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"content": "\u003cp>Lately, Californians have been focused on a \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" target=\"_blank\">significant measles outbreak\u003c/a> that just ended. But in the last five years, state health officials have declared an epidemic of whooping cough (also known as pertussis) twice -- in 2010 and in 2014, when \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis%20report%204-20-2015.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis%20report%204-20-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">11,000 people were sickened\u003c/a> and three infants died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now an analysis from a recent whooping cough epidemic in Washington state shows that the effectiveness of the Tdap vaccine used to fight whooping cough waned significantly. For adolescents who received all their shots, effectiveness within one year of the final booster was 73 percent. That rate plummeted to 34 percent within two to four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"(T)his waning is likely contributing to the increase in pertussis among adolescents,\" the authors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tdap protects against three diseases: tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis. The pertussis protection is from the acellular pertussis vaccine. It was introduced in 1997 to replace the whole-cell vaccine, which caused more side effects. Monday's report\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/03/todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/03/todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one/\" target=\"_blank\"> confirms an earlier analysis\u003c/a> that the acellular pertussis may be safer, but less effective, than the old one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-3358d.abstract\" href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-3358d.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">The study\u003c/a> was published Monday in the journal Pediatrics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The take-home message is that the waning is there,\" said Dr. Art Reingold, a UC Berkeley professor of public health. \"You're protected initially but it wanes over time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn't mean anyone should skip the vaccine. Someone who is vaccinated, but becomes sick with whooping cough, should have a less severe course of illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors said that new vaccines are \"likely needed to reduce the burden of pertussis disease.\" But Reingold, who leads the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) group on pertussis, said he doesn't know of any pertussis vaccine development in the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also said that adding another dose of the vaccine at a later age would not help much, based on research that was presented to the ACIP group. \"(An additional dose) would have very little impact on pertussis,\" he said, \"in terms of cases prevented.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most severe cases are in very young infants, Reingold said. Babies cannot be vaccinated \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/vaccinate-baby.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/vaccinate-baby.html\" target=\"_blank\">until they are 2 months old\u003c/a>. To protect newborns before they can be vaccinated, the CDC recommends that women be vaccinated \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/get-vaccinated.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/get-vaccinated.html\" target=\"_blank\">during the last trimester of every pregnancy\u003c/a> -- even if they received a vaccine before they became pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Babies will be born with circulating antibodies,\" Reingold said, \"and there's pretty good evidence that that will reduce the risk of hospitalization and death in babies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca title=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-4118.full.pdf+html\" href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-4118.full.pdf+html\" target=\"_blank\">accompanying commentary\u003c/a>, Dr. James Cherry at UCLA said the findings about Tdap effectiveness were \"disappointing,\" but he also pointed to other drivers of recent pertussis outbreaks, including increased awareness and better, more sensitive, testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous reports have shown that \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">vaccine refusal\u003c/a> played a role in the 2010 whooping cough epidemic in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reingold also drew an interesting distinction between measles and pertussis having to do with herd immunity. If a great enough percentage of the population is immunized against measles, both individuals and the broader community are protected against outbreak. That's because the measles vaccine protects people against the virus that actually causes the measles illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in pertussis, the disease is caused by toxins that are released by bacteria. The pertussis vaccine protects people against those toxins, but may not prevent you from spreading the bacteria to others -- and causing illness in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outbreak of measles earlier this year was likely caused by someone who brought the disease back from abroad. Measles was eliminated in the United States in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pertussis is not going to go away with the current vaccine,\" Reingold said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lately, Californians have been focused on a \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" target=\"_blank\">significant measles outbreak\u003c/a> that just ended. But in the last five years, state health officials have declared an epidemic of whooping cough (also known as pertussis) twice -- in 2010 and in 2014, when \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis%20report%204-20-2015.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis%20report%204-20-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">11,000 people were sickened\u003c/a> and three infants died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now an analysis from a recent whooping cough epidemic in Washington state shows that the effectiveness of the Tdap vaccine used to fight whooping cough waned significantly. For adolescents who received all their shots, effectiveness within one year of the final booster was 73 percent. That rate plummeted to 34 percent within two to four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"(T)his waning is likely contributing to the increase in pertussis among adolescents,\" the authors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tdap protects against three diseases: tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis. The pertussis protection is from the acellular pertussis vaccine. It was introduced in 1997 to replace the whole-cell vaccine, which caused more side effects. Monday's report\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/03/todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/03/todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one/\" target=\"_blank\"> confirms an earlier analysis\u003c/a> that the acellular pertussis may be safer, but less effective, than the old one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-3358d.abstract\" href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-3358d.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">The study\u003c/a> was published Monday in the journal Pediatrics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The take-home message is that the waning is there,\" said Dr. Art Reingold, a UC Berkeley professor of public health. \"You're protected initially but it wanes over time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn't mean anyone should skip the vaccine. Someone who is vaccinated, but becomes sick with whooping cough, should have a less severe course of illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors said that new vaccines are \"likely needed to reduce the burden of pertussis disease.\" But Reingold, who leads the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) group on pertussis, said he doesn't know of any pertussis vaccine development in the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also said that adding another dose of the vaccine at a later age would not help much, based on research that was presented to the ACIP group. \"(An additional dose) would have very little impact on pertussis,\" he said, \"in terms of cases prevented.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most severe cases are in very young infants, Reingold said. Babies cannot be vaccinated \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/vaccinate-baby.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/vaccinate-baby.html\" target=\"_blank\">until they are 2 months old\u003c/a>. To protect newborns before they can be vaccinated, the CDC recommends that women be vaccinated \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/get-vaccinated.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/get-vaccinated.html\" target=\"_blank\">during the last trimester of every pregnancy\u003c/a> -- even if they received a vaccine before they became pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Babies will be born with circulating antibodies,\" Reingold said, \"and there's pretty good evidence that that will reduce the risk of hospitalization and death in babies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca title=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-4118.full.pdf+html\" href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/28/peds.2014-4118.full.pdf+html\" target=\"_blank\">accompanying commentary\u003c/a>, Dr. James Cherry at UCLA said the findings about Tdap effectiveness were \"disappointing,\" but he also pointed to other drivers of recent pertussis outbreaks, including increased awareness and better, more sensitive, testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous reports have shown that \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">vaccine refusal\u003c/a> played a role in the 2010 whooping cough epidemic in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reingold also drew an interesting distinction between measles and pertussis having to do with herd immunity. If a great enough percentage of the population is immunized against measles, both individuals and the broader community are protected against outbreak. That's because the measles vaccine protects people against the virus that actually causes the measles illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in pertussis, the disease is caused by toxins that are released by bacteria. The pertussis vaccine protects people against those toxins, but may not prevent you from spreading the bacteria to others -- and causing illness in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outbreak of measles earlier this year was likely caused by someone who brought the disease back from abroad. Measles was eliminated in the United States in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pertussis is not going to go away with the current vaccine,\" Reingold said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Governor Brown's New Climate Offensive in Five Jerryesque Quotes",
"headTitle": "Governor Brown’s New Climate Offensive in Five Jerryesque Quotes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29879\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Brown_MilkenInst.edit_-1024x723.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Brown_MilkenInst.edit_-1024x723.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Brown discussing his new greenhouse gas targets in Los Angeles. (Credit: Milken Inst.)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"723\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Brown discussing his new greenhouse gas targets in Los Angeles. (Credit: Milken Inst.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is pursuing a new set of targets for reducing the amount of greenhouse gas released in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the Associated Press \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/04/29/brown-orders-ambitious-new-cuts-in-greenhouse-gases\">write-up\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-jerry-brown-orders-emission-targets-for-climate-change-20150429-story.html\">this\u003c/a> from the Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a nutshell:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s plan is an extension of the state’s original “\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/?s=AB32\">AB 32\u003c/a>” goals – passed into law when Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor – that called for the state to return to its 1990 levels of carbon pollution by 2020. A follow-up Schwarzenegger plan tightened the screws even further, calling for an eighty-percent reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“When Hitler was marching on Germany, we didn’t have any airplane factories…we transformed the whole economy.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://documents.latimes.com/gov-jerry-browns-executive-order-greenhouse-gas-emissions/\">Yesterday’s executive order\u003c/a> sets a concrete “intermediate target” between those two goals. By 2030, Brown wants California – “the state of imagination” as he put it — to be putting out 40 percent less greenhouse gas than we did in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.milkeninstitute.org/events/conferences/global-conference/global-conference-2015/panel-detail/5462\">Speaking \u003c/a>at the Milken Institute in Los Angeles, Brown compared the fight against climate change to World War II, railed against climate change deniers in Washington, and suggested Californians might need to open their minds to the idea of drinking recycled toilet water, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expressing contempt for lawmakers in Washington who still debate whether climate change is real or driven by human activity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“In California, there is something called global warming. We’re four degrees warmer than we were historically. Our forest fire season is months longer. It’s almost year-round. This is real stuff.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The new plan is ambitious, sure, he said. But we’ve done it before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“When Hitler was marching on Germany [sic], we didn’t have any airplane factories going and tank factories. But with Roosevelt leading, we transformed the whole economy. Dealing with the threat of climate change is going to require an analogous mobilization.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Meeting the new goals and responding to California’s epic drought will require cleaner cars, greater energy efficiency, and coming to terms with new \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">sources of drinking water\u003c/a> that may make some Californians squeamish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“They don’t like to think of toilet to tap. You know, like drinking your toilet water. But you can make it as clean as the water on that table! You have to confidence in this filtration system!”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Comparing the slow crisis of climate change to headline news like the recent events in Baltimore:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>\u003cem>You’ve got the problems in the Middle East, Iranian nuclear deal and all that…we’ve got violence in Baltimore. Those are hot and they’re immediate. But we’ve got a slow, rolling crisis that if we don’t deal with it, before we know it we will have passed a tipping point, an irreversible tendency that will be melting the Antarctic ice cap in Greenland, raising sea level, causing temperature rises. I don’t want to go through all the parade of horribles. But it’s serious, it’s catastrophic and it’s longer term.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And finally, whether he, a self-described “old fogey,” can appreciate the kind of radical innovation it will take for Californians to find solutions for its drought woes and other environmental crises:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“I’m very optimistic on California because we’re not bound by the obvious. We’re not hampered by so many old-fogey ideas. And even though I’m kind of an old fogey, I’m still a radical thinker when it comes to California and what we can do.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has not specified how to achieve his new emissions target. His 2030 target adds to an \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/05/governor-unveils-ambitious-new-climate-goals/\">ambitious list of climate goals\u003c/a> that he outlined in his State of the State address in January.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In promoting his new greenhouse gas reduction targets, the governor invokes World War II, climate-change deniers in Washington, and the recycled toilet water in our future.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29879\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Brown_MilkenInst.edit_-1024x723.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Brown_MilkenInst.edit_-1024x723.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Brown discussing his new greenhouse gas targets in Los Angeles. (Credit: Milken Inst.)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"723\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Brown discussing his new greenhouse gas targets in Los Angeles. (Credit: Milken Inst.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is pursuing a new set of targets for reducing the amount of greenhouse gas released in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the Associated Press \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/04/29/brown-orders-ambitious-new-cuts-in-greenhouse-gases\">write-up\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-jerry-brown-orders-emission-targets-for-climate-change-20150429-story.html\">this\u003c/a> from the Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a nutshell:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown’s plan is an extension of the state’s original “\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/?s=AB32\">AB 32\u003c/a>” goals – passed into law when Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor – that called for the state to return to its 1990 levels of carbon pollution by 2020. A follow-up Schwarzenegger plan tightened the screws even further, calling for an eighty-percent reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“When Hitler was marching on Germany, we didn’t have any airplane factories…we transformed the whole economy.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://documents.latimes.com/gov-jerry-browns-executive-order-greenhouse-gas-emissions/\">Yesterday’s executive order\u003c/a> sets a concrete “intermediate target” between those two goals. By 2030, Brown wants California – “the state of imagination” as he put it — to be putting out 40 percent less greenhouse gas than we did in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.milkeninstitute.org/events/conferences/global-conference/global-conference-2015/panel-detail/5462\">Speaking \u003c/a>at the Milken Institute in Los Angeles, Brown compared the fight against climate change to World War II, railed against climate change deniers in Washington, and suggested Californians might need to open their minds to the idea of drinking recycled toilet water, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expressing contempt for lawmakers in Washington who still debate whether climate change is real or driven by human activity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“In California, there is something called global warming. We’re four degrees warmer than we were historically. Our forest fire season is months longer. It’s almost year-round. This is real stuff.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The new plan is ambitious, sure, he said. But we’ve done it before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“When Hitler was marching on Germany [sic], we didn’t have any airplane factories going and tank factories. But with Roosevelt leading, we transformed the whole economy. Dealing with the threat of climate change is going to require an analogous mobilization.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Meeting the new goals and responding to California’s epic drought will require cleaner cars, greater energy efficiency, and coming to terms with new \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\">sources of drinking water\u003c/a> that may make some Californians squeamish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“They don’t like to think of toilet to tap. You know, like drinking your toilet water. But you can make it as clean as the water on that table! You have to confidence in this filtration system!”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Comparing the slow crisis of climate change to headline news like the recent events in Baltimore:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>\u003cem>You’ve got the problems in the Middle East, Iranian nuclear deal and all that…we’ve got violence in Baltimore. Those are hot and they’re immediate. But we’ve got a slow, rolling crisis that if we don’t deal with it, before we know it we will have passed a tipping point, an irreversible tendency that will be melting the Antarctic ice cap in Greenland, raising sea level, causing temperature rises. I don’t want to go through all the parade of horribles. But it’s serious, it’s catastrophic and it’s longer term.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And finally, whether he, a self-described “old fogey,” can appreciate the kind of radical innovation it will take for Californians to find solutions for its drought woes and other environmental crises:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“I’m very optimistic on California because we’re not bound by the obvious. We’re not hampered by so many old-fogey ideas. And even though I’m kind of an old fogey, I’m still a radical thinker when it comes to California and what we can do.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has not specified how to achieve his new emissions target. His 2030 target adds to an \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/05/governor-unveils-ambitious-new-climate-goals/\">ambitious list of climate goals\u003c/a> that he outlined in his State of the State address in January.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Forget Public Health: The Politics of the California Vaccination Debate",
"title": "Forget Public Health: The Politics of the California Vaccination Debate",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25005\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/RS1369_IMG_1902-e1429575505514.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-25005\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/RS1369_IMG_1902-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"(Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over on the KQED News Politics and Government Desk, John Myers hosts a \u003ca title=\"https://soundcloud.com/politics-california\" href=\"https://soundcloud.com/politics-california\" target=\"_blank\">terrific podcast\u003c/a> on California politics. The most recent edition (published last \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/04/17-california-politics-podcast-taxation-vaccination-teacher-tenure/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/04/17-california-politics-podcast-taxation-vaccination-teacher-tenure/\" target=\"_blank\">Friday)\u003c/a> took a hard look at the political debate in California over \u003ca title=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0251-0300/sb_277_bill_20150219_introduced.html\" href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0251-0300/sb_277_bill_20150219_introduced.html\" target=\"_blank\">SB 277\u003c/a>, a bill that would eliminate the state's vaccine personal belief exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myers, KQED News' Marisa Lagos and Anthony York of the Grizzly Bear talk about it starting at 11:20, and their discussion runs about 10 minutes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/201184633\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've written often (\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?s=vaccine&x=-1081&y=-321\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?s=vaccine&x=-1081&y=-321\" target=\"_blank\">perhaps exhaustively\u003c/a>) on State of Health about vaccines, but usually it's been from a medical perspective or a public health perspective. But the debate around SB 277 has illuminated the politics around trying to change policy when a very loud, very vocal minority swamps the Capitol.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, SB 277 was before the Senate Education Committee. Literally hundreds of people lined up to state their opposition to the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was one of the longest, largest lines of people, I have seen at the building coming to testify on a bill,\" Myers, who covered the Capitol since 2001, said. He wasn't kidding. For more than 90 minutes, a seemingly-unending stream of people said their name and that they opposed the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measles outbreak that \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/07/nine-measles-cases-tied-to-disneyland-parks/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/07/nine-measles-cases-tied-to-disneyland-parks/\" target=\"_blank\">originated in Disneyland \u003c/a>put vaccines -- and the people who voluntarily refuse them -- in the spotlight. Over the past months efforts to increase vaccination have been applauded, the \"narrative has felt very pro-vaccination,\" Myers said. \"All of a sudden this week, this showing of people who felt very passionately the other way about it … has temporarily shifted the narrative and maybe did take some people aback about it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a personal freedom issue that I think is resounding,\" said Marisa Lagos. 'You're not really seeing the legislators debating the merits of vaccines. … The debate this week was over whether are you then taking away another kid's rights to a quality education.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's a third group -- the kids (and adults, too) who are immuno-compromised, who can't be vaccinated for medical reasons. They rely on the rest of us for protection. In order to get to \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">herd immunity\u003c/a>, a community needs high vaccination rates. For measles, that's well above 92 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 277 co-authors Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento) and Sen. Ben Allen (D-Santa Monica) say they wrote this bill to increase vaccination rates in California. But right now, all the introduction of SB 277 seems to have done is give repeated platforms to the tiny minority of people who make use of the personal belief exemption. In the current school year, 2.54 percent of kindergarteners have a personal belief exemption on file.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The senators on the education committee had a lot of questions last Wednesday and were left so uncertain about the bill that the committee chair, Sen. Carol Liu (D-Glendale) \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/15/vaccine-exemption-bill-stalls-in-sacramento-vote-next-week/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/15/vaccine-exemption-bill-stalls-in-sacramento-vote-next-week/\" target=\"_blank\">urged Pan to pull the bill\u003c/a>, get questions answered (and possibly issue amendments) and then bring it back this Wednesday for a vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have a very controversial bill, you do legwork ahead of time to try to get committee members on board, to try to build a coalition,\" Lagos said, and added that it looked like Pan and other supporters were \"caught a little flat-footed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myers noted that politics is the about \"the art of compromise… of finding somewhere in the middle. You don't find middle ground in the vaccination debate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(This may be true, but there are other options -- such as \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/24/beyond-abolishing-the-personal-belief-exemption-to-raise-vaccination-rates/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/24/beyond-abolishing-the-personal-belief-exemption-to-raise-vaccination-rates/\" target=\"_blank\">tightening up the requirements \u003c/a>to obtain a personal belief exemption.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even some vaccine supporters are highly critical of the approach \"\u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/15/upshot/why-californias-approach-to-tightening-vaccine-rules-could-backfire.html?referrer=&abt=0002&abg=1\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/15/upshot/why-californias-approach-to-tightening-vaccine-rules-could-backfire.html?referrer=&abt=0002&abg=1\" target=\"_blank\">blundering state legislators\u003c/a>\" have taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard some people say that they felt like even taking up this issue was a political miscalculation by Sen. Pan,\" said Lagos, \"that you're actually giving a soapbox to people who are against vaccines and maybe it would have been better to leave alone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Senate Education Committee will vote on SB 277 Wednesday morning. If the bill passes, it has several more hurdles to go before it might get to the governor's desk.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25005\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/RS1369_IMG_1902-e1429575505514.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-25005\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/RS1369_IMG_1902-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"(Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over on the KQED News Politics and Government Desk, John Myers hosts a \u003ca title=\"https://soundcloud.com/politics-california\" href=\"https://soundcloud.com/politics-california\" target=\"_blank\">terrific podcast\u003c/a> on California politics. The most recent edition (published last \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/04/17-california-politics-podcast-taxation-vaccination-teacher-tenure/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/04/17-california-politics-podcast-taxation-vaccination-teacher-tenure/\" target=\"_blank\">Friday)\u003c/a> took a hard look at the political debate in California over \u003ca title=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0251-0300/sb_277_bill_20150219_introduced.html\" href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0251-0300/sb_277_bill_20150219_introduced.html\" target=\"_blank\">SB 277\u003c/a>, a bill that would eliminate the state's vaccine personal belief exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myers, KQED News' Marisa Lagos and Anthony York of the Grizzly Bear talk about it starting at 11:20, and their discussion runs about 10 minutes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/201184633&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/201184633'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've written often (\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?s=vaccine&x=-1081&y=-321\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/?s=vaccine&x=-1081&y=-321\" target=\"_blank\">perhaps exhaustively\u003c/a>) on State of Health about vaccines, but usually it's been from a medical perspective or a public health perspective. But the debate around SB 277 has illuminated the politics around trying to change policy when a very loud, very vocal minority swamps the Capitol.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, SB 277 was before the Senate Education Committee. Literally hundreds of people lined up to state their opposition to the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was one of the longest, largest lines of people, I have seen at the building coming to testify on a bill,\" Myers, who covered the Capitol since 2001, said. He wasn't kidding. For more than 90 minutes, a seemingly-unending stream of people said their name and that they opposed the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measles outbreak that \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/07/nine-measles-cases-tied-to-disneyland-parks/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/07/nine-measles-cases-tied-to-disneyland-parks/\" target=\"_blank\">originated in Disneyland \u003c/a>put vaccines -- and the people who voluntarily refuse them -- in the spotlight. Over the past months efforts to increase vaccination have been applauded, the \"narrative has felt very pro-vaccination,\" Myers said. \"All of a sudden this week, this showing of people who felt very passionately the other way about it … has temporarily shifted the narrative and maybe did take some people aback about it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a personal freedom issue that I think is resounding,\" said Marisa Lagos. 'You're not really seeing the legislators debating the merits of vaccines. … The debate this week was over whether are you then taking away another kid's rights to a quality education.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's a third group -- the kids (and adults, too) who are immuno-compromised, who can't be vaccinated for medical reasons. They rely on the rest of us for protection. In order to get to \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">herd immunity\u003c/a>, a community needs high vaccination rates. For measles, that's well above 92 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 277 co-authors Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento) and Sen. Ben Allen (D-Santa Monica) say they wrote this bill to increase vaccination rates in California. But right now, all the introduction of SB 277 seems to have done is give repeated platforms to the tiny minority of people who make use of the personal belief exemption. In the current school year, 2.54 percent of kindergarteners have a personal belief exemption on file.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The senators on the education committee had a lot of questions last Wednesday and were left so uncertain about the bill that the committee chair, Sen. Carol Liu (D-Glendale) \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/15/vaccine-exemption-bill-stalls-in-sacramento-vote-next-week/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/15/vaccine-exemption-bill-stalls-in-sacramento-vote-next-week/\" target=\"_blank\">urged Pan to pull the bill\u003c/a>, get questions answered (and possibly issue amendments) and then bring it back this Wednesday for a vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have a very controversial bill, you do legwork ahead of time to try to get committee members on board, to try to build a coalition,\" Lagos said, and added that it looked like Pan and other supporters were \"caught a little flat-footed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myers noted that politics is the about \"the art of compromise… of finding somewhere in the middle. You don't find middle ground in the vaccination debate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(This may be true, but there are other options -- such as \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/24/beyond-abolishing-the-personal-belief-exemption-to-raise-vaccination-rates/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/24/beyond-abolishing-the-personal-belief-exemption-to-raise-vaccination-rates/\" target=\"_blank\">tightening up the requirements \u003c/a>to obtain a personal belief exemption.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even some vaccine supporters are highly critical of the approach \"\u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/15/upshot/why-californias-approach-to-tightening-vaccine-rules-could-backfire.html?referrer=&abt=0002&abg=1\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/15/upshot/why-californias-approach-to-tightening-vaccine-rules-could-backfire.html?referrer=&abt=0002&abg=1\" target=\"_blank\">blundering state legislators\u003c/a>\" have taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard some people say that they felt like even taking up this issue was a political miscalculation by Sen. Pan,\" said Lagos, \"that you're actually giving a soapbox to people who are against vaccines and maybe it would have been better to leave alone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Senate Education Committee will vote on SB 277 Wednesday morning. If the bill passes, it has several more hurdles to go before it might get to the governor's desk.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Is Pollution From Asia Making the Central Valley's Bad Air Even Worse?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24787\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-24787\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-640x428.jpg\" alt=\"(David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Advocates say the San Joaquin Valley Air District should focus on sources it can control, like farming machinery. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alice Daniel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Central Valley grapples with some of the dirtiest air in the nation. The culprits range from its vast agriculture industry to trucks on Highway 99. But one local air district is tagging a source far away: Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world in so many ways is getting smaller in respect to what we always thought was our own backyard issue: ozone,” says David Lighthall, the health science advisor for the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighthall is one of the organizers of an \u003ca title=\"http://www.valleyair.org/topc/\" href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/topc/\" target=\"_blank\">ozone pollution conference\u003c/a> starting Tuesday where scientists from California, China, Colorado and other places will discuss trends in global ozone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say pollutants from fast-growing Asian countries like China are blowing across the Pacific Ocean and increasing ozone levels in vulnerable areas that include parts of California. But how much of a difference that foreign -- or \"transboundary\" -- ozone makes in the Central Valley is debatable.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighthall says that on some days this additional pollution is enough to prevent the district from meeting federal clean air health standards. The Valley's bowl-shaped geography traps pollutants, sometimes for days at a time -- and that includes pollutants from other places, Lighthall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there's an \"upward trend\" in transboundary ozone and the ozone is now \"mixing down and really making a difference on certain days as to whether we actually meet the standard ... or whether we don’t meet it,” Lighthall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/198583646\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the EPA disagrees. It says that on the Valley’s worst air days, most ozone pollution comes from local sources. In fact, last year the air district unsuccessfully petitioned the EPA to exempt it from penalties for violating a health standard blaming it on smog from Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some local health advocates say the air district is straying too far from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The air district is famous for looking for loopholes,” says Delores Weller, director of the Central Valley Air Quality Coalition, an advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the district is focusing on sources it can’t control and should do everything it can first to tackle homegrown pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be great to see an agriculture, farming operations and air pollution conference based here in the Valley as opposed to a trans-boundary ozone conference,” Weller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the air district says it must research all sources of air pollution to know exactly what it’s dealing with and how best to mitigate. It’s even \u003ca title=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-pacific-smog-20150201-story.html#page=1\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-pacific-smog-20150201-story.html#page=1\" target=\"_blank\">funding research at U.C. Davis \u003c/a>to assess the effects of ozone from Asia.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24787\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-e1427821121824.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-24787\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/03/RS729_farms0613-21-640x428.jpg\" alt=\"(David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Advocates say the San Joaquin Valley Air District should focus on sources it can control, like farming machinery. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alice Daniel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Central Valley grapples with some of the dirtiest air in the nation. The culprits range from its vast agriculture industry to trucks on Highway 99. But one local air district is tagging a source far away: Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world in so many ways is getting smaller in respect to what we always thought was our own backyard issue: ozone,” says David Lighthall, the health science advisor for the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighthall is one of the organizers of an \u003ca title=\"http://www.valleyair.org/topc/\" href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/topc/\" target=\"_blank\">ozone pollution conference\u003c/a> starting Tuesday where scientists from California, China, Colorado and other places will discuss trends in global ozone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say pollutants from fast-growing Asian countries like China are blowing across the Pacific Ocean and increasing ozone levels in vulnerable areas that include parts of California. But how much of a difference that foreign -- or \"transboundary\" -- ozone makes in the Central Valley is debatable.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighthall says that on some days this additional pollution is enough to prevent the district from meeting federal clean air health standards. The Valley's bowl-shaped geography traps pollutants, sometimes for days at a time -- and that includes pollutants from other places, Lighthall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there's an \"upward trend\" in transboundary ozone and the ozone is now \"mixing down and really making a difference on certain days as to whether we actually meet the standard ... or whether we don’t meet it,” Lighthall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/198583646&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/198583646'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the EPA disagrees. It says that on the Valley’s worst air days, most ozone pollution comes from local sources. In fact, last year the air district unsuccessfully petitioned the EPA to exempt it from penalties for violating a health standard blaming it on smog from Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some local health advocates say the air district is straying too far from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The air district is famous for looking for loopholes,” says Delores Weller, director of the Central Valley Air Quality Coalition, an advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the district is focusing on sources it can’t control and should do everything it can first to tackle homegrown pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be great to see an agriculture, farming operations and air pollution conference based here in the Valley as opposed to a trans-boundary ozone conference,” Weller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the air district says it must research all sources of air pollution to know exactly what it’s dealing with and how best to mitigate. It’s even \u003ca title=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-pacific-smog-20150201-story.html#page=1\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-pacific-smog-20150201-story.html#page=1\" target=\"_blank\">funding research at U.C. Davis \u003c/a>to assess the effects of ozone from Asia.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Breast-Feeding May Reduce Risk of Breast Cancer Recurrence, Death",
"title": "Breast-Feeding May Reduce Risk of Breast Cancer Recurrence, Death",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25163\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/2127061197_7321f7ac3c_o-e1430254712327.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-25163\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/2127061197_7321f7ac3c_o-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"(Ozgur Poyrazoglu via Flickr) \" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Ozgur Poyrazoglu via Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a small study, women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer were 30 percent less likely to see a return of the disease if they had a history of breast-feeding. While previous research has found a \u003ca title=\"http://www.cancer.org/cancer/news/expertvoices/post/2013/05/07/can-breastfeeding-lower-breast-cancer-risk.aspx\" href=\"http://www.cancer.org/cancer/news/expertvoices/post/2013/05/07/can-breastfeeding-lower-breast-cancer-risk.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">small protective effect \u003c/a>of breast-feeding and breast cancer risk, researchers from Kaiser Permanente's Division of Research believe this is the first study to explore an association between nursing and a recurrence of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, researchers asked 1,636 women who had breast cancer, mostly Kaiser patients, to fill out a questionnaire that included their history of breast-feeding. \"We followed them for over nine years, and we identified the women who had a recurrence and also those who died of breast cancer,\" said lead author Marilyn Kwan, Ph.D., with Kaiser. \"And we (found) this dramatic reduction in risk of recurrence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the reduced risk of recurrence, the researchers found a 28 percent reduced risk of dying from the disease among women who breast-fed.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They study also looked at specific types of tumors. They found that women who had breast-fed were more likely to develop a more common -- and more easily treatable -- kind of tumor, known as luminal A subtype, which includes estrogen-receptor positive tumors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These tumors are less likely to spread, to metastasize, and they're treatable with hormonal therapy such as tamoxifen,\" Kwan said. \"Because of this, they have better prognosis. Women who have luminal A tumors are more likely to survive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published in the \u003ca title=\"http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/107/7/djv087.abstract?sid=d7434ffc-ae03-423d-b438-80acfd8f2a12\" href=\"http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/107/7/djv087.abstract?sid=d7434ffc-ae03-423d-b438-80acfd8f2a12\" target=\"_blank\">Journal of the National Cancer Institute\u003c/a> and was funded by the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kwan said that breast-feeding \"can increase the maturation of the cells in the breast.\" She theorized that it may set up a \"molecular environment that makes a tumor more responsive to therapy, so women, in the end, are less likely to have a recurrence or die from their disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts not affiliated with the study called it interesting, but noted that it was conducted among a fairly small sample of women. Of the 1,600 women in the study, 383 had a recurrence of cancer during the nine-year study period, and 290 women died of the disease. More than 200,000 women in the U.S. are \u003ca title=\"http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/detailedguide/breast-cancer-key-statistics\" href=\"http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/detailedguide/breast-cancer-key-statistics\" target=\"_blank\">projected to be diagnosed with breast cancer\u003c/a> in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a hypothesis that supports doing more research,\" said Dr. Otis Brawley, chief medical officer with the American Cancer Society. \"We can't take this study and tell women, 'Breast-feed, and you are more likely to get the easier-to-treat breast cancer.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Intriguing Questions for African-American Women\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brawley also theorized that this study could have implications for African-American women who have higher rates of diagnosis of basal-type tumors, also called \"triple negative,\" which are more aggressive. Women with these types of tumors face a poorer prognosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirty percent of African-American women are diagnosed with these basal-type tumors, but only 20 percent of Caucasian women are. African-American women have a higher mortality rate from breast cancer overall. And, Brawley noted, African-American women have lower rates of breast-feeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe breast-feeding, or lack thereof, is part of the reason for that difference,\" Brawley said of the breast cancer disparity. \"I can only say maybe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karuna Jaggar, executive director of Breast Cancer Action, a San Francisco-based advocacy group, said that overall the study adds to our understanding of breast cancer. \"(This research) underscores that breast cancer is a life course disease,\" she said. \"Exposures and activities that happen earlier in life impact breast cancer risk and mortality,\" both positively and negatively.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25163\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/2127061197_7321f7ac3c_o-e1430254712327.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-25163\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/2127061197_7321f7ac3c_o-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"(Ozgur Poyrazoglu via Flickr) \" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Ozgur Poyrazoglu via Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a small study, women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer were 30 percent less likely to see a return of the disease if they had a history of breast-feeding. While previous research has found a \u003ca title=\"http://www.cancer.org/cancer/news/expertvoices/post/2013/05/07/can-breastfeeding-lower-breast-cancer-risk.aspx\" href=\"http://www.cancer.org/cancer/news/expertvoices/post/2013/05/07/can-breastfeeding-lower-breast-cancer-risk.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">small protective effect \u003c/a>of breast-feeding and breast cancer risk, researchers from Kaiser Permanente's Division of Research believe this is the first study to explore an association between nursing and a recurrence of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, researchers asked 1,636 women who had breast cancer, mostly Kaiser patients, to fill out a questionnaire that included their history of breast-feeding. \"We followed them for over nine years, and we identified the women who had a recurrence and also those who died of breast cancer,\" said lead author Marilyn Kwan, Ph.D., with Kaiser. \"And we (found) this dramatic reduction in risk of recurrence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the reduced risk of recurrence, the researchers found a 28 percent reduced risk of dying from the disease among women who breast-fed.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They study also looked at specific types of tumors. They found that women who had breast-fed were more likely to develop a more common -- and more easily treatable -- kind of tumor, known as luminal A subtype, which includes estrogen-receptor positive tumors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These tumors are less likely to spread, to metastasize, and they're treatable with hormonal therapy such as tamoxifen,\" Kwan said. \"Because of this, they have better prognosis. Women who have luminal A tumors are more likely to survive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published in the \u003ca title=\"http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/107/7/djv087.abstract?sid=d7434ffc-ae03-423d-b438-80acfd8f2a12\" href=\"http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/107/7/djv087.abstract?sid=d7434ffc-ae03-423d-b438-80acfd8f2a12\" target=\"_blank\">Journal of the National Cancer Institute\u003c/a> and was funded by the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kwan said that breast-feeding \"can increase the maturation of the cells in the breast.\" She theorized that it may set up a \"molecular environment that makes a tumor more responsive to therapy, so women, in the end, are less likely to have a recurrence or die from their disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts not affiliated with the study called it interesting, but noted that it was conducted among a fairly small sample of women. Of the 1,600 women in the study, 383 had a recurrence of cancer during the nine-year study period, and 290 women died of the disease. More than 200,000 women in the U.S. are \u003ca title=\"http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/detailedguide/breast-cancer-key-statistics\" href=\"http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/detailedguide/breast-cancer-key-statistics\" target=\"_blank\">projected to be diagnosed with breast cancer\u003c/a> in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a hypothesis that supports doing more research,\" said Dr. Otis Brawley, chief medical officer with the American Cancer Society. \"We can't take this study and tell women, 'Breast-feed, and you are more likely to get the easier-to-treat breast cancer.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Intriguing Questions for African-American Women\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brawley also theorized that this study could have implications for African-American women who have higher rates of diagnosis of basal-type tumors, also called \"triple negative,\" which are more aggressive. Women with these types of tumors face a poorer prognosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirty percent of African-American women are diagnosed with these basal-type tumors, but only 20 percent of Caucasian women are. African-American women have a higher mortality rate from breast cancer overall. And, Brawley noted, African-American women have lower rates of breast-feeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe breast-feeding, or lack thereof, is part of the reason for that difference,\" Brawley said of the breast cancer disparity. \"I can only say maybe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karuna Jaggar, executive director of Breast Cancer Action, a San Francisco-based advocacy group, said that overall the study adds to our understanding of breast cancer. \"(This research) underscores that breast cancer is a life course disease,\" she said. \"Exposures and activities that happen earlier in life impact breast cancer risk and mortality,\" both positively and negatively.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Vaccine Bill Approved in Key Hearing",
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"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25005\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/RS1369_IMG_1902-e1429575505514.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-25005\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/RS1369_IMG_1902-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"(Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A controversial bill that would require vaccination for nearly all California children to attend school -- both public and private -- cleared the Senate Education Committee on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The bill \"has a long way to go.\" \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The committee voted 7-2 on the bill, co-authored by Sens. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento) and Ben Allen (D-Santa Monica). Both Democrats and Republicans supported the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a strong sign that people want to be sure that we protect our kids, protect our schools and protect our communities from these preventable diseases,\" Pan said of Wednesday's vote.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the bill's second hearing in a week by the committee. Last Wednesday, hundreds of people voiced their opposition to the bill, and it looked like the committee would kill it. Instead, \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/15/vaccine-exemption-bill-stalls-in-sacramento-vote-next-week/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/15/vaccine-exemption-bill-stalls-in-sacramento-vote-next-week/\" target=\"_blank\">Pan and Allen asked to hold the bill\u003c/a> and crafted amendments letting families that opt out of vaccines homeschool their children together and allowing students seek independent study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the committee backed the bill's advance, chairwoman Sen. Carol Liu (D-Glendale) noted the bill \"still has a long way to go\" and hinted that she wasn't completely swayed that the proposed amendments are sufficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In terms of public health, it's necessary,\" she said in reference to the bill, \"but I am concerned about the rights of our parents.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents vowed to continue their fight. The bill now heads to the Senate Judiciary Committee for a hearing next week as part of a long legislative process. \u003ca title=\"http://www.vaccinatecalifornia.org/endorsements2\" href=\"http://www.vaccinatecalifornia.org/endorsements2\" target=\"_blank\">A long list\u003c/a> of health groups and school districts back the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will continue to show our strength, and we will continue to educate lawmakers and the public about why this is a bad bill,\" said Jean Keese, a spokeswoman for the California Coalition for Health Choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal was among several drafted across the nation in the wake of a measles outbreak that started at Disneyland and sickened more than 100 people in the U.S. and Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would eliminate California's personal-belief and religious exemptions so unvaccinated children would not be able to attend public or private schools. Medical waivers would only be available for children who have health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25005\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/RS1369_IMG_1902-e1429575505514.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-25005\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/RS1369_IMG_1902-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"(Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Craig Miller/KQED) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A controversial bill that would require vaccination for nearly all California children to attend school -- both public and private -- cleared the Senate Education Committee on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The bill \"has a long way to go.\" \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The committee voted 7-2 on the bill, co-authored by Sens. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento) and Ben Allen (D-Santa Monica). Both Democrats and Republicans supported the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a strong sign that people want to be sure that we protect our kids, protect our schools and protect our communities from these preventable diseases,\" Pan said of Wednesday's vote.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the bill's second hearing in a week by the committee. Last Wednesday, hundreds of people voiced their opposition to the bill, and it looked like the committee would kill it. Instead, \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/15/vaccine-exemption-bill-stalls-in-sacramento-vote-next-week/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/15/vaccine-exemption-bill-stalls-in-sacramento-vote-next-week/\" target=\"_blank\">Pan and Allen asked to hold the bill\u003c/a> and crafted amendments letting families that opt out of vaccines homeschool their children together and allowing students seek independent study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the committee backed the bill's advance, chairwoman Sen. Carol Liu (D-Glendale) noted the bill \"still has a long way to go\" and hinted that she wasn't completely swayed that the proposed amendments are sufficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In terms of public health, it's necessary,\" she said in reference to the bill, \"but I am concerned about the rights of our parents.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents vowed to continue their fight. The bill now heads to the Senate Judiciary Committee for a hearing next week as part of a long legislative process. \u003ca title=\"http://www.vaccinatecalifornia.org/endorsements2\" href=\"http://www.vaccinatecalifornia.org/endorsements2\" target=\"_blank\">A long list\u003c/a> of health groups and school districts back the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will continue to show our strength, and we will continue to educate lawmakers and the public about why this is a bad bill,\" said Jean Keese, a spokeswoman for the California Coalition for Health Choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal was among several drafted across the nation in the wake of a measles outbreak that started at Disneyland and sickened more than 100 people in the U.S. and Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would eliminate California's personal-belief and religious exemptions so unvaccinated children would not be able to attend public or private schools. Medical waivers would only be available for children who have health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Mammogram in Your 40s Still a Personal Decision, Task Force Says",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25011\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/RS8553_128959324.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-25011\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/RS8553_128959324-640x417.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"417\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Katherine Hobson,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/04/20/401006116/federal-panel-revisits-contested-recommendation-on-mammograms\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/04/20/401006116/federal-panel-revisits-contested-recommendation-on-mammograms\" target=\"_blank\">NPR \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, I was among the scrum of reporters covering the controversial advice from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force that women in their 40s think twice about regular mammograms. The task force pointed out that the net benefits in younger women were small and said women should weigh the pros and cons of screening before making a decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The suggested changes to the updated mammography guidelines are small ones. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Those guidelines kicked off a heated debate about the benefits and harms of mammography that is rekindled with every new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wasn't yet 40 back then, but what I learned about mammograms stuck with me: I haven't yet had the test. I took to heart the warnings of the task force and of many other physicians that mammography has minuses as well as pluses. I wasn't so worried about a false positive result. But I was very concerned about overdiagnosis, or being diagnosed with and treated for a cancer that would never have caused me any harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->I'm now 43 and am thinking that I should get a mammogram. So when I found out the USPSTF was doing a routine update of its breast cancer screening recommendations, I hoped it would help me decide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, the suggested changes to the recommendations — which are in draft form and may be altered after a \u003ca href=\"http://screeningforbreastcancer.org/\" target=\"_blank\">public comment\u003c/a> period — are small ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is new? For the first time, the task force looked at the evidence behind 3-D mammography, also known as tomosynthesis. The USPSTF said there's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/06/24/325216641/3-d-mammography-finds-more-tumors-but-questions-remain\" target=\"_blank\">not enough evidence\u003c/a> to make a recommendation for or against using the technology to screen women. It also said there was \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/04/16/399946509/letters-about-dense-breasts-can-lead-to-more-questions-than-answers\">insufficient evidence\u003c/a> to say whether women with dense breasts should have screening with MRI, ultrasound or other methods in addition to mammography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2009 Advice Unchanged\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the task force's basic advice has not changed:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The group recommends that \u003cstrong>women ages 50-74\u003c/strong> get a screening mammogram every two years.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And\u003cstrong> women between ages 40 and 49\u003c/strong> should make their own decision, in consultation with their doctors, based on \"health history, preferences and how they value the different potential benefits and harms of screening.\" (Women with a family history of breast cancer may benefit more from screening in their 40s, the task force says.)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The task force reiterates that there isn't enough evidence to say whether or not women \u003cstrong>75 and older\u003c/strong> should be routinely screened.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Screening mammography means looking for potential cancer in women who are healthy and who don't have any symptoms. People with symptoms should be seen by a doctor, no matter their age. And these recommendations don't apply to women who have previously been diagnosed with the disease or who are at higher risk because of a genetic mutation or other condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to reaffirm the importance of mammography to help prevent death from breast cancer,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Biography/Kirsten-Bibbins-Domingo\">Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo\u003c/a>, a physician at UC San Francisco and vice chairwoman of the USPSTF, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And mammograms do save lives in women between 40 and 49 — it's just that there's a disproportionate level of harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USPSTF's draft includes statistical models estimating the lifetime consequences of screening women from ages 50-74 and also from 40-74. For every 1,000 women screened, the model finds that screening women in their 40s means an estimated one additional breast cancer death averted (from eight to seven), but with 576 additional false positive tests (1,529 vs. 953), 58 unnecessary biopsies (204 vs. 146) and two additional overdiagnosed tumors (20 vs. 18).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft recommendations also repeat the USPSTF's earlier advice that women be screened every other year rather than annually, said Bibbins-Domingo. That time frame provides \"most of the benefits while minimizing the harm,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Groups' Guidelines Differ\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guidelines from medical groups differ on when a woman should start regular screening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Cancer Society, for example, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.org/healthy/findcancerearly/cancerscreeningguidelines/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer\" target=\"_blank\">recommends\u003c/a> yearly mammograms starting at age 40. Richard Wender, chief cancer control officer of the ACS, says there's much common ground between the guidelines, however. \"The task force reconfirmed its conclusion that mammography reduced breast cancer deaths for women in their 40s,\" he said. The ACS is reviewing its own breast cancer screening guidelines this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for my fear of overdiagnosis? Wender said it's an issue, but the exact extent of the problem is unknown. And, he added, much of overdiagnosis happens in women with \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/08/05/208239545/when-treating-abnormal-breast-cells-sometimes-less-is-more\" target=\"_blank\">ductal carcinoma in situ\u003c/a>, which is Stage 0 cancer that hasn't yet become invasive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the not-so-far future, molecular tools may help physicians give those women a more accurate prognosis, Wender says, so those at lower risk can opt for less aggressive treatments — or simply watchful waiting. \"The next 10 years are going to be good news for helping women really make decisions about treatment, not just about screening,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why am I planning to get a mammogram this year? In part, simply because I'm a few years older. The 50-year cutoff isn't a clear line in the sand, and as Bibbins-Domingo told me, the value of the test increases with age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to be honest, the main change has little to do with the numbers. I now have a young daughter, and my fear of dying prematurely has become far, far stronger than my fear of getting chemo or even a mastectomy I might not need. I understand the statistics, but I'd feel like a total jerk if I didn't get screened and that unlucky statistic were me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on the flip side, if my mammogram did show breast cancer and I was treated successfully, I'd probably be grateful I'd been screened, even if there was no way to know whether the treatment was necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, then and now, I weighed the benefits and the risks and made my own decision, which is exactly what the USPSTF suggests.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25011\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/RS8553_128959324.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-25011\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/RS8553_128959324-640x417.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"417\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Katherine Hobson,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/04/20/401006116/federal-panel-revisits-contested-recommendation-on-mammograms\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/04/20/401006116/federal-panel-revisits-contested-recommendation-on-mammograms\" target=\"_blank\">NPR \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, I was among the scrum of reporters covering the controversial advice from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force that women in their 40s think twice about regular mammograms. The task force pointed out that the net benefits in younger women were small and said women should weigh the pros and cons of screening before making a decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The suggested changes to the updated mammography guidelines are small ones. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Those guidelines kicked off a heated debate about the benefits and harms of mammography that is rekindled with every new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wasn't yet 40 back then, but what I learned about mammograms stuck with me: I haven't yet had the test. I took to heart the warnings of the task force and of many other physicians that mammography has minuses as well as pluses. I wasn't so worried about a false positive result. But I was very concerned about overdiagnosis, or being diagnosed with and treated for a cancer that would never have caused me any harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->I'm now 43 and am thinking that I should get a mammogram. So when I found out the USPSTF was doing a routine update of its breast cancer screening recommendations, I hoped it would help me decide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, the suggested changes to the recommendations — which are in draft form and may be altered after a \u003ca href=\"http://screeningforbreastcancer.org/\" target=\"_blank\">public comment\u003c/a> period — are small ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is new? For the first time, the task force looked at the evidence behind 3-D mammography, also known as tomosynthesis. The USPSTF said there's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/06/24/325216641/3-d-mammography-finds-more-tumors-but-questions-remain\" target=\"_blank\">not enough evidence\u003c/a> to make a recommendation for or against using the technology to screen women. It also said there was \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/04/16/399946509/letters-about-dense-breasts-can-lead-to-more-questions-than-answers\">insufficient evidence\u003c/a> to say whether women with dense breasts should have screening with MRI, ultrasound or other methods in addition to mammography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2009 Advice Unchanged\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the task force's basic advice has not changed:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The group recommends that \u003cstrong>women ages 50-74\u003c/strong> get a screening mammogram every two years.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And\u003cstrong> women between ages 40 and 49\u003c/strong> should make their own decision, in consultation with their doctors, based on \"health history, preferences and how they value the different potential benefits and harms of screening.\" (Women with a family history of breast cancer may benefit more from screening in their 40s, the task force says.)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The task force reiterates that there isn't enough evidence to say whether or not women \u003cstrong>75 and older\u003c/strong> should be routinely screened.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Screening mammography means looking for potential cancer in women who are healthy and who don't have any symptoms. People with symptoms should be seen by a doctor, no matter their age. And these recommendations don't apply to women who have previously been diagnosed with the disease or who are at higher risk because of a genetic mutation or other condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to reaffirm the importance of mammography to help prevent death from breast cancer,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Biography/Kirsten-Bibbins-Domingo\">Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo\u003c/a>, a physician at UC San Francisco and vice chairwoman of the USPSTF, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And mammograms do save lives in women between 40 and 49 — it's just that there's a disproportionate level of harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USPSTF's draft includes statistical models estimating the lifetime consequences of screening women from ages 50-74 and also from 40-74. For every 1,000 women screened, the model finds that screening women in their 40s means an estimated one additional breast cancer death averted (from eight to seven), but with 576 additional false positive tests (1,529 vs. 953), 58 unnecessary biopsies (204 vs. 146) and two additional overdiagnosed tumors (20 vs. 18).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft recommendations also repeat the USPSTF's earlier advice that women be screened every other year rather than annually, said Bibbins-Domingo. That time frame provides \"most of the benefits while minimizing the harm,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Groups' Guidelines Differ\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guidelines from medical groups differ on when a woman should start regular screening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Cancer Society, for example, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.org/healthy/findcancerearly/cancerscreeningguidelines/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer\" target=\"_blank\">recommends\u003c/a> yearly mammograms starting at age 40. Richard Wender, chief cancer control officer of the ACS, says there's much common ground between the guidelines, however. \"The task force reconfirmed its conclusion that mammography reduced breast cancer deaths for women in their 40s,\" he said. The ACS is reviewing its own breast cancer screening guidelines this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for my fear of overdiagnosis? Wender said it's an issue, but the exact extent of the problem is unknown. And, he added, much of overdiagnosis happens in women with \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/08/05/208239545/when-treating-abnormal-breast-cells-sometimes-less-is-more\" target=\"_blank\">ductal carcinoma in situ\u003c/a>, which is Stage 0 cancer that hasn't yet become invasive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the not-so-far future, molecular tools may help physicians give those women a more accurate prognosis, Wender says, so those at lower risk can opt for less aggressive treatments — or simply watchful waiting. \"The next 10 years are going to be good news for helping women really make decisions about treatment, not just about screening,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why am I planning to get a mammogram this year? In part, simply because I'm a few years older. The 50-year cutoff isn't a clear line in the sand, and as Bibbins-Domingo told me, the value of the test increases with age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to be honest, the main change has little to do with the numbers. I now have a young daughter, and my fear of dying prematurely has become far, far stronger than my fear of getting chemo or even a mastectomy I might not need. I understand the statistics, but I'd feel like a total jerk if I didn't get screened and that unlucky statistic were me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on the flip side, if my mammogram did show breast cancer and I was treated successfully, I'd probably be grateful I'd been screened, even if there was no way to know whether the treatment was necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, then and now, I weighed the benefits and the risks and made my own decision, which is exactly what the USPSTF suggests.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/RS13944_53249939.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-24968\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/04/RS13944_53249939-640x427.jpg\" alt=\"The outbreak sickened 134 Californians. (Marsaili McGrath/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The outbreak sickened more than 130 Californians. (Marsaili McGrath/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alicia Chang, AP\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state's measles outbreak that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/07/nine-measles-cases-tied-to-disneyland-parks/\" target=\"_blank\">began at Disneyland \u003c/a>and reignited debate about vaccinations is nearing an end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outbreak will be declared over in California on Friday if no new cases pop up, according to the California Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disease investigators worked for months to contain the highly contagious disease that originated at Disney theme parks in December and spread to several other states and countries. More than 130 people in California were infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outbreak cast a spotlight on the small but vocal anti-vaccine movement. Many who fell ill in the Disneyland outbreak were not immunized or had only one of the two recommended doses of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials have said vaccinations rates must be high to protect a population from infection. While measles has been declared eliminated from the U.S. for years, outbreaks still occur because the virus can be imported from overseas and spread among people who skip shots for personal reasons or who are too young to be immunized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Disneyland outbreak \"reminds us that we are part of a global medical community\" and the U.S. should help tame measles raging in many parts of the world, said Dr. Richard Wenzel, an infectious disease expert at Virginia Commonwealth University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. has experienced measles outbreaks in recent years, including a 2014 episode that sickened 383 people in Ohio's Amish country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms can appear up to two weeks after exposure and include fever, cough and watery eyes followed by a telltale rash. A measles outbreak is considered over when 42 days — or two incubation periods — have passed since the last onset of the rash. The most recent confirmed measles case in California had \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Measles_Update_4-10-2015_public.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Measles_Update_4-10-2015_public.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">rash onset on March 2\u003c/a>, according to state data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one of the world's international destinations, Disneyland was the perfect place to launch a widespread measles outbreak, health experts said. The theme parks attract tens of thousands of visitors from around the globe, who could then return home with the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty people were exposed to measles while visiting or working at Disney theme parks in December. They then spread the virus to 30 family members. The rest caught measles in the community or from an unknown source, according to state health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disease detectives have said they likely may never find patient zero — or the person who triggered the outbreak — but believe it's someone who brought measles into the country.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials have said vaccinations rates must be high to protect a population from infection. While measles has been declared eliminated from the U.S. for years, outbreaks still occur because the virus can be imported from overseas and spread among people who skip shots for personal reasons or who are too young to be immunized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Disneyland outbreak \"reminds us that we are part of a global medical community\" and the U.S. should help tame measles raging in many parts of the world, said Dr. Richard Wenzel, an infectious disease expert at Virginia Commonwealth University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. has experienced measles outbreaks in recent years, including a 2014 episode that sickened 383 people in Ohio's Amish country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms can appear up to two weeks after exposure and include fever, cough and watery eyes followed by a telltale rash. A measles outbreak is considered over when 42 days — or two incubation periods — have passed since the last onset of the rash. The most recent confirmed measles case in California had \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Measles_Update_4-10-2015_public.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Measles_Update_4-10-2015_public.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">rash onset on March 2\u003c/a>, according to state data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one of the world's international destinations, Disneyland was the perfect place to launch a widespread measles outbreak, health experts said. The theme parks attract tens of thousands of visitors from around the globe, who could then return home with the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty people were exposed to measles while visiting or working at Disney theme parks in December. They then spread the virus to 30 family members. The rest caught measles in the community or from an unknown source, according to state health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disease detectives have said they likely may never find patient zero — or the person who triggered the outbreak — but believe it's someone who brought measles into the country.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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},
"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"science-friday": {
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