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"content": "\u003cp>Last week, the Trump Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872729/changes-to-endangered-species-act-weaken-wildlife-protections\">weakened\u003c/a> the Endangered Species Act with the broadest changes to the bedrock environmental law in decades.[aside postID=science_1946454,science_1946394]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s new rules make it harder to consider the future impacts of climate change when officials consider whether a species is threatened and should be placed on the endangered species list. It also introduces a factor the existing law never did, intended to calculate the economic impact of protecting a species. Indeed, the Endangered Species Act had expressly forbidden agencies from taking economic considerations into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a call with reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra promised he’d take the federal government to court over this. He added that California goes to court against the Trump administration only when state officials deem it “necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Becerra may not sue over each of Trump’s actions, it certainly \u003cem>seems\u003c/em> that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours after he promised legal action over endangered species, Becerra gathered reporters again to announce that California is suing the Trump administration over another environmental law, a rollback of Obama-era rules to reduce pollution from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest suit over the Clean Power Plan raises to 27 the number of times that Becerra has sued the Trump administration over an environmental issue. A \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/03/becerra-v-trump-california-using-courts-fight-administration/\">tracker\u003c/a> by the nonprofit, nonpartisan news site CalMatters keeps a running tally. That’s almost as many as all other lawsuits he’s filed against the administration, at least 29 in total, on subjects ranging from immigration to health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946566\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946566 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra. \u003ccite>(Alex Wong/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama’s policy mandated that states curb pollution from power plants and aimed to reduce U.S. power sector emissions 32 percent below 2005 levels by 2030, but it also allowed states to carve out their own plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler often criticized the Obama policy, saying it would require Americans pay more for energy. Under his plan, the Affordable Clean Energy rule, the agency will still regulate emissions by drastically lowering the bar to about a percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are top takeaways about how the new federal policies will affect California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists Are Concerned About Biodiversity and Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The media focus lots of attention on megafauna— the grizzlies, the bald eagles, the California condor. But in this state, more plants are threatened than animals. And many scientists say their main concern is biodiversity; California has more endangered species than any state except Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California’s old growth forests, for example, the redwoods and Douglas fir are habitat for a lot of threatened critters. Their threatened status extends protections to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Central Coast, specific \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/Arctostaphylos-refugioensis-(Refugio-Manzanita)?srchcr=sc5627ff4e616af\">manzanita\u003c/a> face pressures from wildfire. So the use of climate data becomes very important in accurate analyses of the trees’ status and the threats to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a complete change from the existing law, the Trump administration proposes that agencies conduct economic analyses and release them to the public. At the same time, the administration’s proposal says agencies won’t use that analysis in determining whether to list a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Rules Affect California? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California maintains strong environmental laws, but animals don’t care about state boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The endangered grey wolf, for example, walked into California from Oregon. Laws in California protect the wolf, but the animal loses those protections if it walks into another state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, California’s strong emissions laws known as the Clean Power Plan don’t extend into other states. This state is part of a regional grid system, and coal-burning plants operate in neighboring Nevada and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of California’s land is public. Some of it is managed by the Federal Bureau of Land Management or the Forest Service. The military manages others — Camp Pendleton and China Lake Naval Air Station, for example. An endangered species doesn’t know whether it’s on military, state or private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How a New State Law Might Cover the Gap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra promised that California would push back against federal environmental deregulation through any and all means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Legislature is considering a bill, SB 1, under which any federal environmental or worker safety standard in place and effective when President Trump took office would remain enforceable under California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill in the Assembly Appropriations Committee would apply to the Clean Power Plan and the Endangered Species Act. It has passed out of the Senate and must move out of the committee by August 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why All the Lawsuits Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming presidential election is the reason for the rapid-fire pace of the lawsuits. The Trump administration wants to see all of these legal questions answered by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Democrats beat Trump, the new president may reverse the executive orders. If Trump wins, the administration wants to begin its second term with the legal disputes settled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits over the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Power Plan are going to be heard either by the U.S. Supreme Court or by a panel of judges at the D.C. Circuit Court.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s new rules make it harder to consider the future impacts of climate change when officials consider whether a species is threatened and should be placed on the endangered species list. It also introduces a factor the existing law never did, intended to calculate the economic impact of protecting a species. Indeed, the Endangered Species Act had expressly forbidden agencies from taking economic considerations into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a call with reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra promised he’d take the federal government to court over this. He added that California goes to court against the Trump administration only when state officials deem it “necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Becerra may not sue over each of Trump’s actions, it certainly \u003cem>seems\u003c/em> that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours after he promised legal action over endangered species, Becerra gathered reporters again to announce that California is suing the Trump administration over another environmental law, a rollback of Obama-era rules to reduce pollution from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest suit over the Clean Power Plan raises to 27 the number of times that Becerra has sued the Trump administration over an environmental issue. A \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/03/becerra-v-trump-california-using-courts-fight-administration/\">tracker\u003c/a> by the nonprofit, nonpartisan news site CalMatters keeps a running tally. That’s almost as many as all other lawsuits he’s filed against the administration, at least 29 in total, on subjects ranging from immigration to health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946566\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946566 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra. \u003ccite>(Alex Wong/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama’s policy mandated that states curb pollution from power plants and aimed to reduce U.S. power sector emissions 32 percent below 2005 levels by 2030, but it also allowed states to carve out their own plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler often criticized the Obama policy, saying it would require Americans pay more for energy. Under his plan, the Affordable Clean Energy rule, the agency will still regulate emissions by drastically lowering the bar to about a percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are top takeaways about how the new federal policies will affect California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists Are Concerned About Biodiversity and Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The media focus lots of attention on megafauna— the grizzlies, the bald eagles, the California condor. But in this state, more plants are threatened than animals. And many scientists say their main concern is biodiversity; California has more endangered species than any state except Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California’s old growth forests, for example, the redwoods and Douglas fir are habitat for a lot of threatened critters. Their threatened status extends protections to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Central Coast, specific \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/Arctostaphylos-refugioensis-(Refugio-Manzanita)?srchcr=sc5627ff4e616af\">manzanita\u003c/a> face pressures from wildfire. So the use of climate data becomes very important in accurate analyses of the trees’ status and the threats to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a complete change from the existing law, the Trump administration proposes that agencies conduct economic analyses and release them to the public. At the same time, the administration’s proposal says agencies won’t use that analysis in determining whether to list a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Rules Affect California? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California maintains strong environmental laws, but animals don’t care about state boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The endangered grey wolf, for example, walked into California from Oregon. Laws in California protect the wolf, but the animal loses those protections if it walks into another state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, California’s strong emissions laws known as the Clean Power Plan don’t extend into other states. This state is part of a regional grid system, and coal-burning plants operate in neighboring Nevada and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of California’s land is public. Some of it is managed by the Federal Bureau of Land Management or the Forest Service. The military manages others — Camp Pendleton and China Lake Naval Air Station, for example. An endangered species doesn’t know whether it’s on military, state or private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How a New State Law Might Cover the Gap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra promised that California would push back against federal environmental deregulation through any and all means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Legislature is considering a bill, SB 1, under which any federal environmental or worker safety standard in place and effective when President Trump took office would remain enforceable under California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill in the Assembly Appropriations Committee would apply to the Clean Power Plan and the Endangered Species Act. It has passed out of the Senate and must move out of the committee by August 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why All the Lawsuits Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming presidential election is the reason for the rapid-fire pace of the lawsuits. 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"content": "\u003cp>July was the hottest month measured on Earth since records began in 1880, the latest in a long line of peaks that scientists say backs up predictions for man-made climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said Thursday that July was 0.95 degrees Celsius (1.71 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than the 20th century average for the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because July is generally the warmest month on the calendar, meteorologists say this means it also set a new all-time monthly record for the past 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month’s temperatures narrowly topped the previous July record, set in 2016, by 0.03 C (0.05 F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results had been expected after several European countries including France, Belgium and Germany reported that July smashed previous national temperature records. The Swedish hamlet of Markusvinsa recorded a sizzling 34.8 C (94.6 F), the highest temperature measured north of the Arctic Circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NOAA’s records, 9 of the 10 hottest Julys on record have occurred since 2005 and last month was the 43rd consecutive July above the 20th century average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record temperatures have gone hand-in-hand with other climate extremes. Warming oceans have led to an early melt of sea ice in the Bering Strait between Russia and Alaska, said Rick Thoman, a climate specialist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June of this year had already set a sizzling record for that month over the past 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year to date is also 0.95 C (1.71 F) above the long-term average, but still slightly behind 2016, NOAA said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new study focusing on mothers who breathe soot-laden air adds to a growing body of research into how air pollution affects cognitive development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particles of pollution, small enough to breathe deep into lungs, come from coal plants, burning fuel in cars and trucks, and airborne dust. Pregnant women exposed to more of this pollution had children with lower IQs compared to women who breathed cleaner air, according to new analysis \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935119302944?via%3Dihub\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Prenatal nutrition may help buffer against the damaging effects of air pollution.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study focused on a group of Tennessee mothers who researchers began to monitor while they were pregnant. As their children grew, researchers gave the kids IQ an test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very long battery that poor small children have to sit through,” says Kaja LeWinn, one of ten research team members and professor of psychiatry at UCSF. “It’s a long time to have a four-to-five year old sitting still.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children of mothers exposed to the worst soot pollution scored lower on IQ tests by about two-and-a-half points compared to mothers in cleaner neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Fine particulate] pollution is less well-studied as a neurodevelopment toxicant, so I think that makes it particularly interesting to have these results,” says Catherine Karr, a study author and pediatric environmental medicine doctor at the University of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-1020x645.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors gather on a path in Los Angeles’ Griffith Park in July 2019 on a day of high air pollution. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike many cities in California, Memphis tends to meet federal pollution standards for most days of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nutrition vs. Air Pollution?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this work really highlights that low-level exposure might be important and that we need to do more work to know what a safe level is,” says Megan Herting, a neuroscientist at USC who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herting says the work does a good job controlling for other factors that might influence cognitive development, like family economics. “It really narrows down and says there’s something about air quality that seems to be driving this decrease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team also has found something novel: evidence that nutrition buffers the impacts of air pollution. Pregnant women are told to eat foods rich in folate like leafy greens and citrus, or take prenatal vitamins, like folic acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women with the lowest folate levels, for their children the association between our measure of air pollution and IQ was much stronger,” LeWinn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children of mothers who breathed dirtier air and carried less folate in their bodies scored about seven points lower on IQ tests than children in the top cohort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The effect there was about twice as strong as what we saw in the full sample,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeWinn and other authors acknowledge the folate results haven’t been replicated. But they say that their work can help identify groups of mothers more vulnerable to pollution’s ill effects. Though doctors already recommend folate as a preventative measure against birth defects, among the cohort of mothers in Tennessee, researchers saw that not all pregnant women took enough of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as individuals might have ways to better our own outcomes of ourselves and our children,” Herting says. “This suggests that’s going to really help offset some of these other things we might not be able to control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933748/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization\">More than 9 out of 10 children in the world are exposed to unsafe levels of air pollution, according to the World Health Organization, which calls it a ‘silent public health emergency.’\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers in this area stress they don’t yet know the exact way air pollution might affect the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/air-pollution-and-brain\">points out\u003c/a> that air pollution may affect brains directly and indirectly, but also says that associations between air pollution and the brain are “just beginning to emerge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have been amassing evidence connecting air pollution to neurodevelopmental impacts. Last summer, research focused on China \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1809474115\">found\u003c/a> that polluted air is linked to lower intelligence in adults, and worsens with age. A study published in \u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32399-6/fulltext\">found\u003c/a> that people living near busy roads in Ontario, Canada were more likely to be diagnosed with dementia, though whether that’s a consequence of respiratory and cardiac problems remains unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new study focusing on mothers who breathe soot-laden air adds to a growing body of research into how air pollution affects cognitive development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particles of pollution, small enough to breathe deep into lungs, come from coal plants, burning fuel in cars and trucks, and airborne dust. Pregnant women exposed to more of this pollution had children with lower IQs compared to women who breathed cleaner air, according to new analysis \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935119302944?via%3Dihub\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Prenatal nutrition may help buffer against the damaging effects of air pollution.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study focused on a group of Tennessee mothers who researchers began to monitor while they were pregnant. As their children grew, researchers gave the kids IQ an test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very long battery that poor small children have to sit through,” says Kaja LeWinn, one of ten research team members and professor of psychiatry at UCSF. “It’s a long time to have a four-to-five year old sitting still.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children of mothers exposed to the worst soot pollution scored lower on IQ tests by about two-and-a-half points compared to mothers in cleaner neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Fine particulate] pollution is less well-studied as a neurodevelopment toxicant, so I think that makes it particularly interesting to have these results,” says Catherine Karr, a study author and pediatric environmental medicine doctor at the University of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-1020x645.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors gather on a path in Los Angeles’ Griffith Park in July 2019 on a day of high air pollution. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike many cities in California, Memphis tends to meet federal pollution standards for most days of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nutrition vs. Air Pollution?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this work really highlights that low-level exposure might be important and that we need to do more work to know what a safe level is,” says Megan Herting, a neuroscientist at USC who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herting says the work does a good job controlling for other factors that might influence cognitive development, like family economics. “It really narrows down and says there’s something about air quality that seems to be driving this decrease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team also has found something novel: evidence that nutrition buffers the impacts of air pollution. Pregnant women are told to eat foods rich in folate like leafy greens and citrus, or take prenatal vitamins, like folic acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women with the lowest folate levels, for their children the association between our measure of air pollution and IQ was much stronger,” LeWinn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children of mothers who breathed dirtier air and carried less folate in their bodies scored about seven points lower on IQ tests than children in the top cohort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The effect there was about twice as strong as what we saw in the full sample,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeWinn and other authors acknowledge the folate results haven’t been replicated. But they say that their work can help identify groups of mothers more vulnerable to pollution’s ill effects. Though doctors already recommend folate as a preventative measure against birth defects, among the cohort of mothers in Tennessee, researchers saw that not all pregnant women took enough of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as individuals might have ways to better our own outcomes of ourselves and our children,” Herting says. “This suggests that’s going to really help offset some of these other things we might not be able to control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933748/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization\">More than 9 out of 10 children in the world are exposed to unsafe levels of air pollution, according to the World Health Organization, which calls it a ‘silent public health emergency.’\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers in this area stress they don’t yet know the exact way air pollution might affect the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/air-pollution-and-brain\">points out\u003c/a> that air pollution may affect brains directly and indirectly, but also says that associations between air pollution and the brain are “just beginning to emerge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have been amassing evidence connecting air pollution to neurodevelopmental impacts. Last summer, research focused on China \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1809474115\">found\u003c/a> that polluted air is linked to lower intelligence in adults, and worsens with age. A study published in \u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32399-6/fulltext\">found\u003c/a> that people living near busy roads in Ontario, Canada were more likely to be diagnosed with dementia, though whether that’s a consequence of respiratory and cardiac problems remains unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration has instructed companies not to warn customers about products that contain glyphosate, a move aimed at California as it fights one of the world’s largest agriculture companies about the potentially cancer-causing chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says it “\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-08/documents/glyphosate_registrant_letter_-_8-7-19_-_signed.pdf\">will no longer approve\u003c/a>” labels warning glyphosate is known to cause cancer. The chemical is marketed as a weed killer by Monsanto under the brand Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California requires warning labels on glyphosate products because the International Agency for Research on Cancer, an arm of the World Health Organization, has said it is “\u003ca href=\"https://www.iarc.fr/featured-news/media-centre-iarc-news-glyphosate/\">probably carcinogenic\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA disagrees, \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/draft-human-health-and-ecological-risk-assessments-glyphosate\">saying\u003c/a> its own research shows the chemical poses no risks to public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto has sued to block California’s warning label requirements. A federal judge blocked California from enforcing the labels while the lawsuit continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize that under federal law, the Environmental Protection Agency can make decisions about what kind of warnings these labels can carry,” Allan Hirsch, the chief deputy director of the state’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hirsch says California stands by its 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/crnr/glyphosate-listed-effective-july-7-2017-known-state-california-cause-cancer\">listing\u003c/a> of glyphosate under Proposition 65, which is based on the conclusions of the IARC. “EPA is free to disagree with IARC on that question, we know that they do,” he said. “But it’s misleading to dismiss California’s warnings as false.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration has instructed companies not to warn customers about products that contain glyphosate, a move aimed at California as it fights one of the world’s largest agriculture companies about the potentially cancer-causing chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says it “\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-08/documents/glyphosate_registrant_letter_-_8-7-19_-_signed.pdf\">will no longer approve\u003c/a>” labels warning glyphosate is known to cause cancer. The chemical is marketed as a weed killer by Monsanto under the brand Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California requires warning labels on glyphosate products because the International Agency for Research on Cancer, an arm of the World Health Organization, has said it is “\u003ca href=\"https://www.iarc.fr/featured-news/media-centre-iarc-news-glyphosate/\">probably carcinogenic\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA disagrees, \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/draft-human-health-and-ecological-risk-assessments-glyphosate\">saying\u003c/a> its own research shows the chemical poses no risks to public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto has sued to block California’s warning label requirements. A federal judge blocked California from enforcing the labels while the lawsuit continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "UN Report Warns Global Heating Threatens Farming As We Know It",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> [aside postID=science_1943671,science_1941092]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiators for the world’s governments signed off on a report Wednesday that describes in alarming detail how agriculture, deforestation and other human impacts on lands are transforming the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srccl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), shows the urgent need to overhaul the global food system to help control climate-warming emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Written by more than 100 scientists from around the globe, it takes an unprecedented look at the impacts of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change\u003c/a> on lands and the effects of land use on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say that the entire food production system, with transportation and packaging included, accounts for as much as 37 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions, and that better land use, less-meat-intensive diets and eliminating food waste should be global priorities, crucial to the immediate, all-out effort needed to forestall a climate catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no doubt the window is closing rapidly,” said Pamela McElwee, one of the report’s authors and a professor of human ecology at Rutgers University. “That’s a key message of this report.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiations over the final wording of the report, which was written after assessing thousands of studies, began in Geneva last week. Attendees said the talks were bogged down at times by negotiators from countries, including the United States, with powerful biofuels and livestock industries. Still, the report that emerged was clear that diets high in meat have a bigger carbon footprint and that biofuels can compete with food production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors had the daunting task of assessing the impact of agriculture and deforestation on the climate, and the equally challenging job of outlining ways that better land management can provide solutions to the climate crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, released to the public on Aug. 8, shows that stopping deforestation, limiting greenhouse-gas-emitting fertilizers and raising crops in ways that \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/14112018/climate-change-solutions-forests-farms-carbon-storage-cancel-out-emissions-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">add carbon to the soil\u003c/a> are essential for achieving global goals for controlling rising temperatures.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946297 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, global lands absorb more carbon than they emit. But that will change if land degradation and deforestation continue, the report warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of greenhouse gases emitted in the future really depends on the choices we make today,” said Louis Verchot, one of the report’s lead authors and a researcher with the International Center for Tropical Agriculture. He noted that greenhouse gases from lands are increasing, especially with a recent uptick in deforestation in Brazil and other South American countries. “Could land shift from a sink to a source? We know that’s very much a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intensive Farming\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the carbon stored in the planet’s land is in natural landscapes, not those managed as farmland or forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we continue to degrade ecosystems, if we continue to convert natural ecosystems, we continue to deforest and we continued to destroy our soils, we’re going to lose this natural subsidy that we’re getting that’s protecting us in part from ourselves and from the damage that we’re creating as we pump these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,” Verchot explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the early 1960s, global population growth and more intensive farming have led to “unprecedented rates of land and freshwater use,” the report said. Human activities, including farming and other land uses, impact nearly three-quarters of the global land surface. Meat production has more than doubled, and the supply of calories per person has increased by one-third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agricultural developments that helped propel the world’s population are now some of the same ones that need to be retooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the population has grown, emissions related to agriculture have also grown, largely because of increases in livestock, deforestation to clear land for crops, and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture and deforestation account for 23 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. But the report says that if the entire spectrum of food production were factored in—from growing crops to transportation and packaging—that percentage could be as high as 37 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is already having severe effects on agriculture, with more drought and extreme downpours. That has threatened food security, in part because it drives down crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will likely get worse, especially in tropical and subtropical parts of the world, the report says. In some regions, extreme weather fueled by global warming could lead to “increased displacement, disrupted food chains, threatened livelihoods … and contribute to exacerbated stresses for conflict.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential risk for “multi-bread-basket failure,” with climate disasters \u003ca href=\"http://insideclimatenews.org/news/11062018/climate-change-research-food-security-agriculture-impacts-corn-vegetables-crop-prices\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hitting more than one\u003c/a> major agriculture region at the same time, is increasing, said Cynthia Rosenzweig, one of the report’s lead authors and a senior research scientist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946298 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase-160x157.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors point to a suite of solutions for reducing agriculture’s impact on climate change, including farming more sustainably—using less fertilizer, lowering tillage and employing practices that increase the soil’s ability to hold carbon—as well as reducing higher-impact diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diets present major opportunities for reducing greenhouse gases as well, because diets that are rich in plant-based foods emit lower greenhouse gases than diets that are very heavy in red meat consumption,” Rosenzweig said. The report’s authors conclude that, by 2050, dietary changes could free up hundreds of millions of acres of land, which could help avoid deforestation and reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report is the latest in a series of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/global-food-agriculture-revolution-eat-lancet-commission-climate-change-health-nutrition-report-less-meat\">high-profile publications\u003c/a> pointing to meat consumption, particularly of beef, as a significant contributor of greenhouse gases. Not only do cattle emit methane, but beef production also leads to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/25042019/deforestation-annual-global-tree-loss-tropics-climate-solution-carbon-storage-wri\">deforestation for grazing lands\u003c/a> and cropland to grow feed for livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say reducing food waste is another key strategy for cutting emissions from the food system. Nearly a third of the food produced in the world is lost or wasted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crops At Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report underscores the urgency for using land-based solutions to tackle climate change, which can have a big impact but have to be accomplished in a relatively short time frame. As the climate heats up, crop yields will continue to drop while farm fields lose their ability to store carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the solutions, including large-scale tree-planting on previously unforested land and using land to grow biofuels, present trade-offs because they threaten to compete with land for growing food crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors outline various scenarios in which global population and resource consumption rises or falls. The most optimistic scenario, in which fewer resources are consumed and more people adopt “low greenhouse gas” diets, would translate to lower emissions and help keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels—the aim of the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/tags/paris-climate-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a critical report right now,” said Doreen Stabinsky, a professor of global environmental politics with the College of the Atlantic, who was in Geneva to observe the final negotiations over the report. “There’s been increasing recognition about the climate change impacts on land and food, and there’s a recognition that it’s all-hands-on-deck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC plans to release another report, this one exploring the relationships among climate change, oceans and frozen landscapes, or the “cryosphere,” this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media media-element-container media-image_centered_medium\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiators for the world’s governments signed off on a report Wednesday that describes in alarming detail how agriculture, deforestation and other human impacts on lands are transforming the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srccl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), shows the urgent need to overhaul the global food system to help control climate-warming emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Written by more than 100 scientists from around the globe, it takes an unprecedented look at the impacts of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change\u003c/a> on lands and the effects of land use on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say that the entire food production system, with transportation and packaging included, accounts for as much as 37 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions, and that better land use, less-meat-intensive diets and eliminating food waste should be global priorities, crucial to the immediate, all-out effort needed to forestall a climate catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no doubt the window is closing rapidly,” said Pamela McElwee, one of the report’s authors and a professor of human ecology at Rutgers University. “That’s a key message of this report.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiations over the final wording of the report, which was written after assessing thousands of studies, began in Geneva last week. Attendees said the talks were bogged down at times by negotiators from countries, including the United States, with powerful biofuels and livestock industries. Still, the report that emerged was clear that diets high in meat have a bigger carbon footprint and that biofuels can compete with food production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors had the daunting task of assessing the impact of agriculture and deforestation on the climate, and the equally challenging job of outlining ways that better land management can provide solutions to the climate crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, released to the public on Aug. 8, shows that stopping deforestation, limiting greenhouse-gas-emitting fertilizers and raising crops in ways that \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/14112018/climate-change-solutions-forests-farms-carbon-storage-cancel-out-emissions-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">add carbon to the soil\u003c/a> are essential for achieving global goals for controlling rising temperatures.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946297 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-greenhouse-gases-land-use-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, global lands absorb more carbon than they emit. But that will change if land degradation and deforestation continue, the report warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of greenhouse gases emitted in the future really depends on the choices we make today,” said Louis Verchot, one of the report’s lead authors and a researcher with the International Center for Tropical Agriculture. He noted that greenhouse gases from lands are increasing, especially with a recent uptick in deforestation in Brazil and other South American countries. “Could land shift from a sink to a source? We know that’s very much a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intensive Farming\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the carbon stored in the planet’s land is in natural landscapes, not those managed as farmland or forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we continue to degrade ecosystems, if we continue to convert natural ecosystems, we continue to deforest and we continued to destroy our soils, we’re going to lose this natural subsidy that we’re getting that’s protecting us in part from ourselves and from the damage that we’re creating as we pump these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,” Verchot explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the early 1960s, global population growth and more intensive farming have led to “unprecedented rates of land and freshwater use,” the report said. Human activities, including farming and other land uses, impact nearly three-quarters of the global land surface. Meat production has more than doubled, and the supply of calories per person has increased by one-third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agricultural developments that helped propel the world’s population are now some of the same ones that need to be retooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the population has grown, emissions related to agriculture have also grown, largely because of increases in livestock, deforestation to clear land for crops, and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture and deforestation account for 23 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. But the report says that if the entire spectrum of food production were factored in—from growing crops to transportation and packaging—that percentage could be as high as 37 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is already having severe effects on agriculture, with more drought and extreme downpours. That has threatened food security, in part because it drives down crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will likely get worse, especially in tropical and subtropical parts of the world, the report says. In some regions, extreme weather fueled by global warming could lead to “increased displacement, disrupted food chains, threatened livelihoods … and contribute to exacerbated stresses for conflict.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential risk for “multi-bread-basket failure,” with climate disasters \u003ca href=\"http://insideclimatenews.org/news/11062018/climate-change-research-food-security-agriculture-impacts-corn-vegetables-crop-prices\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hitting more than one\u003c/a> major agriculture region at the same time, is increasing, said Cynthia Rosenzweig, one of the report’s lead authors and a senior research scientist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946298 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/IPCC-land-ocean-temperature-increase-160x157.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors point to a suite of solutions for reducing agriculture’s impact on climate change, including farming more sustainably—using less fertilizer, lowering tillage and employing practices that increase the soil’s ability to hold carbon—as well as reducing higher-impact diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diets present major opportunities for reducing greenhouse gases as well, because diets that are rich in plant-based foods emit lower greenhouse gases than diets that are very heavy in red meat consumption,” Rosenzweig said. The report’s authors conclude that, by 2050, dietary changes could free up hundreds of millions of acres of land, which could help avoid deforestation and reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report is the latest in a series of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/global-food-agriculture-revolution-eat-lancet-commission-climate-change-health-nutrition-report-less-meat\">high-profile publications\u003c/a> pointing to meat consumption, particularly of beef, as a significant contributor of greenhouse gases. Not only do cattle emit methane, but beef production also leads to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/25042019/deforestation-annual-global-tree-loss-tropics-climate-solution-carbon-storage-wri\">deforestation for grazing lands\u003c/a> and cropland to grow feed for livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say reducing food waste is another key strategy for cutting emissions from the food system. Nearly a third of the food produced in the world is lost or wasted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crops At Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report underscores the urgency for using land-based solutions to tackle climate change, which can have a big impact but have to be accomplished in a relatively short time frame. As the climate heats up, crop yields will continue to drop while farm fields lose their ability to store carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the solutions, including large-scale tree-planting on previously unforested land and using land to grow biofuels, present trade-offs because they threaten to compete with land for growing food crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors outline various scenarios in which global population and resource consumption rises or falls. The most optimistic scenario, in which fewer resources are consumed and more people adopt “low greenhouse gas” diets, would translate to lower emissions and help keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels—the aim of the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/tags/paris-climate-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a critical report right now,” said Doreen Stabinsky, a professor of global environmental politics with the College of the Atlantic, who was in Geneva to observe the final negotiations over the report. “There’s been increasing recognition about the climate change impacts on land and food, and there’s a recognition that it’s all-hands-on-deck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC plans to release another report, this one exploring the relationships among climate change, oceans and frozen landscapes, or the “cryosphere,” this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media media-element-container media-image_centered_medium\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Interview: Anti-Vaccine Advocate Switched Sides to Promote Immunization",
"headTitle": "Interview: Anti-Vaccine Advocate Switched Sides to Promote Immunization | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Amid the contentious dispute over immunization requirements for children, Kelley Watson Snyder stands out: She has been both a recalcitrant skeptic and an ardent proponent of childhood vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946143\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946143\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/vaxxer.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/vaxxer.jpg 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/vaxxer-160x213.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monterey, Calif., mother Kelley Watson Snyder, 38, poses with her two children, Jaylen, 9, and Kira, 5. Over time, she changed her opinion on vaccinations for her children, converting from an anti-vaxxer to an ardent proponent of vaccines who runs a pro-vaccination Facebook page. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Kelley Watson Snyder)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Snyder, a Monterey, Calif., mother of two, was a so-called anti-vaxxer for many years, adding her voice to those that rejected mandatory vaccinations for school-age children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She later realized she was wrong and in 2014 founded a pro-vaccination Facebook group called “Crunchy Front Range Pro-Vaxxers,” which she administers. It is an invitation-only site on which approximately 1,100 members exchange views and information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder, 38, is also an advocate for pending California legislation, \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/california-vaccine-bill-amended-to-appease-governor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SB 276\u003c/a>, which targets bogus medical exemptions that allow unvaccinated children to attend school. The number of medical exemptions issued by physicians has \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/exemptions-surge-as-parents-and-doctors-do-hail-mary-around-vaccine-laws/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">risen sharply\u003c/a> in recent years. The Medical Board of California is \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/state-broadens-investigation-of-doctors-for-issuing-questionable-vaccination-exemptions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">investigating at least four\u003c/a> doctors for issuing questionable exemptions for children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, some infectious diseases once thought under control are breaking out again because parents failed to have their children vaccinated. Between Jan. 1 and July 25, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1,164 new measles cases\u003c/a> were reported across 30 states, the most since the disease was \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">declared eliminated\u003c/a> in 2000, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. California has seen 62 new measles cases this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We talked to Snyder about her transformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>As a former opponent of mandatory childhood vaccines, can you describe the mindset?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-vaxxers have been around for a long time, but social media makes it easier to get into a loop. And once you’re there, it’s hard to see outside of it. Algorithms just show you more of what you’re already looking for. If you start searching anti-vaccination stories, that’s what starts popping up on your tagline. You start to think, “Oh, my God, there’s all these people and there’s so much of this going on.” But if you have a chance to peel back from that, you see that it’s actually a very small portion of the population who are really, really loud. The fear makes you angry and it makes you lash out. Once you get into that state, it’s easy to stay there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Describe a moment when you were in that state of mind.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When my daughter was born, I refused \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/vitamink/faqs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the Vitamin K shot\u003c/a>. I remember lying there with my daughter in my arms, and the nurses said, “Hey, we’re going to give her the vitamin K,” and I said, “No, we’re not doing that.” They made me sign a form that said I was going against the recommended medical care. At the time, the anti-vaxxer voices in my head said they were trying to coerce me into doing something dangerous for my child. They told me I was going to have to stay in the hospital longer for observation. I saw that as trying to force me to inject my child with this poison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What activities did you engage in as an anti-vaxxer?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I joined some social media groups and would get together with some of those mothers who believed what I did. We used to call the pro-vaccination mothers “sheeple.” You’d ask them, “Have you thought about your stance? Have you even done any research?” Because when you’re in that anti-vax mindset, you spend all these hours on the internet, reading studies. I’ve come to realize that a Google search isn’t really research. Most times, you’re not reading an entire study, but only the abstract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What changed your mind on vaccinations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2014, I was in one particular anti-vaxxer Facebook group, and there was a debate going on about vaccines, and I started to notice that every time someone disagreed with them, the core members got belligerent, going straight to personal attacks. I also noticed that every single point they brought up had this immense conspiracy to go along with it. By that point, I’d started to think, “Do I really believe in all these conspiracies? Am I really that afraid, or can I go back and look at the evidence again?” By then, my daughter was 8 months old, and I just got over the fear I had as a first-time mom. I realized that my daughter was going to be OK.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you think the vaccination fight will play out in California and nationally?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think California is setting a precedent for vaccine laws across the country. We’re making sure that medical exemptions for vaccines are not being bought, and that’s a very serious problem. Other states have seen the work we’ve done and they’re working on their own legislation. We’ve come to realize that unless we get more vocal about our pro-vaccine stance, the anti-vaccine voices just get louder and louder. I sometimes refer to anti-vaxxers as the drunk drivers of public health. They’re dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you say today to the anti-vaxxers you once aligned with?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I tell people that I understand their fears. I understand that parenting is very difficult, and all of us truly want the best for our children. I also know that the evidence is out there when people are willing to let their guards down. And I’m always happy to share real solid scientific evidence with people who want to do their critical thinking for themselves. I’m hoping people come around. I did. But we can’t force anybody. We just want to protect everyone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/news/the-real-life-conversion-of-a-former-anti-vaxxer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/the-real-life-conversion-of-a-former-anti-vaxxer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Amid the contentious dispute over immunization requirements for children, Kelley Watson Snyder stands out: She has been both a recalcitrant skeptic and an ardent proponent of childhood vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946143\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946143\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/vaxxer.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/vaxxer.jpg 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/vaxxer-160x213.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monterey, Calif., mother Kelley Watson Snyder, 38, poses with her two children, Jaylen, 9, and Kira, 5. Over time, she changed her opinion on vaccinations for her children, converting from an anti-vaxxer to an ardent proponent of vaccines who runs a pro-vaccination Facebook page. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Kelley Watson Snyder)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Snyder, a Monterey, Calif., mother of two, was a so-called anti-vaxxer for many years, adding her voice to those that rejected mandatory vaccinations for school-age children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She later realized she was wrong and in 2014 founded a pro-vaccination Facebook group called “Crunchy Front Range Pro-Vaxxers,” which she administers. It is an invitation-only site on which approximately 1,100 members exchange views and information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder, 38, is also an advocate for pending California legislation, \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/california-vaccine-bill-amended-to-appease-governor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SB 276\u003c/a>, which targets bogus medical exemptions that allow unvaccinated children to attend school. The number of medical exemptions issued by physicians has \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/exemptions-surge-as-parents-and-doctors-do-hail-mary-around-vaccine-laws/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">risen sharply\u003c/a> in recent years. The Medical Board of California is \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/state-broadens-investigation-of-doctors-for-issuing-questionable-vaccination-exemptions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">investigating at least four\u003c/a> doctors for issuing questionable exemptions for children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, some infectious diseases once thought under control are breaking out again because parents failed to have their children vaccinated. Between Jan. 1 and July 25, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1,164 new measles cases\u003c/a> were reported across 30 states, the most since the disease was \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">declared eliminated\u003c/a> in 2000, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. California has seen 62 new measles cases this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We talked to Snyder about her transformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>As a former opponent of mandatory childhood vaccines, can you describe the mindset?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-vaxxers have been around for a long time, but social media makes it easier to get into a loop. And once you’re there, it’s hard to see outside of it. Algorithms just show you more of what you’re already looking for. If you start searching anti-vaccination stories, that’s what starts popping up on your tagline. You start to think, “Oh, my God, there’s all these people and there’s so much of this going on.” But if you have a chance to peel back from that, you see that it’s actually a very small portion of the population who are really, really loud. The fear makes you angry and it makes you lash out. Once you get into that state, it’s easy to stay there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Describe a moment when you were in that state of mind.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When my daughter was born, I refused \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/vitamink/faqs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the Vitamin K shot\u003c/a>. I remember lying there with my daughter in my arms, and the nurses said, “Hey, we’re going to give her the vitamin K,” and I said, “No, we’re not doing that.” They made me sign a form that said I was going against the recommended medical care. At the time, the anti-vaxxer voices in my head said they were trying to coerce me into doing something dangerous for my child. They told me I was going to have to stay in the hospital longer for observation. I saw that as trying to force me to inject my child with this poison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What activities did you engage in as an anti-vaxxer?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I joined some social media groups and would get together with some of those mothers who believed what I did. We used to call the pro-vaccination mothers “sheeple.” You’d ask them, “Have you thought about your stance? Have you even done any research?” Because when you’re in that anti-vax mindset, you spend all these hours on the internet, reading studies. I’ve come to realize that a Google search isn’t really research. Most times, you’re not reading an entire study, but only the abstract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What changed your mind on vaccinations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2014, I was in one particular anti-vaxxer Facebook group, and there was a debate going on about vaccines, and I started to notice that every time someone disagreed with them, the core members got belligerent, going straight to personal attacks. I also noticed that every single point they brought up had this immense conspiracy to go along with it. By that point, I’d started to think, “Do I really believe in all these conspiracies? Am I really that afraid, or can I go back and look at the evidence again?” By then, my daughter was 8 months old, and I just got over the fear I had as a first-time mom. I realized that my daughter was going to be OK.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you think the vaccination fight will play out in California and nationally?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think California is setting a precedent for vaccine laws across the country. We’re making sure that medical exemptions for vaccines are not being bought, and that’s a very serious problem. Other states have seen the work we’ve done and they’re working on their own legislation. We’ve come to realize that unless we get more vocal about our pro-vaccine stance, the anti-vaccine voices just get louder and louder. I sometimes refer to anti-vaxxers as the drunk drivers of public health. They’re dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you say today to the anti-vaxxers you once aligned with?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I tell people that I understand their fears. I understand that parenting is very difficult, and all of us truly want the best for our children. I also know that the evidence is out there when people are willing to let their guards down. And I’m always happy to share real solid scientific evidence with people who want to do their critical thinking for themselves. I’m hoping people come around. I did. But we can’t force anybody. We just want to protect everyone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/news/the-real-life-conversion-of-a-former-anti-vaxxer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org/news/the-real-life-conversion-of-a-former-anti-vaxxer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco International Airport is banning the sale of single-use plastic water bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unprecedented move at one of the major airports in the country will take effect Aug. 20, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/travel/article/No-fly-zone-SFO-bans-sale-of-plastic-water-14274754.php\">the San Francisco Chronicle reported\u003c/a> Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule will apply to airport restaurants, cafes and vending machines. Travelers who need plain water will have to buy refillable aluminum or glass bottles if they don’t bring their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a department of San Francisco’s municipal government, the airport is following an ordinance approved in 2014 banning the sale of plastic water bottles on city-owned property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shift away from plastics is also part of a broader plan to slash net carbon emissions and energy use to zero and eliminate most landfill waste by 2021, said airport spokesman Doug Yakel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, considering the approximately 4 million plastic water bottles sold per year at the airport, it may be more difficult for vendors to adhere to the water bottle ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether vendors out of compliance will be penalized is unclear, but Yakel said the airport hopes that “won’t be necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFO vendors already are required to provide only compostable single-use foodware, including to-go containers, condiment packets, straws and utensils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shops at the airports have adjusted easily to these requirements because of the increased availability of suppliers producing such products, said Michael Levine, CEO of the company that oversees Napa Farms Market, a store selling grab-and-go fare in Terminal 2 and International Terminal G.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the water bottle impact is a little trickier,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"DFPSlot\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco International Airport is banning the sale of single-use plastic water bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unprecedented move at one of the major airports in the country will take effect Aug. 20, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/travel/article/No-fly-zone-SFO-bans-sale-of-plastic-water-14274754.php\">the San Francisco Chronicle reported\u003c/a> Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule will apply to airport restaurants, cafes and vending machines. Travelers who need plain water will have to buy refillable aluminum or glass bottles if they don’t bring their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a department of San Francisco’s municipal government, the airport is following an ordinance approved in 2014 banning the sale of plastic water bottles on city-owned property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shift away from plastics is also part of a broader plan to slash net carbon emissions and energy use to zero and eliminate most landfill waste by 2021, said airport spokesman Doug Yakel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, considering the approximately 4 million plastic water bottles sold per year at the airport, it may be more difficult for vendors to adhere to the water bottle ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether vendors out of compliance will be penalized is unclear, but Yakel said the airport hopes that “won’t be necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFO vendors already are required to provide only compostable single-use foodware, including to-go containers, condiment packets, straws and utensils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shops at the airports have adjusted easily to these requirements because of the increased availability of suppliers producing such products, said Michael Levine, CEO of the company that oversees Napa Farms Market, a store selling grab-and-go fare in Terminal 2 and International Terminal G.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the water bottle impact is a little trickier,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"DFPSlot\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "West Oakland Advocates Unhappy With EPA, City Agreement on Dirty Air",
"headTitle": "West Oakland Advocates Unhappy With EPA, City Agreement on Dirty Air | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After negotiating for two years, federal environmental officials reached a voluntary \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Resolution%20Letter%20and%20IRA%20-%20Paul%20Cort%20-13R%20and%2014R-17-R9%202019-07-26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">settlement\u003c/a> with the city and Port of Oakland over a discrimination complaint related to West Oakland’s dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlement outlines a series of goals to improve communication between the community, the city and the port. But Oakland and the port did not agree to any new substantive actions to reduce pollution, according to Earthjustice, which filed the complaint on behalf of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/West-Oakland-Environmental-Indicators-Project-167059986686549/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project\u003c/a>. As part of the agreement, the EPA did not find any discrimination, which the city has \u003ca href=\"https://www.oaklandcityattorney.org/PDFS/Closed%20Session%20Reporting%20Out%20Forms/JULY%209%202019%20CLOSED%20SESSION%20REPORTING%20OUT%20FINAL%20DECISION.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">denied\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Ghafar, an associate attorney with Earthjustice, said advocates were “disappointed that this is the result of two years’ worth of negotiations. The EPA folks, the D.C. folks, they don’t really know what is happening on the ground here in West Oakland with the state of the air quality and diesel pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West Oakland group lodged the \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/2017-04-04-TitleVI_Complaint.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">complaint\u003c/a> with the civil rights offices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Transportation in April 2017. Filed under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the complaint accused the city and port of a pattern of discrimination in the expansion of freight activity that increased pollution in the majority-black communities who live in West Oakland. Residents in those neighborhoods suffer some of the worst air quality in the Bay Area as well as some of the lowest life expectancies in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filing prompted the EPA’s External Civil Rights Compliance Office to investigate whether Oakland was doing enough to prevent dangerous smog in the neighborhoods surrounding the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the goals on fostering better communication between stakeholders, the settlement cites two plans adopted by the port in recent years, one to \u003ca href=\"https://www.portofoakland.com/files/PDF/2020%20and%20Beyond%20Plan%20Vol%20I.pdf\">reduce\u003c/a> emissions while investing in electric vehicles, and another to \u003ca href=\"https://www.portofoakland.com/files/PDF/TMP%20layout%205.17.19-Web.pdf\">regulate\u003c/a> truck traffic in the neighborhoods around West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plenty of ‘Let’s Talk’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While EPA and Oakland officials came to a resolution, the West Oakland group says it will do little to improve the health of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It lacks direct action,” said Brian Beveridge, an organizer with the West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project. “There is plenty of, ‘Let’s talk and isn’t it great and we are going to work harder to make it better.’ But we would like to see some policy action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Beveridge wanted more from the settlement, he said the process did improve the dialogue between his group and the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the group filed the complaint after pressuring the port for years to engage with residents about air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The office of Oakland’s city attorney referred questions to the Port of Oakland. Mike Zampa, the port’s communications director, said in an emailed statement that its leaders are pleased to have reached a resolution with EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the port is “serious” in its commitment to civil rights, and he pointed to the port’s effort to curb emissions and manage traffic, as well as to the addition of a section on civil rights to its website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margot Perez-Sullivan, an EPA spokesperson, said in an email that the agency “will now monitor the City and the Port commitments set forth in the Agreement, as appropriate, to ensure its terms are fully implemented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Poor Air Quality\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Oakland is bounded by interstate freeways and the port. Long before the current case, advocacy groups have noted punishing air pollution and high local asthma rates, which they say are caused by toxic diesel fumes belching from trucks driving in and out of the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Port of Oakland, with its 1,300 acres of facilities and 18 deep-water berths, is the third busiest seaport in California and among the 10 busiest in the U.S. More than $59.2 billion in goods flows through its bustling docks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of the complaint process, Beveridge’s group has worked with Oakland and the regional air quality regulator to craft an \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/ab617-community-health/west-oakland/draft_plan/wocap_draft_plan_vol1-pdf.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">action plan\u003c/a> to address the toxic air in West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft of the plan is open for public comment. Beveridge said his group is hosting a community meeting about the plan on Aug. 17 at 10 a.m. at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westoaklandyouthcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">West Oakland Youth Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately this is about reducing the impacts of the freight industry at the Port of Oakland and the freight industry that is in residence in West Oakland, to reduce those impacts on the people of this community,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking forward to the process leading to something, we just don’t see that in the settlement.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After negotiating for two years, federal environmental officials reached a voluntary \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Resolution%20Letter%20and%20IRA%20-%20Paul%20Cort%20-13R%20and%2014R-17-R9%202019-07-26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">settlement\u003c/a> with the city and Port of Oakland over a discrimination complaint related to West Oakland’s dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlement outlines a series of goals to improve communication between the community, the city and the port. But Oakland and the port did not agree to any new substantive actions to reduce pollution, according to Earthjustice, which filed the complaint on behalf of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/West-Oakland-Environmental-Indicators-Project-167059986686549/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project\u003c/a>. As part of the agreement, the EPA did not find any discrimination, which the city has \u003ca href=\"https://www.oaklandcityattorney.org/PDFS/Closed%20Session%20Reporting%20Out%20Forms/JULY%209%202019%20CLOSED%20SESSION%20REPORTING%20OUT%20FINAL%20DECISION.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">denied\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Ghafar, an associate attorney with Earthjustice, said advocates were “disappointed that this is the result of two years’ worth of negotiations. The EPA folks, the D.C. folks, they don’t really know what is happening on the ground here in West Oakland with the state of the air quality and diesel pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West Oakland group lodged the \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/2017-04-04-TitleVI_Complaint.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">complaint\u003c/a> with the civil rights offices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Transportation in April 2017. Filed under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the complaint accused the city and port of a pattern of discrimination in the expansion of freight activity that increased pollution in the majority-black communities who live in West Oakland. Residents in those neighborhoods suffer some of the worst air quality in the Bay Area as well as some of the lowest life expectancies in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filing prompted the EPA’s External Civil Rights Compliance Office to investigate whether Oakland was doing enough to prevent dangerous smog in the neighborhoods surrounding the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the goals on fostering better communication between stakeholders, the settlement cites two plans adopted by the port in recent years, one to \u003ca href=\"https://www.portofoakland.com/files/PDF/2020%20and%20Beyond%20Plan%20Vol%20I.pdf\">reduce\u003c/a> emissions while investing in electric vehicles, and another to \u003ca href=\"https://www.portofoakland.com/files/PDF/TMP%20layout%205.17.19-Web.pdf\">regulate\u003c/a> truck traffic in the neighborhoods around West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plenty of ‘Let’s Talk’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While EPA and Oakland officials came to a resolution, the West Oakland group says it will do little to improve the health of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It lacks direct action,” said Brian Beveridge, an organizer with the West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project. “There is plenty of, ‘Let’s talk and isn’t it great and we are going to work harder to make it better.’ But we would like to see some policy action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Beveridge wanted more from the settlement, he said the process did improve the dialogue between his group and the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the group filed the complaint after pressuring the port for years to engage with residents about air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The office of Oakland’s city attorney referred questions to the Port of Oakland. Mike Zampa, the port’s communications director, said in an emailed statement that its leaders are pleased to have reached a resolution with EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the port is “serious” in its commitment to civil rights, and he pointed to the port’s effort to curb emissions and manage traffic, as well as to the addition of a section on civil rights to its website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margot Perez-Sullivan, an EPA spokesperson, said in an email that the agency “will now monitor the City and the Port commitments set forth in the Agreement, as appropriate, to ensure its terms are fully implemented.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Poor Air Quality\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Oakland is bounded by interstate freeways and the port. Long before the current case, advocacy groups have noted punishing air pollution and high local asthma rates, which they say are caused by toxic diesel fumes belching from trucks driving in and out of the port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Port of Oakland, with its 1,300 acres of facilities and 18 deep-water berths, is the third busiest seaport in California and among the 10 busiest in the U.S. More than $59.2 billion in goods flows through its bustling docks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of the complaint process, Beveridge’s group has worked with Oakland and the regional air quality regulator to craft an \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/ab617-community-health/west-oakland/draft_plan/wocap_draft_plan_vol1-pdf.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">action plan\u003c/a> to address the toxic air in West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft of the plan is open for public comment. Beveridge said his group is hosting a community meeting about the plan on Aug. 17 at 10 a.m. at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westoaklandyouthcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">West Oakland Youth Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately this is about reducing the impacts of the freight industry at the Port of Oakland and the freight industry that is in residence in West Oakland, to reduce those impacts on the people of this community,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking forward to the process leading to something, we just don’t see that in the settlement.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "For This Sickle Cell Patient, CRISPR Study Gives Hope",
"headTitle": "For This Sickle Cell Patient, CRISPR Study Gives Hope | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID=science_1943302]\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nVictoria Gray is waiting patiently in a hospital room at the Sarah Cannon Research Institute in Nashville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good time to get healed,” she says. The 34-year-old from Forest, Miss., has struggled with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/facts.html\">sickle cell disease\u003c/a> throughout her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray is at the hospital because she volunteered for one of the most anticipated medical experiments in decades: the first attempt to use the gene-editing technique \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/research-highlights-crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> to treat a genetic disorder in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s the first patient ever to be publicly identified as being involved in such a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I always had hoped that something will come along,” Gray says in an exclusive interview with NPR. “It is just amazing how far things have come. I just want to kind of help bring awareness to this disease and let other people know that there is hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sickle cell affects millions of people around the world. About 100,000 are in the U.S., and most of them, like Gray, are African American. A genetic defect causes bone marrow to produce a defective protein that makes blood cells that are sickle-shaped, hard and sticky. The deformed cells get stuck inside blood vessels and don’t carry oxygen normally, causing a host of debilitating and, often, eventually life-shortening complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s horrible,” Gray says. “When you can’t walk or lift up a spoon to feed yourself, it gets real hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, doctors are using cells taken from patients’ own bone marrow that will be genetically modified with CRISPR to make them produce a protein that is usually only made by fetuses and by babies for a short time following birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is this protein will compensate for the defective protein that causes sickle cell disease and enable patients to live normally for the rest of their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s exciting to see that we might be on the cusp of a highly effective therapy for patients with sickle cell,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.vrtx.com/leadership/david-altshuler-md-phd\">Dr. David Altshuler\u003c/a>, executive vice president, global research and chief scientific officer at \u003ca href=\"https://www.vrtx.com/\">Vertex Pharmaceuticals\u003c/a> in Boston. Vertex is co-sponsoring the study with CRISPR Therapeutics of Cambridge, Mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People with sickle cell disease have been waiting a long time for therapies that just let them live a normal life,” Altshuler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very big deal,” agrees \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__tristarchildrensspecialists.com_physicians_profile_Haydar-2DAdib-2DFrangoul-2DMD&d=DwMGaQ&c=9fZnZOgPWmHmvevlab4V4DSjtBMjorSlbQYfK_MauDg&r=PZuRRy00Xeju5PmG1SquClVDEVWncsxG3_XpmKHQA_Ly8uUpeDNmv7YYm-Po6T8i&m=w9oA09oSmqKFvF-lDRpCbyyoct5HhKuaEKZ3x1gXRgc&s=EqYegb0QQM0aFFJM-0CPTm14pQJ5CIV79vOsRo3pIi8&e=\">Dr. Haydar Frangoul\u003c/a>, medical director of pediatric hematology/oncology at the institute where Gray volunteered. “This could benefit many patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frangoul’s center, Sarah Cannon, is conducting the study at HCA Healthcare’s TriStar Centennial Medical Center in Nashville, which is one of eight sites recruiting patients for the research in the United States, Canada and Europe. Up to 45 patients ages 18 to 35 will eventually be enrolled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other doctors, scientists and bioethicists are also encouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an exciting moment in medicine. CRISPR promises the capacity to alter the human genome and to begin to directly address genetic diseases,” says \u003ca href=\"https://divinity.uchicago.edu/laurie-zoloth\">Laurie Zoloth\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the University of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zoloth is also cautious. She worries that this and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/04/16/712402435/first-u-s-patients-treated-with-crispr-as-gene-editing-human-trials-get-underway\">other studies\u003c/a> starting up using CRISPR haven’t gone through an extra \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1810628\">layer of scrutiny\u003c/a> by a panel of outside experts assembled by the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This a brand-new technology,” Zoloth says. “It seems to work really well in animals and really well in culture dishes. It’s completely unknown how it works in actual human beings. So there are a lot of unknowns. It might make you sicker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frangoul acknowledges there are always risks with experimental treatments. But, he says, the research will go very slowly and carefully with close review by the Food and Drug Administration and other advisory panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are very cautious about how we do this trial in a very systematic way to monitor the patients carefully for any complications related to the therapy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her part, Gray says she understands there are risks. She also says that she knows the study is a first step and that other patients might only see benefits years from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This gives me hope if it gives me nothing else,” Gray says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will probably take several months before doctors detect the first signs of whether the genetically edited cells are producing helpful levels of the protein and even longer to know whether the cells are improving patients’ health. And it will likely be take many years to know whether the benefits last a lifetime, as hoped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray, who is married and has four children, was diagnosed with sickle cell disease when she was an infant and started crying during a bath. One major symptom is agonizing, debilitating pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many sickle cell patients, her symptoms have prevented her from living a full life. She couldn’t play like other children, was afraid to travel and had to give up her dreams of becoming a doctor or a nurse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes it feels like lightning strikes in my chest and real sharp pains all over,” Gray says. “Sometimes, I will be just balled up and crying, not able to do anything for myself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The defective blood cells also increase the risk for infections and damage to vital organs such as the heart. They also can cause life-threatening strokes. Many people with sickle cell disease don’t live past their 40s. Gray’s heart has already suffered damage. And that is taking an additional psychological toll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s scary,” she says, describing how her disease has affected her oldest son, 12-year-old Jamarius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s older, so he understands. So he started acting out in school. And his teacher told me, ‘I believe Jamarius is acting out because he really believes you’re going to die,’ ” Gray says, choking back tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some patients can get bone marrow transplants, but those procedures are grueling and can be dangerous if the immune system cells produced by the transplanted bone marrow attack their bodies. And most sickle cell patients either don’t have or don’t find a suitable donor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s real hard,” Gray says. “It was just my religion that just kept me going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was considering a bone marrow transplant, she heard about the CRISPR trial and jumped at the chance to volunteer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I always knew something had to come along and that God had something important in store for me,” Gray says. “It felt like this was meant to be. It was kinda fate. That was an amazing feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR enables scientists to make very precise changes in DNA, raising hopes it will lead to new ways to prevent and treat many diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CRISPR technology has a lot of potential use in the future, not only in blood disorders,” Frangoul says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors have already started using it to try treat cancer, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/21/585336506/doctors-in-china-lead-race-to-treat-cancer-by-editing-genes\">mostly in China\u003c/a>. At least two patients in the U.S. have been treated for cancer, \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03399448?cond=crispr&draw=2&rank=3\">in a study at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this year, doctors in Boston \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03872479?cond=crispr&draw=2&rank=15\">are planning to use CRISPR to edit cells in patients’ retinas\u003c/a>, in hopes of restoring vision in patients with an inherited form of blindness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies sponsoring the sickle cell study \u003ca href=\"http://ir.crisprtx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/crispr-therapeutics-and-vertex-announce-progress-clinical\">announced earlier this year\u003c/a> that they had used CRISPR to treat the first patient with a similar blood disorder, \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/beta-thalassemia\">beta thalassemia\u003c/a>, in Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beta thalassemia and sickle cell disease are both caused by genetic defects that cause problems with a protein called hemoglobin. Healthy red blood cells use hemoglobin to carry oxygen throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sickle cell patients’ red blood cells carry defective hemoglobin that deform the cells and don’t transport enough oxygen. The hope is that another form of hemoglobin, known as fetal hemoglobin, will compensate for the defective protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fetal hemoglobin is produced by fetuses in the womb to provide oxygen. In most people, fetal hemoglobin production stops shortly after birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once a baby is born, a switch will flip on,” Frangoul says. “It’s a gene that tells the red blood cell — the bone marrow cells that produce red cells — to stop making fetal hemoglobin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This CRISPR treatment starts with doctors extracting bone marrow cells from patients’ blood. Company scientists then use CRISPR to edit a gene in the cells to make the cells produce fetal hemoglobin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will help the cells make more fetal hemoglobin and make them happier and healthier,” Frangoul says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patients then undergo the same kind of grueling chemotherapy administered as part of a standard bone marrow transplant. That wipes out the existing cells that are carrying the genetic defect. But instead of receiving new cells from a donor, the patients get billions of their own cells that have been edited with CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that it will provide a treatment option for all patients, including those who can’t find a matched donor. The approach hopefully will be safer because the cells come from patients’ own bone marrow. So they shouldn’t attack patients’ bodies, Frangoul says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This opens the door for many patients to potentially be treated and to have their disease modified to be mild” and to avoid the “horrible, horrible long-term side effects of sickle cell disease,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray hopes it works and describes how she imagines a life without sickle cell:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being able to wake up and not be in pain. And to just be tired because I’ve done something — and not just tired for no reason. And just to be outside, and jump on the trampoline with my kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And go to graduations and weddings. And see them grow up. That means the world to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sickle+Cell+Patient+Reveals+Why+She+Is+Volunteering+For+Landmark+Gene-Editing+Study&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nVictoria Gray is waiting patiently in a hospital room at the Sarah Cannon Research Institute in Nashville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good time to get healed,” she says. The 34-year-old from Forest, Miss., has struggled with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/facts.html\">sickle cell disease\u003c/a> throughout her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray is at the hospital because she volunteered for one of the most anticipated medical experiments in decades: the first attempt to use the gene-editing technique \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/research-highlights-crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> to treat a genetic disorder in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s the first patient ever to be publicly identified as being involved in such a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I always had hoped that something will come along,” Gray says in an exclusive interview with NPR. “It is just amazing how far things have come. I just want to kind of help bring awareness to this disease and let other people know that there is hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sickle cell affects millions of people around the world. About 100,000 are in the U.S., and most of them, like Gray, are African American. A genetic defect causes bone marrow to produce a defective protein that makes blood cells that are sickle-shaped, hard and sticky. The deformed cells get stuck inside blood vessels and don’t carry oxygen normally, causing a host of debilitating and, often, eventually life-shortening complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s horrible,” Gray says. “When you can’t walk or lift up a spoon to feed yourself, it gets real hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, doctors are using cells taken from patients’ own bone marrow that will be genetically modified with CRISPR to make them produce a protein that is usually only made by fetuses and by babies for a short time following birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is this protein will compensate for the defective protein that causes sickle cell disease and enable patients to live normally for the rest of their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s exciting to see that we might be on the cusp of a highly effective therapy for patients with sickle cell,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.vrtx.com/leadership/david-altshuler-md-phd\">Dr. David Altshuler\u003c/a>, executive vice president, global research and chief scientific officer at \u003ca href=\"https://www.vrtx.com/\">Vertex Pharmaceuticals\u003c/a> in Boston. Vertex is co-sponsoring the study with CRISPR Therapeutics of Cambridge, Mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People with sickle cell disease have been waiting a long time for therapies that just let them live a normal life,” Altshuler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very big deal,” agrees \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__tristarchildrensspecialists.com_physicians_profile_Haydar-2DAdib-2DFrangoul-2DMD&d=DwMGaQ&c=9fZnZOgPWmHmvevlab4V4DSjtBMjorSlbQYfK_MauDg&r=PZuRRy00Xeju5PmG1SquClVDEVWncsxG3_XpmKHQA_Ly8uUpeDNmv7YYm-Po6T8i&m=w9oA09oSmqKFvF-lDRpCbyyoct5HhKuaEKZ3x1gXRgc&s=EqYegb0QQM0aFFJM-0CPTm14pQJ5CIV79vOsRo3pIi8&e=\">Dr. Haydar Frangoul\u003c/a>, medical director of pediatric hematology/oncology at the institute where Gray volunteered. “This could benefit many patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frangoul’s center, Sarah Cannon, is conducting the study at HCA Healthcare’s TriStar Centennial Medical Center in Nashville, which is one of eight sites recruiting patients for the research in the United States, Canada and Europe. Up to 45 patients ages 18 to 35 will eventually be enrolled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other doctors, scientists and bioethicists are also encouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an exciting moment in medicine. CRISPR promises the capacity to alter the human genome and to begin to directly address genetic diseases,” says \u003ca href=\"https://divinity.uchicago.edu/laurie-zoloth\">Laurie Zoloth\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the University of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zoloth is also cautious. She worries that this and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/04/16/712402435/first-u-s-patients-treated-with-crispr-as-gene-editing-human-trials-get-underway\">other studies\u003c/a> starting up using CRISPR haven’t gone through an extra \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1810628\">layer of scrutiny\u003c/a> by a panel of outside experts assembled by the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This a brand-new technology,” Zoloth says. “It seems to work really well in animals and really well in culture dishes. It’s completely unknown how it works in actual human beings. So there are a lot of unknowns. It might make you sicker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frangoul acknowledges there are always risks with experimental treatments. But, he says, the research will go very slowly and carefully with close review by the Food and Drug Administration and other advisory panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are very cautious about how we do this trial in a very systematic way to monitor the patients carefully for any complications related to the therapy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her part, Gray says she understands there are risks. She also says that she knows the study is a first step and that other patients might only see benefits years from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This gives me hope if it gives me nothing else,” Gray says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will probably take several months before doctors detect the first signs of whether the genetically edited cells are producing helpful levels of the protein and even longer to know whether the cells are improving patients’ health. And it will likely be take many years to know whether the benefits last a lifetime, as hoped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray, who is married and has four children, was diagnosed with sickle cell disease when she was an infant and started crying during a bath. One major symptom is agonizing, debilitating pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many sickle cell patients, her symptoms have prevented her from living a full life. She couldn’t play like other children, was afraid to travel and had to give up her dreams of becoming a doctor or a nurse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes it feels like lightning strikes in my chest and real sharp pains all over,” Gray says. “Sometimes, I will be just balled up and crying, not able to do anything for myself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The defective blood cells also increase the risk for infections and damage to vital organs such as the heart. They also can cause life-threatening strokes. Many people with sickle cell disease don’t live past their 40s. Gray’s heart has already suffered damage. And that is taking an additional psychological toll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s scary,” she says, describing how her disease has affected her oldest son, 12-year-old Jamarius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s older, so he understands. So he started acting out in school. And his teacher told me, ‘I believe Jamarius is acting out because he really believes you’re going to die,’ ” Gray says, choking back tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some patients can get bone marrow transplants, but those procedures are grueling and can be dangerous if the immune system cells produced by the transplanted bone marrow attack their bodies. And most sickle cell patients either don’t have or don’t find a suitable donor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s real hard,” Gray says. “It was just my religion that just kept me going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was considering a bone marrow transplant, she heard about the CRISPR trial and jumped at the chance to volunteer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I always knew something had to come along and that God had something important in store for me,” Gray says. “It felt like this was meant to be. It was kinda fate. That was an amazing feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR enables scientists to make very precise changes in DNA, raising hopes it will lead to new ways to prevent and treat many diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CRISPR technology has a lot of potential use in the future, not only in blood disorders,” Frangoul says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors have already started using it to try treat cancer, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/21/585336506/doctors-in-china-lead-race-to-treat-cancer-by-editing-genes\">mostly in China\u003c/a>. At least two patients in the U.S. have been treated for cancer, \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03399448?cond=crispr&draw=2&rank=3\">in a study at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this year, doctors in Boston \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03872479?cond=crispr&draw=2&rank=15\">are planning to use CRISPR to edit cells in patients’ retinas\u003c/a>, in hopes of restoring vision in patients with an inherited form of blindness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies sponsoring the sickle cell study \u003ca href=\"http://ir.crisprtx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/crispr-therapeutics-and-vertex-announce-progress-clinical\">announced earlier this year\u003c/a> that they had used CRISPR to treat the first patient with a similar blood disorder, \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/beta-thalassemia\">beta thalassemia\u003c/a>, in Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beta thalassemia and sickle cell disease are both caused by genetic defects that cause problems with a protein called hemoglobin. Healthy red blood cells use hemoglobin to carry oxygen throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sickle cell patients’ red blood cells carry defective hemoglobin that deform the cells and don’t transport enough oxygen. The hope is that another form of hemoglobin, known as fetal hemoglobin, will compensate for the defective protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fetal hemoglobin is produced by fetuses in the womb to provide oxygen. In most people, fetal hemoglobin production stops shortly after birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once a baby is born, a switch will flip on,” Frangoul says. “It’s a gene that tells the red blood cell — the bone marrow cells that produce red cells — to stop making fetal hemoglobin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This CRISPR treatment starts with doctors extracting bone marrow cells from patients’ blood. Company scientists then use CRISPR to edit a gene in the cells to make the cells produce fetal hemoglobin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will help the cells make more fetal hemoglobin and make them happier and healthier,” Frangoul says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patients then undergo the same kind of grueling chemotherapy administered as part of a standard bone marrow transplant. That wipes out the existing cells that are carrying the genetic defect. But instead of receiving new cells from a donor, the patients get billions of their own cells that have been edited with CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that it will provide a treatment option for all patients, including those who can’t find a matched donor. The approach hopefully will be safer because the cells come from patients’ own bone marrow. So they shouldn’t attack patients’ bodies, Frangoul says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This opens the door for many patients to potentially be treated and to have their disease modified to be mild” and to avoid the “horrible, horrible long-term side effects of sickle cell disease,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray hopes it works and describes how she imagines a life without sickle cell:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being able to wake up and not be in pain. And to just be tired because I’ve done something — and not just tired for no reason. And just to be outside, and jump on the trampoline with my kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And go to graduations and weddings. And see them grow up. That means the world to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sickle+Cell+Patient+Reveals+Why+She+Is+Volunteering+For+Landmark+Gene-Editing+Study&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Heat Wave Descends on East Bay Hills and I-80 Corridor This Weekend",
"headTitle": "Heat Wave Descends on East Bay Hills and I-80 Corridor This Weekend | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After a relatively mild July, a potentially dangerous heat wave is expected to descend across a vast swath of East Bay and Central California cities and towns this weekend. The National Weather Service (NWS) has issued a heat advisory for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/mtr/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay\u003c/a> inland hills and valleys from Concord to Livermore; the \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/sto/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">I-80 corridor\u003c/a> from Vallejo out past Sacramento into El Dorado County; and for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">450-mile stretch\u003c/a> between Bakersfield and Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather officials expect the heat to start up Saturday morning by 11, and last through 11 p.m. Sunday. With temperatures reaching 105 degrees in the East Bay and 109 degrees in the Central Valley, NWS meteorologist Spencer Tangen says people need to be ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ll have to watch out for these hot temperatures,” he said, “and think about what they can do to prepare for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Widespread 90s and 100s are forecast this afternoon across inland valleys and interior locations 🌡️. Stay safe out there, and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/BeatTheHeat?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#BeatTheHeat\u003c/a>! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAwx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAwx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAheat?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAheat\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/h7pRWiateN\">pic.twitter.com/h7pRWiateN\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— NWS Bay Area (@NWSBayArea) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1155091433789018112?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 27, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Tangen says it’s important to stay hydrated, reschedule any outside work or exercise to the morning if possible, and avoid high midday temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People without access to air conditioning or a pool can find themselves in a dangerous situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933237/investigation-finds-home-can-be-the-most-dangerous-place-in-a-heat-wave\">KQED investigation\u003c/a> of home temperatures in Antioch and other places around the Bay Area last summer found that staying inside all day and night in a home without air conditioning can be the worst thing to do in a heat wave; every home we measured stayed hotter inside than outside — as much as 15 to 20 degrees hotter. And they stayed hot well into the night, when people’s bodies need to cool off to prevent heat from building up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect yourself, seek out public areas with air conditioning such as malls, grocery stores or libraries, and check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/list-cooling-centers-around-the-bay-area/\">this list\u003c/a> of cooling centers near the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSSacramento/status/1154799593516883968\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State public health officials also recommend checking on neighbors and vulnerable people such as the elderly, small children, those who live alone, and those with chronic illness (check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20353581\">this list\u003c/a> to learn which medications and conditions might make you especially susceptible to heat-related illnesses).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1945764\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"442\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness-927x1200.jpg 927w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness.jpg 1275w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials say everyone should know how to recognize the signs of heat exhaustion (dizziness, excessive sweating, cramps, and nausea) and the more medically threatening condition, heat stroke (headache, rapid breathing, nausea, a racing heart rate, and absence of sweating).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of heat exhaustion, move to a cool place, air-conditioned if possible, and drink plenty of water. If you suspect heat stroke, call 9-1-1 immediately and keep yourself or the other person cool until help arrives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CAPublicHealth/status/1153689725670047744\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorologist Tangen says this weekend’s heat wave is caused by an area of high pressure sweeping over the region. In contrast to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11753427/first-heat-wave-of-the-year-hits-bay-area\">June’s heat wave,\u003c/a> temperatures around San Francisco Bay will stay slightly cooler this weekend. Tangen says this is because of a weather pattern called offshore flow, in which cooling winds blow from the ocean to the land and act as “natural air conditioning.” The inland areas where temperatures are expected to climb higher do not receive the cooling effects of offshore flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat wave is expected to be over late Sunday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After a relatively mild July, a potentially dangerous heat wave is expected to descend across a vast swath of East Bay and Central California cities and towns this weekend. The National Weather Service (NWS) has issued a heat advisory for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/mtr/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay\u003c/a> inland hills and valleys from Concord to Livermore; the \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/sto/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">I-80 corridor\u003c/a> from Vallejo out past Sacramento into El Dorado County; and for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">450-mile stretch\u003c/a> between Bakersfield and Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather officials expect the heat to start up Saturday morning by 11, and last through 11 p.m. Sunday. With temperatures reaching 105 degrees in the East Bay and 109 degrees in the Central Valley, NWS meteorologist Spencer Tangen says people need to be ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ll have to watch out for these hot temperatures,” he said, “and think about what they can do to prepare for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Widespread 90s and 100s are forecast this afternoon across inland valleys and interior locations 🌡️. Stay safe out there, and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/BeatTheHeat?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#BeatTheHeat\u003c/a>! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAwx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAwx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAheat?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAheat\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/h7pRWiateN\">pic.twitter.com/h7pRWiateN\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— NWS Bay Area (@NWSBayArea) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1155091433789018112?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 27, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Tangen says it’s important to stay hydrated, reschedule any outside work or exercise to the morning if possible, and avoid high midday temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People without access to air conditioning or a pool can find themselves in a dangerous situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933237/investigation-finds-home-can-be-the-most-dangerous-place-in-a-heat-wave\">KQED investigation\u003c/a> of home temperatures in Antioch and other places around the Bay Area last summer found that staying inside all day and night in a home without air conditioning can be the worst thing to do in a heat wave; every home we measured stayed hotter inside than outside — as much as 15 to 20 degrees hotter. And they stayed hot well into the night, when people’s bodies need to cool off to prevent heat from building up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect yourself, seek out public areas with air conditioning such as malls, grocery stores or libraries, and check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/list-cooling-centers-around-the-bay-area/\">this list\u003c/a> of cooling centers near the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>State public health officials also recommend checking on neighbors and vulnerable people such as the elderly, small children, those who live alone, and those with chronic illness (check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20353581\">this list\u003c/a> to learn which medications and conditions might make you especially susceptible to heat-related illnesses).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1945764\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"442\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness-927x1200.jpg 927w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Heat_Illness.jpg 1275w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials say everyone should know how to recognize the signs of heat exhaustion (dizziness, excessive sweating, cramps, and nausea) and the more medically threatening condition, heat stroke (headache, rapid breathing, nausea, a racing heart rate, and absence of sweating).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of heat exhaustion, move to a cool place, air-conditioned if possible, and drink plenty of water. If you suspect heat stroke, call 9-1-1 immediately and keep yourself or the other person cool until help arrives.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Meteorologist Tangen says this weekend’s heat wave is caused by an area of high pressure sweeping over the region. In contrast to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11753427/first-heat-wave-of-the-year-hits-bay-area\">June’s heat wave,\u003c/a> temperatures around San Francisco Bay will stay slightly cooler this weekend. Tangen says this is because of a weather pattern called offshore flow, in which cooling winds blow from the ocean to the land and act as “natural air conditioning.” The inland areas where temperatures are expected to climb higher do not receive the cooling effects of offshore flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat wave is expected to be over late Sunday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "What Two Sisters With a Rare Heart Condition Taught Doctors About Our Genes",
"headTitle": "What Two Sisters With a Rare Heart Condition Taught Doctors About Our Genes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Early in February of 2008, just days after she was born, Tatiana Legkiy lay in a cardiac intensive care unit, her tiny body hooked up to a respirator. After crying for two hours, she was now briefly quiet, the tube in her throat helping her breathe but also preventing her from making any sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tatiana’s heart was failing. A cardiologist, tipped off by a pediatrician who heard something strange in a routine checkup, had examined her earlier that day and grown worried. He sent Tatiana to a nearby hospital in Modesto, California, where she remained for only an hour before being whisked eighty miles west by ambulance to the UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tatiana’s parents arrived at the hospital shortly afterwards. At the time, Lana and Andrey Legkiy lived in Manteca, a city in California’s Central Valley. Andrey worked at an animal supply company; Lana stayed home and took care of their four-year-old daughter, Anna. Weekends found the the family outside together, camping or fishing in the Delta where the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers flow into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before Tatiana’s birth, the Legkiys knew medical hardship well. A year earlier Lana had suffered a miscarriage, losing an unborn child, a boy, in her third trimester. At the time, physicians had ascribed his cause of death to pulmonary hypoplasia, or incomplete development of the lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that medical history, when Tatiana arrived at Benioff in critical condition, the doctors requested slides from the unborn child’s autopsy. This time, taking a closer look at small samples of heart tissue, they noted the true cause of death — an extremely rare heart condition known as left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC), in which the heart muscle remains immature and cannot pump blood normally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visually, physicians identify LVNC by the fingerlike protrusions of muscle extending from the wall of the heart into the left ventricle, which supplies the body with oxygen-rich blood. An echocardiogram of Tatiana’s heart showed these same characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gently, the physicians told Tatiana’s parents that there would be no surgery, but only because LVNC has no cure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Hunch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immediately, Deepak Srivastava, then-attending physician at Benioff, suspected a genetic connection. He was a geneticist, after all, and Tatiana’s unborn sibling had shared the same disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though he could not have foreseen it as Tatiana struggled for her life that day, proving this intuition would require over a decade of work. It would also require technology which was only just becoming usable, and the dedication of researchers he had not yet met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming years, Srivastava would move forward with his own career, juggling the roles of biology professor, pediatric cardiologist, and ultimately president of Gladstone Institutes, a nonprofit biomedical research institution in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the story of the Legkiys would stay with him. For a decade, he wouldn’t be able to shake the desire to pinpoint a precise genetic cause of LVNC, a necessary first step towards finding a cure for the disease. With that knowledge, physicians could rapidly screen potential drugs using an accurate, personalized model for patients like Tatiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945469\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945469 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AnnaTatiana2009-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AnnaTatiana2009-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AnnaTatiana2009-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AnnaTatiana2009-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AnnaTatiana2009-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AnnaTatiana2009-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AnnaTatiana2009.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anna and Tatiana Legkiy in 2009, just after Tatiana came off medication. \u003ccite>(Lana Legkiy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adding to the urgency of the Legkiys’ situation: Tatiana was not their only child. Even as Tatiana received her diagnosis in 2008, her happy four-year-old sister, Anna, ran around the hospital waiting room. Blissfully oblivious, Anna charmed the physicians, who began to wonder: did all three Legkiy children share the same disease?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Tatiana stabilized, thanks to medication helping her heart pump and a respirator helping her breathe, Srivastava’s team set about finding an answer. Two days after diagnosing Tatiana, the scientists took an echocardiogram, a kind of ultrasound, of her father’s heart. They observed that Andrey had a less severe, asymptomatic case of Tatiana’s condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Deepak Srivastava, Gladstone Institutes']‘This is a family who had lost one child, their other child was in a life-threatening situation, and then they find out their other girl has the same thing… it was actually pretty devastating.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So by the time they tested Anna’s heart the following day, Lana Legkiy already knew more than a mother should about what LVNC looked like in an ultrasound. (The team would later examine Lana’s own heart, and find it normal.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she saw Anna’s heart up on the screen, she knew without being told that her daughters shared the same disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Lana can’t remember precisely what she felt in that moment— so much happened at once — but she does recall a dream she had while in the hospital, after Tatiana’s diagnosis. Lana doesn’t consider herself a true believer of supernatural occurrences, but she thinks dreams are important. “I saw both of them… as grown women,” she said. “I think that settled me down a little bit, like, ‘Okay, we’re going to be okay.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Srivastava, however, remembers the Legkiys’ distress acutely. “It was actually very sad,” he said. “This is a family who had lost one child, their other child was in a life-threatening situation, and then they find out their other girl has the same thing… it was actually pretty devastating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Long Search for Proof\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the physicians told the Legkiys, there was and is still no cure or surgical procedure that can remedy LVNC. In cases such as Anna’s, the heart compensates for its left ventricle and swells, allowing it to pump more blood through the body. Anna, like others with enlarged hearts, did not display typical symptoms of heart dysfunction such as fatigue or rapid breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Srivastava, however, told the Legkiys that both girls’ hearts would need to be monitored with yearly ultrasounds. Tatiana was sent home with more of the medication that helped her heart pump; she would take the medicine for a year before her heart muscles improved and the medication was no longer necessary. The family resumed what was, for the most part, a normal life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='small' align='left' citation='Lea Starita, University of Washington']‘For years, I think we’ve known… that not all pathogenicities were going to be caused by single genes. I don’t think there’s ever been a study that so well defined the interaction between three human variants on a phenotype like this.’[/pullquote]As Anna and Tatiana grew into young women, now 15 and 11, Srivastava and his coworkers set about pinpointing the precise causes of the family’s congenital heart disease. The team sequenced the family’s DNA, combing through their genes in search of the variants all three children shared, screening against frequency of occurrence in the general population and for association with the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists quickly found three mutations in three different genes shared by the three siblings that they suspected to be the cause of the disease, two inherited from Andrey (\u003cem>MKL2\u003c/em> and \u003cem>MYH7\u003c/em>) and one from Lana (\u003cem>NKX2-5\u003c/em>). If not for the advent of a few key technologies, the investigation would have stopped here, the Legkiys left to wonder what was hidden in their genes. Srivastava’s search for proof, however, was just beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CRISPR’s Perfect Timing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2014, the Legkiys were living in Seattle; Tatiana and Anna were six and 10, both medication-free. Tatiana’s hospital experience seemed like a distant memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, meanwhile, Casey Gifford, a recent PhD from Harvard, had joined Srivastava’s research team. New to both human genomics and heart disease, she and Srivastava spent a four-hour car ride to a conference in Lake Tahoe discussing what they thought would be the next big questions in medicine. Srivastava brought up the family he couldn’t forget — and realized, as he did so, that the tools they would need to prove which genetic mutations caused LVNC in the Legkiys might finally exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436872/explainer-the-new-gene-editing-tool-significantly-more-precise-than-crispr\">CRISPR/Cas9\u003c/a>, with which scientists can selectively remove and replace portions of the genome, had just been used in mammalian cells for the first time the year before. Its advent, Srivastava knew, meant that creating a mouse model with a desired genetic condition, which used to take a year, could now be done in three weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945465\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 319px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945465 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/for_kqed_mouse_lv.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"319\" height=\"241\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/for_kqed_mouse_lv.jpg 319w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/for_kqed_mouse_lv-160x121.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 319px) 100vw, 319px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fingerlike protrusions, a hallmark of LVNC, extend into the cavity of a three day old mouse’s left ventricle. Cell nuclei are marked in blue, and the lining of the cavity is shown in red. \u003ccite>(Casey Gifford/Gladstone Institutes)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Armed with CRISPR/Cas9, Srivastava and Gifford decided to engineer mice with the same three mutations that Srivastava suspected had caused the Legkiy siblings’ heart condition. They hypothesized that the mutations would result in phenotypes, or observable physical expressions of genes, that resembled the phenotype of the human disease. As predicted, the mice with all three mutations showed the same finger-like protrusions in their hearts, demonstrating that, at least in mice, the mutations were enough to cause LVNC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Patient’s Beating Heart (Cells)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mouse heart tissue that resembled the Legkiy childrens’ was an exciting breakthrough, but Srivastava and Gifford knew that to persuade the scientific community of the genes’ importance, they’d need to design an equally convincing experiment in human cells. As Srivastava realized on that car ride, their timing could not have been better: in 2012, Gladstone researchers had won the Nobel Prize for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2012/press-release/\">induced pluripotent stem cells\u003c/a>, cells that are genetically taken back in time to behave like embryonic stem cells, which scientists can then turn into any cell type in the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists took skin grafts from the family and reprogrammed the cells to grow petri dishes full of heart cells genetically identical to Lana, Andrey, Anna and Tatiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the lab, these cells pulsed (literally; heart cells \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLiMUqYp3Jk\">pulse\u003c/a> with a heartbeat all their own) in confirmation of the team’s diagnosis. Even these cardiomyocytes, the one kind of heart cell the researchers had decided to test, displayed hallmarks of LVNC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each family member had their own petri dish of cells. Lana’s cells spread across her petri dish the way normal cells do, as if they were stars in the sky. Anna’s, by contrast, clumped together and did not stick well to the dish. Together with RNA sequencing data, the results showed that cell adhesion, long suspected to play a role in LVNC, had been affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945466\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945466 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Casey Gifford, lead author, and Deepak Srivastava, senior author, examine sections of heart tissue for signs of LVNC. \u003ccite>(Gladstone Institutes)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In conjunction with the CRISPR/Cas9 experiments, the cell study showed that the three mutations Srivastava’s team had identified had been enough to cause Anna and Tatiana to display symptoms of LVNC. \u003ca href=\"https://gladstone.org/about-us/news/combination-three-gene-mutations-results-deadly-human-heart-disease\">This result\u003c/a>, published in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> this May, gave proof to a phenomenon that had long been suspected by the medical community: that multiple genetic mutations could work together to cause a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lea Starita, a research assistant professor in the Department of Genome Sciences at the University of Washington, calls this proof “extremely important” for the field. She points out that the results hinged on the advent of cutting-edge technology and a single cardiologist paying the case a lot of attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For years, I think we’ve known… that not all pathogenicities were going to be caused by single genes,” she said. “I don’t think there’s ever been a study that so well defined the interaction between three human variants on a phenotype like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking Forward\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tatiana and Anna now live happy, normal lives: Anna is introverted and creative, a walking encyclopedia, her mother says; Tatiana is more outgoing. By now, their hearts seem to have developed normally, at last catching up to their bodies. Neither takes heart medication, though Srivastava says their hearts will need to be monitored for the rest of their lives, especially in moments of stress and when they get older. “It’s my hope that before they get to that point, we’ll have a better way to treat them,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945467\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/413223_443577799016188_1715831936_o-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/413223_443577799016188_1715831936_o-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/413223_443577799016188_1715831936_o-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/413223_443577799016188_1715831936_o-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/413223_443577799016188_1715831936_o-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/413223_443577799016188_1715831936_o-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/413223_443577799016188_1715831936_o.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tatiana, Anna and Lana Legkiy. \u003ccite>(Lana Legkiy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With precise knowledge of which genetic mutations caused Anna and Tatiana’s rare heart condition, scientists now have taken the first steps toward identifying a cure. Gifford says that their combination of CRISPR/Cas9 models and use of stem cells illustrates the true power of genome editing. “We can [now] try to create much more faithful models of disease,” she said — models which could accelerate drug screening for a wide range of diseases, including other heart conditions and breast cancer.[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Deepak Srivastava, Gladstone Institutes']‘These cases are the kinds that don’t come along all that often, but they’re the ones that can help us treat other diseases better.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The private sector has also been watching the Legkiys’ case, and is enthusiastic about what it could mean for how other genetic cases are studied. Tim Behrens, senior VP of a start-up company called \u003ca href=\"https://mazetx.com/\">Maze Therapeutics\u003c/a> (not associated with the study), commends the work as “a terrific story of how genetics and functional genomics really [help] us understand the underlying biology driving disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behrens does point out that diseases influenced by many mutations would be harder to tackle. Informed by large-scale screening of genes for mutations, Maze is on its way to drug development with the hope that patients like Anna and Tatiana can receive treatment someday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Srivastava, meanwhile, is still pushing the limits of what technology can do for patients. Advances in single cell assays from the past year are allowing his team to use CRISPR/Cas9 to test a hundred suspected mutations in patients’ cells at once. He says that they’re at work on the genomes of thousands of children with heart disease, all thanks to their experience with the Legkiys. “These cases are the kinds that don’t come along all that often,” he said, “but they’re the ones that can help us treat other diseases better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Tatiana and Anna Legkiy have LVNC, a rare heart condition. After eleven years, their cardiologist finally knows why.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Early in February of 2008, just days after she was born, Tatiana Legkiy lay in a cardiac intensive care unit, her tiny body hooked up to a respirator. After crying for two hours, she was now briefly quiet, the tube in her throat helping her breathe but also preventing her from making any sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tatiana’s heart was failing. A cardiologist, tipped off by a pediatrician who heard something strange in a routine checkup, had examined her earlier that day and grown worried. He sent Tatiana to a nearby hospital in Modesto, California, where she remained for only an hour before being whisked eighty miles west by ambulance to the UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tatiana’s parents arrived at the hospital shortly afterwards. At the time, Lana and Andrey Legkiy lived in Manteca, a city in California’s Central Valley. Andrey worked at an animal supply company; Lana stayed home and took care of their four-year-old daughter, Anna. Weekends found the the family outside together, camping or fishing in the Delta where the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers flow into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before Tatiana’s birth, the Legkiys knew medical hardship well. A year earlier Lana had suffered a miscarriage, losing an unborn child, a boy, in her third trimester. At the time, physicians had ascribed his cause of death to pulmonary hypoplasia, or incomplete development of the lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that medical history, when Tatiana arrived at Benioff in critical condition, the doctors requested slides from the unborn child’s autopsy. This time, taking a closer look at small samples of heart tissue, they noted the true cause of death — an extremely rare heart condition known as left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC), in which the heart muscle remains immature and cannot pump blood normally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visually, physicians identify LVNC by the fingerlike protrusions of muscle extending from the wall of the heart into the left ventricle, which supplies the body with oxygen-rich blood. An echocardiogram of Tatiana’s heart showed these same characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gently, the physicians told Tatiana’s parents that there would be no surgery, but only because LVNC has no cure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Hunch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immediately, Deepak Srivastava, then-attending physician at Benioff, suspected a genetic connection. He was a geneticist, after all, and Tatiana’s unborn sibling had shared the same disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though he could not have foreseen it as Tatiana struggled for her life that day, proving this intuition would require over a decade of work. It would also require technology which was only just becoming usable, and the dedication of researchers he had not yet met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming years, Srivastava would move forward with his own career, juggling the roles of biology professor, pediatric cardiologist, and ultimately president of Gladstone Institutes, a nonprofit biomedical research institution in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the story of the Legkiys would stay with him. For a decade, he wouldn’t be able to shake the desire to pinpoint a precise genetic cause of LVNC, a necessary first step towards finding a cure for the disease. With that knowledge, physicians could rapidly screen potential drugs using an accurate, personalized model for patients like Tatiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945469\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945469 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AnnaTatiana2009-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AnnaTatiana2009-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AnnaTatiana2009-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AnnaTatiana2009-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AnnaTatiana2009-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AnnaTatiana2009-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/AnnaTatiana2009.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anna and Tatiana Legkiy in 2009, just after Tatiana came off medication. \u003ccite>(Lana Legkiy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adding to the urgency of the Legkiys’ situation: Tatiana was not their only child. Even as Tatiana received her diagnosis in 2008, her happy four-year-old sister, Anna, ran around the hospital waiting room. Blissfully oblivious, Anna charmed the physicians, who began to wonder: did all three Legkiy children share the same disease?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Tatiana stabilized, thanks to medication helping her heart pump and a respirator helping her breathe, Srivastava’s team set about finding an answer. Two days after diagnosing Tatiana, the scientists took an echocardiogram, a kind of ultrasound, of her father’s heart. They observed that Andrey had a less severe, asymptomatic case of Tatiana’s condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So by the time they tested Anna’s heart the following day, Lana Legkiy already knew more than a mother should about what LVNC looked like in an ultrasound. (The team would later examine Lana’s own heart, and find it normal.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she saw Anna’s heart up on the screen, she knew without being told that her daughters shared the same disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Lana can’t remember precisely what she felt in that moment— so much happened at once — but she does recall a dream she had while in the hospital, after Tatiana’s diagnosis. Lana doesn’t consider herself a true believer of supernatural occurrences, but she thinks dreams are important. “I saw both of them… as grown women,” she said. “I think that settled me down a little bit, like, ‘Okay, we’re going to be okay.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Srivastava, however, remembers the Legkiys’ distress acutely. “It was actually very sad,” he said. “This is a family who had lost one child, their other child was in a life-threatening situation, and then they find out their other girl has the same thing… it was actually pretty devastating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Long Search for Proof\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the physicians told the Legkiys, there was and is still no cure or surgical procedure that can remedy LVNC. In cases such as Anna’s, the heart compensates for its left ventricle and swells, allowing it to pump more blood through the body. Anna, like others with enlarged hearts, did not display typical symptoms of heart dysfunction such as fatigue or rapid breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Srivastava, however, told the Legkiys that both girls’ hearts would need to be monitored with yearly ultrasounds. Tatiana was sent home with more of the medication that helped her heart pump; she would take the medicine for a year before her heart muscles improved and the medication was no longer necessary. The family resumed what was, for the most part, a normal life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>As Anna and Tatiana grew into young women, now 15 and 11, Srivastava and his coworkers set about pinpointing the precise causes of the family’s congenital heart disease. The team sequenced the family’s DNA, combing through their genes in search of the variants all three children shared, screening against frequency of occurrence in the general population and for association with the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists quickly found three mutations in three different genes shared by the three siblings that they suspected to be the cause of the disease, two inherited from Andrey (\u003cem>MKL2\u003c/em> and \u003cem>MYH7\u003c/em>) and one from Lana (\u003cem>NKX2-5\u003c/em>). If not for the advent of a few key technologies, the investigation would have stopped here, the Legkiys left to wonder what was hidden in their genes. Srivastava’s search for proof, however, was just beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CRISPR’s Perfect Timing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2014, the Legkiys were living in Seattle; Tatiana and Anna were six and 10, both medication-free. Tatiana’s hospital experience seemed like a distant memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, meanwhile, Casey Gifford, a recent PhD from Harvard, had joined Srivastava’s research team. New to both human genomics and heart disease, she and Srivastava spent a four-hour car ride to a conference in Lake Tahoe discussing what they thought would be the next big questions in medicine. Srivastava brought up the family he couldn’t forget — and realized, as he did so, that the tools they would need to prove which genetic mutations caused LVNC in the Legkiys might finally exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436872/explainer-the-new-gene-editing-tool-significantly-more-precise-than-crispr\">CRISPR/Cas9\u003c/a>, with which scientists can selectively remove and replace portions of the genome, had just been used in mammalian cells for the first time the year before. Its advent, Srivastava knew, meant that creating a mouse model with a desired genetic condition, which used to take a year, could now be done in three weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945465\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 319px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945465 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/for_kqed_mouse_lv.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"319\" height=\"241\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/for_kqed_mouse_lv.jpg 319w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/for_kqed_mouse_lv-160x121.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 319px) 100vw, 319px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fingerlike protrusions, a hallmark of LVNC, extend into the cavity of a three day old mouse’s left ventricle. Cell nuclei are marked in blue, and the lining of the cavity is shown in red. \u003ccite>(Casey Gifford/Gladstone Institutes)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Armed with CRISPR/Cas9, Srivastava and Gifford decided to engineer mice with the same three mutations that Srivastava suspected had caused the Legkiy siblings’ heart condition. They hypothesized that the mutations would result in phenotypes, or observable physical expressions of genes, that resembled the phenotype of the human disease. As predicted, the mice with all three mutations showed the same finger-like protrusions in their hearts, demonstrating that, at least in mice, the mutations were enough to cause LVNC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Patient’s Beating Heart (Cells)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mouse heart tissue that resembled the Legkiy childrens’ was an exciting breakthrough, but Srivastava and Gifford knew that to persuade the scientific community of the genes’ importance, they’d need to design an equally convincing experiment in human cells. As Srivastava realized on that car ride, their timing could not have been better: in 2012, Gladstone researchers had won the Nobel Prize for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2012/press-release/\">induced pluripotent stem cells\u003c/a>, cells that are genetically taken back in time to behave like embryonic stem cells, which scientists can then turn into any cell type in the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists took skin grafts from the family and reprogrammed the cells to grow petri dishes full of heart cells genetically identical to Lana, Andrey, Anna and Tatiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the lab, these cells pulsed (literally; heart cells \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLiMUqYp3Jk\">pulse\u003c/a> with a heartbeat all their own) in confirmation of the team’s diagnosis. Even these cardiomyocytes, the one kind of heart cell the researchers had decided to test, displayed hallmarks of LVNC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each family member had their own petri dish of cells. Lana’s cells spread across her petri dish the way normal cells do, as if they were stars in the sky. Anna’s, by contrast, clumped together and did not stick well to the dish. Together with RNA sequencing data, the results showed that cell adhesion, long suspected to play a role in LVNC, had been affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945466\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945466 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Gladstone_SrivastavaGifford.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Casey Gifford, lead author, and Deepak Srivastava, senior author, examine sections of heart tissue for signs of LVNC. \u003ccite>(Gladstone Institutes)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In conjunction with the CRISPR/Cas9 experiments, the cell study showed that the three mutations Srivastava’s team had identified had been enough to cause Anna and Tatiana to display symptoms of LVNC. \u003ca href=\"https://gladstone.org/about-us/news/combination-three-gene-mutations-results-deadly-human-heart-disease\">This result\u003c/a>, published in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> this May, gave proof to a phenomenon that had long been suspected by the medical community: that multiple genetic mutations could work together to cause a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lea Starita, a research assistant professor in the Department of Genome Sciences at the University of Washington, calls this proof “extremely important” for the field. She points out that the results hinged on the advent of cutting-edge technology and a single cardiologist paying the case a lot of attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For years, I think we’ve known… that not all pathogenicities were going to be caused by single genes,” she said. “I don’t think there’s ever been a study that so well defined the interaction between three human variants on a phenotype like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking Forward\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tatiana and Anna now live happy, normal lives: Anna is introverted and creative, a walking encyclopedia, her mother says; Tatiana is more outgoing. By now, their hearts seem to have developed normally, at last catching up to their bodies. Neither takes heart medication, though Srivastava says their hearts will need to be monitored for the rest of their lives, especially in moments of stress and when they get older. “It’s my hope that before they get to that point, we’ll have a better way to treat them,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945467\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/413223_443577799016188_1715831936_o-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/413223_443577799016188_1715831936_o-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/413223_443577799016188_1715831936_o-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/413223_443577799016188_1715831936_o-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/413223_443577799016188_1715831936_o-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/413223_443577799016188_1715831936_o-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/413223_443577799016188_1715831936_o.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tatiana, Anna and Lana Legkiy. \u003ccite>(Lana Legkiy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With precise knowledge of which genetic mutations caused Anna and Tatiana’s rare heart condition, scientists now have taken the first steps toward identifying a cure. Gifford says that their combination of CRISPR/Cas9 models and use of stem cells illustrates the true power of genome editing. “We can [now] try to create much more faithful models of disease,” she said — models which could accelerate drug screening for a wide range of diseases, including other heart conditions and breast cancer.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The private sector has also been watching the Legkiys’ case, and is enthusiastic about what it could mean for how other genetic cases are studied. Tim Behrens, senior VP of a start-up company called \u003ca href=\"https://mazetx.com/\">Maze Therapeutics\u003c/a> (not associated with the study), commends the work as “a terrific story of how genetics and functional genomics really [help] us understand the underlying biology driving disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behrens does point out that diseases influenced by many mutations would be harder to tackle. Informed by large-scale screening of genes for mutations, Maze is on its way to drug development with the hope that patients like Anna and Tatiana can receive treatment someday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Srivastava, meanwhile, is still pushing the limits of what technology can do for patients. Advances in single cell assays from the past year are allowing his team to use CRISPR/Cas9 to test a hundred suspected mutations in patients’ cells at once. He says that they’re at work on the genomes of thousands of children with heart disease, all thanks to their experience with the Legkiys. “These cases are the kinds that don’t come along all that often,” he said, “but they’re the ones that can help us treat other diseases better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Gov. Newsom Signs Bill to Clean Up Drinking Water for 1 Million Californians",
"headTitle": "Gov. Newsom Signs Bill to Clean Up Drinking Water for 1 Million Californians | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The fight ended in Carolina Garcia’s backyard in Tombstone Territory, California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"background-color: transparent\">For years, Sacramento lawmakers fought over how to fund efforts to clean up dirty drinking water in small towns and communities like Tombstone across the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Today, flanked by lawmakers, advocates, and residents like Garcia, Gov. Gavin Newsom signed a bill that will \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">carve out $130 million annually to pay for clean water projects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The fact that more than a million Californians can’t rely on clean water to drink or bathe in, is a moral disgrace,” said Newsom in a prepared statement. “Parents shouldn’t have to worry about their kids drinking from the water fountain at school, and families shouldn’t have to dump water over their heads to shower every day.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Garcia says her problem is that recent tests of her domestic well show high levels of contamination from nitrate, a by-product of nitrogen fertilizer commonly used by farms outside of Tombstone. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Not only do I have to conserve my water and make sure [my well] does not go dry, but I also am living with the fear of being exposed to nitrates,” she said in Spanish to Newsom with the aid of a translator.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jovita Torres said that the well at her house went dry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It cost us $30,000,” she said, also in Spanish. “We are surrounded by agriculture. During the drought, they drilled deeper wells, which meant that our wells went dry, sooner. We have to dig deeper to have water, and that is our problem.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945576\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 486px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945576\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/water.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"486\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/water.png 486w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/water-160x123.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 486px) 100vw, 486px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left to right: Jovita Torres; Senator Anna Caballero; Assemblymember Richard Bloom; Gov Newson; Veronica Garibay; Senator Bill Monning; Carolina Garcia \u003ccite>(Governor Newsom's Office)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tombstone, located in Fresno County, is a small rural community with about 40 homes that are all on domestic wells, according to the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/water-and-drought/article233039957.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fresno Bee\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The state estimates that more than a million California residents don’t have access to clean drinking water. Lawmakers all agreed that the problem needed to be addressed — just not where the money should come from.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“My own daughter pays $200 a month for her water bill,” said civil rights icon Dolores Huerta to Newsom at one point during the signing, which is archived on the Governor’s Facebook page\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CAgovernor/videos/1245002185670910/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">online\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“$200 a month?” Newsom said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“And she still has to buy bottled water,” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“So, she’s paying for water that she can’t drink?” Newsom said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Exactly… and just like her, hundreds of thousands of people are in the same situation as she is,” Huerta said. “They have to pay the water bill, and they still have to buy water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While she spoke, Newsom looked on with his hands pressed together.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huerta spent her \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/bayareabites/120851/dolores-huerta-the-civil-rights-icon-who-showed-farmworkers-si-se-puede\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">life\u003c/a> advocating for better working conditions for farmworkers. She co-founded the United Farm Workers of America union with Cesar Chavez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In addition to Huerta, Newsom was joined by state Sen. Bill Monning, D-Caramel;\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Sen. Anna Caballero, D-Salinas; Assemblyman Richard Bloom, D-Santa Monica; and Veronica Garibay, co-founder and co-director of Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability, a public-interest law firm that’s advocated for cleaning up drinking water for residents in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Communities throughout the San Joaquin Valley and beyond have had to deal with not having safe drinking water,” said Garibay, who translated the conversation between Newsom and the residents. “They are living with the fear of contamination, living with the fear of a well going dry, not having bottled water, not having the economic means to have bottled water in your home. The scale of the crisis is huge.” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>Last January, Newsom made clear his intention to rebuild broken drinking water infrastructure with a tax on water bills, but the Legislature didn’t approve the plan, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">with some lawmakers worried that their constituents wouldn’t accept a new monthly tax given the state’s huge budget surplus. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Instead, Newsom and the Legislature decided to use revenue from California’s cap-and-trade climate program, which was created to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists and some lawmakers — most notably, State Sen. Bob Wieckowski, D-Fremont — \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943578/climate-funds-for-clean-water-democrats-enviro-groups-are-split\">balked\u003c/a> at that decision, arguing that it weakens the integrity of the climate program. They argued that, while important, the issue of clean drinking water has nothing to do with reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wieckowski was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944788\">only\u003c/a> state senator to vote against the plan, which passed the Senate in a 38-1 vote earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom didn’t say anything about the criticism, but his staff addressed it in a press release that was emailed to reporters. It asserted that the state will be more resilient to climate change by securing drinking water across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will use 5% of its cap-and-trade proceeds, up to $130 million annually, for clean water projects until 2030.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The fight ended in Carolina Garcia’s backyard in Tombstone Territory, California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"background-color: transparent\">For years, Sacramento lawmakers fought over how to fund efforts to clean up dirty drinking water in small towns and communities like Tombstone across the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Today, flanked by lawmakers, advocates, and residents like Garcia, Gov. Gavin Newsom signed a bill that will \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">carve out $130 million annually to pay for clean water projects.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The fact that more than a million Californians can’t rely on clean water to drink or bathe in, is a moral disgrace,” said Newsom in a prepared statement. “Parents shouldn’t have to worry about their kids drinking from the water fountain at school, and families shouldn’t have to dump water over their heads to shower every day.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Garcia says her problem is that recent tests of her domestic well show high levels of contamination from nitrate, a by-product of nitrogen fertilizer commonly used by farms outside of Tombstone. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Not only do I have to conserve my water and make sure [my well] does not go dry, but I also am living with the fear of being exposed to nitrates,” she said in Spanish to Newsom with the aid of a translator.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jovita Torres said that the well at her house went dry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It cost us $30,000,” she said, also in Spanish. “We are surrounded by agriculture. During the drought, they drilled deeper wells, which meant that our wells went dry, sooner. We have to dig deeper to have water, and that is our problem.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945576\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 486px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945576\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/water.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"486\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/water.png 486w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/water-160x123.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 486px) 100vw, 486px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left to right: Jovita Torres; Senator Anna Caballero; Assemblymember Richard Bloom; Gov Newson; Veronica Garibay; Senator Bill Monning; Carolina Garcia \u003ccite>(Governor Newsom's Office)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tombstone, located in Fresno County, is a small rural community with about 40 homes that are all on domestic wells, according to the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/water-and-drought/article233039957.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fresno Bee\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The state estimates that more than a million California residents don’t have access to clean drinking water. Lawmakers all agreed that the problem needed to be addressed — just not where the money should come from.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“My own daughter pays $200 a month for her water bill,” said civil rights icon Dolores Huerta to Newsom at one point during the signing, which is archived on the Governor’s Facebook page\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CAgovernor/videos/1245002185670910/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">online\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“$200 a month?” Newsom said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“And she still has to buy bottled water,” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“So, she’s paying for water that she can’t drink?” Newsom said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Exactly… and just like her, hundreds of thousands of people are in the same situation as she is,” Huerta said. “They have to pay the water bill, and they still have to buy water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While she spoke, Newsom looked on with his hands pressed together.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huerta spent her \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/bayareabites/120851/dolores-huerta-the-civil-rights-icon-who-showed-farmworkers-si-se-puede\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">life\u003c/a> advocating for better working conditions for farmworkers. She co-founded the United Farm Workers of America union with Cesar Chavez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In addition to Huerta, Newsom was joined by state Sen. Bill Monning, D-Caramel;\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Sen. Anna Caballero, D-Salinas; Assemblyman Richard Bloom, D-Santa Monica; and Veronica Garibay, co-founder and co-director of Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability, a public-interest law firm that’s advocated for cleaning up drinking water for residents in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Communities throughout the San Joaquin Valley and beyond have had to deal with not having safe drinking water,” said Garibay, who translated the conversation between Newsom and the residents. “They are living with the fear of contamination, living with the fear of a well going dry, not having bottled water, not having the economic means to have bottled water in your home. The scale of the crisis is huge.” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>Last January, Newsom made clear his intention to rebuild broken drinking water infrastructure with a tax on water bills, but the Legislature didn’t approve the plan, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">with some lawmakers worried that their constituents wouldn’t accept a new monthly tax given the state’s huge budget surplus. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Instead, Newsom and the Legislature decided to use revenue from California’s cap-and-trade climate program, which was created to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists and some lawmakers — most notably, State Sen. Bob Wieckowski, D-Fremont — \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943578/climate-funds-for-clean-water-democrats-enviro-groups-are-split\">balked\u003c/a> at that decision, arguing that it weakens the integrity of the climate program. They argued that, while important, the issue of clean drinking water has nothing to do with reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wieckowski was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944788\">only\u003c/a> state senator to vote against the plan, which passed the Senate in a 38-1 vote earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom didn’t say anything about the criticism, but his staff addressed it in a press release that was emailed to reporters. It asserted that the state will be more resilient to climate change by securing drinking water across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will use 5% of its cap-and-trade proceeds, up to $130 million annually, for clean water projects until 2030.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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