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"content": "\u003cp>Whoever the original reporter was to use the phrase \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/#q=%22what+happens+in+vegas%22+ces&tbm=nws\" target=\"_blank\">What happens in Vegas\u003c/a> ...\" in his or her coverage of the annual Consumer Electronics Show is now lost to history. So we'll ditch that approach and just remind you that companies big and small have gathered in the nation's gambling capital to wager bets of their own that their participation will help propel the various gadgets they're hawking into the promised land of profitability.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright noborder\">[twitter-timeline id=685226551722377216]\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One big theme at this year's show, which began Wednesday and continues to Saturday: health and fitness wearables and other devices. Here's a roundup of reporting on those products, from various sources. But before you start amending your Amazon wishlist or buying stock shares, just remember: In 2013, at least, half of the U.S. consumers who bought a wearable no longer used it by the next year, and 33 percent stopped using it within six month, according to a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://endeavourpartners.net/press/33-percent-of-wearable-device-early-adopters-reportedly-are-bailing-on-them/\" target=\"_blank\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salivate or scoff at will ....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Passive Aggressive Health Reminders\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n(AP) Call her mom. A small white plastic figure that resembles a Russian nesting doll offers a digital smile while it monitors if people it's watching are taking their pills, drinking enough water or doing any of their daily routines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver Mother is being marketed to caretakers and family members wanting to keep an eye on elderly loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with alerting caretakers and family, founder Rafi Haladjian says the white \"mother hub\" will play the sound of running water if a person doesn't drink enough water for the day. It will also call people on the phone to remind them to take their pills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hub and four sensors, which can be attached to anything, including pill bottles, is sold for $290.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call Him 'Dr.' Watson Now \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n(AP) IBM CEO Virginia Rometty says the future of gadgets is not just connectivity, but the ability to analyze and \"think.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While IBM isn't known for consumer technology, Rometty argued that her company's \"Watson\" artificial brain can enhance a variety of consumer products. In a talk Wednesday at the CES gadget show, she announced new partnerships with three companies that will use Watson, the IBM \"cognitive computing\" system that ran the table on Jeopardy a few years back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Armour, the athletic apparel maker, is releasing a fitness app that uses Watson to analyze a users' activity, weight and other data to make personalized recommendations for diet and exercise. Medtronic, which makes medical equipment, has developed an app that uses Watson to help diabetics. Fitness trackers, of course, demand solid athletic endorsements, which is why sports stars such as football quarterback Tony Romo, Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps and baseball hall of famer Cal Ripken Jr. are making booth appearances. All three are representing Under Armour.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fitbit Goes Smartwatch\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n(AP) Fitbit, a leading maker of fitness trackers, is unveiling a mid-range model with heart-rate monitoring and smartwatch-like functions, such as audio playback control and message notifications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new Blaze won't have GPS built-in, but it will be able to use the GPS from a companion smartphone to display pace and distance more accurately. It's a similar approach to the Apple Watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Blaze will sit alongside Fitbit's existing Charge HR, which monitors heart rate but has no ability to latch on to the phone's GPS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Blaze is the first Fitbit model to have a color display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Blaze will sell for $200 when it comes out in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brushing Your Teeth: The Game\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n(AP) Thomas Serval's dentist called him a bad father when his then-7-year-old refused to brush her teeth. So he and his dentist made teeth-brushing fun — almost too much fun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serval's company Kolibree made a toothbrush into a video game controller kids can use to make rabbits race and pirates plunder in games on a smartphone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says his company studied as many as 50 kids in a dentist office to see how they used his toothbrush versus a regular one. The kids brushed for more than two minutes on average with his brush and game combo, and he tweaked the product based on what he learned. The games themselves now last a little less than two minutes and appear to keep an avid brusher from playing more than three times a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no price tag, yet, for the kid version of the toothbrush, which should be available by April. The adult version, which looks almost identical but has a shorter battery life, sells for $149. (AP)\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sportswear Firm Gets Gadgety\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n(AP) A new version of Under Armour's Record app seeks to integrate all aspects of your health and fitness — including nutrition, sleep and exercise — though a few features will require a companion app, MapMyRun. The apps are free and will also work with competing devices, such as Fitbit and Garmin watches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Armour is offering a starter package, the UA HealthBox, for $400. It includes the scale, a chest strap to monitor heart rate and a fitness band to track steps and sleep. Each item is also sold separately. Beyond that, Under Armour is offering a shoe embedded with a chip to track exercise — even without a smartphone or any other GPS-enabled device for recording distance. The company is also making two headphones, including one that can measure heart rate at the ear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Armour partnered with smartphone maker HTC for the HealthBox items and with Harman's JBL business for the headphones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the items will ship Jan. 22; the shoes and heart-rate headphones will come later.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's Called a \"Welt\"\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n(\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnet.com/news/the-coolest-wearables-at-ces-2016-are-hidden-in-samsungs-booth/\" target=\"_blank\">c/net\u003c/a>) The new creations shown at CES included the Samsung WELT, or Wellness Belt. The WELT communicates with your phone to tell you how many steps you've taken, how long you've been sitting, eating habits and your waistline size. It then sends the data to a specially-designed app for analysis, to tell you things like -- if you keep eating like you did today, you're going to gain 2 pounds this month. Samsung expects the WELT to go on sale this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Samsung's Body Compass 2.0 workout suit contains six different kinds of sensors to track your fitness levels like heart rate, respiration and body fat levels. The company hasn't yet decided if it will release the product, said a product manager at the Samsung booth.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Whoever the original reporter was to use the phrase \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/#q=%22what+happens+in+vegas%22+ces&tbm=nws\" target=\"_blank\">What happens in Vegas\u003c/a> ...\" in his or her coverage of the annual Consumer Electronics Show is now lost to history. So we'll ditch that approach and just remind you that companies big and small have gathered in the nation's gambling capital to wager bets of their own that their participation will help propel the various gadgets they're hawking into the promised land of profitability.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright noborder\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One big theme at this year's show, which began Wednesday and continues to Saturday: health and fitness wearables and other devices. Here's a roundup of reporting on those products, from various sources. But before you start amending your Amazon wishlist or buying stock shares, just remember: In 2013, at least, half of the U.S. consumers who bought a wearable no longer used it by the next year, and 33 percent stopped using it within six month, according to a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://endeavourpartners.net/press/33-percent-of-wearable-device-early-adopters-reportedly-are-bailing-on-them/\" target=\"_blank\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salivate or scoff at will ....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Passive Aggressive Health Reminders\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n(AP) Call her mom. A small white plastic figure that resembles a Russian nesting doll offers a digital smile while it monitors if people it's watching are taking their pills, drinking enough water or doing any of their daily routines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver Mother is being marketed to caretakers and family members wanting to keep an eye on elderly loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with alerting caretakers and family, founder Rafi Haladjian says the white \"mother hub\" will play the sound of running water if a person doesn't drink enough water for the day. It will also call people on the phone to remind them to take their pills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hub and four sensors, which can be attached to anything, including pill bottles, is sold for $290.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call Him 'Dr.' Watson Now \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n(AP) IBM CEO Virginia Rometty says the future of gadgets is not just connectivity, but the ability to analyze and \"think.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While IBM isn't known for consumer technology, Rometty argued that her company's \"Watson\" artificial brain can enhance a variety of consumer products. In a talk Wednesday at the CES gadget show, she announced new partnerships with three companies that will use Watson, the IBM \"cognitive computing\" system that ran the table on Jeopardy a few years back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Armour, the athletic apparel maker, is releasing a fitness app that uses Watson to analyze a users' activity, weight and other data to make personalized recommendations for diet and exercise. Medtronic, which makes medical equipment, has developed an app that uses Watson to help diabetics. Fitness trackers, of course, demand solid athletic endorsements, which is why sports stars such as football quarterback Tony Romo, Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps and baseball hall of famer Cal Ripken Jr. are making booth appearances. All three are representing Under Armour.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fitbit Goes Smartwatch\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n(AP) Fitbit, a leading maker of fitness trackers, is unveiling a mid-range model with heart-rate monitoring and smartwatch-like functions, such as audio playback control and message notifications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new Blaze won't have GPS built-in, but it will be able to use the GPS from a companion smartphone to display pace and distance more accurately. It's a similar approach to the Apple Watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Blaze will sit alongside Fitbit's existing Charge HR, which monitors heart rate but has no ability to latch on to the phone's GPS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Blaze is the first Fitbit model to have a color display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Blaze will sell for $200 when it comes out in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brushing Your Teeth: The Game\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n(AP) Thomas Serval's dentist called him a bad father when his then-7-year-old refused to brush her teeth. So he and his dentist made teeth-brushing fun — almost too much fun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serval's company Kolibree made a toothbrush into a video game controller kids can use to make rabbits race and pirates plunder in games on a smartphone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says his company studied as many as 50 kids in a dentist office to see how they used his toothbrush versus a regular one. The kids brushed for more than two minutes on average with his brush and game combo, and he tweaked the product based on what he learned. The games themselves now last a little less than two minutes and appear to keep an avid brusher from playing more than three times a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no price tag, yet, for the kid version of the toothbrush, which should be available by April. The adult version, which looks almost identical but has a shorter battery life, sells for $149. (AP)\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sportswear Firm Gets Gadgety\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n(AP) A new version of Under Armour's Record app seeks to integrate all aspects of your health and fitness — including nutrition, sleep and exercise — though a few features will require a companion app, MapMyRun. The apps are free and will also work with competing devices, such as Fitbit and Garmin watches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Armour is offering a starter package, the UA HealthBox, for $400. It includes the scale, a chest strap to monitor heart rate and a fitness band to track steps and sleep. Each item is also sold separately. Beyond that, Under Armour is offering a shoe embedded with a chip to track exercise — even without a smartphone or any other GPS-enabled device for recording distance. The company is also making two headphones, including one that can measure heart rate at the ear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Armour partnered with smartphone maker HTC for the HealthBox items and with Harman's JBL business for the headphones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the items will ship Jan. 22; the shoes and heart-rate headphones will come later.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's Called a \"Welt\"\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n(\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnet.com/news/the-coolest-wearables-at-ces-2016-are-hidden-in-samsungs-booth/\" target=\"_blank\">c/net\u003c/a>) The new creations shown at CES included the Samsung WELT, or Wellness Belt. The WELT communicates with your phone to tell you how many steps you've taken, how long you've been sitting, eating habits and your waistline size. It then sends the data to a specially-designed app for analysis, to tell you things like -- if you keep eating like you did today, you're going to gain 2 pounds this month. Samsung expects the WELT to go on sale this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Samsung's Body Compass 2.0 workout suit contains six different kinds of sensors to track your fitness levels like heart rate, respiration and body fat levels. The company hasn't yet decided if it will release the product, said a product manager at the Samsung booth.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As we all know, TED likes to talk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization that is devoted to spreading ideas associated with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks\" target=\"_blank\">multitude of subject areas\u003c/a> -- not to mention inspiring your friends to clutter your Facebook feed with entreaties to \"Watch this!\" -- has curated a sort of \"Best of\" List for 2015, called \u003ca href=\"http://yearinideas.ted.com/2015/\" target=\"_blank\">The Year in Ideas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Editing DNA, reversing aging, and a form of mind control were among this year's presentations.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Among the segments are five that deal with cutting edge research and advancements in medicine and biology. All of them are fascinating, and the presentation on a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/30/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">new technology\u003c/a> allowing for the reprogramming of DNA, which Science magazine named its \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/scientific-community/2015/12/and-science-s-breakthrough-year\" target=\"_blank\">Breakthrough of the Year\u003c/a>, includes its co-inventor issuing this warning:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan id=\"t-624485\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">Imagine that we could try to engineer humans\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-627553\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">that have enhanced properties, such as stronger bones,\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-632012\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">or less susceptibility to cardiovascular disease\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-636107\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">or even to have properties\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-637642\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">that we would consider maybe to be desirable,\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-640065\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">like a different eye color or to be taller, things like that.\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-645942\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">\"Designer humans,\" if you will.\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-648780\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">Right now, the genetic information\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-651194\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">to understand what types of genes would give rise to these traits\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-655711\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">is mostly not known.\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-657468\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">But it's important to know\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-658738\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">that the CRISPR technology gives us a tool to make such changes,\u003c/span>\u003cspan id=\"t-663047\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">once that knowledge becomes available.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan id=\"t-666651\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">This raises a number of ethical questions that we have to carefully consider,\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-670786\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">and this is why I and my colleagues have called for a global pause\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-675025\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">in any clinical application of the CRISPR technology in human embryos,\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-679795\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">to give us time\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-680970\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">to really consider all of the various implications of doing so. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/jennifer_doudna_we_can_now_edit_our_dna_but_let_s_do_it_wisely/transcript?language=en\" target=\"_blank\">Transcript\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/30/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">Future of You story\u003c/a>)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[ted id=2354]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When some of us were kids -- or even a few years ago -- that was the stuff of science fiction. As would have been the presentation called \"How to control someone else's arm with your brain.\" That's not a clickbait headline -- in the video, you'll see a man involuntarily flex his arm when the woman he is connected to through an interface does the same. Neuroscientist Greg Gage explains this is done by copying and transmitting the woman's brain signal. All we can say is the implications for relations between the sexes are too great to ponder. As Gage tells his male volunteeer, \"S\u003cspan id=\"t-225726\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">he will take away your free will \u003c/span>\u003cspan id=\"t-228933\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">and you will no longer have any control over this hand.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ted id=2244]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other TED talks in biomedicine that made the list for 2015:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>How young blood might help reverse aging. Yes, really\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>TED description\u003c/em>: Tony Wyss-Coray studies the impact of aging on the human body and brain. In this eye-opening talk, he shares new research from his Stanford lab and other teams which shows that a solution for some of the less great aspects of old age might actually lie within us all. \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/tony_wyss_coray_how_young_blood_might_help_reverse_aging_yes_really/transcript?language=en\" target=\"_blank\">Transcript\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201405070930\" target=\"_blank\">KQED Forum\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ted id=2315]\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Can we create new senses for humans?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>TED description: \u003c/em>As humans, we can perceive less than a ten-trillionth of all light waves. “Our experience of reality,” says neuroscientist David Eagleman, “is constrained by our biology.” He wants to change that. His research into our brain processes has led him to create new interfaces — such as a sensory vest — to take in previously unseen information about the world around us. \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/david_eagleman_can_we_create_new_senses_for_humans/transcript?language=en\" target=\"_blank\">Transcript\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ted id=2215]\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>This app knows how you feel -- from the look on your face.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>TED description:\u003c/em> Our emotions influence every aspect of our lives — how we learn, how we communicate, how we make decisions. Yet they’re absent from our digital lives; the devices and apps we interact with have no way of knowing how we feel. Scientist Rana el Kaliouby aims to change that. She demos a powerful new technology that reads your facial expressions and matches them to corresponding emotions. This “emotion engine” has big implications, she says, and could change not just how we interact with machines — but with each other. \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/rana_el_kaliouby_this_app_knows_how_you_feel_from_the_look_on_your_face/transcript?language=en\" target=\"_blank\">Transcript\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ted id=2279]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As we all know, TED likes to talk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization that is devoted to spreading ideas associated with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks\" target=\"_blank\">multitude of subject areas\u003c/a> -- not to mention inspiring your friends to clutter your Facebook feed with entreaties to \"Watch this!\" -- has curated a sort of \"Best of\" List for 2015, called \u003ca href=\"http://yearinideas.ted.com/2015/\" target=\"_blank\">The Year in Ideas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Editing DNA, reversing aging, and a form of mind control were among this year's presentations.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Among the segments are five that deal with cutting edge research and advancements in medicine and biology. All of them are fascinating, and the presentation on a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/30/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">new technology\u003c/a> allowing for the reprogramming of DNA, which Science magazine named its \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/scientific-community/2015/12/and-science-s-breakthrough-year\" target=\"_blank\">Breakthrough of the Year\u003c/a>, includes its co-inventor issuing this warning:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan id=\"t-624485\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">Imagine that we could try to engineer humans\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-627553\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">that have enhanced properties, such as stronger bones,\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-632012\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">or less susceptibility to cardiovascular disease\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-636107\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">or even to have properties\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-637642\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">that we would consider maybe to be desirable,\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-640065\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">like a different eye color or to be taller, things like that.\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-645942\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">\"Designer humans,\" if you will.\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-648780\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">Right now, the genetic information\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-651194\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">to understand what types of genes would give rise to these traits\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-655711\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">is mostly not known.\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-657468\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">But it's important to know\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-658738\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">that the CRISPR technology gives us a tool to make such changes,\u003c/span>\u003cspan id=\"t-663047\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">once that knowledge becomes available.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan id=\"t-666651\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">This raises a number of ethical questions that we have to carefully consider,\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-670786\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">and this is why I and my colleagues have called for a global pause\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-675025\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">in any clinical application of the CRISPR technology in human embryos,\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-679795\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">to give us time\u003c/span> \u003cspan id=\"t-680970\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">to really consider all of the various implications of doing so. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/jennifer_doudna_we_can_now_edit_our_dna_but_let_s_do_it_wisely/transcript?language=en\" target=\"_blank\">Transcript\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/30/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">Future of You story\u003c/a>)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[ted id=2354]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When some of us were kids -- or even a few years ago -- that was the stuff of science fiction. As would have been the presentation called \"How to control someone else's arm with your brain.\" That's not a clickbait headline -- in the video, you'll see a man involuntarily flex his arm when the woman he is connected to through an interface does the same. Neuroscientist Greg Gage explains this is done by copying and transmitting the woman's brain signal. All we can say is the implications for relations between the sexes are too great to ponder. As Gage tells his male volunteeer, \"S\u003cspan id=\"t-225726\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">he will take away your free will \u003c/span>\u003cspan id=\"t-228933\" class=\"talk-transcript__fragment\">and you will no longer have any control over this hand.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ted id=2244]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other TED talks in biomedicine that made the list for 2015:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>How young blood might help reverse aging. Yes, really\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>TED description\u003c/em>: Tony Wyss-Coray studies the impact of aging on the human body and brain. In this eye-opening talk, he shares new research from his Stanford lab and other teams which shows that a solution for some of the less great aspects of old age might actually lie within us all. \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/tony_wyss_coray_how_young_blood_might_help_reverse_aging_yes_really/transcript?language=en\" target=\"_blank\">Transcript\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201405070930\" target=\"_blank\">KQED Forum\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ted id=2315]\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Can we create new senses for humans?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>TED description: \u003c/em>As humans, we can perceive less than a ten-trillionth of all light waves. “Our experience of reality,” says neuroscientist David Eagleman, “is constrained by our biology.” He wants to change that. His research into our brain processes has led him to create new interfaces — such as a sensory vest — to take in previously unseen information about the world around us. \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/david_eagleman_can_we_create_new_senses_for_humans/transcript?language=en\" target=\"_blank\">Transcript\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ted id=2215]\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>This app knows how you feel -- from the look on your face.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>TED description:\u003c/em> Our emotions influence every aspect of our lives — how we learn, how we communicate, how we make decisions. Yet they’re absent from our digital lives; the devices and apps we interact with have no way of knowing how we feel. Scientist Rana el Kaliouby aims to change that. She demos a powerful new technology that reads your facial expressions and matches them to corresponding emotions. This “emotion engine” has big implications, she says, and could change not just how we interact with machines — but with each other. \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/rana_el_kaliouby_this_app_knows_how_you_feel_from_the_look_on_your_face/transcript?language=en\" target=\"_blank\">Transcript\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ted id=2279]\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's not just football players or troops who fought in the wars who suffer from brain injuries. Researchers estimate that hundreds of thousands of ordinary people in the U.S. get potentially serious brain injuries every year, too. Yet they and even their doctors often don't know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such doctor is \u003ca href=\"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/10000041/Bryan-Arling\" target=\"_blank\">Bryan Arling\u003c/a>, an internist in Washington, D.C. His peers often vote to put him on those lists of \"top doctors,\" published by glossy magazines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it's ironic that the brain injury he failed to diagnose was his own. And he could have died from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last spring, Arling went looking for some files in his walk-up attic. It was jammed with boxes of Christmas tree ornaments, old clothes and other odds and ends that define decades of family life. After an hour of searching, he found the files in a box, grabbed the folders and stood up. He then felt a shooting pain in the center of his back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a pain I've had before,\" says Arling, who has battled back problems for years. \"But it was more intense than I've ever had it before.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He took painkillers and went back to work. Weeks went by, and his back was still hurting him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Then I began noticing that I was shuffling. I was so weak I couldn't carry my plate out to the back deck. I would just drop things. And everybody commented on how I seemed different,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And gradually, Arling says, his thinking seemed different, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I could make sense of things, I could get things done, I could make decisions,\" he says. \"But I was slower at what I did.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arling thought he was having trouble focusing because his back pain was so intense. So a neurosurgeon, who had treated Arling's back problems before, ordered an MRI of Arling's spine — and also his brain. When the MRI technician saw Arling's pictures taking shape on his screen, he called the radiologist and said, \"You need to see this right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The images showed a big, white, lake-like shape where Arling's brain should have been, inside the top right side of his skull. It was a pool of blood that was pushing down on the brain, causing it to shift from right to left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They sent Arling straight from the MRI to the emergency room at Georgetown University Medical Center. He says as they started prepping him for open brain surgery, the medical staff kept asking about his fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And I said, 'I haven't fallen,' \" Arling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, just as they were wheeling him into the operating room, Arling remembered: The day he stood up in the attic and threw out his back, he had forgotten he was under the eaves, and had knocked the top of his head against a wood beam. But he didn't even get a cut, so he forgot about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everybody knows you can get hurt if you fall off a ladder, or slip and bash your head on the ice. But Arling got a kind of brain injury that's usually more insidious — a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000713.htm\" target=\"_blank\">subdural hematoma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A subdural hematoma is different from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129726135\" target=\"_blank\">typical blast injuries\u003c/a> that affected hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. In those cases, shock waves rattled their brains and caused microscopic damage that's hard or impossible to detect. It's also different from the usual football concussions, in which blows to the head damage the brain's electrical wiring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main population at risk for a subdural hematoma is the elderly. To understand why, it helps to picture an aging brain. The brain is wrapped and protected by a membrane called the dura mater. Inside the dura, there's a network of veins that connect it to the surface of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-135431 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/Screen-Shot-2016-01-06-at-3.19.26-PM-400x324.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2016-01-06 at 3.19.26 PM\" width=\"400\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/Screen-Shot-2016-01-06-at-3.19.26-PM-400x324.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/Screen-Shot-2016-01-06-at-3.19.26-PM.png 423w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">Studies suggest that as you get older, your brain shrinks and pulls away from the dura, especially after you're 60 or 70 years old. But the veins keep holding on to both the dura and the brain. So as your brain pulls away, some of those veins become more exposed and more vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say if you simply bump your head on the eaves of your attic, as Arling did, or if you simply start to fall and then catch yourself — so your head doesn't strike anything, but it jerks in the air — that can be enough force to jostle your shrinking brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And those veins stretch, and you'll get tearing in those veins,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmr.vcu.edu/Department/Directory/faculty/dcifu/dcifu.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. David Cifu\u003c/a>, who runs a joint research project studying brain injuries for the departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because blood from veins tends to ooze, instead of pump as it does from arteries, Cifu says, \"when the veins tear, we get a very low-pressure ribbon of blood that's layering on top of the surface of the brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As that blood starts to pool over days or weeks, it irritates the brain cells. And if the pool's big enough, it presses on the brain and damages it, much like a tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers studied the problem a few years ago at a sample of 20 percent of the nation's hospitals. As they \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jan/rates-of-traumatic-subdural-hematoma.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reported in the Journal of Neurosurgery\u003c/a>, those hospitals alone diagnosed almost 44,000 subdural hematomas in one year. So the researchers estimate there could be more than 200,000 subdural hematoma injuries diagnosed annually at all the hospitals across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They say an unknown additional number of subdural hematomas are misdiagnosed, or simply missed: Half the patients studied have trouble remembering they hit their heads at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Arling. And like Tom Feild, a retired computer systems analyst who used to work for the VA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_135405\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-135405\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/tbi-at-home1-2bfc90dd1b879b954a1f0aa6ac297c5c1a7d10da-e1452122149567.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Feild looks at a brain scan with his doctor at Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond, Va. Feild had brain surgery after experiencing a low-grade headache that wouldn't go away and difficulty driving.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Feild looks at a brain scan with his doctor at Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond, Va. Feild had brain surgery after experiencing a low-grade headache that wouldn't go away and difficulty driving. \u003ccite>(Matailong Du for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Feild says his own medical mystery began with headaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It wasn't a constant headache — it was a low-grade headache. But it wouldn't go away,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he was driving his wife on an errand, and he kept drifting across the yellow line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I said, 'Tom, you're going on their side of the road.' He said, 'I know ... I can't seem to help it,' \" Jody Feild says.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Feild made an appointment with his local doctor. And the next thing he knew, a helicopter was rushing him to Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond. Neurosurgeon Bill Broaddus drilled three holes into Feild's skull and vacuumed out roughly 8 ounces of blood that had pooled since he developed a subdural hematoma.\u003cstrong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broaddus says before the surgery, he asked Feild what type of accident had injured his head. It took awhile before Feild could remember. He had put a sprinkler away under his porch two months earlier and bumped his head against the floorboards when he stood up before backing out all the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We may see 50 to 100 [similar subdural hematomas] here at this institution every year,\" says Broaddus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain specialists say it's important to view these injuries in perspective: Most people who get a subdural hematoma will never know it. The brain will reabsorb the blood, the victim's symptoms will disappear, and life will go on as normal. But for tens of thousands of others, it's serious. Doctors say they often see families who think loved ones are getting dementia, and it turns out they hit their heads and have a bleed. Some victims die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Cifu say you don't need to consult a doctor the second you get a headache. But they say it's sensible, and responsible, to follow some simple guidelines: Consult a physician as soon as possible if the headaches don't go away, or if you begin to have trouble with your balance or feel weakness in your legs or arms. Also, if the way you think starts to seem \"different,\" Cifu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internist Arling says even if it turns out that you do have a bleed, he's living proof that these brain injuries can be cured if you catch them in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's so easy to come away from a story like mine, and to feel fragile, and so to worry unnecessarily,\" Arling says. \"The body is phenomenally well-designed, and it has a phenomenal ability to heal itself.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+A+Simple+Bump+Can+Cause+An+Insidious+Brain+Injury&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's not just football players or troops who fought in the wars who suffer from brain injuries. Researchers estimate that hundreds of thousands of ordinary people in the U.S. get potentially serious brain injuries every year, too. Yet they and even their doctors often don't know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such doctor is \u003ca href=\"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/10000041/Bryan-Arling\" target=\"_blank\">Bryan Arling\u003c/a>, an internist in Washington, D.C. His peers often vote to put him on those lists of \"top doctors,\" published by glossy magazines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it's ironic that the brain injury he failed to diagnose was his own. And he could have died from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last spring, Arling went looking for some files in his walk-up attic. It was jammed with boxes of Christmas tree ornaments, old clothes and other odds and ends that define decades of family life. After an hour of searching, he found the files in a box, grabbed the folders and stood up. He then felt a shooting pain in the center of his back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a pain I've had before,\" says Arling, who has battled back problems for years. \"But it was more intense than I've ever had it before.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He took painkillers and went back to work. Weeks went by, and his back was still hurting him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Then I began noticing that I was shuffling. I was so weak I couldn't carry my plate out to the back deck. I would just drop things. And everybody commented on how I seemed different,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And gradually, Arling says, his thinking seemed different, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I could make sense of things, I could get things done, I could make decisions,\" he says. \"But I was slower at what I did.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arling thought he was having trouble focusing because his back pain was so intense. So a neurosurgeon, who had treated Arling's back problems before, ordered an MRI of Arling's spine — and also his brain. When the MRI technician saw Arling's pictures taking shape on his screen, he called the radiologist and said, \"You need to see this right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The images showed a big, white, lake-like shape where Arling's brain should have been, inside the top right side of his skull. It was a pool of blood that was pushing down on the brain, causing it to shift from right to left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They sent Arling straight from the MRI to the emergency room at Georgetown University Medical Center. He says as they started prepping him for open brain surgery, the medical staff kept asking about his fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And I said, 'I haven't fallen,' \" Arling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, just as they were wheeling him into the operating room, Arling remembered: The day he stood up in the attic and threw out his back, he had forgotten he was under the eaves, and had knocked the top of his head against a wood beam. But he didn't even get a cut, so he forgot about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everybody knows you can get hurt if you fall off a ladder, or slip and bash your head on the ice. But Arling got a kind of brain injury that's usually more insidious — a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000713.htm\" target=\"_blank\">subdural hematoma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A subdural hematoma is different from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129726135\" target=\"_blank\">typical blast injuries\u003c/a> that affected hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. In those cases, shock waves rattled their brains and caused microscopic damage that's hard or impossible to detect. It's also different from the usual football concussions, in which blows to the head damage the brain's electrical wiring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main population at risk for a subdural hematoma is the elderly. To understand why, it helps to picture an aging brain. The brain is wrapped and protected by a membrane called the dura mater. Inside the dura, there's a network of veins that connect it to the surface of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-135431 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/Screen-Shot-2016-01-06-at-3.19.26-PM-400x324.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2016-01-06 at 3.19.26 PM\" width=\"400\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/Screen-Shot-2016-01-06-at-3.19.26-PM-400x324.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/Screen-Shot-2016-01-06-at-3.19.26-PM.png 423w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">Studies suggest that as you get older, your brain shrinks and pulls away from the dura, especially after you're 60 or 70 years old. But the veins keep holding on to both the dura and the brain. So as your brain pulls away, some of those veins become more exposed and more vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say if you simply bump your head on the eaves of your attic, as Arling did, or if you simply start to fall and then catch yourself — so your head doesn't strike anything, but it jerks in the air — that can be enough force to jostle your shrinking brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And those veins stretch, and you'll get tearing in those veins,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmr.vcu.edu/Department/Directory/faculty/dcifu/dcifu.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. David Cifu\u003c/a>, who runs a joint research project studying brain injuries for the departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because blood from veins tends to ooze, instead of pump as it does from arteries, Cifu says, \"when the veins tear, we get a very low-pressure ribbon of blood that's layering on top of the surface of the brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As that blood starts to pool over days or weeks, it irritates the brain cells. And if the pool's big enough, it presses on the brain and damages it, much like a tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers studied the problem a few years ago at a sample of 20 percent of the nation's hospitals. As they \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jan/rates-of-traumatic-subdural-hematoma.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reported in the Journal of Neurosurgery\u003c/a>, those hospitals alone diagnosed almost 44,000 subdural hematomas in one year. So the researchers estimate there could be more than 200,000 subdural hematoma injuries diagnosed annually at all the hospitals across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They say an unknown additional number of subdural hematomas are misdiagnosed, or simply missed: Half the patients studied have trouble remembering they hit their heads at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Arling. And like Tom Feild, a retired computer systems analyst who used to work for the VA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_135405\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-135405\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/01/tbi-at-home1-2bfc90dd1b879b954a1f0aa6ac297c5c1a7d10da-e1452122149567.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Feild looks at a brain scan with his doctor at Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond, Va. Feild had brain surgery after experiencing a low-grade headache that wouldn't go away and difficulty driving.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Feild looks at a brain scan with his doctor at Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond, Va. Feild had brain surgery after experiencing a low-grade headache that wouldn't go away and difficulty driving. \u003ccite>(Matailong Du for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Feild says his own medical mystery began with headaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It wasn't a constant headache — it was a low-grade headache. But it wouldn't go away,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then he was driving his wife on an errand, and he kept drifting across the yellow line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I said, 'Tom, you're going on their side of the road.' He said, 'I know ... I can't seem to help it,' \" Jody Feild says.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Feild made an appointment with his local doctor. And the next thing he knew, a helicopter was rushing him to Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond. Neurosurgeon Bill Broaddus drilled three holes into Feild's skull and vacuumed out roughly 8 ounces of blood that had pooled since he developed a subdural hematoma.\u003cstrong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broaddus says before the surgery, he asked Feild what type of accident had injured his head. It took awhile before Feild could remember. He had put a sprinkler away under his porch two months earlier and bumped his head against the floorboards when he stood up before backing out all the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We may see 50 to 100 [similar subdural hematomas] here at this institution every year,\" says Broaddus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brain specialists say it's important to view these injuries in perspective: Most people who get a subdural hematoma will never know it. The brain will reabsorb the blood, the victim's symptoms will disappear, and life will go on as normal. But for tens of thousands of others, it's serious. Doctors say they often see families who think loved ones are getting dementia, and it turns out they hit their heads and have a bleed. Some victims die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Cifu say you don't need to consult a doctor the second you get a headache. But they say it's sensible, and responsible, to follow some simple guidelines: Consult a physician as soon as possible if the headaches don't go away, or if you begin to have trouble with your balance or feel weakness in your legs or arms. Also, if the way you think starts to seem \"different,\" Cifu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internist Arling says even if it turns out that you do have a bleed, he's living proof that these brain injuries can be cured if you catch them in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's so easy to come away from a story like mine, and to feel fragile, and so to worry unnecessarily,\" Arling says. \"The body is phenomenally well-designed, and it has a phenomenal ability to heal itself.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+A+Simple+Bump+Can+Cause+An+Insidious+Brain+Injury&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The new year arrives Friday, and with it a host of new state laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's our roundup of new ones coming in health. Most take effect on Friday, except where noted:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vaccines: \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">SB 277\u003c/a> was perhaps the most vehemently debated bill in Sacramento in a long time. Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento) introduced the bill just weeks after a measles outbreak tied to Disneyland. The law requires that all children be fully vaccinated to attend school -- both public and private -- unless they have a medical exemption. The law takes effect July 1, in advance of the 2016-2017 school year.\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB792\" target=\"_blank\"> A second law\u003c/a> related to vaccines requires all child-care workers to be vaccinated against measles, pertussis and influenza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Physician-Assisted Suicide\u003c/strong>: Gov. Jerry Brown signed the \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520162AB15\" target=\"_blank\">End of Life Option Act \u003c/a>into law with\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/10/05/governor-brown-signs-physician-assisted-suicide-bill-into-law-california-right-to-die/\" target=\"_blank\"> an unusually personal comment.\u003c/a> The law permits physicians to prescribe lethal medication to terminally ill patients who request it. There is no firm date for the law to go into effect because it was passed as part of an ongoing special legislative session that was called by the governor to address health care financing. It won't take effect until 90 days after the session ends. California became the fifth state to allow the practice, along with Oregon, Washington, Montana and Vermont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medi-Cal for Undocumented Children\u003c/strong>: California became\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/17/california-budget-includes-health-coverage-of-undocumented-children-a-first-nationally/\" target=\"_blank\"> the first state in the country\u003c/a> to extend state-subsidized health coverage to children who are living in the United States illegally. An estimated 170,000 children under age 19 will become eligible for Medi-Cal, the state's health insurance problem for people who are low income, when \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB4\" target=\"_blank\">the law\u003c/a> goes into effect on May 1. (Legislators are expected to consider \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB10\" target=\"_blank\">SB10,\u003c/a> which would extend Medi-Cal to adults, in 2016 as well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reproductive Services Notification\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB775\" target=\"_blank\">The new law\u003c/a> covers required notifications at two types of facilities. Unlicensed facilities now will be required to notify clients that they are not licensed as medical facilities by the state. Meanwhile, licensed medical facilities are required to notify clients that California has public programs that provide free or low-cost access to contraceptives, prenatal care and abortion services. The law was\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/11/04/california-law-adds-new-twist-to-abortion-religious-freedom-debate\" target=\"_blank\"> challenged by centers \u003c/a>that do not provide abortions. Just before Christmas, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article51197235.html\" target=\"_blank\">a federal judge upheld the law\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Translation of Prescription Drug Information\u003c/strong>: Pharmacists are now required, upon request, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/09/10/calif-legislature-approves-bill-requiring-prescription-labels-in-5-foreign-languages/\" target=\"_blank\">to provide labels or medication information \u003c/a>in the five most common languages in California, after English: Spanish, Tagalog, Chinese, Vietnamese or Korean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hospitals and Caregivers\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB675\" target=\"_blank\">AB675\u003c/a> requires hospitals to include family caregivers in the hospitalization and discharge process. \u003ca href=\"http://newamericamedia.org/2015/12/california-latest-state-requiring-hospitals-to-keep-caregivers-in-the-loop.php\" target=\"_blank\">The goal \u003c/a>is to improve a patient's care and reduce the chance of readmission. California is one of 18 states to pass this type of law in the last two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CONSUMER PROTECTIONS:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Caps on Drug Copays\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB339\" target=\"_blank\">This law\u003c/a> limits patient's cost-sharing on specialty drugs to $250 a month and prohibits placing most or all drugs used to treat a certain condition on the highest cost tier in drug formularies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Accurate Provider Directories\u003c/strong>: Insurers now must maintain an accurate database of providers on a website -- and they must update that directory every week, under \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB137\" target=\"_blank\">this new law. \u003c/a>The directories will include languages spoken by providers other than English.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cost-sharing Limits in Family Plans\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1305\" target=\"_blank\">This law\u003c/a> brings California into line with federal regulations, that an individual patient faces the out-of-pocket maximum set by the Affordable Care Act (now $6,600) for an individual, even if they are in a family plan (which has a max of $13,200 at present).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Insurance offered by Large Employers\u003c/strong>: Large employers \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB248\" target=\"_blank\">must now follow consumer protections \u003c/a>that ensure they do not offer so-called junk insurance that does not offer minimum value, as defined.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LGBT HEALTH CARE:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sperm Donation:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB960\" target=\"_blank\">AB960 \u003c/a>was inspired by lesbian couples who want to have children. Many receive sperm donations from friends or relatives. This law says that the donor will not be viewed as the \"natural parent\" unless otherwise agreed to in writing prior to conception of the child.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Demographic Data Collection\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB959\" target=\"_blank\">This law requires\u003c/a> state departments overseeing health programs to collect voluntary information about sexual orientation and gender identity just as they collect race and ethnicity data.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FOSTER CHILDREN\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Placements for Trans Children\u003c/strong>: Foster children \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB731\" target=\"_blank\">now have the right \u003c/a>to placements consistent with their gender identity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Psychotropic Medications\u003c/strong>: Child welfare social workers \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB238\" target=\"_blank\">will be better able \u003c/a>to oversee mental health treatments, including use of psychotropic medications, by foster children.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Foster Children Who Are Parents\u003c/strong>: This law \u003ca href=\"http://www.calyouthconn.org/assets/files/AB%20260%20Fact%20Sheet%20(4.1.15).pdf\" target=\"_blank\">provides support and protections\u003c/a> for foster children who are parents themselves.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The new year arrives Friday, and with it a host of new state laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's our roundup of new ones coming in health. Most take effect on Friday, except where noted:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vaccines: \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">SB 277\u003c/a> was perhaps the most vehemently debated bill in Sacramento in a long time. Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento) introduced the bill just weeks after a measles outbreak tied to Disneyland. The law requires that all children be fully vaccinated to attend school -- both public and private -- unless they have a medical exemption. The law takes effect July 1, in advance of the 2016-2017 school year.\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB792\" target=\"_blank\"> A second law\u003c/a> related to vaccines requires all child-care workers to be vaccinated against measles, pertussis and influenza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Physician-Assisted Suicide\u003c/strong>: Gov. Jerry Brown signed the \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520162AB15\" target=\"_blank\">End of Life Option Act \u003c/a>into law with\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/10/05/governor-brown-signs-physician-assisted-suicide-bill-into-law-california-right-to-die/\" target=\"_blank\"> an unusually personal comment.\u003c/a> The law permits physicians to prescribe lethal medication to terminally ill patients who request it. There is no firm date for the law to go into effect because it was passed as part of an ongoing special legislative session that was called by the governor to address health care financing. It won't take effect until 90 days after the session ends. California became the fifth state to allow the practice, along with Oregon, Washington, Montana and Vermont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medi-Cal for Undocumented Children\u003c/strong>: California became\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/17/california-budget-includes-health-coverage-of-undocumented-children-a-first-nationally/\" target=\"_blank\"> the first state in the country\u003c/a> to extend state-subsidized health coverage to children who are living in the United States illegally. An estimated 170,000 children under age 19 will become eligible for Medi-Cal, the state's health insurance problem for people who are low income, when \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB4\" target=\"_blank\">the law\u003c/a> goes into effect on May 1. (Legislators are expected to consider \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB10\" target=\"_blank\">SB10,\u003c/a> which would extend Medi-Cal to adults, in 2016 as well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reproductive Services Notification\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB775\" target=\"_blank\">The new law\u003c/a> covers required notifications at two types of facilities. Unlicensed facilities now will be required to notify clients that they are not licensed as medical facilities by the state. Meanwhile, licensed medical facilities are required to notify clients that California has public programs that provide free or low-cost access to contraceptives, prenatal care and abortion services. The law was\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/11/04/california-law-adds-new-twist-to-abortion-religious-freedom-debate\" target=\"_blank\"> challenged by centers \u003c/a>that do not provide abortions. Just before Christmas, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article51197235.html\" target=\"_blank\">a federal judge upheld the law\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Translation of Prescription Drug Information\u003c/strong>: Pharmacists are now required, upon request, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/09/10/calif-legislature-approves-bill-requiring-prescription-labels-in-5-foreign-languages/\" target=\"_blank\">to provide labels or medication information \u003c/a>in the five most common languages in California, after English: Spanish, Tagalog, Chinese, Vietnamese or Korean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hospitals and Caregivers\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB675\" target=\"_blank\">AB675\u003c/a> requires hospitals to include family caregivers in the hospitalization and discharge process. \u003ca href=\"http://newamericamedia.org/2015/12/california-latest-state-requiring-hospitals-to-keep-caregivers-in-the-loop.php\" target=\"_blank\">The goal \u003c/a>is to improve a patient's care and reduce the chance of readmission. California is one of 18 states to pass this type of law in the last two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CONSUMER PROTECTIONS:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Caps on Drug Copays\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB339\" target=\"_blank\">This law\u003c/a> limits patient's cost-sharing on specialty drugs to $250 a month and prohibits placing most or all drugs used to treat a certain condition on the highest cost tier in drug formularies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Accurate Provider Directories\u003c/strong>: Insurers now must maintain an accurate database of providers on a website -- and they must update that directory every week, under \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB137\" target=\"_blank\">this new law. \u003c/a>The directories will include languages spoken by providers other than English.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cost-sharing Limits in Family Plans\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1305\" target=\"_blank\">This law\u003c/a> brings California into line with federal regulations, that an individual patient faces the out-of-pocket maximum set by the Affordable Care Act (now $6,600) for an individual, even if they are in a family plan (which has a max of $13,200 at present).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Insurance offered by Large Employers\u003c/strong>: Large employers \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB248\" target=\"_blank\">must now follow consumer protections \u003c/a>that ensure they do not offer so-called junk insurance that does not offer minimum value, as defined.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LGBT HEALTH CARE:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sperm Donation:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB960\" target=\"_blank\">AB960 \u003c/a>was inspired by lesbian couples who want to have children. Many receive sperm donations from friends or relatives. This law says that the donor will not be viewed as the \"natural parent\" unless otherwise agreed to in writing prior to conception of the child.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Demographic Data Collection\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB959\" target=\"_blank\">This law requires\u003c/a> state departments overseeing health programs to collect voluntary information about sexual orientation and gender identity just as they collect race and ethnicity data.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FOSTER CHILDREN\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Placements for Trans Children\u003c/strong>: Foster children \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB731\" target=\"_blank\">now have the right \u003c/a>to placements consistent with their gender identity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Psychotropic Medications\u003c/strong>: Child welfare social workers \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB238\" target=\"_blank\">will be better able \u003c/a>to oversee mental health treatments, including use of psychotropic medications, by foster children.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Foster Children Who Are Parents\u003c/strong>: This law \u003ca href=\"http://www.calyouthconn.org/assets/files/AB%20260%20Fact%20Sheet%20(4.1.15).pdf\" target=\"_blank\">provides support and protections\u003c/a> for foster children who are parents themselves.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/03/20150313ScienceCRISPR.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note: One of our most fascinating stories of 2015 was this one, about a dramatic breakthrough that could help children suffering from the tragic illness known as \"Bubble-Boy Disease.\" This breakthrough in gene editing, using a tool called CRISPR, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/28/460705645/gene-editing-tool-hailed-as-a-breakthrough-and-it-really-is-one\" target=\"_blank\">revolutionizing medical research\u003c/a>. Science magazine has \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/scientific-community/2015/12/and-science-s-breakthrough-year\" target=\"_blank\">named CRISPR\u003c/a> the 2015 Breakthrough of the Year. We present this story again here, in case you missed it in March.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They named him Phoenix because he was born five weeks early while his parents were on vacation, and spent his first few weeks in an incubator. Kristen and Patrick Wilkinson thought they knew exactly which ashes their son might soon rise from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they got him home to San Francisco things just got worse, Kristen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix wasn’t gaining weight. He had a persistent skin rash. Eventually he was admitted to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/\">UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital\u003c/a> with a diagnosis of “failure to thrive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix had been born in Kentucky, a state where, unlike in California, infants are not routinely screened for a disease called SCID -- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. So at first, California doctors puzzled over what might be wrong with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_384\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 669px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-669x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"669\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-669x600.jpg 669w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-400x359.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-768x689.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-320x287.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 669px) 100vw, 669px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoenix was lucky: His doctors found a good match for a bone marrow transplant. But he still had to undergo chemotherapy. Researchers say CRISPR could lead to better treatments. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Dr. Jennifer Puck, a SCID specialist at UCSF who pioneered the screening test, says Phoenix’s rash was the hallmark of an almost completely deficient immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The Jeffrey Modell Foundation maintains a map of states that have implemented infant SCID screening (\u003ca href=\"http://downloads.info4pi.org/pdfs/JMF_International_Map_3-9-2015.pdf\">PDF\u003c/a>), as well as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.info4pi.org/town-hall/newborn-screening\">list of states\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The baby’s rogue [immune] cells were attacking his own skin,” says Puck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left unchecked, she says, SCID is fatal. “Babies who don’t have this immunity start out getting one infection after another and can’t get over any of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Bubbles to Transplants\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A generation ago, SCID was commonly known as “bubble boy disease,” named after the kids (including one portrayed by John Travolta in a 1976 \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boy_in_the_Plastic_Bubble\">made-for-TV movie\u003c/a>) who spent their lives in plastic bubbles to shield them from germs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowadays SCID babies receive bone marrow transplants. Healthy donors contribute bone marrow capable of producing infection-fighting white blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transplanted into the blood stream of a SCID baby, the donated cells take up residence in the infant’s bone marrow and begin building a functional immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But transplants are tough on babies and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be difficult to find a good donor match. And even once one is found, most SCID babies must undergo chemotherapy to prepare their bodies for the transplanted cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_386\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 442px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-386\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-600x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"442\" height=\"442\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-600x600.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-768x768.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-320x320.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-75x75.jpg 75w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoenix is back at home now and doing \"great,\" says his mom, Kristen Wilkinson. (Photo courtesy Kristen Wilkinson)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kristen Wilkinson says the chemo was the hardest part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix had painful sores on the inside of his mouth. He stopped breastfeeding, had to be fed intravenously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was throwing up, really nauseous,” she says. “Anytime he was awake he was screaming. He never was awake and not screaming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hope for Future Treatment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Phoenix is six months old, home with his parents and doing well. But Dr. Puck and others want better treatment for babies like him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best idea, says Puck, would be to fix the SCID mutation in Phoenix’s own cells: Take them out, reprogram them so that they can make a functional immune system, and then put them back into his body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix would be his own donor. There would be no search for a donor match, no fear of rejection, no chemo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Actually just correcting the spelling mistake of the gene in the person, and not putting in any new genetic material is very attractive,” Puck says. \"That should be safer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene therapy, as this is called, is not a new strategy. But it’s proved to be a challenging one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to explain why is to picture a string of Christmas tree lights containing one broken bulb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Promising Treatment Backfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That string is the DNA, wound up inside the nucleus of a cell. The broken bulb is the mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you want to replace the broken bulb, but the string is too small to see. How do you know you’re taking out the right bulb and putting a new one in the correct place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, doctors in Europe tried this kind of fix on a group of babies with SCID, with mixed results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In placing the correct copy of the gene into a chromosome, we couldn’t direct where it was going to land,” says Puck. “And sometimes it landed in a dangerous spot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “dangerous spot” in this case, was next to a growth factor gene that was inadvertently turned on by the insertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growth factor genes incorrectly turned on are called oncogenes,” explains Puck. “Cancer genes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five children got Leukemia, induced by a treatment that had been intended to save their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of them recovered. One baby died. Puck says it was a devastating time for the entire field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole world mourned the loss of that baby,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter CRISPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Puck is excited about a new tool for making precise changes in a baby’s genome. It’s called CRISPR, an acronym for “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As UC Berkeley biologist Jennifer Doudna puts it, think of CRISPR as “a molecular scalpel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_389\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-389\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg\" alt=\"The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, shown in gold, at selected sites. The enzyme can be programmed to snip out mutated DNA and replace it with healthy DNA. This model was created from electron microscope images. (David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna/UC Berkeley)\" width=\"427\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg 427w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR-400x447.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR-320x357.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, shown in gold, at selected sites. The enzyme can be programmed to snip out mutated DNA and replace it with healthy DNA. This model was created from electron microscope images. (David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna/UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doudna isn’t a medical doctor, or even a medical researcher. She studies bacteria -- more specifically, an enzyme, called Cas9, produced by bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous scientists had noticed that these bacteria possess an unusually effective way of fighting off viruses. The bacteria were able to recognize viral DNA and use Cas9 to precisely disable the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Doudna and collaborators, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research_topics/bacterial_and_viral_pathogens/regulation_in_infection_biology/e_charpentier/\">Emmanuelle Charpentier\u003c/a>, took this a step further \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6096/816.abstract?sid=3750cfc2-3490-4c65-ab99-fb2a2b6099bc\">in a paper\u003c/a> in the journal Science that thrilled cell biologists around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper showed that biologists could program Cas9 -- arm it, in other words -- with a customized DNA payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They could direct the enzyme at virtually any cell, programmed to make whatever genetic change they wanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, says Doudna, “scientists can go into the DNA and make a precise change that corrects the mutations that give rise to disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “State of Wonder”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing the DNA in a cell: that idea had been around for a while. But CRISPR works dramatically better than the old ways. It’s more accurate, faster. A process that could take years of trial and error now took an inexpensive few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many scientists are just -- they're sort of in a state of wonder about this,” Doudna says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“CRISPR works in almost every organism it's been tried in.”\u003ccite>George Church, Harvard geneticist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On the day we met, Doudna was showing visitors around a brand-new research center at UC Berkeley, the \u003ca href=\"http://innovativegenomics.org/\">Innovative Genomics Initiative\u003c/a>, which is devoted to CRISPR research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now several such centers around the world and hundreds of researchers working with CRISPR on the cells of mice, cows, monkeys, plants and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CRISPR works in almost every organism it’s been tried in,” says Harvard geneticist George Church. “Dozens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church is quick to point out that there are currently no CRISPR-based treatments in clinical trials. The technology is too new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He believes this could change in a few years, though for which disease, it’s hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church reels off a few of what he thinks might be early contenders: “Sickle cell anemia, clotting diseases, muscular dystrophies, blindness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Oodles and Oodles of Money”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If CRISPR is a big deal for people who have these diseases, it’ll also be a big financial deal for the scientists who helped develop it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And by big, Jacob Sherkow, an associate professor at New York Law School and author of a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v33/n3/full/nbt.3160.html\">paper\u003c/a> on CRISPR in Nature Biotechnology, “big” means “oodles and oodles of money. Potentially in the $200 billion to $300 billion range.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-392\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-322x600.jpg\" alt=\"Crispr-Publications\" width=\"322\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-322x600.jpg 322w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-400x745.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-320x596.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications.jpg 550w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 322px) 100vw, 322px\">\u003c/a>This windfall, he says, could go to whoever holds key patents on CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/532796/who-owns-the-biggest-biotech-discovery-of-the-century/\">widely\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.genomeweb.com/rnai/crispr-cas9-technology-sets-take-uncertainty-swirls-around-ip-landscape\">reported\u003c/a>, even though the University of California filed Doudna and Charpentier's application first, a key CRISPR patent went to another researcher -- Feng Zhang at MIT’s Broad Institute, which filed afterwards, but paid an additional fee to have its application expedited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the subject of CRISPR patents, Doudna says only that she is “very confident in the UC position.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Zhang’s patent prevails, Doudna and her collaborators could find themselves in the position of having to license a technology they are widely credited with discovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very confident that we’re going to be able to do incredible science,\" she says, \"and we’ll let the dispute play out as it will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow says there are a number of ways this dispute could play out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US Patent Office could deny UC’s application and let Zhang's patent stand. Or it could reverse its earlier decision, revoking the Broad patent and awarding it to Doudna and her collaborators instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna and Zhang both point to a third possibility: that among what will likely be dozens of CRISPR patents it could be difficult, at this point, to know which one will be most lucrative or important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These early CRISPR patents, says Zhang “are just the first ones. There will be many more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a fourth possibility: that CRISPR could disappoint everyone, a “tempest in the teapot,” as George Church puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But I hope that’s not the case,” he says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note: One of our most fascinating stories of 2015 was this one, about a dramatic breakthrough that could help children suffering from the tragic illness known as \"Bubble-Boy Disease.\" This breakthrough in gene editing, using a tool called CRISPR, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/28/460705645/gene-editing-tool-hailed-as-a-breakthrough-and-it-really-is-one\" target=\"_blank\">revolutionizing medical research\u003c/a>. Science magazine has \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/scientific-community/2015/12/and-science-s-breakthrough-year\" target=\"_blank\">named CRISPR\u003c/a> the 2015 Breakthrough of the Year. We present this story again here, in case you missed it in March.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They named him Phoenix because he was born five weeks early while his parents were on vacation, and spent his first few weeks in an incubator. Kristen and Patrick Wilkinson thought they knew exactly which ashes their son might soon rise from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they got him home to San Francisco things just got worse, Kristen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix wasn’t gaining weight. He had a persistent skin rash. Eventually he was admitted to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/\">UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital\u003c/a> with a diagnosis of “failure to thrive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix had been born in Kentucky, a state where, unlike in California, infants are not routinely screened for a disease called SCID -- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. So at first, California doctors puzzled over what might be wrong with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_384\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 669px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-669x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"669\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-669x600.jpg 669w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-400x359.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-768x689.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-320x287.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 669px) 100vw, 669px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoenix was lucky: His doctors found a good match for a bone marrow transplant. But he still had to undergo chemotherapy. Researchers say CRISPR could lead to better treatments. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Dr. Jennifer Puck, a SCID specialist at UCSF who pioneered the screening test, says Phoenix’s rash was the hallmark of an almost completely deficient immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The Jeffrey Modell Foundation maintains a map of states that have implemented infant SCID screening (\u003ca href=\"http://downloads.info4pi.org/pdfs/JMF_International_Map_3-9-2015.pdf\">PDF\u003c/a>), as well as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.info4pi.org/town-hall/newborn-screening\">list of states\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The baby’s rogue [immune] cells were attacking his own skin,” says Puck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left unchecked, she says, SCID is fatal. “Babies who don’t have this immunity start out getting one infection after another and can’t get over any of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Bubbles to Transplants\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A generation ago, SCID was commonly known as “bubble boy disease,” named after the kids (including one portrayed by John Travolta in a 1976 \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boy_in_the_Plastic_Bubble\">made-for-TV movie\u003c/a>) who spent their lives in plastic bubbles to shield them from germs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowadays SCID babies receive bone marrow transplants. Healthy donors contribute bone marrow capable of producing infection-fighting white blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transplanted into the blood stream of a SCID baby, the donated cells take up residence in the infant’s bone marrow and begin building a functional immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But transplants are tough on babies and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be difficult to find a good donor match. And even once one is found, most SCID babies must undergo chemotherapy to prepare their bodies for the transplanted cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_386\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 442px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-386\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-600x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"442\" height=\"442\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-600x600.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-768x768.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-320x320.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-75x75.jpg 75w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoenix is back at home now and doing \"great,\" says his mom, Kristen Wilkinson. (Photo courtesy Kristen Wilkinson)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kristen Wilkinson says the chemo was the hardest part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix had painful sores on the inside of his mouth. He stopped breastfeeding, had to be fed intravenously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was throwing up, really nauseous,” she says. “Anytime he was awake he was screaming. He never was awake and not screaming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hope for Future Treatment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Phoenix is six months old, home with his parents and doing well. But Dr. Puck and others want better treatment for babies like him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best idea, says Puck, would be to fix the SCID mutation in Phoenix’s own cells: Take them out, reprogram them so that they can make a functional immune system, and then put them back into his body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix would be his own donor. There would be no search for a donor match, no fear of rejection, no chemo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Actually just correcting the spelling mistake of the gene in the person, and not putting in any new genetic material is very attractive,” Puck says. \"That should be safer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene therapy, as this is called, is not a new strategy. But it’s proved to be a challenging one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to explain why is to picture a string of Christmas tree lights containing one broken bulb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Promising Treatment Backfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That string is the DNA, wound up inside the nucleus of a cell. The broken bulb is the mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you want to replace the broken bulb, but the string is too small to see. How do you know you’re taking out the right bulb and putting a new one in the correct place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, doctors in Europe tried this kind of fix on a group of babies with SCID, with mixed results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In placing the correct copy of the gene into a chromosome, we couldn’t direct where it was going to land,” says Puck. “And sometimes it landed in a dangerous spot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “dangerous spot” in this case, was next to a growth factor gene that was inadvertently turned on by the insertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growth factor genes incorrectly turned on are called oncogenes,” explains Puck. “Cancer genes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five children got Leukemia, induced by a treatment that had been intended to save their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of them recovered. One baby died. Puck says it was a devastating time for the entire field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole world mourned the loss of that baby,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter CRISPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Puck is excited about a new tool for making precise changes in a baby’s genome. It’s called CRISPR, an acronym for “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As UC Berkeley biologist Jennifer Doudna puts it, think of CRISPR as “a molecular scalpel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_389\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-389\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg\" alt=\"The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, shown in gold, at selected sites. The enzyme can be programmed to snip out mutated DNA and replace it with healthy DNA. This model was created from electron microscope images. (David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna/UC Berkeley)\" width=\"427\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg 427w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR-400x447.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR-320x357.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, shown in gold, at selected sites. The enzyme can be programmed to snip out mutated DNA and replace it with healthy DNA. This model was created from electron microscope images. (David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna/UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doudna isn’t a medical doctor, or even a medical researcher. She studies bacteria -- more specifically, an enzyme, called Cas9, produced by bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous scientists had noticed that these bacteria possess an unusually effective way of fighting off viruses. The bacteria were able to recognize viral DNA and use Cas9 to precisely disable the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Doudna and collaborators, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research_topics/bacterial_and_viral_pathogens/regulation_in_infection_biology/e_charpentier/\">Emmanuelle Charpentier\u003c/a>, took this a step further \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6096/816.abstract?sid=3750cfc2-3490-4c65-ab99-fb2a2b6099bc\">in a paper\u003c/a> in the journal Science that thrilled cell biologists around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper showed that biologists could program Cas9 -- arm it, in other words -- with a customized DNA payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They could direct the enzyme at virtually any cell, programmed to make whatever genetic change they wanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, says Doudna, “scientists can go into the DNA and make a precise change that corrects the mutations that give rise to disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “State of Wonder”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing the DNA in a cell: that idea had been around for a while. But CRISPR works dramatically better than the old ways. It’s more accurate, faster. A process that could take years of trial and error now took an inexpensive few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many scientists are just -- they're sort of in a state of wonder about this,” Doudna says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“CRISPR works in almost every organism it's been tried in.”\u003ccite>George Church, Harvard geneticist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On the day we met, Doudna was showing visitors around a brand-new research center at UC Berkeley, the \u003ca href=\"http://innovativegenomics.org/\">Innovative Genomics Initiative\u003c/a>, which is devoted to CRISPR research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now several such centers around the world and hundreds of researchers working with CRISPR on the cells of mice, cows, monkeys, plants and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CRISPR works in almost every organism it’s been tried in,” says Harvard geneticist George Church. “Dozens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church is quick to point out that there are currently no CRISPR-based treatments in clinical trials. The technology is too new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He believes this could change in a few years, though for which disease, it’s hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church reels off a few of what he thinks might be early contenders: “Sickle cell anemia, clotting diseases, muscular dystrophies, blindness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Oodles and Oodles of Money”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If CRISPR is a big deal for people who have these diseases, it’ll also be a big financial deal for the scientists who helped develop it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And by big, Jacob Sherkow, an associate professor at New York Law School and author of a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v33/n3/full/nbt.3160.html\">paper\u003c/a> on CRISPR in Nature Biotechnology, “big” means “oodles and oodles of money. Potentially in the $200 billion to $300 billion range.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-392\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-322x600.jpg\" alt=\"Crispr-Publications\" width=\"322\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-322x600.jpg 322w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-400x745.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-320x596.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications.jpg 550w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 322px) 100vw, 322px\">\u003c/a>This windfall, he says, could go to whoever holds key patents on CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/532796/who-owns-the-biggest-biotech-discovery-of-the-century/\">widely\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.genomeweb.com/rnai/crispr-cas9-technology-sets-take-uncertainty-swirls-around-ip-landscape\">reported\u003c/a>, even though the University of California filed Doudna and Charpentier's application first, a key CRISPR patent went to another researcher -- Feng Zhang at MIT’s Broad Institute, which filed afterwards, but paid an additional fee to have its application expedited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the subject of CRISPR patents, Doudna says only that she is “very confident in the UC position.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Zhang’s patent prevails, Doudna and her collaborators could find themselves in the position of having to license a technology they are widely credited with discovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very confident that we’re going to be able to do incredible science,\" she says, \"and we’ll let the dispute play out as it will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow says there are a number of ways this dispute could play out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US Patent Office could deny UC’s application and let Zhang's patent stand. Or it could reverse its earlier decision, revoking the Broad patent and awarding it to Doudna and her collaborators instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna and Zhang both point to a third possibility: that among what will likely be dozens of CRISPR patents it could be difficult, at this point, to know which one will be most lucrative or important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These early CRISPR patents, says Zhang “are just the first ones. There will be many more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a fourth possibility: that CRISPR could disappoint everyone, a “tempest in the teapot,” as George Church puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But I hope that’s not the case,” he says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "One Curious Man, One Dogged Woman and the Breakthrough That Changed Cancer Treatment",
"title": "One Curious Man, One Dogged Woman and the Breakthrough That Changed Cancer Treatment",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>A novel immunotherapy drug is credited for successfully treating former President Jimmy Carter's advanced melanoma. Instead of killing cancer cells, these drugs boost the patient's immune system, which does the job instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immunotherapy is cutting-edge cancer treatment, but the idea dates back more than 100 years, to a young surgeon who was willing to think outside the box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His name was \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1888599/\" target=\"_blank\">William Coley\u003c/a>, and in the late summer of 1890 he was getting ready to examine a new patient at his practice in New York City. What he didn't know was that the young woman waiting to see him would change his life and the future of cancer research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her name was \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancerresearch.org/news-publications/our-blog/december-2013/the-legacy-of-bessie-dashiell\" target=\"_blank\">Elizabeth Dashiell\u003c/a>, also known as Bessie, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.hss.edu/anatomy-of-a-hospital.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. David Levine\u003c/a>, director of archives at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York. Bessie was 17 and showed up complaining of a problem with her hand. It seemed like a minor injury, just a small bump where she'd hurt it, but it wasn't getting better, and she was in a lot of pain. She'd seen other doctors but nobody could diagnose the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_90267\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-90267\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-90267\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-800x595.jpg\" alt=\"Anthrax bacteri (green) being enveloped by an immune system cell (purple). \" width=\"403\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-800x595.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-400x297.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-768x571.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-1180x878.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-1920x1428.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-960x714.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthrax bacteri (green) being enveloped by an immune system cell (purple). \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/zeissmicro/14255824790/in/photolist-nHJQ3A-5Sz1Fv-9V3WxK-mebRNV-qj3zX7-pnmh6F-zwSSBQ-zcKp7R-qj6ZJx-vuR3XW-q2xzQy-mecAcv-pGAGXn-khyix6-q2xxLU-pnmavr-6jJUGv-qiVPq2-qj3G7b-q2xraY-BMNfiJ-q4o8ZF-9v44F-3uh5U-qFUC5c-6enjRC-5RqRYs-yZDUSm-BUYx4R-oKT7HB-ffJ5KX-vMLopF-7hMvrC-4wZD9m-qpqJNg-pK6Nxa-qDA5jq-qpsfDp-qpjoj3-qpiDMN-qFSxzx-qpsfDV-53ZMuY-q2G93n-qj712B-q2ycxN-oaK3VW-B5RbgT-4wgEuR-bWtfi2\" target=\"_blank\">Zeiss Microscopy\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first Coley thought Bessie must have an infection. But when he took a biopsy, it turned out to be a malignant, very advanced cancer called a \u003ca href=\"http://cancergenome.nih.gov/cancersselected/Sarcoma\" target=\"_blank\">sarcoma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those days there wasn't very much anyone could do for Bessie. This was before radiation and chemotherapy, so Coley did the only thing he could — he amputated Bessie's right arm just below the elbow in an attempt to stop the disease from spreading. Sadly, it didn't work, and within a month, according to David Levine, the cancer had spread \"to her lungs, to her liver and all over her body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bessie's final days were wrenching and painful. Coley was with her when she died on Jan. 23, 1891.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coley Discovers a Clue\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBessie's death made a huge impression on the young surgeon. \"It really shocked him,\" says Stephen Hall, who wrote about Coley in his book A Commotion in the Blood: Life, Death and the Immune System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bessie's death also spurred Coley into action. There wasn't a lot known about cancer at the time, so Coley started digging through dozens upon dozens of old records at New York Hospital. He was looking for something that would help him understand this cruel and aggressive disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a student, Coley had read Charles Darwin, and one of the lessons he took away from Darwin, Hall says, was to always pay attention when there's a biological exception to the rule. \"To ask yourself: Why this has happened?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coley discovered one of these biological exceptions. It was the case of a German immigrant named \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancercommons.org/news/deploying-the-bodys-army-3/\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Stein\u003c/a>. Stein had been a patient in New York Hospital eight years earlier. He had a tumor on his neck that doctors tried to remove several times. Unfortunately for Stein, the tumor kept coming back and doctors expected him to die from the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This was a phenomenon that occurred rarely, but when you saw it you were utterly astonished.'\u003ccite>Stephen Hall, Author\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Then Stein contracted a serious infection of the skin caused by the strep bacteria. \"It looked like Stein's days were numbered,\" Levine says. But Stein didn't die. In fact, his tumor disappeared, and he was discharged. Coley wondered if all these years later, Stein could still be alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in the winter of 1891, William Coley the surgeon became William Coley the detective. He headed for the tenements of the Lower East Side of Manhattan where the German immigrant community lived. He knocked on door after door asking for a man named Fred Stein who had a distinctive scar across his neck. After several weeks of searching, Coley found him alive and cancer-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can an Infection Reverse Cancer?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSo why did Stein's cancer go away and stay away after he got a bacterial infection? Coley speculated that the strep infection had reversed the cancer, and wondered what would happen if he tried to reproduce the effect by deliberately injecting cancer patients with bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He decided to test his idea on people who were the most seriously ill. His first subject was an Italian immigrant named Zola who, just like Bessie Dashiell, was suffering from sarcoma. Zola had tumors riddling his throat. He was so sick he could barely eat or speak or even breathe. For months Coley would try to make Zola sick from infection by creating little cuts and rubbing the strep bacteria into them, Hall says. There would be \"a slight response but not too much.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"dEZABMC5O0IgqBBQtJHLdKLUpAr5WtJx\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Coley got his hands on a much stronger strain of the bacteria. This time, Zola became violently ill with an infection that could easily have killed him. But within 24 hours, Zola's orange-sized tumor began to liquefy and disintegrate. \"This was a phenomenon that occurred rarely, but when you saw it you were utterly astonished,\" Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zola completely recovered. Coley knew he was on to something. He kept experimenting and refining his use of bacteria. Eventually, he named the treatment \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7724661\" target=\"_blank\">Coley's toxins\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was an exciting time. Coley was having tremendous success and his efforts were celebrated in America and abroad. But Bradley Coley Jr., William Coley's grandson, says the American medical establishment at the time was skeptical. Nobody knew how Coley's toxins worked, or why they worked sometimes and not others. Not even Coley could explain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's largely because the immune system was still a mystery and would remain so for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coley's Discovery Almost Disappeared\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen radiation therapy came along in the early 1900s, interest in Coley's toxins was completely overshadowed by this new therapy. When his grandfather died, Bradley Coley says, \"All interest in [Coley's toxins] stopped.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And quite possibly, that's where Coley's legacy would have ended except for this: After Coley's death in 1936, his daughter, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cornwallhistoricalsociety.org/exhibits/women/nauts.html\" target=\"_blank\">Helen Coley Nauts\u003c/a>, started looking through her father's papers while doing research for his biography. She found about 1,000 files of patients her father had treated with Coley's toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She spent years carefully analyzing these cases and could see that he had extraordinary rates of success in regressing some cancerous tumors. She couldn't get anyone interested in studying her father's work, so she decided to do it herself. With a small grant, in 1953 Helen Coley Nauts started the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancerresearch.org/about/history\" target=\"_blank\">Cancer Research Institute\u003c/a>, dedicated to understanding the immune system and its relationship to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the more than 60 years since, researchers have expanded their understanding of the immune system dramatically and today, that understanding is paying off. Treatments that harness the power of the immune system are now available for a range of cancers such as stomach, lung, leukemia, melanoma and kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/doctors/jedd-wolchok\" target=\"_blank\">Jedd Wolchok\u003c/a>, chief of the melanoma and immunotherapeutics service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, says any treatment currently in use that exploits the power of the immune system to fight cancer has to \"tip its hat\" to the work William Coley began more than 100 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Every breakthrough in medical science owes a debt to someone who wouldn't give up. This story starts more than 100 years ago.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A novel immunotherapy drug is credited for successfully treating former President Jimmy Carter's advanced melanoma. Instead of killing cancer cells, these drugs boost the patient's immune system, which does the job instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immunotherapy is cutting-edge cancer treatment, but the idea dates back more than 100 years, to a young surgeon who was willing to think outside the box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His name was \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1888599/\" target=\"_blank\">William Coley\u003c/a>, and in the late summer of 1890 he was getting ready to examine a new patient at his practice in New York City. What he didn't know was that the young woman waiting to see him would change his life and the future of cancer research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her name was \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancerresearch.org/news-publications/our-blog/december-2013/the-legacy-of-bessie-dashiell\" target=\"_blank\">Elizabeth Dashiell\u003c/a>, also known as Bessie, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.hss.edu/anatomy-of-a-hospital.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. David Levine\u003c/a>, director of archives at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York. Bessie was 17 and showed up complaining of a problem with her hand. It seemed like a minor injury, just a small bump where she'd hurt it, but it wasn't getting better, and she was in a lot of pain. She'd seen other doctors but nobody could diagnose the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_90267\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-90267\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-90267\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-800x595.jpg\" alt=\"Anthrax bacteri (green) being enveloped by an immune system cell (purple). \" width=\"403\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-800x595.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-400x297.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-768x571.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-1180x878.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-1920x1428.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-960x714.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthrax bacteri (green) being enveloped by an immune system cell (purple). \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/zeissmicro/14255824790/in/photolist-nHJQ3A-5Sz1Fv-9V3WxK-mebRNV-qj3zX7-pnmh6F-zwSSBQ-zcKp7R-qj6ZJx-vuR3XW-q2xzQy-mecAcv-pGAGXn-khyix6-q2xxLU-pnmavr-6jJUGv-qiVPq2-qj3G7b-q2xraY-BMNfiJ-q4o8ZF-9v44F-3uh5U-qFUC5c-6enjRC-5RqRYs-yZDUSm-BUYx4R-oKT7HB-ffJ5KX-vMLopF-7hMvrC-4wZD9m-qpqJNg-pK6Nxa-qDA5jq-qpsfDp-qpjoj3-qpiDMN-qFSxzx-qpsfDV-53ZMuY-q2G93n-qj712B-q2ycxN-oaK3VW-B5RbgT-4wgEuR-bWtfi2\" target=\"_blank\">Zeiss Microscopy\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first Coley thought Bessie must have an infection. But when he took a biopsy, it turned out to be a malignant, very advanced cancer called a \u003ca href=\"http://cancergenome.nih.gov/cancersselected/Sarcoma\" target=\"_blank\">sarcoma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those days there wasn't very much anyone could do for Bessie. This was before radiation and chemotherapy, so Coley did the only thing he could — he amputated Bessie's right arm just below the elbow in an attempt to stop the disease from spreading. Sadly, it didn't work, and within a month, according to David Levine, the cancer had spread \"to her lungs, to her liver and all over her body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bessie's final days were wrenching and painful. Coley was with her when she died on Jan. 23, 1891.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coley Discovers a Clue\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBessie's death made a huge impression on the young surgeon. \"It really shocked him,\" says Stephen Hall, who wrote about Coley in his book A Commotion in the Blood: Life, Death and the Immune System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bessie's death also spurred Coley into action. There wasn't a lot known about cancer at the time, so Coley started digging through dozens upon dozens of old records at New York Hospital. He was looking for something that would help him understand this cruel and aggressive disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a student, Coley had read Charles Darwin, and one of the lessons he took away from Darwin, Hall says, was to always pay attention when there's a biological exception to the rule. \"To ask yourself: Why this has happened?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coley discovered one of these biological exceptions. It was the case of a German immigrant named \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancercommons.org/news/deploying-the-bodys-army-3/\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Stein\u003c/a>. Stein had been a patient in New York Hospital eight years earlier. He had a tumor on his neck that doctors tried to remove several times. Unfortunately for Stein, the tumor kept coming back and doctors expected him to die from the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This was a phenomenon that occurred rarely, but when you saw it you were utterly astonished.'\u003ccite>Stephen Hall, Author\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Then Stein contracted a serious infection of the skin caused by the strep bacteria. \"It looked like Stein's days were numbered,\" Levine says. But Stein didn't die. In fact, his tumor disappeared, and he was discharged. Coley wondered if all these years later, Stein could still be alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in the winter of 1891, William Coley the surgeon became William Coley the detective. He headed for the tenements of the Lower East Side of Manhattan where the German immigrant community lived. He knocked on door after door asking for a man named Fred Stein who had a distinctive scar across his neck. After several weeks of searching, Coley found him alive and cancer-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can an Infection Reverse Cancer?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSo why did Stein's cancer go away and stay away after he got a bacterial infection? Coley speculated that the strep infection had reversed the cancer, and wondered what would happen if he tried to reproduce the effect by deliberately injecting cancer patients with bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He decided to test his idea on people who were the most seriously ill. His first subject was an Italian immigrant named Zola who, just like Bessie Dashiell, was suffering from sarcoma. Zola had tumors riddling his throat. He was so sick he could barely eat or speak or even breathe. For months Coley would try to make Zola sick from infection by creating little cuts and rubbing the strep bacteria into them, Hall says. There would be \"a slight response but not too much.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Coley got his hands on a much stronger strain of the bacteria. This time, Zola became violently ill with an infection that could easily have killed him. But within 24 hours, Zola's orange-sized tumor began to liquefy and disintegrate. \"This was a phenomenon that occurred rarely, but when you saw it you were utterly astonished,\" Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zola completely recovered. Coley knew he was on to something. He kept experimenting and refining his use of bacteria. Eventually, he named the treatment \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7724661\" target=\"_blank\">Coley's toxins\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was an exciting time. Coley was having tremendous success and his efforts were celebrated in America and abroad. But Bradley Coley Jr., William Coley's grandson, says the American medical establishment at the time was skeptical. Nobody knew how Coley's toxins worked, or why they worked sometimes and not others. Not even Coley could explain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's largely because the immune system was still a mystery and would remain so for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coley's Discovery Almost Disappeared\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen radiation therapy came along in the early 1900s, interest in Coley's toxins was completely overshadowed by this new therapy. When his grandfather died, Bradley Coley says, \"All interest in [Coley's toxins] stopped.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And quite possibly, that's where Coley's legacy would have ended except for this: After Coley's death in 1936, his daughter, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cornwallhistoricalsociety.org/exhibits/women/nauts.html\" target=\"_blank\">Helen Coley Nauts\u003c/a>, started looking through her father's papers while doing research for his biography. She found about 1,000 files of patients her father had treated with Coley's toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She spent years carefully analyzing these cases and could see that he had extraordinary rates of success in regressing some cancerous tumors. She couldn't get anyone interested in studying her father's work, so she decided to do it herself. With a small grant, in 1953 Helen Coley Nauts started the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancerresearch.org/about/history\" target=\"_blank\">Cancer Research Institute\u003c/a>, dedicated to understanding the immune system and its relationship to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the more than 60 years since, researchers have expanded their understanding of the immune system dramatically and today, that understanding is paying off. Treatments that harness the power of the immune system are now available for a range of cancers such as stomach, lung, leukemia, melanoma and kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/doctors/jedd-wolchok\" target=\"_blank\">Jedd Wolchok\u003c/a>, chief of the melanoma and immunotherapeutics service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, says any treatment currently in use that exploits the power of the immune system to fight cancer has to \"tip its hat\" to the work William Coley began more than 100 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "More Bay Area Kids Getting Vaccinated, Preliminary Numbers Show",
"title": "More Bay Area Kids Getting Vaccinated, Preliminary Numbers Show",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the face of a measles outbreak tied to Disneyland and the heated debate around a legislative move to end parents' option not to vaccinate their children, vaccination rates are increasing across the Bay Area, a KQED analysis of preliminary state data shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All incoming California kindergarteners are required to be vaccinated against a range of diseases, unless the child has a medical exemption or a personal belief exemption (PBE) on file with their school. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">A new state law\u003c/a>, known as \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">SB 277\u003c/a>, will end the PBE in July, but during the current school year, the exemption is still permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote align right\">'The outbreak of measles was a real wake up call for all of us.' \u003ccite>Dr. Matt Willis, Marin County public health officer \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Statewide, the PBE rate declined from 2.54 percent of incoming kindergartners to 2.33 percent. In addition, the percent of children receiving both doses of the measles, mumps, rubella -- or \"MMR\" -- vaccine increased from 92.55 percent to 94.59 percent statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can only assume that this is in part a response to ... the measles outbreak and the publicity that that received,\" said Art Reingold, head of epidemiology at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health. \"It's unfortunate that fear or outbreaks of disease are necessary to get people to do what we'd like them to do, but I think that's human nature.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health collects vaccination rates from every kindergarten, public or private, with more than 10 students. It then \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Pages/ImmunizationLevels.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">publishes \u003c/a>a downloadable data set and a separate summary document. This year, CDPH published the data set on its site last Thursday, Dec. 24. The summary document was not published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED downloaded the data and calculated a PBE rate and an MMR rate for nine Bay Area counties and a statewide average. We contacted CDPH to request an interview about our analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But late Monday, after calls from reporters, CDPH deleted the data set from its site, saying it was preliminary and incomplete, and said final data would be published by mid-January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the KQED analysis, across the Bay Area, most counties saw a decline in the PBE rate when compared to last year, with the exceptions of Contra Costa and Santa Clara counties, where the rates are already below the statewide average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Contra Costa's PBE rate was 1.90 percent; this year it increased slightly to 1.97 percent. Santa Clara's rate was 1.57 percent last year; this year it also increased slightly to 1.62 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PBE rates for other Bay Area counties declined, as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Alameda: 1.54 percent last year to 1.20 percent this year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marin: from 6.45 to 5.97 percent this year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Napa: from 3.18 to 3.15 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Francisco: from 1.80 to 1.46 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Mateo: from 1.85 to 1.62 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Solano: from 1.80 to 1.50 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sonoma: from 5.54 to 4.69 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Marin County has long had the highest PBE rate in the Bay Area, but county public health officer Dr. Matt Willis called the decline in Marin's PBE rate this year \"great news\" and said it was the third year in a row of increasing vaccination rates. \"We haven't seen this many children vaccinated in Marin County since 2007,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area counties saw a corresponding increase in rates of the MMR vaccine, with the exception of Napa County, where there was a small decrease. Last year, Napa's MMR rate was 94.74 percent; this year it declined slightly to 94.51 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the MMR vaccination rates for the other Bay Area counties:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Alameda: from 91.40 percent last year to 97.11 percent this year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contra Costa: from 95.52 percent to 96.34 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marin: 88.03 percent to 90.97 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Francisco: from 89.63 percent to 94.45 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Mateo: from 94.83 percent to 96.57 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Santa Clara: from 95.33 percent to 96.29 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Solano: from 95.41 percent to 95.99 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sonoma: from 91.48 percent to 93.70 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Alameda County had the most dramatic increase in the Bay Area in its MMR rate, more than 5.5 percentage points. Erica Pan, deputy health officer with the Alameda County Public Health Department, said that staff had noticed more than a year ago that there were many children who were not up to date on immunizations. The health department launched an outreach effort to help get children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ZugDxUbK78gNenbhpe38Q9Te7QQc793p\"]The work has paid off. Over the past few years, kindergarteners up to date on vaccines had ranged from 86 to 89 percent. This year it's more than 96 percent, Pan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Between our work with the staff and various leadership, and public awareness,\" she said, \"that's how we made some really dramatic improvement. We're really excited to see the huge change in Alameda County.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willis, Pan and Reingold all said that a driver of the increase in vaccination rates was the widespread news coverage of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" target=\"_blank\">measles outbreak earlier this year\u003c/a> and the vocal debate around SB277, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">law signed by Gov. Jerry Brown in June\u003c/a> that ends a parent's option to refuse vaccination for their children for personal reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The outbreak of measles was a real wake up call for all of us around this issue,\" Willis said. \"It gave us a chance to speak openly as a community about what vaccination does for us, it gave us a chance to understand vaccination as a matter of community responsibility.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley pediatrician Olivia Lang said she's seen a change among families in her practice. \"There were a lot of families who had been waffling on vaccines, but perhaps were not strong believers in anti-vaccination ideals,\" she said. \"But now they're saying, 'Well, I guess we're going to have to do it,'\" and so they are having their children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 277 takes effect July 1. Starting with the 2016-2017 school year, all kindergarteners and 7th graders in California will need to be up to date on vaccines to enter school. Only those children who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons will be exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Richard Pan, D-Sacramento, was co-author of the new law. In an interview Monday, he said that the vocal debate around the passage of the bill helped many parents to learn more about vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is part of the momentum where people realize there’s a lot of misinformation about vaccines,\" he said. \"During the 277 debate they saw in the news that vaccines are important, that diseases have not gone away. People became educated and more aware of the importance of vaccinations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement late Monday afternoon, state epidemiologist Dr. Gil Chavez said, \"The summary reports and [final] immunization status data are anticipated to be posted by Jan. 15, 2016.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the face of a measles outbreak tied to Disneyland and the heated debate around a legislative move to end parents' option not to vaccinate their children, vaccination rates are increasing across the Bay Area, a KQED analysis of preliminary state data shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All incoming California kindergarteners are required to be vaccinated against a range of diseases, unless the child has a medical exemption or a personal belief exemption (PBE) on file with their school. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">A new state law\u003c/a>, known as \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">SB 277\u003c/a>, will end the PBE in July, but during the current school year, the exemption is still permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote align right\">'The outbreak of measles was a real wake up call for all of us.' \u003ccite>Dr. Matt Willis, Marin County public health officer \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Statewide, the PBE rate declined from 2.54 percent of incoming kindergartners to 2.33 percent. In addition, the percent of children receiving both doses of the measles, mumps, rubella -- or \"MMR\" -- vaccine increased from 92.55 percent to 94.59 percent statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can only assume that this is in part a response to ... the measles outbreak and the publicity that that received,\" said Art Reingold, head of epidemiology at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health. \"It's unfortunate that fear or outbreaks of disease are necessary to get people to do what we'd like them to do, but I think that's human nature.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health collects vaccination rates from every kindergarten, public or private, with more than 10 students. It then \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Pages/ImmunizationLevels.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">publishes \u003c/a>a downloadable data set and a separate summary document. This year, CDPH published the data set on its site last Thursday, Dec. 24. The summary document was not published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED downloaded the data and calculated a PBE rate and an MMR rate for nine Bay Area counties and a statewide average. We contacted CDPH to request an interview about our analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But late Monday, after calls from reporters, CDPH deleted the data set from its site, saying it was preliminary and incomplete, and said final data would be published by mid-January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the KQED analysis, across the Bay Area, most counties saw a decline in the PBE rate when compared to last year, with the exceptions of Contra Costa and Santa Clara counties, where the rates are already below the statewide average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Contra Costa's PBE rate was 1.90 percent; this year it increased slightly to 1.97 percent. Santa Clara's rate was 1.57 percent last year; this year it also increased slightly to 1.62 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The PBE rates for other Bay Area counties declined, as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Alameda: 1.54 percent last year to 1.20 percent this year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marin: from 6.45 to 5.97 percent this year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Napa: from 3.18 to 3.15 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Francisco: from 1.80 to 1.46 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Mateo: from 1.85 to 1.62 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Solano: from 1.80 to 1.50 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sonoma: from 5.54 to 4.69 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Marin County has long had the highest PBE rate in the Bay Area, but county public health officer Dr. Matt Willis called the decline in Marin's PBE rate this year \"great news\" and said it was the third year in a row of increasing vaccination rates. \"We haven't seen this many children vaccinated in Marin County since 2007,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area counties saw a corresponding increase in rates of the MMR vaccine, with the exception of Napa County, where there was a small decrease. Last year, Napa's MMR rate was 94.74 percent; this year it declined slightly to 94.51 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are the MMR vaccination rates for the other Bay Area counties:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Alameda: from 91.40 percent last year to 97.11 percent this year\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contra Costa: from 95.52 percent to 96.34 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marin: 88.03 percent to 90.97 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Francisco: from 89.63 percent to 94.45 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Mateo: from 94.83 percent to 96.57 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Santa Clara: from 95.33 percent to 96.29 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Solano: from 95.41 percent to 95.99 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sonoma: from 91.48 percent to 93.70 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Alameda County had the most dramatic increase in the Bay Area in its MMR rate, more than 5.5 percentage points. Erica Pan, deputy health officer with the Alameda County Public Health Department, said that staff had noticed more than a year ago that there were many children who were not up to date on immunizations. The health department launched an outreach effort to help get children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The work has paid off. Over the past few years, kindergarteners up to date on vaccines had ranged from 86 to 89 percent. This year it's more than 96 percent, Pan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Between our work with the staff and various leadership, and public awareness,\" she said, \"that's how we made some really dramatic improvement. We're really excited to see the huge change in Alameda County.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willis, Pan and Reingold all said that a driver of the increase in vaccination rates was the widespread news coverage of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" target=\"_blank\">measles outbreak earlier this year\u003c/a> and the vocal debate around SB277, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">law signed by Gov. Jerry Brown in June\u003c/a> that ends a parent's option to refuse vaccination for their children for personal reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The outbreak of measles was a real wake up call for all of us around this issue,\" Willis said. \"It gave us a chance to speak openly as a community about what vaccination does for us, it gave us a chance to understand vaccination as a matter of community responsibility.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley pediatrician Olivia Lang said she's seen a change among families in her practice. \"There were a lot of families who had been waffling on vaccines, but perhaps were not strong believers in anti-vaccination ideals,\" she said. \"But now they're saying, 'Well, I guess we're going to have to do it,'\" and so they are having their children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SB 277 takes effect July 1. Starting with the 2016-2017 school year, all kindergarteners and 7th graders in California will need to be up to date on vaccines to enter school. Only those children who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons will be exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Richard Pan, D-Sacramento, was co-author of the new law. In an interview Monday, he said that the vocal debate around the passage of the bill helped many parents to learn more about vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is part of the momentum where people realize there’s a lot of misinformation about vaccines,\" he said. \"During the 277 debate they saw in the news that vaccines are important, that diseases have not gone away. People became educated and more aware of the importance of vaccinations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement late Monday afternoon, state epidemiologist Dr. Gil Chavez said, \"The summary reports and [final] immunization status data are anticipated to be posted by Jan. 15, 2016.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Science Can Help Prevent a (Bad) Hangover",
"headTitle": "How Science Can Help Prevent a (Bad) Hangover | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This story ran originally on Dec. 29, 2014. Amy Standen is now a reporter at \u003ca href=\"https://gimletmedia.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gimlet Media\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hangovers are a neglected topic, at least in the annals of science. Search “alcoholism” on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=alcoholism\">PubMed \u003c/a>and you’ll find 76,131 studies published in peer-reviewed science journals. “Hangovers” yields a mere \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=hangover\">520\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of those were authored by Michael Shlipak, a physician at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Most of the time, Shlipak studies kidney function. But a couple of oft-cited studies on hangovers in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10836917\">2000 \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226168\">2004 \u003c/a>have earned him the distinction of being a “hangover expert,” a title he accepts somewhat reluctantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went to meet Shlipak at his office in San Francisco’s Outer Richmond district. His spectacular view of the Pacific coast would probably be a balm after a rocky night out. What Shlipak told me about hangovers is surprising, as you’ll see in the video below (use the audio player above to hear the complete interview segment).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After you watch it, scroll down for some recipes that might (might!) help take the edge off of that New Year’s misery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://youtu.be/mY1A6LwqsRU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So You Want to Try Prickly Pear at Home?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, two Big Caveats here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Caveat #1\u003c/em>: first is that in Shlipak’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226168\">study\u003c/a>, the prickly pear was consumed \u003cem>before\u003c/em> study subjects went out drinking. The science here is far from certain, but Shlipak was concerned that the prickly pear wouldn’t digest as well in a belly full of booze. By the time the hangover has set in, he says, it’s probably too late. So think of it as prevention, not antidote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Caveat #2:\u003c/em> No one knows exactly how much prickly pear you’d have to eat to tame that hangover. In Shlipak’s study, researchers used an extract. But dosages vary widely in nutritional supplements, which is why Shlipak told me he’d stick with the raw fruit itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How much ?” I asked. “Lots,” he answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With those troublesome details out of the way, here are a couple of recipes I found online for prickly pear. (Of course, you could also just peel it and eat it raw. I bought a couple at a local market and found them to be quite tasty, kind of like a tart cucumber.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Prickly Pear Sorbet! Sounds like just the thing for your pre-New Years ramp-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"embedly-card\" href=\"http://www.rickbayless.com/recipe/monte-cristos-prickly-pear-sorbet/\">Monte Cristo’s Prickly Pear Sorbet\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And from Dr. Oz (not known for his \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/alicegwalton/2014/12/22/the-best-medical-advice-it-may-be-to-stay-away-from-dr-ozs/\">sound medical advice\u003c/a>, but if nothing else, this sounds delicious), a non-alcoholic prickly pear cocktail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"embedly-card\" href=\"http://www.doctoroz.com/recipe/hangover-cure-prickly-pear-cocktail\">Hangover Cure Prickly Pear Cocktail\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, because nothing says New Years Eve like salad and chia seeds, this attractive vinaigrette.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca class=\"embedly-card\" href=\"http://michelepeterson.com/3243-healthy-prickly-pear-chia-salad-dressing-recipe/\">Healthy prickly pear + chia salad dressing | A Taste for Travel with Michele Peterson\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This story ran originally on Dec. 29, 2014. Amy Standen is now a reporter at \u003ca href=\"https://gimletmedia.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gimlet Media\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hangovers are a neglected topic, at least in the annals of science. Search “alcoholism” on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=alcoholism\">PubMed \u003c/a>and you’ll find 76,131 studies published in peer-reviewed science journals. “Hangovers” yields a mere \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=hangover\">520\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of those were authored by Michael Shlipak, a physician at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Most of the time, Shlipak studies kidney function. But a couple of oft-cited studies on hangovers in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10836917\">2000 \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226168\">2004 \u003c/a>have earned him the distinction of being a “hangover expert,” a title he accepts somewhat reluctantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went to meet Shlipak at his office in San Francisco’s Outer Richmond district. His spectacular view of the Pacific coast would probably be a balm after a rocky night out. What Shlipak told me about hangovers is surprising, as you’ll see in the video below (use the audio player above to hear the complete interview segment).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After you watch it, scroll down for some recipes that might (might!) help take the edge off of that New Year’s misery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mY1A6LwqsRU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mY1A6LwqsRU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So You Want to Try Prickly Pear at Home?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, two Big Caveats here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Caveat #1\u003c/em>: first is that in Shlipak’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226168\">study\u003c/a>, the prickly pear was consumed \u003cem>before\u003c/em> study subjects went out drinking. The science here is far from certain, but Shlipak was concerned that the prickly pear wouldn’t digest as well in a belly full of booze. By the time the hangover has set in, he says, it’s probably too late. So think of it as prevention, not antidote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Caveat #2:\u003c/em> No one knows exactly how much prickly pear you’d have to eat to tame that hangover. In Shlipak’s study, researchers used an extract. But dosages vary widely in nutritional supplements, which is why Shlipak told me he’d stick with the raw fruit itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How much ?” I asked. “Lots,” he answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With those troublesome details out of the way, here are a couple of recipes I found online for prickly pear. (Of course, you could also just peel it and eat it raw. I bought a couple at a local market and found them to be quite tasty, kind of like a tart cucumber.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Prickly Pear Sorbet! Sounds like just the thing for your pre-New Years ramp-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"embedly-card\" href=\"http://www.rickbayless.com/recipe/monte-cristos-prickly-pear-sorbet/\">Monte Cristo’s Prickly Pear Sorbet\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And from Dr. Oz (not known for his \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/alicegwalton/2014/12/22/the-best-medical-advice-it-may-be-to-stay-away-from-dr-ozs/\">sound medical advice\u003c/a>, but if nothing else, this sounds delicious), a non-alcoholic prickly pear cocktail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"embedly-card\" href=\"http://www.doctoroz.com/recipe/hangover-cure-prickly-pear-cocktail\">Hangover Cure Prickly Pear Cocktail\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, because nothing says New Years Eve like salad and chia seeds, this attractive vinaigrette.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca class=\"embedly-card\" href=\"http://michelepeterson.com/3243-healthy-prickly-pear-chia-salad-dressing-recipe/\">Healthy prickly pear + chia salad dressing | A Taste for Travel with Michele Peterson\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What are Apple, Google, Samsung and Intel doing in Health Care?",
"title": "What are Apple, Google, Samsung and Intel doing in Health Care?",
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"content": "\u003cp>What these four tech giants are aiming to do in health care is change your life in some way for the better. Like they already have with phones, search, televisions and computer processing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These companies have decades of experience building consumer products that revolutionize how people live and work, and they have ample resources to throw at any problem. Here's a look at where they're throwing resources in healthcare, from personal health to disease treatment:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>APPLE \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73814\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 369px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The Apple Watch Sport is designed for workouts. \" width=\"369\" height=\"246\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 369px) 100vw, 369px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apple Watch Sport is designed for workouts. \u003ccite>(LMYang/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> In the past few years, Apple has signaled a major interest in health care. The company announced a slew of products including the Apple Watch, which tracks everything from your steps to your heart rate, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/researchkit/\" target=\"_blank\">ResearchKit\u003c/a>, which allows researchers to conduct clinical studies using iPhones. Apple CEO Tim Cook \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/tim-cook-on-jim-cramer-2015-3\" target=\"_blank\">recently said\u003c/a> he sees health care as one of the top three frontiers for Apple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Some journalists (\u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/05/us-apple-hiring-insight-idUSBREA4409020140505\" target=\"_blank\">myself included\u003c/a>) have speculated that Apple might delve deeper into diabetes management. The company has poached some top biomedical engineers, who were previously working on the holy grail for diabetes: a non-invasive device to monitor blood sugar continuously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges?\u003c/strong> Apple will face competition from Android, its chief rival, as the company attempts to push its operating system into health care. It may also need to grapple with federal regulators, like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, if it transitions from \"wellness\" apps and tools to helping the chronically-ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>GOOGLE/ALPHABET \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73809\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73809\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/google-lens_custom-8ac35584f948f9c4f4703d6c59fe59a47869c7bc-s800-c85-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"An experimental contact lens being developed by Google can painlessly measure glucose levels in tears.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/google-lens_custom-8ac35584f948f9c4f4703d6c59fe59a47869c7bc-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/google-lens_custom-8ac35584f948f9c4f4703d6c59fe59a47869c7bc-s800-c85-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Google is developing an experimental contact lens that would measure glucose levels painlessly in tears. \u003ccite>(Google)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> Google's Life Sciences unit is putting its immense resources behind new initiatives to help people with diabetes live better. Researchers are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/06/437570402/why-google-is-going-all-in-on-diabetes\" target=\"_blank\">currently working on a contact lens\u003c/a> to measure blood sugar levels. The team is also developing products for other diseases, like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.liftware.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Liftware\u003c/a> stabilizing spoon for people with Parkinson's. The spoon helps people with hand tremors lift food to their mouths reliably and comfortably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Google will likely release its products for people with diabetes in the next five to ten years. Some hospitals are hoping Google will release software equivalent to Apple's HealthKit and ResearchKit, so they can develop programs to monitor patients who have Android devices. Google Glass,\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/02/medical-students-startup-uses-google-glass.html\" target=\"_blank\"> the company's Internet-connected headgear\u003c/a>, is already showing promise for surgical training, telemedicine and other uses, and will continue to make inroads in health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges? \u003c/strong>Google's first health product, Google Health, shut down in 2011 because of a lack of traction. And the health sector doesn't respond as well to failure as techies in Silicon Valley do. Google may need to prove it learned from its mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SAMSUNG\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73810\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 395px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73810\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A Samsung Galaxy Gear smartwatch, which tracks steps and other health metrics.\" width=\"395\" height=\"263\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Samsung Galaxy Gear smartwatch tracks steps and other health metrics. \u003ccite>(Cheon Fong Liew/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> Samsung has ambitious plans in health care. In the past few years, it has released \u003ca href=\"http://www.samsung.com/us/mobile/wearable-tech\" target=\"_blank\">wearable products\u003c/a> with health-tracking capabilities (the Gear smartwatch and Gear Fit wristband), as well as an app called S Health that aims to be a \u003ca href=\"http://shealth.samsung.com/\" target=\"_blank\">personal fitness coach\u003c/a> on a phone. The company has also developed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.samsung.com/us/business/by-industry/healthcare\" target=\"_blank\">slew of medical devices\u003c/a>, including diagnostic imaging equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Like Apple, Samsung is on a mission race to develop more sophisticated health-tracking for its devices. I wouldn't be surprised if Samsung, like Google, were investing resources and energies into innovative ways to track blood glucose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges? \u003c/strong>Samsung faces strong competition from Apple and Google, particularly with its consumer health products. It may also need to work more closely with federal regulators in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>INTEL \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73811\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 385px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73811\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Intel is still better known for its chip-making skills than its consumer health products. \" width=\"385\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 385px) 100vw, 385px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Intel is still better known for its chip-making skills than its consumer health products. \u003ccite>(Karl-Martin Skontorp/Flickr )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> Intel, the computing company that made a name for itself with semiconductor chips, \u003ca href=\"http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/healthcare-it/healthcare-overview.html\" target=\"_blank\">now boasts a health and life unit\u003c/a>. The company is delving into consumer health products with its recent acquisition of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mybasis.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Basis\u003c/a>, a health-tracking watch. The company is alsobuilding tools to help health systems deal with a massive amount of data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Intel's health researcher Eric Dishman, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/speakers/eric_dishman\" target=\"_blank\">who is also a TED speaker\u003c/a>, is on a mission to provide more effective health care in the home rather than in the hospital. I hope to see more technologies from Intel that monitor people between doctor's visits, especially for people who are sick and/or aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges?\u003c/strong> Intel hasn't achieved much success with its wearables, particularly with younger generations. Intel lacks a certain \"cool\" factor when it comes to consumer health products.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What these four tech giants are aiming to do in health care is change your life in some way for the better. Like they already have with phones, search, televisions and computer processing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These companies have decades of experience building consumer products that revolutionize how people live and work, and they have ample resources to throw at any problem. Here's a look at where they're throwing resources in healthcare, from personal health to disease treatment:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>APPLE \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73814\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 369px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The Apple Watch Sport is designed for workouts. \" width=\"369\" height=\"246\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/apple-watch-sport.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 369px) 100vw, 369px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apple Watch Sport is designed for workouts. \u003ccite>(LMYang/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> In the past few years, Apple has signaled a major interest in health care. The company announced a slew of products including the Apple Watch, which tracks everything from your steps to your heart rate, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/researchkit/\" target=\"_blank\">ResearchKit\u003c/a>, which allows researchers to conduct clinical studies using iPhones. Apple CEO Tim Cook \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/tim-cook-on-jim-cramer-2015-3\" target=\"_blank\">recently said\u003c/a> he sees health care as one of the top three frontiers for Apple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Some journalists (\u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/05/us-apple-hiring-insight-idUSBREA4409020140505\" target=\"_blank\">myself included\u003c/a>) have speculated that Apple might delve deeper into diabetes management. The company has poached some top biomedical engineers, who were previously working on the holy grail for diabetes: a non-invasive device to monitor blood sugar continuously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges?\u003c/strong> Apple will face competition from Android, its chief rival, as the company attempts to push its operating system into health care. It may also need to grapple with federal regulators, like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, if it transitions from \"wellness\" apps and tools to helping the chronically-ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>GOOGLE/ALPHABET \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73809\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73809\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/google-lens_custom-8ac35584f948f9c4f4703d6c59fe59a47869c7bc-s800-c85-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"An experimental contact lens being developed by Google can painlessly measure glucose levels in tears.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/google-lens_custom-8ac35584f948f9c4f4703d6c59fe59a47869c7bc-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/google-lens_custom-8ac35584f948f9c4f4703d6c59fe59a47869c7bc-s800-c85-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Google is developing an experimental contact lens that would measure glucose levels painlessly in tears. \u003ccite>(Google)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> Google's Life Sciences unit is putting its immense resources behind new initiatives to help people with diabetes live better. Researchers are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/06/437570402/why-google-is-going-all-in-on-diabetes\" target=\"_blank\">currently working on a contact lens\u003c/a> to measure blood sugar levels. The team is also developing products for other diseases, like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.liftware.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Liftware\u003c/a> stabilizing spoon for people with Parkinson's. The spoon helps people with hand tremors lift food to their mouths reliably and comfortably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Google will likely release its products for people with diabetes in the next five to ten years. Some hospitals are hoping Google will release software equivalent to Apple's HealthKit and ResearchKit, so they can develop programs to monitor patients who have Android devices. Google Glass,\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/02/medical-students-startup-uses-google-glass.html\" target=\"_blank\"> the company's Internet-connected headgear\u003c/a>, is already showing promise for surgical training, telemedicine and other uses, and will continue to make inroads in health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges? \u003c/strong>Google's first health product, Google Health, shut down in 2011 because of a lack of traction. And the health sector doesn't respond as well to failure as techies in Silicon Valley do. Google may need to prove it learned from its mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SAMSUNG\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73810\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 395px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73810\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A Samsung Galaxy Gear smartwatch, which tracks steps and other health metrics.\" width=\"395\" height=\"263\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/samsung-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Samsung Galaxy Gear smartwatch tracks steps and other health metrics. \u003ccite>(Cheon Fong Liew/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> Samsung has ambitious plans in health care. In the past few years, it has released \u003ca href=\"http://www.samsung.com/us/mobile/wearable-tech\" target=\"_blank\">wearable products\u003c/a> with health-tracking capabilities (the Gear smartwatch and Gear Fit wristband), as well as an app called S Health that aims to be a \u003ca href=\"http://shealth.samsung.com/\" target=\"_blank\">personal fitness coach\u003c/a> on a phone. The company has also developed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.samsung.com/us/business/by-industry/healthcare\" target=\"_blank\">slew of medical devices\u003c/a>, including diagnostic imaging equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Like Apple, Samsung is on a mission race to develop more sophisticated health-tracking for its devices. I wouldn't be surprised if Samsung, like Google, were investing resources and energies into innovative ways to track blood glucose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges? \u003c/strong>Samsung faces strong competition from Apple and Google, particularly with its consumer health products. It may also need to work more closely with federal regulators in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>INTEL \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73811\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 385px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-73811\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Intel is still better known for its chip-making skills than its consumer health products. \" width=\"385\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/intel.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 385px) 100vw, 385px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Intel is still better known for its chip-making skills than its consumer health products. \u003ccite>(Karl-Martin Skontorp/Flickr )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accomplishments?\u003c/strong> Intel, the computing company that made a name for itself with semiconductor chips, \u003ca href=\"http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/healthcare-it/healthcare-overview.html\" target=\"_blank\">now boasts a health and life unit\u003c/a>. The company is delving into consumer health products with its recent acquisition of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mybasis.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Basis\u003c/a>, a health-tracking watch. The company is alsobuilding tools to help health systems deal with a massive amount of data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What can we expect?\u003c/strong> Intel's health researcher Eric Dishman, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/speakers/eric_dishman\" target=\"_blank\">who is also a TED speaker\u003c/a>, is on a mission to provide more effective health care in the home rather than in the hospital. I hope to see more technologies from Intel that monitor people between doctor's visits, especially for people who are sick and/or aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges?\u003c/strong> Intel hasn't achieved much success with its wearables, particularly with younger generations. Intel lacks a certain \"cool\" factor when it comes to consumer health products.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "FDA Eases 30-Year Ban on Blood Donations from Gay Men",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm478031.htm\" target=\"_blank\">announced Monday \u003c/a>that it is easing the ban on blood donations from men who have sex with men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ban had been in place for more than 30 years, since the early days of the AIDS epidemic when little was known about AIDS or how it spread. But advocates had long argued that the policy was antiquated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new policy has been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/12/23/fda-proposes-lifting-lifetime-ban-on-gay-blood-donors/\" target=\"_blank\">under review \u003c/a>for the last year and was issued today as a \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/Blood/UCM446580.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">final guidance\u003c/a>\" by the FDA. Under the revision, men who have sex with men may donate blood -- but only if they have not had sex with another man for the last year or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy matches that of many other countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm478031.htm\" target=\"_blank\">a statement, \u003c/a>acting FDA Commissioner Dr. Stephen Ostroff said that the FDA's responsibility was to maintain a high level of safety in the nation's blood supply. “We have taken great care to ensure this policy revision is backed by sound science and continues to protect our blood supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But gay rights activists say the change doesn't go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It continues to stigmatize gay and bisexual men,\" David Stacy, of the Human Rights Campaign, \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/fda-eases-restrictions-blood-donations-gay-men-35888660\" target=\"_blank\">told ABC News\u003c/a>. \"It simply cannot be justified in light of current scientific research and updated blood screening technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Gay Blood Drive said the change \"was a huge first step in the right direction,\" but also \u003ca href=\"http://www.gayblooddrive.com/#!updates/c1vwd\" target=\"_blank\">called on the FDA \u003c/a>to move toward a non-discriminatory policy and end discrimination based on sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the recommendations approved today, the FDA says the following donors should not be permitted to donate blood \"indefinitely\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>An individual who has ever had a positive test for HIV.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An individual who has ever exchanged sex for money or drugs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An individual who has ever engaged in injection drug use that was not prescribed.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And these people should be deferred:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent contact any individual who has a history of sex with a person who: has ever had a positive test for HIV, ever exchanged sex for money or drugs, or ever engaged in non-prescription injection drug use.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent transfusion any individual who has a history of receiving a transfusion of Whole Blood or blood components donated by another person (allogeneic transfusion).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent exposure any individual who has a history of through-the-skin contact with the blood of another individual, such as a needle stick or blood contact with an open wound or mucous membrane.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent tattoo, ear or body piercing. However, individuals who have undergone tattooing within 12 months of donation are eligible to donate if the tattoo was applied by a state regulated entity with sterile needles and non-reused ink. Individuals who have undergone ear or body piercing within 12 months of donation are eligible to donate if the piercing was done using single-use equipment.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months after completion of treatment any individual with a history of syphilis or gonorrhea or with a history of diagnosis or treatment for syphilis or gonorrhea in the past 12 months.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent contact a man who has had sex with another man during the past 12 months.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent contact a female who has had sex during the past 12 months with a man who has had sex with another man in the past 12 months.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The policy also addressed transgender donors, saying \"male or female gender should be self-identified and self-reported.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This does little to clarify \"a policy that some blood banks have interpreted as a ban on all transgender donors,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.buzzfeed.com/dominicholden/new-fda-policy-relaxes-ban-on-gay-men-donating-blood#.djy8W0PPV\" target=\"_blank\">reports BuzzFeed News and continued\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>One national blood donation company — facing two discrimination lawsuits from transgender women who were allegedly turned away — has \u003ca href=\"http://www.buzzfeed.com/dominicholden/why-are-blood-banks-rejecting-transgender-women#.rf04yR9Z\">argued\u003c/a> in court records that previous FDA policy banned all transgender women. It is unclear that donors self-reporting their gender, as specified by the new guidance, clarifies that issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA did not immediately reply to questions Monday from BuzzFeed News about whether all transgender people are banned from donating blood under the new guidelines.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp id=\"story-continues-4\" class=\"story-body-text story-content\">All U.S. blood donations are screened for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. But there is a roughly 10-day window between initial infection and when the virus can be detected in the bloodstream. The American Red Cross estimates the risk of getting an HIV-positive blood donation is 1 in 1.5 million for U.S. patients. About 15.7 million blood donations are collected in the U.S. each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">In 2006 the Red Cross, the American Association of Blood Banks, and America's Blood Centers called the ban \"medically and scientifically unwarranted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">The FDA concluded that moving to a one-year abstinence requirement would not change the safety of the U.S. blood supply, based on data from Australia and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">On the current blood donor questionnaire, men are asked if they have ever had sex with another man since 1977 -- the start of the AIDS epidemic in the U.S. Potential donors who answer positively are barred from donating blood. The new questionnaire, as outlined by the FDA, would ask men if they have had sex with another man in the last 12 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003cem>This story includes reporting from the Associated Press.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm478031.htm\" target=\"_blank\">announced Monday \u003c/a>that it is easing the ban on blood donations from men who have sex with men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ban had been in place for more than 30 years, since the early days of the AIDS epidemic when little was known about AIDS or how it spread. But advocates had long argued that the policy was antiquated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new policy has been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/12/23/fda-proposes-lifting-lifetime-ban-on-gay-blood-donors/\" target=\"_blank\">under review \u003c/a>for the last year and was issued today as a \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/Blood/UCM446580.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">final guidance\u003c/a>\" by the FDA. Under the revision, men who have sex with men may donate blood -- but only if they have not had sex with another man for the last year or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy matches that of many other countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm478031.htm\" target=\"_blank\">a statement, \u003c/a>acting FDA Commissioner Dr. Stephen Ostroff said that the FDA's responsibility was to maintain a high level of safety in the nation's blood supply. “We have taken great care to ensure this policy revision is backed by sound science and continues to protect our blood supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But gay rights activists say the change doesn't go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It continues to stigmatize gay and bisexual men,\" David Stacy, of the Human Rights Campaign, \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/fda-eases-restrictions-blood-donations-gay-men-35888660\" target=\"_blank\">told ABC News\u003c/a>. \"It simply cannot be justified in light of current scientific research and updated blood screening technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Gay Blood Drive said the change \"was a huge first step in the right direction,\" but also \u003ca href=\"http://www.gayblooddrive.com/#!updates/c1vwd\" target=\"_blank\">called on the FDA \u003c/a>to move toward a non-discriminatory policy and end discrimination based on sexual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the recommendations approved today, the FDA says the following donors should not be permitted to donate blood \"indefinitely\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>An individual who has ever had a positive test for HIV.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An individual who has ever exchanged sex for money or drugs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An individual who has ever engaged in injection drug use that was not prescribed.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And these people should be deferred:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent contact any individual who has a history of sex with a person who: has ever had a positive test for HIV, ever exchanged sex for money or drugs, or ever engaged in non-prescription injection drug use.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent transfusion any individual who has a history of receiving a transfusion of Whole Blood or blood components donated by another person (allogeneic transfusion).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent exposure any individual who has a history of through-the-skin contact with the blood of another individual, such as a needle stick or blood contact with an open wound or mucous membrane.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent tattoo, ear or body piercing. However, individuals who have undergone tattooing within 12 months of donation are eligible to donate if the tattoo was applied by a state regulated entity with sterile needles and non-reused ink. Individuals who have undergone ear or body piercing within 12 months of donation are eligible to donate if the piercing was done using single-use equipment.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months after completion of treatment any individual with a history of syphilis or gonorrhea or with a history of diagnosis or treatment for syphilis or gonorrhea in the past 12 months.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent contact a man who has had sex with another man during the past 12 months.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Defer for 12 months from the most recent contact a female who has had sex during the past 12 months with a man who has had sex with another man in the past 12 months.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The policy also addressed transgender donors, saying \"male or female gender should be self-identified and self-reported.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This does little to clarify \"a policy that some blood banks have interpreted as a ban on all transgender donors,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.buzzfeed.com/dominicholden/new-fda-policy-relaxes-ban-on-gay-men-donating-blood#.djy8W0PPV\" target=\"_blank\">reports BuzzFeed News and continued\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>One national blood donation company — facing two discrimination lawsuits from transgender women who were allegedly turned away — has \u003ca href=\"http://www.buzzfeed.com/dominicholden/why-are-blood-banks-rejecting-transgender-women#.rf04yR9Z\">argued\u003c/a> in court records that previous FDA policy banned all transgender women. It is unclear that donors self-reporting their gender, as specified by the new guidance, clarifies that issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA did not immediately reply to questions Monday from BuzzFeed News about whether all transgender people are banned from donating blood under the new guidelines.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp id=\"story-continues-4\" class=\"story-body-text story-content\">All U.S. blood donations are screened for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. But there is a roughly 10-day window between initial infection and when the virus can be detected in the bloodstream. The American Red Cross estimates the risk of getting an HIV-positive blood donation is 1 in 1.5 million for U.S. patients. About 15.7 million blood donations are collected in the U.S. each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">In 2006 the Red Cross, the American Association of Blood Banks, and America's Blood Centers called the ban \"medically and scientifically unwarranted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">The FDA concluded that moving to a one-year abstinence requirement would not change the safety of the U.S. blood supply, based on data from Australia and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">On the current blood donor questionnaire, men are asked if they have ever had sex with another man since 1977 -- the start of the AIDS epidemic in the U.S. Potential donors who answer positively are barred from donating blood. The new questionnaire, as outlined by the FDA, would ask men if they have had sex with another man in the last 12 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003cem>This story includes reporting from the Associated Press.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
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