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"content": "\u003cp>Three teens won a $30,000 prize for using a 3-D printer and stem cells from discarded teeth to design new dental implants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students, two from California and one from Virginia, presented their projects in Washington, D.C. last week in the 2015 national finals of the \u003ca href=\"http://siemensusa.synapticdigital.com/US/SIEMENS-FOUNDATION/2015-siemens-competition-national-finals---gwu/s/3FD5D410-2F23-4EA7-97CC-B6A25DDDCCD0\" target=\"_blank\">Siemens Competition in Math, Science and Technology\u003c/a>. It's one of America's most prestigious science competitions for high school students, and winners are typically engaging in graduate level research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The level of projects coming forward is incredibly sophisticated,\" says David Etzwiler, CEO of the Siemens Foundation. \"Many students have applied for or already received patents.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘When we learned we could take stem cells from teeth … we realized could turn this into bone cells.’\u003ccite>Alan Tan, Senior,\u003cbr>\nIrvington High School, Fremont\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Siemens Foundation started the competition in 1998 to encourage innovative scientific research before college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"STEM education is happening in schools,\" says Etzwiler, \"and we want to connect that to careers in science.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High school senior Daniel Chae, who is 18 and attends Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Alexandria, Virginia, joined Bay Area 17-year-old seniors Sid Bommakanti, who attends Amador Valley High School in Pleasanton, and Alan Tan, who attends Irvington High School in Fremont. The young men are interested in medical careers and used their knowledge of stem cells as the backbone of their dental implant project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they were researching mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)—cells that can turn into fat, muscle, cartilage or bone—they discovered that MSCs are found in dental pulp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dental pulp exists in all teeth but is thrown away when wisdom teeth are extracted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students wanted to make this \"trash\" useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we learned we could take stem cells from teeth—it’s actually part of medical waste—we realized could turn this into bone cells,\" says Tan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_80442\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 463px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-80442 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/dental-pulp-stem-cell.jpg\" alt=\"the students used dental pulp stem cells from excised wisdom teeth to create new tissue. \" width=\"463\" height=\"373\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/dental-pulp-stem-cell.jpg 463w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/dental-pulp-stem-cell-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 463px) 100vw, 463px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The students used dental pulp stem cells from excised wisdom teeth to create new growth. \u003ccite>(David Granovosky/The Stem Cell Blog)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The students first used a 3-D printer to create a scaffolding, or a tiny rectangular object the stem cells could grow on. They made the scaffold out of polylactic acid, which is solid at room temperature and comes from renewable sources like corn starch, tapioca roots, or sugar cane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then placed the dental pulp stem cells on the scaffolding, to see if bone cells would, in fact, grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They relied on the natural roughness on the scaffold to induce the bone cell growth, which is similar to what happens in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stem cells in our bodies must be stimulated, for example via hormones, to differentiate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that changes in physical stimuli would cause stem cells to differentiate, the teen scientists wanted to see if the roughness of the scaffold would act as a type of physical stimulus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed that's what happened. The students noticed small clusters of cells growing on the scaffold. These nodule formations are an early sign of bone generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, the biodegradable 3-D scaffold could someday be implanted in people. Bone would grow on the model, becoming a dental implant, and the model would eventually disintegrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The next step is to test it in the body,\" says Bommakanti. \"But we need to do in vivo research in animals first.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘These are the folks we’re going to hand stuff over to, and you realize we’ll be alright.’\u003ccite> David Etzwiler,\u003cbr>\nSiemens Foundation CEO \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The students worked at Stony Brook University's \u003ca href=\"http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/garcia/\" target=\"_blank\">Garcia Center for Polymers at Engineered Interfaces\u003c/a> for three months over the summer, testing their idea. They said the lab space and faculty guidance to support graduate-level research wasn't something they could find at their high schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at school in the fall, the students kept up the research and prepared for the competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We actually missed a lot of school,\" says Tan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not uncommon for the competitors to devote significant time and effort to their research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The students have each spent 1,500 or 2,000 hours working on these projects,\" says Eztwiler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grand-prize winner in the individual category, Maria Elena Grimmett, even started her research in 7th grade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida native developed a water purification method that uses small plastic beads to remove sulfamethazine, a common veterinary antibiotic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other competitors designed inexpensive wipes that can rapidly detect viral infections, software that screens for early-stage cancer, and bacteria that can be engineered into antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You read the paper every morning and shake your head and you think, how can I make this world better?\" says Etzwiler. \"These are the folks we’re going to hand stuff over to, and you realize we’ll be alright.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three teens won a $30,000 prize for using a 3-D printer and stem cells from discarded teeth to design new dental implants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students, two from California and one from Virginia, presented their projects in Washington, D.C. last week in the 2015 national finals of the \u003ca href=\"http://siemensusa.synapticdigital.com/US/SIEMENS-FOUNDATION/2015-siemens-competition-national-finals---gwu/s/3FD5D410-2F23-4EA7-97CC-B6A25DDDCCD0\" target=\"_blank\">Siemens Competition in Math, Science and Technology\u003c/a>. It's one of America's most prestigious science competitions for high school students, and winners are typically engaging in graduate level research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The level of projects coming forward is incredibly sophisticated,\" says David Etzwiler, CEO of the Siemens Foundation. \"Many students have applied for or already received patents.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘When we learned we could take stem cells from teeth … we realized could turn this into bone cells.’\u003ccite>Alan Tan, Senior,\u003cbr>\nIrvington High School, Fremont\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Siemens Foundation started the competition in 1998 to encourage innovative scientific research before college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"STEM education is happening in schools,\" says Etzwiler, \"and we want to connect that to careers in science.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High school senior Daniel Chae, who is 18 and attends Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Alexandria, Virginia, joined Bay Area 17-year-old seniors Sid Bommakanti, who attends Amador Valley High School in Pleasanton, and Alan Tan, who attends Irvington High School in Fremont. The young men are interested in medical careers and used their knowledge of stem cells as the backbone of their dental implant project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they were researching mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)—cells that can turn into fat, muscle, cartilage or bone—they discovered that MSCs are found in dental pulp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dental pulp exists in all teeth but is thrown away when wisdom teeth are extracted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students wanted to make this \"trash\" useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we learned we could take stem cells from teeth—it’s actually part of medical waste—we realized could turn this into bone cells,\" says Tan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_80442\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 463px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-80442 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/dental-pulp-stem-cell.jpg\" alt=\"the students used dental pulp stem cells from excised wisdom teeth to create new tissue. \" width=\"463\" height=\"373\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/dental-pulp-stem-cell.jpg 463w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/dental-pulp-stem-cell-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 463px) 100vw, 463px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The students used dental pulp stem cells from excised wisdom teeth to create new growth. \u003ccite>(David Granovosky/The Stem Cell Blog)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The students first used a 3-D printer to create a scaffolding, or a tiny rectangular object the stem cells could grow on. They made the scaffold out of polylactic acid, which is solid at room temperature and comes from renewable sources like corn starch, tapioca roots, or sugar cane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then placed the dental pulp stem cells on the scaffolding, to see if bone cells would, in fact, grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They relied on the natural roughness on the scaffold to induce the bone cell growth, which is similar to what happens in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stem cells in our bodies must be stimulated, for example via hormones, to differentiate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that changes in physical stimuli would cause stem cells to differentiate, the teen scientists wanted to see if the roughness of the scaffold would act as a type of physical stimulus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed that's what happened. The students noticed small clusters of cells growing on the scaffold. These nodule formations are an early sign of bone generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, the biodegradable 3-D scaffold could someday be implanted in people. Bone would grow on the model, becoming a dental implant, and the model would eventually disintegrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The next step is to test it in the body,\" says Bommakanti. \"But we need to do in vivo research in animals first.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘These are the folks we’re going to hand stuff over to, and you realize we’ll be alright.’\u003ccite> David Etzwiler,\u003cbr>\nSiemens Foundation CEO \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The students worked at Stony Brook University's \u003ca href=\"http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/garcia/\" target=\"_blank\">Garcia Center for Polymers at Engineered Interfaces\u003c/a> for three months over the summer, testing their idea. They said the lab space and faculty guidance to support graduate-level research wasn't something they could find at their high schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at school in the fall, the students kept up the research and prepared for the competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We actually missed a lot of school,\" says Tan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not uncommon for the competitors to devote significant time and effort to their research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The students have each spent 1,500 or 2,000 hours working on these projects,\" says Eztwiler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grand-prize winner in the individual category, Maria Elena Grimmett, even started her research in 7th grade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida native developed a water purification method that uses small plastic beads to remove sulfamethazine, a common veterinary antibiotic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other competitors designed inexpensive wipes that can rapidly detect viral infections, software that screens for early-stage cancer, and bacteria that can be engineered into antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You read the paper every morning and shake your head and you think, how can I make this world better?\" says Etzwiler. \"These are the folks we’re going to hand stuff over to, and you realize we’ll be alright.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Reprogramming brain genes to treat depression may sound like something out of science fiction. But it turns out that we may have been doing it at least since 1992. That is the year the antidepressant \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine\" target=\"_blank\">Paxil\u003c/a> was first marketed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26602018\" target=\"_blank\">new study\u003c/a> suggests that at least part of the way that Paxil does its job is by changing how genes in the brain of a person with depression work. A team led by researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Germany have found that the drug may help to erase some of the changes that have happened because of stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Possibilities for Treating Depression\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that we think depression might be treated by erasing stress from DNA, scientists could try to design new drugs that might do the job better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_79915\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-79915\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-79915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500.jpg\" alt=\"Some antidepressants might erase the effects of stress on brain genes. \" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some antidepressants might erase the effects of stress on brain genes. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/flamephoenix1991/8376271918\" target=\"_blank\">DJ/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These latest findings also open up the possibility of a more personalized approach for treating depression. In the course of their work, the German researchers found a couple of different, related markers in blood cells that might predict how well a patient will respond to Paxil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If other antidepressants work differently, then this \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker\" target=\"_blank\">biomarker\u003c/a> may help doctors prescribe the right medicine after a simple blood test. Patients may get the help they need more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if all antidepressants work similarly, these studies may still give doctors a quick and easy way to determine how well a patient will respond to antidepressants. This could be an important tool for patient treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Indirect Evidence\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These studies didn’t look directly at what was happening in patients' brains. (Pulling out a patient’s brain tissue is way too invasive.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead the researchers looked at what happens to cells and live mice in the lab and what happens to patients' DNA in their blood cells. All of these studies pointed to Paxil erasing some of the effects that stress can have on DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_79917\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/MethylatedDNA.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-79917\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-79917\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/MethylatedDNA.jpg\" alt=\"Methyl groups are the bright circles in this DNA. One way Paxil may work is be getting rid of some of them.\" width=\"350\" height=\"432\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Methyl groups are the bright circles in this DNA. One way Paxil may work is be getting rid of some of them. \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_methylation.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Christoph Bock/Max Planck Institute for Informatics/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Erase Stress \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paxil doesn’t reprogram brain genes by changing the underlying code of those genes. Instead, it changes how they work through \u003ca href=\"http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/\" target=\"_blank\">epigenetics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that stress can add small chemicals called methyl groups to DNA around key behavior genes. This causes the genes to become less active, leading to depression in some cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thought is that Paxil makes some of the methyl groups disappear. Now these behavior genes are reactivated and the depression gets less severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this drug does not restore the original genetic programming in the brain. Instead, it is able to reduce the amount of methylation in general. The stress-related depression is relieved as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stressed DNA\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason all those little methyl groups that decorate stressed DNA are there is because of something in the cell called DNMT1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a cell is stressed, DNMT1 goes into overdrive and starts adding extra methyl groups to the DNA at a faster rate than is normal. \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">Over time, the DNA ends up extra methylated which may lead to depression.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study showed that Paxil turns DNMT1 back down again. Over time the number of methyl groups on the DNA drops, eventually leading to less depression. Or at least that is the theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much more work needs to be done to confirm this but if true, these results could have wide-ranging effects on treating depression.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Reprogramming brain genes to treat depression may sound like something out of science fiction. But it turns out that we may have been doing it at least since 1992. That is the year the antidepressant \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine\" target=\"_blank\">Paxil\u003c/a> was first marketed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26602018\" target=\"_blank\">new study\u003c/a> suggests that at least part of the way that Paxil does its job is by changing how genes in the brain of a person with depression work. A team led by researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Germany have found that the drug may help to erase some of the changes that have happened because of stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Possibilities for Treating Depression\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that we think depression might be treated by erasing stress from DNA, scientists could try to design new drugs that might do the job better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_79915\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-79915\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-79915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500.jpg\" alt=\"Some antidepressants might erase the effects of stress on brain genes. \" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some antidepressants might erase the effects of stress on brain genes. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/flamephoenix1991/8376271918\" target=\"_blank\">DJ/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These latest findings also open up the possibility of a more personalized approach for treating depression. In the course of their work, the German researchers found a couple of different, related markers in blood cells that might predict how well a patient will respond to Paxil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If other antidepressants work differently, then this \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker\" target=\"_blank\">biomarker\u003c/a> may help doctors prescribe the right medicine after a simple blood test. Patients may get the help they need more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if all antidepressants work similarly, these studies may still give doctors a quick and easy way to determine how well a patient will respond to antidepressants. This could be an important tool for patient treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Indirect Evidence\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These studies didn’t look directly at what was happening in patients' brains. (Pulling out a patient’s brain tissue is way too invasive.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead the researchers looked at what happens to cells and live mice in the lab and what happens to patients' DNA in their blood cells. All of these studies pointed to Paxil erasing some of the effects that stress can have on DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_79917\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/MethylatedDNA.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-79917\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-79917\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/MethylatedDNA.jpg\" alt=\"Methyl groups are the bright circles in this DNA. One way Paxil may work is be getting rid of some of them.\" width=\"350\" height=\"432\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Methyl groups are the bright circles in this DNA. One way Paxil may work is be getting rid of some of them. \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_methylation.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Christoph Bock/Max Planck Institute for Informatics/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Erase Stress \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paxil doesn’t reprogram brain genes by changing the underlying code of those genes. Instead, it changes how they work through \u003ca href=\"http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/\" target=\"_blank\">epigenetics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that stress can add small chemicals called methyl groups to DNA around key behavior genes. This causes the genes to become less active, leading to depression in some cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thought is that Paxil makes some of the methyl groups disappear. Now these behavior genes are reactivated and the depression gets less severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this drug does not restore the original genetic programming in the brain. Instead, it is able to reduce the amount of methylation in general. The stress-related depression is relieved as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stressed DNA\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason all those little methyl groups that decorate stressed DNA are there is because of something in the cell called DNMT1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a cell is stressed, DNMT1 goes into overdrive and starts adding extra methyl groups to the DNA at a faster rate than is normal. \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">Over time, the DNA ends up extra methylated which may lead to depression.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study showed that Paxil turns DNMT1 back down again. Over time the number of methyl groups on the DNA drops, eventually leading to less depression. Or at least that is the theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much more work needs to be done to confirm this but if true, these results could have wide-ranging effects on treating depression.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "5 Reasons Some Doctors are Learning to Code",
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"content": "\u003cp>It never fails to surprise me when I meet a doctor who can write computer code. How do people who work such long hours caring for patients find the time to build websites and mobile apps?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in an era of electronic medical records and telemedicine, it's handy to be technically proficient. So some doctors are teaching themselves to code or attending \"dev bootcamps\" to learn from professionals. These doctors are leveraging their combined knowledge of computer science and medicine to tackle health care problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'A doctor that is tech-savvy enough to filter the helpful and trustworthy [apps] could help certain groups of people, such as young people with diabetes.'\u003ccite>Omar Rayward,\u003cbr>\nOpthalmologist-turned-Computer Programmer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Yale cardiologist E. Kevin Hall, for example, one of the best-known doctor-programmers in the health industry, recently \u003ca href=\"http://news.yale.edu/2015/09/30/yale-school-medicine-uses-researchkit-app-assess-heart-conditions\" target=\"_blank\">developed an iPhone-based clinical study\u003c/a> using Apple's ResearchKit to gather information about the quality of life of patients who might have cardiomyopathy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are five ways that tech-savvy doctors are using computer skills:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building Apps to Monitor Patients At Home \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall says he doesn't get to spend nearly enough time with his patients. So he developed the iPhone-based study to get a more complete picture about how they're faring. Hall says what he learns from the app will tell him how to improve his patients' treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_874\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CGM-ILLUSTRATION-FOR-MARKETING1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-874\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CGM-ILLUSTRATION-FOR-MARKETING1-800x278.jpg\" alt=\"While most people with diabetes use a blood glucose meter to test their glucose with a fingerstick once or twice a day, continuous glucose monitors provide frequent readings – typically every five minutes.\" width=\"800\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While most people with diabetes use a blood glucose meter to test their glucose with a fingerstick once or twice a day, continuous glucose monitors provide frequent readings – typically every five minutes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hall isn't the only doctor using mobile technology to check in on patient wellbeing. Tech-savvy doctors at Stanford Children's Hospital recently launched a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/11/17/how-this-teen-uses-an-iphone-to-manage-his-diabetes/\" target=\"_blank\">new mobile program \u003c/a>that lets diabetic patients share their blood glucose levels with their providers and caregivers. Across the country, other hospitals have built apps to study asthma, Parkinson's disease, autism, epilepsy, breast cancer and other ailments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, some doctors have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/07/17/increasingly-young-bay-area-doctors-leave-medicine-for-digital-health/\" target=\"_blank\">jumped ship\u003c/a> to work at the exploding number of mobile health startups. Omar Rayward, an ophthalmologist-turned-computer programmer, helped build an iPhone app called \u003ca href=\"https://www.vida.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Vida Health\u003c/a>, which pairs personal health and nutrition coaches with chronically-ill patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tackling Clinical Problems \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warris Bokhari, an anesthesiologist who has worked for the National Health Service in the U.K., says computer skills can help doctors grapple with gaping inefficiencies in medical practice. He says doctors who code have built tools such as apps for collaborating with other doctors or sharing patient information securely. Two of the most popular—the doctors' networking app \u003ca href=\"https://www.doximity.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Doximity\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marketplace.org/topics/health-care/instagram-doctors-grisly-and-useful\" target=\"_blank\">grisly and useful\u003c/a> \"Instagram for doctors\" known as \u003ca href=\"https://figure1.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Figure1\u003c/a>—were co-founded by doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, doctors with basic coding skills could think about medicine on a systems level, says Matthew Wetschler, an emergency medicine resident at Stanford Medicine. With an insiders' perspective, they could potentially build products to improve clinical processes such as how doctors perform rounds or admit patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Innovative Technologies in Their Practice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Technology advances are just tools for doctors to perform their work better,\" Rayward says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3528\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/fMRI.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-3528\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/fMRI.jpg\" alt=\"These images from an fMRI scan show areas of the brain affected by pain, and how they shrink when the patient is immersed in a virtual reality world. (Courtesy Dr. Sam Sharar/University of Washington)\" width=\"398\" height=\"248\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/fMRI.jpg 401w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/fMRI-400x249.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 398px) 100vw, 398px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These images from an fMRI scan show areas of the brain affected by pain, and how they shrink when the patient is immersed in a virtual reality world. \u003ccite>(Dr. Sam Sharar/University of Washington)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doctors who are comfortable using technology will have an easier time navigating the products and services that have hit the market in the past five years. They might find it less time-consuming to, for example, use virtual consultation tools, video conferencing, mobile heart monitors and wireless blood pressure cuffs. Or they might try \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/05/28/how-virtual-reality-worlds-can-help-reduce-pain/\" target=\"_blank\">new virtual reality games\u003c/a> for reducing pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a physician I have constantly looked for technology-based improvements in how I work with my peers and patient,\" said Will Gordon, a Boston internist who can code. Gordon is also on the product team at a health startup called Kyruus, which matches physicians and patients to improve referrals and scheduling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Navigating Electronic Medical Records\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2013, nearly half of all doctors had adopted a basic electronic medical record system, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6305a9.htm\" target=\"_blank\">according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. That's a major increase from 2006, when just ten percent of physicians had made the switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors who can code are having an easier time adapting to these systems, and use them more efficiently, says Dan Kamyck, who works for the \u003ca href=\"http://act.md/\" target=\"_blank\">health-technology company Act.MD\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-294\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"FOY-marquee-4--1920\" width=\"397\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920-320x180.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 397px) 100vw, 397px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, Kamyck says these doctors are taking the lead on training their colleagues, and are recommending the best technologies for their organizations to use that will improve patient outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electronic medical records are (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/broken-medical-records\" target=\"_blank\">by no means perfect\u003c/a>), but they aim to reduce medical errors and provide doctors with vital information about their patients at critical moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Recommending Health Apps to Patients\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple's App Store now offers \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/genre/ios-health-fitness/id6013?mt=8\" target=\"_blank\">hundreds of mobile health apps\u003c/a> that claim to do everything from diagnosing melanomas to tracking your fitness. Which of these apps are potentially useful, and which of them are snake oil?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors lack a clear way to differentiate between the health apps on the market. But some doctors are leveraging their technical skills to root out the most valuable apps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A doctor that is tech-savvy enough to filter the helpful and trustworthy ones could help certain groups of people,\" says Rayward, \"such as young people with diabetes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Are you a doctor who can code? How is it benefitting your patients? Let us know at @KQEDScience on Twitter.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It never fails to surprise me when I meet a doctor who can write computer code. How do people who work such long hours caring for patients find the time to build websites and mobile apps?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in an era of electronic medical records and telemedicine, it's handy to be technically proficient. So some doctors are teaching themselves to code or attending \"dev bootcamps\" to learn from professionals. These doctors are leveraging their combined knowledge of computer science and medicine to tackle health care problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'A doctor that is tech-savvy enough to filter the helpful and trustworthy [apps] could help certain groups of people, such as young people with diabetes.'\u003ccite>Omar Rayward,\u003cbr>\nOpthalmologist-turned-Computer Programmer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Yale cardiologist E. Kevin Hall, for example, one of the best-known doctor-programmers in the health industry, recently \u003ca href=\"http://news.yale.edu/2015/09/30/yale-school-medicine-uses-researchkit-app-assess-heart-conditions\" target=\"_blank\">developed an iPhone-based clinical study\u003c/a> using Apple's ResearchKit to gather information about the quality of life of patients who might have cardiomyopathy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are five ways that tech-savvy doctors are using computer skills:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building Apps to Monitor Patients At Home \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall says he doesn't get to spend nearly enough time with his patients. So he developed the iPhone-based study to get a more complete picture about how they're faring. Hall says what he learns from the app will tell him how to improve his patients' treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_874\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CGM-ILLUSTRATION-FOR-MARKETING1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-874\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/CGM-ILLUSTRATION-FOR-MARKETING1-800x278.jpg\" alt=\"While most people with diabetes use a blood glucose meter to test their glucose with a fingerstick once or twice a day, continuous glucose monitors provide frequent readings – typically every five minutes.\" width=\"800\" height=\"278\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While most people with diabetes use a blood glucose meter to test their glucose with a fingerstick once or twice a day, continuous glucose monitors provide frequent readings – typically every five minutes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hall isn't the only doctor using mobile technology to check in on patient wellbeing. Tech-savvy doctors at Stanford Children's Hospital recently launched a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/11/17/how-this-teen-uses-an-iphone-to-manage-his-diabetes/\" target=\"_blank\">new mobile program \u003c/a>that lets diabetic patients share their blood glucose levels with their providers and caregivers. Across the country, other hospitals have built apps to study asthma, Parkinson's disease, autism, epilepsy, breast cancer and other ailments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, some doctors have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/07/17/increasingly-young-bay-area-doctors-leave-medicine-for-digital-health/\" target=\"_blank\">jumped ship\u003c/a> to work at the exploding number of mobile health startups. Omar Rayward, an ophthalmologist-turned-computer programmer, helped build an iPhone app called \u003ca href=\"https://www.vida.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Vida Health\u003c/a>, which pairs personal health and nutrition coaches with chronically-ill patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tackling Clinical Problems \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warris Bokhari, an anesthesiologist who has worked for the National Health Service in the U.K., says computer skills can help doctors grapple with gaping inefficiencies in medical practice. He says doctors who code have built tools such as apps for collaborating with other doctors or sharing patient information securely. Two of the most popular—the doctors' networking app \u003ca href=\"https://www.doximity.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Doximity\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marketplace.org/topics/health-care/instagram-doctors-grisly-and-useful\" target=\"_blank\">grisly and useful\u003c/a> \"Instagram for doctors\" known as \u003ca href=\"https://figure1.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Figure1\u003c/a>—were co-founded by doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, doctors with basic coding skills could think about medicine on a systems level, says Matthew Wetschler, an emergency medicine resident at Stanford Medicine. With an insiders' perspective, they could potentially build products to improve clinical processes such as how doctors perform rounds or admit patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Innovative Technologies in Their Practice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Technology advances are just tools for doctors to perform their work better,\" Rayward says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3528\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/fMRI.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-3528\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/fMRI.jpg\" alt=\"These images from an fMRI scan show areas of the brain affected by pain, and how they shrink when the patient is immersed in a virtual reality world. (Courtesy Dr. Sam Sharar/University of Washington)\" width=\"398\" height=\"248\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/fMRI.jpg 401w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/05/fMRI-400x249.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 398px) 100vw, 398px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These images from an fMRI scan show areas of the brain affected by pain, and how they shrink when the patient is immersed in a virtual reality world. \u003ccite>(Dr. Sam Sharar/University of Washington)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doctors who are comfortable using technology will have an easier time navigating the products and services that have hit the market in the past five years. They might find it less time-consuming to, for example, use virtual consultation tools, video conferencing, mobile heart monitors and wireless blood pressure cuffs. Or they might try \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/05/28/how-virtual-reality-worlds-can-help-reduce-pain/\" target=\"_blank\">new virtual reality games\u003c/a> for reducing pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a physician I have constantly looked for technology-based improvements in how I work with my peers and patient,\" said Will Gordon, a Boston internist who can code. Gordon is also on the product team at a health startup called Kyruus, which matches physicians and patients to improve referrals and scheduling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Navigating Electronic Medical Records\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2013, nearly half of all doctors had adopted a basic electronic medical record system, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6305a9.htm\" target=\"_blank\">according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. That's a major increase from 2006, when just ten percent of physicians had made the switch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors who can code are having an easier time adapting to these systems, and use them more efficiently, says Dan Kamyck, who works for the \u003ca href=\"http://act.md/\" target=\"_blank\">health-technology company Act.MD\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-294\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"FOY-marquee-4--1920\" width=\"397\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920-320x180.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/FOY-marquee-4-1920.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 397px) 100vw, 397px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, Kamyck says these doctors are taking the lead on training their colleagues, and are recommending the best technologies for their organizations to use that will improve patient outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electronic medical records are (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/broken-medical-records\" target=\"_blank\">by no means perfect\u003c/a>), but they aim to reduce medical errors and provide doctors with vital information about their patients at critical moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Recommending Health Apps to Patients\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apple's App Store now offers \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/genre/ios-health-fitness/id6013?mt=8\" target=\"_blank\">hundreds of mobile health apps\u003c/a> that claim to do everything from diagnosing melanomas to tracking your fitness. Which of these apps are potentially useful, and which of them are snake oil?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors lack a clear way to differentiate between the health apps on the market. But some doctors are leveraging their technical skills to root out the most valuable apps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A doctor that is tech-savvy enough to filter the helpful and trustworthy ones could help certain groups of people,\" says Rayward, \"such as young people with diabetes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Are you a doctor who can code? How is it benefitting your patients? Let us know at @KQEDScience on Twitter.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Farm Antibiotic Use Is Up, Despite Promises to Cut Back",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you go by their declarations and promises, meat producers are drastically cutting back on the use of antibiotics to treat their poultry, pigs and cattle. Over the past year, one big food company after another has announced plans to stop using these drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you go by the government's data on drugs sold to livestock producers, it's a different story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Food and Drug Administration, which compiles \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForIndustry/UserFees/AnimalDrugUserFeeActADUFA/UCM476258.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">these numbers\u003c/a>, sales of antibiotics for use on the farm increased in 2014, just as they had for most years before that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And most alarming to public health advocates, sales of antibiotics important in human medicine went up three percent from 2013 to 2014, the FDA found. That's just slightly less than the five-year trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to treating sick animals, meat producers use antibiotics to prevent disease and also to get animals to grow faster. The FDA has taken steps to stop the use of these drugs for growth promotion purposes by the end of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA, and a lot of scientists and health advocates, are concerned that the livestock industry's excessive use of antibiotics will raise the risk that bacteria will become resistant to these drugs, and bacteria carrying those resistance genes could then infect people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing pressure from consumers around this issue has prompted several Big Food companies to pledge to reduce their reliance on antibiotics or announce reductions they've already made. Among them are the giant agribusinesses \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/04/28/402736017/tyson-foods-to-stop-giving-chickens-human-used-antibiotics\" target=\"_blank\">Tyson Foods\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/09/03/345315380/perdue-says-its-hatching-chicks-are-off-antibiotics\" target=\"_blank\">Perdue Farms\u003c/a> and Foster Farms and restaurant chains like McDonalds, Chick-fil-A and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/10/20/450314991/subway-joins-the-fast-food-antibiotic-free-meat-club\" target=\"_blank\">Subway\u003c/a>. Many of those companies made commitments in 2015, so reductions in antibiotic use by their suppliers may not be reflected in the latest FDA data from 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, California \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/10/10/california-now-has-strictest-limits-in-u-s-on-livestock-antibiotics/\" target=\"_blank\">passed the toughest law in the nation\u003c/a> on the use of antibiotics healthy livestock. The law,\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB27\" target=\"_blank\"> SB 27\u003c/a> which takes effect in 2018, bars the routine use of antibiotics to promote growth or prevent illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in previous years, a class of older antibiotics called tetracyclines dominated the statistics on antibiotic use. Tetracyclines accounted for 70 percent of all \"medically important\" antibiotics used in animal agriculture. Tetracyclines are no longer considered first-line drugs in human medicine. But sales of other classes of antibiotics, including widely used human drugs such as cephalosporins and macrolides, also increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health groups that have demanded the industry to curb antibiotic use say the latest data confirms that more regulation is still needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is no indication that FDA's change in policy has yet resulted in any meaningful reductions on antibiotic sales and usage in food animal production,\" Susan Vaughn Grooters, a policy analyst for \u003ca href=\"http://www.keepantibioticsworking.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Keep Antibiotics Working\u003c/a>, a coalition of advocacy groups, said in a \u003ca href=\"http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5519650ce4b01b71131cb5f9/t/566a54cdc21b86abf16e79e0/1449809101600/KAW+ADUFA+Statement_12.10.15.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">statement\u003c/a>. \"As the coalition has been saying for years, FDA must set clear targets for the reduction in antibiotic use. Otherwise, industry will continue to conduct business as usual, while the crisis of resistance continues to loom large and consumers pay the price.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Antibiotic+Use+On+Farms+Is+Up%2C+Despite+Promises+To+Kick+The+Drugs&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you go by their declarations and promises, meat producers are drastically cutting back on the use of antibiotics to treat their poultry, pigs and cattle. Over the past year, one big food company after another has announced plans to stop using these drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you go by the government's data on drugs sold to livestock producers, it's a different story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Food and Drug Administration, which compiles \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForIndustry/UserFees/AnimalDrugUserFeeActADUFA/UCM476258.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">these numbers\u003c/a>, sales of antibiotics for use on the farm increased in 2014, just as they had for most years before that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And most alarming to public health advocates, sales of antibiotics important in human medicine went up three percent from 2013 to 2014, the FDA found. That's just slightly less than the five-year trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to treating sick animals, meat producers use antibiotics to prevent disease and also to get animals to grow faster. The FDA has taken steps to stop the use of these drugs for growth promotion purposes by the end of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA, and a lot of scientists and health advocates, are concerned that the livestock industry's excessive use of antibiotics will raise the risk that bacteria will become resistant to these drugs, and bacteria carrying those resistance genes could then infect people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing pressure from consumers around this issue has prompted several Big Food companies to pledge to reduce their reliance on antibiotics or announce reductions they've already made. Among them are the giant agribusinesses \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/04/28/402736017/tyson-foods-to-stop-giving-chickens-human-used-antibiotics\" target=\"_blank\">Tyson Foods\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/09/03/345315380/perdue-says-its-hatching-chicks-are-off-antibiotics\" target=\"_blank\">Perdue Farms\u003c/a> and Foster Farms and restaurant chains like McDonalds, Chick-fil-A and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/10/20/450314991/subway-joins-the-fast-food-antibiotic-free-meat-club\" target=\"_blank\">Subway\u003c/a>. Many of those companies made commitments in 2015, so reductions in antibiotic use by their suppliers may not be reflected in the latest FDA data from 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, California \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/10/10/california-now-has-strictest-limits-in-u-s-on-livestock-antibiotics/\" target=\"_blank\">passed the toughest law in the nation\u003c/a> on the use of antibiotics healthy livestock. The law,\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB27\" target=\"_blank\"> SB 27\u003c/a> which takes effect in 2018, bars the routine use of antibiotics to promote growth or prevent illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in previous years, a class of older antibiotics called tetracyclines dominated the statistics on antibiotic use. Tetracyclines accounted for 70 percent of all \"medically important\" antibiotics used in animal agriculture. Tetracyclines are no longer considered first-line drugs in human medicine. But sales of other classes of antibiotics, including widely used human drugs such as cephalosporins and macrolides, also increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health groups that have demanded the industry to curb antibiotic use say the latest data confirms that more regulation is still needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is no indication that FDA's change in policy has yet resulted in any meaningful reductions on antibiotic sales and usage in food animal production,\" Susan Vaughn Grooters, a policy analyst for \u003ca href=\"http://www.keepantibioticsworking.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Keep Antibiotics Working\u003c/a>, a coalition of advocacy groups, said in a \u003ca href=\"http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5519650ce4b01b71131cb5f9/t/566a54cdc21b86abf16e79e0/1449809101600/KAW+ADUFA+Statement_12.10.15.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">statement\u003c/a>. \"As the coalition has been saying for years, FDA must set clear targets for the reduction in antibiotic use. Otherwise, industry will continue to conduct business as usual, while the crisis of resistance continues to loom large and consumers pay the price.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Antibiotic+Use+On+Farms+Is+Up%2C+Despite+Promises+To+Kick+The+Drugs&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Can Wearable Fitness Trackers Help Kids Gain Steps and Lose Pounds?",
"title": "Can Wearable Fitness Trackers Help Kids Gain Steps and Lose Pounds?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Technology may have contributed to kids becoming too sedentary, but now, wearable fitness and activity trackers for children are the latest tools in the high-stakes war on childhood obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These devices, typically worn on the wrist, are designed to encourage kids to stop sitting around, staring at screens, and instead get moving. And when parents participate, too, it tends to help kids have more active, healthy lifestyles, doctors say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If kids are using these devices with their families, they are a great tool,” says Dr. Zoey Goore, president of the Northern California chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics and a pediatrician in Roseville. “Even if the children are not competitive about fitness, it just encourages them to be more engaged in activities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Boosting Activity, Protecting Privacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html\" target=\"_blank\">17 percent of American children from age 2 to 19 are obese\u003c/a>, a rate that has remained fairly steady over the last decade. It’s a problem that affects about 12.7 million children and adolescents, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It got me to do a lot more things than I would have if I had not had it. I didn’t walk or try to get out as much before.'\u003ccite>Zachary Berston, 12\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Products like \u003ca href=\"http://www.fitbit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Fitbit\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leapfrog.com/en-us/products/leapband\" target=\"_blank\">LeapFrog LeapBands\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://geopalz.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Geopalz\u003c/a> are among dozens of gadgets that keep track of physical activity, create a social network of friends with whom to compete on physical challenges or allow parents to program goals and games for their kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With kids, anything that is a game ends up being more interesting,” Goore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using apps and wearable tech could help cajole kids to go on longer hikes, or try new types of physical activities. As an added bonus, she says, these devices often get the whole family to exercise more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It points out to parents and children how sedentary they are,” Goore says. “It brings awareness and helps create family fitness goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fitness trackers sync up with programs online that help kids track their steps, exercise, miles—even hours of sleep. Some allow kids to create a social network of friends to encourage or “taunt” them about their progress. Taunting may inspire some kids, while others may be hurt by that kind of interaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goore cautioned parents to be aware of the online element of some wearable fitness trackers to make sure the children’s needs are respected and privacy is protected. Fitbit, for example, doesn’t allow kids under 13 to create online accounts. But older kids can register and link up to friends who also have accounts that display their number of steps, and allow them to compete in challenges with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kids Helping Kids\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global children’s aid group \u003ca href=\"http://www.unicefusa.org\" target=\"_blank\">UNICEF\u003c/a> launched a new product last month in time for the holidays. It’s calling the \u003ca href=\"http://unicefkidpower.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Kid Power Band\u003c/a> “the first wearable for good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"YdRnQogIkrWQHx7o6OO9Q0UhxIvF4QoU\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kids use the Power Bands along with an app that sends them on “missions” where they learn about new cultures and earn points by completing physical activity challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The points “unlock” funding for UNICEF to use to deliver packets of therapeutic food to malnourished children around the world. Funding for the food packets comes from the sale of the bands, corporate sponsors and donations from friends, parents and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One in four American kids are inactive, and one in four kids worldwide suffers from malnutrition,” says Rajesh Anandan, the Senior Vice President of Strategic Partnerships and UNICEF Ventures. “So we decided to put the problem in the hands of the children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But can these really make a difference in children’s fitness? Some kids will try using a fitness tracker and lose interest quickly, say parents and doctors, while others will make using the device a part of daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘I Didn’t Walk as Much Before’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 12-year-old Zachary Berston started wearing his Fitbit fitness tracker, he says he’s more conscious of being physically active every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berston is a seventh-grader at Kent Middle School in Kentfield, about 20 miles north of San Francisco. He gets emails sent to his phone from the Fitbit app nudging him to reach his daily goal of 10,000 steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_80086\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 588px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/FullSizeRender.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-80086\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-80086\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/FullSizeRender.jpg\" alt=\"Zachary Berston, 12, says his FitBit encourages him to get out more.\" width=\"588\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/FullSizeRender.jpg 588w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/FullSizeRender-400x335.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zachary Berston, 12, took a walk around town the day he got his Fitbit. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Gail Berston)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It really motivates me and keeps reminding me I have to complete my goal,” he says. “It helps me out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing Berston did when he got the Fitbit as a birthday present from his parents, he says, was walk to the grocery store for something to drink, and walk around town to get steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It got me to do a lot more things than I would have if I had not had it,” he says. “I didn’t walk or try to get out as much before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zachary’s father, Dr. Emanuel Berston, says the fitness trackers could even help provide doctors with useful data on patients who are trying to lose weight and get in shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are absolutely beneficial and it’s helpful to have data for patients, especially teenagers, to be accountable,” says the pediatrician, who practices at the Palo Alto Medical Foundation in Daly City. “We live in such a digital age, and teenagers like information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The devices have encouraged some patients to jump-start weight-loss efforts, he says, and work well combined with a nutrition program\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something on their wrists that is very encouraging,” he says. “They get to see you don’t have to go to the gym. It just takes walking around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Berston’s patients, a 16-year-old girl who weighed 248 pounds, recently lost 11 pounds with the help of a fitness tracker, he says. The teen was so motivated to reach her goal of 10,000 steps a day that once when she was short at around 10:30 p.m., he says she paced the hallway to make sure she reached it by midnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berston says he doubts the devices create too much pressure for kids to meet their goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can always take it off,” he says. “It’s not glued to your wrist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lisa Fine is a veteran journalist who's written for papers including the Washington Post, Philadelphia Inquirer, Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatch and Education Week. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Technology may have contributed to kids becoming too sedentary, but now, wearable fitness and activity trackers for children are the latest tools in the high-stakes war on childhood obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These devices, typically worn on the wrist, are designed to encourage kids to stop sitting around, staring at screens, and instead get moving. And when parents participate, too, it tends to help kids have more active, healthy lifestyles, doctors say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If kids are using these devices with their families, they are a great tool,” says Dr. Zoey Goore, president of the Northern California chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics and a pediatrician in Roseville. “Even if the children are not competitive about fitness, it just encourages them to be more engaged in activities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Boosting Activity, Protecting Privacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html\" target=\"_blank\">17 percent of American children from age 2 to 19 are obese\u003c/a>, a rate that has remained fairly steady over the last decade. It’s a problem that affects about 12.7 million children and adolescents, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It got me to do a lot more things than I would have if I had not had it. I didn’t walk or try to get out as much before.'\u003ccite>Zachary Berston, 12\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Products like \u003ca href=\"http://www.fitbit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Fitbit\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leapfrog.com/en-us/products/leapband\" target=\"_blank\">LeapFrog LeapBands\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://geopalz.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Geopalz\u003c/a> are among dozens of gadgets that keep track of physical activity, create a social network of friends with whom to compete on physical challenges or allow parents to program goals and games for their kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With kids, anything that is a game ends up being more interesting,” Goore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using apps and wearable tech could help cajole kids to go on longer hikes, or try new types of physical activities. As an added bonus, she says, these devices often get the whole family to exercise more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It points out to parents and children how sedentary they are,” Goore says. “It brings awareness and helps create family fitness goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fitness trackers sync up with programs online that help kids track their steps, exercise, miles—even hours of sleep. Some allow kids to create a social network of friends to encourage or “taunt” them about their progress. Taunting may inspire some kids, while others may be hurt by that kind of interaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goore cautioned parents to be aware of the online element of some wearable fitness trackers to make sure the children’s needs are respected and privacy is protected. Fitbit, for example, doesn’t allow kids under 13 to create online accounts. But older kids can register and link up to friends who also have accounts that display their number of steps, and allow them to compete in challenges with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kids Helping Kids\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global children’s aid group \u003ca href=\"http://www.unicefusa.org\" target=\"_blank\">UNICEF\u003c/a> launched a new product last month in time for the holidays. It’s calling the \u003ca href=\"http://unicefkidpower.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Kid Power Band\u003c/a> “the first wearable for good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kids use the Power Bands along with an app that sends them on “missions” where they learn about new cultures and earn points by completing physical activity challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The points “unlock” funding for UNICEF to use to deliver packets of therapeutic food to malnourished children around the world. Funding for the food packets comes from the sale of the bands, corporate sponsors and donations from friends, parents and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One in four American kids are inactive, and one in four kids worldwide suffers from malnutrition,” says Rajesh Anandan, the Senior Vice President of Strategic Partnerships and UNICEF Ventures. “So we decided to put the problem in the hands of the children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But can these really make a difference in children’s fitness? Some kids will try using a fitness tracker and lose interest quickly, say parents and doctors, while others will make using the device a part of daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘I Didn’t Walk as Much Before’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 12-year-old Zachary Berston started wearing his Fitbit fitness tracker, he says he’s more conscious of being physically active every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berston is a seventh-grader at Kent Middle School in Kentfield, about 20 miles north of San Francisco. He gets emails sent to his phone from the Fitbit app nudging him to reach his daily goal of 10,000 steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_80086\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 588px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/FullSizeRender.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-80086\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-80086\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/FullSizeRender.jpg\" alt=\"Zachary Berston, 12, says his FitBit encourages him to get out more.\" width=\"588\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/FullSizeRender.jpg 588w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/FullSizeRender-400x335.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zachary Berston, 12, took a walk around town the day he got his Fitbit. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Gail Berston)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It really motivates me and keeps reminding me I have to complete my goal,” he says. “It helps me out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing Berston did when he got the Fitbit as a birthday present from his parents, he says, was walk to the grocery store for something to drink, and walk around town to get steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It got me to do a lot more things than I would have if I had not had it,” he says. “I didn’t walk or try to get out as much before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zachary’s father, Dr. Emanuel Berston, says the fitness trackers could even help provide doctors with useful data on patients who are trying to lose weight and get in shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are absolutely beneficial and it’s helpful to have data for patients, especially teenagers, to be accountable,” says the pediatrician, who practices at the Palo Alto Medical Foundation in Daly City. “We live in such a digital age, and teenagers like information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The devices have encouraged some patients to jump-start weight-loss efforts, he says, and work well combined with a nutrition program\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something on their wrists that is very encouraging,” he says. “They get to see you don’t have to go to the gym. It just takes walking around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Berston’s patients, a 16-year-old girl who weighed 248 pounds, recently lost 11 pounds with the help of a fitness tracker, he says. The teen was so motivated to reach her goal of 10,000 steps a day that once when she was short at around 10:30 p.m., he says she paced the hallway to make sure she reached it by midnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berston says he doubts the devices create too much pressure for kids to meet their goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can always take it off,” he says. “It’s not glued to your wrist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Countless studies have shown the\u003ca href=\"https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/issue/apr2013/feature1\" target=\"_blank\"> benefits of getting enough sleep\u003c/a>. Most neuroscientists will tell you high-quality sleep can boost your intellectual function, memory, alertness, mood, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, doctors and medical students continue to forgo a good night's rest. They regularly make important decisions about their patients' health on an unhealthy amount of sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite some\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-doctors-work-hours-training-20141209-story.html\" target=\"_blank\"> recent restrictions on the amount of hours\u003c/a> that doctors can work, culture is still a problem. Sleep is rarely a topic at the medical conferences I attend. Doctors will talk your ear off about innovative medical products, challenges with medical records, or exciting new drug therapies. All that is great, don't get me wrong, but rarely do you hear them talking about the health benefits of sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the recent \u003ca href=\"https://exponential.singularityu.org/medicine/\" target=\"_blank\">Exponential Medicine\u003c/a> conference, I overheard a half-dozen conversations between doctors in the coffee line, boasting about how little sleep they needed. This prompted me to call them out on Twitter to gauge the reaction of other attendees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/chrissyfarr/status/664643207813136384\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exception was John Mattison, the chief medical information officer at Kaiser Permanente. Mattison urged the audience to restore \"ancient wisdoms,\" like exercising, maintaining a healthy diet, and getting adequate rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Does This Attitude Come From? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Popular culture has almost certainly contributed to the problem. As a longtime fan of medical dramas like \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)\" target=\"_blank\">House\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://abc.go.com/shows/greys-anatomy\" target=\"_blank\">Grey's Anatomy,\u003c/a> I've wondered how the bleary-eyed doctors in these programs can trust themselves to make important life-and-death decisions. The show's protagonists seem to flit between surgery, flirtatious banter in the elevators and throwing back shots in the local bar, with little or no regard for sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, medical schools are known for pushing their students to work late into the night, a form of hazing. Here's how one medical student \u003ca href=\"http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2012/01/sleep-deprivation-medical-student.html\" target=\"_blank\">described his experience\u003c/a> in a recent post for the medical blog \u003ca href=\"http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/\" target=\"_blank\">KevinMD\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Sleep deprivation is a unique experience. Imagine falling into a pool filled with caramel. You try desperately to swim out but slowly sink to the bottom, and there you are, looking up to see a brown-tinged world. Despite all of your best efforts to swim out, the caramel is just too thick.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>This author would occasionally pinch his skin in an effort to stay alert, but the effect only lasted about 30 seconds. Would you trust a person that sleep-deprived to make snap decisions about your health? (For more on this, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunnyskyz.com/good-news/1165/A-Blog-Posted-Photos-Shaming-A-Doctor-For-Sleeping-On-The-Job-And-It-Started-A-Social-Media-Movement\" target=\"_blank\">viral meme \u003c/a>where doctors tweet pics of themselves sleeping on the job.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"The doctors who think being sleep-deprived is cool, they will run into problems later in life as patients.'\u003ccite>Dr. Jordan Shlain, San Francisco\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some doctors say this attitude toward sleep has persisted in medical schools and residency programs, even today. There's still a fallacy that doctors are operating on a higher plane than the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's both this desire to seem superhuman as well as this unhealthy self-sacrificing attitude,\" says Connie Chen, a graduate of UCSF's medical school and cofounder of a health coaching startup, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vida.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Vida Health\u003c/a>. \"I think too often doctors try to solve problems by giving more of themselves, when really they should delegate more, and think of themselves as just one person in a team taking care of the patient.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One current resident at Stanford, who requested anonymity, says the work-hour restrictions haven't made much difference. It's common to fill out charts late into the night after a shift, this resident says, and those hours don't count. And \"machismo\" is a pervasive problem, along with the fear of being seen among colleagues as \"not carrying your weight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, there's little \"institutional or cultural backing\" pushing young doctors to get strict about their on-duty hours, so residents will routinely go for several weeks on less than three hours sleep a night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The true cost is the well-being of the physicians,\" the Stanford resident says, \"the emotional and physical toll leads to intense burnout, and diminished patience and compassion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CatchTheBaby/status/664236922038956032\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can We Solve the Problem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, more medical schools need to teach their students about staying well, and not just treating the sick. Nutrition and sleep hygiene are a good place to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Medical schools teach you about all the diseases; things you can test and treat,\" says Jordan Shlain, a Bay Area-based primary care doctor. Shlain says too few doctors talk to their patients about sleep, or take the time to ask them about the stressors in their lives that result in sleep troubles. And many doctors he knows don't seem to value sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I definitely saw this attitude, mostly among surgeons, that they were masters of the universe who didn't need sleep,\" he says. \"It's an ego-driven thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the doctors I spoke to say they've seen some improvements in the past two decades. Since the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-03-24/news/8803030133_1_libby-zion-grand-jury-young-cancer-patient\" target=\"_blank\">Libby Zion case in the 1980s\u003c/a>, which threw into the spotlight the common practice of exhausted, inexperienced doctors treating patients, medical educators are thinking about how to teach doctors about sleep debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Sherman, a medical educator and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpSd5u_di9w\" target=\"_blank\">TED speaker\u003c/a>, says young doctors are increasingly being introduced to this topic in their professional development, or \"continuing medical education.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to see the kind of change we need, I would implore organizers of medical conferences to introduce sessions and panels about sleep: Why doctors need it, how to talk to patients about it, and whether to use new technologies for sleep-tracking, like the \u003ca href=\"https://jawbone.com/up\" target=\"_blank\">Jawbone UP\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://misfit.com/?locale=en\" target=\"_blank\">Misfit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The doctors who think being sleep-deprived is cool, they will run into problems later in life as patients,\" says Shlain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Are you a doctor who doesn't get enough sleep? Or a patient who has had an experience with a sleep-deprived physician? Let us know at @KQEDScience on Twitter. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Countless studies have shown the\u003ca href=\"https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/issue/apr2013/feature1\" target=\"_blank\"> benefits of getting enough sleep\u003c/a>. Most neuroscientists will tell you high-quality sleep can boost your intellectual function, memory, alertness, mood, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, doctors and medical students continue to forgo a good night's rest. They regularly make important decisions about their patients' health on an unhealthy amount of sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite some\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-doctors-work-hours-training-20141209-story.html\" target=\"_blank\"> recent restrictions on the amount of hours\u003c/a> that doctors can work, culture is still a problem. Sleep is rarely a topic at the medical conferences I attend. Doctors will talk your ear off about innovative medical products, challenges with medical records, or exciting new drug therapies. All that is great, don't get me wrong, but rarely do you hear them talking about the health benefits of sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the recent \u003ca href=\"https://exponential.singularityu.org/medicine/\" target=\"_blank\">Exponential Medicine\u003c/a> conference, I overheard a half-dozen conversations between doctors in the coffee line, boasting about how little sleep they needed. This prompted me to call them out on Twitter to gauge the reaction of other attendees.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exception was John Mattison, the chief medical information officer at Kaiser Permanente. Mattison urged the audience to restore \"ancient wisdoms,\" like exercising, maintaining a healthy diet, and getting adequate rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Does This Attitude Come From? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Popular culture has almost certainly contributed to the problem. As a longtime fan of medical dramas like \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)\" target=\"_blank\">House\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://abc.go.com/shows/greys-anatomy\" target=\"_blank\">Grey's Anatomy,\u003c/a> I've wondered how the bleary-eyed doctors in these programs can trust themselves to make important life-and-death decisions. The show's protagonists seem to flit between surgery, flirtatious banter in the elevators and throwing back shots in the local bar, with little or no regard for sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, medical schools are known for pushing their students to work late into the night, a form of hazing. Here's how one medical student \u003ca href=\"http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2012/01/sleep-deprivation-medical-student.html\" target=\"_blank\">described his experience\u003c/a> in a recent post for the medical blog \u003ca href=\"http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/\" target=\"_blank\">KevinMD\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Sleep deprivation is a unique experience. Imagine falling into a pool filled with caramel. You try desperately to swim out but slowly sink to the bottom, and there you are, looking up to see a brown-tinged world. Despite all of your best efforts to swim out, the caramel is just too thick.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>This author would occasionally pinch his skin in an effort to stay alert, but the effect only lasted about 30 seconds. Would you trust a person that sleep-deprived to make snap decisions about your health? (For more on this, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunnyskyz.com/good-news/1165/A-Blog-Posted-Photos-Shaming-A-Doctor-For-Sleeping-On-The-Job-And-It-Started-A-Social-Media-Movement\" target=\"_blank\">viral meme \u003c/a>where doctors tweet pics of themselves sleeping on the job.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"The doctors who think being sleep-deprived is cool, they will run into problems later in life as patients.'\u003ccite>Dr. Jordan Shlain, San Francisco\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some doctors say this attitude toward sleep has persisted in medical schools and residency programs, even today. There's still a fallacy that doctors are operating on a higher plane than the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's both this desire to seem superhuman as well as this unhealthy self-sacrificing attitude,\" says Connie Chen, a graduate of UCSF's medical school and cofounder of a health coaching startup, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vida.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Vida Health\u003c/a>. \"I think too often doctors try to solve problems by giving more of themselves, when really they should delegate more, and think of themselves as just one person in a team taking care of the patient.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One current resident at Stanford, who requested anonymity, says the work-hour restrictions haven't made much difference. It's common to fill out charts late into the night after a shift, this resident says, and those hours don't count. And \"machismo\" is a pervasive problem, along with the fear of being seen among colleagues as \"not carrying your weight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, there's little \"institutional or cultural backing\" pushing young doctors to get strict about their on-duty hours, so residents will routinely go for several weeks on less than three hours sleep a night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The true cost is the well-being of the physicians,\" the Stanford resident says, \"the emotional and physical toll leads to intense burnout, and diminished patience and compassion.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can We Solve the Problem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, more medical schools need to teach their students about staying well, and not just treating the sick. Nutrition and sleep hygiene are a good place to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Medical schools teach you about all the diseases; things you can test and treat,\" says Jordan Shlain, a Bay Area-based primary care doctor. Shlain says too few doctors talk to their patients about sleep, or take the time to ask them about the stressors in their lives that result in sleep troubles. And many doctors he knows don't seem to value sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I definitely saw this attitude, mostly among surgeons, that they were masters of the universe who didn't need sleep,\" he says. \"It's an ego-driven thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the doctors I spoke to say they've seen some improvements in the past two decades. Since the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-03-24/news/8803030133_1_libby-zion-grand-jury-young-cancer-patient\" target=\"_blank\">Libby Zion case in the 1980s\u003c/a>, which threw into the spotlight the common practice of exhausted, inexperienced doctors treating patients, medical educators are thinking about how to teach doctors about sleep debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Sherman, a medical educator and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpSd5u_di9w\" target=\"_blank\">TED speaker\u003c/a>, says young doctors are increasingly being introduced to this topic in their professional development, or \"continuing medical education.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to see the kind of change we need, I would implore organizers of medical conferences to introduce sessions and panels about sleep: Why doctors need it, how to talk to patients about it, and whether to use new technologies for sleep-tracking, like the \u003ca href=\"https://jawbone.com/up\" target=\"_blank\">Jawbone UP\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://misfit.com/?locale=en\" target=\"_blank\">Misfit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The doctors who think being sleep-deprived is cool, they will run into problems later in life as patients,\" says Shlain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Are you a doctor who doesn't get enough sleep? Or a patient who has had an experience with a sleep-deprived physician? Let us know at @KQEDScience on Twitter. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Uranium Contaminates Water Across California's Central Valley",
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"content": "\u003cp>In a trailer park tucked among the irrigated orchards outside Fresno that help make California's San Joaquin Valley the richest farm region in the world, 16-year-old Giselle Alvarez, one of the few English speakers in this community of farmworkers, puzzles over the notices posted on front doors: There's a danger in their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This has been a decades-long process that has occurred. It’s going to take many decades to reverse.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Bryant Jurgens, U.S. Geological Survey hydrologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tests for uranium, the notices warn, show a level considered unsafe by federal and state standards. The trailer park's owners are legally required to post the warnings. But the notices are awkwardly worded and in English, a language few of the park's dozens of Spanish-speaking families can read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It says you can drink the water -- but if you drink the water over a period of time, you can get cancer,\" said Alvarez, whose working-class family has no choice but to keep drinking and cooking with the tainted tap water daily, as they have since Alvarez was just learning to walk. \"They really don't explain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uranium, the stuff of nuclear fuel for power plants and atom bombs, \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/\" target=\"_blank\">increasingly is showing up in drinking water systems \u003c/a>in major farming regions of the U.S. West — a naturally occurring but unexpected byproduct of irrigation, of drought, and of the overpumping of natural underground water reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An Associated Press investigation in Central California — along with the U.S. Central Plains, among the areas most affected — found authorities are doing little to inform the public at large of the growing risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At particular risk are the San Joaquin Valley families who rely on private wells; as many as one out of every four of them are unknowingly drinking dangerous amounts of uranium, researchers determined this year and last. Government authorities say long-term exposure to uranium can damage kidneys and raise cancer risks, and scientists say it can have other harmful effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this swath of farmland, roughly 250 miles long and encompassing major cities, including Fresno, Bakersfield, and Modesto, the pre-treated water of up to one in 10 public systems has uranium levels that exceed federal and state safety standards, the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey has found\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More broadly, nearly 2 million people in California's Central Valley and in the U.S. Midwest live within a half-mile of groundwater containing uranium over the safety standards, University of Nebraska researchers said in a study published in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything from state agencies to tiny rural schools are scrambling to deal with hundreds of tainted public wells — more regulated than private wells under safe-drinking-water laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes water wells at Westport Elementary School, where 450 children from rural families study outside the Central California farm hub of Modesto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Westport's playground, schoolchildren take a break from tetherball to sip from fountains marked with Spanish and English placards: \"SAFE TO DRINK.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school, which draws on its own wells for its drinking fountains, sinks and cafeteria, is one of about 10 water systems in the farm region that have installed uranium removal facilities in recent years. Prices range from $65,000 for the smallest system to millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"rPJv8j1Ci8bZ6nTksYCUVlSr51iN6Pw7\"]Just off Westport's playground, a school maintenance chief jangles the keys to the school's treatment operation, locked in a shed the size of a garage. Inside, a system of tubes, dials and canisters resembling large scuba tanks removes up to a pound a year of uranium from the school's wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The uranium gleaned from the school's well water and other Central California water systems is handled like the nuclear material it is — taken away by workers in masks, gloves and other protective garments, said Ron Dollar, a vice president at Water Remediation Technology, a Colorado-based firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is then processed into nuclear fuel for power plants, Dollar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before treatment, Westport's water tested up to four times state and federal limits. After treatment, it's safe for the children, teachers and staff to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Central California farm schools opt to buy bottled water in place of drinking fountains, which are off limits because of uranium and other contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't have a choice,\" said Terri Lancaster, principal of the 260 students at Waukena Elementary School in rural Tulare County. \"You do what you have to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until winning a state grant to pay for trucked-in drinking water, her school was spending $10,000 a year from its general fund on bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the city of Modesto, with a half-million residents, recently spent more than $500,000 to start blending water from one contaminated well to dilute the uranium to safe levels. The city has retired a half-dozen other wells with excess levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials don't track spending on uranium-contaminated wells. But the state's Water Resources Control Board identified at least $16.7 million the state has spent since 2010 helping public water systems deal with high levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In coming years, more public water systems likely will be compelled to invest in such costly fixes, said Miranda Fram, a researcher with the U.S. Geological Survey in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fram and colleagues at USGS have taken the lead over the past decade in identifying the problem in farm centers, including Central California, which produces a quarter of the country's agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists and water experts are still piecing together the ways in which levels of uranium exceeding federal and state health standards are seeping into more public water systems and household wells in major farm areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fram and her colleagues believe the amount of uranium increased in Central Valley drinking water supplies over the last 150 years with the spread of farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, as in the Rockies, mountain snowmelt washes uranium-laden sediment to the flatlands, where groundwater is used to irrigate crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irrigation allows year-round farming, and the irrigated plants naturally create a weak acid that is leeching more and more uranium from sediment, said Fram and Bryant Jurgens, another USGS researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ongoing Drought is a Factor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater pumping pulls the contaminated water down into the earth, where it is tapped by wells that supply drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is now experiencing its driest four-year span on record, and farmers and other users are pumping groundwater at the highest rates ever, helping to pull yet more uranium into areas of aquifers tapped by water wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This has been a decades-long process that has occurred,\" Jurgens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if authorities were to intervene to somehow curb uranium contamination — and no such effort is under way — \"we expect that it's going to take many decades to reverse this,\" Jurgens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We should not have any doubts as to whether drinking water with uranium in it is a problem or not. It is.' \u003ccite>Doug Brugge, professor of public health, Tufts University School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The USGS calculates that the average level of uranium in public-supply wells of the eastern San Joaquin Valley increased 17 percent from 1990 to the mid-2000s. The number of public-supply wells with unsafe levels of uranium, meantime, climbed from 7 percent to 10 percent over the same period there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the problem remains so unpublicized that even Fresno County farmer Mark Sorensen — who grows grapes and blueberries in one of the most impacted parts of the country, and deals with water issues routinely as a leader of the local farm bureau — admits to not knowing about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To be honest, I have never spoken to anybody about uranium,\" said Sorensen, a fifth-generation farmer. \"I've never even heard of it in drinking water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long known that uranium can damage kidneys and increase the risks of cancer when consumed over a year or more, which is why authorities have set maximum levels for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drinking water tainted by uranium is the chief concern — but uranium also sticks to potatoes, radishes and other root vegetables if they're not properly washed. (While studies have confirmed livestock and people can ingest high levels of uranium by eating contaminated vegetation, scientists have yet to fully research the dangers involved.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though people think mainly about uranium's radioactivity, the danger in water mainly comes from the toxic chemical effects of the metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old public health models for uranium date back to the U.S. uranium boom of the 1940s and 1950s, when the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission set off a nuclear-age mining boom in the Central Valley and other points West as the country sought to build uranium stockpiles. Countless miners succumbed to cancer from breathing radioactive gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those models now need revising to deal with the larger population exposed through sources like drinking water, academics say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should not have any doubts as to whether drinking water with uranium in it is a problem or not. It is,\" said Doug Brugge, professor of public health and community medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston. \"The larger the population that's drinking this water, the more people that are going to be affected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because \"there has not been an appreciation of the number of people exposed, it has received a lot less attention\" than it should, said researcher Johnnye Lewis at the University of New Mexico, which along with Brugge's team is studying the health impacts of uranium on communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research teams at Tufts and the University of New Mexico also link long-term exposure to signs of reproductive and genetic damage, among other problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, changes in water standards since the late 2000s have mandated testing for uranium in public water systems, and the state frequently helps public water systems deal with wells testing at high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I'm Sure A Lot of People Are Unaware'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For private well owners and small water systems, however, officials were unable to point to any public health campaigns in the most affected areas or any help with testing or dealing with wells that do test for high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USGS researchers recently sampled 170 domestic water wells in the San Joaquin Valley, and found 20 to 25 percent bore uranium at levels that broke federal and state limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal regulators say the U.S. Congress, outlining drinking water standards, has limited its enforcement authority to public water systems. \"Your home's your castle. If you've got a well at home, that's your business,\" said Bruce Macler, a San Francisco-based water program toxicologist for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uranium is on the radar of California water officials, but the officials are\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/03/13/nitrates-in-california-drinking-water-new-attention-from-state-water-board/?_ga=1.249130563.514739197.1438904388\" target=\"_blank\"> paying more attention to other farming-related contaminants\u003c/a>, including nitrates, as well as simply having enough water in the fourth year of the state's drought, said John Borkovich, head of water quality at the state Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When it comes to private domestic wells, we do what we can to get the word out,\" Borkovich said. \"It's safe to say that there's always more that can be done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press commissioned sampling of wells at five homes in the countryside outside Modesto, to look more closely at whether unregulated private wells that families depend on were as vulnerable as contaminated public water systems nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results: Water from two of the five wells contained dangerous levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the five families, however, had ever heard that uranium could be a problem in groundwater — let alone that it was a problem in their area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's something I'm sure a lot of people are unaware of,\" said Reyna Rico, whose rural home overlooking farm fields had a well that tested three times the federal and state health limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be nice to be informed, so we can make an informed decision, and those wells can be tested,\" said a resident nearby, Michelle Norleen, who was relieved to know that her own water — unlike those of two of her neighbors — tested below the limits in the AP sampling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even for bigger water systems for which government help is available, accessing safe water doesn't always come quickly. That's true at the Double L Mobile Ranch outside Fresno, where Giselle Alvarez lives in a one-room trailer with her mother and father.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities have recorded years of tests showing dangerous levels of uranium in the water provided to the Double L's low-income residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park's owner, Carl Hunt, minimized the health risks to the families who live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not afraid of that water at all,\" Hunt told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An independent water test commissioned by the AP found water at Hunt's trailer park remained over the limits for uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials trying to set up delivery of safe water for the Double L's families have arranged with a local farm town, Kerman, to run its own water lines out to the trailer park — but Kerman is awaiting funding to deal with its own, uranium-contaminated well first. State officials expect it will take another three years to get safe water to the trailer park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, families in the rural trailer park mostly throw away the regular water notices, unable to comprehend their meaning. Suspicious in general of the park's tap water, families at the Double L who can afford it buy bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn't include Alvarez's family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can't really do anything about it,\" she says on the wooden steps of her mobile home. \"As you can see, we're not rich.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Manuel Valdes and Serdar Tumgoren contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a trailer park tucked among the irrigated orchards outside Fresno that help make California's San Joaquin Valley the richest farm region in the world, 16-year-old Giselle Alvarez, one of the few English speakers in this community of farmworkers, puzzles over the notices posted on front doors: There's a danger in their drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This has been a decades-long process that has occurred. It’s going to take many decades to reverse.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Bryant Jurgens, U.S. Geological Survey hydrologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tests for uranium, the notices warn, show a level considered unsafe by federal and state standards. The trailer park's owners are legally required to post the warnings. But the notices are awkwardly worded and in English, a language few of the park's dozens of Spanish-speaking families can read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It says you can drink the water -- but if you drink the water over a period of time, you can get cancer,\" said Alvarez, whose working-class family has no choice but to keep drinking and cooking with the tainted tap water daily, as they have since Alvarez was just learning to walk. \"They really don't explain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uranium, the stuff of nuclear fuel for power plants and atom bombs, \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/\" target=\"_blank\">increasingly is showing up in drinking water systems \u003c/a>in major farming regions of the U.S. West — a naturally occurring but unexpected byproduct of irrigation, of drought, and of the overpumping of natural underground water reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An Associated Press investigation in Central California — along with the U.S. Central Plains, among the areas most affected — found authorities are doing little to inform the public at large of the growing risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At particular risk are the San Joaquin Valley families who rely on private wells; as many as one out of every four of them are unknowingly drinking dangerous amounts of uranium, researchers determined this year and last. Government authorities say long-term exposure to uranium can damage kidneys and raise cancer risks, and scientists say it can have other harmful effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this swath of farmland, roughly 250 miles long and encompassing major cities, including Fresno, Bakersfield, and Modesto, the pre-treated water of up to one in 10 public systems has uranium levels that exceed federal and state safety standards, the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1358/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey has found\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More broadly, nearly 2 million people in California's Central Valley and in the U.S. Midwest live within a half-mile of groundwater containing uranium over the safety standards, University of Nebraska researchers said in a study published in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything from state agencies to tiny rural schools are scrambling to deal with hundreds of tainted public wells — more regulated than private wells under safe-drinking-water laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes water wells at Westport Elementary School, where 450 children from rural families study outside the Central California farm hub of Modesto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Westport's playground, schoolchildren take a break from tetherball to sip from fountains marked with Spanish and English placards: \"SAFE TO DRINK.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school, which draws on its own wells for its drinking fountains, sinks and cafeteria, is one of about 10 water systems in the farm region that have installed uranium removal facilities in recent years. Prices range from $65,000 for the smallest system to millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Just off Westport's playground, a school maintenance chief jangles the keys to the school's treatment operation, locked in a shed the size of a garage. Inside, a system of tubes, dials and canisters resembling large scuba tanks removes up to a pound a year of uranium from the school's wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The uranium gleaned from the school's well water and other Central California water systems is handled like the nuclear material it is — taken away by workers in masks, gloves and other protective garments, said Ron Dollar, a vice president at Water Remediation Technology, a Colorado-based firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is then processed into nuclear fuel for power plants, Dollar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before treatment, Westport's water tested up to four times state and federal limits. After treatment, it's safe for the children, teachers and staff to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Central California farm schools opt to buy bottled water in place of drinking fountains, which are off limits because of uranium and other contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't have a choice,\" said Terri Lancaster, principal of the 260 students at Waukena Elementary School in rural Tulare County. \"You do what you have to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until winning a state grant to pay for trucked-in drinking water, her school was spending $10,000 a year from its general fund on bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the city of Modesto, with a half-million residents, recently spent more than $500,000 to start blending water from one contaminated well to dilute the uranium to safe levels. The city has retired a half-dozen other wells with excess levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials don't track spending on uranium-contaminated wells. But the state's Water Resources Control Board identified at least $16.7 million the state has spent since 2010 helping public water systems deal with high levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In coming years, more public water systems likely will be compelled to invest in such costly fixes, said Miranda Fram, a researcher with the U.S. Geological Survey in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fram and colleagues at USGS have taken the lead over the past decade in identifying the problem in farm centers, including Central California, which produces a quarter of the country's agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists and water experts are still piecing together the ways in which levels of uranium exceeding federal and state health standards are seeping into more public water systems and household wells in major farm areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fram and her colleagues believe the amount of uranium increased in Central Valley drinking water supplies over the last 150 years with the spread of farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, as in the Rockies, mountain snowmelt washes uranium-laden sediment to the flatlands, where groundwater is used to irrigate crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irrigation allows year-round farming, and the irrigated plants naturally create a weak acid that is leeching more and more uranium from sediment, said Fram and Bryant Jurgens, another USGS researcher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ongoing Drought is a Factor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater pumping pulls the contaminated water down into the earth, where it is tapped by wells that supply drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is now experiencing its driest four-year span on record, and farmers and other users are pumping groundwater at the highest rates ever, helping to pull yet more uranium into areas of aquifers tapped by water wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This has been a decades-long process that has occurred,\" Jurgens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if authorities were to intervene to somehow curb uranium contamination — and no such effort is under way — \"we expect that it's going to take many decades to reverse this,\" Jurgens said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We should not have any doubts as to whether drinking water with uranium in it is a problem or not. It is.' \u003ccite>Doug Brugge, professor of public health, Tufts University School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The USGS calculates that the average level of uranium in public-supply wells of the eastern San Joaquin Valley increased 17 percent from 1990 to the mid-2000s. The number of public-supply wells with unsafe levels of uranium, meantime, climbed from 7 percent to 10 percent over the same period there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the problem remains so unpublicized that even Fresno County farmer Mark Sorensen — who grows grapes and blueberries in one of the most impacted parts of the country, and deals with water issues routinely as a leader of the local farm bureau — admits to not knowing about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To be honest, I have never spoken to anybody about uranium,\" said Sorensen, a fifth-generation farmer. \"I've never even heard of it in drinking water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long known that uranium can damage kidneys and increase the risks of cancer when consumed over a year or more, which is why authorities have set maximum levels for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drinking water tainted by uranium is the chief concern — but uranium also sticks to potatoes, radishes and other root vegetables if they're not properly washed. (While studies have confirmed livestock and people can ingest high levels of uranium by eating contaminated vegetation, scientists have yet to fully research the dangers involved.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though people think mainly about uranium's radioactivity, the danger in water mainly comes from the toxic chemical effects of the metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old public health models for uranium date back to the U.S. uranium boom of the 1940s and 1950s, when the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission set off a nuclear-age mining boom in the Central Valley and other points West as the country sought to build uranium stockpiles. Countless miners succumbed to cancer from breathing radioactive gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those models now need revising to deal with the larger population exposed through sources like drinking water, academics say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should not have any doubts as to whether drinking water with uranium in it is a problem or not. It is,\" said Doug Brugge, professor of public health and community medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston. \"The larger the population that's drinking this water, the more people that are going to be affected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because \"there has not been an appreciation of the number of people exposed, it has received a lot less attention\" than it should, said researcher Johnnye Lewis at the University of New Mexico, which along with Brugge's team is studying the health impacts of uranium on communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research teams at Tufts and the University of New Mexico also link long-term exposure to signs of reproductive and genetic damage, among other problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, changes in water standards since the late 2000s have mandated testing for uranium in public water systems, and the state frequently helps public water systems deal with wells testing at high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I'm Sure A Lot of People Are Unaware'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For private well owners and small water systems, however, officials were unable to point to any public health campaigns in the most affected areas or any help with testing or dealing with wells that do test for high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USGS researchers recently sampled 170 domestic water wells in the San Joaquin Valley, and found 20 to 25 percent bore uranium at levels that broke federal and state limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal regulators say the U.S. Congress, outlining drinking water standards, has limited its enforcement authority to public water systems. \"Your home's your castle. If you've got a well at home, that's your business,\" said Bruce Macler, a San Francisco-based water program toxicologist for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uranium is on the radar of California water officials, but the officials are\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/03/13/nitrates-in-california-drinking-water-new-attention-from-state-water-board/?_ga=1.249130563.514739197.1438904388\" target=\"_blank\"> paying more attention to other farming-related contaminants\u003c/a>, including nitrates, as well as simply having enough water in the fourth year of the state's drought, said John Borkovich, head of water quality at the state Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When it comes to private domestic wells, we do what we can to get the word out,\" Borkovich said. \"It's safe to say that there's always more that can be done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press commissioned sampling of wells at five homes in the countryside outside Modesto, to look more closely at whether unregulated private wells that families depend on were as vulnerable as contaminated public water systems nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results: Water from two of the five wells contained dangerous levels of uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the five families, however, had ever heard that uranium could be a problem in groundwater — let alone that it was a problem in their area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's something I'm sure a lot of people are unaware of,\" said Reyna Rico, whose rural home overlooking farm fields had a well that tested three times the federal and state health limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be nice to be informed, so we can make an informed decision, and those wells can be tested,\" said a resident nearby, Michelle Norleen, who was relieved to know that her own water — unlike those of two of her neighbors — tested below the limits in the AP sampling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even for bigger water systems for which government help is available, accessing safe water doesn't always come quickly. That's true at the Double L Mobile Ranch outside Fresno, where Giselle Alvarez lives in a one-room trailer with her mother and father.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities have recorded years of tests showing dangerous levels of uranium in the water provided to the Double L's low-income residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park's owner, Carl Hunt, minimized the health risks to the families who live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not afraid of that water at all,\" Hunt told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An independent water test commissioned by the AP found water at Hunt's trailer park remained over the limits for uranium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials trying to set up delivery of safe water for the Double L's families have arranged with a local farm town, Kerman, to run its own water lines out to the trailer park — but Kerman is awaiting funding to deal with its own, uranium-contaminated well first. State officials expect it will take another three years to get safe water to the trailer park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, families in the rural trailer park mostly throw away the regular water notices, unable to comprehend their meaning. Suspicious in general of the park's tap water, families at the Double L who can afford it buy bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn't include Alvarez's family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can't really do anything about it,\" she says on the wooden steps of her mobile home. \"As you can see, we're not rich.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Manuel Valdes and Serdar Tumgoren contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Forget the bundle of socks for your mom, and that “not quite right” gift for your significant other. This year you can get tech savvy, with a plethora of new wearables. While new connected devices abound, we offer our guide to holiday wearables with a nod to realism: one must question whether wearables will end up like parachute pants—an odd relic from yesteryear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2014 report from Endeavor Partners found half of the U.S. consumers who bought a wearable in 2013 no longer use it and 33 percent stopped using it within six months. The key to creating a successful wearable, the reoprt says, is meaningful impact. Products that just track behaviors will ultimately fail; those most likely to succeed will be devices that inspire action and help users make positive change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, here’s our list of inspiring and lesser-known devices for a wide range of people on your gift list.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Dash: Smart Headphones\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who wants them:\u003c/strong> Your favorite runner and/or fist bumper\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77135\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Bragi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77135\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Bragi-800x470.jpg\" alt=\"The Dash aren’t headphones, they’re “hearables.”\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Bragi-800x470.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Bragi-400x235.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Bragi-1180x693.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Bragi-960x564.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Bragi.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Dash aren’t headphones, they’re “hearables.” \u003ccite>(Bragi)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why they’re cool:\u003c/strong> These wireless headphones from Bragi are still under pre-order, but athletes and music lovers will be running for this three-in-one “hearable:” a music player, a fitness tracker and a touchpad on the earpiece that allows you to control the audio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earbuds connect to your phone via Bluetooth for audio streaming and have 3.5 GB of storage for music or podcasts, with three hours of battery life. Users can also adjust the headphones to block or let in the sounds of their ambient environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dash measure and record steps, distance, heart rate and oxygen saturation through a set of motion sensors, plus two tiny LEDs that emit light into the capillaries of the skin of the ear. The earbuds also provide real-time acoustic feedback of your progress and are easy to interact with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deets:\u003c/strong> Pre-orders are available for $299 and include a charging case. The Dash work with iOS, Windows and Android devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Game Golf\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who wants this:\u003c/strong> The avid golfer and statistician\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77132\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 759px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/game-golf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/game-golf-759x600.jpg\" alt=\"This GPS tracking system keeps tabs on golf balls and provides insight on your swing.\" width=\"759\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77132\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/game-golf-759x600.jpg 759w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/game-golf-400x316.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/game-golf-1180x933.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/game-golf-960x759.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/game-golf.jpg 1345w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 759px) 100vw, 759px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This GPS tracking system (in holiday red!) keeps tabs on golf balls and provides insight on your swing. \u003ccite>(Game Golf)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it’s cool:\u003c/strong> Game Golf is a digital tracking system that attaches to the top of each golf club and at a player’s waist to record every shot and provide real-time tracking. A GPS and chip reader inside the body-worn device notes which club is in use and where the ball has landed. It also tracks your stats, fairway accuracy, scrambling percentages, shot dispersion for all clubs and yardages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deets:\u003c/strong> With a variety of devices beginning at $99, Game Golf is a relatively inexpensive addition to your golf bag.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>June\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who wants this:\u003c/strong> Your sun worshipper\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it’s cool:\u003c/strong> Bridging the gap of fashion and function, this diamond-inspired bracelet monitors UV exposure and gives users advice on how to best to protect themselves against various UV levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June coordinates with your time zone to awake at sunrise and records activity to automatically detect if you’re indoors our outside. The bracelet takes into account your skin type to prescribe a daily “sun dose,” then sends you a smartphone notification when you’ve had too much fun in the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deets:\u003c/strong> June is fit for fashionistas at $129 in three colors.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Lumo Lift Posture Monitor\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who wants this:\u003c/strong> The slouch who wants to shape up\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77136\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/LumoLift.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77136\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/LumoLift-800x419.jpg\" alt=\"This small wearable, seen attached at the shoulder strap, is also designed for runners.\" width=\"800\" height=\"419\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/LumoLift-800x419.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/LumoLift-400x209.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/LumoLift-1180x618.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/LumoLift-960x502.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/LumoLift.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This small wearable, seen attached at the shoulder strap, is also designed for runners. \u003ccite>(Lumo Lift)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it’s cool:\u003c/strong> This small activity tracker is the equivalent of your mother nudging you to sit up straight. Users assume their best posture, then clip Lumo onto their shirt to calibrate; the sensor will vibrate when you slouch to encourage a better back. The wearable will not only track your posture on an iOS and Android app, but will monitor steps taken, distance travelled and calories burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deets:\u003c/strong> At $79.99 and with five days’ battery life, Lumo may be the most practical and easy-to-use wearable on holiday lists this year. It’s also a great starter wearable for the skeptics in your life.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Looncup\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who wants this:\u003c/strong> Empowered women\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77196\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/cup1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77196\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/cup1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The Looncup pairs with your phone to track your menstrual cycle.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/cup1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/cup1-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/cup1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/cup1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/cup1-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Looncup pairs with your phone to track your menstrual cycle. \u003ccite>(Loon Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it’s cool:\u003c/strong> Looncup is a menstrual cup that substitutes for tampons or pads, and links with your smartphone to track your cycle The cup builds on a growing number of period-tracking apps with an embedded sensor that measures volume, detects color and alerts wearers when it’s time to refresh. Minute changes in the amount or color of menstrual blood could mean something is wrong. Looncup uses this information to analyze menstruation and suggest when a doctor’s appointment might be necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deets:\u003c/strong> The cup’s creator, Loon Labs, recently concluded a Kickstarter campaign and is working out shipping times. The Looncup is available for pre-order and will run about $70 retail.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Skully Helmet\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who wants this:\u003c/strong> Your favorite gearhead\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77137\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/skully-breakdown.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77137\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/skully-breakdown-800x447.png\" alt=\"A diagram of the technology inside the Skully helmet.\" width=\"800\" height=\"447\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/skully-breakdown-800x447.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/skully-breakdown-400x224.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/skully-breakdown-960x536.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/skully-breakdown.png 1106w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram of the technology inside the Skully helmet. \u003ccite>(Skully)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it’s cool:\u003c/strong> Motorcycles can be dangerous – and that’s part of the fun of two wheels — Skully is attempting to make riders safer with an augmented reality helmet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An integrated heads-up-display system provides critical information in a rider’s line of sight and also offers a visual GPS. Skully offers “situational awareness” with an ultra-wide angle rear view camera, blind spot camera and integrated audio components for hands-free calling and directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deets:\u003c/strong> Skully is shipping to Indiegogo backers but, at $1,499, this may be an investment for only the most advanced motorcyclists. If you’re an ATGATT rider (all the gear, all the time) with cash and rubber to burn, this should be on the tip-top of your wish list.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Here's our list of nifty, lesser-known wearables that could actually make a difference for someone you love. ",
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"title": "Six Holiday Wearables for Your Wish List",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Forget the bundle of socks for your mom, and that “not quite right” gift for your significant other. This year you can get tech savvy, with a plethora of new wearables. While new connected devices abound, we offer our guide to holiday wearables with a nod to realism: one must question whether wearables will end up like parachute pants—an odd relic from yesteryear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2014 report from Endeavor Partners found half of the U.S. consumers who bought a wearable in 2013 no longer use it and 33 percent stopped using it within six months. The key to creating a successful wearable, the reoprt says, is meaningful impact. Products that just track behaviors will ultimately fail; those most likely to succeed will be devices that inspire action and help users make positive change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, here’s our list of inspiring and lesser-known devices for a wide range of people on your gift list.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Dash: Smart Headphones\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who wants them:\u003c/strong> Your favorite runner and/or fist bumper\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77135\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Bragi.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77135\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Bragi-800x470.jpg\" alt=\"The Dash aren’t headphones, they’re “hearables.”\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Bragi-800x470.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Bragi-400x235.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Bragi-1180x693.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Bragi-960x564.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Bragi.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Dash aren’t headphones, they’re “hearables.” \u003ccite>(Bragi)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why they’re cool:\u003c/strong> These wireless headphones from Bragi are still under pre-order, but athletes and music lovers will be running for this three-in-one “hearable:” a music player, a fitness tracker and a touchpad on the earpiece that allows you to control the audio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earbuds connect to your phone via Bluetooth for audio streaming and have 3.5 GB of storage for music or podcasts, with three hours of battery life. Users can also adjust the headphones to block or let in the sounds of their ambient environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dash measure and record steps, distance, heart rate and oxygen saturation through a set of motion sensors, plus two tiny LEDs that emit light into the capillaries of the skin of the ear. The earbuds also provide real-time acoustic feedback of your progress and are easy to interact with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deets:\u003c/strong> Pre-orders are available for $299 and include a charging case. The Dash work with iOS, Windows and Android devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Game Golf\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who wants this:\u003c/strong> The avid golfer and statistician\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77132\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 759px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/game-golf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/game-golf-759x600.jpg\" alt=\"This GPS tracking system keeps tabs on golf balls and provides insight on your swing.\" width=\"759\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77132\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/game-golf-759x600.jpg 759w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/game-golf-400x316.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/game-golf-1180x933.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/game-golf-960x759.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/game-golf.jpg 1345w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 759px) 100vw, 759px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This GPS tracking system (in holiday red!) keeps tabs on golf balls and provides insight on your swing. \u003ccite>(Game Golf)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it’s cool:\u003c/strong> Game Golf is a digital tracking system that attaches to the top of each golf club and at a player’s waist to record every shot and provide real-time tracking. A GPS and chip reader inside the body-worn device notes which club is in use and where the ball has landed. It also tracks your stats, fairway accuracy, scrambling percentages, shot dispersion for all clubs and yardages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deets:\u003c/strong> With a variety of devices beginning at $99, Game Golf is a relatively inexpensive addition to your golf bag.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>June\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who wants this:\u003c/strong> Your sun worshipper\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it’s cool:\u003c/strong> Bridging the gap of fashion and function, this diamond-inspired bracelet monitors UV exposure and gives users advice on how to best to protect themselves against various UV levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June coordinates with your time zone to awake at sunrise and records activity to automatically detect if you’re indoors our outside. The bracelet takes into account your skin type to prescribe a daily “sun dose,” then sends you a smartphone notification when you’ve had too much fun in the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deets:\u003c/strong> June is fit for fashionistas at $129 in three colors.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Lumo Lift Posture Monitor\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who wants this:\u003c/strong> The slouch who wants to shape up\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77136\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/LumoLift.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77136\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/LumoLift-800x419.jpg\" alt=\"This small wearable, seen attached at the shoulder strap, is also designed for runners.\" width=\"800\" height=\"419\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/LumoLift-800x419.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/LumoLift-400x209.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/LumoLift-1180x618.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/LumoLift-960x502.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/LumoLift.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This small wearable, seen attached at the shoulder strap, is also designed for runners. \u003ccite>(Lumo Lift)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it’s cool:\u003c/strong> This small activity tracker is the equivalent of your mother nudging you to sit up straight. Users assume their best posture, then clip Lumo onto their shirt to calibrate; the sensor will vibrate when you slouch to encourage a better back. The wearable will not only track your posture on an iOS and Android app, but will monitor steps taken, distance travelled and calories burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deets:\u003c/strong> At $79.99 and with five days’ battery life, Lumo may be the most practical and easy-to-use wearable on holiday lists this year. It’s also a great starter wearable for the skeptics in your life.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Looncup\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who wants this:\u003c/strong> Empowered women\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77196\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/cup1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77196\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/cup1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The Looncup pairs with your phone to track your menstrual cycle.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/cup1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/cup1-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/cup1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/cup1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/cup1-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Looncup pairs with your phone to track your menstrual cycle. \u003ccite>(Loon Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it’s cool:\u003c/strong> Looncup is a menstrual cup that substitutes for tampons or pads, and links with your smartphone to track your cycle The cup builds on a growing number of period-tracking apps with an embedded sensor that measures volume, detects color and alerts wearers when it’s time to refresh. Minute changes in the amount or color of menstrual blood could mean something is wrong. Looncup uses this information to analyze menstruation and suggest when a doctor’s appointment might be necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deets:\u003c/strong> The cup’s creator, Loon Labs, recently concluded a Kickstarter campaign and is working out shipping times. The Looncup is available for pre-order and will run about $70 retail.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Skully Helmet\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who wants this:\u003c/strong> Your favorite gearhead\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77137\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/skully-breakdown.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-77137\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/skully-breakdown-800x447.png\" alt=\"A diagram of the technology inside the Skully helmet.\" width=\"800\" height=\"447\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/skully-breakdown-800x447.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/skully-breakdown-400x224.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/skully-breakdown-960x536.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/skully-breakdown.png 1106w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram of the technology inside the Skully helmet. \u003ccite>(Skully)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it’s cool:\u003c/strong> Motorcycles can be dangerous – and that’s part of the fun of two wheels — Skully is attempting to make riders safer with an augmented reality helmet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An integrated heads-up-display system provides critical information in a rider’s line of sight and also offers a visual GPS. Skully offers “situational awareness” with an ultra-wide angle rear view camera, blind spot camera and integrated audio components for hands-free calling and directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deets:\u003c/strong> Skully is shipping to Indiegogo backers but, at $1,499, this may be an investment for only the most advanced motorcyclists. If you’re an ATGATT rider (all the gear, all the time) with cash and rubber to burn, this should be on the tip-top of your wish list.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Can This Game Help You Deal With Anxiety and Panic Attacks?",
"title": "Can This Game Help You Deal With Anxiety and Panic Attacks?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Anxiety disorders are \u003ca href=\"http://www.adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts-statistics\" target=\"_blank\">the most common mental illness\u003c/a> in America, affecting more than 40 million adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many people with generalized anxiety or panic disorders, treatment typically includes medication, psychotherapy, or both. But in the future, it might become increasingly commonplace for doctors to prescribe a mobile app or game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Playlab London, a London-based startup, recently developed a mobile game \u003ca href=\"https://www.flowygame.com/\" target=\"_blank\">called Flowy\u003c/a> that's designed to combat panic attacks. Flowy isn't intended to replace traditional forms of treatment, or provide an alternative to seeing a specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I caught up with Playlab London's cofounder Simon Fox during a recent trip to the UK. Fox decided to develop the game after years of suffering from anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72429\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-72429\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/screenshot1-337x600.png\" alt=\"Take a deep breath, before steering a ship around various obstacles.\" width=\"337\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/screenshot1-337x600.png 337w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/screenshot1-400x711.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/screenshot1-663x1180.png 663w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/screenshot1.png 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 337px) 100vw, 337px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Take a deep breath, before steering a ship around various obstacles. \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"It was six years ago. My life disintegrated and it took me a while to learn how to cope,\" he says. \"But that's what gave me the insight for Flowy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After coming up with the idea, Fox says he interviewed top doctors in the U.K., including mental health professionals and trauma specialists, and incorporated their feedback and insights in the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 30,000 people around the world have used Flowy since its release in December of 2014. The game is currently in \"open beta,\" meaning the founders are still collecting feedback, and is available for free on Android and iOS. It has not received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to be used for clinical purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flowy is just one of a growing group of mobile apps that aim to help those with mental health issues. San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://golantern.com/press/\" target=\"_blank\">Lantern\u003c/a> provides coaching from mental health professionals via its app. It also provides tools to help people with deep breathing, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/12/06/131734718/just-breathe-body-has-a-built-in-stress-reliever\" target=\"_blank\">which copious research has shown\u003c/a> is a built-in stress reliever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can the Flowy Game Help You?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flowy works by helping people regulate their breathing using tried-and-tested exercises. It also has some behavioral tracking features, so it can be used to track anxiety levels over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">It caused me some anxiety how often I failed at the game.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I gave the game a whirl to see if it could help me cope with stressful events during the workday. The game prompted me to take deep breaths, and then steer a tiny boat through various obstacles by tapping my finger on the screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I eventually got the hang of the game, but it took me a few tries. It's not immediately intuitive, despite the step-by-step instructions at the beginning. The first time I used it, I felt perplexed and frustrated that I couldn't figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also caused me some anxiety to bump into an obstacle and fail, especially if I was on a rare winning streak. It didn't fill me with calm thoughts to see the \"game over\" screen. Instead, I felt a competitive urge to beat the system and try again. But that said, I think it did help me breathe a bit slower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reviews of the app are fairly mixed. Some people describe it as a \"godsend\" or \"life-saver\" that really helped them, and others say it needs a bit more work. One person said it made her feel more \"flustered,\" which isn't a good sign for an app that claims to reduce anxiety. A common criticism among users was that the boat moved a bit too fast -- and I'm inclined to agree with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: This game may help you, but try it out first during a calmer moment. I eventually got hooked on the game, but just for fun, not for reducing anxiety. And I wouldn't recommend using it for the first time in the midst of a panic attack.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Anxiety disorders are \u003ca href=\"http://www.adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts-statistics\" target=\"_blank\">the most common mental illness\u003c/a> in America, affecting more than 40 million adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many people with generalized anxiety or panic disorders, treatment typically includes medication, psychotherapy, or both. But in the future, it might become increasingly commonplace for doctors to prescribe a mobile app or game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Playlab London, a London-based startup, recently developed a mobile game \u003ca href=\"https://www.flowygame.com/\" target=\"_blank\">called Flowy\u003c/a> that's designed to combat panic attacks. Flowy isn't intended to replace traditional forms of treatment, or provide an alternative to seeing a specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I caught up with Playlab London's cofounder Simon Fox during a recent trip to the UK. Fox decided to develop the game after years of suffering from anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72429\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-72429\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/screenshot1-337x600.png\" alt=\"Take a deep breath, before steering a ship around various obstacles.\" width=\"337\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/screenshot1-337x600.png 337w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/screenshot1-400x711.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/screenshot1-663x1180.png 663w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/screenshot1.png 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 337px) 100vw, 337px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Take a deep breath, before steering a ship around various obstacles. \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"It was six years ago. My life disintegrated and it took me a while to learn how to cope,\" he says. \"But that's what gave me the insight for Flowy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After coming up with the idea, Fox says he interviewed top doctors in the U.K., including mental health professionals and trauma specialists, and incorporated their feedback and insights in the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 30,000 people around the world have used Flowy since its release in December of 2014. The game is currently in \"open beta,\" meaning the founders are still collecting feedback, and is available for free on Android and iOS. It has not received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to be used for clinical purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flowy is just one of a growing group of mobile apps that aim to help those with mental health issues. San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://golantern.com/press/\" target=\"_blank\">Lantern\u003c/a> provides coaching from mental health professionals via its app. It also provides tools to help people with deep breathing, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/12/06/131734718/just-breathe-body-has-a-built-in-stress-reliever\" target=\"_blank\">which copious research has shown\u003c/a> is a built-in stress reliever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can the Flowy Game Help You?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flowy works by helping people regulate their breathing using tried-and-tested exercises. It also has some behavioral tracking features, so it can be used to track anxiety levels over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">It caused me some anxiety how often I failed at the game.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I gave the game a whirl to see if it could help me cope with stressful events during the workday. The game prompted me to take deep breaths, and then steer a tiny boat through various obstacles by tapping my finger on the screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I eventually got the hang of the game, but it took me a few tries. It's not immediately intuitive, despite the step-by-step instructions at the beginning. The first time I used it, I felt perplexed and frustrated that I couldn't figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also caused me some anxiety to bump into an obstacle and fail, especially if I was on a rare winning streak. It didn't fill me with calm thoughts to see the \"game over\" screen. Instead, I felt a competitive urge to beat the system and try again. But that said, I think it did help me breathe a bit slower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reviews of the app are fairly mixed. Some people describe it as a \"godsend\" or \"life-saver\" that really helped them, and others say it needs a bit more work. One person said it made her feel more \"flustered,\" which isn't a good sign for an app that claims to reduce anxiety. A common criticism among users was that the boat moved a bit too fast -- and I'm inclined to agree with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: This game may help you, but try it out first during a calmer moment. I eventually got hooked on the game, but just for fun, not for reducing anxiety. And I wouldn't recommend using it for the first time in the midst of a panic attack.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Women who have an abnormal mammogram should stay vigilant for cancer for the next decade, even when follow-up tests fail to detect cancer, a study released Wednesday finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because there's a \"modest\" risk that cancer will develop during the next decade, says lead author \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.unc.edu/bric/people/faculty-pages/louise-henderson\" target=\"_blank\">Louise M. Henderson\u003c/a> of the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in Chapel Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The absolute increase in risk amounts to about one additional cancer in every 100 women who have a false positive mammogram over a 10-year period, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when put another way, the numbers may appear alarming. The study divided women into two groups — those who got additional imaging and those who also got biopsies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women with an abnormal screening mammogram had a 39 percent higher risk of cancer if they got additional imaging that turned out to be negative, too. That's compared with women who were truly negative and never developed breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For women who got biopsies that turned out negative, the chance of cancer was increased by 76 percent over the next 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't want women to read this and feel worried,\" Henderson says. Instead, the findings should be considered one more \"useful tool\" when weighing all the other factors that might be raising a particular woman's risk, such as age, race, breast density and family history of breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson says the study wasn't designed to figure out why a falsely positive mammogram is associated with an increased cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's possible, she says, that the increased risk \"could be the fact that the radiologist sees an abnormal pattern that's not cancerous, but it's a radio-graphic marker,\" and it could be that this is a precursor to some subsequent cancer diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, done at several leading universities, looked back at more than 2.2 million screening mammograms considered to be false alarms between 1994 and 2009. It was \u003ca href=\"http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2015/11/09/1055-9965.EPI-15-0623.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">published Wednesday\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. \u003c/em>The mammograms were done in 1.3 million women, ages 40 to 74.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier studies have had conflicting results. But the size of this study makes researchers more confident that whatever is going on is a true phenomenon and not chance, says \u003ca href=\"http://pressroom.cancer.org/index.php?s=20&item=167\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Richard Wender\u003c/a>, chief cancer control officer of the American Cancer Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you've had a false positive, that is a risk factor,\" he says, \"so it's very important that a woman stay up to date with regular mammography.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it is now, Wender says, at least one-third of women who should be getting routinely screened for breast cancer are falling behind schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cancer society \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/10/20/449920789/cancer-group-now-says-most-mammograms-can-wait-till-45\" target=\"_blank\">created controversy\u003c/a> in October, when it changed its guidelines to recommend that regular screening start at age 45. Other groups recommend starting earlier, at age 40, and some say it's OK to wait until age 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that the chance of getting an abnormal screening mammogram that is falsely positive is about 50 percent over the course of 10 years. That often leads to further testing, including more mammograms, possible ultrasound exams, MRIs and even biopsies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=False+Alarm+Mammograms+May+Still+Signal+Higher+Breast+Cancer+Risk&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Women who have an abnormal mammogram should stay vigilant for cancer for the next decade, even when follow-up tests fail to detect cancer, a study released Wednesday finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because there's a \"modest\" risk that cancer will develop during the next decade, says lead author \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.unc.edu/bric/people/faculty-pages/louise-henderson\" target=\"_blank\">Louise M. Henderson\u003c/a> of the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in Chapel Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The absolute increase in risk amounts to about one additional cancer in every 100 women who have a false positive mammogram over a 10-year period, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when put another way, the numbers may appear alarming. The study divided women into two groups — those who got additional imaging and those who also got biopsies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women with an abnormal screening mammogram had a 39 percent higher risk of cancer if they got additional imaging that turned out to be negative, too. That's compared with women who were truly negative and never developed breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For women who got biopsies that turned out negative, the chance of cancer was increased by 76 percent over the next 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't want women to read this and feel worried,\" Henderson says. Instead, the findings should be considered one more \"useful tool\" when weighing all the other factors that might be raising a particular woman's risk, such as age, race, breast density and family history of breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson says the study wasn't designed to figure out why a falsely positive mammogram is associated with an increased cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's possible, she says, that the increased risk \"could be the fact that the radiologist sees an abnormal pattern that's not cancerous, but it's a radio-graphic marker,\" and it could be that this is a precursor to some subsequent cancer diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, done at several leading universities, looked back at more than 2.2 million screening mammograms considered to be false alarms between 1994 and 2009. It was \u003ca href=\"http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2015/11/09/1055-9965.EPI-15-0623.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">published Wednesday\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. \u003c/em>The mammograms were done in 1.3 million women, ages 40 to 74.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier studies have had conflicting results. But the size of this study makes researchers more confident that whatever is going on is a true phenomenon and not chance, says \u003ca href=\"http://pressroom.cancer.org/index.php?s=20&item=167\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Richard Wender\u003c/a>, chief cancer control officer of the American Cancer Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you've had a false positive, that is a risk factor,\" he says, \"so it's very important that a woman stay up to date with regular mammography.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it is now, Wender says, at least one-third of women who should be getting routinely screened for breast cancer are falling behind schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cancer society \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/10/20/449920789/cancer-group-now-says-most-mammograms-can-wait-till-45\" target=\"_blank\">created controversy\u003c/a> in October, when it changed its guidelines to recommend that regular screening start at age 45. Other groups recommend starting earlier, at age 40, and some say it's OK to wait until age 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that the chance of getting an abnormal screening mammogram that is falsely positive is about 50 percent over the course of 10 years. That often leads to further testing, including more mammograms, possible ultrasound exams, MRIs and even biopsies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=False+Alarm+Mammograms+May+Still+Signal+Higher+Breast+Cancer+Risk&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Virtual reality may be an emerging technology, but it's already making an impact in health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virtual reality or \"VR\" goggles offer an immersive and three-dimensional experience. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/10/19/affordable-virtual-reality-creates-worlds-for-people-with-disabilities/\" target=\"_blank\">People who have worn VR goggles\u003c/a> from Oculus Rift, Google Cardboard, or Samsung Gear VR describe the experience as highly realistic—you're sitting in your living room but you \u003cem>feel\u003c/em> like you're surfing a wave, playing with dinosaurs, or walking on the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"https://exponential.singularityu.org/medicine/\" target=\"_blank\">Exponential Medicine conference\u003c/a> in San Diego last week, virtual reality was all the rage. During the medical education track, doctors showed off \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAUbacNs4MQ\" target=\"_blank\">a new video\u003c/a>, which is designed to be viewed from an Oculus Rift headset. The video was produced by London-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.medicalrealities.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Medical Realities\u003c/a>, a business focused on bringing gaming and virtual reality to medical education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don't have access to a pair of VR goggles, but do have a newer computer and software, it's still worth a watch. Try dragging your cursor from a regular old smartphone or desktop to change the angle of view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7ALZkPoTYQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For virtual reality, the biggest opportunity in medicine is education,\" Halle Tecco told me. She's a founder of Rock Health, a venture firm dedicated to digital health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, medical schools relied on more passive forms of learning, including watching two-dimensional videos and taking exams. But Tecco says progressive medical educators are taking an interest in virtual reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virtual reality gives students the opportunity to learn (and potentially even make mistakes) in a more realistic and interactive environment. One medical school, Western University of Health Sciences in Pomona, Calif., recently opened a virtual reality lab so its students can take a \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2015/10/16/western-university-is-using-virtual-reality-to-teach/\" target=\"_blank\">virtual tour of human anatomy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tecco says she also see possibilities for patients to view their own surgeries. People who are considering a surgery might wish to watch their doctor perform a similar procedure on a patient. Others might opt to watch a video of their own surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this might sound distasteful or downright bizarre, it's actually a growing trend. Some well-known doctors, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/DrSandraLee\" target=\"_blank\">like this dermatologist\u003c/a>, have build an enormous following by posting graphic videos of their procedures. But be advised: If you have a weak stomach, do not dive into any of these videos right before lunch!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Would you give your doctor permission to film your surgery for medical education? Would you want to watch it? Let us know at @KQEDhealth.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Virtual reality may be an emerging technology, but it's already making an impact in health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virtual reality or \"VR\" goggles offer an immersive and three-dimensional experience. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/10/19/affordable-virtual-reality-creates-worlds-for-people-with-disabilities/\" target=\"_blank\">People who have worn VR goggles\u003c/a> from Oculus Rift, Google Cardboard, or Samsung Gear VR describe the experience as highly realistic—you're sitting in your living room but you \u003cem>feel\u003c/em> like you're surfing a wave, playing with dinosaurs, or walking on the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"https://exponential.singularityu.org/medicine/\" target=\"_blank\">Exponential Medicine conference\u003c/a> in San Diego last week, virtual reality was all the rage. During the medical education track, doctors showed off \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAUbacNs4MQ\" target=\"_blank\">a new video\u003c/a>, which is designed to be viewed from an Oculus Rift headset. The video was produced by London-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.medicalrealities.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Medical Realities\u003c/a>, a business focused on bringing gaming and virtual reality to medical education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don't have access to a pair of VR goggles, but do have a newer computer and software, it's still worth a watch. Try dragging your cursor from a regular old smartphone or desktop to change the angle of view.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/n7ALZkPoTYQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/n7ALZkPoTYQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For virtual reality, the biggest opportunity in medicine is education,\" Halle Tecco told me. She's a founder of Rock Health, a venture firm dedicated to digital health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, medical schools relied on more passive forms of learning, including watching two-dimensional videos and taking exams. But Tecco says progressive medical educators are taking an interest in virtual reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virtual reality gives students the opportunity to learn (and potentially even make mistakes) in a more realistic and interactive environment. One medical school, Western University of Health Sciences in Pomona, Calif., recently opened a virtual reality lab so its students can take a \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2015/10/16/western-university-is-using-virtual-reality-to-teach/\" target=\"_blank\">virtual tour of human anatomy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tecco says she also see possibilities for patients to view their own surgeries. People who are considering a surgery might wish to watch their doctor perform a similar procedure on a patient. Others might opt to watch a video of their own surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this might sound distasteful or downright bizarre, it's actually a growing trend. Some well-known doctors, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/DrSandraLee\" target=\"_blank\">like this dermatologist\u003c/a>, have build an enormous following by posting graphic videos of their procedures. But be advised: If you have a weak stomach, do not dive into any of these videos right before lunch!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Would you give your doctor permission to film your surgery for medical education? Would you want to watch it? Let us know at @KQEDhealth.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Cure for AIDS: Scientists Say It's 'On the Horizon'",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">P\u003c/span>aul Volberding is a UCSF oncologist who treated San Francisco's first HIV patients in the early 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The patients were, in many cases, blind and demented and had cancer and had infections in their brains causing pressure and headaches,\" says Volberding. \"People now can’t imagine it, it was so bad.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volberding says for years, HIV infection was a rapid death sentence. But in the 35 years since the epidemic began—thanks to sophisticated anti-retrovirals—it’s become a chronic illness that people can live with for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, on the eve of World AIDS Day, UCSF is scheduled to announce that it's receiving a $20 million grant to find a cure for AIDS over the next five years. It's part of a $100 million effort by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.amfar.org/\" target=\"_blank\">American Foundation for AIDS Research\u003c/a> or amfAR, to fund the most promising research that could lead to curing AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long ago this might have sounded unbelievable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65878\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 766px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Paul-Volberding_1981-e1447277818233.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65878\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Paul-Volberding_1981-766x600.jpg\" alt=\"In 1981 Marcus Conant, MD (left) and Paul Volberding, MD (right) discuss Kaposi's Sarcoma, a disease that became one of the original AIDS-defining illnesses. \" width=\"766\" height=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1981, Dr. Marcus Conant (left) and Dr. Paul Volberding (right) discuss Kaposi's Sarcoma, which became one of the original AIDS-defining illnesses. \u003ccite>(UCSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think it would have felt a lot like a moonshot, maybe five or six years ago,” Volberding says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, Volberding's lab and others in San Francisco are working for that moonshot: to develop treatments over the next several years that can drive the viral load down low enough that the body's own immune system can control or eliminate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If it can be done anywhere, it can be done here,\" he says. \"It's a really exciting moment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Problem With Treatment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://hab.hrsa.gov/livinghistory/timeline/1987.htm\" target=\"_blank\">approved zidovudine or AZT\u003c/a> in 1987; it was the first antiretroviral medication to treat HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1996, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/research/tap/\" target=\"_blank\">drug \"cocktails\" to treat HIV\u003c/a> became the standard of care for most patients. These highly active anti-retroviral therapies (HAART) helped manage the patient's viral load, maintained function of the immune system and prevented infections that could become fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After HAART became widespread, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/chartbook.htm\" target=\"_blank\">reported a marked reduction in HIV-related deaths\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these medications have side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Antiretrovirals are not a panacea,\" says amfAR CEO Kevin Robert Frost, who's based at the organization's headquarters in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72312 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756-480x600.jpg\" alt=\"A Kenneth Cole/amfAR ad from 1993 when 234,225 died of AIDS.\" width=\"480\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756-480x600.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756-400x500.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756.jpg 574w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Kenneth Cole/amfAR ad from 1993 when 234,225 people died of AIDS. \u003ccite>(amfAR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frost says the drugs have side effects that include chronic inflammation and a range of infections that attack the weakened immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why amfAR is spending $100 million to find a cure for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.amfar.org/worldwide-aids-stats/\" target=\"_blank\">nearly 37 million people living with HIV\u003c/a> around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only real way out of an epidemic like this is through a cure and a vaccine,\" says Frost. \"Because we’re gonna have to cure the people who have it now and we’re gonna have to vaccinate those to prevent them from getting it in the future.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Shock and Kill' the Virus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many HIV patients, TJ Lee is active and pain-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you get on meds and take care of yourself, you can live a very normal life,\" says Lee, who has been HIV-positive for 16 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco resident takes just one pill a day to manage his HIV. As a program manager at the San Francisco AIDS Foundation he works with newly diagnosed people who don't know HIV is no longer a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I had somebody call me about a month ago,\" Lee says. \"He recently found out he had HIV and he thought he was going to die soon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who have access to treatment, that's not really a concern anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, even people who are free of symptoms can have HIV lying dormant in their body’s T cells for years. The inactive virus could one day become active and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliminating that latent virus is the focus of UCSF's research. With the $20 million amfAR grant, Volberding wants to target these viral cells with a method he calls shock and kill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Shock and Kill Method of Eliminating the Virus\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66472 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-800x230.jpg\" alt=\"Shock and kill_edited\" width=\"800\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-800x230.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-400x115.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-1180x339.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-960x276.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1.jpg 1592w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the virus is dormant, we first need to wake up that cell to start producing the virus, that’s the shock part of it,\" Volberding says. \"And then, once the virus has been activated we want to do something to help the body kill off those cells, to get rid of the virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have to wake up the virus because when it’s dormant, the infected cell is invisible to the immune system. By shocking it out of latency, scientists can kill the infected cells, and kill the virus as it reproduces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/11/AIDSCure.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This method could be \u003cem>an \u003c/em>answer, Frost says, not \u003cem>the\u003c/em> answer. Researchers are working on multiple ways of reducing the body's viral load, including rapid early treatment to abort the infection and gene therapy to engineer cells to make them resistant to infection. Plus, public health efforts aimed at prevention and treatment will continue to be important, especially in places like sub-Saharan Africa, where 28.5 million people are infected with HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think we’re gonna wake up one day and see a headline in the newspaper that says 'Cure for AIDS Found,'” Frost says. \"It’s not that kind of a disease, it’s much more complicated than that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘People who say a cure for AIDS is impossible simply don’t understand the science.’\u003ccite> Kevin Robert Frost,\u003cbr>\namfAR CEO\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Because HIV mutates so quickly, he adds, a cure is likely to come in stages—sort of like a cancer model where a patient goes into remission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remission would mean a point where the patient doesn’t need treatment, can’t infect anyone, and doesn't have chronic illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re likely to start out curing some of the people some of the time, then more of the people more of the time,\" he says, \"and hopefully get to a place where we cure most of the people most of the time, and everybody who needs it has access to it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frost says eliminating the virus will take not one, but a series of scientific breakthroughs, as researchers work on all fronts from latency to gene editing and gene therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are those who said space travel would never happen,\" says Frost. \"People who say a cure for AIDS is impossible simply don’t understand the science. We’re going to find a cure for AIDS; I can tell you that without the slightest hesitation or doubt in my mind.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Thirty years since the AIDS epidemic broke out, we're closer than ever to finding a cure. And Bay Area scientists are getting $20 million to help find it.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">P\u003c/span>aul Volberding is a UCSF oncologist who treated San Francisco's first HIV patients in the early 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The patients were, in many cases, blind and demented and had cancer and had infections in their brains causing pressure and headaches,\" says Volberding. \"People now can’t imagine it, it was so bad.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volberding says for years, HIV infection was a rapid death sentence. But in the 35 years since the epidemic began—thanks to sophisticated anti-retrovirals—it’s become a chronic illness that people can live with for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, on the eve of World AIDS Day, UCSF is scheduled to announce that it's receiving a $20 million grant to find a cure for AIDS over the next five years. It's part of a $100 million effort by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.amfar.org/\" target=\"_blank\">American Foundation for AIDS Research\u003c/a> or amfAR, to fund the most promising research that could lead to curing AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long ago this might have sounded unbelievable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65878\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 766px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Paul-Volberding_1981-e1447277818233.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65878\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Paul-Volberding_1981-766x600.jpg\" alt=\"In 1981 Marcus Conant, MD (left) and Paul Volberding, MD (right) discuss Kaposi's Sarcoma, a disease that became one of the original AIDS-defining illnesses. \" width=\"766\" height=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1981, Dr. Marcus Conant (left) and Dr. Paul Volberding (right) discuss Kaposi's Sarcoma, which became one of the original AIDS-defining illnesses. \u003ccite>(UCSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think it would have felt a lot like a moonshot, maybe five or six years ago,” Volberding says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, Volberding's lab and others in San Francisco are working for that moonshot: to develop treatments over the next several years that can drive the viral load down low enough that the body's own immune system can control or eliminate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If it can be done anywhere, it can be done here,\" he says. \"It's a really exciting moment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Problem With Treatment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://hab.hrsa.gov/livinghistory/timeline/1987.htm\" target=\"_blank\">approved zidovudine or AZT\u003c/a> in 1987; it was the first antiretroviral medication to treat HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1996, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/research/tap/\" target=\"_blank\">drug \"cocktails\" to treat HIV\u003c/a> became the standard of care for most patients. These highly active anti-retroviral therapies (HAART) helped manage the patient's viral load, maintained function of the immune system and prevented infections that could become fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After HAART became widespread, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/chartbook.htm\" target=\"_blank\">reported a marked reduction in HIV-related deaths\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these medications have side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Antiretrovirals are not a panacea,\" says amfAR CEO Kevin Robert Frost, who's based at the organization's headquarters in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72312 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756-480x600.jpg\" alt=\"A Kenneth Cole/amfAR ad from 1993 when 234,225 died of AIDS.\" width=\"480\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756-480x600.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756-400x500.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756.jpg 574w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Kenneth Cole/amfAR ad from 1993 when 234,225 people died of AIDS. \u003ccite>(amfAR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frost says the drugs have side effects that include chronic inflammation and a range of infections that attack the weakened immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why amfAR is spending $100 million to find a cure for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.amfar.org/worldwide-aids-stats/\" target=\"_blank\">nearly 37 million people living with HIV\u003c/a> around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only real way out of an epidemic like this is through a cure and a vaccine,\" says Frost. \"Because we’re gonna have to cure the people who have it now and we’re gonna have to vaccinate those to prevent them from getting it in the future.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Shock and Kill' the Virus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many HIV patients, TJ Lee is active and pain-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you get on meds and take care of yourself, you can live a very normal life,\" says Lee, who has been HIV-positive for 16 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco resident takes just one pill a day to manage his HIV. As a program manager at the San Francisco AIDS Foundation he works with newly diagnosed people who don't know HIV is no longer a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I had somebody call me about a month ago,\" Lee says. \"He recently found out he had HIV and he thought he was going to die soon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who have access to treatment, that's not really a concern anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, even people who are free of symptoms can have HIV lying dormant in their body’s T cells for years. The inactive virus could one day become active and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliminating that latent virus is the focus of UCSF's research. With the $20 million amfAR grant, Volberding wants to target these viral cells with a method he calls shock and kill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Shock and Kill Method of Eliminating the Virus\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66472 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-800x230.jpg\" alt=\"Shock and kill_edited\" width=\"800\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-800x230.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-400x115.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-1180x339.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-960x276.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1.jpg 1592w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the virus is dormant, we first need to wake up that cell to start producing the virus, that’s the shock part of it,\" Volberding says. \"And then, once the virus has been activated we want to do something to help the body kill off those cells, to get rid of the virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have to wake up the virus because when it’s dormant, the infected cell is invisible to the immune system. By shocking it out of latency, scientists can kill the infected cells, and kill the virus as it reproduces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This method could be \u003cem>an \u003c/em>answer, Frost says, not \u003cem>the\u003c/em> answer. Researchers are working on multiple ways of reducing the body's viral load, including rapid early treatment to abort the infection and gene therapy to engineer cells to make them resistant to infection. Plus, public health efforts aimed at prevention and treatment will continue to be important, especially in places like sub-Saharan Africa, where 28.5 million people are infected with HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think we’re gonna wake up one day and see a headline in the newspaper that says 'Cure for AIDS Found,'” Frost says. \"It’s not that kind of a disease, it’s much more complicated than that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘People who say a cure for AIDS is impossible simply don’t understand the science.’\u003ccite> Kevin Robert Frost,\u003cbr>\namfAR CEO\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Because HIV mutates so quickly, he adds, a cure is likely to come in stages—sort of like a cancer model where a patient goes into remission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remission would mean a point where the patient doesn’t need treatment, can’t infect anyone, and doesn't have chronic illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re likely to start out curing some of the people some of the time, then more of the people more of the time,\" he says, \"and hopefully get to a place where we cure most of the people most of the time, and everybody who needs it has access to it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frost says eliminating the virus will take not one, but a series of scientific breakthroughs, as researchers work on all fronts from latency to gene editing and gene therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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"info": "",
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"tech-nation": {
"id": "tech-nation",
"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
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"ted-radio-hour": {
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"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
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