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But those shunts can get infected over time, or rejected by a patient’s immune system, and in any case, they need to be replaced about every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now researchers are testing a new kind of shunt—one made out of human tissue. It combines with a patient’s stem cells to make the device part of the patient’s body; theoretically, it could last a lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘I Just Accept It’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first patient in California to participate in the Phase III clinical trial for the new shunt is dialysis patient Raymond Ramirez. (A Phase III clinical trial is the stage of research required before submitting a treatment for FDA approval.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 67-year-old resident of Whittier, Calif., just east of Los Angeles, says he’s a bit of a train wreck. He’s in a wheelchair because of an above-the-knee amputation on his right leg, and he stops rolling around his TV room for a minute to list some of his maladies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_260201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-260201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2.jpg\" alt=\"The most challenging of Ray Ramirez's health problems right now is his kidney disease, because his veins are failing, making dialysis difficult.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2.jpg 3264w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The most challenging of Ray Ramirez's health problems right now is his kidney disease, because his veins are failing, making dialysis difficult. \u003ccite>(David Gorn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Omigod, it’s never-ending,” he says with a laugh. “In Vietnam, when I got wounded, they took out my ribs. So, on my left side, my ribs they’re just gone.” He has to think a minute for more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve had intestinal problems, I’ve had bladder cancer, a tumor in my bladder,” he says, “I have a blind eye in my right eye. Blood clot in my retina.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramirez says he’s not one of those guys who likes to dwell on his problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve always been a happy guy,” he says. “I don’t like it, no, hell no, it hurts. I’ve hurt like crazy since I was a youngster. I just accept it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the big challenge for Ramirez is dialysis, because his veins are failing. And that's how he ended up in the Veterans Affairs Hospital in Long Beach on a recent day for an appointment with vascular surgeon Ian Gordon. Since the Phase III study is randomized, Ramirez has a 50-50 of getting the experimental human tissue shunt or the traditional plastic one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Does the Shunt Work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine one of those long foam noodles kids play with in the pool—hollow and kind of like cellulose—only it’s the diameter of your little finger. That’s what the shunts look like. But it’s an intricate process to get them to that stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'One of the holy grails, if you can use that phrase, in vascular surgery is to come up with a prosthetic artificial graft that has the same properties as the patient’s own blood vessels.'\u003ccite>Dr. Ian Gordon,\u003cbr>\nVA Hospital, Long Beach\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>First, you take human muscle cells from organ donors, and grow them into a tubular shape, says Jeff Lawson, chief medical officer at Humacyte, the North Carolina company that makes these things. As they grow, the cells secrete a sticky form of cellulose that holds them in the shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what’s left then is a scaffold of human tissue,” Lawson says. “We call it human extracellular matrix.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then you use a chemical wash to slough off the original donor cells, leaving the sticky cellulose structure behind—the foam noodle the diameter of your pinky finger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stem cell part of the equation, Lawson says, happens inside the patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This scaffold, once implanted, uniquely becomes repopulated with their own stem cells,\" he says. \"That then turns back into something that looks like a vascular cell. And it now transitions over the period of a few months into something that’s indistinguishable from your own tissue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it works, applications of this technology are endless, says Dr. Gordon, from vein replacement to heart surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the holy grails, if you can use that phrase, in vascular surgery is to come up with a prosthetic artificial graft,” he says, “that has the same properties as the patient’s own blood vessels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, this one seems to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Voter Mandate to Get Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the kind of success the state stem cell agency was aiming for, when California voters created it in 2004 by approving Proposition 71. The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM), based in Oakland, now has just four years of funding left, and is putting more money into mature clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many people think of stem cell therapy as an a treatment that injects the cells into a patient’s body, there are other types of treatments that rely on stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At CIRM we’re interested in anything that involves or uses stem cells in the correction of a disease process,” says CIRM CEO Randall Mills. “About a quarter of our portfolio product itself isn’t a stem cell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a couple of important reasons for CIRM’s move to fund more clinical studies, says UC-San Diego’s director of stem cell research, Larry Goldstein\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ten years ago I don’t think there were that many projects that were really ready for clinical trials,” Goldstein said. “The field itself has developed projects that are at clinical stage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Goldstein says, the voters who created the agency wanted it to produce results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The voter mandate was more than just basic research,\" he says, \"it was basic plus clinical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the agency keeps pumping out these types of clinical results, Goldstein says, California voters may soon see another ballot measure to keep it going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humacyte officials say 118 patients around the world have received the new type of human tissue shunt – in both Phase II and Phase III of the clinical trial. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first patient in California to participate in the Phase III clinical trial for the new shunt is dialysis patient Raymond Ramirez. (A Phase III clinical trial is the stage of research required before submitting a treatment for FDA approval.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 67-year-old resident of Whittier, Calif., just east of Los Angeles, says he’s a bit of a train wreck. He’s in a wheelchair because of an above-the-knee amputation on his right leg, and he stops rolling around his TV room for a minute to list some of his maladies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_260201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-260201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2.jpg\" alt=\"The most challenging of Ray Ramirez's health problems right now is his kidney disease, because his veins are failing, making dialysis difficult.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2.jpg 3264w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/stemcells2-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The most challenging of Ray Ramirez's health problems right now is his kidney disease, because his veins are failing, making dialysis difficult. \u003ccite>(David Gorn/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Omigod, it’s never-ending,” he says with a laugh. “In Vietnam, when I got wounded, they took out my ribs. So, on my left side, my ribs they’re just gone.” He has to think a minute for more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve had intestinal problems, I’ve had bladder cancer, a tumor in my bladder,” he says, “I have a blind eye in my right eye. Blood clot in my retina.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramirez says he’s not one of those guys who likes to dwell on his problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve always been a happy guy,” he says. “I don’t like it, no, hell no, it hurts. I’ve hurt like crazy since I was a youngster. I just accept it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the big challenge for Ramirez is dialysis, because his veins are failing. And that's how he ended up in the Veterans Affairs Hospital in Long Beach on a recent day for an appointment with vascular surgeon Ian Gordon. Since the Phase III study is randomized, Ramirez has a 50-50 of getting the experimental human tissue shunt or the traditional plastic one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Does the Shunt Work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine one of those long foam noodles kids play with in the pool—hollow and kind of like cellulose—only it’s the diameter of your little finger. That’s what the shunts look like. But it’s an intricate process to get them to that stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'One of the holy grails, if you can use that phrase, in vascular surgery is to come up with a prosthetic artificial graft that has the same properties as the patient’s own blood vessels.'\u003ccite>Dr. Ian Gordon,\u003cbr>\nVA Hospital, Long Beach\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>First, you take human muscle cells from organ donors, and grow them into a tubular shape, says Jeff Lawson, chief medical officer at Humacyte, the North Carolina company that makes these things. As they grow, the cells secrete a sticky form of cellulose that holds them in the shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what’s left then is a scaffold of human tissue,” Lawson says. “We call it human extracellular matrix.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then you use a chemical wash to slough off the original donor cells, leaving the sticky cellulose structure behind—the foam noodle the diameter of your pinky finger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stem cell part of the equation, Lawson says, happens inside the patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This scaffold, once implanted, uniquely becomes repopulated with their own stem cells,\" he says. \"That then turns back into something that looks like a vascular cell. And it now transitions over the period of a few months into something that’s indistinguishable from your own tissue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it works, applications of this technology are endless, says Dr. Gordon, from vein replacement to heart surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the holy grails, if you can use that phrase, in vascular surgery is to come up with a prosthetic artificial graft,” he says, “that has the same properties as the patient’s own blood vessels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, this one seems to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Voter Mandate to Get Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the kind of success the state stem cell agency was aiming for, when California voters created it in 2004 by approving Proposition 71. The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM), based in Oakland, now has just four years of funding left, and is putting more money into mature clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many people think of stem cell therapy as an a treatment that injects the cells into a patient’s body, there are other types of treatments that rely on stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At CIRM we’re interested in anything that involves or uses stem cells in the correction of a disease process,” says CIRM CEO Randall Mills. “About a quarter of our portfolio product itself isn’t a stem cell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a couple of important reasons for CIRM’s move to fund more clinical studies, says UC-San Diego’s director of stem cell research, Larry Goldstein\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ten years ago I don’t think there were that many projects that were really ready for clinical trials,” Goldstein said. “The field itself has developed projects that are at clinical stage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Goldstein says, the voters who created the agency wanted it to produce results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The voter mandate was more than just basic research,\" he says, \"it was basic plus clinical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the agency keeps pumping out these types of clinical results, Goldstein says, California voters may soon see another ballot measure to keep it going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humacyte officials say 118 patients around the world have received the new type of human tissue shunt – in both Phase II and Phase III of the clinical trial. 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"content": "\u003cp>The University of Southern California is working to make East Los Angeles a hub for biotech research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(W)e’re hoping to develop our biotech industry in order to basically keep our students and stop the brain drain,\" says Martha Escutia, USC’s vice president of government relations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort picked up steam in 2012, when the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors commissioned a \u003ca href=\"http://file.lacounty.gov/SDSInter/bos/bc/217012_REPORTONCONSULTANTEVALUATIONFORAPOTENTIALCOUNTYWIDEBIOTECHNOLOGY.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">master plan\u003c/a> for developing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0226-nikias-los-angeles-biotech-corridor-20150226-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">local biotech industry\u003c/a> that could make L.A. competitive with similar initiatives in San Francisco and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest to develop a biotech center stems in part from the unavailability of local jobs in the field. In 2010, higher education institutions in Los Angeles County graduated more than 5,000 students with bioscience-related degrees. Many, however, have had to leave the region to find work. It took L.A. county nearly a decade, from 2001 to 2010, to add just 4,500 bioscience jobs, according to the master plan. Among the regional impediments for biotech firms is a lack of laboratory and office space close to research universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/285881433\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biotech hub would expand USC’s existing medical campus in East L.A. and is a high priority for USC president C.L. Max Nikias, who says dozens of biotech startups with roots in USC research have left the region to set up shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are at the dawn of this new technological revolution, which is biotech,\" Nikias says. \"I don't want us to be marginalized or fall behind in this new industrial revolution.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Why wouldn’t the local community want to receive benefits in terms of jobs, research opportunities for their students; why wouldn’t people want that?'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To that end, he says, USC has recruited dozens of professors in bioscience fields over the past several years. Research institutes on brain science, Alzheimer's treatment and diabetes and obesity are located at the university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USC's proposal for a biotech hub is a partnership with the California Institute of Technology, whose scientists would potentially be able to locate their startups in the area; and the Los Angeles Unified School District. Nikias envisions establishing a training center in the area for high school and community college graduates who want biotech jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at USC say the hub could create 3,000 construction and 4,000 permanent jobs that would provide employment opportunities in the largely Latino, low-income neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It is going to change the complexion of the neighborhood, literally.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Now why wouldn’t we want to have that in L.A.?\" Escutia says. \"And why wouldn’t the local community want to receive benefits in terms of jobs, research opportunities for their students; why wouldn’t people want that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But county officials have told USC that to move forward with the proposal, the university must first address the concerns of the area's existing community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is going to change the complexion of the neighborhood, literally,” says Abel Salas, a poet who lives and works out of a warehouse space a few blocks north of the USC expansion site. He and others worry it could displace residents and won’t live up to the promise of job training for young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t seem realistic to expect people who are among the poorest and least likely to graduate from high school … to suddenly be trained or retrained to have a biotech job, and what’s going to happen to them?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university held its first community information meeting on Saturday. If the plan moves forward, it also requires a land deal between USC and L.A. County, which is still being hammered out.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The University of Southern California is working to make East Los Angeles a hub for biotech research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(W)e’re hoping to develop our biotech industry in order to basically keep our students and stop the brain drain,\" says Martha Escutia, USC’s vice president of government relations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort picked up steam in 2012, when the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors commissioned a \u003ca href=\"http://file.lacounty.gov/SDSInter/bos/bc/217012_REPORTONCONSULTANTEVALUATIONFORAPOTENTIALCOUNTYWIDEBIOTECHNOLOGY.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">master plan\u003c/a> for developing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0226-nikias-los-angeles-biotech-corridor-20150226-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">local biotech industry\u003c/a> that could make L.A. competitive with similar initiatives in San Francisco and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest to develop a biotech center stems in part from the unavailability of local jobs in the field. In 2010, higher education institutions in Los Angeles County graduated more than 5,000 students with bioscience-related degrees. Many, however, have had to leave the region to find work. It took L.A. county nearly a decade, from 2001 to 2010, to add just 4,500 bioscience jobs, according to the master plan. Among the regional impediments for biotech firms is a lack of laboratory and office space close to research universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/285881433&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/285881433'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biotech hub would expand USC’s existing medical campus in East L.A. and is a high priority for USC president C.L. Max Nikias, who says dozens of biotech startups with roots in USC research have left the region to set up shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are at the dawn of this new technological revolution, which is biotech,\" Nikias says. \"I don't want us to be marginalized or fall behind in this new industrial revolution.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Why wouldn’t the local community want to receive benefits in terms of jobs, research opportunities for their students; why wouldn’t people want that?'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To that end, he says, USC has recruited dozens of professors in bioscience fields over the past several years. Research institutes on brain science, Alzheimer's treatment and diabetes and obesity are located at the university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USC's proposal for a biotech hub is a partnership with the California Institute of Technology, whose scientists would potentially be able to locate their startups in the area; and the Los Angeles Unified School District. Nikias envisions establishing a training center in the area for high school and community college graduates who want biotech jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at USC say the hub could create 3,000 construction and 4,000 permanent jobs that would provide employment opportunities in the largely Latino, low-income neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It is going to change the complexion of the neighborhood, literally.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Now why wouldn’t we want to have that in L.A.?\" Escutia says. \"And why wouldn’t the local community want to receive benefits in terms of jobs, research opportunities for their students; why wouldn’t people want that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But county officials have told USC that to move forward with the proposal, the university must first address the concerns of the area's existing community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is going to change the complexion of the neighborhood, literally,” says Abel Salas, a poet who lives and works out of a warehouse space a few blocks north of the USC expansion site. He and others worry it could displace residents and won’t live up to the promise of job training for young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t seem realistic to expect people who are among the poorest and least likely to graduate from high school … to suddenly be trained or retrained to have a biotech job, and what’s going to happen to them?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university held its first community information meeting on Saturday. If the plan moves forward, it also requires a land deal between USC and L.A. County, which is still being hammered out.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Little Evidence for Effectiveness of 'Brain Training' Programs: Study",
"title": "Little Evidence for Effectiveness of 'Brain Training' Programs: Study",
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"content": "\u003cp>Want to be smarter? More focused? Free of memory problems as you age?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If so, don't count on brain games to help you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the conclusion of an exhaustive evaluation of the scientific literature on brain training games and programs. It was \u003ca href=\"http://psi.sagepub.com/content/current\">published\u003c/a> Monday in the journal \u003cem>Psychological Science in the Public Interest.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's disappointing that the evidence isn't stronger,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.illinois.edu/people/dsimons\">Daniel Simons\u003c/a>, an author of the article and a psychology professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be really nice if you could play some games and have it radically change your cognitive abilities,\" Simons says. \"But the studies don't show that on objectively measured real-world outcomes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evaluation, done by a team of seven scientists, is a response to a very public disagreement about the effectiveness of brain games, Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2014, more than 70 scientists published an \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/blog/2014/10/15/the-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community-2/\">open letter\u003c/a> objecting to marketing claims made by brain training companies. Pretty soon, another group, with more than 100 scientists, published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cognitivetrainingdata.org/the-controversy-does-brain-training-work/response-letter/\">rebuttal\u003c/a> saying brain training has a solid scientific base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you had two consensus statements, each signed by many, many people, that came to essentially opposite conclusions,\" Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to clarify the issue, Simons and six other scientists reviewed more than 130 studies of brain games and other forms of cognitive training. The evaluation included studies of products from industry giant \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumosity.com/\">Lumosity\u003c/a>, which has been a prominent sponsor of NPR and other public radio programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We went through each paper and tried to look at the kind of evidence it provided,\" Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That meant asking questions like: How big was the study? Did it have an appropriate control group? Do the results support the marketing claims made by companies?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists found that \"many of the studies did not really adhere to what we think of as the best practices,\" Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the studies included only a few participants. Others lacked adequate control groups or failed to account for the placebo effect, which causes people to improve on a test simply because they are trying harder or are more confident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were some good studies, Simons says. And they showed that brain games do help people get better at a specific task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can practice, for example, scanning baggage at an airport and looking for a knife,\" he says. \"And you get really, really good at spotting that knife.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was less evidence that people got better at related tasks, like spotting other suspicious items, Simons says. And there was no strong evidence that practicing a narrow skill led to overall improvements in memory or thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's disappointing, Simons says, because \"what you want to do is be better able to function at work or at school.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evaluation got a warm reception from at least some of the scientists who had signed the 2014 letter defending the science behind brain training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The evaluation was very even-handed and raised many excellent points,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/9783561/george-rebok\">George Rebok\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Johns Hopkins University who has been involved in brain training research for the past 20 years. \"It really helped raise the bar in terms of the level of science that we must aspire to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebok, who says he has no ties to brain training companies, remains optimistic that the right program of brain exercises can improve mental functioning and delay the effects of aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason brain games haven't shown a clear benefit so far, he says, may be that they don't work the brain hard enough or over a long enough time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It takes mental effort and practice to be able to see results,\" Rebok says. \"If we can implement that long range, I think that there will be a big dividend eventually.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the brain training industry is facing scrutiny from the Federal Trade Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the company behind Lumosity agreed to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/01/lumosity-pay-2-million-settle-ftc-deceptive-advertising-charges\">pay a $2 million fine\u003c/a> to settle \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160105lumoslabsstip.pdf\">FTC charges\u003c/a> that it made unfounded claims about its brain training program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in May, a smaller brain training company called LearningRx agreed to pay a $200,000 fine to settle \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/05/marketers-one-one-brain-training-programs-settle-ftc-charges\">similar charges\u003c/a>. Even so, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.learningrx.com/\">Learning Rx website\u003c/a> still promises \"A better brain at any age.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Brain+Game+Claims+Fail+A+Big+Scientific+Test&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Want to be smarter? More focused? Free of memory problems as you age?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If so, don't count on brain games to help you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the conclusion of an exhaustive evaluation of the scientific literature on brain training games and programs. It was \u003ca href=\"http://psi.sagepub.com/content/current\">published\u003c/a> Monday in the journal \u003cem>Psychological Science in the Public Interest.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's disappointing that the evidence isn't stronger,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.illinois.edu/people/dsimons\">Daniel Simons\u003c/a>, an author of the article and a psychology professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be really nice if you could play some games and have it radically change your cognitive abilities,\" Simons says. \"But the studies don't show that on objectively measured real-world outcomes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evaluation, done by a team of seven scientists, is a response to a very public disagreement about the effectiveness of brain games, Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2014, more than 70 scientists published an \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/blog/2014/10/15/the-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community-2/\">open letter\u003c/a> objecting to marketing claims made by brain training companies. Pretty soon, another group, with more than 100 scientists, published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cognitivetrainingdata.org/the-controversy-does-brain-training-work/response-letter/\">rebuttal\u003c/a> saying brain training has a solid scientific base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So you had two consensus statements, each signed by many, many people, that came to essentially opposite conclusions,\" Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to clarify the issue, Simons and six other scientists reviewed more than 130 studies of brain games and other forms of cognitive training. The evaluation included studies of products from industry giant \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumosity.com/\">Lumosity\u003c/a>, which has been a prominent sponsor of NPR and other public radio programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We went through each paper and tried to look at the kind of evidence it provided,\" Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That meant asking questions like: How big was the study? Did it have an appropriate control group? Do the results support the marketing claims made by companies?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists found that \"many of the studies did not really adhere to what we think of as the best practices,\" Simons says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the studies included only a few participants. Others lacked adequate control groups or failed to account for the placebo effect, which causes people to improve on a test simply because they are trying harder or are more confident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were some good studies, Simons says. And they showed that brain games do help people get better at a specific task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can practice, for example, scanning baggage at an airport and looking for a knife,\" he says. \"And you get really, really good at spotting that knife.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was less evidence that people got better at related tasks, like spotting other suspicious items, Simons says. And there was no strong evidence that practicing a narrow skill led to overall improvements in memory or thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's disappointing, Simons says, because \"what you want to do is be better able to function at work or at school.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evaluation got a warm reception from at least some of the scientists who had signed the 2014 letter defending the science behind brain training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The evaluation was very even-handed and raised many excellent points,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/9783561/george-rebok\">George Rebok\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Johns Hopkins University who has been involved in brain training research for the past 20 years. \"It really helped raise the bar in terms of the level of science that we must aspire to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebok, who says he has no ties to brain training companies, remains optimistic that the right program of brain exercises can improve mental functioning and delay the effects of aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason brain games haven't shown a clear benefit so far, he says, may be that they don't work the brain hard enough or over a long enough time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It takes mental effort and practice to be able to see results,\" Rebok says. \"If we can implement that long range, I think that there will be a big dividend eventually.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the brain training industry is facing scrutiny from the Federal Trade Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, the company behind Lumosity agreed to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/01/lumosity-pay-2-million-settle-ftc-deceptive-advertising-charges\">pay a $2 million fine\u003c/a> to settle \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160105lumoslabsstip.pdf\">FTC charges\u003c/a> that it made unfounded claims about its brain training program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in May, a smaller brain training company called LearningRx agreed to pay a $200,000 fine to settle \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/05/marketers-one-one-brain-training-programs-settle-ftc-charges\">similar charges\u003c/a>. Even so, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.learningrx.com/\">Learning Rx website\u003c/a> still promises \"A better brain at any age.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Brain+Game+Claims+Fail+A+Big+Scientific+Test&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "First Automated Insulin System Approved For Type 1 Diabetes",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration's approval of a new insulin delivery system for people with Type 1 diabetes is a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas makes little or no insulin so people have to replace it with either multiple daily injections or a pump. In either case, that process involves constant error-prone adjustments, particularly around food and exercise. Over the long term, high blood sugar levels can lead to organ damage, but over-correcting by giving more insulin can cause dangerous low blood sugars that can lead to unconsciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device, Medtronic's MiniMed 670G hybrid closed loop system, is made up of an insulin pump and continuous glucose monitor (CGM), both of which are already on the market separately. The new part involves the communication between the two devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medtronic's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/01/30/382172052/diabetes-technology-inches-closer-to-an-artificial-pancreas\">previous system \u003c/a>already had a feature that would shut down the insulin pump if the wearer's blood sugar dropped too low. But the 670G predicts when a person's blood sugar is dropping and prevents the low in the first place, and also corrects high blood sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the first such machine in the world with that level of automation, and thus it is informally being called the first \"artificial pancreas\" system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, it's called a hybrid rather than a fully closed-loop system because users will still need to signal that they're about to eat and estimate the carbohydrate count of the food so the device can calculate the additional amount of insulin needed. That means there's still the possibility of mistakes. But now if that count is off, the 670G will correct the error automatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people with Type 1 diabetes, the new capabilities mean they can both sleep through the night without worrying about their blood sugars dropping too low and can go through their day without having to think about their diabetes all the time, according to Aaron Kowalski, chief mission officer for the JDRF, the organization that funds much of the \"artificial pancreas\" research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You get almost normalized overnight blood glucose. For people with Type 1 diabetes, that's massively important,\" he said, adding that the overall 24/7 burden reduction means better quality of life. \"The diabetes isn't gone, but [wearers] can think about it less ...This is a historic milestone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And more systems like this are coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medtronic, via the Minimed division that it acquired in 2001, was the first to market because it's still the only company that manufactures both the insulin pump and CGM technology. But at least five other partnerships between other manufacturers are now developing closed-loop systems, some using already-available pumps and CGMs, others creating new devices. The systems will likely differ from one another in form, user interface, and in the algorithmic approaches embedded in the communication software, \"so people with diabetes will have more choices,\" Kowalski says, noting that JDRF is \"celebrating Medtronic because it's the first commercial system, but we're supporting the entire field.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the field still faces challenges. One of the major technological problems is that insulin deposited just under the skin takes too long to begin working; that's why people still need to signal ahead that they're about to eat. The JDRF is currently funding several initiatives working on making faster-acting insulins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The faster the insulin works, the more closed the loop will be,\" Kowalski notes. \"It's not easy, but there's a lot of work going on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wearability is another issue. Some people simply don't want to be strapped to devices, even if it means better diabetes control. So, the JDRF has recently announced new funding for miniaturization of the devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, there's the problem of access. While insurance coverage for insulin pumps is widely established, this is not the case for the CGM component. Medicare doesn't cover CGM technology, meaning that people now must give up those devices or pay out of pocket when they reach age 65. The JDRF is one of several organizations lobbying to change that, as well as to make sure that all payers recognize both the health and economic advantages of new diabetes technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a priority for us,\" Kowalski says. \"We need to make sure people have access. Not just rich people, but anybody who will benefit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the 670G, which the FDA gave the nod on Wednesday, is only \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/UCM522974.htm\">approved\u003c/a> for people aged 14 years and older. But Medtronic is studying it in children ages 7-13 with the aim of making it available for them, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=FDA+Approves+The+First+Automated+Insulin+System+For+Type+1+Diabetes&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration's approval of a new insulin delivery system for people with Type 1 diabetes is a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas makes little or no insulin so people have to replace it with either multiple daily injections or a pump. In either case, that process involves constant error-prone adjustments, particularly around food and exercise. Over the long term, high blood sugar levels can lead to organ damage, but over-correcting by giving more insulin can cause dangerous low blood sugars that can lead to unconsciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device, Medtronic's MiniMed 670G hybrid closed loop system, is made up of an insulin pump and continuous glucose monitor (CGM), both of which are already on the market separately. The new part involves the communication between the two devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medtronic's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/01/30/382172052/diabetes-technology-inches-closer-to-an-artificial-pancreas\">previous system \u003c/a>already had a feature that would shut down the insulin pump if the wearer's blood sugar dropped too low. But the 670G predicts when a person's blood sugar is dropping and prevents the low in the first place, and also corrects high blood sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the first such machine in the world with that level of automation, and thus it is informally being called the first \"artificial pancreas\" system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, it's called a hybrid rather than a fully closed-loop system because users will still need to signal that they're about to eat and estimate the carbohydrate count of the food so the device can calculate the additional amount of insulin needed. That means there's still the possibility of mistakes. But now if that count is off, the 670G will correct the error automatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people with Type 1 diabetes, the new capabilities mean they can both sleep through the night without worrying about their blood sugars dropping too low and can go through their day without having to think about their diabetes all the time, according to Aaron Kowalski, chief mission officer for the JDRF, the organization that funds much of the \"artificial pancreas\" research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You get almost normalized overnight blood glucose. For people with Type 1 diabetes, that's massively important,\" he said, adding that the overall 24/7 burden reduction means better quality of life. \"The diabetes isn't gone, but [wearers] can think about it less ...This is a historic milestone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And more systems like this are coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medtronic, via the Minimed division that it acquired in 2001, was the first to market because it's still the only company that manufactures both the insulin pump and CGM technology. But at least five other partnerships between other manufacturers are now developing closed-loop systems, some using already-available pumps and CGMs, others creating new devices. The systems will likely differ from one another in form, user interface, and in the algorithmic approaches embedded in the communication software, \"so people with diabetes will have more choices,\" Kowalski says, noting that JDRF is \"celebrating Medtronic because it's the first commercial system, but we're supporting the entire field.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the field still faces challenges. One of the major technological problems is that insulin deposited just under the skin takes too long to begin working; that's why people still need to signal ahead that they're about to eat. The JDRF is currently funding several initiatives working on making faster-acting insulins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The faster the insulin works, the more closed the loop will be,\" Kowalski notes. \"It's not easy, but there's a lot of work going on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wearability is another issue. Some people simply don't want to be strapped to devices, even if it means better diabetes control. So, the JDRF has recently announced new funding for miniaturization of the devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, there's the problem of access. While insurance coverage for insulin pumps is widely established, this is not the case for the CGM component. Medicare doesn't cover CGM technology, meaning that people now must give up those devices or pay out of pocket when they reach age 65. The JDRF is one of several organizations lobbying to change that, as well as to make sure that all payers recognize both the health and economic advantages of new diabetes technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a priority for us,\" Kowalski says. \"We need to make sure people have access. Not just rich people, but anybody who will benefit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the 670G, which the FDA gave the nod on Wednesday, is only \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/UCM522974.htm\">approved\u003c/a> for people aged 14 years and older. But Medtronic is studying it in children ages 7-13 with the aim of making it available for them, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=FDA+Approves+The+First+Automated+Insulin+System+For+Type+1+Diabetes&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Paralyzed Patients in Stem Cell Study Regain Some Movement, Company Says",
"title": "Paralyzed Patients in Stem Cell Study Regain Some Movement, Company Says",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Sept. 23:\u003c/strong> You can read our original post about the remarkable case of Kris Boesen after this update. But some \u003ca href=\"http://asteriasbiotherapeutics.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Wirth-ISCoS-14SEP2016-talk-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">data\u003c/a> on the trial that Boesen is participating in was released last week by Asterias Biotherapeutics, the company that developed the stem cells injected into Boesen and other patients with cervical spinal cord injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asterias \u003ca href=\"http://asteriasbiotherapeutics.com/asterias-biotherapeutics-announces-positive-efficacy-data-in-patients-with-complete-cervical-spinal-cord-injuries-treated-with-ast-opc1/\" target=\"_blank\">says\u003c/a> the trial results to date are encouraging. The sample is still extremely small and nothing is really proven at this point, but the data are certainly positive for other patients besides Boesen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two groups of patients: three who received a dose of 2 million stem cells and five who received a larger dose of 10 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure improvement, researchers use the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/sc/journal/v45/n3/fig_tab/3102008t1.html\" target=\"_blank\">Upper Extremity Motor Scale\u003c/a>, or UEMS. The scale runs from zero, which indicates total paralysis, to five, which means a patient has active movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First cohort, 2 million stem cells injected: On the six-point UEMS scale, one of three patients improved one motor level on one side of the body, while the other two patients improved one level on both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second cohort, 10 million stem cells: One of four patients improved two levels on both sides. Two other patients showed two levels of improvement on one side. And the fourth patient improved one level on one side. (One of the five patients in this group has not yet reached the 90-day point at which results are measured, so no report on that patient yet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other significant finding, Asterias said, is that no one showed any measurable negative effects of the therapy -- researchers started with the smaller dose to make sure patients weren't harmed by the experimental trial, then went to the higher 10-million-cell dose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have said the optimal dosage target is 20 million cells, but that point has not been reached yet in the trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next milestone for getting a clearer picture of the results will be at the six-month mark for the second cohort, in January 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All patients in the trial, being conducted at six sites around the country, have either \"lost all movement below their injury site and experience severe paralysis of the upper and lower limbs,\" or \"lost all motor function but may retain some minimal sensory function below their injury site,\" according to Asterias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see more info on the study, which is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.scistar-study.com/\" target=\"_blank\">SCIStar\u003c/a>, at\u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02302157?term=NCT02302157&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\"> ClinicalTrials.gov.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Rod Boesen says his son, Kris, was so bad off he couldn't move a muscle from the neck down, and needed a ventilator to keep him drawing breath.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">In March, Kris, then 20, was driving on a wet road when he crashed his car into a tree and a telephone poll, crushing three of his vertebrae. The accident left him with almost no feeling south of his neck, and doctors foresaw that he would lead the life of a paraplegic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\"They thought he was going to be totally, from the head on down, paralyzed,\" says Rod\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">But that has not been the case; Kris has regained the use of his hands and arms.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'They thought he was going to be totally, from the head on down, paralyzed.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In April, as part of a research trial, a surgical team from USC's Keck Medical Center injected millions of embryonic stem cells into Boesen's spine. Two weeks later, Boesen began to show some improvement. After six weeks, he was discharged and returned home to Bakersfield, California to continue his rehabilitation.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Now, five months after the stem cell injection, Boesen is remarkably self-sufficient, considering the initial prognosis. From feeding himself to talking on the phone to being able to twist the cap off a soda bottle, life is a degree more normal than anyone thought possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\"We used to lift weights, that's something we used to do together,\" his dad says. \"Now we're doing that again. Only it's a lot less weight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">The goal of the experimental stem cell treatment is to regrow the protective myelin sheath around each nerve, giving them a chance to heal. Whether this has occurred in Boesen yet is unknown--doctors would need to administer a spinal tap to find out, and that is dangerous for patients in this condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">So researchers don't know yet whether Boesen's recovery is due to the injection of stem cells. All they can say is that his progress has been remarkable, if not unprecedented for this type of spine injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_243385\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Neurosurgery-Stem-Cell-spine-patient-Kris-Boesen_04.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-243385 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Neurosurgery-Stem-Cell-spine-patient-Kris-Boesen_04-1180x775.jpg\" alt=\"Lifting weights is part of Kris Boesen’s regular program of physical therapy. \" width=\"640\" height=\"420\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lifting weights is part of Kris Boesen’s regular program of physical therapy. \u003ccite>(Greg Iger/Keck Medicine of USC))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The clinical mid-stage trial is very small; if it's successful, FDA approval would still be many years away. But the results in Boesen and four other patients have thus far been very encouraging.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">With most spinal injuries, doctors and physical therapists usually look to see what's still intact, then try to make incremental improvements. As a matter of course, people don't recover much of the movement or function they've lost.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Charles Liu, a neurosurgeon and director of the USC Neurorestoration Center that's leading the research, \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">says the goal is not to attempt to repair the entire vertebral column, but to target the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spine-health.com/video/cervical-spine-anatomy-video\" target=\"_blank\">cervical spine\u003c/a> and restore neurological function.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other four patients in the cohort have shown some progress, but not as much as Boesen, according to Liu. Each person received one shot of stem cells, and the other patients got lower doses than the 10 million stem cells injected into Boesen's cervical spinal cord. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Boesen's recovery may have been helped by his young age, and by the fact that he received the stem-cell injection so soon – just five weeks after his car crash, Liu said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\"This is unique, yes,\" Liu said of the clinical trial. \"No one has taken this approach before.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Or achieved these kind of results. Liu cautioned that not all spinal injury victims will benefit from this type of treatment, but he said it does offer hope that there may be a remedy for some spinal injuries.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Data from patients in the study is set to be released on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers at Keck Medical Center in L.A. may have achieved a breakthrough by injecting millions of embryonic stem cells into the spines of paralyzed patients.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Sept. 23:\u003c/strong> You can read our original post about the remarkable case of Kris Boesen after this update. But some \u003ca href=\"http://asteriasbiotherapeutics.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Wirth-ISCoS-14SEP2016-talk-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">data\u003c/a> on the trial that Boesen is participating in was released last week by Asterias Biotherapeutics, the company that developed the stem cells injected into Boesen and other patients with cervical spinal cord injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asterias \u003ca href=\"http://asteriasbiotherapeutics.com/asterias-biotherapeutics-announces-positive-efficacy-data-in-patients-with-complete-cervical-spinal-cord-injuries-treated-with-ast-opc1/\" target=\"_blank\">says\u003c/a> the trial results to date are encouraging. The sample is still extremely small and nothing is really proven at this point, but the data are certainly positive for other patients besides Boesen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two groups of patients: three who received a dose of 2 million stem cells and five who received a larger dose of 10 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure improvement, researchers use the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/sc/journal/v45/n3/fig_tab/3102008t1.html\" target=\"_blank\">Upper Extremity Motor Scale\u003c/a>, or UEMS. The scale runs from zero, which indicates total paralysis, to five, which means a patient has active movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First cohort, 2 million stem cells injected: On the six-point UEMS scale, one of three patients improved one motor level on one side of the body, while the other two patients improved one level on both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second cohort, 10 million stem cells: One of four patients improved two levels on both sides. Two other patients showed two levels of improvement on one side. And the fourth patient improved one level on one side. (One of the five patients in this group has not yet reached the 90-day point at which results are measured, so no report on that patient yet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other significant finding, Asterias said, is that no one showed any measurable negative effects of the therapy -- researchers started with the smaller dose to make sure patients weren't harmed by the experimental trial, then went to the higher 10-million-cell dose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have said the optimal dosage target is 20 million cells, but that point has not been reached yet in the trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next milestone for getting a clearer picture of the results will be at the six-month mark for the second cohort, in January 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All patients in the trial, being conducted at six sites around the country, have either \"lost all movement below their injury site and experience severe paralysis of the upper and lower limbs,\" or \"lost all motor function but may retain some minimal sensory function below their injury site,\" according to Asterias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see more info on the study, which is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.scistar-study.com/\" target=\"_blank\">SCIStar\u003c/a>, at\u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02302157?term=NCT02302157&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\"> ClinicalTrials.gov.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Rod Boesen says his son, Kris, was so bad off he couldn't move a muscle from the neck down, and needed a ventilator to keep him drawing breath.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">In March, Kris, then 20, was driving on a wet road when he crashed his car into a tree and a telephone poll, crushing three of his vertebrae. The accident left him with almost no feeling south of his neck, and doctors foresaw that he would lead the life of a paraplegic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\"They thought he was going to be totally, from the head on down, paralyzed,\" says Rod\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">But that has not been the case; Kris has regained the use of his hands and arms.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'They thought he was going to be totally, from the head on down, paralyzed.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In April, as part of a research trial, a surgical team from USC's Keck Medical Center injected millions of embryonic stem cells into Boesen's spine. Two weeks later, Boesen began to show some improvement. After six weeks, he was discharged and returned home to Bakersfield, California to continue his rehabilitation.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Now, five months after the stem cell injection, Boesen is remarkably self-sufficient, considering the initial prognosis. From feeding himself to talking on the phone to being able to twist the cap off a soda bottle, life is a degree more normal than anyone thought possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\"We used to lift weights, that's something we used to do together,\" his dad says. \"Now we're doing that again. Only it's a lot less weight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">The goal of the experimental stem cell treatment is to regrow the protective myelin sheath around each nerve, giving them a chance to heal. Whether this has occurred in Boesen yet is unknown--doctors would need to administer a spinal tap to find out, and that is dangerous for patients in this condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">So researchers don't know yet whether Boesen's recovery is due to the injection of stem cells. All they can say is that his progress has been remarkable, if not unprecedented for this type of spine injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_243385\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Neurosurgery-Stem-Cell-spine-patient-Kris-Boesen_04.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-243385 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Neurosurgery-Stem-Cell-spine-patient-Kris-Boesen_04-1180x775.jpg\" alt=\"Lifting weights is part of Kris Boesen’s regular program of physical therapy. \" width=\"640\" height=\"420\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lifting weights is part of Kris Boesen’s regular program of physical therapy. \u003ccite>(Greg Iger/Keck Medicine of USC))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The clinical mid-stage trial is very small; if it's successful, FDA approval would still be many years away. But the results in Boesen and four other patients have thus far been very encouraging.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">With most spinal injuries, doctors and physical therapists usually look to see what's still intact, then try to make incremental improvements. As a matter of course, people don't recover much of the movement or function they've lost.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Charles Liu, a neurosurgeon and director of the USC Neurorestoration Center that's leading the research, \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">says the goal is not to attempt to repair the entire vertebral column, but to target the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spine-health.com/video/cervical-spine-anatomy-video\" target=\"_blank\">cervical spine\u003c/a> and restore neurological function.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other four patients in the cohort have shown some progress, but not as much as Boesen, according to Liu. Each person received one shot of stem cells, and the other patients got lower doses than the 10 million stem cells injected into Boesen's cervical spinal cord. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Boesen's recovery may have been helped by his young age, and by the fact that he received the stem-cell injection so soon – just five weeks after his car crash, Liu said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\"This is unique, yes,\" Liu said of the clinical trial. \"No one has taken this approach before.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Or achieved these kind of results. Liu cautioned that not all spinal injury victims will benefit from this type of treatment, but he said it does offer hope that there may be a remedy for some spinal injuries.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Data from patients in the study is set to be released on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg has a goal that's even more ambitious than connecting the entire world to the internet: He and his wife, Priscilla Chan, a pediatrician, want to help eradicate all disease by the end of this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan are committing $3 billion over the next 10 years to accelerate basic scientific research, including the creation of research tools — from software to hardware to yet-undiscovered techniques — they hope will ultimately lead to scientific breakthroughs, the way the microscope and DNA sequencing have in generations past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal, which they are unlikely to live to see accomplished, is to \"cure, prevent or manage all disease\" in the next 80 or so years. They acknowledge that this might sound a crazy, but point to how far medicine and science have come in the last century — with vaccines, statins for heart disease, chemotherapy, and so on — following millennia with little progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So if you even just assume that we'll be able to continue to make progress on that same trajectory, then that implies that by the end of this century we will have been able to solve most of these types of things,\" Zuckerberg said in an interview. He and Chan have spent the past two years speaking to scientists and other experts to plan the endeavor. He emphasized \"that this isn't something where we just read a book and decided we're going to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through their philanthropic organization, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, the commitment includes $600 million to fund a new research center in San Francisco where scientific and medical researchers will work alongside engineers on long-term projects spanning years or even decades. The goal is not to focus narrowly on specific ailments, such as bone cancer or Parkinson's disease, but rather to do basic research. One example: a cell atlas that maps out all the different types of cells in the body, which could help researchers create various types of drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chan's work as a pediatrician seems to be a big driver in their couple's decision to take up this latest cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been with families where we've hit the limit of what's possible through medicine and science,\" Chan said. \"I've had to tell families devastating diagnoses of leukemia, or that we just weren't able to resuscitate their child.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple spoke with The Associated Press in their home in Palo Alto, California, where their infant daughter, Max, had just woken from a nap. Their dog, Beast, came by to sit briefly during the 25-minute interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan hope that their effort will inspire other far-reaching efforts and collaboration in science, medicine and engineering, so that basic research is no longer relegated to the margins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We spend 50 times more on health care treating people who are sick than we spend on science research (to cure) diseases so that people don't get sick in the first place,\" Zuckerberg said. He added that the approach reflects a belief that \"people are always going to suffer from disease so therefore we should focus on treating people who are sick.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Lander, a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and director of the Broad Institute at MIT and Harvard, said he's had some 20 conversations with Zuckerberg and Chan over the past year about the initiative and called their goal \"the right kind of goal for thinking about that kind of timeframe.\" He is not involved with the project itself, but expressed confidence in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mark has brought new models to industry with Facebook,\" he said, adding that while organizations like the National Institutes of Health are \"fantastic,\" there is \"no point in replicating what existing models do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very hard with today's science funding to build a team to work on scientific problems that are like what you would find at a world-class technology company, that are that scale,\" Zuckerberg said. \"So that's something I think we can concretely help out with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their new center, called Biohub, will run as an independent research center at the University of California, San Francisco in collaboration with UC Berkeley and Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chan Zuckerberg science initiative will be headed by Cori Bargmann, a neuroscientist who is best known in scientific circles for her research on the behavior of a tiny worm called C. elegans. Bargmann said the idea of bringing engineers and scientists together presents a \"unique opportunity to take science in a new direction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg said the couple decided to focus on creating better tools because this is where they see need, based on their conversations with scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not that no one is doing this today, but out of all the money that our society spends on science funding, probably not enough is going toward tool development,\" Zuckerberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tools, he added, are long-term investments. It will likely take years for the first tools to be developed through this initiative, and even longer before they are used to cure diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan, who have committed to donating 99 percent of their wealth, have spent the past two years meeting with scientists and other experts to come up with the endeavor. The two stressed that they believe that their goal can be accomplished, if not in their lifetime, then in their child's lifetime. It was Max's birth last November that inspired the billionaire couple to give away nearly all their money to help solve the world's problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, this was valued at more than $45 billion worth of Facebook stock, which the couple transferred to the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. The couple's philanthropy plan won't affect Zuckerberg's status as controlling shareholder of Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan often draw comparisons to Bill and Melinda Gates, whose philanthropic work also focuses on health and education. In an emailed statement, the Gates said investing \"in basic science research is at the root of the world's most important innovations and achievements.\" Zuckerberg and Chan, they added \"are making an incredible commitment to research and development that will lead to the breakthroughs to cure disease and lift millions out of poverty.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg has a goal that's even more ambitious than connecting the entire world to the internet: He and his wife, Priscilla Chan, a pediatrician, want to help eradicate all disease by the end of this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan are committing $3 billion over the next 10 years to accelerate basic scientific research, including the creation of research tools — from software to hardware to yet-undiscovered techniques — they hope will ultimately lead to scientific breakthroughs, the way the microscope and DNA sequencing have in generations past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal, which they are unlikely to live to see accomplished, is to \"cure, prevent or manage all disease\" in the next 80 or so years. They acknowledge that this might sound a crazy, but point to how far medicine and science have come in the last century — with vaccines, statins for heart disease, chemotherapy, and so on — following millennia with little progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So if you even just assume that we'll be able to continue to make progress on that same trajectory, then that implies that by the end of this century we will have been able to solve most of these types of things,\" Zuckerberg said in an interview. He and Chan have spent the past two years speaking to scientists and other experts to plan the endeavor. He emphasized \"that this isn't something where we just read a book and decided we're going to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through their philanthropic organization, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, the commitment includes $600 million to fund a new research center in San Francisco where scientific and medical researchers will work alongside engineers on long-term projects spanning years or even decades. The goal is not to focus narrowly on specific ailments, such as bone cancer or Parkinson's disease, but rather to do basic research. One example: a cell atlas that maps out all the different types of cells in the body, which could help researchers create various types of drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chan's work as a pediatrician seems to be a big driver in their couple's decision to take up this latest cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been with families where we've hit the limit of what's possible through medicine and science,\" Chan said. \"I've had to tell families devastating diagnoses of leukemia, or that we just weren't able to resuscitate their child.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple spoke with The Associated Press in their home in Palo Alto, California, where their infant daughter, Max, had just woken from a nap. Their dog, Beast, came by to sit briefly during the 25-minute interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan hope that their effort will inspire other far-reaching efforts and collaboration in science, medicine and engineering, so that basic research is no longer relegated to the margins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We spend 50 times more on health care treating people who are sick than we spend on science research (to cure) diseases so that people don't get sick in the first place,\" Zuckerberg said. He added that the approach reflects a belief that \"people are always going to suffer from disease so therefore we should focus on treating people who are sick.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Lander, a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and director of the Broad Institute at MIT and Harvard, said he's had some 20 conversations with Zuckerberg and Chan over the past year about the initiative and called their goal \"the right kind of goal for thinking about that kind of timeframe.\" He is not involved with the project itself, but expressed confidence in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mark has brought new models to industry with Facebook,\" he said, adding that while organizations like the National Institutes of Health are \"fantastic,\" there is \"no point in replicating what existing models do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very hard with today's science funding to build a team to work on scientific problems that are like what you would find at a world-class technology company, that are that scale,\" Zuckerberg said. \"So that's something I think we can concretely help out with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their new center, called Biohub, will run as an independent research center at the University of California, San Francisco in collaboration with UC Berkeley and Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chan Zuckerberg science initiative will be headed by Cori Bargmann, a neuroscientist who is best known in scientific circles for her research on the behavior of a tiny worm called C. elegans. Bargmann said the idea of bringing engineers and scientists together presents a \"unique opportunity to take science in a new direction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg said the couple decided to focus on creating better tools because this is where they see need, based on their conversations with scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not that no one is doing this today, but out of all the money that our society spends on science funding, probably not enough is going toward tool development,\" Zuckerberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tools, he added, are long-term investments. It will likely take years for the first tools to be developed through this initiative, and even longer before they are used to cure diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan, who have committed to donating 99 percent of their wealth, have spent the past two years meeting with scientists and other experts to come up with the endeavor. The two stressed that they believe that their goal can be accomplished, if not in their lifetime, then in their child's lifetime. It was Max's birth last November that inspired the billionaire couple to give away nearly all their money to help solve the world's problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, this was valued at more than $45 billion worth of Facebook stock, which the couple transferred to the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. The couple's philanthropy plan won't affect Zuckerberg's status as controlling shareholder of Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerberg and Chan often draw comparisons to Bill and Melinda Gates, whose philanthropic work also focuses on health and education. In an emailed statement, the Gates said investing \"in basic science research is at the root of the world's most important innovations and achievements.\" Zuckerberg and Chan, they added \"are making an incredible commitment to research and development that will lead to the breakthroughs to cure disease and lift millions out of poverty.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drinking Water of Some Californians Exceeds Limit for ‘Erin Brockovich’ Chemical",
"headTitle": "Drinking Water of Some Californians Exceeds Limit for ‘Erin Brockovich’ Chemical | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When Erin Brockovich went after PG&E for poisoning groundwater in the desert town of Hinkley, California — a campaign that later became a film starring Julia Roberts — the toxic chemical was a heavy metal called hexavalent chromium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known as chromium 6, the chemical is listed under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65//p65single080516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prop 65 \u003c/a>as causing cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/chemicals/chrome0908.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developmental harm and reproductive harm\u003c/a> in both men and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/enviroblog/2016/09/erin-brockovich-chemical-drinking-water-more-200-million-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>out today finds Hinkley isn’t the only California city with chromium 6 contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found 11 water districts serving some 400,000 Californians had hexavalent chromium in their tap water at levels above the state’s legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Above the Legal Limit\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The state’s limit for chromium 6 in drinking water is 10 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/aa656a24-7e8c-11e6-94fa-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also found the vast majority of samples from water districts serving roughly 8.5 million Californians across the state had hexavalent chromium at levels below the legal limit, but above the public health goal set by state scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/chromium-six-found-in-us-tap-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>is from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a>, a watchdog agency based in Washington, D.C. The non-profit analyzed data the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collected from water utilities across the country between 2013 and 2015. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/2016-chromium6-lower-48.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive map\u003c/a> developed from the data shows chromium 6 levels in California and throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was eye opening,” says Bill Walker, co-author of the Environmental Working Group report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not trying to say the chromium 6 situation is as bad as the Flint situation but we’re saying if you start to look at it more closely you can find some really disturbing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-KU9ds\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/KU9ds/2/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe chemical occurs naturally in the environment from \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the erosion of \u003c/span>natural\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> chromium deposits\u003c/span> but it’s also manufactured and used in stainless steel production, metal finishing, chrome plating, leather tanning, and to prevent corrosion in electrical plant cooling towers, as was the case in Hinkley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of the workplace, the main way people might be exposed to chromium 6 is through drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulates \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=13096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chromium 6 in work environments\u003c/a>, the EPA doesn’t regulate chromium 6 in drinking water. In fact, California is the only state that does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And California has two standards: a legally enforceable \u003cem>limit\u003c/em> on chromium 6 in drinking water, and a much lower public health \u003cem>goal\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Does the state want us to drink distilled water? Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.’\u003ccite>Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Toxicologists at the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment set the public health goal for chromium intake at .02 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A public health goal must represent a negligible health risk. State scientists said at .02 ppb, the risk of developing cancer for people who drink the water daily for 70 years is no more than a one-in-a-million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires the legal limit be set “as close as is \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technically and economically feasible\u003c/a>” to the public health goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the California Department of Public Health set a legally enforceable level in 2014, it took into account factors such as how costly it would be for water districts to monitor and clean up the chemical. Public health officials set the legally enforceable level 500 times higher than the public health goal, at 10 parts per billion. It \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/chromium6/chromium_fact_sheet_2015_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was the first\u003c/a> drinking water standard for chromium 6 in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s legal limit represents a cancer risk of 500 people per-one-million, for people who drink the water daily for 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials found that getting chromium 6 levels below 10 ppb added significantly to the cost of compliance. To set the legal limit only half as high, at 5 ppb, would have tripled the cost. To reach 1 ppb, the cost would have been 11 times higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the EWG report, Los Banos water samples registered the highest level of chromium 6, at 31.5 ppb, followed by Kerman City at 19.2 ppb and Patterson City at 18 ppb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities that tested above the state’s legal limit run from Sacramento to Los Angeles through California’s Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the water districts that tested below the legal limit, but above the public health goal are Hollister, L.A. County Waterworks Districts and Vacaville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Residents concerned about elevated levels should “contact their water system to see exactly what is going on and what the treatment is,” says state water board public information officer Andrew DiLuccia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since January 2015, public water systems in California have been required to test for chromium 6 in drinking water. If the contamination is above the legal limit, the district must test its water supplies four times a year. If the average of four consecutive tests exceeds the legal limit, the supplier is in violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since water filtration and well construction is expensive and time-consuming, \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/lawbook/sb385_hexavalent_chromium_compliance_fnl_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 385\u003c/a> gives water districts until 2020 to get their chromium 6 levels below the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one city manager says California’s relatively new 10 ppb rule is too stringent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does the state want us to drink distilled water?” asks Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director. “Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the EWG report show Kerman’s average chromium 6 level at 19.2 ppb, nearly double the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says the cleaning costs would be millions of dollars and would raise residents’ water bills from $35 a month to $150 just to pay for filtering, disposal, and operational overhead associated with removing the chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we can’t afford,” he says. “The people of this community can’t afford to pay for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kesq.com/news/indio-water-authority-opens-chromium-6-treatment-plants/33941540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indio Water Authority\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20141107/NEWS/141104274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soquel Creek\u003c/a> have been able to pay for removal and are now supplying water to their customers that tests below the legal limit for chromium 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, Willows, a small town between Redding and Sacramento, held a \u003ca href=\"https://www.calwater.com/latest_news/cal-water-holds-ribbon-cutting-ceremony-to-celebrate-completion-of-chromium-6-treatment-plant-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ribbon cutting ceremony\u003c/a> to celebrate the successful installation of an ion exchange filtration system. The state-funded water purifier removes chromium 6 from its wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerman has also received state funding under \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>. But Moore says the $3.5 million won’t cover all the costs to test, install and maintain six new groundwater wells in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For individuals who want to remove chromium 6 from their tap, there are several types of water filters that will do it, including reverse osmosis filters that are available at many hardware stores. The EWG also has an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/ewgs-water-filter-buying-guide?system_type=&technology=&contamcode=1080&submit_ty_1=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online guide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Erin Brockovich went after PG&E for poisoning groundwater in the desert town of Hinkley, California — a campaign that later became a film starring Julia Roberts — the toxic chemical was a heavy metal called hexavalent chromium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known as chromium 6, the chemical is listed under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65//p65single080516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prop 65 \u003c/a>as causing cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/chemicals/chrome0908.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developmental harm and reproductive harm\u003c/a> in both men and women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/enviroblog/2016/09/erin-brockovich-chemical-drinking-water-more-200-million-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>out today finds Hinkley isn’t the only California city with chromium 6 contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found 11 water districts serving some 400,000 Californians had hexavalent chromium in their tap water at levels above the state’s legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Above the Legal Limit\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The state’s limit for chromium 6 in drinking water is 10 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/aa656a24-7e8c-11e6-94fa-0e3ff518bd15/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also found the vast majority of samples from water districts serving roughly 8.5 million Californians across the state had hexavalent chromium at levels below the legal limit, but above the public health goal set by state scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/chromium-six-found-in-us-tap-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report \u003c/a>is from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a>, a watchdog agency based in Washington, D.C. The non-profit analyzed data the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collected from water utilities across the country between 2013 and 2015. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/2016-chromium6-lower-48.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive map\u003c/a> developed from the data shows chromium 6 levels in California and throughout the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was eye opening,” says Bill Walker, co-author of the Environmental Working Group report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not trying to say the chromium 6 situation is as bad as the Flint situation but we’re saying if you start to look at it more closely you can find some really disturbing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-KU9ds\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/KU9ds/2/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe chemical occurs naturally in the environment from \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the erosion of \u003c/span>natural\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> chromium deposits\u003c/span> but it’s also manufactured and used in stainless steel production, metal finishing, chrome plating, leather tanning, and to prevent corrosion in electrical plant cooling towers, as was the case in Hinkley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of the workplace, the main way people might be exposed to chromium 6 is through drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulates \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=13096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chromium 6 in work environments\u003c/a>, the EPA doesn’t regulate chromium 6 in drinking water. In fact, California is the only state that does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And California has two standards: a legally enforceable \u003cem>limit\u003c/em> on chromium 6 in drinking water, and a much lower public health \u003cem>goal\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Does the state want us to drink distilled water? Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.’\u003ccite>Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Toxicologists at the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment set the public health goal for chromium intake at .02 parts per billion. A part per billion is about a drop of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A public health goal must represent a negligible health risk. State scientists said at .02 ppb, the risk of developing cancer for people who drink the water daily for 70 years is no more than a one-in-a-million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires the legal limit be set “as close as is \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technically and economically feasible\u003c/a>” to the public health goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the California Department of Public Health set a legally enforceable level in 2014, it took into account factors such as how costly it would be for water districts to monitor and clean up the chemical. Public health officials set the legally enforceable level 500 times higher than the public health goal, at 10 parts per billion. It \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/chromium6/chromium_fact_sheet_2015_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was the first\u003c/a> drinking water standard for chromium 6 in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s legal limit represents a cancer risk of 500 people per-one-million, for people who drink the water daily for 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials found that getting chromium 6 levels below 10 ppb added significantly to the cost of compliance. To set the legal limit only half as high, at 5 ppb, would have tripled the cost. To reach 1 ppb, the cost would have been 11 times higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the EWG report, Los Banos water samples registered the highest level of chromium 6, at 31.5 ppb, followed by Kerman City at 19.2 ppb and Patterson City at 18 ppb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities that tested above the state’s legal limit run from Sacramento to Los Angeles through California’s Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the water districts that tested below the legal limit, but above the public health goal are Hollister, L.A. County Waterworks Districts and Vacaville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Residents concerned about elevated levels should “contact their water system to see exactly what is going on and what the treatment is,” says state water board public information officer Andrew DiLuccia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since January 2015, public water systems in California have been required to test for chromium 6 in drinking water. If the contamination is above the legal limit, the district must test its water supplies four times a year. If the average of four consecutive tests exceeds the legal limit, the supplier is in violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since water filtration and well construction is expensive and time-consuming, \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/lawbook/sb385_hexavalent_chromium_compliance_fnl_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 385\u003c/a> gives water districts until 2020 to get their chromium 6 levels below the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one city manager says California’s relatively new 10 ppb rule is too stringent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Does the state want us to drink distilled water?” asks Ken Moore, Kerman City’s Public Works Director. “Cause that’s basically what they’re trying to get us to do, it’s absurd.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the EWG report show Kerman’s average chromium 6 level at 19.2 ppb, nearly double the legal limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says the cleaning costs would be millions of dollars and would raise residents’ water bills from $35 a month to $150 just to pay for filtering, disposal, and operational overhead associated with removing the chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we can’t afford,” he says. “The people of this community can’t afford to pay for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kesq.com/news/indio-water-authority-opens-chromium-6-treatment-plants/33941540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indio Water Authority\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20141107/NEWS/141104274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soquel Creek\u003c/a> have been able to pay for removal and are now supplying water to their customers that tests below the legal limit for chromium 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, Willows, a small town between Redding and Sacramento, held a \u003ca href=\"https://www.calwater.com/latest_news/cal-water-holds-ribbon-cutting-ceremony-to-celebrate-completion-of-chromium-6-treatment-plant-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ribbon cutting ceremony\u003c/a> to celebrate the successful installation of an ion exchange filtration system. The state-funded water purifier removes chromium 6 from its wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerman has also received state funding under \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>. But Moore says the $3.5 million won’t cover all the costs to test, install and maintain six new groundwater wells in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For individuals who want to remove chromium 6 from their tap, there are several types of water filters that will do it, including reverse osmosis filters that are available at many hardware stores. The EWG also has an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/ewgs-water-filter-buying-guide?system_type=&technology=&contamcode=1080&submit_ty_1=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online guide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Netflix Documentary Features Heartbreaking End-of-Life Care Decisions at an Oakland Hospital",
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"content": "\u003cp>When is more medical care helpful in end-of-life situations and when does it just lead to more suffering? How do you know when it's time to let someone you love pass away naturally?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These choices are heart-wrenching for patients, families, and their doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new Netflix documentary short called \u003ca href=\"https://www.netflix.com/title/80106307\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Extremis\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, which is Latin for \"at the point of death,\" follows doctors, patients and their loved ones in various end-of-life scenarios that play out at the intensive care unit at Oakland's Highland Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJiY8duVgz0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As difficult as these choices are, it's important to figure out if an intervention will change the course for a patient, said Dr. Jessica Nutik Zitter, the Oakland palliative care physician, who is featured in the documentary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here's the reality, we are all gonna die,\" she says to a group of medical staff in the film's trailer. \"Everyone standing in this room is gonna die one day and it's good to have a little bit of a say in how.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day, patients are permanently hooked up to machines, she says in the film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My concern is we are going to cause more suffering without likely benefit,\" she tells a patient's loved one in the film. \"The other approach is let her pass naturally.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is often difficult for doctors to fight their instinct to treat medical symptoms and know when it's time to stop, she wrote about in the \u003ca href=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/14/in-the-hospital-letting-nature-takes-its-course/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>New York Times\u003c/em>\u003c/a> in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a growing movement within the medical field to recognize how important it is for doctors to help patients navigate care and face the end of their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boston surgeon Atul Gawande's recent book and movie called \u003cem>Being Mortal\u003c/em>, revealed how well-meaning doctors are often untrained and unprepared to discuss death with their patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>End-of-life issues have also been at the forefront of public discussion as states like California enact legislation to allow terminally ill patients to take medicines to end their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Netflix documentary shows how difficult the choices are for families who have to make decisions about a dying loved one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving consent for doctors to stop medical treatment can feel wrong and provoke tremendous feelings of guilt for a patient's family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would feel like murder to pull her life support,\" says one young woman when faced with this choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 24-minute documentary, directed by Dan Krauss, won the Best Documentary Short award this year when it premiered at the 2016 Tribeca Film Festival.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When is more medical care helpful in end-of-life situations and when does it just lead to more suffering? How do you know when it's time to let someone you love pass away naturally?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These choices are heart-wrenching for patients, families, and their doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new Netflix documentary short called \u003ca href=\"https://www.netflix.com/title/80106307\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Extremis\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, which is Latin for \"at the point of death,\" follows doctors, patients and their loved ones in various end-of-life scenarios that play out at the intensive care unit at Oakland's Highland Hospital.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/TJiY8duVgz0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/TJiY8duVgz0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>As difficult as these choices are, it's important to figure out if an intervention will change the course for a patient, said Dr. Jessica Nutik Zitter, the Oakland palliative care physician, who is featured in the documentary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here's the reality, we are all gonna die,\" she says to a group of medical staff in the film's trailer. \"Everyone standing in this room is gonna die one day and it's good to have a little bit of a say in how.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day, patients are permanently hooked up to machines, she says in the film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My concern is we are going to cause more suffering without likely benefit,\" she tells a patient's loved one in the film. \"The other approach is let her pass naturally.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is often difficult for doctors to fight their instinct to treat medical symptoms and know when it's time to stop, she wrote about in the \u003ca href=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/14/in-the-hospital-letting-nature-takes-its-course/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>New York Times\u003c/em>\u003c/a> in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a growing movement within the medical field to recognize how important it is for doctors to help patients navigate care and face the end of their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boston surgeon Atul Gawande's recent book and movie called \u003cem>Being Mortal\u003c/em>, revealed how well-meaning doctors are often untrained and unprepared to discuss death with their patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>End-of-life issues have also been at the forefront of public discussion as states like California enact legislation to allow terminally ill patients to take medicines to end their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Netflix documentary shows how difficult the choices are for families who have to make decisions about a dying loved one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving consent for doctors to stop medical treatment can feel wrong and provoke tremendous feelings of guilt for a patient's family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would feel like murder to pull her life support,\" says one young woman when faced with this choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 24-minute documentary, directed by Dan Krauss, won the Best Documentary Short award this year when it premiered at the 2016 Tribeca Film Festival.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Could Soon Legalize Marijuana But Pot’s Brain Effects Remain a Mystery",
"title": "California Could Soon Legalize Marijuana But Pot’s Brain Effects Remain a Mystery",
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"content": "\u003cdiv id=\"storytext\" class=\"storytext storylocation linkLocation\">\n\u003cp>Five states are voting this fall on whether marijuana should be legal, like alcohol, for recreational use. That has sparked questions about what we know — and don't know — about marijuana's effect on the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research is scarce. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency classifies marijuana as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml\">Schedule I drug\u003c/a>. That classification puts up barriers to conducting research on it, including a cumbersome \u003ca href=\"http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1301/1301_18.htm\">DEA approval\u003c/a> application and a requirement that scientists \u003ca href=\"http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not99-091.html\">procure\u003c/a> very specific marijuana plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One long-term study in New Zealand compared the IQs of people at age 13 and then through adolescence and adulthood to age 38. Those who used pot heavily from adolescence onward showed an average 8 percent drop in IQ. People who never smoked, by contrast, showed slightly increased IQ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics pounced on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/40/E2657.full.pdf\">the study\u003c/a>, which was published in 2012, because it didn't adjust for many other things that affect IQ such as home life or family income. And there's no proof the IQ differences are due to pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those critics, \u003ca href=\"http://domstat.med.ucla.edu/pages/nicholas-jackson\">Nicholas Jackson\u003c/a>, now a senior statistician at the University of California, Los Angeles, wondered what would happen if he could rule out some of those elements by comparing twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Individuals that share the same genes, grew up in the same household, where the difference between them was that one of the twins was using marijuana and one was not,\" Jackson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson and \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joshua_Isen\">Joshua Isen\u003c/a>, now an assistant professor of psychology at the University of South Alabama, conducted \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/5/E500.abstract\">a study\u003c/a> comparing IQ tests of twins age 9 to 12, before either had smoked marijuana, and then seven to 10 years later, after one had started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If marijuana was causing IQ decline, what we would expect to see is that the twin who goes on and uses marijuana should have IQ deficits,\" Jackson says. \"We don't find that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IQ scores for both twins varied slightly over time. And for twins who smoked marijuana, there was no significant difference in effect between daily and occasional use. So was the New Zealand finding wrong? The authors did not comment for this story, but have said that the twins study of teenagers does not address the effects of decades of heavy marijuana use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marijuana seems to affect a particular kind of intelligence, like short term retention of vocabulary words and other information that you might learn in school, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.albany.edu/psychology/20874.php\">Mitch Earleywine\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Albany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They haven't learned a whole lot of vocabulary words or they never learned the capital of Maine because they were high at school that day,\" he says. \"But when it comes to things that are more liquid intelligence, more fluid intelligence, they're usually pretty good at those because it requires just intelligence in the moment, so to speak.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear how marijuana use may keep Augusta from being filed next to \"capital of Maine\" in the brain. Some studies that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\">compare brain scans\u003c/a> of teenagers who use marijuana to those who don't show thinner, less dense connections between lobes. \u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/directors-page/biography-dr-nora-volkow\">Nora Volkow\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, says brains with less connectivity don't work as well as they should.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could expect that that will decrease your capacity to memorize things and to learn them which is necessary to you to actually further develop your cognitive abilities,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkow says there's little proof that marijuana causes poor brain connections. Studies so far have not compared brains before and after pot. Maybe kids who are already having trouble in school are more likely to try marijuana. Still, she is convinced that marijuana is bad for the brains of adults who began smoking in their youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who regularly smoked marijuana as teens, \"are achieving much less both in their education as well as their profession as well as their economic earnings,\" Volkow says. \"They also tend to be much more dissatisfied with life. Many studies have shown that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NIDA is one of several agencies behind a major study that will map the effects of marijuana and other substances on brain development. The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) will follow 10,000 9- to 10- year-olds through early adulthood, using neuroimaging to map changes in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as of now, the research suggests if you don't start young and don't use marijuana often, there's not much evidence of permanent harm to the brain. That's led some experts in marijuana brain science to say it might be OK to make pot legal, with strong oversight. That includes \u003ca href=\"http://drkevinhill.com/three-big-reasons-marijuana-is-misunderstood/\">Kevin Hill,\u003c/a> an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm not sure how I would vote [on the Massachusetts ballot question] at this point. I want to see sensible marijuana policy that works, that gives people what they want while limiting risk,\" says Hill, who wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Marijuana-Unbiased-Truth-World%C2%92s-Popular/dp/1616495596\">Marijuana: The Unbiased Truth about the World's Most Popular Weed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massachusetts is one of five states, including Arizona, California, Maine and Nevada, that will vote in November on legalizing recreational marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill would like to see stronger regulation of marijuana if it becomes legal, with limits on advertising and of edible products that attract children, as well as a higher rate of taxation than the proposed 12 percent. If Massachusetts approves marijuana for recreational use, it would not be legal for anyone under age 21, when most, but not all, brain development occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a reporting partnership with NPR, WBUR and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tags\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv id=\"storytext\" class=\"storytext storylocation linkLocation\">\n\u003cp>Five states are voting this fall on whether marijuana should be legal, like alcohol, for recreational use. That has sparked questions about what we know — and don't know — about marijuana's effect on the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research is scarce. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency classifies marijuana as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml\">Schedule I drug\u003c/a>. That classification puts up barriers to conducting research on it, including a cumbersome \u003ca href=\"http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1301/1301_18.htm\">DEA approval\u003c/a> application and a requirement that scientists \u003ca href=\"http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not99-091.html\">procure\u003c/a> very specific marijuana plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One long-term study in New Zealand compared the IQs of people at age 13 and then through adolescence and adulthood to age 38. Those who used pot heavily from adolescence onward showed an average 8 percent drop in IQ. People who never smoked, by contrast, showed slightly increased IQ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics pounced on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/40/E2657.full.pdf\">the study\u003c/a>, which was published in 2012, because it didn't adjust for many other things that affect IQ such as home life or family income. And there's no proof the IQ differences are due to pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those critics, \u003ca href=\"http://domstat.med.ucla.edu/pages/nicholas-jackson\">Nicholas Jackson\u003c/a>, now a senior statistician at the University of California, Los Angeles, wondered what would happen if he could rule out some of those elements by comparing twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Individuals that share the same genes, grew up in the same household, where the difference between them was that one of the twins was using marijuana and one was not,\" Jackson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson and \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joshua_Isen\">Joshua Isen\u003c/a>, now an assistant professor of psychology at the University of South Alabama, conducted \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/5/E500.abstract\">a study\u003c/a> comparing IQ tests of twins age 9 to 12, before either had smoked marijuana, and then seven to 10 years later, after one had started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If marijuana was causing IQ decline, what we would expect to see is that the twin who goes on and uses marijuana should have IQ deficits,\" Jackson says. \"We don't find that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IQ scores for both twins varied slightly over time. And for twins who smoked marijuana, there was no significant difference in effect between daily and occasional use. So was the New Zealand finding wrong? The authors did not comment for this story, but have said that the twins study of teenagers does not address the effects of decades of heavy marijuana use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marijuana seems to affect a particular kind of intelligence, like short term retention of vocabulary words and other information that you might learn in school, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.albany.edu/psychology/20874.php\">Mitch Earleywine\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Albany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They haven't learned a whole lot of vocabulary words or they never learned the capital of Maine because they were high at school that day,\" he says. \"But when it comes to things that are more liquid intelligence, more fluid intelligence, they're usually pretty good at those because it requires just intelligence in the moment, so to speak.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear how marijuana use may keep Augusta from being filed next to \"capital of Maine\" in the brain. Some studies that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930618/\">compare brain scans\u003c/a> of teenagers who use marijuana to those who don't show thinner, less dense connections between lobes. \u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/directors-page/biography-dr-nora-volkow\">Nora Volkow\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, says brains with less connectivity don't work as well as they should.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could expect that that will decrease your capacity to memorize things and to learn them which is necessary to you to actually further develop your cognitive abilities,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkow says there's little proof that marijuana causes poor brain connections. Studies so far have not compared brains before and after pot. Maybe kids who are already having trouble in school are more likely to try marijuana. Still, she is convinced that marijuana is bad for the brains of adults who began smoking in their youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who regularly smoked marijuana as teens, \"are achieving much less both in their education as well as their profession as well as their economic earnings,\" Volkow says. \"They also tend to be much more dissatisfied with life. Many studies have shown that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NIDA is one of several agencies behind a major study that will map the effects of marijuana and other substances on brain development. The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) will follow 10,000 9- to 10- year-olds through early adulthood, using neuroimaging to map changes in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as of now, the research suggests if you don't start young and don't use marijuana often, there's not much evidence of permanent harm to the brain. That's led some experts in marijuana brain science to say it might be OK to make pot legal, with strong oversight. That includes \u003ca href=\"http://drkevinhill.com/three-big-reasons-marijuana-is-misunderstood/\">Kevin Hill,\u003c/a> an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm not sure how I would vote [on the Massachusetts ballot question] at this point. I want to see sensible marijuana policy that works, that gives people what they want while limiting risk,\" says Hill, who wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Marijuana-Unbiased-Truth-World%C2%92s-Popular/dp/1616495596\">Marijuana: The Unbiased Truth about the World's Most Popular Weed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massachusetts is one of five states, including Arizona, California, Maine and Nevada, that will vote in November on legalizing recreational marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill would like to see stronger regulation of marijuana if it becomes legal, with limits on advertising and of edible products that attract children, as well as a higher rate of taxation than the proposed 12 percent. If Massachusetts approves marijuana for recreational use, it would not be legal for anyone under age 21, when most, but not all, brain development occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a reporting partnership with NPR, WBUR and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tags\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Brain-Computer Interface Has Monkeys 'Typing' Up a Storm",
"title": "New Brain-Computer Interface Has Monkeys 'Typing' Up a Storm",
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"content": "\u003cp>Check out this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxD2KDq18_E\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so it has the look and feel of a circa-1980 video game—maybe something they let high school English students play in an attempt to foster an appreciation of Shakespeare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not so fast. It's a lot more interesting when you know the action, such as it is, is being driven by the \u003cem>thoughts\u003c/em> of monkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This system can work for a person as well.'\u003ccite>Stanford researcher Paul Nuyujukian\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a paper published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/biomedical/bionics/monkeys-type-12-words-per-minute-with-braintokeyboard-communication\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>IEEE\u003c/em>\u003c/a> Monday, Stanford University researchers say they have achieved the equivalent of a \"typing\" rate of up to 12 words per minute in monkeys. The monkeys moved a cursor to a green dot with their minds by thinking about the green dot. (The primates, alas, were not thinking about actual letters of the alphabet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monkeys' cerebral cortexes had been implanted with electrode arrays, which read their brain signals and translated them into cursor movements. The animals received a reward in the form of a beverage, delivered electronically, after each successful trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiments outlined in the paper were primarily conducted in 2011 and 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hope the system could eventually be used by patients with \u003ca href=\"http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/locked-in-syndrome/\" target=\"_blank\">locked-in syndrome\u003c/a> and other illnesses that render people incapable of moving or speaking, in order to help them communicate more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We put the word \"typing\" in quotes because, first off, the monkeys were doing it virtually, and secondly, the keyboard you see in the video was actually overlaid in post-production, according to Paul Nuyujukian, a Stanford bioengineering department faculty member, who along with engineering professor Krishna Shenoy developed the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trained to Select the Dots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the monkeys were actually trained to do was navigate the cursor to the green dots as they appeared on a screen, selecting each dot by mentally dwelling on it for about a half-second, or by mentally intending to select it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In human trials taking place now, Nuyujukian says, participants see the actual letters, as in a keyboard. \"We don’t have these results published, but this system can work for a person as well,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_244040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 795px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-244040\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford Bio-X researcher Paul Nuyujukian.\" width=\"795\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg 795w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul-768x513.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 795px) 100vw, 795px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford Bio-X researcher Paul Nuyujukian. \u003ccite>(L.A. Cicero)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The words-per-minute results the monkeys achieved do not account for the actual time it might take a human, who is not simply responding to colored lights, to type similar passages, the researchers acknowledge. \"However, for a copy typing task as is commonly used for measuring typing performance, this may be a close approximation,\" they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trials achieved a typing rate up to three times as fast as recorded in other brain-computer interface studies, Nuyujukian says. However, the comparison was calculated using a measure called bit rate, and then converted into words per minute. That was necessary in order to compare these results with those recorded in previous studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Multiple Systems Available\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've seen the film \"The Diving Bell and the Butterfly,\" you know that other systems of communication have long been used by severely disabled patients to communicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ss0QiJUlXE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most famous method was used by physicist Stephen Hawking, who communicated using a sensor on his glasses to detect movement in his cheek muscle. (That has since been \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2015/01/intel-gave-stephen-hawking-voice/\" target=\"_blank\">upgraded\u003c/a>.) There are also eye-gaze systems that scroll letters across a screen and sense when patients fix their gaze on particular characters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those systems can be fatiguing, says Nuyujukian. Another problem, he says: You can’t look away without throwing the system off. And there can be reflection-related problems for those who wear eyeglasses. Though using an eye-gaze system is fast, he says, \"It’s not gotten as much adoption as we’d hope from a technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another type of brain-computer interface reads brain signals using sensors arrayed across the scalp. The interfaces are less accurate than an invasive system like the one from Stanford, says Melanie Fried-Oken, a professor of neurology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You sneeze, you yawn, you blink, they affect the system more than if you have a circuit board on your brain,\" says Fried-Oken, who works with locked-in patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While she welcomed the system described in \u003cem>IEEE\u003c/em>, she thought the researchers' claim of comparative speediness with other systems was a stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’re looking at bit rate and humans are looking at words per minute,\" Fried-Oken said. \"That translation from bit rate to words per minute is very difficult. The monkeys are not conceptualizing words as they type.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also said locked-in patients with whom she has worked think efficiency is more important than speed. \"They are happy to communicate slowly,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fried-Oken said that although some implanted systems have the best signal quality, \"you look like a tree's coming out of your head,\" although this is beginning to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Every system is difficult,\" she said. \"There will never be a system that’s not difficult.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eduardo Miranda, who has developed brain-computer interface technology related to music, gave this assessment of the study in an email:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even though the work does not address the actual cognitive processing required to form words and sentences, this certainly is a significant development. The great challenge of this invasive approach to BCI research is to translate what we learn from experiments with macaques to real-world applications for humans: using implanted electrodes is not practical, as it involves surgical procedures and the risk of infection is extremely high. Nevertheless the results are exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The significance of this research will probably become more apparent, and indeed useful, when far more sophisticated non-invasive technology to read the EEG becomes available.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Check out this video.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nxD2KDq18_E'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nxD2KDq18_E'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Okay, so it has the look and feel of a circa-1980 video game—maybe something they let high school English students play in an attempt to foster an appreciation of Shakespeare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not so fast. It's a lot more interesting when you know the action, such as it is, is being driven by the \u003cem>thoughts\u003c/em> of monkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This system can work for a person as well.'\u003ccite>Stanford researcher Paul Nuyujukian\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a paper published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/biomedical/bionics/monkeys-type-12-words-per-minute-with-braintokeyboard-communication\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>IEEE\u003c/em>\u003c/a> Monday, Stanford University researchers say they have achieved the equivalent of a \"typing\" rate of up to 12 words per minute in monkeys. The monkeys moved a cursor to a green dot with their minds by thinking about the green dot. (The primates, alas, were not thinking about actual letters of the alphabet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monkeys' cerebral cortexes had been implanted with electrode arrays, which read their brain signals and translated them into cursor movements. The animals received a reward in the form of a beverage, delivered electronically, after each successful trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiments outlined in the paper were primarily conducted in 2011 and 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hope the system could eventually be used by patients with \u003ca href=\"http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/locked-in-syndrome/\" target=\"_blank\">locked-in syndrome\u003c/a> and other illnesses that render people incapable of moving or speaking, in order to help them communicate more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We put the word \"typing\" in quotes because, first off, the monkeys were doing it virtually, and secondly, the keyboard you see in the video was actually overlaid in post-production, according to Paul Nuyujukian, a Stanford bioengineering department faculty member, who along with engineering professor Krishna Shenoy developed the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trained to Select the Dots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the monkeys were actually trained to do was navigate the cursor to the green dots as they appeared on a screen, selecting each dot by mentally dwelling on it for about a half-second, or by mentally intending to select it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In human trials taking place now, Nuyujukian says, participants see the actual letters, as in a keyboard. \"We don’t have these results published, but this system can work for a person as well,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_244040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 795px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-244040\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford Bio-X researcher Paul Nuyujukian.\" width=\"795\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul.jpg 795w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/paul-768x513.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 795px) 100vw, 795px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford Bio-X researcher Paul Nuyujukian. \u003ccite>(L.A. Cicero)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The words-per-minute results the monkeys achieved do not account for the actual time it might take a human, who is not simply responding to colored lights, to type similar passages, the researchers acknowledge. \"However, for a copy typing task as is commonly used for measuring typing performance, this may be a close approximation,\" they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trials achieved a typing rate up to three times as fast as recorded in other brain-computer interface studies, Nuyujukian says. However, the comparison was calculated using a measure called bit rate, and then converted into words per minute. That was necessary in order to compare these results with those recorded in previous studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Multiple Systems Available\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've seen the film \"The Diving Bell and the Butterfly,\" you know that other systems of communication have long been used by severely disabled patients to communicate.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/4Ss0QiJUlXE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/4Ss0QiJUlXE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Perhaps the most famous method was used by physicist Stephen Hawking, who communicated using a sensor on his glasses to detect movement in his cheek muscle. (That has since been \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2015/01/intel-gave-stephen-hawking-voice/\" target=\"_blank\">upgraded\u003c/a>.) There are also eye-gaze systems that scroll letters across a screen and sense when patients fix their gaze on particular characters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those systems can be fatiguing, says Nuyujukian. Another problem, he says: You can’t look away without throwing the system off. And there can be reflection-related problems for those who wear eyeglasses. Though using an eye-gaze system is fast, he says, \"It’s not gotten as much adoption as we’d hope from a technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another type of brain-computer interface reads brain signals using sensors arrayed across the scalp. The interfaces are less accurate than an invasive system like the one from Stanford, says Melanie Fried-Oken, a professor of neurology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You sneeze, you yawn, you blink, they affect the system more than if you have a circuit board on your brain,\" says Fried-Oken, who works with locked-in patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While she welcomed the system described in \u003cem>IEEE\u003c/em>, she thought the researchers' claim of comparative speediness with other systems was a stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’re looking at bit rate and humans are looking at words per minute,\" Fried-Oken said. \"That translation from bit rate to words per minute is very difficult. The monkeys are not conceptualizing words as they type.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also said locked-in patients with whom she has worked think efficiency is more important than speed. \"They are happy to communicate slowly,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fried-Oken said that although some implanted systems have the best signal quality, \"you look like a tree's coming out of your head,\" although this is beginning to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Every system is difficult,\" she said. \"There will never be a system that’s not difficult.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eduardo Miranda, who has developed brain-computer interface technology related to music, gave this assessment of the study in an email:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even though the work does not address the actual cognitive processing required to form words and sentences, this certainly is a significant development. The great challenge of this invasive approach to BCI research is to translate what we learn from experiments with macaques to real-world applications for humans: using implanted electrodes is not practical, as it involves surgical procedures and the risk of infection is extremely high. Nevertheless the results are exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The significance of this research will probably become more apparent, and indeed useful, when far more sophisticated non-invasive technology to read the EEG becomes available.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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