=\"_blank\">bill earlier this mont\u003c/a>h to do just that. When he made the announcement, Pan repeatedly spoke of wanting to increase vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds so good: Just wipe out the option to refuse vaccines, and vaccination rates will improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is abolishing the personal belief exemption -- a choice that permits parents to lawfully send their children to school unvaccinated -- the best way to accomplish that goal?\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think focusing on the parental-choice issue risks provoking a counterproductive backlash,\" Professor Brendan Nyhan told me in an interview. He's a political scientist at Dartmouth whose research focuses on misperceptions in politics and health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's pretty easy to imagine that people who are ardently opposed to vaccinating their children are also going to be ardently opposed to a law that removes their personal choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tightening Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rather than eliminating choice,\" Nyhan says, \"we alter the administrative procedures to reflect the cost that going unvaccinated affects the community.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those administrative procedures have to do with tightening the rules around how people can obtain an exemption from vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Backing up for a moment, \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/school-immunization-exemption-state-laws.aspx\" href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/school-immunization-exemption-state-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">California is one of 20 states\u003c/a> that permits a philosophical exemption from vaccines. In addition, all states, except two, permit a religious exemption. Only West Virginia and Mississippi require all children to be vaccinated, except those who cannot be immunized for a medical reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this school year, it was easier in California to opt out of vaccines than it was to vaccinate your children. While it's state law that all kindergartners be vaccinated to attend any school statewide -- public, private or religious -- parents could opt out simply by writing a short statement declaring that they opposed vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this school year, parents now must meet first with a health care provider, who must attest that the parents have been provided with information about vaccines and vaccine-preventable illness. Right away, the rate of personal belief exemptions \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/\" target=\"_blank\">dropped by 19 percent statewide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The educational requirement can be a significant step in getting people to choose to have their children vaccinated,\" Ross Silverman, a professor of public health law at Indiana University, told me. \"The decision to have these exemptions at all is a purely political one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While public health agencies have the power to require vaccination, he said, \"you want to strike the balance with protecting the public's health against being seen as too forceful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He \u003ca title=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2091313\" href=\"//jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2091313\" target=\"_blank\">wrote recently in JAMA\u003c/a> about different legislative tools to limit non-medical vaccine exemptions, including options that California has not pursued:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Requiring annual renewal of the personal belief exemption. Right now, parents need only file at kindergarten and seventh grade\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Require notarization to file the personal belief exemption form\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>For religious exemptions, require a religious leader within the organization to submit a letter on your behalf\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The state with the best \"evidence-driven structure\" for a philosophical exemption, Silverman said, is Arkansas, which has all three policies above in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arkansas' exemption rate in the 2013-2014 school year was 1.2 percent, versus California's 3.3 percent that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Oregon has only a religious exemption, and its rate in 2013-2014 was 7.1 percent. That's among the highest exemption rates in the country, Silverman says, \"and they don't even have a philosophical exemption.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to strict rules about obtaining an exemption, the other opportunity to increase vaccination has to do with messaging around vaccines. Simply spreading straightforward public health information is not effective -- and may even be counterproductive -- for some people already hesitant about vaccines, Nyhan reported in \u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/upshot/vaccine-opponents-can-be-immune-to-education.html\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/upshot/vaccine-opponents-can-be-immune-to-education.html\" target=\"_blank\">a famous study last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he recommends other approaches to improving vaccination rates. He cited a campaign in a community in Western Australia that focuses on values, not science, shared by community members. \u003ca title=\"http://immunise.org.au/andrew/\" href=\"http://immunise.org.au/andrew/\" target=\"_blank\">One photo shows a dad, \"Andrew,\"\u003c/a> carrying a baby in a sling, with the message \"I use cloth nappies, I eat whole foods, and I immunise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a powerful message, and it \"communicate(s) that you share the values and backgrounds of the people exempting,\" Nyhan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nyhan \u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/upshot/spreading-along-with-measles-polarization-on-a-hot-button-issue.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=1\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/upshot/spreading-along-with-measles-polarization-on-a-hot-button-issue.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=1\" target=\"_blank\">also worries \u003c/a>that the media focus on people who refuse vaccines may create a false impression that those views are mainstream. Even in California, measles outbreak and all, only 2.5 percent of kindergartners this year had a non-medical exemption. Put a different way, more than 97 percent of California parents vaccinate their kids.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "23986 http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?p=23986",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/24/beyond-abolishing-the-personal-belief-exemption-to-raise-vaccination-rates/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 824,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 24
},
"modified": 1424914787,
"excerpt": null,
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "On Wednesday in Sacramento, a MoveOn.org member is expected to deliver a petition with 21,000 signatures calling on the state's government to abolish the personal belief exemption. "Focusing on the parental-choice issue risks provoking a counter-productive backlash." She will be holding a press conference with Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento), who announced a bill earlier this month to",
"title": "Beyond Abolishing the 'Personal Belief Exemption' To Raise Vaccination Rates | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Beyond Abolishing the 'Personal Belief Exemption' To Raise Vaccination Rates",
"datePublished": "2015-02-24T17:07:02-08:00",
"dateModified": "2015-02-25T17:39:47-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "beyond-abolishing-the-personal-belief-exemption-to-raise-vaccination-rates",
"status": "publish",
"path": "/stateofhealth/23986/beyond-abolishing-the-personal-belief-exemption-to-raise-vaccination-rates",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15266\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-e1380559925587.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-15266\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-640x452.jpg\" alt=\"Students leaving a vaccine clinic after being vaccinated against whooping cough at a middle school in Los Angeles. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"452\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students leaving a vaccine clinic after being vaccinated against whooping cough at a middle school in Los Angeles. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday in Sacramento, a MoveOn.org member is expected to \u003ca title=\"http://petitions.moveon.org/sign/make-vaccines-mandatory\" href=\"http://petitions.moveon.org/sign/make-vaccines-mandatory\" target=\"_blank\">deliver a petition \u003c/a>with 21,000 signatures calling on the state's government to abolish the personal belief exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"Focusing on the parental-choice issue risks provoking a counter-productive backlash.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She will be holding a press conference with Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento), who announced a \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/04/new-vaccination-bill-would-end-exemptions-for-personal-religious-beliefs/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/04/new-vaccination-bill-would-end-exemptions-for-personal-religious-beliefs/\" target=\"_blank\">bill earlier this mont\u003c/a>h to do just that. When he made the announcement, Pan repeatedly spoke of wanting to increase vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds so good: Just wipe out the option to refuse vaccines, and vaccination rates will improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is abolishing the personal belief exemption -- a choice that permits parents to lawfully send their children to school unvaccinated -- the best way to accomplish that goal?\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think focusing on the parental-choice issue risks provoking a counterproductive backlash,\" Professor Brendan Nyhan told me in an interview. He's a political scientist at Dartmouth whose research focuses on misperceptions in politics and health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's pretty easy to imagine that people who are ardently opposed to vaccinating their children are also going to be ardently opposed to a law that removes their personal choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tightening Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rather than eliminating choice,\" Nyhan says, \"we alter the administrative procedures to reflect the cost that going unvaccinated affects the community.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those administrative procedures have to do with tightening the rules around how people can obtain an exemption from vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Backing up for a moment, \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/school-immunization-exemption-state-laws.aspx\" href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/school-immunization-exemption-state-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">California is one of 20 states\u003c/a> that permits a philosophical exemption from vaccines. In addition, all states, except two, permit a religious exemption. Only West Virginia and Mississippi require all children to be vaccinated, except those who cannot be immunized for a medical reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this school year, it was easier in California to opt out of vaccines than it was to vaccinate your children. While it's state law that all kindergartners be vaccinated to attend any school statewide -- public, private or religious -- parents could opt out simply by writing a short statement declaring that they opposed vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this school year, parents now must meet first with a health care provider, who must attest that the parents have been provided with information about vaccines and vaccine-preventable illness. Right away, the rate of personal belief exemptions \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/\" target=\"_blank\">dropped by 19 percent statewide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The educational requirement can be a significant step in getting people to choose to have their children vaccinated,\" Ross Silverman, a professor of public health law at Indiana University, told me. \"The decision to have these exemptions at all is a purely political one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While public health agencies have the power to require vaccination, he said, \"you want to strike the balance with protecting the public's health against being seen as too forceful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He \u003ca title=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2091313\" href=\"//jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2091313\" target=\"_blank\">wrote recently in JAMA\u003c/a> about different legislative tools to limit non-medical vaccine exemptions, including options that California has not pursued:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Requiring annual renewal of the personal belief exemption. Right now, parents need only file at kindergarten and seventh grade\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Require notarization to file the personal belief exemption form\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>For religious exemptions, require a religious leader within the organization to submit a letter on your behalf\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The state with the best \"evidence-driven structure\" for a philosophical exemption, Silverman said, is Arkansas, which has all three policies above in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arkansas' exemption rate in the 2013-2014 school year was 1.2 percent, versus California's 3.3 percent that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Oregon has only a religious exemption, and its rate in 2013-2014 was 7.1 percent. That's among the highest exemption rates in the country, Silverman says, \"and they don't even have a philosophical exemption.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to strict rules about obtaining an exemption, the other opportunity to increase vaccination has to do with messaging around vaccines. Simply spreading straightforward public health information is not effective -- and may even be counterproductive -- for some people already hesitant about vaccines, Nyhan reported in \u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/upshot/vaccine-opponents-can-be-immune-to-education.html\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/upshot/vaccine-opponents-can-be-immune-to-education.html\" target=\"_blank\">a famous study last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he recommends other approaches to improving vaccination rates. He cited a campaign in a community in Western Australia that focuses on values, not science, shared by community members. \u003ca title=\"http://immunise.org.au/andrew/\" href=\"http://immunise.org.au/andrew/\" target=\"_blank\">One photo shows a dad, \"Andrew,\"\u003c/a> carrying a baby in a sling, with the message \"I use cloth nappies, I eat whole foods, and I immunise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a powerful message, and it \"communicate(s) that you share the values and backgrounds of the people exempting,\" Nyhan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nyhan \u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/upshot/spreading-along-with-measles-polarization-on-a-hot-button-issue.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=1\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/upshot/spreading-along-with-measles-polarization-on-a-hot-button-issue.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=1\" target=\"_blank\">also worries \u003c/a>that the media focus on people who refuse vaccines may create a false impression that those views are mainstream. Even in California, measles outbreak and all, only 2.5 percent of kindergartners this year had a non-medical exemption. Put a different way, more than 97 percent of California parents vaccinate their kids.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/stateofhealth/23986/beyond-abolishing-the-personal-belief-exemption-to-raise-vaccination-rates",
"authors": [
"240"
],
"categories": [
"stateofhealth_11"
],
"tags": [
"stateofhealth_618",
"stateofhealth_461",
"stateofhealth_725"
],
"featImg": "stateofhealth_15266",
"label": "stateofhealth"
}
},
"podcastsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"podcasts": {}
},
"radioProgramsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"radioPrograms": {}
},
"radioSearchSegmentsReducer": {},
"programsReducer": {
"all-things-considered": {
"id": "all-things-considered",
"title": "All Things Considered",
"info": "Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/all-things-considered"
},
"american-suburb-podcast": {
"id": "american-suburb-podcast",
"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 19
},
"link": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"
}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Bay Curious",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
"link": "/podcasts/baycurious",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/9a90d476-aa04-455d-9a4c-0871ed6216d4/bay-curious",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"
}
},
"bbc-world-service": {
"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-the-california-report/id79681292",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432285393/the-california-report",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-the-california-report-podcast-8838",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"
}
},
"californiareportmagazine": {
"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report Magazine",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 10
},
"link": "/californiareportmagazine",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564733126/the-california-report-magazine",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-california-report-magazine",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
"tagline": "Your irreverent guide to the trends redefining our world",
"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Close All Tabs",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/close-all-tabs/id214663465",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC6993880386",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/92d9d4ac-67a3-4eed-b10a-fb45d45b1ef2/close-all-tabs",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6LAJFHnGK1pYXYzv6SIol6?si=deb0cae19813417c"
}
},
"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"
}
},
"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"
}
},
"forum": {
"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/forum",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"
}
},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
}
},
"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
"airtime": "MON-THU 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/here-and-now",
"subsdcribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hyphenaci%C3%B3n/id1191591838",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
"youtube": "https://www.youtube.com/c/kqedarts",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/790253322/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/jerrybrown/feed/podcast/",
"tuneIn": "http://tun.in/pjGcK",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/54C1dmuyFyKMFttY6X2j6r?si=K8SgRCoISNK6ZbjpXrX5-w",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/44420f75-3b0e-4301-ab3b-16da6b09e543/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown"
}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/",
"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
}
},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"
}
},
"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
}
},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "PRI"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pri-the-world",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pris-the-world-latest-edition/id278196007?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
"rss": "http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"
}
},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/radiolab1400.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/radiolab",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/radiolab/id152249110?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/RadioLab-p68032/",
"rss": "https://feeds.wnyc.org/radiolab"
}
},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/",
"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
}
},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Rightnowish-Podcast-Tile-500x500-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Rightnowish with Pendarvis Harshaw",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/721590300/rightnowish",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/rightnowish/feed/podcast",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/rightnowish/id1482187648",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/rightnowish",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMxMjU5MTY3NDc4",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/7kEJuafTzTVan7B78ttz1I"
}
},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
"airtime": "FRI 11am-1pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/science-friday",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/science-friday",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=73329284&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Science-Friday-p394/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/science-friday"
}
},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
"airtime": "SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Snap-Judgment-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Snap Judgment",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 4
},
"link": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/snap-judgment/id283657561",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/449018144/snap-judgment",
"stitcher": "https://www.pandora.com/podcast/snap-judgment/PC:241?source=stitcher-sunset",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3Cct7ZWmxHNAtLgBTqjC5v",
"rss": "https://snap.feed.snapjudgment.org/"
}
},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sold-Out-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/soldout",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 13
},
"link": "/podcasts/soldout",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/911586047/s-o-l-d-o-u-t-a-new-future-for-housing",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/introducing-sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america/id1531354937",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/soldout",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/38dTBSk2ISFoPiyYNoKn1X",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america",
"tunein": "https://tunein.com/radio/SOLD-OUT-Rethinking-Housing-in-America-p1365871/"
}
},
"spooked": {
"id": "spooked",
"title": "Spooked",
"tagline": "True-life supernatural stories",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Spooked-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Spooked",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 7
},
"link": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/spooked/id1279361017",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/549547848/snap-judgment-presents-spooked",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/76571Rfl3m7PLJQZKQIGCT",
"rss": "https://feeds.simplecast.com/TBotaapn"
}
},
"tech-nation": {
"id": "tech-nation",
"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
"airtime": "FRI 10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tech-Nation-Radio-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://technation.podomatic.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "Tech Nation Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tech-nation",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://technation.podomatic.com/rss2.xml"
}
},
"ted-radio-hour": {
"id": "ted-radio-hour",
"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm, SAT 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/tedRadioHour.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/?showDate=2018-06-22",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/ted-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/8vsS",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=523121474&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/TED-Radio-Hour-p418021/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510298/podcast.xml"
}
},
"thebay": {
"id": "thebay",
"title": "The Bay",
"tagline": "Local news to keep you rooted",
"info": "Host Devin Katayama walks you through the biggest story of the day with reporters and newsmakers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Bay-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Bay",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/thebay",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 2
},
"link": "/podcasts/thebay",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bay/id1350043452",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/d800ea4c-7a2c-42f2-b861-edaf78a5db0b/the-bay",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/586725995/the-bay",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-bay",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/4BIKBKIujizLHlIlBNaAqQ",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC8259786327"
}
},
"thelatest": {
"id": "thelatest",
"title": "The Latest",
"tagline": "Trusted local news in real time",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/The-Latest-2025-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Latest",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/thelatest",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 6
},
"link": "/thelatest",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-latest-from-kqed/id1197721799",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/1257949365/the-latest-from-k-q-e-d",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/5KIIXMgM9GTi5AepwOYvIZ?si=bd3053fec7244dba",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9137121918"
}
},
"theleap": {
"id": "theleap",
"title": "The Leap",
"tagline": "What if you closed your eyes, and jumped?",
"info": "Stories about people making dramatic, risky changes, told by award-winning public radio reporter Judy Campbell.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Leap-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Leap",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/theleap",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 17
},
"link": "/podcasts/theleap",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-leap/id1046668171",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/447248267/the-leap",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-leap",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3sSlVHHzU0ytLwuGs1SD1U",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap/feed/podcast"
}
},
"the-moth-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-moth-radio-hour",
"title": "The Moth Radio Hour",
"info": "Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.",
"airtime": "SAT 8pm-9pm and SUN 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/theMoth.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://themoth.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "prx"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-moth-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-moth-podcast/id275699983?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/The-Moth-p273888/",
"rss": "http://feeds.themoth.org/themothpodcast"
}
},
"the-new-yorker-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"title": "The New Yorker Radio Hour",
"info": "The New Yorker Radio Hour is a weekly program presented by the magazine's editor, David Remnick, and produced by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker. Each episode features a diverse mix of interviews, profiles, storytelling, and an occasional burst of humor inspired by the magazine, and shaped by its writers, artists, and editors. This isn't a radio version of a magazine, but something all its own, reflecting the rich possibilities of audio storytelling and conversation. Theme music for the show was composed and performed by Merrill Garbus of tUnE-YArDs.",
"airtime": "SAT 10am-11am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-New-Yorker-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/tnyradiohour",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1050430296",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/New-Yorker-Radio-Hour-p803804/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/newyorkerradiohour"
}
},
"the-sam-sanders-show": {
"id": "the-sam-sanders-show",
"title": "The Sam Sanders Show",
"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
"airtime": "FRI 12-1pm AND SAT 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/The-Sam-Sanders-Show-Podcast-Tile-400x400-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "KCRW"
},
"link": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feed.cdnstream1.com/zjb/feed/download/ac/28/59/ac28594c-e1d0-4231-8728-61865cdc80e8.xml"
}
},
"the-splendid-table": {
"id": "the-splendid-table",
"title": "The Splendid Table",
"info": "\u003cem>The Splendid Table\u003c/em> hosts our nation's conversations about cooking, sustainability and food culture.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Splendid-Table-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.splendidtable.org/",
"airtime": "SUN 10-11 pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-splendid-table"
},
"this-american-life": {
"id": "this-american-life",
"title": "This American Life",
"info": "This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.",
"airtime": "SAT 12pm-1pm, 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/thisAmericanLife.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wbez"
},
"link": "/radio/program/this-american-life",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201671138&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"rss": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/podcast/rss.xml"
}
},
"tinydeskradio": {
"id": "tinydeskradio",
"title": "Tiny Desk Radio",
"info": "We're bringing the best of Tiny Desk to the airwaves, only on public radio.",
"airtime": "SUN 8pm and SAT 9pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/300x300-For-Member-Station-Logo-Tiny-Desk-Radio-@2x.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/g-s1-52030/tiny-desk-radio",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tinydeskradio",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/g-s1-52030/rss.xml"
}
},
"wait-wait-dont-tell-me": {
"id": "wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"title": "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!",
"info": "Peter Sagal and Bill Kurtis host the weekly NPR News quiz show alongside some of the best and brightest news and entertainment personalities.",
"airtime": "SUN 10am-11am, SAT 11am-12pm, SAT 6pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Wait-Wait-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-dont-tell-me/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/Xogv",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=121493804&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Wait-Wait-Dont-Tell-Me-p46/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/344098539/podcast.xml"
}
},
"weekend-edition-saturday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-saturday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Saturday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Saturday wraps up the week's news and offers a mix of analysis and features on a wide range of topics, including arts, sports, entertainment, and human interest stories. The two-hour program is hosted by NPR's Peabody Award-winning Scott Simon.",
"airtime": "SAT 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-saturday"
},
"weekend-edition-sunday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-sunday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Sunday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Sunday features interviews with newsmakers, artists, scientists, politicians, musicians, writers, theologians and historians. The program has covered news events from Nelson Mandela's 1990 release from a South African prison to the capture of Saddam Hussein.",
"airtime": "SUN 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-sunday"
}
},
"racesReducer": {},
"racesGenElectionReducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026Reducer": {},
"radioSchedulesReducer": {},
"listsReducer": {
"posts/science?category=health": {
"isFetching": false,
"latestQuery": {
"from": 996,
"size": 12
},
"vitalsOnly": false,
"totalRequested": 12,
"isLoading": false,
"isLoadingMore": true,
"total": {
"value": 1297,
"relation": "eq"
},
"items": [
"futureofyou_1192",
"stateofhealth_24782",
"science_28510",
"stateofhealth_24699",
"stateofhealth_24623",
"futureofyou_527",
"futureofyou_370",
"stateofhealth_24448",
"stateofhealth_24408",
"stateofhealth_24387",
"science_27892",
"stateofhealth_23986"
],
"complete": true
}
},
"recallGuideReducer": {
"intros": {},
"policy": {},
"candidates": {}
},
"savedArticleReducer": {
"articles": [],
"status": {}
},
"newslettersReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"newsletters": {},
"isSubscribing": false,
"isUnsubscribing": false,
"subscribedNewsletters": {}
},
"termsReducer": {
"about": {
"name": "About",
"type": "terms",
"id": "about",
"slug": "about",
"link": "/about",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"arts": {
"name": "Arts & Culture",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"description": "KQED Arts provides daily in-depth coverage of the Bay Area's music, art, film, performing arts, literature and arts news, as well as cultural commentary and criticism.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts",
"slug": "arts",
"link": "/arts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"artschool": {
"name": "Art School",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "artschool",
"slug": "artschool",
"link": "/artschool",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareabites": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareabites",
"slug": "bayareabites",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareahiphop": {
"name": "Bay Area Hiphop",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareahiphop",
"slug": "bayareahiphop",
"link": "/bayareahiphop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"campaign21": {
"name": "Campaign 21",
"type": "terms",
"id": "campaign21",
"slug": "campaign21",
"link": "/campaign21",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"careers": {
"name": "Careers",
"type": "terms",
"id": "careers",
"slug": "careers",
"link": "/careers",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"checkplease": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "checkplease",
"slug": "checkplease",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"education": {
"name": "Education",
"grouping": [
"education"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "education",
"slug": "education",
"link": "/education",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"elections": {
"name": "Elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "elections",
"slug": "elections",
"link": "/elections",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"events": {
"name": "Events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "events",
"slug": "events",
"link": "/events",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"event": {
"name": "Event",
"alias": "events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "event",
"slug": "event",
"link": "/event",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"filmschoolshorts": {
"name": "Film School Shorts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "filmschoolshorts",
"slug": "filmschoolshorts",
"link": "/filmschoolshorts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"food": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "food",
"slug": "food",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"forum": {
"name": "Forum",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/forum?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "forum",
"slug": "forum",
"link": "/forum",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"futureofyou": {
"name": "Future of You",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou",
"slug": "futureofyou",
"link": "/futureofyou",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"jpepinheart": {
"name": "KQED food",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/food,bayareabites,checkplease",
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "jpepinheart",
"slug": "jpepinheart",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"liveblog": {
"name": "Live Blog",
"type": "terms",
"id": "liveblog",
"slug": "liveblog",
"link": "/liveblog",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"livetv": {
"name": "Live TV",
"parent": "tv",
"type": "terms",
"id": "livetv",
"slug": "livetv",
"link": "/livetv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"lowdown": {
"name": "The Lowdown",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/lowdown?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "lowdown",
"slug": "lowdown",
"link": "/lowdown",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"mindshift": {
"name": "Mindshift",
"parent": "news",
"description": "MindShift explores the future of education by highlighting the innovative – and sometimes counterintuitive – ways educators and parents are helping all children succeed.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "mindshift",
"slug": "mindshift",
"link": "/mindshift",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"news": {
"name": "News",
"grouping": [
"news",
"forum"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "news",
"slug": "news",
"link": "/news",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"newsletters": {
"name": "newsletters",
"type": "terms",
"id": "newsletters",
"slug": "newsletters",
"link": "/newsletters",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"perspectives": {
"name": "Perspectives",
"parent": "radio",
"type": "terms",
"id": "perspectives",
"slug": "perspectives",
"link": "/perspectives",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"podcasts": {
"name": "Podcasts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "podcasts",
"slug": "podcasts",
"link": "/podcasts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pop": {
"name": "Pop",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pop",
"slug": "pop",
"link": "/pop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pressroom": {
"name": "Pressroom",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pressroom",
"slug": "pressroom",
"link": "/pressroom",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"quest": {
"name": "Quest",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "quest",
"slug": "quest",
"link": "/quest",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"radio": {
"name": "Radio",
"grouping": [
"forum",
"perspectives"
],
"description": "Listen to KQED Public Radio – home of Forum and The California Report – on 88.5 FM in San Francisco, 89.3 FM in Sacramento, 88.3 FM in Santa Rosa and 88.1 FM in Martinez.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "radio",
"slug": "radio",
"link": "/radio",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"root": {
"name": "KQED",
"image": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png",
"imageWidth": 1200,
"imageHeight": 630,
"headData": {
"title": "KQED | News, Radio, Podcasts, TV | Public Media for Northern California",
"description": "KQED provides public radio, television, and independent reporting on issues that matter to the Bay Area. We’re the NPR and PBS member station for Northern California."
},
"type": "terms",
"id": "root",
"slug": "root",
"link": "/root",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science": {
"name": "Science",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"description": "KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "science",
"slug": "science",
"link": "/science",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"stateofhealth": {
"name": "State of Health",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth",
"slug": "stateofhealth",
"link": "/stateofhealth",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"support": {
"name": "Support",
"type": "terms",
"id": "support",
"slug": "support",
"link": "/support",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"thedolist": {
"name": "The Do List",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "thedolist",
"slug": "thedolist",
"link": "/thedolist",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"trulyca": {
"name": "Truly CA",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "trulyca",
"slug": "trulyca",
"link": "/trulyca",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"tv": {
"name": "TV",
"type": "terms",
"id": "tv",
"slug": "tv",
"link": "/tv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"voterguide": {
"name": "Voter Guide",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "voterguide",
"slug": "voterguide",
"link": "/voterguide",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"guiaelectoral": {
"name": "Guia Electoral",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "guiaelectoral",
"slug": "guiaelectoral",
"link": "/guiaelectoral",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science_category_health": {
"isLoading": true
},
"science_39": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_39",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "39",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Health Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 41,
"slug": "health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/health"
},
"futureofyou_1": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "KQED Future Of You",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "KQED Future Of You Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1,
"slug": "future-of-you",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/future-of-you"
},
"futureofyou_73": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_73",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "73",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "KQED News",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "KQED News Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 73,
"slug": "kqed-news",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/kqed-news"
},
"futureofyou_17": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_17",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "17",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "DNA",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "DNA Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 17,
"slug": "dna",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/dna"
},
"futureofyou_159": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_159",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "159",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "family history",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "family history Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 159,
"slug": "family-history",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/family-history"
},
"futureofyou_138": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_138",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "138",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "futureofyou",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "futureofyou Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 138,
"slug": "futureofyou",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/futureofyou"
},
"futureofyou_157": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_157",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "157",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "genealogical",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "genealogical Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 157,
"slug": "genealogical",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/genealogical"
},
"futureofyou_80": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_80",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "80",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "kqedscience",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "kqedscience Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 80,
"slug": "kqedscience",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/kqedscience"
},
"futureofyou_158": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_158",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "158",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "saliva",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "saliva Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 158,
"slug": "saliva",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/saliva"
},
"stateofhealth_11": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth_11",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "11",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Community Health",
"description": "\r\n\r\nFrom rural California to urban neighborhoods, where you live affects your health",
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": "From rural California to urban neighborhoods, where you live affects your health",
"title": "Community Health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 11,
"slug": "place-matters",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/stateofhealth/category/place-matters"
},
"stateofhealth_280": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth_280",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "280",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Central Valley",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Central Valley Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 280,
"slug": "central-valley",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/stateofhealth/tag/central-valley"
},
"stateofhealth_461": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth_461",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "461",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Science",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Science Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 462,
"slug": "science",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/stateofhealth/tag/science"
},
"science_30": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_30",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "30",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Biology",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Biology Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 32,
"slug": "biology",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/biology"
},
"science_29": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_29",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "29",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Chemistry",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Chemistry Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 31,
"slug": "chemistry",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/chemistry"
},
"stateofhealth_12": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth_12",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "12",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Living Healthy",
"description": "Health is about much more than medicine. We show you what's new to help you attain and maintain a healthy life",
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": "Health is about much more than medicine. We show you what's new to help you attain and maintain a healthy life",
"title": "Living Healthy Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 12,
"slug": "living-healthy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/stateofhealth/category/living-healthy"
},
"stateofhealth_13": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth_13",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "13",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Tests & Treatments",
"description": "Information and new research about advances in discovering and treating diseases and conditions.",
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": "Information and new research about advances in discovering and treating diseases and conditions.",
"title": "Tests & Treatments Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 13,
"slug": "tests-treatments",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/stateofhealth/category/tests-treatments"
},
"stateofhealth_726": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth_726",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "726",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Measles",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Measles Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 728,
"slug": "measles",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/stateofhealth/tag/measles"
},
"stateofhealth_725": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth_725",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "725",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Vaccine",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Vaccine Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 727,
"slug": "vaccine",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/stateofhealth/tag/vaccine"
},
"stateofhealth_118": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth_118",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "118",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Diabetes",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Diabetes Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 118,
"slug": "diabetes",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/stateofhealth/tag/diabetes"
},
"futureofyou_110": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_110",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "110",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Startup Culture",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "series",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Startup Culture Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 110,
"slug": "startup-culture",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/series/startup-culture"
},
"futureofyou_99": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_99",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "99",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Austin",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Austin Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 99,
"slug": "austin",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/austin"
},
"futureofyou_108": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_108",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "108",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Chiron Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Chiron Health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 108,
"slug": "chiron-health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/chiron-health"
},
"futureofyou_102": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_102",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "102",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "kqed science",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "kqed science Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 102,
"slug": "kqed-science",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/kqed-science"
},
"futureofyou_109": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_109",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "109",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "SXSW conference",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "SXSW conference Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 109,
"slug": "sxsw-conference",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/sxsw-conference"
},
"futureofyou_54": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_54",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "54",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Future of You",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "program",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Future of You Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 54,
"slug": "future-of-you",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/program/future-of-you"
},
"futureofyou_1064": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1064",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1064",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Your Genes",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Your Genes Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1064,
"slug": "your-genes",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/your-genes"
},
"futureofyou_91": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_91",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "91",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Broad Institute",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Broad Institute Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 91,
"slug": "broad-institute",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/broad-institute"
},
"futureofyou_896": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_896",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "896",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Cas9",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Cas9 Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 896,
"slug": "cas9",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/cas9"
},
"futureofyou_93": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_93",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "93",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Charpentier",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Charpentier Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 93,
"slug": "charpentier",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/charpentier"
},
"futureofyou_94": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_94",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "94",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "CRISPR",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "CRISPR Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 94,
"slug": "crispr",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/crispr"
},
"futureofyou_90": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_90",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "90",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Doudna",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Doudna Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 90,
"slug": "doudna",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/doudna"
},
"futureofyou_88": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_88",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "88",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "George Church",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "George Church Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 88,
"slug": "george-church",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/george-church"
},
"futureofyou_89": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_89",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "89",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "UC Berkeley",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "UC Berkeley Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 89,
"slug": "uc-berkeley",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/uc-berkeley"
},
"stateofhealth_64": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth_64",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "64",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "HIV",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "HIV Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 64,
"slug": "hiv",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/stateofhealth/tag/hiv"
},
"stateofhealth_320": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth_320",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "320",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Truvada",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Truvada Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 321,
"slug": "truvada",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/stateofhealth/tag/truvada"
},
"stateofhealth_161": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth_161",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "161",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Sugar",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Sugar Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 161,
"slug": "sugar",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/stateofhealth/tag/sugar"
},
"stateofhealth_127": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth_127",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "127",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Tobacco",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Tobacco Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 127,
"slug": "tobacco",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/stateofhealth/tag/tobacco"
},
"stateofhealth_14": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth_14",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "14",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Policy",
"description": "Actions by people in power – lawmakers, regulators and the like – can make a difference to your health, for better or for worse. We keep you informed",
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": "Actions by people in power – lawmakers, regulators and the like – can make a difference to your health, for better or for worse. We keep you informed",
"title": "Policy Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 14,
"slug": "policy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/stateofhealth/category/policy"
},
"science_304": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_304",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "304",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "23andMe",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "23andMe Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 309,
"slug": "23andme",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/23andme"
},
"stateofhealth_618": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth_618",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "stateofhealth",
"id": "618",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "personal belief exemption",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "personal belief exemption Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 619,
"slug": "personal-belief-exemption",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/stateofhealth/tag/personal-belief-exemption"
}
},
"userPermissionsReducer": {
"wpLoggedIn": false
},
"eventsReducer": {},
"fssReducer": {},
"tvDailyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer": {},
"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer": {},
"userAccountReducer": {
"user": {
"email": null,
"emailStatus": "EMAIL_UNVALIDATED",
"loggedStatus": "LOGGED_OUT",
"loggingChecked": false,
"articles": [],
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"phoneNumber": null,
"fetchingMembership": false,
"membershipError": false,
"memberships": [
{
"id": null,
"startDate": null,
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"familyNumber": null,
"memberNumber": null,
"memberSince": null,
"expirationDate": null,
"pfsEligible": false,
"isSustaining": false,
"membershipLevel": "Prospect",
"membershipStatus": "Non Member",
"lastGiftDate": null,
"renewalDate": null,
"lastDonationAmount": null
}
]
},
"authModal": {
"isOpen": false,
"view": "LANDING_VIEW"
},
"error": null
},
"youthMediaReducer": {},
"checkPleaseReducer": {
"filterData": {
"region": {
"key": "Restaurant Region",
"filters": [
"Any Region"
]
},
"cuisine": {
"key": "Restaurant Cuisine",
"filters": [
"Any Cuisine"
]
}
},
"restaurantDataById": {},
"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
}
}
