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"content": "\u003cp>When firefighters were quelling the last of Oakland’s catastrophic \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/12/07/oakland-ghost-ship-fire-search-nearly-finished-investigators-eye-refrigerator-as-cause/\">Ghost Ship warehouse fire\u003c/a> on the morning of December 3, they used a relatively new tool: an unmanned aerial vehicle, or drone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small UAV, barely noticeable above the smoking ruins, belonged to the\u003ca href=\"https://www.alamedacountysheriff.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Alameda County Sheriff’s Office\u003c/a>, and was equipped with a thermal imaging camera. It enabled firefighters to scan for lingering hotspots, which, if not extinguished, can reignite fires and hamper recovery efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter noborder\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/rsiakOURdpo\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">This short video of a training exercise in a smoke-filled tower at the South Marin Fire District reveals the stark difference between what the naked eye sees and what the same rescue looks like with thermal imaging. The voice narrating the action is South Marin firefighter Pete Falk.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Whereas video cameras see reflected light in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, thermal imagers are able to see the infrared band, invisible to the human eye. It’s like being able to see the radio waves from your wi-fi hub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thermal imagers can clearly illuminate not only flames and hot gases, but people whom responders would otherwise never see in smoke-filled buildings. They then display those images vividly on small hand-held devices or, more recently, on tiny screens built into firefighters’ breathing masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Hot Item\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thermal imaging cameras have been a growing part of firefighters’ gear package for years. Departments have been snapping them up at a record pace. An assessment by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nfpa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Fire Protection Association\u003c/a> showed the percentage of fire departments equipped with the technology rose from 24 percent in 2001 to nearly 80 percent this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over those years, the gadgets more than proved their worth. The logical next step was to make them airborne. Enter the age of the drone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an absolute game changer for us,” says Tom Calvert, a battalion chief with the Menlo Park Fire Protection District. The district is rapidly \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/07/27/menlo-park-fire-district-to-boost-drone-program/\">expanding its drone program\u003c/a> because of the edge Calvert says it gives responders to have a UAV in the sky above an incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can pinpoint over a larger area,” he says, “hot spot there, hot spot there — and direct your resources right where they need to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1236322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1236322\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209.jpg\" alt=\"Menlo Park Battalion Chief Tom Calvert inspects one of his department's drones. The fire district has two certified pilots so far.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Menlo Park Battalion Chief Tom Calvert inspects one of his department’s drones. The fire district has two certified UAV pilots so far. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eyes in the Sky\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commander Tom Madigan, who heads the Alameda County Sheriff’s drone operation, says the Oakland Ghost Ship fire was the fourth time they’ve deployed on a fire incident. As Madigan’s team flew the drone, an Oakland Fire representative viewed color-coded images on the screen and directed ladder crews where to concentrate their water from overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland warehouse fire moved very rapidly through the building, putting firefighters on the defensive despite an estimated three-minute response time. Calvert says fast-moving fires have become the norm, in large part because of the plastic and other synthetic materials inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fuels inside of buildings are different than they used to be 30-40 years ago, when they were cottons and wood fibers and you know, all the natural materials,” explains Calvert. “Now it’s petroleum. It’s like gasoline. The fires burn a lot faster now.\u003cbr>\nSo we’ve lost a bit of time, you know, in our battle against time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rapid Deployment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drones could help offset that. Calvert and other experts interviewed for this story say it won’t be long — perhaps a couple of years — before video and thermal camera-equipped drones will automatically take off from fire stations as soon as alarms come in, racing ahead of the engines and paramedics to send back initial data that could save time and lives. Drones could virtually eliminate the ground-level “360,” a time-consuming site evaluation that responders currently do as they arrive on scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1236321\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1236321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211.jpg\" alt=\"Drones may soon launch automatically as fire equipment rolls out from the station, allowing firefighters to assess the scene before they arrive.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drones may soon launch automatically as fire equipment rolls out from the station, allowing firefighters to assess the incident scene before they arrive. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Before we even get there, we can get very good information about this incident,” says Calvert, “and that helps drive where we put people and what we have them do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calvert calls thermal imaging and drones two of the four great breakthroughs in modern firefighting, right up there with breathing apparatus and radios. While figures are hard to come by, drones with thermal imaging cameras are rapidly becoming standard equipment for fire companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really been picking up,” says Romero Durscher, director of education for \u003ca href=\"http://www.dji.com/\">DJI\u003c/a>, a leading maker of drones used by public safety agencies, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dji.com/inspire-1\">one used in Oakland\u003c/a>. “We’re seeing more and more first-responder agencies using the technology and there’s a whole lot more that are just waiting and trying to figure out best practices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those “best practices” are important. As drones become more ubiquitous, they’ve \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2016/05/drone_privacy_is_about_much_more_than_sunbathing_teenage_daughters.html\">stoked public anxiety\u003c/a> over privacy and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time we’ve had a major new technology come about, there were always concerns,” says Durscher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We truly believe this technology can have a very positive impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going to see an explosion of [this] technology used by public safety agencies,” predicts Madigan, whose unit also deploys drones in search-and-rescue and “high-risk” situations such as active-shooter incidents. Calvert agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think as you see more actual emergency response-type incidents where you see the drone in use and the benefit it gets us,” he says, “it’s hard to argue its value, certainly in emergency response.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Attach a thermal imaging camera to a drone and you have a powerful fire-fighting tool that can save precious minutes.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When firefighters were quelling the last of Oakland’s catastrophic \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/12/07/oakland-ghost-ship-fire-search-nearly-finished-investigators-eye-refrigerator-as-cause/\">Ghost Ship warehouse fire\u003c/a> on the morning of December 3, they used a relatively new tool: an unmanned aerial vehicle, or drone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small UAV, barely noticeable above the smoking ruins, belonged to the\u003ca href=\"https://www.alamedacountysheriff.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Alameda County Sheriff’s Office\u003c/a>, and was equipped with a thermal imaging camera. It enabled firefighters to scan for lingering hotspots, which, if not extinguished, can reignite fires and hamper recovery efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter noborder\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/rsiakOURdpo\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">This short video of a training exercise in a smoke-filled tower at the South Marin Fire District reveals the stark difference between what the naked eye sees and what the same rescue looks like with thermal imaging. The voice narrating the action is South Marin firefighter Pete Falk.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Whereas video cameras see reflected light in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, thermal imagers are able to see the infrared band, invisible to the human eye. It’s like being able to see the radio waves from your wi-fi hub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thermal imagers can clearly illuminate not only flames and hot gases, but people whom responders would otherwise never see in smoke-filled buildings. They then display those images vividly on small hand-held devices or, more recently, on tiny screens built into firefighters’ breathing masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Hot Item\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thermal imaging cameras have been a growing part of firefighters’ gear package for years. Departments have been snapping them up at a record pace. An assessment by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nfpa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Fire Protection Association\u003c/a> showed the percentage of fire departments equipped with the technology rose from 24 percent in 2001 to nearly 80 percent this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over those years, the gadgets more than proved their worth. The logical next step was to make them airborne. Enter the age of the drone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an absolute game changer for us,” says Tom Calvert, a battalion chief with the Menlo Park Fire Protection District. The district is rapidly \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/07/27/menlo-park-fire-district-to-boost-drone-program/\">expanding its drone program\u003c/a> because of the edge Calvert says it gives responders to have a UAV in the sky above an incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can pinpoint over a larger area,” he says, “hot spot there, hot spot there — and direct your resources right where they need to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1236322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1236322\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209.jpg\" alt=\"Menlo Park Battalion Chief Tom Calvert inspects one of his department's drones. The fire district has two certified pilots so far.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6209-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Menlo Park Battalion Chief Tom Calvert inspects one of his department’s drones. The fire district has two certified UAV pilots so far. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eyes in the Sky\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commander Tom Madigan, who heads the Alameda County Sheriff’s drone operation, says the Oakland Ghost Ship fire was the fourth time they’ve deployed on a fire incident. As Madigan’s team flew the drone, an Oakland Fire representative viewed color-coded images on the screen and directed ladder crews where to concentrate their water from overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland warehouse fire moved very rapidly through the building, putting firefighters on the defensive despite an estimated three-minute response time. Calvert says fast-moving fires have become the norm, in large part because of the plastic and other synthetic materials inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fuels inside of buildings are different than they used to be 30-40 years ago, when they were cottons and wood fibers and you know, all the natural materials,” explains Calvert. “Now it’s petroleum. It’s like gasoline. The fires burn a lot faster now.\u003cbr>\nSo we’ve lost a bit of time, you know, in our battle against time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rapid Deployment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drones could help offset that. Calvert and other experts interviewed for this story say it won’t be long — perhaps a couple of years — before video and thermal camera-equipped drones will automatically take off from fire stations as soon as alarms come in, racing ahead of the engines and paramedics to send back initial data that could save time and lives. Drones could virtually eliminate the ground-level “360,” a time-consuming site evaluation that responders currently do as they arrive on scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1236321\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1236321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211.jpg\" alt=\"Drones may soon launch automatically as fire equipment rolls out from the station, allowing firefighters to assess the scene before they arrive.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/IMG_6211-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drones may soon launch automatically as fire equipment rolls out from the station, allowing firefighters to assess the incident scene before they arrive. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Before we even get there, we can get very good information about this incident,” says Calvert, “and that helps drive where we put people and what we have them do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calvert calls thermal imaging and drones two of the four great breakthroughs in modern firefighting, right up there with breathing apparatus and radios. While figures are hard to come by, drones with thermal imaging cameras are rapidly becoming standard equipment for fire companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really been picking up,” says Romero Durscher, director of education for \u003ca href=\"http://www.dji.com/\">DJI\u003c/a>, a leading maker of drones used by public safety agencies, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dji.com/inspire-1\">one used in Oakland\u003c/a>. “We’re seeing more and more first-responder agencies using the technology and there’s a whole lot more that are just waiting and trying to figure out best practices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those “best practices” are important. As drones become more ubiquitous, they’ve \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2016/05/drone_privacy_is_about_much_more_than_sunbathing_teenage_daughters.html\">stoked public anxiety\u003c/a> over privacy and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time we’ve had a major new technology come about, there were always concerns,” says Durscher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We truly believe this technology can have a very positive impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re going to see an explosion of [this] technology used by public safety agencies,” predicts Madigan, whose unit also deploys drones in search-and-rescue and “high-risk” situations such as active-shooter incidents. Calvert agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think as you see more actual emergency response-type incidents where you see the drone in use and the benefit it gets us,” he says, “it’s hard to argue its value, certainly in emergency response.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Billions at Stake: UC Berkeley's Day in Court vs. Harvard/MIT Over CRISPR",
"title": "Billions at Stake: UC Berkeley's Day in Court vs. Harvard/MIT Over CRISPR",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's called CRISPR-Cas9 — one of the century's biggest scientific breakthroughs in genetic engineering\u003cem> — \u003c/em>and now three major universities are battling it out in court over who owns a patent on the revolutionary technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, UC Berkeley lawyers defended the university's claim to patent\u003cem> \u003c/em>CRISPR in a dispute that went before a panel of judges at the U.S Patent and Trademark headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia\u003cem>. \u003c/em>The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard is also claiming it owns the rights to CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR is a gene-editing tool that allows scientists to manipulate DNA by snipping out part of a mutated gene and substituting a healthy gene. It has huge implications \u003cem>—\u003c/em> from yielding new cancer therapies to correcting genetic disorders to modifying plant and animal DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Editing DNA Using CRISPR\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv class=\"row textColumnWidth\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01.png\" alt=\"crispr01\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-160x285.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-240x427.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-375x667.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-520x925.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02.png\" alt=\"crispr02\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-160x285.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-240x427.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-375x667.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-520x925.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296420\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug.jpg\" alt=\"crispr_03_bug\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug-160x285.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug-240x427.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\"If Berkeley wins it means they’re essentially going to control which commercial companies are able to develop the technology going forward and that will be a huge change in the status quo,\" says New York Law School professor says Jake Sherkow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow says billions of dollars could be at stake. Companies that use the technology will likely need to pay royalties to whomever owns it -- Broad or Berkeley. Many start-ups including \u003ca href=\"https://www.addgene.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Addgene\u003c/a> -- a biotech non-profit working with Broad -- are already using CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both UC Berkeley and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard claim to have invented the technology and filed for patents.\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley filed first and even though Broad filed later, Broad fast-tracked its application, which was approved while Berkeley's was still pending. This is what Berkeley is contesting -- the fact that Broad's application was approved while its own was still under review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court has already ruled that the patent will be issued to the scientists who prove the CRISPR technology works in transforming the genes of a particular kind of cell -- \u003cem>eukaryotic\u003c/em> cells, those found in plants and animals, including humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their research, Broad Institute bioengineer Feng Zhang and his team used eukaryotic cells, whereas UC Berkeley biochemist Jennifer Doudna used bacteria cells, not eukaryotic cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Doudna argues that UC Berkeley has a right to the patent because any skilled scientist could apply her team's research technique to eukaryotic cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley's lawyers faced more intense questioning on Tuesday than the Broad's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It does speak to some of the judges' skepticism of the University of California's claims,\" says Sherkow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patent judges could make a decision by February but Sherkow says whichever side loses will likely appeal. So a final resolution may not come until 2018 or 2019.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Who owns the rights to CRISPR? That's up to U.S. patent judges and the decision could be worth billions. ",
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"title": "Billions at Stake: UC Berkeley's Day in Court vs. Harvard/MIT Over CRISPR | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's called CRISPR-Cas9 — one of the century's biggest scientific breakthroughs in genetic engineering\u003cem> — \u003c/em>and now three major universities are battling it out in court over who owns a patent on the revolutionary technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, UC Berkeley lawyers defended the university's claim to patent\u003cem> \u003c/em>CRISPR in a dispute that went before a panel of judges at the U.S Patent and Trademark headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia\u003cem>. \u003c/em>The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard is also claiming it owns the rights to CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR is a gene-editing tool that allows scientists to manipulate DNA by snipping out part of a mutated gene and substituting a healthy gene. It has huge implications \u003cem>—\u003c/em> from yielding new cancer therapies to correcting genetic disorders to modifying plant and animal DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Editing DNA Using CRISPR\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv class=\"row textColumnWidth\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01.png\" alt=\"crispr01\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-160x285.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-240x427.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-375x667.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR01-520x925.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02.png\" alt=\"crispr02\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02.png 750w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-160x285.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-240x427.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-375x667.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR02-520x925.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"small-12 large-4 columns large-4 columns\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296420\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug.jpg\" alt=\"crispr_03_bug\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug-160x285.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/CRISPR_03_Bug-240x427.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\"If Berkeley wins it means they’re essentially going to control which commercial companies are able to develop the technology going forward and that will be a huge change in the status quo,\" says New York Law School professor says Jake Sherkow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow says billions of dollars could be at stake. Companies that use the technology will likely need to pay royalties to whomever owns it -- Broad or Berkeley. Many start-ups including \u003ca href=\"https://www.addgene.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Addgene\u003c/a> -- a biotech non-profit working with Broad -- are already using CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both UC Berkeley and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard claim to have invented the technology and filed for patents.\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley filed first and even though Broad filed later, Broad fast-tracked its application, which was approved while Berkeley's was still pending. This is what Berkeley is contesting -- the fact that Broad's application was approved while its own was still under review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court has already ruled that the patent will be issued to the scientists who prove the CRISPR technology works in transforming the genes of a particular kind of cell -- \u003cem>eukaryotic\u003c/em> cells, those found in plants and animals, including humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their research, Broad Institute bioengineer Feng Zhang and his team used eukaryotic cells, whereas UC Berkeley biochemist Jennifer Doudna used bacteria cells, not eukaryotic cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Doudna argues that UC Berkeley has a right to the patent because any skilled scientist could apply her team's research technique to eukaryotic cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley's lawyers faced more intense questioning on Tuesday than the Broad's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It does speak to some of the judges' skepticism of the University of California's claims,\" says Sherkow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patent judges could make a decision by February but Sherkow says whichever side loses will likely appeal. So a final resolution may not come until 2018 or 2019.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "rudolphs-antlers-could-help-restore-mobility-in-injured-humans",
"title": "Why Reindeer and Their Cousins are Total Boneheads",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Every year, male members of the deer family — and females too, in the case of reindeer — perform a feat no other adult mammal can do. In about three months they grow an entirely new set of antlers, their iconic crown of bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every year the deer cast their antlers and they regenerate,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manuel_Nieto-Diaz\">Manuel Nieto-Díaz\u003c/a>, a paleontologist-turned-neuroscientist based at the National Paraplegics Hospital, in Toledo, Spain. “Among mammals, it’s a unique process of complete regeneration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nerves involved in this regeneration grow back at the same rate as the antlers. Their speed and ability to grow on their own make these nerves of great interest to scientists, who are investigating their ability to return mobility to damaged human limbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male deer, elk, reindeer, and all other members of the cervid family use their antlers to fend off competitors and woo females, then shed them once mating season is over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217669\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217669\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"National Park Service wildlife ecologist David Press holds an antler shed by a tule elk at Point Reyes National Seashore, in West Marin County, California. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Park Service wildlife ecologist David Press holds an antler shed by a tule elk at Point Reyes National Seashore, in West Marin County, California. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New antlers start growing right away, sprouting from two knobs on the deer’s forehead called pedicles, and growing as heavy as 60 pounds in the case of moose. A fuzzy layer of skin and fur called velvet carries blood rich in calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Antlers grow every year out of knobs called pedicles. These elk antlers are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, in San Francisco. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Antlers grow every year out of knobs called pedicles. These elk antlers are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Antlers start out as special cells in the pedicles that grow into cartilage and finally bone. While they’re growing, the antlers are soft and vulnerable. Deer know to keep them out of harm’s way. That’s because nerves in the velvet give them sensation in their developing antlers and prevent them from banging or scratching them before they’ve branched out and hardened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t get in any fights and are very careful with their environment. If they touch something, it hurts them,” said neuroscientist \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wolfgang_Pita-Thomas\">Wolfgang Pita-Thomas\u003c/a>, at Washington University in St. Louis, co-author of a recent paper on antler development with Nieto-Díaz. “That’s the evolutionary advantage of having nerves in your antler.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the bone is completely sturdy after about three months, blood flow stops and the velvet cracks. The process makes the males itchy, so they scratch their antlers on leaves and branches and the velvet peels off in bloody sheets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217661\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217661\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"A close-up of the velvet peeling off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The velvet is a furry skin that envelops the antlers as they develop. Blood that flows through the velvet carries calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of the velvet peeling off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The velvet is a furry skin that envelops the antlers as they develop. Blood that flows through the velvet carries calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217663\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_SHREDS_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1217663\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_SHREDS_720.gif\" alt=\"Velvet peels off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch. Underneath the velvet is the hard bone that makes up the antlers.\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Velvet peels off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch. Underneath the velvet is the hard bone that makes up the antlers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the antlers are fully developed, they’re dead bones devoid of any sensation, which makes them pretty useful weapons — ones that can take a pummeling without hurting their owner. (By comparison, our bones always have nerves in them, which is why we feel pain if we break one).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male reindeer, elk, and all other cervids use their antlers to fight or keep other males away, or as a lure to attract females. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/learn/nature/tule_elk.htm\">Tule elk\u003c/a> on the Northern California coast, for example, use their antlers to tear up bushes, in an effort to keep competitors away from a group of females called a harem, which they try to mate with exclusively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_BULL_THRASHES_BUSH_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1217658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_BULL_THRASHES_BUSH_720.gif\" alt=\"dl_401antlers_bull_thrashes_bush_720\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a sign of dominance behavior,” said wildlife ecologist David Press of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/index.htm\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>, in West Marin County, where some 500 tule elk — once on the brink of extinction – now live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The part of the nerve that grows in the deer velvet while the antlers are developing is especially interesting to scientists. These long nerve sections are called axons, and they can grow to be more than three feet long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Axons are the wiring,” said Nieto-Díaz. “When we talk about nerves, we’re really talking about axons. They’re the part of the nerve that transmits information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The axons in developing antlers are unique because they regrow year after year and they do so very fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually, in humans and most other animals, the formation of new nerves doesn’t happen. It happens some, but not to that extent,” said Pita-Thomas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it difficult for people whose limbs are crushed in an accident, or severed and reattached, to fully recover their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can sow the nerves together to help them heal, but the chances of improvement are limited,” said Nieto-Díaz. “It depends on how long the sections of the nerve remained separate from each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If doctors could get axons to grow consistently and quickly in humans who have suffered nerve damage to their limbs, this would help them recover mobility. Nieto-Díaz and Pita-Thomas believe that by figuring out what makes axons grow in antlers, they might be able to devise new treatments, or improve on existing treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ideally, we’d like to identify several factors that would act together to promote nerve growth,” said Nieto- Díaz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217662\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217662\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Bits of furry skin called velvet hang from the antlers of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The nerves that grow in the velvet of developing antlers are the focus of research by neuroscientists interested in developing treatments for people with damaged limbs. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bits of furry skin called velvet hang from the antlers of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The nerves that grow in the velvet of developing antlers are the focus of research by neuroscientists interested in developing treatments for people with damaged limbs. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In research reported in the November edition of the journal Neuroscience, the neuroscientists identified three proteins in deer velvet that work together to help axons grow fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find these proteins, they cut off the tips of the developing antlers of live red deer that had been anesthetized, cultured them in the lab and collected the substances the velvet produced. Then they added these proteins to rat neurons in the lab and identified the ones that made the neurons grow faster. Finally, they tested several proteins acting together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that the combination that best promoted the growth of the rat neurons was a mix of a protein called nerve growth factor and two other proteins — periostin and laminin — that serve as a surface for the nerves to grow on. The rat neurons in the lab grew about four times faster than they would naturally, but thousands of times slower than axons in developing antlers, which can grow three quarters of an inch per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw a decent growth rate (in the rat neurons), but it’s not amazing,” said Nieto-Díaz. The fact that the rat neurons didn’t grow at the astounding rate of antler nerves leads him to believe there’s some sort of mechanical force at work stretching the axons in antler velvet, but he and his colleagues haven’t tested this out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step in the research is to try adding the three proteins to live rats, said Pita-Thomas, who is looking for funding to carry out this new experiment. He also would like to compare the success of the three proteins to existing treatments. Currently, when the nerves in a patient’s arm or leg are damaged, doctors can transplant nerves from another part of the patient’s body to the damaged area. This procedure is risky because extracting nerves can cause damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another treatment, a scaffold made out of collagen is sown between the two parts of a sectioned nerve, and nerves are allowed to grow through it. But nerves grow slowly. A treatment developed from fast-growing antler velvet nerves could help with this, said Pita-Thomas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helping patients with a spinal cord injury, caused for example by a traffic accident, would be much more difficult than helping patients with limb damage, said Nieto-Diaz, because the spinal cord secretes substances that impede nerve regrowth. Developing a treatment based on antler velvet nerves would require first inhibiting these substances. The need for spinal cord injury treatments is pressing, though: \u003ca href=\"https://www.christopherreeve.org/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/spinal-cord-injury\">a study from the Reeve Foundation\u003c/a> estimates that in the U.S. more than 1.2 million people are living with paralysis from spinal cord injuries, and there’s no cure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As December comes around and the tule elk in Northern California lose their antlers, a new pair begins to grow right away. In that quick turnaround could lie the key to treatments for thousands of patients with limited mobility.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists are investigating the potential of nerves in developing antlers to repair human limbs.",
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"title": "Why Reindeer and Their Cousins are Total Boneheads | KQED",
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"headline": "Why Reindeer and Their Cousins are Total Boneheads",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Every year, male members of the deer family — and females too, in the case of reindeer — perform a feat no other adult mammal can do. In about three months they grow an entirely new set of antlers, their iconic crown of bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every year the deer cast their antlers and they regenerate,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manuel_Nieto-Diaz\">Manuel Nieto-Díaz\u003c/a>, a paleontologist-turned-neuroscientist based at the National Paraplegics Hospital, in Toledo, Spain. “Among mammals, it’s a unique process of complete regeneration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nerves involved in this regeneration grow back at the same rate as the antlers. Their speed and ability to grow on their own make these nerves of great interest to scientists, who are investigating their ability to return mobility to damaged human limbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male deer, elk, reindeer, and all other members of the cervid family use their antlers to fend off competitors and woo females, then shed them once mating season is over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217669\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217669\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"National Park Service wildlife ecologist David Press holds an antler shed by a tule elk at Point Reyes National Seashore, in West Marin County, California. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_DAVID_PRESS_HOLDS_CAST_ANTLER_AT_POINT_REYES_NATIONAL_SEASHORE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Park Service wildlife ecologist David Press holds an antler shed by a tule elk at Point Reyes National Seashore, in West Marin County, California. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New antlers start growing right away, sprouting from two knobs on the deer’s forehead called pedicles, and growing as heavy as 60 pounds in the case of moose. A fuzzy layer of skin and fur called velvet carries blood rich in calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Antlers grow every year out of knobs called pedicles. These elk antlers are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, in San Francisco. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_PEDICLES_TEXTED-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Antlers grow every year out of knobs called pedicles. These elk antlers are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Antlers start out as special cells in the pedicles that grow into cartilage and finally bone. While they’re growing, the antlers are soft and vulnerable. Deer know to keep them out of harm’s way. That’s because nerves in the velvet give them sensation in their developing antlers and prevent them from banging or scratching them before they’ve branched out and hardened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They don’t get in any fights and are very careful with their environment. If they touch something, it hurts them,” said neuroscientist \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wolfgang_Pita-Thomas\">Wolfgang Pita-Thomas\u003c/a>, at Washington University in St. Louis, co-author of a recent paper on antler development with Nieto-Díaz. “That’s the evolutionary advantage of having nerves in your antler.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the bone is completely sturdy after about three months, blood flow stops and the velvet cracks. The process makes the males itchy, so they scratch their antlers on leaves and branches and the velvet peels off in bloody sheets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217661\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217661\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"A close-up of the velvet peeling off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The velvet is a furry skin that envelops the antlers as they develop. Blood that flows through the velvet carries calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_AND_BLOOD-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close-up of the velvet peeling off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The velvet is a furry skin that envelops the antlers as they develop. Blood that flows through the velvet carries calcium and phosphorous to build up the bone that makes up the antlers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217663\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_SHREDS_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1217663\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_SHREDS_720.gif\" alt=\"Velvet peels off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch. Underneath the velvet is the hard bone that makes up the antlers.\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Velvet peels off the antler of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch. Underneath the velvet is the hard bone that makes up the antlers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the antlers are fully developed, they’re dead bones devoid of any sensation, which makes them pretty useful weapons — ones that can take a pummeling without hurting their owner. (By comparison, our bones always have nerves in them, which is why we feel pain if we break one).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male reindeer, elk, and all other cervids use their antlers to fight or keep other males away, or as a lure to attract females. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/learn/nature/tule_elk.htm\">Tule elk\u003c/a> on the Northern California coast, for example, use their antlers to tear up bushes, in an effort to keep competitors away from a group of females called a harem, which they try to mate with exclusively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_BULL_THRASHES_BUSH_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1217658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_BULL_THRASHES_BUSH_720.gif\" alt=\"dl_401antlers_bull_thrashes_bush_720\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a sign of dominance behavior,” said wildlife ecologist David Press of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/index.htm\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>, in West Marin County, where some 500 tule elk — once on the brink of extinction – now live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The part of the nerve that grows in the deer velvet while the antlers are developing is especially interesting to scientists. These long nerve sections are called axons, and they can grow to be more than three feet long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Axons are the wiring,” said Nieto-Díaz. “When we talk about nerves, we’re really talking about axons. They’re the part of the nerve that transmits information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The axons in developing antlers are unique because they regrow year after year and they do so very fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually, in humans and most other animals, the formation of new nerves doesn’t happen. It happens some, but not to that extent,” said Pita-Thomas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it difficult for people whose limbs are crushed in an accident, or severed and reattached, to fully recover their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can sow the nerves together to help them heal, but the chances of improvement are limited,” said Nieto-Díaz. “It depends on how long the sections of the nerve remained separate from each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If doctors could get axons to grow consistently and quickly in humans who have suffered nerve damage to their limbs, this would help them recover mobility. Nieto-Díaz and Pita-Thomas believe that by figuring out what makes axons grow in antlers, they might be able to devise new treatments, or improve on existing treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ideally, we’d like to identify several factors that would act together to promote nerve growth,” said Nieto- Díaz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1217662\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1217662\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Bits of furry skin called velvet hang from the antlers of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The nerves that grow in the velvet of developing antlers are the focus of research by neuroscientists interested in developing treatments for people with damaged limbs. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/DL_401Antlers_VELVET_ON_REINDEER_ANTLERS-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bits of furry skin called velvet hang from the antlers of a reindeer at Windswept Ranch, in Rosamond, California. The nerves that grow in the velvet of developing antlers are the focus of research by neuroscientists interested in developing treatments for people with damaged limbs. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In research reported in the November edition of the journal Neuroscience, the neuroscientists identified three proteins in deer velvet that work together to help axons grow fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find these proteins, they cut off the tips of the developing antlers of live red deer that had been anesthetized, cultured them in the lab and collected the substances the velvet produced. Then they added these proteins to rat neurons in the lab and identified the ones that made the neurons grow faster. Finally, they tested several proteins acting together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that the combination that best promoted the growth of the rat neurons was a mix of a protein called nerve growth factor and two other proteins — periostin and laminin — that serve as a surface for the nerves to grow on. The rat neurons in the lab grew about four times faster than they would naturally, but thousands of times slower than axons in developing antlers, which can grow three quarters of an inch per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw a decent growth rate (in the rat neurons), but it’s not amazing,” said Nieto-Díaz. The fact that the rat neurons didn’t grow at the astounding rate of antler nerves leads him to believe there’s some sort of mechanical force at work stretching the axons in antler velvet, but he and his colleagues haven’t tested this out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step in the research is to try adding the three proteins to live rats, said Pita-Thomas, who is looking for funding to carry out this new experiment. He also would like to compare the success of the three proteins to existing treatments. Currently, when the nerves in a patient’s arm or leg are damaged, doctors can transplant nerves from another part of the patient’s body to the damaged area. This procedure is risky because extracting nerves can cause damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another treatment, a scaffold made out of collagen is sown between the two parts of a sectioned nerve, and nerves are allowed to grow through it. But nerves grow slowly. A treatment developed from fast-growing antler velvet nerves could help with this, said Pita-Thomas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helping patients with a spinal cord injury, caused for example by a traffic accident, would be much more difficult than helping patients with limb damage, said Nieto-Diaz, because the spinal cord secretes substances that impede nerve regrowth. Developing a treatment based on antler velvet nerves would require first inhibiting these substances. The need for spinal cord injury treatments is pressing, though: \u003ca href=\"https://www.christopherreeve.org/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/spinal-cord-injury\">a study from the Reeve Foundation\u003c/a> estimates that in the U.S. more than 1.2 million people are living with paralysis from spinal cord injuries, and there’s no cure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As December comes around and the tule elk in Northern California lose their antlers, a new pair begins to grow right away. In that quick turnaround could lie the key to treatments for thousands of patients with limited mobility.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How Do You Know Which Medical Information on Wikipedia to Trust?",
"title": "How Do You Know Which Medical Information on Wikipedia to Trust?",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>James Heilman isn't an easy man to get a hold of; he kept offering us odd, off-hour windows of availability to do a phone interview. When we finally connected, he explained: He works the night shift as an emergency room physician in British Columbia. He also puts in time as a clinical assistant professor in emergency medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal\">\u003cstrong>How to check the accuracy of Wikipedia pages\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nYou can check how Wikipedians rate the quality and thoroughness of every entry on the encyclopedia by clicking on the \"Talk\" tab near the top left of each page. There you will find the page's rating, which will fall somewhere on this \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Assessment#Quality_scale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scale\u003c/a>. Here are lists of the health articles with the \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=FA-Classhttps://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=FA-Class\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">highest\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=GA-Class\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">second-highest ratings\u003c/a>; these are the most trustworthy health entries.\u003c/span>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Then there's the 60 -- count'em, 60 -- hours a week he toils away editing Wikipedia, the massive online encyclopedia written and edited by, well, anyone who wants to give it a whirl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My wife likes to joke that Wikipedia's my mistress; I prefer to call it our first child,” he says, chuckling with a tinge of self-awareness that he's gone a bit off the rails in his goal of making the copious health-related pages on the site more accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does an emergency doc become an obsessive Wikipedian?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10 years ago, he says, during a quiet night shift, he got to browsing one of the medical articles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I thought, 'Oh, my God this is really bad,'\" he says. \"And then I saw the edit button, and I realized, oh, my God, I could fix the internet! I sort of got madly hooked. I’ve been trying to fix the Internet ever since.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accuracy Questioned\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that quest was creating the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WikiProject Medicine\u003c/a> group, where 320 like-minded editors work on the site's \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">health content. \u003c/a>Heilman estimates about half are medical professionals.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"I thought ‘Oh, my God this is really bad.' And then I saw the edit button, and I realized, oh, my God, I could fix the internet!\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Reworking Wikipedia health entries is not a trivial task. A 2014 study found about 25,000 pages of English-language health-related articles. That number is now up to 32,000, Heilman says. The health pages worldwide attracted almost \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376174/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">4.9 billion pageviews\u003c/a> in 2013. A 2012 \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/0142159X.2012.737064?scroll=top&needAccess=true&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">survey\u003c/a> of several hundred medical students found 94 percent use the site for health information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite its popularity, the reliability of Wikipedia's medical content has often been questioned. A 2011 \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3241521/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">review \u003c/a>on the accuracy and thoroughness of the site's medical entries found mixed results. Other studies show that the site fell short in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24276492\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">gastroenterology and hepatology\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://aop.sagepub.com/content/42/12/1814.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">drug information\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193353/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statins\u003c/a> (later \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0106930#pone.0106930-Kupferberg1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">improved\u003c/a>), and issues of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ijporlonline.com/article/S0165-5876(12)00336-9/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ear, nose and throat\u003c/a>. Other studies found the website provided better information in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sdi.12059/epdf?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nephrology\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/quality-of-information-sources-about-mental-disorders-a-comparison-of-wikipedia-with-centrally-controlled-web-and-printed-sources/595CEE672BB7C503101FAF5A9E303673\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">depression and schizophrenia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal\">To get good health info online:\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Check multiple, high-quality sources like those from academic and government institutions.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Be alert for sites that contain information that conflicts with other sources, a possible indication of low-quality information.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Consult \u003ca href=\"http://www.uptodate.com/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UpToDate\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PubMed\u003c/a>, and peer-reviewed journals for primary research on a topic.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If using Wikipedia, click the 'Talk' tab at the top of each page to see how the site's editors have rated the quality of the article. Look at the footnotes to check the sources of assertions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But just recently, in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(16)30254-6/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Lancet: Global Health, \u003c/a>\u003c/em>researchers reported that Wikipedia entries on stillbirths were missing critical information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24778001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> comparing peer-reviewed literature to the site's articles on 10 different widespread diseases and conditions found a significant number of assertions in the Wikipedia material that were unsupported by the evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heilman doesn't think much of that study; he co-wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://community-archive.cochrane.org/news/blog/wikipedia%E2%80%99s-medical-content-really-90-wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rebuttal\u003c/a> to it with other medical experts/Wikipedians. Still, he acknowledges \"there's a lot of work to do\" to bring health entries up to snuff. The reality of that is borne out by the small number of health articles -- \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=FA-Class%20featured%20health%20articles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">63\u003c/a> -- that have received the highest grade by Wikipedia editors. Those articles qualify as featured articles on the encyclopedia's front page. (The next-best level -- \"good\" -- contains a mere \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=GA-Class\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">200 articles\u003c/a>.) The \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Assessment#Quality_scale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">criteria\u003c/a> for a \"featured\" article is comprehensiveness, neutrality and accuracy. That means the information has been verified against high-quality sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Calls to Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/wikipedia-is-already-the-worlds-dr-google-its-time-for-doctors-and-researchers-to-make-it-better-66769\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">article\u003c/a> last month on the academic publishing site \"The Conversation\" by Thomas Shafee, one of the researchers who wrote about Wikipedia's inadequate \"stillbirth\" entries, is headlined \"Wikipedia is already the world’s ‘Dr Google’ -- it’s time for doctors and researchers to make it better.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Health professionals have a duty to improve the accuracy of medical entries in Wikipedia, because it’s the first port of call for people all over the world seeking medical information,\" Shafee wrote. \"The accuracy of the site is vital, because every medical entry... has the potential for immediate \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/4/08-056713/en/\">real-world health consequences\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others agree. University of California, San Francisco psychiatrist Amin Azzam recently co-authored a \u003ca href=\"http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/publishahead/Why_Medical_Schools_Should_Embrace_Wikipedia__.98408.aspx\">report\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Academic Medicine \u003c/em>titled “Why Medical Schools Should Embrace Wikipedia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Improving Wikipedia\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts to improve the entire site, including the health section, are underway. Hundreds of students in both the U.S. and Canada, for example, are working as editors through the \u003ca href=\"https://wikiedu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wiki Education Foundation\u003c/a>, a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco that acts as a bridge between Wikipedia and academia. The organization encourages university faculty to assign students Wikipedia entries as a part of coursework.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rather than write a biography of a woman scientist for their class that their instructor would read and throw away and never engage in again,\" says the foundation's LiAnna Davis, \"these students instead have the opportunity to create content for Wikipedia where thousands of people can gain from their work.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pharmacology students at the University of California, San Francisco, for example, are \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:UCSF_School_of_Medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">working to improve entries\u003c/a> on popular drugs like the HIV antiviral drug \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacavir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Abacavir\u003c/a>. Students in a voice disorders class at McGill University in Montreal are adding information about \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngitis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">laryngitis\u003c/a>. Students fill in missing information, improve gross inadequacies, and rewrite articles using fewer technical terms to appeal to the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, 280 science classes at universities in the U.S. and Canada have added content to 3,650 articles and generated 300 new entries receiving more than 102 million views, says Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heilman points to many efforts to improve articles, and a \u003ca href=\"http://translatorswithoutborders.org/?s=wikipedia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">collaboration\u003c/a> with the group Translators Without Borders to rewrite Wikipedia medical content in as many languages as possible. That \u003ca href=\"https://opensource.com/life/16/11/support-indian-languages\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">includes Odia\u003c/a>, spoken by tens of millions of people in India that is not included in\u003ca href=\"https://translate.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Google Translate\u003c/a>. Heilman also cites as a success the Wikipedia entry for dengue fever, which was published in the peer-reviewed open-access journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242787/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Open Medicine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal agencies are also tapping Wikipedia. The National Institutes of Health is creating an online biomedical \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/topics/health/a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dictionary\u003c/a> for PubMed Health. which provides consumer-friendly research information.\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/topics/health/a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003c/a>The NIH usually creates the definitions by drawing on material in its own collection, but sometimes It will use Wikipedia as a source. Both organizations benefit, as the NIH will flag Heilman if it comes across something inaccurate in the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heilman fervently hopes more health and science academics and professionals will help expand the accuracy of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I spend a fair amount of time trying to convince my colleagues to come work on Wikipedia,\" he says. \"As a physician I believe all people deserve access to quality health care information.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Find Good Health Info\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So ... after all is said and done, how should the average person approach looking for health information on the Web?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Azzam, the UCSF psychiatrist who called for medical schools to embrace Wikipedia, would actually first send patients to government sites like the National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and National Library of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many of those sites have information targeting 'lay' people,\" he wrote in an email. \"Additionally there are national advocacy organizations for specific disease and/or health conditions. For example, as a psychiatrist I will refer my patients and their families to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI).\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who do use Wikipedia, he recommends using the \"Talk\" tab near the top left of every page. That will take you to a rating of how thorough and accurate Wikipedia editors think the page is. He also looks at the references that each assertion of fact in Wikipedia entries are required to link to. (You can do this by clicking on the superscript numbers at the end of a sentence.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That gives me some idea of how much to trust the content,\" Azzam says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He recommends consulting multiple sources to ferret out any outliers, a method that is \"effectively a proxy measure for validity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to consult material that health professionals use themselves, he recommends \u003ca href=\"http://www.uptodate.com/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UpToDate\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PubMed\u003c/a>, and peer-reviewed journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health information is on a \"continuum,\" he believes, with subscription-only top tier scholarly journals on one end and the user-created Wikipedia on the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We believe [journal] content to be the scientific truth as we know it because content experts have peer-reviewed the manuscripts,\" he says. \"But the challenge at that extreme is gaining access to that knowledge, especially with high-cost subscription charges.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is why he's working with students to improve Wikipedia, \"pulling that pole toward the other end of the spectrum.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Since so many consumers of health information online are reading that content, I want to be a part of a movement to make it as high quality as possible!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Heilman, the avid health editor, he also recommends checking multiple, high-quality sources when looking for specific health information, paying attention to what they agree on. But that doesn't mean he's going to give up on improving Wikipedia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a physician, I can help one person at a time,\" he says. \"But as a Wikipedian, I can make a difference in millions and millions of people’s lives.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>James Heilman isn't an easy man to get a hold of; he kept offering us odd, off-hour windows of availability to do a phone interview. When we finally connected, he explained: He works the night shift as an emergency room physician in British Columbia. He also puts in time as a clinical assistant professor in emergency medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal\">\u003cstrong>How to check the accuracy of Wikipedia pages\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nYou can check how Wikipedians rate the quality and thoroughness of every entry on the encyclopedia by clicking on the \"Talk\" tab near the top left of each page. There you will find the page's rating, which will fall somewhere on this \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Assessment#Quality_scale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scale\u003c/a>. Here are lists of the health articles with the \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=FA-Classhttps://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=FA-Class\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">highest\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=GA-Class\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">second-highest ratings\u003c/a>; these are the most trustworthy health entries.\u003c/span>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Then there's the 60 -- count'em, 60 -- hours a week he toils away editing Wikipedia, the massive online encyclopedia written and edited by, well, anyone who wants to give it a whirl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My wife likes to joke that Wikipedia's my mistress; I prefer to call it our first child,” he says, chuckling with a tinge of self-awareness that he's gone a bit off the rails in his goal of making the copious health-related pages on the site more accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does an emergency doc become an obsessive Wikipedian?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10 years ago, he says, during a quiet night shift, he got to browsing one of the medical articles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I thought, 'Oh, my God this is really bad,'\" he says. \"And then I saw the edit button, and I realized, oh, my God, I could fix the internet! I sort of got madly hooked. I’ve been trying to fix the Internet ever since.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Accuracy Questioned\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that quest was creating the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WikiProject Medicine\u003c/a> group, where 320 like-minded editors work on the site's \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">health content. \u003c/a>Heilman estimates about half are medical professionals.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"I thought ‘Oh, my God this is really bad.' And then I saw the edit button, and I realized, oh, my God, I could fix the internet!\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Reworking Wikipedia health entries is not a trivial task. A 2014 study found about 25,000 pages of English-language health-related articles. That number is now up to 32,000, Heilman says. The health pages worldwide attracted almost \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376174/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">4.9 billion pageviews\u003c/a> in 2013. A 2012 \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/0142159X.2012.737064?scroll=top&needAccess=true&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">survey\u003c/a> of several hundred medical students found 94 percent use the site for health information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite its popularity, the reliability of Wikipedia's medical content has often been questioned. A 2011 \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3241521/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">review \u003c/a>on the accuracy and thoroughness of the site's medical entries found mixed results. Other studies show that the site fell short in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24276492\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">gastroenterology and hepatology\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://aop.sagepub.com/content/42/12/1814.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">drug information\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193353/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statins\u003c/a> (later \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0106930#pone.0106930-Kupferberg1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">improved\u003c/a>), and issues of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ijporlonline.com/article/S0165-5876(12)00336-9/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ear, nose and throat\u003c/a>. Other studies found the website provided better information in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sdi.12059/epdf?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nephrology\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/quality-of-information-sources-about-mental-disorders-a-comparison-of-wikipedia-with-centrally-controlled-web-and-printed-sources/595CEE672BB7C503101FAF5A9E303673\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">depression and schizophrenia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal\">To get good health info online:\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Check multiple, high-quality sources like those from academic and government institutions.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Be alert for sites that contain information that conflicts with other sources, a possible indication of low-quality information.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Consult \u003ca href=\"http://www.uptodate.com/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UpToDate\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PubMed\u003c/a>, and peer-reviewed journals for primary research on a topic.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If using Wikipedia, click the 'Talk' tab at the top of each page to see how the site's editors have rated the quality of the article. Look at the footnotes to check the sources of assertions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But just recently, in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(16)30254-6/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Lancet: Global Health, \u003c/a>\u003c/em>researchers reported that Wikipedia entries on stillbirths were missing critical information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24778001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> comparing peer-reviewed literature to the site's articles on 10 different widespread diseases and conditions found a significant number of assertions in the Wikipedia material that were unsupported by the evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heilman doesn't think much of that study; he co-wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://community-archive.cochrane.org/news/blog/wikipedia%E2%80%99s-medical-content-really-90-wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rebuttal\u003c/a> to it with other medical experts/Wikipedians. Still, he acknowledges \"there's a lot of work to do\" to bring health entries up to snuff. The reality of that is borne out by the small number of health articles -- \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=FA-Class%20featured%20health%20articles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">63\u003c/a> -- that have received the highest grade by Wikipedia editors. Those articles qualify as featured articles on the encyclopedia's front page. (The next-best level -- \"good\" -- contains a mere \u003ca href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/enwp10/cgi-bin/list2.fcgi?run=yes&projecta=Medicine&quality=GA-Class\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">200 articles\u003c/a>.) The \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Assessment#Quality_scale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">criteria\u003c/a> for a \"featured\" article is comprehensiveness, neutrality and accuracy. That means the information has been verified against high-quality sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Calls to Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/wikipedia-is-already-the-worlds-dr-google-its-time-for-doctors-and-researchers-to-make-it-better-66769\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">article\u003c/a> last month on the academic publishing site \"The Conversation\" by Thomas Shafee, one of the researchers who wrote about Wikipedia's inadequate \"stillbirth\" entries, is headlined \"Wikipedia is already the world’s ‘Dr Google’ -- it’s time for doctors and researchers to make it better.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Health professionals have a duty to improve the accuracy of medical entries in Wikipedia, because it’s the first port of call for people all over the world seeking medical information,\" Shafee wrote. \"The accuracy of the site is vital, because every medical entry... has the potential for immediate \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/4/08-056713/en/\">real-world health consequences\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others agree. University of California, San Francisco psychiatrist Amin Azzam recently co-authored a \u003ca href=\"http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/publishahead/Why_Medical_Schools_Should_Embrace_Wikipedia__.98408.aspx\">report\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Academic Medicine \u003c/em>titled “Why Medical Schools Should Embrace Wikipedia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Improving Wikipedia\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts to improve the entire site, including the health section, are underway. Hundreds of students in both the U.S. and Canada, for example, are working as editors through the \u003ca href=\"https://wikiedu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wiki Education Foundation\u003c/a>, a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco that acts as a bridge between Wikipedia and academia. The organization encourages university faculty to assign students Wikipedia entries as a part of coursework.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rather than write a biography of a woman scientist for their class that their instructor would read and throw away and never engage in again,\" says the foundation's LiAnna Davis, \"these students instead have the opportunity to create content for Wikipedia where thousands of people can gain from their work.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pharmacology students at the University of California, San Francisco, for example, are \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:UCSF_School_of_Medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">working to improve entries\u003c/a> on popular drugs like the HIV antiviral drug \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacavir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Abacavir\u003c/a>. Students in a voice disorders class at McGill University in Montreal are adding information about \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngitis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">laryngitis\u003c/a>. Students fill in missing information, improve gross inadequacies, and rewrite articles using fewer technical terms to appeal to the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, 280 science classes at universities in the U.S. and Canada have added content to 3,650 articles and generated 300 new entries receiving more than 102 million views, says Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heilman points to many efforts to improve articles, and a \u003ca href=\"http://translatorswithoutborders.org/?s=wikipedia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">collaboration\u003c/a> with the group Translators Without Borders to rewrite Wikipedia medical content in as many languages as possible. That \u003ca href=\"https://opensource.com/life/16/11/support-indian-languages\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">includes Odia\u003c/a>, spoken by tens of millions of people in India that is not included in\u003ca href=\"https://translate.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Google Translate\u003c/a>. Heilman also cites as a success the Wikipedia entry for dengue fever, which was published in the peer-reviewed open-access journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242787/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Open Medicine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal agencies are also tapping Wikipedia. The National Institutes of Health is creating an online biomedical \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/topics/health/a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dictionary\u003c/a> for PubMed Health. which provides consumer-friendly research information.\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/topics/health/a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003c/a>The NIH usually creates the definitions by drawing on material in its own collection, but sometimes It will use Wikipedia as a source. Both organizations benefit, as the NIH will flag Heilman if it comes across something inaccurate in the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heilman fervently hopes more health and science academics and professionals will help expand the accuracy of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I spend a fair amount of time trying to convince my colleagues to come work on Wikipedia,\" he says. \"As a physician I believe all people deserve access to quality health care information.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Find Good Health Info\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So ... after all is said and done, how should the average person approach looking for health information on the Web?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Azzam, the UCSF psychiatrist who called for medical schools to embrace Wikipedia, would actually first send patients to government sites like the National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and National Library of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many of those sites have information targeting 'lay' people,\" he wrote in an email. \"Additionally there are national advocacy organizations for specific disease and/or health conditions. For example, as a psychiatrist I will refer my patients and their families to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI).\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who do use Wikipedia, he recommends using the \"Talk\" tab near the top left of every page. That will take you to a rating of how thorough and accurate Wikipedia editors think the page is. He also looks at the references that each assertion of fact in Wikipedia entries are required to link to. (You can do this by clicking on the superscript numbers at the end of a sentence.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That gives me some idea of how much to trust the content,\" Azzam says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He recommends consulting multiple sources to ferret out any outliers, a method that is \"effectively a proxy measure for validity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to consult material that health professionals use themselves, he recommends \u003ca href=\"http://www.uptodate.com/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UpToDate\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PubMed\u003c/a>, and peer-reviewed journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health information is on a \"continuum,\" he believes, with subscription-only top tier scholarly journals on one end and the user-created Wikipedia on the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We believe [journal] content to be the scientific truth as we know it because content experts have peer-reviewed the manuscripts,\" he says. \"But the challenge at that extreme is gaining access to that knowledge, especially with high-cost subscription charges.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is why he's working with students to improve Wikipedia, \"pulling that pole toward the other end of the spectrum.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Since so many consumers of health information online are reading that content, I want to be a part of a movement to make it as high quality as possible!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Heilman, the avid health editor, he also recommends checking multiple, high-quality sources when looking for specific health information, paying attention to what they agree on. But that doesn't mean he's going to give up on improving Wikipedia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a physician, I can help one person at a time,\" he says. \"But as a Wikipedian, I can make a difference in millions and millions of people’s lives.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Experimental Vaginal Ring Can Prevent HIV, But Stigma an Issue",
"title": "Experimental Vaginal Ring Can Prevent HIV, But Stigma an Issue",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>An experimental vaginal ring that continuously releases the anti-HIV drug dapivirine has the potential to save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what's it going to do to sex lives?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a question researchers posed as part of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/women-report-vaginal-ring-preventing-hiv-had-little-effect-sexual-intercourse\">ASPIRE study,\u003c/a> which tested the flexible silicone rings with women ages 18 to 45 living in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. And it's a practical one, explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/director\">Dr. Anthony Fauci\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, which funded ASPIRE. The less obtrusive a form of prevention is, the easier it is to convince people to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Something not noticeable is great,\" Fauci says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The encouraging news, gleaned from ASPIRE staff interviews with 214 of the 2,629 participants, is that sex with the ring wasn't much different — at least physically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens in people's bedrooms, however, is also psychological. Some women reported worrying about what would happen if their partners felt or discovered the ring, which is 2.2 inches in diameter and a third of an inch thick. They feared being interrogated in the middle of sex, despite the fact that Fauci notes, \"That's not what happens. It's less obvious than a diaphragm.\" But because of this anxiety, several women slipped out the ring prior to intimate contact, while others avoided certain positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding these real world concerns is critical, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipmglobal.org/about/ipm-executive-leadership/zeda-f-rosenberg-ceo\">Zeda Rosenberg\u003c/a>, CEO of the nonprofit International Partnership for Microbicides (IPM), which developed the ring. From earlier studies, IPM learned that women could use the rings without a problem, and that they don't cause irritation or make the user more susceptible to yeast infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the point of the ring is to help women gain control over their sexual health, what their partners think — or could think — also matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, virtually every option for HIV prevention comes with some partner baggage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Condoms are problematic for women,\" Fauci explains. \"When women demand use of a condom, they can be subject to partner violence or rejection or stigma.\" Or their partners might flat out refuse to wear one. \"The man gets insulted and says he doesn't have HIV. That's baloney because sometimes men are infected,\" Fauci adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Different challenges have emerged with the rollout of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (or PrEP). \"It's so easy to take a single pill every day,\" Fauci says. \"But some people don't want to do it, even though it's 98, maybe 100 percent effective.\" One reason? \"Maybe the partner finds the pills,\" he says. That can lead to questions about what the meds are for, and whether the women on them might already be HIV positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ring, when used as directed, is inserted just once a month and left in place\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>then taken out and replaced with a new ring for the next month. So that will hopefully make it an appealing option for women, Rosenberg says, adding that her group is already working on the next generation of ring. It will also provide contraception, which may help women make a stronger case for using it. \"Partners might be more forgiving because it's not necessarily passing judgment on the man,\" she explains. Women can claim they're trying to avoid pregnancy rather than infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because, as Rosenberg says, \"there are going to be as many scenarios as there are people,\" the most important thing is to offer choices — and as much information as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will require more research. Overall results from ASPIRE showed that among the entire group of participants using a dapivirine ring, the risk of HIV infection dropped 27 percent. But when researchers separated out the participants who had used the ring consistently, they got much more impressive numbers: Risk of HIV infection fell by around 75 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not hard to tell who kept the ring in and who didn't. When participants came in for their monthly visit, researchers could see how much of the drug was left in the ring, Rosenberg explains. The more dapivirine, the less time it was inside a woman's vagina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think it works much better if you use it all of the time,\" Rosenberg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she understands why only about 25 percent of ASPIRE participants did that. \"In trials and real life, people are not perfectly adherent,\" she says, noting that's particularly true of healthy populations, who don't have the same incentives for following doctor's orders. And women in ASPIRE didn't know whether they had an active ring or a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the 25 percent who barely used it at all? Rosenberg suspects that they may have signed up for ASPIRE to receive the other benefits, which included high quality health care without long waits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other HIV researchers find these results promising, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/jj2158\">Dr. Jessica Justman\u003c/a>, an associate professor of epidemiology at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health. \"If you don't use something, it doesn't work. That's not a surprise,\" says Justman, who has learned through her clinical research studies that it takes time for people to accept something that's different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, the ring would have offered full protection even in the cases where women just removed it occasionally, but that doesn't seem to be the case. \"The ring isn't designed to be taken in and out. That needs to be part of the messaging,\" Justman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it will be, Rosenberg notes. Research on the ring continues in Africa with the HOPE study, which began this summer and is also funded by NIAID. The difference, Rosenberg explains, is that this is an \"open-label\" study, which means women will be told there are no placebos in the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under these conditions, Rosenberg expects more participants will use the ring consistently. There will still be some who don't, she adds. \"If I were a woman in the study and my partner went away for a month, I might take it out,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will likely be other women who continue to remove it during sex. Researchers don't yet know exactly how long the drugs will stay in the vaginal tissue, and it's virtually impossible to pinpoint the moment of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also tough to say when the ring will be available to the general public, but Rosenberg is hopeful for a 2019 rollout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expect to see a host of HIV prevention options on the market within the next five years, says Justman, who has been working on studies to see if anti-HIV injections are safe. A long-acting shot would have some of the same benefits as the ring — namely, that a user doesn't need to remember to do something every day or right before sexual contact. For women anxious about their partner's response, the fact that it's virtually undetectable might be appealing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But some people don't like needles,\" Justman says. Plus, a shot will require a clinic visit, while women can insert a ring by themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Justman sees a place for both choices, as well as a continued need to study sexual behavior. That means researchers will need to talk to a lot more women — and men — about their most intimate interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Experimental+Vaginal+Ring+Fights+HIV%2C+But+Will+Women+Wear+It%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It's a problem with many of the anti-HIV options. Even if they're proven to be effective, people don't always want to use them.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An experimental vaginal ring that continuously releases the anti-HIV drug dapivirine has the potential to save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what's it going to do to sex lives?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a question researchers posed as part of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/women-report-vaginal-ring-preventing-hiv-had-little-effect-sexual-intercourse\">ASPIRE study,\u003c/a> which tested the flexible silicone rings with women ages 18 to 45 living in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. And it's a practical one, explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/director\">Dr. Anthony Fauci\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, which funded ASPIRE. The less obtrusive a form of prevention is, the easier it is to convince people to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Something not noticeable is great,\" Fauci says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The encouraging news, gleaned from ASPIRE staff interviews with 214 of the 2,629 participants, is that sex with the ring wasn't much different — at least physically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens in people's bedrooms, however, is also psychological. Some women reported worrying about what would happen if their partners felt or discovered the ring, which is 2.2 inches in diameter and a third of an inch thick. They feared being interrogated in the middle of sex, despite the fact that Fauci notes, \"That's not what happens. It's less obvious than a diaphragm.\" But because of this anxiety, several women slipped out the ring prior to intimate contact, while others avoided certain positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding these real world concerns is critical, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipmglobal.org/about/ipm-executive-leadership/zeda-f-rosenberg-ceo\">Zeda Rosenberg\u003c/a>, CEO of the nonprofit International Partnership for Microbicides (IPM), which developed the ring. From earlier studies, IPM learned that women could use the rings without a problem, and that they don't cause irritation or make the user more susceptible to yeast infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the point of the ring is to help women gain control over their sexual health, what their partners think — or could think — also matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, virtually every option for HIV prevention comes with some partner baggage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Condoms are problematic for women,\" Fauci explains. \"When women demand use of a condom, they can be subject to partner violence or rejection or stigma.\" Or their partners might flat out refuse to wear one. \"The man gets insulted and says he doesn't have HIV. That's baloney because sometimes men are infected,\" Fauci adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Different challenges have emerged with the rollout of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (or PrEP). \"It's so easy to take a single pill every day,\" Fauci says. \"But some people don't want to do it, even though it's 98, maybe 100 percent effective.\" One reason? \"Maybe the partner finds the pills,\" he says. That can lead to questions about what the meds are for, and whether the women on them might already be HIV positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ring, when used as directed, is inserted just once a month and left in place\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>then taken out and replaced with a new ring for the next month. So that will hopefully make it an appealing option for women, Rosenberg says, adding that her group is already working on the next generation of ring. It will also provide contraception, which may help women make a stronger case for using it. \"Partners might be more forgiving because it's not necessarily passing judgment on the man,\" she explains. Women can claim they're trying to avoid pregnancy rather than infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because, as Rosenberg says, \"there are going to be as many scenarios as there are people,\" the most important thing is to offer choices — and as much information as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will require more research. Overall results from ASPIRE showed that among the entire group of participants using a dapivirine ring, the risk of HIV infection dropped 27 percent. But when researchers separated out the participants who had used the ring consistently, they got much more impressive numbers: Risk of HIV infection fell by around 75 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not hard to tell who kept the ring in and who didn't. When participants came in for their monthly visit, researchers could see how much of the drug was left in the ring, Rosenberg explains. The more dapivirine, the less time it was inside a woman's vagina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think it works much better if you use it all of the time,\" Rosenberg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she understands why only about 25 percent of ASPIRE participants did that. \"In trials and real life, people are not perfectly adherent,\" she says, noting that's particularly true of healthy populations, who don't have the same incentives for following doctor's orders. And women in ASPIRE didn't know whether they had an active ring or a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the 25 percent who barely used it at all? Rosenberg suspects that they may have signed up for ASPIRE to receive the other benefits, which included high quality health care without long waits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other HIV researchers find these results promising, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/jj2158\">Dr. Jessica Justman\u003c/a>, an associate professor of epidemiology at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health. \"If you don't use something, it doesn't work. That's not a surprise,\" says Justman, who has learned through her clinical research studies that it takes time for people to accept something that's different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, the ring would have offered full protection even in the cases where women just removed it occasionally, but that doesn't seem to be the case. \"The ring isn't designed to be taken in and out. That needs to be part of the messaging,\" Justman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it will be, Rosenberg notes. Research on the ring continues in Africa with the HOPE study, which began this summer and is also funded by NIAID. The difference, Rosenberg explains, is that this is an \"open-label\" study, which means women will be told there are no placebos in the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under these conditions, Rosenberg expects more participants will use the ring consistently. There will still be some who don't, she adds. \"If I were a woman in the study and my partner went away for a month, I might take it out,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will likely be other women who continue to remove it during sex. Researchers don't yet know exactly how long the drugs will stay in the vaginal tissue, and it's virtually impossible to pinpoint the moment of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also tough to say when the ring will be available to the general public, but Rosenberg is hopeful for a 2019 rollout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expect to see a host of HIV prevention options on the market within the next five years, says Justman, who has been working on studies to see if anti-HIV injections are safe. A long-acting shot would have some of the same benefits as the ring — namely, that a user doesn't need to remember to do something every day or right before sexual contact. For women anxious about their partner's response, the fact that it's virtually undetectable might be appealing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But some people don't like needles,\" Justman says. Plus, a shot will require a clinic visit, while women can insert a ring by themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Justman sees a place for both choices, as well as a continued need to study sexual behavior. That means researchers will need to talk to a lot more women — and men — about their most intimate interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Experimental+Vaginal+Ring+Fights+HIV%2C+But+Will+Women+Wear+It%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In Vallejo, Proposed Cement Mill Divides a Community",
"headTitle": "In Vallejo, Proposed Cement Mill Divides a Community | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From 1869 through 2004, the city of Vallejo was known as a mill town — milling flour, that is. The old General Mills plant once employed hundreds of workers, processing wheat grain into flour and shipping it all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the Napa River shoreline, Steve Bryan, the president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.orcem.com/vallejo_project.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orcem California\u003c/a>, points to the rotting dock pilings next to the defunct plant. “You can see it’s not a functional wharf today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could change soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cement company wants to turn the old flour mill in south Vallejo into a cement mill, and revive the silent bluff with ships, trains and trucks. The idea, first proposed in 2012, has found favor with out-of-work Vallejoans and some city officials, who like the company’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesheraldonline.com/article/NH/20160902/NEWS/160909942\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer\u003c/a> to invest $1 million in local non-profits and the tax revenues the project is projected to generate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1167190\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1334px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1167190 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"cement_desktop\" width=\"1334\" height=\"1075\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop.jpg 1334w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-1020x822.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-1180x951.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-960x774.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-240x193.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-375x302.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-520x419.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1334px) 100vw, 1334px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Teodros Hailye/ KQED Science \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1167191\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1167191 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile.jpg\" alt=\"cement_mobile\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-375x667.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-520x925.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Teodros Hailye/ KQED Science \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But many other locals, along with environmental groups inside and outside the city, warn that the development would harm their families and act as a Trojan horse for an even greater threat: coal exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making ‘Green Cement’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcem wants to grind iron slag shipped from Japan to make what they call \u003ca href=\"http://www.orcem.com/environmental.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">green cement\u003c/a>. Iron slag is a byproduct of steel production. The company says recycling it to make cement reduces energy and emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The product that it [iron slag] substitutes for is one of the highest emitters of CO2 and other air pollutants in the world,” says Bryan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a ship is berthed, a clam-shell crane would scoop iron slag onto a series of conveyor belts. The mill would grind it down into a chunky grey sand that would be transported off-site to cement plants. The iron slag would replace traditional ingredients in cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cement industry is one of the worlds largest producers of greenhouse gasses\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714085318/http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/1IBetslPgkEie83rTa0J/cement-action-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">producing 5 percent\u003c/a> of global man-made carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcem is a subsidiary of the cement maker Ecocem Materials. The company would partner with Vallejo Marine Terminal, a subsidiary of Vortex Marine Construction, to completely revamp the old port into a modern terminal that would also be used to move materials like iron ore, steel coils and gypsum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmentalists Fear Smog, Noise, Traffic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many residents and environmental groups are unimpressed with Orcem’s green bona fides. They are lining up against the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No Orcem” signs are staked into many front yards throughout the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169772\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1169772\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_1192-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Protest signs are staked into many yards or pasted into windows throughout Vallejo. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protest signs are staked into many yards or pasted into windows throughout Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Residents worry about increased smog from trucks and idling ships. More than 200 trucks would come and go nearly everyday. That means a big rig would rumble by about every four minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air pollution released from the plant would be equivalent to adding 7,000 cars to the road annually. Locals worry dirty air could drift to an elementary school that’s a quarter of a mile away. Residents like LaDonna Williams voiced her concerns to the plant’s president at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLsN6icha9Y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">community meeting\u003c/a> earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I won’t be accepting you telling me that it’s ok that you’re going to come here with a cement plant,” says Williams. “We know we are going to have particulate matter. We’re going to have all the ships coming through. We’re going to have the trucks coming through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Coal Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the known impacts. But this story is also about an export that’s \u003ci>not\u003c/i> in the proposal… coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”R2Tol9t1bI1nydnGxDz9V3sAHBTXg1B7″]Locals don’t want to fight the same \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/06/24/coal-foes-win-major-victory-in-fight-to-block-oakland-terminal-exports/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">battle\u003c/a> their neighbors in Oakland just fought.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers for a marine terminal planned for Oakland promised not to use it to export coal, but then they changed their tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually the city banned coal, but the heated showdown makes Peter Brooks of \u003ca href=\"http://freshairvallejo.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresh Air Vallejo\u003c/a> wary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They [Oakland residents] have told us repeatedly that they were promised, ‘Don’t worry there won’t be coal. Right now we are cautiously optimistic but we are not stupid,” says Brooks. “We know that plans change and we know that if this site opens up it is possible that they won’t keep their word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vallejomarineterminal.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo Marine Terminal\u003c/a> has made a similar promise to locals but Brooks isn’t convinced they’ll keep it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club and Baykeeper \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofvallejo.net/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=2813223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">worry\u003c/a> about open train cars filled with coal because the coal dust could pollute every community and waterway along the tracks, and they worry it could boost Asia’s use of coal, worsening climate change. Plus, they’re concerned that inhaling coal dust can cause asthma, heart disease and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Money and Jobs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone shares those concerns. Hattie Smith-Mills says her neighborhood needs a boost. She lives less than a mile from the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nothing here,” says Smith-Mills. “When General Mills went away it was, like, dead in this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industrial projects like Orcem’s are high on the city’s list of key priorities. Vallejo’s strategic \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=38786\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> vows to “make Vallejo the Bay Area’s premier site for manufacturing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups agree the site should be redeveloped, but they would rather see a promenade with hotels, restaurants and shops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofvallejo.net/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=920686\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimate\u003c/a> the proposal would bring in about $150,000 the first year and ramp up to $500,000 in taxes and fees annually. Together, Orcem and Vallejo Marine Terminal also plan to hire up to 60 full time employees. The developers predict that more work will ripple out to the community for jobs like contract construction workers and gas station attendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s good news for Antoine Terrell. He’s a local truck driver in south Vallejo, washing his big rig in his front yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169777\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_1245-e1479423614372.jpg\" alt=\"Antoine Terrell hopes Orcem will hire him for a full time job if the plant opens in his neighborhood in south Vallejo.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Antoine Terrell hopes Orcem will hire him for a full time job if the plant opens in his neighborhood in south Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In the neighborhood, there’s nothing but churches and liquor stores,” says Terrell.\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials will have to weigh the environmental costs and the economic benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project faces its first test before the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/cms/One.aspx?portalId=13506&pageId=32613\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo Planning Commission\u003c/a> early next year. If it reaches the City Council, opponents speculate the vote could swing either way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan says it would be a shame to waste such a prime location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have a natural deep water berth, you have rail infrastructure in here and you’re less than a mile from the interstate — if you don’t do this for some type of logistics then you’re not getting the highest and best use,” he says.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Orcem California wants to turn the old flour mill in south Vallejo into a cement mill. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From 1869 through 2004, the city of Vallejo was known as a mill town — milling flour, that is. The old General Mills plant once employed hundreds of workers, processing wheat grain into flour and shipping it all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the Napa River shoreline, Steve Bryan, the president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.orcem.com/vallejo_project.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orcem California\u003c/a>, points to the rotting dock pilings next to the defunct plant. “You can see it’s not a functional wharf today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could change soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cement company wants to turn the old flour mill in south Vallejo into a cement mill, and revive the silent bluff with ships, trains and trucks. The idea, first proposed in 2012, has found favor with out-of-work Vallejoans and some city officials, who like the company’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesheraldonline.com/article/NH/20160902/NEWS/160909942\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer\u003c/a> to invest $1 million in local non-profits and the tax revenues the project is projected to generate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1167190\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1334px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1167190 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"cement_desktop\" width=\"1334\" height=\"1075\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop.jpg 1334w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-1020x822.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-1180x951.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-960x774.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-240x193.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-375x302.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-520x419.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1334px) 100vw, 1334px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Teodros Hailye/ KQED Science \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1167191\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1167191 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile.jpg\" alt=\"cement_mobile\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-375x667.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-520x925.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Teodros Hailye/ KQED Science \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But many other locals, along with environmental groups inside and outside the city, warn that the development would harm their families and act as a Trojan horse for an even greater threat: coal exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making ‘Green Cement’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcem wants to grind iron slag shipped from Japan to make what they call \u003ca href=\"http://www.orcem.com/environmental.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">green cement\u003c/a>. Iron slag is a byproduct of steel production. The company says recycling it to make cement reduces energy and emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The product that it [iron slag] substitutes for is one of the highest emitters of CO2 and other air pollutants in the world,” says Bryan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a ship is berthed, a clam-shell crane would scoop iron slag onto a series of conveyor belts. The mill would grind it down into a chunky grey sand that would be transported off-site to cement plants. The iron slag would replace traditional ingredients in cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cement industry is one of the worlds largest producers of greenhouse gasses\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714085318/http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/1IBetslPgkEie83rTa0J/cement-action-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">producing 5 percent\u003c/a> of global man-made carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcem is a subsidiary of the cement maker Ecocem Materials. The company would partner with Vallejo Marine Terminal, a subsidiary of Vortex Marine Construction, to completely revamp the old port into a modern terminal that would also be used to move materials like iron ore, steel coils and gypsum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmentalists Fear Smog, Noise, Traffic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many residents and environmental groups are unimpressed with Orcem’s green bona fides. They are lining up against the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No Orcem” signs are staked into many front yards throughout the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169772\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1169772\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_1192-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Protest signs are staked into many yards or pasted into windows throughout Vallejo. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protest signs are staked into many yards or pasted into windows throughout Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Residents worry about increased smog from trucks and idling ships. More than 200 trucks would come and go nearly everyday. That means a big rig would rumble by about every four minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air pollution released from the plant would be equivalent to adding 7,000 cars to the road annually. Locals worry dirty air could drift to an elementary school that’s a quarter of a mile away. Residents like LaDonna Williams voiced her concerns to the plant’s president at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLsN6icha9Y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">community meeting\u003c/a> earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I won’t be accepting you telling me that it’s ok that you’re going to come here with a cement plant,” says Williams. “We know we are going to have particulate matter. We’re going to have all the ships coming through. We’re going to have the trucks coming through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Coal Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the known impacts. But this story is also about an export that’s \u003ci>not\u003c/i> in the proposal… coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Locals don’t want to fight the same \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/06/24/coal-foes-win-major-victory-in-fight-to-block-oakland-terminal-exports/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">battle\u003c/a> their neighbors in Oakland just fought.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers for a marine terminal planned for Oakland promised not to use it to export coal, but then they changed their tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually the city banned coal, but the heated showdown makes Peter Brooks of \u003ca href=\"http://freshairvallejo.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresh Air Vallejo\u003c/a> wary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They [Oakland residents] have told us repeatedly that they were promised, ‘Don’t worry there won’t be coal. Right now we are cautiously optimistic but we are not stupid,” says Brooks. “We know that plans change and we know that if this site opens up it is possible that they won’t keep their word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vallejomarineterminal.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo Marine Terminal\u003c/a> has made a similar promise to locals but Brooks isn’t convinced they’ll keep it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club and Baykeeper \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofvallejo.net/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=2813223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">worry\u003c/a> about open train cars filled with coal because the coal dust could pollute every community and waterway along the tracks, and they worry it could boost Asia’s use of coal, worsening climate change. Plus, they’re concerned that inhaling coal dust can cause asthma, heart disease and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Money and Jobs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone shares those concerns. Hattie Smith-Mills says her neighborhood needs a boost. She lives less than a mile from the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nothing here,” says Smith-Mills. “When General Mills went away it was, like, dead in this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industrial projects like Orcem’s are high on the city’s list of key priorities. Vallejo’s strategic \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=38786\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> vows to “make Vallejo the Bay Area’s premier site for manufacturing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups agree the site should be redeveloped, but they would rather see a promenade with hotels, restaurants and shops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofvallejo.net/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=920686\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimate\u003c/a> the proposal would bring in about $150,000 the first year and ramp up to $500,000 in taxes and fees annually. Together, Orcem and Vallejo Marine Terminal also plan to hire up to 60 full time employees. The developers predict that more work will ripple out to the community for jobs like contract construction workers and gas station attendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s good news for Antoine Terrell. He’s a local truck driver in south Vallejo, washing his big rig in his front yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169777\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_1245-e1479423614372.jpg\" alt=\"Antoine Terrell hopes Orcem will hire him for a full time job if the plant opens in his neighborhood in south Vallejo.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Antoine Terrell hopes Orcem will hire him for a full time job if the plant opens in his neighborhood in south Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In the neighborhood, there’s nothing but churches and liquor stores,” says Terrell.\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials will have to weigh the environmental costs and the economic benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project faces its first test before the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/cms/One.aspx?portalId=13506&pageId=32613\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo Planning Commission\u003c/a> early next year. If it reaches the City Council, opponents speculate the vote could swing either way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan says it would be a shame to waste such a prime location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have a natural deep water berth, you have rail infrastructure in here and you’re less than a mile from the interstate — if you don’t do this for some type of logistics then you’re not getting the highest and best use,” he says.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Mantis shrimp, a group of aggressive, reef-dwelling crustaceans, take more than one first-place ribbon in the animal kingdom. Outwardly, they resemble their lobster cousins, but their colorful shells contain an impressive set of superpowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists are finding that one of those abilities — incredible eyesight — has potential life-saving implications for people with cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have these ridiculous eyes that sense so many things at once,” said Sam Powell, a doctoral student in computer science and engineering at Washington University in St. Louis. “It’s been very interesting figuring out what we can do with that that helps out humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1109421\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1109421 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The eyes of the mantis shrimp are some of the most powerful in the animal kingdom.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eyes of the mantis shrimp are some of the most powerful in the animal kingdom. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Powell is part of a \u003ca href=\"http://biosensors.web.engr.illinois.edu/\">collaboration of engineers and wildlife biologists, \u003c/a>co-led by Viktor Gruev at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, working on a set of mantis shrimp-inspired imaging technologies that could, among other applications, improve how doctors detect and treat certain cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mantis shrimp come in two varieties. There are the “smashers” and the “spearers,” named for their attack modes when hunting prey. With their spring-loaded, weaponized legs, these predators can crack a snail shell or harpoon a passing fish in a single punch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The speed of these attacks has earned the mantis shrimp a world record: fastest strike in the animal kingdom. At 30 times faster than the blink of an eye, the attack is so swift that it can vaporize nearby water molecules, producing bubbles where no bubbles should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1109422\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320_mantis_whackingsnail2_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1109422 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320_mantis_whackingsnail2_720.gif\" alt=\"The mantis shrimp attacks its prey, in this case a snail, with blinding speed.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The mantis shrimp attacks its prey, in this case a snail, with blinding speed. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mantis shrimp’s powerful punch seems to go hand in hand with its world-class eyesight. Like most crustaceans and insects, the mantis shrimp’s eyes are made up of thousands of light-trapping facets — picture a fly’s eye — known as ommatidia. In many species, ommatidial eyes are marked by black spots, called pseudopupils, that permit depth perception, much the way human pupils do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s unique to the mantis shrimp is the way the ommatidia of each eye are divided into three sections, each moving independently. That means mantis shrimp vision is able to triangulate distance using up to six images in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s important for an animal that makes its living smashing and spearing things,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/caldwell/\">Roy Caldwell, a mantis shrimp expert at UC Berkeley.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1109424\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1109424 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Submerged in sand, a spearing mantis shrimp waits for a meal to pass.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Submerged in sand, a spearing mantis shrimp waits for a meal to pass. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the power of the mantis shrimp eye doesn’t end there. Mantis shrimp can perceive the most elusive attribute of light from the human standpoint: polarization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polarization refers to the angle that light travels through space. When light from the sun enters the earth’s atmosphere, it comes in waves moving in all directions. Sometimes, it bounces off a surface that restricts, or polarizes, the shape of its movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polarized light sometimes appears as glare, such as when light reflects off the ocean or a wet highway. Polarized eyeglasses can filter out these blinding reflections by blocking light from entering the eye at certain angles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1109426\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1109426\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When light strikes certain surfaces in the environment, it becomes polarized and begins to move in a single plane.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When light strikes certain surfaces in the environment, it becomes polarized and begins to move in a single plane. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mantis shrimp eye, however, contains extra sensors that can analyze the angle that the light wave is traveling. In other words, it \u003cem>knows\u003c/em> when light is polarized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other underwater predators, including cuttlefish and octopuses, have the same ability, and they use the polarizing surfaces of fish, crabs, and other potential prey to make them pop against the less polarized backdrop of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very common in animals,” said\u003ca href=\"http://biology.umbc.edu/directory/faculty/cronin/\"> Thomas Cronin, a professor of Biological Sciences at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.\u003c/a> “In fact, we’re are among the few that don’t use polarized light very much, if at all. “\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s unique to some mantis shrimp is their ability to perceive another, much more rare, variety of polarized light. This “circular” polarized light moves not in a flat plane, but in a twisted one, like a helix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Circular polarized light is used in some 3-D glasses and DVD technology. Mantis shrimp not only see this kind of polarization, they broadcast it. Parts of the males’ bodies function as circular-polarizing surfaces, flashing a secret code only visible within the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gives them an incredibly private channel of communication that no other animal can see,” said Caldwell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1109427\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1109427\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A false color image (right) approximates how fish pop underwater to animals that perceive light polarization, including the mantis shrimp (left).\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A false color image (right) approximates how fish pop underwater to animals that perceive light polarization, including the mantis shrimp (left). \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED; Courtesy Viktor Gruev)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Males display these body parts during courtship to attract females. Other research has shown that adult males flash their polarized parts to alert other males to their presence inside a burrow, a warning that the homeowner is armed and dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspired by the mantis shrimp’s superlative eyesight, the group of researchers is collaborating to build polarization cameras that would constitute a giant leap for early cancer detection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looking at nature can help us design better and more sensitive imaging techniques,” Gruev said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cameras, which are small enough for endoscopic use, can see polarization patterns on the surfaces of human and animal tissue. At the cellular level, fast-growing cancer cells are disorganized compared to healthy cells like skin and muscle. Because of the structural differences, healthy and diseased tissues react differently to polarized light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These signs show up early with cancer, before cues that typically alert doctors. Current colonoscopy techniques, for example, employ black and white images to look for abnormal shapes, such as polyps. But sometimes, cancerous tissue in the colon is flat, blending in with healthy tissue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1109429\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320_mantis_tendon_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1109429\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320_mantis_tendon_720.gif\" alt=\"In this false color image, a mouse tendon shows a different polarization profile, in red, when stressed.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this false color image, a mouse tendon shows a different polarization profile, in red, when stressed. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Viktor Gruev)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one study, Gruev and his team tested polarization cameras for colon cancer diagnosis in mice. The camera successfully converted polarization data into color images in real-time, revealing where the healthy tissues ended and the diseased ones began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Different types of cancer cells have different polarization signatures, while healthy tissues have a consistent profile. “The polarization structure makes the cancer apparent,” Gruev said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinical trials with human breast cancer patients are currently underway. One day, according to Gruev, polarization imaging will be part of every cancer surgeon’s toolkit, where it will help spot the extent of cancer spread, known as its positive margin, during live surgery. Currently, doctors have no way to confirm whether a tumor has been fully removed until after surgery, when they can send extracted tissues to the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of the cancer moonshot,” Gruev said, “Right now, we are still detecting cancer way too late in the game.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1109430\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1109430\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A damsel in distress: A spearing mantis shrimp captures its next meal, a damselfish.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A damsel in distress: A spearing mantis shrimp captures its next meal, a damselfish. \u003ccite>(Roy Caldwell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The mantis shrimp's world-class punch goes hand in hand with its extraordinary eyesight.",
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"title": "The Snail-Smashing, Fish-Spearing, Eye-Popping Mantis Shrimp | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Mantis shrimp, a group of aggressive, reef-dwelling crustaceans, take more than one first-place ribbon in the animal kingdom. Outwardly, they resemble their lobster cousins, but their colorful shells contain an impressive set of superpowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists are finding that one of those abilities — incredible eyesight — has potential life-saving implications for people with cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have these ridiculous eyes that sense so many things at once,” said Sam Powell, a doctoral student in computer science and engineering at Washington University in St. Louis. “It’s been very interesting figuring out what we can do with that that helps out humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1109421\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1109421 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The eyes of the mantis shrimp are some of the most powerful in the animal kingdom.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-peacock-mantis-eye-closeup-CRX-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eyes of the mantis shrimp are some of the most powerful in the animal kingdom. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Powell is part of a \u003ca href=\"http://biosensors.web.engr.illinois.edu/\">collaboration of engineers and wildlife biologists, \u003c/a>co-led by Viktor Gruev at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, working on a set of mantis shrimp-inspired imaging technologies that could, among other applications, improve how doctors detect and treat certain cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mantis shrimp come in two varieties. There are the “smashers” and the “spearers,” named for their attack modes when hunting prey. With their spring-loaded, weaponized legs, these predators can crack a snail shell or harpoon a passing fish in a single punch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The speed of these attacks has earned the mantis shrimp a world record: fastest strike in the animal kingdom. At 30 times faster than the blink of an eye, the attack is so swift that it can vaporize nearby water molecules, producing bubbles where no bubbles should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1109422\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320_mantis_whackingsnail2_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1109422 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320_mantis_whackingsnail2_720.gif\" alt=\"The mantis shrimp attacks its prey, in this case a snail, with blinding speed.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The mantis shrimp attacks its prey, in this case a snail, with blinding speed. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mantis shrimp’s powerful punch seems to go hand in hand with its world-class eyesight. Like most crustaceans and insects, the mantis shrimp’s eyes are made up of thousands of light-trapping facets — picture a fly’s eye — known as ommatidia. In many species, ommatidial eyes are marked by black spots, called pseudopupils, that permit depth perception, much the way human pupils do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s unique to the mantis shrimp is the way the ommatidia of each eye are divided into three sections, each moving independently. That means mantis shrimp vision is able to triangulate distance using up to six images in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s important for an animal that makes its living smashing and spearing things,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/caldwell/\">Roy Caldwell, a mantis shrimp expert at UC Berkeley.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1109424\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1109424 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Submerged in sand, a spearing mantis shrimp waits for a meal to pass.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-zebra-mantis-buried-eyeball-CRX-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Submerged in sand, a spearing mantis shrimp waits for a meal to pass. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the power of the mantis shrimp eye doesn’t end there. Mantis shrimp can perceive the most elusive attribute of light from the human standpoint: polarization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polarization refers to the angle that light travels through space. When light from the sun enters the earth’s atmosphere, it comes in waves moving in all directions. Sometimes, it bounces off a surface that restricts, or polarizes, the shape of its movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polarized light sometimes appears as glare, such as when light reflects off the ocean or a wet highway. Polarized eyeglasses can filter out these blinding reflections by blocking light from entering the eye at certain angles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1109426\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1109426\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When light strikes certain surfaces in the environment, it becomes polarized and begins to move in a single plane.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-polarized-light-explainer-1-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When light strikes certain surfaces in the environment, it becomes polarized and begins to move in a single plane. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mantis shrimp eye, however, contains extra sensors that can analyze the angle that the light wave is traveling. In other words, it \u003cem>knows\u003c/em> when light is polarized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other underwater predators, including cuttlefish and octopuses, have the same ability, and they use the polarizing surfaces of fish, crabs, and other potential prey to make them pop against the less polarized backdrop of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very common in animals,” said\u003ca href=\"http://biology.umbc.edu/directory/faculty/cronin/\"> Thomas Cronin, a professor of Biological Sciences at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.\u003c/a> “In fact, we’re are among the few that don’t use polarized light very much, if at all. “\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s unique to some mantis shrimp is their ability to perceive another, much more rare, variety of polarized light. This “circular” polarized light moves not in a flat plane, but in a twisted one, like a helix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Circular polarized light is used in some 3-D glasses and DVD technology. Mantis shrimp not only see this kind of polarization, they broadcast it. Parts of the males’ bodies function as circular-polarizing surfaces, flashing a secret code only visible within the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gives them an incredibly private channel of communication that no other animal can see,” said Caldwell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1109427\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1109427\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A false color image (right) approximates how fish pop underwater to animals that perceive light polarization, including the mantis shrimp (left).\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-splitscreen-p-mantis-and-polarizer-camera-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A false color image (right) approximates how fish pop underwater to animals that perceive light polarization, including the mantis shrimp (left). \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED; Courtesy Viktor Gruev)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Males display these body parts during courtship to attract females. Other research has shown that adult males flash their polarized parts to alert other males to their presence inside a burrow, a warning that the homeowner is armed and dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspired by the mantis shrimp’s superlative eyesight, the group of researchers is collaborating to build polarization cameras that would constitute a giant leap for early cancer detection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looking at nature can help us design better and more sensitive imaging techniques,” Gruev said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cameras, which are small enough for endoscopic use, can see polarization patterns on the surfaces of human and animal tissue. At the cellular level, fast-growing cancer cells are disorganized compared to healthy cells like skin and muscle. Because of the structural differences, healthy and diseased tissues react differently to polarized light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These signs show up early with cancer, before cues that typically alert doctors. Current colonoscopy techniques, for example, employ black and white images to look for abnormal shapes, such as polyps. But sometimes, cancerous tissue in the colon is flat, blending in with healthy tissue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1109429\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320_mantis_tendon_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1109429\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320_mantis_tendon_720.gif\" alt=\"In this false color image, a mouse tendon shows a different polarization profile, in red, when stressed.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this false color image, a mouse tendon shows a different polarization profile, in red, when stressed. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Viktor Gruev)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one study, Gruev and his team tested polarization cameras for colon cancer diagnosis in mice. The camera successfully converted polarization data into color images in real-time, revealing where the healthy tissues ended and the diseased ones began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Different types of cancer cells have different polarization signatures, while healthy tissues have a consistent profile. “The polarization structure makes the cancer apparent,” Gruev said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinical trials with human breast cancer patients are currently underway. One day, according to Gruev, polarization imaging will be part of every cancer surgeon’s toolkit, where it will help spot the extent of cancer spread, known as its positive margin, during live surgery. Currently, doctors have no way to confirm whether a tumor has been fully removed until after surgery, when they can send extracted tissues to the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of the cancer moonshot,” Gruev said, “Right now, we are still detecting cancer way too late in the game.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1109430\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1109430\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A damsel in distress: A spearing mantis shrimp captures its next meal, a damselfish.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/DL320-credit-Roy-Caldwell-CRX-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A damsel in distress: A spearing mantis shrimp captures its next meal, a damselfish. \u003ccite>(Roy Caldwell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s a truism that we distrust what we don’t understand. Let me confide something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I grew a lot of yeast and bacteria in my college lab. Between raising and killing these living organisms, I explored and shaped them, tinkering with their DNA to make them glow, resist an antibiotic or digest \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/14/if-you%E2%80%99re-scared-about-diy-bio-labs-read-this-story/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/14/if-you%E2%80%99re-scared-about-diy-bio-labs-read-this-story/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"If You’re Scared About DIY Bio Labs, Read This Story\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Future of You – tagged “kqedscience”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sonoma County voters appear to have banned genetically modified crops in unincorporated areas of the county, approving Measure M by a margin of 56-44 percent in unofficial results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results reflect a significant change in public sentiment. Sonoma voters shot down a similar measure in 2005 by a 5 percent margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma joins five other California counties that have already passed bans on transgenic crops: Mendocino, Marin, Trinity, Humboldt and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents say the ban is necessary to protect the county’s organic fields from cross-pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under U.S. law, says Karen Hudson, head of the campaign for the measure, if 1 percent of a farmer’s crop is contaminated by genetically engineered pollen, it becomes illegal for that farmer to use the seeds for the following year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of that seed belongs to the corporation that owns the patent on those seeds,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hudson also worries about increased use of herbicides in GMO plants. Many of them are engineered to resist herbicides like Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spraying a crop with the same herbicide in a field over and over for several years depletes the soil of its nutrients,” says Hudson. “And it also creates weeds that are resistant to that particular herbicide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the measure, farmers could not plant any GMO seeds or grow GMO crops in unincorporated areas, which includes the majority of vineyards, dairies and farms in the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure M allows a transition period so that growers could continue cultivating existing GMO crops until the plants mature. Farmers who have GMO seeds in their possession would have to plant them in the growing season after the ordinance goes into effect. After that season, the GMO seeds would have to be destroyed or removed from the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetically modified plants are organisms whose genetic material has been altered to resist herbicides, weather drought, add nutritional benefits or improve crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most big crops in the Midwest, such as corn, soybean and cotton, have been genetically modified. The chemical companies Monsanto, Syngenta, Bayer, BASF, and DuPont funded the No campaign on Measure M.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The growing method is considered safe and very effective,” says Dave Kranz from the California Farm Bureau. “You don’t know what may be coming when you impose a blanket ban.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kranz uses the example of transgenic papayas in Hawaii to make his point. When the ringspot virus almost annihilated the fruit in the 1990s, the rainbow papaya saved the day. The genetically modified fruit rejected the pathogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year the National Academy of Sciences released a \u003ca href=\"http://nas-sites.org/ge-crops/\">report\u003c/a> concluding that genetically engineered foods are safe to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases technology is a perfectly appropriate solution,” says Kranz. He highlights the fact that Sonoma County is a grape-growing region that may need biotech to help vines weather severe droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ordinance would take effect as soon as election results are finalized, which is expected in early December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hudson says the campaign isn’t over; the next step will be a measure to ban GMOs in cities in Sonoma County. She’s worried about grasses in people’s yards and recreational areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have genetically engineered blue grass and fescue grasses that not only contaminate native grasses,” she says, “but it would also have the potential to blow into our pastures.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sonoma County voters appear to have banned genetically modified crops in unincorporated areas of the county, approving Measure M by a margin of 56-44 percent in unofficial results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results reflect a significant change in public sentiment. Sonoma voters shot down a similar measure in 2005 by a 5 percent margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma joins five other California counties that have already passed bans on transgenic crops: Mendocino, Marin, Trinity, Humboldt and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents say the ban is necessary to protect the county’s organic fields from cross-pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under U.S. law, says Karen Hudson, head of the campaign for the measure, if 1 percent of a farmer’s crop is contaminated by genetically engineered pollen, it becomes illegal for that farmer to use the seeds for the following year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of that seed belongs to the corporation that owns the patent on those seeds,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hudson also worries about increased use of herbicides in GMO plants. Many of them are engineered to resist herbicides like Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spraying a crop with the same herbicide in a field over and over for several years depletes the soil of its nutrients,” says Hudson. “And it also creates weeds that are resistant to that particular herbicide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the measure, farmers could not plant any GMO seeds or grow GMO crops in unincorporated areas, which includes the majority of vineyards, dairies and farms in the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure M allows a transition period so that growers could continue cultivating existing GMO crops until the plants mature. Farmers who have GMO seeds in their possession would have to plant them in the growing season after the ordinance goes into effect. After that season, the GMO seeds would have to be destroyed or removed from the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetically modified plants are organisms whose genetic material has been altered to resist herbicides, weather drought, add nutritional benefits or improve crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most big crops in the Midwest, such as corn, soybean and cotton, have been genetically modified. The chemical companies Monsanto, Syngenta, Bayer, BASF, and DuPont funded the No campaign on Measure M.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The growing method is considered safe and very effective,” says Dave Kranz from the California Farm Bureau. “You don’t know what may be coming when you impose a blanket ban.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kranz uses the example of transgenic papayas in Hawaii to make his point. When the ringspot virus almost annihilated the fruit in the 1990s, the rainbow papaya saved the day. The genetically modified fruit rejected the pathogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year the National Academy of Sciences released a \u003ca href=\"http://nas-sites.org/ge-crops/\">report\u003c/a> concluding that genetically engineered foods are safe to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases technology is a perfectly appropriate solution,” says Kranz. He highlights the fact that Sonoma County is a grape-growing region that may need biotech to help vines weather severe droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ordinance would take effect as soon as election results are finalized, which is expected in early December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hudson says the campaign isn’t over; the next step will be a measure to ban GMOs in cities in Sonoma County. She’s worried about grasses in people’s yards and recreational areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have genetically engineered blue grass and fescue grasses that not only contaminate native grasses,” she says, “but it would also have the potential to blow into our pastures.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This is an edited excerpt from Robert Wachter’s “\u003ca target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Digital-Doctor-Hope-Medicines-Computer/dp/0071849467\">The Digital Doctor: Hope, Hype, and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine’s Computer Age\u003c/a>,” reprinted with permission from McGraw-Hill. Copyright 2015.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2012, Vinod Khosla, a co-founder of Sun Microsystems, has been predicting that most of what physicians currently do can, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/07/AI-computers-diagnosis-watson/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/07/AI-computers-diagnosis-watson/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Will Computers Ever Be Able to Diagnose Patients as Well as Physicians?\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Future of You – tagged “kqedscience”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This is an edited excerpt from Robert Wachter’s “\u003ca target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Digital-Doctor-Hope-Medicines-Computer/dp/0071849467\">The Digital Doctor: Hope, Hype, and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine’s Computer Age\u003c/a>,” reprinted with permission from McGraw-Hill. Copyright 2015.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2012, Vinod Khosla, a co-founder of Sun Microsystems, has been predicting that most of what physicians currently do can, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/07/AI-computers-diagnosis-watson/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/07/AI-computers-diagnosis-watson/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Will Computers Ever Be Able to Diagnose Patients as Well as Physicians?\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Future of You – tagged “kqedscience”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Can Ecstasy Help Relieve Social Anxiety Epidemic Among Autistic People?",
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"content": "\u003cp>For a long time, Daniel Au Valencia got the message that she was wrong, wrong, wrong. She stood wrong. She talked wrong. She looked at people wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of shame around autism,” she says. “There’s a lot of being told you look weird.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://actingnt.blogspot.com/\">Valencia\u003c/a>, 22, often taps her feet when talking to someone. Or she’ll flap her hands. She says those movements help her communicate emotions and stay calm.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"#note\">A note on pronouns\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“A common question is, ‘Why are you doing that?' in a very accusatory tone,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't even get her started on eye contact. A social skills teacher once tried to show her how to make eye contact without making people uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t avoid it, but don’t stare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I would have to do is, \"Okay, eye contact. One, two, three, glance away, glance back. One, two, three, glance away,’” Valencia explains. “And at that point, I’m no longer listening, I am pretending to listen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people just walk away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be anxiety-provoking,” she says. “That anxiety comes from being excluded, being rejected, being ridiculed for things that are just part of naturally being me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia likes hanging out with people. She’s into salsa dancing, acting, improv and Pokemon Go. But sometimes social situations can be so stressful that Valencia hangs back on the sidelines, or avoids them altogether. She never answers the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It creates a cycle of self-judgment,” she says, “and makes the anxiety worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_266972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_image-e1477009038956.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-266972 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_image-1020x791.jpg\" alt=\"MDMA_image\" width=\"640\" height=\"496\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daniel Au Valencia participated in a pilot study examining the potential of MDMA as a treatment for social anxiety in autistic adults. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Experimental Study\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then last year Valencia heard about an unusual experimental study. Unlike a lot of other studies, this one didn’t say anything about trying to “cure autism.” This one was exploring a treatment specifically for social anxiety in autistic adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anxiety, unlike autism, is actually a problem that you might want to get rid of,” Valencia says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many traditional therapies don’t work for autistic people, says Nick Walker, an autistic advocate and consultant on the new study, because they reinforce stigma around autism and are “designed to coerce autistic people into acting like they’re not autistic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees this new research as a uniquely “culturally appropriate” approach to addressing the “epidemic” of social anxiety in autistic adults – anxiety caused by a lifetime of repeated, traumatic social interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment is MDMA, known more commonly as Ecstacy or Molly. On the street, it is often cut with speed or other drugs, and is popular among ravers for lowering inhibitions, heightening physical sensations, and making people feel all lovey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers are finding that pure MDMA has potential to be a true medicine. Early studies backed by MAPS, the Multidisciplinary Association of Psychedelic Studies based in Santa Cruz, show it can ease or erase symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.maps.org/research-archive/publications/Oehen_2012_MDMA_PTSD_Swisstudy.pdf\">one study\u003c/a>, 83 percent of study participants treated with MDMA and psychotherapy were cured of their PTSD, compared to 25 percent who were cured from talk therapy alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“MDMA creates a sensation of feeling safe,” says psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.icpr2016.nl/speakers/alicia-danforth-phd/\">Alicia Danforth\u003c/a>, one of the researchers conducting the social anxiety study at UCLA’s Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, along with psychiatrist \u003ca href=\"http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/\">Charles Grob\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I felt the changes in my body. My bodily needs were radically altered.'\u003ccite>Daniel Au Valencia, Study participant\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>MDMA floods the brain with serotonin and dopamine, they say, and quiets the fear response from the amygdala, allowing people to confront past traumatic experiences without becoming overwhelmed. Or they can try new things without fear or inhibition getting in the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It creates a practice environment to try different social skills out,” Danforth says. “MDMA can be a bit like training wheels for the psyche.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia is one of just 12 autistic adults participating in the pilot study. Given the small size, researchers won’t get statistically meaningful data on the efficacy of MDMA in treating social anxiety. Their focus is proving that this research can be done safely in this population, with the hopes that others will conduct larger-scale studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment consists of two MDMA sessions, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., six weeks apart. Danforth and Grob meet with each study participant several times before and after each session for psychotherapy and to measure their social anxiety levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the first MDMA session, they ask participants to set an intention. Danforth says they want them to think about how they hope to grow or change from the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be something simple: ‘I want to be better at small talk, or I want to learn the skill of asking someone out on a date,’” Danforth says. “It can also be very large, ‘I’m working on forgiveness or unresolved grief or loss.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia’s goal was to be more assertive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that makes anxiety go away is to be in control of the situation rather than waiting for things to happen,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The First Session\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia arrived at 10 a.m. for her first MDMA session at a bland office building on the UCLA campus. Researchers transformed the room to a kind of den that Danforth describes as “autism friendly” -- soft lighting, soothing colors, and a luxury leather recliner facing a wall-sized poster of a forest canopy with light streaming through the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New-age flute music played over the computer speakers as Valencia swallowed the MDMA capsule. Within a half hour, she knew it was not a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt the changes in my body,” Valencia describes. “My bodily needs were radically altered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She describes one moment that was particularly powerful, when researchers brought in a plate of grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I bit into half a grape,” Valencia says. “I felt the flavors, the texture, the nuance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sparked a classic psychedelic epiphany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wow, I can really enjoy every bit of life more, if I can do it mindfully,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the session, she felt a rush of energy in her body and said, “I feel like dancing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Valencia did something that would normally take her eons to build up the courage to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She asked Danforth if she would care to salsa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was thinking, my intention is to be more assertive,” Valencia says. “Well, one part of being assertive is ask for what you want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danforth says in the context of the therapy and Valencia’s intention, this was completely appropriate. It was in keeping with Danforth’s previous research, where she collected qualitative reports from autistic adults who had taken MDMA recreationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call them the Five C’s,” she says. “People reported changes in their level of courage or confidence, communication, feeling connected, a sense of communion or belonging, and mental clarity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_266943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_1-e1477009669302.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-266943\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_1-1020x765.jpg\" alt='Valencia uses emotion cards to help her understand and articulate her feelings. There are about 60 in the deck, including a few \"make your own\" cards.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Valencia uses emotion cards to help her understand and articulate her feelings. There are about 60 in the deck, including a few \"make your own\" cards. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Follow-Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after the MDMA session, the researchers meet with each participant to talk about what happened. Then they call them every day for a week after that to check in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The treatment is just a day,” Danforth says. “It’s what you do with those insights and how you integrate it into your everyday life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After her first session, Valencia started using a deck of “emotion cards” each day to help her understand what she was feeling. Each card has a word – “peaceful,” “loving,” “uncomfortable,” “frustrated,” “receptive” -- with a corresponding illustration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve learned about the importance of connecting with your emotions,” she says. “I have learned that you can experience a whole lot of different emotions at once.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that may seem innate for a lot of typically developing individuals, it’s novel for a lot of autistic people, Danforth says. MDMA is known for helping people get clarity about their feeling states, to find words to express them, she says. That, in turn, helps people articulate their needs so they can “shape the world to be more to their liking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was one of Valencia’s big takeaways: “Knowing that I have a choice,” she says. “Anytime something is bothering me, I can do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Second Session\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it was time for Valencia’s second MDMA session, she felt her original goal of being more assertive was now not quite right. It felt like a concession to societal pressure to fit in. She needed to let go of that, she says, and release the pressure she was putting on herself to always be involved, to be better all the time, to be different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In session number two, there was a moment I was just sitting in a big comfy chair,” Valencia says. “Letting my hands do whatever my hands wanted to do, kind of floating around. It looks like nothing is happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in fact, Valencia says, her mind was racing with thoughts, one idea popping up after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I thought, ‘Oh, these are some good ideas. I should write them down,” she says. “And then I stopped myself. ‘Do I have to do this? I can just sit here. And enjoy them.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she flipped through the emotion cards, she picked one where the illustration was a swirl of blackness. The word was “depressed,” but Valencia says she saw something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not having to do something in every moment, not having to \u003cem>feel \u003c/em>anything for just a couple hours,” she says. “That was such a relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reflections \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia completed the treatment last year. It’s impossible to draw a direct line between the treatment and how Valencia is doing right now, but she says she’s doing great. She’s got a steady full-time job, her own apartment, and she just got married. The study is still ongoing, so Valencia won’t know if her scores on the social anxiety tests improved until all participants finish the treatment and the researchers analyze the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she says her biggest takeaway from the experiment is more about emotions than social anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she’s learned that there’s no such thing as good emotions or bad emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All emotions deserve to exist,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This underscores a process of transformation Valencia started a couple years before the MDMA treatment around her autistic identity. She started reading essays by Nick Walker, the autism advocate based in Berkeley. He rejects the notion that autism is a disease, the same way the gay community rejects the notion that homosexuality is a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker says autistic brains are simply different. They’re part of the patchwork of neurodiversity in the human population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s the dominant belief in society that there's good brains and bad brains,” Valencia says. “And from a neurodiversity perspective, all those concepts are no longer valid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the MDMA treatment, Valencia started to see emotions in the same way, along the same continuum of self-acceptance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you do away with that most basic of dichotomies, good versus bad, and just make it all sort of a jumbled mess of the same thing, then you can either hate yourself as a whole or you can accept and love yourself as a whole,” she says. “And I think, it’s not always as easy as making a decision, but it’s pretty obvious which one is preferable.”\u003ca id=\"note\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>After completing the full course of MDMA treatment and working on assertiveness, Valencia began asking friends and acquaintances to use the pronouns “they, them, their.” Valencia identifies as gender-vague.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using “they” or “them” to refer to an individual presents certain grammatical and syntactical challenges, and in light of this, Valencia asked KQED to use female pronouns instead.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Daniel Au Valencia had always gotten the message she talked wrong, stood wrong, looked at people wrong. So she signed up for an experimental trial on the efficacy of MDMA for treating social anxiety.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For a long time, Daniel Au Valencia got the message that she was wrong, wrong, wrong. She stood wrong. She talked wrong. She looked at people wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of shame around autism,” she says. “There’s a lot of being told you look weird.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://actingnt.blogspot.com/\">Valencia\u003c/a>, 22, often taps her feet when talking to someone. Or she’ll flap her hands. She says those movements help her communicate emotions and stay calm.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"#note\">A note on pronouns\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“A common question is, ‘Why are you doing that?' in a very accusatory tone,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't even get her started on eye contact. A social skills teacher once tried to show her how to make eye contact without making people uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t avoid it, but don’t stare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I would have to do is, \"Okay, eye contact. One, two, three, glance away, glance back. One, two, three, glance away,’” Valencia explains. “And at that point, I’m no longer listening, I am pretending to listen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people just walk away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be anxiety-provoking,” she says. “That anxiety comes from being excluded, being rejected, being ridiculed for things that are just part of naturally being me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia likes hanging out with people. She’s into salsa dancing, acting, improv and Pokemon Go. But sometimes social situations can be so stressful that Valencia hangs back on the sidelines, or avoids them altogether. She never answers the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It creates a cycle of self-judgment,” she says, “and makes the anxiety worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_266972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_image-e1477009038956.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-266972 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_image-1020x791.jpg\" alt=\"MDMA_image\" width=\"640\" height=\"496\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daniel Au Valencia participated in a pilot study examining the potential of MDMA as a treatment for social anxiety in autistic adults. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Experimental Study\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then last year Valencia heard about an unusual experimental study. Unlike a lot of other studies, this one didn’t say anything about trying to “cure autism.” This one was exploring a treatment specifically for social anxiety in autistic adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anxiety, unlike autism, is actually a problem that you might want to get rid of,” Valencia says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many traditional therapies don’t work for autistic people, says Nick Walker, an autistic advocate and consultant on the new study, because they reinforce stigma around autism and are “designed to coerce autistic people into acting like they’re not autistic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees this new research as a uniquely “culturally appropriate” approach to addressing the “epidemic” of social anxiety in autistic adults – anxiety caused by a lifetime of repeated, traumatic social interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment is MDMA, known more commonly as Ecstacy or Molly. On the street, it is often cut with speed or other drugs, and is popular among ravers for lowering inhibitions, heightening physical sensations, and making people feel all lovey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers are finding that pure MDMA has potential to be a true medicine. Early studies backed by MAPS, the Multidisciplinary Association of Psychedelic Studies based in Santa Cruz, show it can ease or erase symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.maps.org/research-archive/publications/Oehen_2012_MDMA_PTSD_Swisstudy.pdf\">one study\u003c/a>, 83 percent of study participants treated with MDMA and psychotherapy were cured of their PTSD, compared to 25 percent who were cured from talk therapy alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“MDMA creates a sensation of feeling safe,” says psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.icpr2016.nl/speakers/alicia-danforth-phd/\">Alicia Danforth\u003c/a>, one of the researchers conducting the social anxiety study at UCLA’s Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, along with psychiatrist \u003ca href=\"http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/\">Charles Grob\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I felt the changes in my body. My bodily needs were radically altered.'\u003ccite>Daniel Au Valencia, Study participant\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>MDMA floods the brain with serotonin and dopamine, they say, and quiets the fear response from the amygdala, allowing people to confront past traumatic experiences without becoming overwhelmed. Or they can try new things without fear or inhibition getting in the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It creates a practice environment to try different social skills out,” Danforth says. “MDMA can be a bit like training wheels for the psyche.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia is one of just 12 autistic adults participating in the pilot study. Given the small size, researchers won’t get statistically meaningful data on the efficacy of MDMA in treating social anxiety. Their focus is proving that this research can be done safely in this population, with the hopes that others will conduct larger-scale studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment consists of two MDMA sessions, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., six weeks apart. Danforth and Grob meet with each study participant several times before and after each session for psychotherapy and to measure their social anxiety levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the first MDMA session, they ask participants to set an intention. Danforth says they want them to think about how they hope to grow or change from the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be something simple: ‘I want to be better at small talk, or I want to learn the skill of asking someone out on a date,’” Danforth says. “It can also be very large, ‘I’m working on forgiveness or unresolved grief or loss.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia’s goal was to be more assertive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that makes anxiety go away is to be in control of the situation rather than waiting for things to happen,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The First Session\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia arrived at 10 a.m. for her first MDMA session at a bland office building on the UCLA campus. Researchers transformed the room to a kind of den that Danforth describes as “autism friendly” -- soft lighting, soothing colors, and a luxury leather recliner facing a wall-sized poster of a forest canopy with light streaming through the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New-age flute music played over the computer speakers as Valencia swallowed the MDMA capsule. Within a half hour, she knew it was not a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt the changes in my body,” Valencia describes. “My bodily needs were radically altered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She describes one moment that was particularly powerful, when researchers brought in a plate of grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I bit into half a grape,” Valencia says. “I felt the flavors, the texture, the nuance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sparked a classic psychedelic epiphany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wow, I can really enjoy every bit of life more, if I can do it mindfully,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the session, she felt a rush of energy in her body and said, “I feel like dancing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Valencia did something that would normally take her eons to build up the courage to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She asked Danforth if she would care to salsa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was thinking, my intention is to be more assertive,” Valencia says. “Well, one part of being assertive is ask for what you want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danforth says in the context of the therapy and Valencia’s intention, this was completely appropriate. It was in keeping with Danforth’s previous research, where she collected qualitative reports from autistic adults who had taken MDMA recreationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call them the Five C’s,” she says. “People reported changes in their level of courage or confidence, communication, feeling connected, a sense of communion or belonging, and mental clarity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_266943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_1-e1477009669302.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-266943\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_1-1020x765.jpg\" alt='Valencia uses emotion cards to help her understand and articulate her feelings. There are about 60 in the deck, including a few \"make your own\" cards.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Valencia uses emotion cards to help her understand and articulate her feelings. There are about 60 in the deck, including a few \"make your own\" cards. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Follow-Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after the MDMA session, the researchers meet with each participant to talk about what happened. Then they call them every day for a week after that to check in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The treatment is just a day,” Danforth says. “It’s what you do with those insights and how you integrate it into your everyday life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After her first session, Valencia started using a deck of “emotion cards” each day to help her understand what she was feeling. Each card has a word – “peaceful,” “loving,” “uncomfortable,” “frustrated,” “receptive” -- with a corresponding illustration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve learned about the importance of connecting with your emotions,” she says. “I have learned that you can experience a whole lot of different emotions at once.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that may seem innate for a lot of typically developing individuals, it’s novel for a lot of autistic people, Danforth says. MDMA is known for helping people get clarity about their feeling states, to find words to express them, she says. That, in turn, helps people articulate their needs so they can “shape the world to be more to their liking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was one of Valencia’s big takeaways: “Knowing that I have a choice,” she says. “Anytime something is bothering me, I can do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Second Session\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it was time for Valencia’s second MDMA session, she felt her original goal of being more assertive was now not quite right. It felt like a concession to societal pressure to fit in. She needed to let go of that, she says, and release the pressure she was putting on herself to always be involved, to be better all the time, to be different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In session number two, there was a moment I was just sitting in a big comfy chair,” Valencia says. “Letting my hands do whatever my hands wanted to do, kind of floating around. It looks like nothing is happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in fact, Valencia says, her mind was racing with thoughts, one idea popping up after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I thought, ‘Oh, these are some good ideas. I should write them down,” she says. “And then I stopped myself. ‘Do I have to do this? I can just sit here. And enjoy them.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she flipped through the emotion cards, she picked one where the illustration was a swirl of blackness. The word was “depressed,” but Valencia says she saw something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not having to do something in every moment, not having to \u003cem>feel \u003c/em>anything for just a couple hours,” she says. “That was such a relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reflections \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia completed the treatment last year. It’s impossible to draw a direct line between the treatment and how Valencia is doing right now, but she says she’s doing great. She’s got a steady full-time job, her own apartment, and she just got married. The study is still ongoing, so Valencia won’t know if her scores on the social anxiety tests improved until all participants finish the treatment and the researchers analyze the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she says her biggest takeaway from the experiment is more about emotions than social anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she’s learned that there’s no such thing as good emotions or bad emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All emotions deserve to exist,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This underscores a process of transformation Valencia started a couple years before the MDMA treatment around her autistic identity. She started reading essays by Nick Walker, the autism advocate based in Berkeley. He rejects the notion that autism is a disease, the same way the gay community rejects the notion that homosexuality is a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker says autistic brains are simply different. They’re part of the patchwork of neurodiversity in the human population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s the dominant belief in society that there's good brains and bad brains,” Valencia says. “And from a neurodiversity perspective, all those concepts are no longer valid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the MDMA treatment, Valencia started to see emotions in the same way, along the same continuum of self-acceptance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you do away with that most basic of dichotomies, good versus bad, and just make it all sort of a jumbled mess of the same thing, then you can either hate yourself as a whole or you can accept and love yourself as a whole,” she says. “And I think, it’s not always as easy as making a decision, but it’s pretty obvious which one is preferable.”\u003ca id=\"note\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>After completing the full course of MDMA treatment and working on assertiveness, Valencia began asking friends and acquaintances to use the pronouns “they, them, their.” Valencia identifies as gender-vague.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "'Help! My Phone Is Ruining My Life' -- 8 Tips for the Addicted",
"title": "'Help! My Phone Is Ruining My Life' -- 8 Tips for the Addicted",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>We all know that texting while driving is \u003ca href=\"http://journalistsresource.org/studies/environment/transportation/multitasking-texting-and-distracted-driving-academics-discuss-the-cognitive-effects-and-risks\" target=\"_blank\">perilous\u003c/a> and answering a phone during a face to face conversation is rude. Many of us now understand that screen time before bed \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/01/once-again-reminder-for-the-sleepless-quit-checking-your-email/\">inhibits sleep\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"eNzQ8IsiA6FljS77Q2owwiTNbjQ5luPK\"]And, as we recently \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/17/your-devices-are-probably-lowering-your-productivity-heres-why/\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a>, we only \u003cem>think\u003c/em> we can multitask, when in fact \u003ca href=\"http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/horvitz/CHI_2007_Iqbal_Horvitz.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">research\u003c/a> shows the process of splitting our attention usually leads to delays and mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, with all this awareness of how the digital world overwhelms us, breaking this destructive tether seems near impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Your Heart Skip a Beat When Your Phone Dies?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"#tips\">8 tips for detaching from your phone\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you need a little more incentive, though, research continues to pile up on the psychological effects of digital dependence. \u003cem>Smartphone separation anxiety--\u003c/em>that's actually a thing. Researchers are calling it \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/scientists-study-nomophobia-mdash-fear-of-being-without-a-mobile-phone/\" target=\"_blank\">nomophobia\u003c/a> (no-mobile phone phobia), and Iowa State University academics have devised a \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2015/08/26/nomophobia\" target=\"_blank\">questionnaire\u003c/a> to diagnose it. (Rate on a scale of one to seven if \"Running out of battery in my smartphone would scare me.\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEEzoUeb15A\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, there are some practical strategies to break nomophobia and increase health and well-being. UCSF neuroscientist Dr. Adam Gazzeley and California State University, Dominguez Hills professor emeritus Larry D. Rosen offer tips in their new book, \"\u003ca href=\"https://mitpress.mit.edu/distracted\" target=\"_blank\">The Distracted Mind: Ancient Brains in a High Tech World\u003c/a>.\" We've categorized them into three areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"tips\">\u003c/a>\u003cb>Socializing\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though social media allows us to collect thousands of digital friends, our physical relationships are taking a hit. \u003ca href=\"http://eab.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/05/31/0013916514539755\" target=\"_blank\">Research \u003c/a>shows that digital devices are impacting closeness and connection with loved ones. One \u003ca href=\"http://spr.sagepub.com/content/30/3/237.full.pdf+html\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> found a correlation between the mere presence of a phone at the dinner table and a diminished sense of trust and empathy between individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tips\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Declare places like the dining room to be technology-free zones.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When engaging in an important conversation, set a timer for a predetermined period during which you and the person you're talking to will refrain from checking your phones.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you’re worried about missing urgent calls, then use an app like \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sifakas.essential.calls&hl=en\">Essential Calls\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.noshufou.selectivesilence&hl=en\">Selective Silence\u003c/a> for Android devices, or Do Not Disturb coupled with the Allow Calls function on an iPhone.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Sleep\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I used to think it was relaxing to scroll through my email or Facebook feed one last time before shutting my eyes at night, but screen time \u003ca href=\"https://sleep.org/articles/ways-technology-affects-sleep/\" target=\"_blank\">messes \u003c/a>with your sleep. The blue light emitted by a smartphone or tablet affects melatonin, a hormone that controls the natural sleep-wake cycle. Mounting \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/01/once-again-reminder-for-the-sleepless-quit-checking-your-email/\" target=\"_blank\">evidence\u003c/a> has found that--unlike reading a book--online browsing stimulates the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tips\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Remove your digital devices from the bedroom.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If that sounds impossible, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.journalsleep.org/Resources/Documents/2013AbstractSupplement.pdf\">Mayo clinic study\u003c/a> advises dimming devices and holding the screen at least 14 inches away from your face to reduce the blue light infiltrating your eyes, so as not to inhibit the release of melatonin.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Safe Driving\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 55 mph, taking your eyes off the road for five seconds to respond to a text message is the equivalent of driving 100 yards -- the length of a football field--with your eyes closed. Hand-free devices, you should consider, are not the solution; A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/motr/even-hands-free-devices-are-dangerously-distracting.html\">study\u003c/a> revealed that drivers can remain distracted for up to 27 seconds after hanging up a call, even if it was enabled by a voice assistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Transportation \u003ca href=\"https://www.transportation.gov/tags/distracted-driving\">reports\u003c/a> that in 2013 distracted driving claimed 3,154 lives and injured an estimated 424,000 Americans, all of which were 100 percent preventable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tips\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Leave your phone in your trunk with the Bluetooth off.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If that’s too much to bear, give your device to a passenger to monitor.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Apps can help. \u003ca href=\"http://www.getsafedrive.com/\">SafeDrive\u003c/a> gives you points when you restrict yourself from your phone while you're driving faster than 6 mph. You can use the points to receive discounts at participating stores. \u003ca href=\"https://drivemode.com/\">DriveMode\u003c/a> reads incoming messages by turning texts into audio. Parents can check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.cellcontrol.com/\">Cellcontro\u003c/a>l, DriveMode and \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.call.disconnect&hl=en\">Live2Txt \u003c/a>for teens behind the wheel.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gazzeley says none of this is about opting out of technology. Rather, the point is to create boundaries and carve out time to focus on a single task. This means we will all have to stop responding every time our phone rings, dings or otherwise beckons.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We all know that texting while driving is \u003ca href=\"http://journalistsresource.org/studies/environment/transportation/multitasking-texting-and-distracted-driving-academics-discuss-the-cognitive-effects-and-risks\" target=\"_blank\">perilous\u003c/a> and answering a phone during a face to face conversation is rude. Many of us now understand that screen time before bed \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/01/once-again-reminder-for-the-sleepless-quit-checking-your-email/\">inhibits sleep\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>And, as we recently \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/17/your-devices-are-probably-lowering-your-productivity-heres-why/\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a>, we only \u003cem>think\u003c/em> we can multitask, when in fact \u003ca href=\"http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/horvitz/CHI_2007_Iqbal_Horvitz.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">research\u003c/a> shows the process of splitting our attention usually leads to delays and mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, with all this awareness of how the digital world overwhelms us, breaking this destructive tether seems near impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Your Heart Skip a Beat When Your Phone Dies?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"#tips\">8 tips for detaching from your phone\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you need a little more incentive, though, research continues to pile up on the psychological effects of digital dependence. \u003cem>Smartphone separation anxiety--\u003c/em>that's actually a thing. Researchers are calling it \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/scientists-study-nomophobia-mdash-fear-of-being-without-a-mobile-phone/\" target=\"_blank\">nomophobia\u003c/a> (no-mobile phone phobia), and Iowa State University academics have devised a \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2015/08/26/nomophobia\" target=\"_blank\">questionnaire\u003c/a> to diagnose it. (Rate on a scale of one to seven if \"Running out of battery in my smartphone would scare me.\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/vEEzoUeb15A'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/vEEzoUeb15A'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Luckily, there are some practical strategies to break nomophobia and increase health and well-being. UCSF neuroscientist Dr. Adam Gazzeley and California State University, Dominguez Hills professor emeritus Larry D. Rosen offer tips in their new book, \"\u003ca href=\"https://mitpress.mit.edu/distracted\" target=\"_blank\">The Distracted Mind: Ancient Brains in a High Tech World\u003c/a>.\" We've categorized them into three areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"tips\">\u003c/a>\u003cb>Socializing\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though social media allows us to collect thousands of digital friends, our physical relationships are taking a hit. \u003ca href=\"http://eab.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/05/31/0013916514539755\" target=\"_blank\">Research \u003c/a>shows that digital devices are impacting closeness and connection with loved ones. One \u003ca href=\"http://spr.sagepub.com/content/30/3/237.full.pdf+html\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> found a correlation between the mere presence of a phone at the dinner table and a diminished sense of trust and empathy between individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tips\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Declare places like the dining room to be technology-free zones.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When engaging in an important conversation, set a timer for a predetermined period during which you and the person you're talking to will refrain from checking your phones.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you’re worried about missing urgent calls, then use an app like \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sifakas.essential.calls&hl=en\">Essential Calls\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.noshufou.selectivesilence&hl=en\">Selective Silence\u003c/a> for Android devices, or Do Not Disturb coupled with the Allow Calls function on an iPhone.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Sleep\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I used to think it was relaxing to scroll through my email or Facebook feed one last time before shutting my eyes at night, but screen time \u003ca href=\"https://sleep.org/articles/ways-technology-affects-sleep/\" target=\"_blank\">messes \u003c/a>with your sleep. The blue light emitted by a smartphone or tablet affects melatonin, a hormone that controls the natural sleep-wake cycle. Mounting \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/01/once-again-reminder-for-the-sleepless-quit-checking-your-email/\" target=\"_blank\">evidence\u003c/a> has found that--unlike reading a book--online browsing stimulates the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tips\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Remove your digital devices from the bedroom.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If that sounds impossible, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.journalsleep.org/Resources/Documents/2013AbstractSupplement.pdf\">Mayo clinic study\u003c/a> advises dimming devices and holding the screen at least 14 inches away from your face to reduce the blue light infiltrating your eyes, so as not to inhibit the release of melatonin.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Safe Driving\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 55 mph, taking your eyes off the road for five seconds to respond to a text message is the equivalent of driving 100 yards -- the length of a football field--with your eyes closed. Hand-free devices, you should consider, are not the solution; A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/motr/even-hands-free-devices-are-dangerously-distracting.html\">study\u003c/a> revealed that drivers can remain distracted for up to 27 seconds after hanging up a call, even if it was enabled by a voice assistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Transportation \u003ca href=\"https://www.transportation.gov/tags/distracted-driving\">reports\u003c/a> that in 2013 distracted driving claimed 3,154 lives and injured an estimated 424,000 Americans, all of which were 100 percent preventable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tips\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Leave your phone in your trunk with the Bluetooth off.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If that’s too much to bear, give your device to a passenger to monitor.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Apps can help. \u003ca href=\"http://www.getsafedrive.com/\">SafeDrive\u003c/a> gives you points when you restrict yourself from your phone while you're driving faster than 6 mph. You can use the points to receive discounts at participating stores. \u003ca href=\"https://drivemode.com/\">DriveMode\u003c/a> reads incoming messages by turning texts into audio. Parents can check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.cellcontrol.com/\">Cellcontro\u003c/a>l, DriveMode and \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.call.disconnect&hl=en\">Live2Txt \u003c/a>for teens behind the wheel.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gazzeley says none of this is about opting out of technology. Rather, the point is to create boundaries and carve out time to focus on a single task. This means we will all have to stop responding every time our phone rings, dings or otherwise beckons.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
},
"requestOutcomesReducer": {
"notFound": []
}
}
