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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2011 tsunami debris will be detectable for years to come, as advanced forensic techniques allow us to trace objects to their origin in 21st-century Japan. So the data Californians start collecting this weekend will begin a new scientific project to trace the world's ocean currents. These efforts need to be repeated as often as nature offers the opportunity, because the oceans are not static: The currents we mapped in the 20th century may be changing in the warmer century to come.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Be Moved by \"Earthquake\": A New E-book and iTunes U Course",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-book-logo-640x380/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43175\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Book logo 640x380\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-43175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380-400x238.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>It was a series of fortunate events. The science team at KQED was just finishing up the pilot of our new education-focused \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/\" target=\"_blank\">Explainer series\u003c/a> about earthquakes. \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/blogs/earthquake/?p=51\" target=\"_blank\">Helena Carmena-Young\u003c/a>, Assistant Director of Teacher Professional Development at the California Academy of Sciences, was serving as an advisor for our Explainer project. The California Academy of Sciences was developing their now newly-opened exhibit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Earthquake: Life on a Dynamic Planet\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Apple released \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/ibooks-author/\" target=\"_blank\">iBooks Author\u003c/a>, an app that allows anyone to create an interactive book for the iPad, which \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\" target=\"_blank\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a>, Interactive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, immediately began investigating. And, not long after, Helena and Sue Ellen McCann, Executive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, found themselves sitting at the airport together waiting for a flight home from a conference. What resulted was a collaboration between KQED and the California Academy of Sciences on a new e-book and iTunes U Course about earthquakes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The KQED Education department is always interested in trying innovative ways to reach and serve educators and their students. As more schools and districts are bringing tablet computers into the classroom, creating an e-book and iTunes U course was an ideal opportunity to test out a new means for delivering KQED's content through mobile devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/ibookscreenshot3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43466\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/iBookscreenshot3-337x253.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"iBookscreenshot3\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43466\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from the Earthquake e-book, developed by KQED and the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake e-book\u003c/a> engages \"readers\" in learning about earthquakes through video, animations, interactive graphics and a quiz. It is also the digital textbook--or maybe we should call it a \u003cem>mediabook\u003c/em>--for the \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/a>. The goal of the course is to provide middle- and high-school science educators with a rich media experience to help them increase their own knowledge about earthquakes, while also providing a hands-on platform that they can use with their students. Activities, videos, chapters from the e-book and other materials make up the \"assignments\" within the course's five sections: The Earth's Structure, Plate Movement through Geologic Time, Earthquake 101, Bay Area Earthquakes, and Get Prepared. Helena and I had an easy time laying out the outline for the e-book and course. Since staff at the Academy were already working on educational resources to accompany their \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">new exhibit\u003c/a> and we had just completed our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake explainer\u003c/a>--with input from earth science educators and teachers--the main ideas that we wanted to communicate were all there. We had a bountiful collection of media from which to tell the story of plate tectonics and seismic activity, and the content from both organizations wove together fairly seamlessly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 425px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-student-pilot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43309\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Student-Pilot-425x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Student Pilot\" width=\"425\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43309\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A student views media from the Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After we completed a draft of the course and the e-book, Helena and her education colleagues at the California Academy of Sciences piloted parts of the course with a ninth-grade earth science class. Students were first given a survey to assess their familiarity and comfort with media and technology. (Results showed that almost all of the students had daily or regular access to a smartphone or other mobile device.) During classroom visits, the students were asked to complete specific activities in the course either on their own or with a partner. And while there was the occasional visit to an iPad app not related to earthquakes, students spent most of the time interacting with the course and e-book, watching the videos, reading, taking notes and discussing the activities. In a post-course survey, 75 percent of the students said they would prefer learning from an iTunes U course than from a regular textbook and 82 percent said they would like to have more classes that use media content on iPads to teach material. One student commented, \"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Both the Earthquake \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">iTunes U course\u003c/a> are free to download. Check them out and let us know what you think! And in case you don't have an iPad, KQED-produced content from both the course and the book can be found in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Explaining Earthquakes\u003c/a> on our website, along with \"In the Classroom\" ideas for using the media with students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was just the beginning--and we had so much fun! Eager for more science explainers and e-books from KQED? Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-book-logo-640x380/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43175\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Book logo 640x380\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-43175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380-400x238.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>It was a series of fortunate events. The science team at KQED was just finishing up the pilot of our new education-focused \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/\" target=\"_blank\">Explainer series\u003c/a> about earthquakes. \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/blogs/earthquake/?p=51\" target=\"_blank\">Helena Carmena-Young\u003c/a>, Assistant Director of Teacher Professional Development at the California Academy of Sciences, was serving as an advisor for our Explainer project. The California Academy of Sciences was developing their now newly-opened exhibit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Earthquake: Life on a Dynamic Planet\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Apple released \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/ibooks-author/\" target=\"_blank\">iBooks Author\u003c/a>, an app that allows anyone to create an interactive book for the iPad, which \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\" target=\"_blank\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a>, Interactive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, immediately began investigating. And, not long after, Helena and Sue Ellen McCann, Executive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, found themselves sitting at the airport together waiting for a flight home from a conference. What resulted was a collaboration between KQED and the California Academy of Sciences on a new e-book and iTunes U Course about earthquakes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The KQED Education department is always interested in trying innovative ways to reach and serve educators and their students. As more schools and districts are bringing tablet computers into the classroom, creating an e-book and iTunes U course was an ideal opportunity to test out a new means for delivering KQED's content through mobile devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/ibookscreenshot3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43466\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/iBookscreenshot3-337x253.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"iBookscreenshot3\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43466\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from the Earthquake e-book, developed by KQED and the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake e-book\u003c/a> engages \"readers\" in learning about earthquakes through video, animations, interactive graphics and a quiz. It is also the digital textbook--or maybe we should call it a \u003cem>mediabook\u003c/em>--for the \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/a>. The goal of the course is to provide middle- and high-school science educators with a rich media experience to help them increase their own knowledge about earthquakes, while also providing a hands-on platform that they can use with their students. Activities, videos, chapters from the e-book and other materials make up the \"assignments\" within the course's five sections: The Earth's Structure, Plate Movement through Geologic Time, Earthquake 101, Bay Area Earthquakes, and Get Prepared. Helena and I had an easy time laying out the outline for the e-book and course. Since staff at the Academy were already working on educational resources to accompany their \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">new exhibit\u003c/a> and we had just completed our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake explainer\u003c/a>--with input from earth science educators and teachers--the main ideas that we wanted to communicate were all there. We had a bountiful collection of media from which to tell the story of plate tectonics and seismic activity, and the content from both organizations wove together fairly seamlessly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 425px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-student-pilot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43309\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Student-Pilot-425x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Student Pilot\" width=\"425\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43309\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A student views media from the Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After we completed a draft of the course and the e-book, Helena and her education colleagues at the California Academy of Sciences piloted parts of the course with a ninth-grade earth science class. Students were first given a survey to assess their familiarity and comfort with media and technology. (Results showed that almost all of the students had daily or regular access to a smartphone or other mobile device.) During classroom visits, the students were asked to complete specific activities in the course either on their own or with a partner. And while there was the occasional visit to an iPad app not related to earthquakes, students spent most of the time interacting with the course and e-book, watching the videos, reading, taking notes and discussing the activities. In a post-course survey, 75 percent of the students said they would prefer learning from an iTunes U course than from a regular textbook and 82 percent said they would like to have more classes that use media content on iPads to teach material. One student commented, \"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Both the Earthquake \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">iTunes U course\u003c/a> are free to download. Check them out and let us know what you think! And in case you don't have an iPad, KQED-produced content from both the course and the book can be found in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Explaining Earthquakes\u003c/a> on our website, along with \"In the Classroom\" ideas for using the media with students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was just the beginning--and we had so much fun! Eager for more science explainers and e-books from KQED? Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Griffith Quarry in Penryn",
"title": "Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Griffith Quarry in Penryn",
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"content": "\u003cp>As the young state of California began to prosper, it came time to make substantial buildings. Thus the opportunity arose for the difficult art of quarrying and finishing granite to supply the need for good building stone. The High Sierra is made of granite, but in the 1800s it was remote and challenging country. (Note: By \"granite\" I mean what geologists refer to as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/a/granitoids.htm\">granitoid\u003c/a>, a wide range of rock types that qualify as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/stonestuff/f/granitestone.htm\">commercial granite\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra granites represent the deep-seated bodies of magma that supplied the lava for a long chain of volcanic islands, rather like Japan or Indonesia today, during the Mesozoic Era some 80 to 160 million years ago. However, an accident of California geology placed an outlier of the High Sierra granite near Sacramento at the edge of the foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43600\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra granite is colored dark red in this old state geologic map.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Quarrying of this granite began early in the 1850s, but the industry really burgeoned when a Welsh immigrant experienced in stonework, named Griffith Griffith, picked a good outcrop and started a quarry near Rocklin in 1864. He named his company town Penrhyn after the \u003ca href=\"http://www.penmorfa.com/Slate/penrhyn.html\">old Welsh slate district\u003c/a>. (Today's it's Penryn.) Here's where it fits on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmapclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmapclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"475\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43595\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose-400x317.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Griffith Quarry soon landed contracts from governments and was off to the races. Parts of the Capitol building in Sacramento, the foundation of the San Francisco Mint and many old unsung railroad beds consist of Griffith stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the pit is preserved in \u003ca href=\"http://www.placer.ca.gov/Departments/Facility/Museums/LocalMuseums/quarry.aspx\">a Placer County park\u003c/a>. The old quarry office, made of the finest Penryn granite, is a museum that's open weekend afternoons. Don't miss it if you're there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43596\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmuseum/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43596\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmuseum\" width=\"500\" height=\"396\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43596\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum-400x317.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some old quarries become destinations while some become eyesores. This one is something between the extremes in a state of genteel decrepitude, with interpretive trails and safety railings plus some benches and picnic tables. It's just the kind of place that kids should explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43598\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpit\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43598\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone itself is still widely exposed in waste piles as well as the pit walls. Don't bring a rock hammer—you won't need it and the stones are protected anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43597\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpile\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43597\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close up, the stone is revealed as a relatively dark fine-grained granitoid with abundant biotite (black mica) plus black hornblende, white feldspar and a little gray quartz. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithstone/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43599\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithstone\" width=\"600\" height=\"424\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I might call it a quartz diorite or even a tonalite, but you don't have to. Just enjoy its rugged good looks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To visit the quarry park, take the Penryn Road exit off I-80 and head north, then turn right on Taylor Road. Total distance, just over a mile. For more geologic and historical detail, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quarriesandbeyond.org/states/ca/quarry_photo/ca-placer_photos_1a.html\">Penryn page at Quarries and Beyond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Sometimes you need a break when you're taking Interstate 80 to or from the Sierra. Try this historic quarry in the foothills.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the young state of California began to prosper, it came time to make substantial buildings. Thus the opportunity arose for the difficult art of quarrying and finishing granite to supply the need for good building stone. The High Sierra is made of granite, but in the 1800s it was remote and challenging country. (Note: By \"granite\" I mean what geologists refer to as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/a/granitoids.htm\">granitoid\u003c/a>, a wide range of rock types that qualify as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/stonestuff/f/granitestone.htm\">commercial granite\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra granites represent the deep-seated bodies of magma that supplied the lava for a long chain of volcanic islands, rather like Japan or Indonesia today, during the Mesozoic Era some 80 to 160 million years ago. However, an accident of California geology placed an outlier of the High Sierra granite near Sacramento at the edge of the foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43600\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra granite is colored dark red in this old state geologic map.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Quarrying of this granite began early in the 1850s, but the industry really burgeoned when a Welsh immigrant experienced in stonework, named Griffith Griffith, picked a good outcrop and started a quarry near Rocklin in 1864. He named his company town Penrhyn after the \u003ca href=\"http://www.penmorfa.com/Slate/penrhyn.html\">old Welsh slate district\u003c/a>. (Today's it's Penryn.) Here's where it fits on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmapclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmapclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"475\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43595\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose-400x317.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Griffith Quarry soon landed contracts from governments and was off to the races. Parts of the Capitol building in Sacramento, the foundation of the San Francisco Mint and many old unsung railroad beds consist of Griffith stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the pit is preserved in \u003ca href=\"http://www.placer.ca.gov/Departments/Facility/Museums/LocalMuseums/quarry.aspx\">a Placer County park\u003c/a>. The old quarry office, made of the finest Penryn granite, is a museum that's open weekend afternoons. Don't miss it if you're there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43596\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmuseum/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43596\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmuseum\" width=\"500\" height=\"396\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43596\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum-400x317.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some old quarries become destinations while some become eyesores. This one is something between the extremes in a state of genteel decrepitude, with interpretive trails and safety railings plus some benches and picnic tables. It's just the kind of place that kids should explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43598\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpit\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43598\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone itself is still widely exposed in waste piles as well as the pit walls. Don't bring a rock hammer—you won't need it and the stones are protected anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43597\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpile\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43597\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close up, the stone is revealed as a relatively dark fine-grained granitoid with abundant biotite (black mica) plus black hornblende, white feldspar and a little gray quartz. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithstone/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43599\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithstone\" width=\"600\" height=\"424\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I might call it a quartz diorite or even a tonalite, but you don't have to. Just enjoy its rugged good looks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To visit the quarry park, take the Penryn Road exit off I-80 and head north, then turn right on Taylor Road. Total distance, just over a mile. For more geologic and historical detail, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quarriesandbeyond.org/states/ca/quarry_photo/ca-placer_photos_1a.html\">Penryn page at Quarries and Beyond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42965\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/23/geoscientists-without-borders/geosciwoutborders/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42965\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42965\" title=\"geosciwoutborders\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/geosciwoutborders-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geophysicists of the Afghanistan Geological Survey operate a portable proton-precession magnetometer in the countryside. Good science can be done on a shoestring. US Geological Survey photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We have all heard about Doctors Without Borders, an organization that sends skilled medical people wherever their urgent help is needed. I guarantee that few of you have heard about \u003ca href=\"http://www.seg.org/web/foundation/programs/geoscientists-without-borders\">Geoscientists Without Borders\u003c/a> (GWB), a humanitarian program with similar aims for geologists and their allied specialists. (GWB is not formally connected to Doctors Without Borders.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No profession is immune to the desire to help—certainly not geoscientists. Seismologists study earthquakes to save lives as well as understand the planet. Volcanologists study eruptions because they're deadly, not just cool. Hydrologists seek safe and sustainable water supplies for all the world's people. And so on. Geoscientists offer not just warm bodies and field skills, but also powerful geophysical technologies: tools using electromagnetic, acoustic or nuclear forces to pierce the Earth's surface and draw data from places we cannot reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geoscientists use these tools routinely for their everyday jobs, whether it's curiosity-driven research or dollar-driven investigations. The chance to do good with their tools is what draws geoscientists to GWB. In addition, GWB projects involve students \"to provide opportunities for the future workforce to see the value of geophysics for humanitarian uses and to prepare them with real-world experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GWB is not set up for search-and-rescue work. The slower-paced projects it funds have to do with locating groundwater supplies for remote communities, landslide mapping in mountain districts, mapping of deep geology for earthquake preparedness and tracing areas of subsurface pollution. Many projects bring instruments to an area and leave them in the hands of local students who are trained in their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All projects are run by nonprofit institutions, mostly universities. They offer great opportunities for, say, supporting a master's project, especially for graduate students with homelands outside the United States. But industry scientists could participate if their company has an affiliated foundation, for instance. GWB's initial funding in 2007 came from the exploration giant Schlumberger, and it is run by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists Foundation. This month, the prestigious Geological Society of America \u003ca href=\"http://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/12-62.htm\">joined GWB as a supporter\u003c/a>. GWB has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/pages/Geoscientists-Without-Borders-SEG-Foundation/125939987490284\">Facebook page\u003c/a> too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A typical project is \u003ca href=\"http://www.seg.org/web/foundation/programs/geoscientists-without-borders/projects/southafrica\">one in South Africa\u003c/a> that involves Berkeley scientist Louise Pellerin of Green Engineering, Inc. as well as several other government and academic entities. The Dayspring Children's School near Johannesburg relies on a well for its water, but the growth of water-loving eucalyptus trees has lowered the water table. The GWB project has done an underground survey using gravity and electromagnetic instruments to study the situation and support a plan with good data. South African geology students have gained valuable experience, and the children have been energized by the attention.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42965\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/23/geoscientists-without-borders/geosciwoutborders/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42965\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42965\" title=\"geosciwoutborders\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/geosciwoutborders-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geophysicists of the Afghanistan Geological Survey operate a portable proton-precession magnetometer in the countryside. Good science can be done on a shoestring. US Geological Survey photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We have all heard about Doctors Without Borders, an organization that sends skilled medical people wherever their urgent help is needed. I guarantee that few of you have heard about \u003ca href=\"http://www.seg.org/web/foundation/programs/geoscientists-without-borders\">Geoscientists Without Borders\u003c/a> (GWB), a humanitarian program with similar aims for geologists and their allied specialists. (GWB is not formally connected to Doctors Without Borders.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No profession is immune to the desire to help—certainly not geoscientists. Seismologists study earthquakes to save lives as well as understand the planet. Volcanologists study eruptions because they're deadly, not just cool. Hydrologists seek safe and sustainable water supplies for all the world's people. And so on. Geoscientists offer not just warm bodies and field skills, but also powerful geophysical technologies: tools using electromagnetic, acoustic or nuclear forces to pierce the Earth's surface and draw data from places we cannot reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geoscientists use these tools routinely for their everyday jobs, whether it's curiosity-driven research or dollar-driven investigations. The chance to do good with their tools is what draws geoscientists to GWB. In addition, GWB projects involve students \"to provide opportunities for the future workforce to see the value of geophysics for humanitarian uses and to prepare them with real-world experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GWB is not set up for search-and-rescue work. The slower-paced projects it funds have to do with locating groundwater supplies for remote communities, landslide mapping in mountain districts, mapping of deep geology for earthquake preparedness and tracing areas of subsurface pollution. Many projects bring instruments to an area and leave them in the hands of local students who are trained in their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All projects are run by nonprofit institutions, mostly universities. They offer great opportunities for, say, supporting a master's project, especially for graduate students with homelands outside the United States. But industry scientists could participate if their company has an affiliated foundation, for instance. GWB's initial funding in 2007 came from the exploration giant Schlumberger, and it is run by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists Foundation. This month, the prestigious Geological Society of America \u003ca href=\"http://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/12-62.htm\">joined GWB as a supporter\u003c/a>. GWB has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/pages/Geoscientists-Without-Borders-SEG-Foundation/125939987490284\">Facebook page\u003c/a> too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Stanford's Signature Sandstone",
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"content": "\u003cp>These days, crowds of matriculating freshmen are being led by docents around the iconic campus of Stanford University. Many prestigious schools feature stone buildings, but the warm sandstone of Stanford's historic core is special. The stone has a Bay Area source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">The Bay Area's quarries\u003c/a> are good for crushed stone, but not dimension stone. Generally, the rock around here has been shaken and folded so thoroughly that it's hard work to find decent blocks without fractures or alteration. We have some marble and limestone, but it's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">suitable only for making cement\u003c/a>. And we have some granite, but for usable stuff in commercial quantities builders look east to the Sierra Nevada or out of state. The exception is the golden \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/a/aboutsandstone.htm\">sandstone\u003c/a> formerly quarried in the Santa Teresa Hills, south of San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Teresa Hills are a little outlier of the Santa Cruz Mountains that almost plug the south end of the Santa Clara Valley. Route 85 passes north of them and the Almaden Expressway runs to their south. Here they are in Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanstonegoomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42724\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42724\" title=\"stanstonegoomap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their rocks are largely the typical Bay Area rocks that builders spurn—Franciscan melange and metavolcanic rocks of the Coast Range Ophiolite—but the spine of the western end of the hills is made of a much younger, well-sorted sandstone of Eocene age, about 35 million years old. It's labeled \"Tls\" in this excerpt from the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">San Jose Quadrangle geologic map\u003c/a>. The same rock underlies the peak of Loma Prieta and the crest of the Sierra Azul, across the intervening \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">New Almaden block\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanstonegeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42723\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42723\" title=\"stanstonegeomap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap-400x275.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Units Tls and Tcm (Tertiary rocks of Loma Chiquita Ridge and Mount Chuar) belong to the Sierra Azul block; the surrounding serpentinite (Jsp) and melange (fm) and basaltic lava (fpv) are much older and belong to the New Almaden block (lower left). Units marked \"Q\" are sediments.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can visit the source by taking Camden Avenue east from the Almaden Expressway. Then turn left on Graystone Lane, where starting in the 1880s the Greystone Quarry shipped stone direct to Stanford from Leland Stanford's private rail spur. Just across Alamitos Creek is this old stone shed dating from around 1875, with an E Clampus Vitus sign telling its history. On the geologic map it's just under the \"Tls\" label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42719\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-hut/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42719\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42719\" title=\"stanford-stone-hut\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scars of the quarry itself, which closed in 1906, are long gone, but in many places along the hill you can spot the sandstone cropping out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-crop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42718\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42718\" title=\"stanford-stone-crop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its native state, mottled with lichens and sculpted by wind and water, it does nice things with light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-light/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42720\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42720\" title=\"stanford-stone-light\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion also reveals some of the details of the stone. Parts of it are dotted with pebbles, and subtle bedding features cause the rock to flake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-close/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42717\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42717\" title=\"stanford-stone-close\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Good building stone had to be selected with care, but in the end there was plenty for the new campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42722\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42722\" title=\"stanford-stone-top\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This signature stone was also used for some other noteworthy buildings, including the Carson City Mint in Nevada (now the state museum), Lick Observatory, and the Post Office building that now houses the San Jose Museum of Art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1906 earthquake destroyed many of Stanford's original buildings, and the stones were stockpiled and dumped in many places around the campus. The 1989 earthquake added more of the sandstone blocks to the campus boneyard. When artist Andy Goldsworthy was commissioned to create something at Stanford, he was enchanted by this old material. In 2001 he and a crew of traditional English dry-stone wallers used it to construct \"Stone River\", just east of the Art Museum parking lot a stone's throw from the Oval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-river/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42721\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42721\" title=\"stanford-stone-river\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a long, sinuous form set in an excavation, like something uncovered by archaeologists. Its shape also hearkens after a streamcourse, like so many Bay Area creeks that have been covered over in our cities. But for me, it works as a seismogram trace. And the builders' tool marks evoke the cycles of human use and reuse that stones have always endured—just another form of erosion in a rock's long journey from sand to sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stone-river-stones/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42716\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42716\" title=\"stone-river-stones\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>These days, crowds of matriculating freshmen are being led by docents around the iconic campus of Stanford University. Many prestigious schools feature stone buildings, but the warm sandstone of Stanford's historic core is special. The stone has a Bay Area source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">The Bay Area's quarries\u003c/a> are good for crushed stone, but not dimension stone. Generally, the rock around here has been shaken and folded so thoroughly that it's hard work to find decent blocks without fractures or alteration. We have some marble and limestone, but it's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">suitable only for making cement\u003c/a>. And we have some granite, but for usable stuff in commercial quantities builders look east to the Sierra Nevada or out of state. The exception is the golden \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/a/aboutsandstone.htm\">sandstone\u003c/a> formerly quarried in the Santa Teresa Hills, south of San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Teresa Hills are a little outlier of the Santa Cruz Mountains that almost plug the south end of the Santa Clara Valley. Route 85 passes north of them and the Almaden Expressway runs to their south. Here they are in Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanstonegoomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42724\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42724\" title=\"stanstonegoomap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their rocks are largely the typical Bay Area rocks that builders spurn—Franciscan melange and metavolcanic rocks of the Coast Range Ophiolite—but the spine of the western end of the hills is made of a much younger, well-sorted sandstone of Eocene age, about 35 million years old. It's labeled \"Tls\" in this excerpt from the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">San Jose Quadrangle geologic map\u003c/a>. The same rock underlies the peak of Loma Prieta and the crest of the Sierra Azul, across the intervening \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">New Almaden block\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanstonegeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42723\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42723\" title=\"stanstonegeomap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap-400x275.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Units Tls and Tcm (Tertiary rocks of Loma Chiquita Ridge and Mount Chuar) belong to the Sierra Azul block; the surrounding serpentinite (Jsp) and melange (fm) and basaltic lava (fpv) are much older and belong to the New Almaden block (lower left). Units marked \"Q\" are sediments.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can visit the source by taking Camden Avenue east from the Almaden Expressway. Then turn left on Graystone Lane, where starting in the 1880s the Greystone Quarry shipped stone direct to Stanford from Leland Stanford's private rail spur. Just across Alamitos Creek is this old stone shed dating from around 1875, with an E Clampus Vitus sign telling its history. On the geologic map it's just under the \"Tls\" label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42719\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-hut/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42719\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42719\" title=\"stanford-stone-hut\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scars of the quarry itself, which closed in 1906, are long gone, but in many places along the hill you can spot the sandstone cropping out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-crop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42718\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42718\" title=\"stanford-stone-crop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its native state, mottled with lichens and sculpted by wind and water, it does nice things with light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-light/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42720\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42720\" title=\"stanford-stone-light\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion also reveals some of the details of the stone. Parts of it are dotted with pebbles, and subtle bedding features cause the rock to flake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-close/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42717\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42717\" title=\"stanford-stone-close\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Good building stone had to be selected with care, but in the end there was plenty for the new campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42722\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42722\" title=\"stanford-stone-top\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This signature stone was also used for some other noteworthy buildings, including the Carson City Mint in Nevada (now the state museum), Lick Observatory, and the Post Office building that now houses the San Jose Museum of Art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1906 earthquake destroyed many of Stanford's original buildings, and the stones were stockpiled and dumped in many places around the campus. The 1989 earthquake added more of the sandstone blocks to the campus boneyard. When artist Andy Goldsworthy was commissioned to create something at Stanford, he was enchanted by this old material. In 2001 he and a crew of traditional English dry-stone wallers used it to construct \"Stone River\", just east of the Art Museum parking lot a stone's throw from the Oval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-river/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42721\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42721\" title=\"stanford-stone-river\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a long, sinuous form set in an excavation, like something uncovered by archaeologists. Its shape also hearkens after a streamcourse, like so many Bay Area creeks that have been covered over in our cities. But for me, it works as a seismogram trace. And the builders' tool marks evoke the cycles of human use and reuse that stones have always endured—just another form of erosion in a rock's long journey from sand to sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stone-river-stones/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42716\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42716\" title=\"stone-river-stones\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What Is That Unusual Smell In Walnut Creek?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Walnut Creek is a nice, clean suburban city today, but people who live there long enough eventually ask why it smells like rotten eggs around John Muir Medical Center. That smell has been there longer than Walnut Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get to the hospital, you take Ygnacio Valley Road east from downtown and over Shell Ridge. On the other side of Shell Ridge is the hospital, overlooking the wide, flat Ygnacio Valley. Here's the valley today as it appears on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/ygvalmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42513\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"YgValmap\" width=\"555\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42513\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap.jpg 555w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap-400x360.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir Medical Center sits in the neighborhood labeled \"San Miguel.\" The valley made up the heart of the Rancho San Miguel, given its name by Doña Juana Sanchez de Pacheco for her late husband Miguel Antonia Pacheco, but originally it was the Rancho Arroyo de Las Nueces y Bolbones (Walnut Creek and Bolbones [tribe]). Here's the \u003ca href=\"http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb3j49n8nx/\">Rancho San Miguel as it was mapped in 1850\u003c/a>, turned to place north up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/wcranchomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42514\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WCranchomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42514\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see the creek (Arroyo de las Nueces) on the west, Shell Ridge on the south, Ygnacio Valley in the middle, and Lime Ridge (mapped as Sierra de los Golgones) on the east. What's that notation at the end of Shell Ridge? Let's zoom in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/sulfspringtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42515\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sulfspringtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-42515\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"warm sulphur spring\" was where Ygnacio Sibrian, Doña Juana's son, established Sulpher [sic] Springs Ranch on his share of the Rancho San Miguel. The official records put \"Sulpher Springs\" a bit north of Heather Farms, but U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 338, \u003ci>Springs of California\u003c/i>, offers the following description of the springs as of 1915:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A group of sulphur springs lies near the northeastern base of a low ridge about 2 miles northeast of the town of Walnut Creek. The largest spring is on the ridge about 100 yards from its eastern base and 25 yards north of the county road [Ygnacio Valley Road]. When the place was visited, the water rose in a board-curbed pool protected by a latticed house and was piped to a cattle trough a few yards away. It yielded about 3 gallons a minute of mildly sulphureted water, 81° in temperature. . . . Five other smaller springs issue in a belt extending 350 yards along the base of the ridge, in and near the barnyard of Sulphur Springs farm. Two of them have been piped to watering troughs near by. The other three are of seeping flow and form only small marshy places.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From that description, the spring was closer to where Clarke Swim Center sits today in Heather Farm Park, another health-centered water attraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rotten-egg smell is hydrogen sulfide gas (H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>S), produced by certain bacteria from sulfur minerals in the absence of oxygen. Normally H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>S is quickly oxidized by another set of bacteria into H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>SO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>, sulfuric acid, which proceeds to eat away at limestone and other rocks. But if the gas can move quickly to the surface it can reach your nose. Such is the case at Shell Ridge, as the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-622/\">Contra Costa County geologic map\u003c/a> shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/ygvalgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42516\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"YgValgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-42516\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell Ridge consists of the following rock units, in order of age: upper Domengine Formation (Tdu), Cierbo Formation (Tc, with sandstone/conglomerate (Tcsc) at the base), Neroly Formation (Tn), and Green Valley/Tassajara group (Tgvt). The strike-and-dip symbols show that the rocks are actually overturned—tilted beyond vertical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is sulfur doing in Walnut Creek's rocks? Sulfur minerals, mostly \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfates/minpicgypsum.htm\">gypsum\u003c/a> (CaSO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>\u003cb>·\u003c/b>2H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O) or \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfides/minpicpyrite.htm\">pyrite\u003c/a> (FeS\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>), are widespread in sedimentary rocks. Around here, the sulfur is pyrite associated with organic matter, and the Domengine Formation in particular is a well-known petroleum reservoir rock. It stands to reason that a suitable set of cracks would support a sulfur spring here. The smell of rotten eggs used to be considered part of the healthful power of a warm spring. Savor that as you visit the hospital today.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Walnut Creek is a nice, clean suburban city today, but people who live there long enough eventually ask why it smells like rotten eggs around John Muir Medical Center. That smell has been there longer than Walnut Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get to the hospital, you take Ygnacio Valley Road east from downtown and over Shell Ridge. On the other side of Shell Ridge is the hospital, overlooking the wide, flat Ygnacio Valley. Here's the valley today as it appears on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/ygvalmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42513\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"YgValmap\" width=\"555\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42513\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap.jpg 555w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValmap-400x360.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir Medical Center sits in the neighborhood labeled \"San Miguel.\" The valley made up the heart of the Rancho San Miguel, given its name by Doña Juana Sanchez de Pacheco for her late husband Miguel Antonia Pacheco, but originally it was the Rancho Arroyo de Las Nueces y Bolbones (Walnut Creek and Bolbones [tribe]). Here's the \u003ca href=\"http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb3j49n8nx/\">Rancho San Miguel as it was mapped in 1850\u003c/a>, turned to place north up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/wcranchomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42514\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WCranchomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42514\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/WCranchomap-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see the creek (Arroyo de las Nueces) on the west, Shell Ridge on the south, Ygnacio Valley in the middle, and Lime Ridge (mapped as Sierra de los Golgones) on the east. What's that notation at the end of Shell Ridge? Let's zoom in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/sulfspringtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42515\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sulfspringtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-42515\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/sulfspringtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"warm sulphur spring\" was where Ygnacio Sibrian, Doña Juana's son, established Sulpher [sic] Springs Ranch on his share of the Rancho San Miguel. The official records put \"Sulpher Springs\" a bit north of Heather Farms, but U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 338, \u003ci>Springs of California\u003c/i>, offers the following description of the springs as of 1915:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A group of sulphur springs lies near the northeastern base of a low ridge about 2 miles northeast of the town of Walnut Creek. The largest spring is on the ridge about 100 yards from its eastern base and 25 yards north of the county road [Ygnacio Valley Road]. When the place was visited, the water rose in a board-curbed pool protected by a latticed house and was piped to a cattle trough a few yards away. It yielded about 3 gallons a minute of mildly sulphureted water, 81° in temperature. . . . Five other smaller springs issue in a belt extending 350 yards along the base of the ridge, in and near the barnyard of Sulphur Springs farm. Two of them have been piped to watering troughs near by. The other three are of seeping flow and form only small marshy places.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From that description, the spring was closer to where Clarke Swim Center sits today in Heather Farm Park, another health-centered water attraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rotten-egg smell is hydrogen sulfide gas (H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>S), produced by certain bacteria from sulfur minerals in the absence of oxygen. Normally H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>S is quickly oxidized by another set of bacteria into H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>SO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>, sulfuric acid, which proceeds to eat away at limestone and other rocks. But if the gas can move quickly to the surface it can reach your nose. Such is the case at Shell Ridge, as the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-622/\">Contra Costa County geologic map\u003c/a> shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/09/what-is-that-unusual-smell-in-walnut-creek/ygvalgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42516\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"YgValgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-42516\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/YgValgeomap-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell Ridge consists of the following rock units, in order of age: upper Domengine Formation (Tdu), Cierbo Formation (Tc, with sandstone/conglomerate (Tcsc) at the base), Neroly Formation (Tn), and Green Valley/Tassajara group (Tgvt). The strike-and-dip symbols show that the rocks are actually overturned—tilted beyond vertical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is sulfur doing in Walnut Creek's rocks? Sulfur minerals, mostly \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfates/minpicgypsum.htm\">gypsum\u003c/a> (CaSO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>\u003cb>·\u003c/b>2H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O) or \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfides/minpicpyrite.htm\">pyrite\u003c/a> (FeS\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>), are widespread in sedimentary rocks. Around here, the sulfur is pyrite associated with organic matter, and the Domengine Formation in particular is a well-known petroleum reservoir rock. It stands to reason that a suitable set of cracks would support a sulfur spring here. The smell of rotten eggs used to be considered part of the healthful power of a warm spring. Savor that as you visit the hospital today.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "We Are the Desert: Tackling California's Water and Electricity Woes",
"title": "We Are the Desert: Tackling California's Water and Electricity Woes",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41707\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/02/we-are-the-desert-tackling-californias-water-and-electricity-woes/wearedesert/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41707\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41707\" title=\"wearedesert\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long Valley is a microcosm of California: a sunny desert with a limited basin of water inside it. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is a wonderful state, and we in the Bay Area have the best of it, I think. But almost no place in the state exists in isolation any more. The twin engines of California civilization are electricity and water, and both of these are systems that integrate—or entangle, if you will—all corners of the state. As we approach the limits of our power and water, we will face some wrenching decisions with geological dimensions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our electricity today comes mostly from fossil fuels, which will inevitably rise in cost as their sources are depleted. The long-term trend is toward renewable/sustainable energy sources, whether that's geothermal, wind or solar electricity. State law requires this energy sector to double in size in the next eight years. (The \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/\">California Energy Almanac\u003c/a> has the basics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar electricity is in the limelight these days because growth will be easiest there. The cheapest way to go, for an energy company, is to build solar power plants of the largest possible size on vacant land. That means the desert, and a corresponding network of transmission lines to the rest of the state. But there are good reasons for the rest of us to favor smaller, local projects. Since I focus on geology, I'll cite earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes demand resilient infrastructure: when the big power networks go down, as they surely will, we will need local backup. Where do we have too much sun? Parking lots. Imagine if every parking lot had a solar power generator on it. Heck, just imagine parking in the shade everywhere. Operating one of these small local generators is no more complicated than managing a small apartment building or a car-repair shop. Our residential roofs get too much sun, too, and the same act of imagination leads to the same conclusion there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is a different problem, because while electricity can be manufactured, water cannot. Geologists have long known, from paleo-environmental studies, that California has had large fluctuations in its climate over just the last thousand years. That means California's \"deep present\" is chronically in or on the edge of drought. The trend today is toward greater drought, and our demands for water are straining the natural system that means so much to us. In a word, all of California is a desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state and federal government have just launched a proposal for a large pair of water tunnels that will cross the great Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta underground. We need to just get something done, something big, is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2012/07/big-california-water-project-governor-wants-get-shit-done/2721/\">message from the governor\u003c/a>. Like the solar electric projects, the water project hopes to proceed quickly by going where people don't live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both solar electricity and water demand smart leadership, of course, but that in turn demands an engaged, informed citizenry. The desert and the Delta are not far-off things; they're part of our California home. The newspapers and broadcasters will do what they can to inform us, but we will need to do our own extra homework. For solar electricity, Chris Clarke of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org/news/rewire/\">KCET's ReWire blog\u003c/a> keeps a steady focus on developments while speaking up for the desert. For water, Chris Austin brings news from all sides to one place at \u003ca href=\"http://aquafornia.com/\">Aquafornia\u003c/a> and researcher John Bass addresses the Delta at \u003ca href=\"http://www.deltanationalpark.org/\">Delta National Park\u003c/a> as \"contested space, space that has multiple, often conflicting interests and these interests' claims to that space.\" Those are a good start.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41707\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/02/we-are-the-desert-tackling-californias-water-and-electricity-woes/wearedesert/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41707\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41707\" title=\"wearedesert\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/wearedesert-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long Valley is a microcosm of California: a sunny desert with a limited basin of water inside it. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is a wonderful state, and we in the Bay Area have the best of it, I think. But almost no place in the state exists in isolation any more. The twin engines of California civilization are electricity and water, and both of these are systems that integrate—or entangle, if you will—all corners of the state. As we approach the limits of our power and water, we will face some wrenching decisions with geological dimensions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our electricity today comes mostly from fossil fuels, which will inevitably rise in cost as their sources are depleted. The long-term trend is toward renewable/sustainable energy sources, whether that's geothermal, wind or solar electricity. State law requires this energy sector to double in size in the next eight years. (The \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/\">California Energy Almanac\u003c/a> has the basics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar electricity is in the limelight these days because growth will be easiest there. The cheapest way to go, for an energy company, is to build solar power plants of the largest possible size on vacant land. That means the desert, and a corresponding network of transmission lines to the rest of the state. But there are good reasons for the rest of us to favor smaller, local projects. Since I focus on geology, I'll cite earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes demand resilient infrastructure: when the big power networks go down, as they surely will, we will need local backup. Where do we have too much sun? Parking lots. Imagine if every parking lot had a solar power generator on it. Heck, just imagine parking in the shade everywhere. Operating one of these small local generators is no more complicated than managing a small apartment building or a car-repair shop. Our residential roofs get too much sun, too, and the same act of imagination leads to the same conclusion there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is a different problem, because while electricity can be manufactured, water cannot. Geologists have long known, from paleo-environmental studies, that California has had large fluctuations in its climate over just the last thousand years. That means California's \"deep present\" is chronically in or on the edge of drought. The trend today is toward greater drought, and our demands for water are straining the natural system that means so much to us. In a word, all of California is a desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state and federal government have just launched a proposal for a large pair of water tunnels that will cross the great Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta underground. We need to just get something done, something big, is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2012/07/big-california-water-project-governor-wants-get-shit-done/2721/\">message from the governor\u003c/a>. Like the solar electric projects, the water project hopes to proceed quickly by going where people don't live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both solar electricity and water demand smart leadership, of course, but that in turn demands an engaged, informed citizenry. The desert and the Delta are not far-off things; they're part of our California home. The newspapers and broadcasters will do what they can to inform us, but we will need to do our own extra homework. For solar electricity, Chris Clarke of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org/news/rewire/\">KCET's ReWire blog\u003c/a> keeps a steady focus on developments while speaking up for the desert. For water, Chris Austin brings news from all sides to one place at \u003ca href=\"http://aquafornia.com/\">Aquafornia\u003c/a> and researcher John Bass addresses the Delta at \u003ca href=\"http://www.deltanationalpark.org/\">Delta National Park\u003c/a> as \"contested space, space that has multiple, often conflicting interests and these interests' claims to that space.\" Those are a good start.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What Shall We Do About Earthquake Weather?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41495\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/26/what-shall-we-do-about-earthquake-weather/eqweather/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41495\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/EQweather-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQweather\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41495\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Andreas fault trace is marked on a road near Fort Ross. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We in the Bay Area, like most Californians, have always lived under the chronic threat of earthquakes. We know about it from personal experience and, farther back, from history. The government works against this threat in the sensible ways: building codes, zoning ordinances, scientific research, insurance mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of us have folkways organized around our local hazard. \"Drop, cover and hold on\" is a good one that we teach all of our kids. \"Stand in a doorway\" has been officially phased out—that works only in a traditional adobe building—but it's nearly as stubborn as the old adobes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The folk notion of \"earthquake weather\" centers around a belief that hot, still weather foreshadows an earthquake. It seems to be rooted in our culture as deeply as the ancient Greeks. Science established long ago that earthquakes have no statistical relation to the weather. Yet just last week one of the smartest, most competent people I know said in an online exchange, \"I've been worrying about earthquakes since the period of extreme stillness started yesterday.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I look around and wonder, too, when the weather gets weird. Something deeper is going on, something that I think we can't help doing. To talk about it I must turn to mythic, not scientific language. When the wind dies, the world is obviously holding its breath. What does the world await? The sky above is clear; there are no surface hazards nearby; it must be something below about to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists consider \"earthquake weather\" one of many misconceptions to be ruthlessly stamped out. (See attempts by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/index/Earthquakes/Pages/qh_earthquakes_myths.aspx\">California Department of Conservation\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scec.org/education/public/allmyths.html\">Southern California Earthquake Center\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/faq/?categoryID=6\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>.) But physics cannot displace psychology. I think that hot, still weather is so unusual in California that it allows our latent anxieties, whatever they are, to rise and demand attention. \u003ci>Something feels strange: is it related to my ongoing dread? Yes, that must be it. I will be vigilant. Now I feel a bit more in control.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are a chronic, uncontrollable threat; maybe it's natural to contemplate them only on sanctioned occasions, the way we contemplate death at funerals. If \"earthquake weather\" is one way of doing this together, then at least that's an arbitrary habit—a folkway—we can share in full awareness of its arbitrariness. I suggest that the best way to talk about \"earthquake weather\" is to always begin with the words, \"I know it's silly of me, but . . .\" Because it \u003ci>isn't\u003c/i> sensible to hold on to unsupported ideas, but that's what we do, even adults. We can't outgrow what is inherent. So let's harness the habit in the service of awareness.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "If we can't shake this discredited notion, let's speak it instead with a smile.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41495\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/26/what-shall-we-do-about-earthquake-weather/eqweather/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41495\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/EQweather-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQweather\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41495\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Andreas fault trace is marked on a road near Fort Ross. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We in the Bay Area, like most Californians, have always lived under the chronic threat of earthquakes. We know about it from personal experience and, farther back, from history. The government works against this threat in the sensible ways: building codes, zoning ordinances, scientific research, insurance mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of us have folkways organized around our local hazard. \"Drop, cover and hold on\" is a good one that we teach all of our kids. \"Stand in a doorway\" has been officially phased out—that works only in a traditional adobe building—but it's nearly as stubborn as the old adobes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The folk notion of \"earthquake weather\" centers around a belief that hot, still weather foreshadows an earthquake. It seems to be rooted in our culture as deeply as the ancient Greeks. Science established long ago that earthquakes have no statistical relation to the weather. Yet just last week one of the smartest, most competent people I know said in an online exchange, \"I've been worrying about earthquakes since the period of extreme stillness started yesterday.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I look around and wonder, too, when the weather gets weird. Something deeper is going on, something that I think we can't help doing. To talk about it I must turn to mythic, not scientific language. When the wind dies, the world is obviously holding its breath. What does the world await? The sky above is clear; there are no surface hazards nearby; it must be something below about to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists consider \"earthquake weather\" one of many misconceptions to be ruthlessly stamped out. (See attempts by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/index/Earthquakes/Pages/qh_earthquakes_myths.aspx\">California Department of Conservation\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scec.org/education/public/allmyths.html\">Southern California Earthquake Center\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/faq/?categoryID=6\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>.) But physics cannot displace psychology. I think that hot, still weather is so unusual in California that it allows our latent anxieties, whatever they are, to rise and demand attention. \u003ci>Something feels strange: is it related to my ongoing dread? Yes, that must be it. I will be vigilant. Now I feel a bit more in control.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are a chronic, uncontrollable threat; maybe it's natural to contemplate them only on sanctioned occasions, the way we contemplate death at funerals. If \"earthquake weather\" is one way of doing this together, then at least that's an arbitrary habit—a folkway—we can share in full awareness of its arbitrariness. I suggest that the best way to talk about \"earthquake weather\" is to always begin with the words, \"I know it's silly of me, but . . .\" Because it \u003ci>isn't\u003c/i> sensible to hold on to unsupported ideas, but that's what we do, even adults. We can't outgrow what is inherent. So let's harness the habit in the service of awareness.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Sunol Regional Wilderness",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Sunol Regional Wilderness",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunoltop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41178\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunoltop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunoltop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41178\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunoltop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunoltop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flag Hill, made up of fossiliferous sandstone of the Briones Formation, overlooks the Sunol Regional Wilderness. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol/\">Sunol Regional Wilderness\u003c/a>, part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/\">East Bay Regional Park District\u003c/a>, is a great place for many different students of nature and lovers of the outdoors. Here's how it looks to geology aficionados.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is near the village of Sunol, south of where state route 84 meets Interstate 680. As you approach the park on Calaveras Road, you are driving pretty much directly on the Calaveras fault, which stretches from the Hollister area north past Pleasanton. It's due east of Fremont, behind Mission and Monument Peaks. That set of mountains is a splinter of crustal rocks raised by the interaction of the Calaveras and Hayward faults on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park's bedrock geology is a mixture of relatively young marine sandstone and metamorphic rocks of the much older Franciscan Complex (map from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-252/almap.pdf\">USGS OF96-252\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolmap2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41181\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap2.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolmap2\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41181\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap2.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap2-400x300.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunol Regional Wilderness is east of the Calaveras fault. LY, Little Yosemite; FH, Flag Hill; P, southern parking lot. Tan colors are young sandstones of the Briones Formation and related units; green is Great Valley Sequence sandstone of Cretaceous age; blues and purples are Franciscan rocks including melange, graywacke (sandstone) and serpentinite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The area, like the rest of the Bay Area, has a complex and continuing history of uplift and erosion and sideways movement on our major strike-slip faults. There are occasional bedrock terraces like this one that mark previous levels of Alameda Creek, at times when it had the leisure to cut its streambed wide into the surrounding hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolterrace/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41185\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolterrace.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolterrace\" width=\"600\" height=\"424\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41185\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolterrace.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolterrace-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beneath a thin veneer of stream gravel lies solid bedrock: a stream-cut platform.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The eastern part of the park is archetypical Franciscan melange country, like that found up and down the Diablo Range. Melange is an intimate mixture of sandstone, basalt, chert and serpentinite, the four major Franciscan rock types. The land it underlies is an intricate set of slopes and peaks, laced with old and young landslide scars and dotted with \"knockers\" of resistant rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolknocker/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41180\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolknocker.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolknocker\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolknocker.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolknocker-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Melange country, with the Mission Hills beyond the Calaveras fault. Note the radio towers of Monument and Mission Peaks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the complexity underneath can be seen in this detailed geologic map prepared by Franciscan specialist John Wakabayashi of Cal State Fresno (\u003ca href=\"http://sanjoaquingeologicalsociety.org/presentation/2011SJGSMelanges_sm.ppt\">from a 2011 Powerpoint presentation\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 697px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41182\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolmap\" width=\"697\" height=\"715\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41182\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap.png 697w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap-400x410.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 697px) 100vw, 697px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the map for the full-size version.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Serpentinite and related high-grade metamorphic rocks thread through the land like the dark in a marble cake. The photo doesn't do justice to the blue of the serpentinite in this exposure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41184\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolserp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41184\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolserp.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolserp\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41184\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolserp.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolserp-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upper reaches of the \"W\" Tree Rock Scramble.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you take yourself off the trail into these hills, watch for snakes and poison oak, but also be on the lookout for beauties like this garnet amphibolite among the knockers. It's just as blue as new jeans. (Admire it, but don't hammer it. Collecting is forbidden in all parks.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolamph/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41179\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolamph.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolamph\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-41179\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolamph.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolamph-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The details and structures of Sunol's rocks are yielding new insights to students of the Franciscan. That is scientifically important because the Franciscan is a major part of the subduction zone in California, which in turn is the world's best example of subduction-related rocks. Sunol, therefore, is a star player at the frontier of plate tectonics itself.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunoltop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41178\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunoltop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunoltop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41178\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunoltop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunoltop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flag Hill, made up of fossiliferous sandstone of the Briones Formation, overlooks the Sunol Regional Wilderness. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol/\">Sunol Regional Wilderness\u003c/a>, part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/\">East Bay Regional Park District\u003c/a>, is a great place for many different students of nature and lovers of the outdoors. Here's how it looks to geology aficionados.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is near the village of Sunol, south of where state route 84 meets Interstate 680. As you approach the park on Calaveras Road, you are driving pretty much directly on the Calaveras fault, which stretches from the Hollister area north past Pleasanton. It's due east of Fremont, behind Mission and Monument Peaks. That set of mountains is a splinter of crustal rocks raised by the interaction of the Calaveras and Hayward faults on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park's bedrock geology is a mixture of relatively young marine sandstone and metamorphic rocks of the much older Franciscan Complex (map from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-252/almap.pdf\">USGS OF96-252\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolmap2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41181\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap2.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolmap2\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41181\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap2.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap2-400x300.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunol Regional Wilderness is east of the Calaveras fault. LY, Little Yosemite; FH, Flag Hill; P, southern parking lot. Tan colors are young sandstones of the Briones Formation and related units; green is Great Valley Sequence sandstone of Cretaceous age; blues and purples are Franciscan rocks including melange, graywacke (sandstone) and serpentinite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The area, like the rest of the Bay Area, has a complex and continuing history of uplift and erosion and sideways movement on our major strike-slip faults. There are occasional bedrock terraces like this one that mark previous levels of Alameda Creek, at times when it had the leisure to cut its streambed wide into the surrounding hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolterrace/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41185\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolterrace.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolterrace\" width=\"600\" height=\"424\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41185\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolterrace.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolterrace-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beneath a thin veneer of stream gravel lies solid bedrock: a stream-cut platform.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The eastern part of the park is archetypical Franciscan melange country, like that found up and down the Diablo Range. Melange is an intimate mixture of sandstone, basalt, chert and serpentinite, the four major Franciscan rock types. The land it underlies is an intricate set of slopes and peaks, laced with old and young landslide scars and dotted with \"knockers\" of resistant rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolknocker/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41180\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolknocker.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolknocker\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolknocker.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolknocker-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Melange country, with the Mission Hills beyond the Calaveras fault. Note the radio towers of Monument and Mission Peaks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the complexity underneath can be seen in this detailed geologic map prepared by Franciscan specialist John Wakabayashi of Cal State Fresno (\u003ca href=\"http://sanjoaquingeologicalsociety.org/presentation/2011SJGSMelanges_sm.ppt\">from a 2011 Powerpoint presentation\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 697px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41182\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolmap\" width=\"697\" height=\"715\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41182\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap.png 697w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap-400x410.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolmap-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 697px) 100vw, 697px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the map for the full-size version.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Serpentinite and related high-grade metamorphic rocks thread through the land like the dark in a marble cake. The photo doesn't do justice to the blue of the serpentinite in this exposure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41184\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolserp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41184\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolserp.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolserp\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41184\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolserp.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolserp-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upper reaches of the \"W\" Tree Rock Scramble.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you take yourself off the trail into these hills, watch for snakes and poison oak, but also be on the lookout for beauties like this garnet amphibolite among the knockers. It's just as blue as new jeans. (Admire it, but don't hammer it. Collecting is forbidden in all parks.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/sunolamph/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41179\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolamph.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sunolamph\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-41179\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolamph.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sunolamph-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The details and structures of Sunol's rocks are yielding new insights to students of the Franciscan. That is scientifically important because the Franciscan is a major part of the subduction zone in California, which in turn is the world's best example of subduction-related rocks. Sunol, therefore, is a star player at the frontier of plate tectonics itself.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Hetch Hetchy: Will We Do the Anthropocene Thing?",
"title": "Hetch Hetchy: Will We Do the Anthropocene Thing?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40900\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40900\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40900\" title=\"hetchtop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir occupies Hetch Hetchy Valley behind O'Shaughnessy Dam. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>San Franciscans this fall will be asked to vote on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hetchhetchy.org/images/Reports/Ballot_Initiative.pdf\">Water Sustainability and Environmental Restoration Planning Act\u003c/a>, a scheme that aims to put the cost of civilization in sharp relief. In essence it asks, Do we want to arrange our society as if nature really matters?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every great city relies on a great water supply, from ancient Rome to San Francisco. The Hetch Hetchy system was beautifully designed and built, except that it destroyed a nearly unique valley inside Yosemite National Park. The nonprofit organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.hetchhetchy.org/\">Restore Hetch Hetchy\u003c/a> (RHH) wants San Franciscans to weigh the price of doing things better, according to a specific definition that includes pulling out of the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hetch Hetchy Water System begins with a dam and reservoir that traps some of the world's cleanest water in a basin of Sierra Nevada granite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40903\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchspillway/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40903\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40903\" title=\"hetchspillway\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchspillway.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchspillway.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchspillway-400x350.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The spillway next to O'Shaughnessy Dam has gates that are turned up in winter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tunnels and pipelines carry Hetch Hetchy water to the Bay Area entirely by gravity, with some of that gravitational energy turned to electricity along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40901\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchmoccasin/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40901\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40901\" title=\"hetchmoccasin\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmoccasin.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmoccasin.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmoccasin-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy water drives turbines at the Moccasin power plant south of Jamestown.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hetch Hetchy Water System is a colossal engineering triumph that has provided not just San Francisco, but many Bay Area cities, with clean and reliable water for nearly 90 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40902\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchmonument/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40902\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40902\" title=\"hetchmonument\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmonument.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmonument.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmonument-400x334.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy Water System monument north of route 132 between Vernalis and Modesto.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hetch Hetchy Water System still performs to specifications, but RHH argues that today we could make it work while sparing Hetch Hetchy Valley and removing its reservoir. That may be so, and the few million dollars required for a good study and action plan would be well spent because previous efforts have been sketchy. RHH is rolling the dice by forcing the plan, whatever it is, to be considered by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors for placement as a charter amendment in the 2016 elections. That is, if the Supes vote it down, nothing will come of it, but if both they and the city's voters approve it the plan will go into effect willy-nilly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal is a growing endeavor, and one of great scientific interest, because so many of the nation's dams are reaching the end of their lives. This happens when the reservoirs behind them fill up with sediment. The most recent success in dam removal is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\">Elwha Dam project\u003c/a> in Washington state. In that case, the reservoir had silted up. O'Shaughnessy Dam is more than 30 times as large as Elwha, its reservoir is far from being silted up, and the dam isn't sited on an earthquake fault. From an engineering standpoint, there's no rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RHH's plan is a visionary scheme based on environmental justice, appealing as an example of eco-responsible, sustainable practice. But are we better off with the dam gone now? Conversely, if we really are in an \"Anthropocene age\" when we can influence the entire planet by our actions, shouldn't we begin to act accordingly? Shouldn't we begin geoengineering?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obstacles to RHH's plan are great, but I believe the group is playing a very long game. The Hetch Hetchy system is exceptionally stable because the reservoir is many centuries away from filling up with sediment. As time goes on our ability to engineer the water system intelligently will only improve. As a geotechnical matter, that slow pace of sedimentation means that Hetch Hetchy Valley can indeed be restored. By putting the question to a formal evaluation, RHH hopes to ensure that restoration will be on the agenda for as long as it takes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40900\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40900\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40900\" title=\"hetchtop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir occupies Hetch Hetchy Valley behind O'Shaughnessy Dam. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>San Franciscans this fall will be asked to vote on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hetchhetchy.org/images/Reports/Ballot_Initiative.pdf\">Water Sustainability and Environmental Restoration Planning Act\u003c/a>, a scheme that aims to put the cost of civilization in sharp relief. In essence it asks, Do we want to arrange our society as if nature really matters?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every great city relies on a great water supply, from ancient Rome to San Francisco. The Hetch Hetchy system was beautifully designed and built, except that it destroyed a nearly unique valley inside Yosemite National Park. The nonprofit organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.hetchhetchy.org/\">Restore Hetch Hetchy\u003c/a> (RHH) wants San Franciscans to weigh the price of doing things better, according to a specific definition that includes pulling out of the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hetch Hetchy Water System begins with a dam and reservoir that traps some of the world's cleanest water in a basin of Sierra Nevada granite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40903\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchspillway/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40903\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40903\" title=\"hetchspillway\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchspillway.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchspillway.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchspillway-400x350.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The spillway next to O'Shaughnessy Dam has gates that are turned up in winter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tunnels and pipelines carry Hetch Hetchy water to the Bay Area entirely by gravity, with some of that gravitational energy turned to electricity along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40901\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchmoccasin/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40901\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40901\" title=\"hetchmoccasin\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmoccasin.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmoccasin.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmoccasin-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy water drives turbines at the Moccasin power plant south of Jamestown.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hetch Hetchy Water System is a colossal engineering triumph that has provided not just San Francisco, but many Bay Area cities, with clean and reliable water for nearly 90 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40902\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/12/hetch-hetchy-will-we-do-the-anthropocene-thing/hetchmonument/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40902\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40902\" title=\"hetchmonument\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmonument.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmonument.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/hetchmonument-400x334.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy Water System monument north of route 132 between Vernalis and Modesto.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hetch Hetchy Water System still performs to specifications, but RHH argues that today we could make it work while sparing Hetch Hetchy Valley and removing its reservoir. That may be so, and the few million dollars required for a good study and action plan would be well spent because previous efforts have been sketchy. RHH is rolling the dice by forcing the plan, whatever it is, to be considered by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors for placement as a charter amendment in the 2016 elections. That is, if the Supes vote it down, nothing will come of it, but if both they and the city's voters approve it the plan will go into effect willy-nilly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal is a growing endeavor, and one of great scientific interest, because so many of the nation's dams are reaching the end of their lives. This happens when the reservoirs behind them fill up with sediment. The most recent success in dam removal is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\">Elwha Dam project\u003c/a> in Washington state. In that case, the reservoir had silted up. O'Shaughnessy Dam is more than 30 times as large as Elwha, its reservoir is far from being silted up, and the dam isn't sited on an earthquake fault. From an engineering standpoint, there's no rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RHH's plan is a visionary scheme based on environmental justice, appealing as an example of eco-responsible, sustainable practice. But are we better off with the dam gone now? Conversely, if we really are in an \"Anthropocene age\" when we can influence the entire planet by our actions, shouldn't we begin to act accordingly? Shouldn't we begin geoengineering?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obstacles to RHH's plan are great, but I believe the group is playing a very long game. The Hetch Hetchy system is exceptionally stable because the reservoir is many centuries away from filling up with sediment. As time goes on our ability to engineer the water system intelligently will only improve. As a geotechnical matter, that slow pace of sedimentation means that Hetch Hetchy Valley can indeed be restored. By putting the question to a formal evaluation, RHH hopes to ensure that restoration will be on the agenda for as long as it takes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "All My Children: Making and Donating a Rock Collection",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40499\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionslate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionslate-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionslate\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40499\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The search for a good specimen of slate took me across the Central Valley, but once there it was a moment's work. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, I accepted an assignment to gather a set of California rocks for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland. I thought I could putter around the local hills and have it done in a few afternoons. Didn't turn out that way. Finding good teaching specimens is an exacting project. Now that I'm done, it's a little hard to let them go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was given a list of 15 rock types—five each of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks—but some of them were clearly nonstarters. For instance, coal was on the list, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/\">California's coal\u003c/a> is too soft for presentation, and besides it's off limits in park lands. I made some substitutes and then set forth to find the following:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Igneous rocks: basalt, granite, obsidian, pumice, scoria\u003cbr>\nSedimentary rocks: breccia, chert, conglomerate, sandstone, shale\u003cbr>\nMetamorphic rocks: gneiss, marble, schist, serpentine, slate\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost everything was available in loose material by the side of the road. Indeed, picking up roadside rubble is doing the public a favor. Conglomerate and sandstone were available within the Oakland city limits; in fact Chabot authorized me to collect from its own property, but the sandstone there is too soft. Chert came from my own Oakland yard, the same red Franciscan chert \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">that makes up the Marin Headlands\u003c/a>. I was using it in the landscaping, but giving up a few choice pieces was all for a good cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionchert/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionchert\" width=\"600\" height=\"444\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert-400x296.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With other rocks, I knew where to get them; it was just a matter of scheduling a trip. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Obsidian came from the Napa Valley\u003c/a>, shale from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">the Great Valley Sequence north of Fairfield\u003c/a>, schist from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/\">Franciscan Complex in Glenn County\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A teaching specimen needs to be clean and sound, naturally. It needs to be the right size. More difficult is that it has to be \u003ci>typical\u003c/i>, showing what the textbooks describe and nothing more. Once I found the right spot, it took a lot of pawing, picking and pondering to assemble a satisfactory group, like this basalt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionbasalts/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40500\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionbasalts\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward the end, I had to go pretty far afield. Take the metamorphic set, shown below. The schist (upper left) I already mentioned. Going clockwise, the slate came from near Copperopolis, the marble from near Columbia, the gneiss from near Murphys, and the serpentine from near Clear Lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionmets/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionmets\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40502\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That left two igneous rocks: scoria and pumice. I could have made an overnight visit to the volcanic districts of northeastern California or the trans-Sierra, but I elected instead to check out the local landscape suppliers. I finally found what I wanted at Morgan's Masonry Supply, in San Ramon: fist-size lava rock (scoria) and a boulder of pumice. From that boulder I carved five hand samples like this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionpumice/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40503\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionpumice\" width=\"600\" height=\"461\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I have added respect for the people who make and market those \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rockcollecting/bb/rockcollections.htm\">boxed rock collections\u003c/a>. They have to keep truckloads of rock types on hand, most of them imported from somewhere else, then pick through the chips and waste to get what they need. On the other hand, they don't know the pride I take in delivering this custom collection to my local science educators. And I can visit my rocks any time to see how they're doing.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40499\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionslate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionslate-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionslate\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40499\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The search for a good specimen of slate took me across the Central Valley, but once there it was a moment's work. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, I accepted an assignment to gather a set of California rocks for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland. I thought I could putter around the local hills and have it done in a few afternoons. Didn't turn out that way. Finding good teaching specimens is an exacting project. Now that I'm done, it's a little hard to let them go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was given a list of 15 rock types—five each of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks—but some of them were clearly nonstarters. For instance, coal was on the list, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/\">California's coal\u003c/a> is too soft for presentation, and besides it's off limits in park lands. I made some substitutes and then set forth to find the following:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Igneous rocks: basalt, granite, obsidian, pumice, scoria\u003cbr>\nSedimentary rocks: breccia, chert, conglomerate, sandstone, shale\u003cbr>\nMetamorphic rocks: gneiss, marble, schist, serpentine, slate\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost everything was available in loose material by the side of the road. Indeed, picking up roadside rubble is doing the public a favor. Conglomerate and sandstone were available within the Oakland city limits; in fact Chabot authorized me to collect from its own property, but the sandstone there is too soft. Chert came from my own Oakland yard, the same red Franciscan chert \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">that makes up the Marin Headlands\u003c/a>. I was using it in the landscaping, but giving up a few choice pieces was all for a good cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionchert/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionchert\" width=\"600\" height=\"444\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionchert-400x296.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With other rocks, I knew where to get them; it was just a matter of scheduling a trip. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Obsidian came from the Napa Valley\u003c/a>, shale from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">the Great Valley Sequence north of Fairfield\u003c/a>, schist from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/\">Franciscan Complex in Glenn County\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A teaching specimen needs to be clean and sound, naturally. It needs to be the right size. More difficult is that it has to be \u003ci>typical\u003c/i>, showing what the textbooks describe and nothing more. Once I found the right spot, it took a lot of pawing, picking and pondering to assemble a satisfactory group, like this basalt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionbasalts/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40500\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionbasalts\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionbasalts-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward the end, I had to go pretty far afield. Take the metamorphic set, shown below. The schist (upper left) I already mentioned. Going clockwise, the slate came from near Copperopolis, the marble from near Columbia, the gneiss from near Murphys, and the serpentine from near Clear Lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionmets/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionmets\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40502\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionmets-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That left two igneous rocks: scoria and pumice. I could have made an overnight visit to the volcanic districts of northeastern California or the trans-Sierra, but I elected instead to check out the local landscape suppliers. I finally found what I wanted at Morgan's Masonry Supply, in San Ramon: fist-size lava rock (scoria) and a boulder of pumice. From that boulder I carved five hand samples like this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/05/all-my-children-making-and-donating-a-rock-collection/rockcollectionpumice/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40503\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"rockcollectionpumice\" width=\"600\" height=\"461\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/rockcollectionpumice-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I have added respect for the people who make and market those \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rockcollecting/bb/rockcollections.htm\">boxed rock collections\u003c/a>. They have to keep truckloads of rock types on hand, most of them imported from somewhere else, then pick through the chips and waste to get what they need. On the other hand, they don't know the pride I take in delivering this custom collection to my local science educators. And I can visit my rocks any time to see how they're doing.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: Stony Creek Valley",
"title": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: Stony Creek Valley",
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"content": "\u003cp>Anyone looking at the Sacramento Valley in a satellite view surely wonders about the eastern edge of the Coast Range, a belt of striking corrugated terrain running up the west side from the Bay Area almost all the way to Redding. I'm here to tell you that it's extremely picturesque country. Geologically, it consists of the thick, tilted-up Great Valley Sequence of sedimentary rocks and the older, underlying Franciscan Complex metamorphic rocks farther west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you go north on I-5 you pass four towns that I think of as the four W's: Winters, Woodland, Williams and Willows. Today's sample of this district is a loop into the corrugated country starting at Willows and ending back at I-5 in Orland or Corning; take your choice. Here's the route (created on \u003ca href=\"http://www.gmap-pedometer.com/\">gmap-pedometer.com\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycrvlymaptopo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40265\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40265\" title=\"stonycrvlymaptopo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymaptopo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"496\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymaptopo.png 496w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymaptopo-400x339.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 496px) 100vw, 496px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the geology en route (created from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycrvlymapgeo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40276\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40276\" title=\"stonycrvlymapgeo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymapgeo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymapgeo.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymapgeo-400x336.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A belt of serpentinite (purple) separates Franciscan metamorphic rocks on the west from Great Valley Sequence sedimentary rocks on the east (J, Jurassic; Kl and Ku, lower and upper Cretaceous). Overlain on these are Tertiary volcaniclastic and volcanic rocks (Tvp and Tv) and younger outwash deposits (QPc). Pink lines mark structures: anticlines and synclines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State route 162 leads west from Willows into the series of ridges formed by the uptilted Great Valley Sequence rocks. These are the same formations, of the same age, that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">I showed you north of Fairfield\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40266\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40266\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40266\" title=\"stonycreekvalley1\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beyond a series of these ridges is a long valley underlain by fine-grained Jurassic rocks, the oldest part of the Great Valley Sequence. The valley is punctuated by \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/structureslandforms/ig/erosional/hogback.htm\">hogback ridges\u003c/a> that affect the course of the roads. Parts of the valley have been turned into reservoirs, like Stony Gorge Reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley02/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40267\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40267\" title=\"stonycreekvalley02\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley02.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley02-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new reservoir is planned south of here around the settlement of Sites that will be used to regulate streamflow in the northern Sacramento Valley and allow older structures to be modified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually route 162 crosses Stony Creek, where the Great Valley Sequence rocks are spectacularly exposed in a washboard streambed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley03/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40268\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40268\" title=\"stonycreekvalley03\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"470\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley03.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley03-400x313.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turn north here on 162 and follow the river, taking note of the different levels of stream terraces built when Stony Creek had not eroded as far down as it has today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley04/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40269\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40269\" title=\"stonycreekvalley04\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley04.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley04.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley04-400x261.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When 162 turns west again, continue north on county road 306. (At the moment, the route on 162 through the Coast Range to Covelo is closed.) In late April when I visited, the countryside was a picture-postcard experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley05/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40270\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40270\" title=\"stonycreekvalley05\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley05.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley05-400x294.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you like, take 162 a ways into the Franciscan country, or for a more intimate experience take county road 313 west instead, a well-graded dirt road just three miles to the north. (That's the spur shown on the route map.) In clear weather, vistas spread out as you rise. Here's the view south down the valley of Stony Creek:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley06/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40271\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40271\" title=\"stonycreekvalley06\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley06.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley06.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley06-400x311.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the view northeast toward the Great Valley over the sawtooth ridges of Great Valley Sequence rocks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley07/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40272\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40272\" title=\"stonycreekvalley07\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley07.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley07.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley07-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahead is the rugged topography held up by the Franciscan Complex. Note how the vegetation has changed as well as the bones of the land. The highest peak is Red Mountain. The contact between these two highly contrasting geologic provinces is the Coast Range thrust, which has tilted up the rocks on the east side like a pet pushing under a bedsheet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley08/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40273\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40273\" title=\"stonycreekvalley08\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley08.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley08.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley08-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the roadcuts, too, for exposures of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">serpentinite\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/metrockindex/rocpicschist.htm\">schist\u003c/a> like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley09/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40274\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40274\" title=\"stonycreekvalley09\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley09.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley09.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley09-400x332.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step out and collect a specimen or two if you like; this is public land. Chrome ore was mined around here, in and around the serpentinite belt. The tiny settlement of Chrome marks the site of one former mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Road 306 butts into Newville Road, and that's where you turn back toward the freeway. But there's one more attraction as you go forward through geologic time into the Sacramento Valley: the unexpected Black Butte. This is a segment of a huge lava flow, the \u003ca href=\"http://myweb.csuchico.edu/~rteasdale/Lovejoy.html\">Lovejoy Basalt\u003c/a>, that once crossed the Valley from a source in the northern Sierra Nevada, reaching from here south to Vacaville. Black Butte was raised by a fault, sparing it from erosional destruction. The lake around it is artificial, and the whole is a splendid park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley10/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40275\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40275\" title=\"stonycreekvalley10\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley10.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley10.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley10-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get to Corning requires a short backtrack to Black Butte Road, which crosses orchard lands and offers low-key views (which I believe will show Mount Shasta on clear days). You may also take a shorter side trip starting in Orland that visits Black Butte alone. But once you get behind the curtain of those serrated Great Valley Sequence hills, you'll never look at this stretch of I-5 the same way again.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Anyone looking at the Sacramento Valley in a satellite view surely wonders about the eastern edge of the Coast Range, a belt of striking corrugated terrain running up the west side from the Bay Area almost all the way to Redding. I'm here to tell you that it's extremely picturesque country. Geologically, it consists of the thick, tilted-up Great Valley Sequence of sedimentary rocks and the older, underlying Franciscan Complex metamorphic rocks farther west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you go north on I-5 you pass four towns that I think of as the four W's: Winters, Woodland, Williams and Willows. Today's sample of this district is a loop into the corrugated country starting at Willows and ending back at I-5 in Orland or Corning; take your choice. Here's the route (created on \u003ca href=\"http://www.gmap-pedometer.com/\">gmap-pedometer.com\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycrvlymaptopo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40265\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40265\" title=\"stonycrvlymaptopo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymaptopo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"496\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymaptopo.png 496w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymaptopo-400x339.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 496px) 100vw, 496px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the geology en route (created from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycrvlymapgeo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40276\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40276\" title=\"stonycrvlymapgeo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymapgeo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymapgeo.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycrvlymapgeo-400x336.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A belt of serpentinite (purple) separates Franciscan metamorphic rocks on the west from Great Valley Sequence sedimentary rocks on the east (J, Jurassic; Kl and Ku, lower and upper Cretaceous). Overlain on these are Tertiary volcaniclastic and volcanic rocks (Tvp and Tv) and younger outwash deposits (QPc). Pink lines mark structures: anticlines and synclines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State route 162 leads west from Willows into the series of ridges formed by the uptilted Great Valley Sequence rocks. These are the same formations, of the same age, that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">I showed you north of Fairfield\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40266\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40266\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40266\" title=\"stonycreekvalley1\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beyond a series of these ridges is a long valley underlain by fine-grained Jurassic rocks, the oldest part of the Great Valley Sequence. The valley is punctuated by \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/structureslandforms/ig/erosional/hogback.htm\">hogback ridges\u003c/a> that affect the course of the roads. Parts of the valley have been turned into reservoirs, like Stony Gorge Reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley02/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40267\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40267\" title=\"stonycreekvalley02\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley02.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley02-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new reservoir is planned south of here around the settlement of Sites that will be used to regulate streamflow in the northern Sacramento Valley and allow older structures to be modified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually route 162 crosses Stony Creek, where the Great Valley Sequence rocks are spectacularly exposed in a washboard streambed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley03/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40268\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40268\" title=\"stonycreekvalley03\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"470\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley03.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley03-400x313.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turn north here on 162 and follow the river, taking note of the different levels of stream terraces built when Stony Creek had not eroded as far down as it has today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley04/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40269\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40269\" title=\"stonycreekvalley04\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley04.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley04.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley04-400x261.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When 162 turns west again, continue north on county road 306. (At the moment, the route on 162 through the Coast Range to Covelo is closed.) In late April when I visited, the countryside was a picture-postcard experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley05/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40270\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40270\" title=\"stonycreekvalley05\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley05.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley05-400x294.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you like, take 162 a ways into the Franciscan country, or for a more intimate experience take county road 313 west instead, a well-graded dirt road just three miles to the north. (That's the spur shown on the route map.) In clear weather, vistas spread out as you rise. Here's the view south down the valley of Stony Creek:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley06/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40271\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40271\" title=\"stonycreekvalley06\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley06.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley06.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley06-400x311.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the view northeast toward the Great Valley over the sawtooth ridges of Great Valley Sequence rocks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley07/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40272\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40272\" title=\"stonycreekvalley07\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley07.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley07.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley07-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahead is the rugged topography held up by the Franciscan Complex. Note how the vegetation has changed as well as the bones of the land. The highest peak is Red Mountain. The contact between these two highly contrasting geologic provinces is the Coast Range thrust, which has tilted up the rocks on the east side like a pet pushing under a bedsheet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley08/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40273\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40273\" title=\"stonycreekvalley08\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley08.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley08.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley08-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the roadcuts, too, for exposures of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">serpentinite\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/metrockindex/rocpicschist.htm\">schist\u003c/a> like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley09/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40274\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40274\" title=\"stonycreekvalley09\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley09.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley09.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley09-400x332.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step out and collect a specimen or two if you like; this is public land. Chrome ore was mined around here, in and around the serpentinite belt. The tiny settlement of Chrome marks the site of one former mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Road 306 butts into Newville Road, and that's where you turn back toward the freeway. But there's one more attraction as you go forward through geologic time into the Sacramento Valley: the unexpected Black Butte. This is a segment of a huge lava flow, the \u003ca href=\"http://myweb.csuchico.edu/~rteasdale/Lovejoy.html\">Lovejoy Basalt\u003c/a>, that once crossed the Valley from a source in the northern Sierra Nevada, reaching from here south to Vacaville. Black Butte was raised by a fault, sparing it from erosional destruction. The lake around it is artificial, and the whole is a splendid park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-stony-creek-valley/stonycreekvalley10/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40275\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40275\" title=\"stonycreekvalley10\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley10.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley10.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/stonycreekvalley10-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get to Corning requires a short backtrack to Black Butte Road, which crosses orchard lands and offers low-key views (which I believe will show Mount Shasta on clear days). You may also take a shorter side trip starting in Orland that visits Black Butte alone. But once you get behind the curtain of those serrated Great Valley Sequence hills, you'll never look at this stretch of I-5 the same way again.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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