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"title": "The Era of Climate Refugees: Millions Lack Recognition or Legal Protections",
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"content": "\u003cp>This month, diplomats from around the world met in New York and Geneva to hash out a pair of new global agreements that aim to lay out new guidelines for how countries should deal with \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an unprecedented surge\u003c/a> in the number of displaced people, which has now reached 65.6 million worldwide.[contextly_sidebar id=”x8vQeWj5IftQurJWmJZ0kbnNWfMHPz0i”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s one emerging category that seems to be getting short shrift in the conversation: so-called “climate refugees,” who currently lack any formal definition, recognition or protection under international law even as the scope of their predicament becomes more clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2008, an average of \u003ca href=\"http://www.internal-displacement.org/database/displacement-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 million people\u003c/a> have been displaced by catastrophic weather disasters each year. As climate change worsens storms and droughts, climate scientists and migration experts expect that number to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, climate impacts that unravel over time, like desert expansion and sea level rise, are also forcing people from their homes: A \u003ca href=\"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Bank report\u003c/a> in March projects that within three of the most vulnerable regions — sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America — 143 million people could be displaced by these impacts by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/climate/on-the-front-line-of-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bangladesh\u003c/a>, hundreds of thousands of people are routinely uprooted by coastal flooding, many making a treacherous journey to the slums of the capital, Dhaka. In West Africa, the almost total disappearance of Lake Chad because of desertification has empowered terrorists and forced \u003ca href=\"http://www.globaldtm.info/lake-chad-basin-crisis-monthly-dashboard-1-april-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than four million people\u003c/a> into camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a problem in the United States as well. An \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/puerto-rico-crisis/2-300-puerto-rican-families-displaced-hurricane-maria-are-about-n880356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated 2,300 Puerto Rican families\u003c/a> displaced by Hurricane Maria are still looking for permanent housing, while government officials have spent years working to preemptively relocate more than a dozen small coastal communities in \u003ca href=\"https://thinkprogress.org/newtok-alaska-gets-relocation-funding-35b4434242a6/\">Alaska\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/louisiana-climate-refugees-plan-roadblock_us_5ab402ade4b008c9e5f55c1b\">Louisiana\u003c/a> that are disappearing into the rising sea.[contextly_sidebar id=”D4QCdbxZQ91rfuAbMyMHMW5HkskZEoC6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A December study by Columbia University climate researchers in the peer-reviewed journal \u003cem>Science \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6370/1610\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projected\u003c/a> that if global temperatures continue their upward march, applications for asylum to the European Union could increase 28 percent to nearly 450,000 per year by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, there’s no international agreement on who should qualify as a climate refugee — much less a plan to manage the growing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people fall through the cracks,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/people/erol-yayboke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erol Yayboke\u003c/a>, a development expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies who helped author a May\u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/analysis/confronting-global-forced-migration-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> report\u003c/a> on forced migration. “It’s hard for countries to come to a consensus on something like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difficulty took shape during the second and third weeks of June in the latest round of negotiations on the \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/intergovernmental-negotiations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact for Migration\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/formal-consultations-on-the-global-compact-on-refugees.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact on Refugees\u003c/a>, which are due to be adopted at the U.N. General Assembly this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the compacts were first proposed in 2016, there was some hope among migration researchers and advocates that they could provide a platform for new international policies on climate refugees, which had gained prominence since the 2015 Paris climate talks. But that hope was quashed in March, when Louise Arbour, the U.N. official leading the migration compact — which, of the two agreements, was considered the more likely venue for strong climate language — \u003ca href=\"https://www.devex.com/news/global-compact-for-migration-not-the-answer-for-climate-refugees-un-representative-92373\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the European Union\u003c/a> that the document would not grant “specific legal international protection to climate-induced migrants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both compacts do make some reference to the climate. The \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180528_draft_rev_2_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest draft of the migration compact\u003c/a> calls on U.N. members to “better map, understand, predict and address migration movements, including those resulting from sudden- and slow-onset natural disasters, environmental degradation, the adverse effects of climate change” and “cooperate to identify, develop and strengthen solutions, including planned relocation and visa options” for climate migrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/5b1579427\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugee compact\u003c/a> stops much shorter, only mentioning climate as one of many factors that “may interact with the drivers of refugee movements.”[contextly_sidebar id=”O3EfVhrV8r5HT4P1mtehPYL7SpXnb3Fe”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, the compacts should encourage countries to create new legal processes to document and manage climate migrants “so people can move before the water is literally lapping at their feet,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.sais-jhu.edu/users/nhall20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nina Hall\u003c/a>, a migration expert at Johns Hopkins University. As an example, she cited a plan in New Zealand to \u003ca href=\"https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/new-zealand-creates-special-refugee-visa-for-pacific-islanders-affected-by-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer up to 100 special climate visas\u003c/a> to Pacific Islanders — although that process is still in development and isn’t likely to open for several years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the language in the compacts is too vague to spur much progress, she says, and in any case neither compact will be legally binding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to be up front that the global compacts are not going to transform the landscape for climate migrants,” Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate refugees pose a number of unique challenges for international policymakers compared to those displaced by persecution, the traditional driver recognized by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/1951-refugee-convention.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1951 UN Refugee Convention\u003c/a>. While some people, like the Puerto Ricans displaced by Maria, are affected by a specific disaster, many others are forced to move because of slow-onset changes like sea level rise and desertification, which can make it hard to identify them as climate refugees. Researchers are still working to understand how climate change interacts with the panoply of other factors, including national security and local economic trends, that might prompt a family to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the majority of today’s climate refugees are displaced within the borders of their own country, whereas the new compacts focus exclusively on cross-border movement. And for Pacific island nations that face a truly existential threat from sea level rise, there’s no legal precedent to guide how they might relocate to new territory in another country — if they \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/no-retreat-climate-change-and-voluntary-immobility-pacific-islands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even want to move\u003c/a>. Even a comparatively simpler effort — \u003ca href=\"http:/isledejeancharles.la.gov/phase-1-resettlement-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to relocate a community of fewer than 100 people in Louisiana\u003c/a> whose island home, Isle de Jean Charles, has lost 98 percent of its land to sea level rise since the 1950s, to a new town 40 miles inland — has taken several years and cost $50 million and still faces setbacks, including complaints from the predominantly Native American residents that the state government didn’t adequately involve them in the planning process.[contextly_sidebar id=”00I9yE15Q12hdFS6dQtjFHE8BfPMVmHE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is there are tens of millions of these people, and we don’t agree on what we can do about them,” Yayboke says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the wave of nationalism and anti-immigrant sentiment that has swept across Europe and the U.S. in recent years has made it a challenge for the U.N. to even get governments to follow existing refugee protocol, let alone expand it to cover an entirely new class of refugee, Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To get any progressive international policy, much less hard law, is almost impossible in today’s climate,” she says. “We’re not going to get any kind of binding convention on displaced people due to climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. pulled out of the migration compact in December, \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/363014-us-pulls-out-of-global-compact-on-migration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">citing concerns\u003c/a> that it could impede the Trump administration’s immigration agenda. While that means the final agreement will be missing any commitment from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/top-25-destinations-international-migrants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">world’s number-one migrant destination\u003c/a>, it does remove a potential roadblock to including climate-specific language, given Trump’s disbelief in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, the global compacts aren’t the end of the issue. A different U.N. task force that was established in the Paris climate agreement is set to deliver a new set of recommendations on climate refugees around the same time the compacts are adopted. They will likely focus on measures individual countries can take to prevent climate refugees from being displaced in the first place, says \u003ca href=\"https://sidw.org/mariam-traore-chazalnoel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariam Traore Chazalnoel\u003c/a>, a climate expert at the U.N.’s International Organization for Migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people don’t actually want to migrate,” she says. “They would rather stay where they are. But they need the \u003cem>means\u003c/em> to stay where they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could include programs to train and equip farmers for drought tolerance, she says, raise homes out of flood plains, and other measures aimed at increasing communities’ resilience to climate shocks. Yayboke believes that development agencies need to step up funding for climate adaptation programs, which can help prevent displacement and reduce government spending on recovery from predictable natural disasters later on.[contextly_sidebar id=”lD8t2ypUt2JcYfF677KFvdPB7yFAlEBd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are spending so much money on this stuff, but we’re being totally reactive,” he says. “There are proactive things we can do that we’re just not doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few places are more illustrative of that problem than Bangladesh. According to the CSIS report, up to 70 percent of the five million people living in Dhaka’s slums were displaced from their original home by environmental disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The situation and scope of this problem is entirely new, and of biblical proportions,” says Steve Trent, executive director of the Environmental Justice Foundation, which released its own \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/reports/climate-displacement-in-bangladesh\">report\u003c/a> on Bangladesh in 2017. “It demands an entirely new legal convention. The global compacts are a start, but it’s clear that they’re not enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.timmcdonnell.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Tim McDonnell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist covering the environment, conflict and related issues in sub-Saharan Africa. Follow him on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/timmcdonnell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Twitter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/timothy.m.mcdonnell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Instagram\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Refugees+The+World+Barely+Pays+Attention+To&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This month, diplomats from around the world met in New York and Geneva to hash out a pair of new global agreements that aim to lay out new guidelines for how countries should deal with \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an unprecedented surge\u003c/a> in the number of displaced people, which has now reached 65.6 million worldwide.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s one emerging category that seems to be getting short shrift in the conversation: so-called “climate refugees,” who currently lack any formal definition, recognition or protection under international law even as the scope of their predicament becomes more clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2008, an average of \u003ca href=\"http://www.internal-displacement.org/database/displacement-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 million people\u003c/a> have been displaced by catastrophic weather disasters each year. As climate change worsens storms and droughts, climate scientists and migration experts expect that number to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, climate impacts that unravel over time, like desert expansion and sea level rise, are also forcing people from their homes: A \u003ca href=\"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Bank report\u003c/a> in March projects that within three of the most vulnerable regions — sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America — 143 million people could be displaced by these impacts by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/climate/on-the-front-line-of-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bangladesh\u003c/a>, hundreds of thousands of people are routinely uprooted by coastal flooding, many making a treacherous journey to the slums of the capital, Dhaka. In West Africa, the almost total disappearance of Lake Chad because of desertification has empowered terrorists and forced \u003ca href=\"http://www.globaldtm.info/lake-chad-basin-crisis-monthly-dashboard-1-april-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than four million people\u003c/a> into camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a problem in the United States as well. An \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/puerto-rico-crisis/2-300-puerto-rican-families-displaced-hurricane-maria-are-about-n880356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated 2,300 Puerto Rican families\u003c/a> displaced by Hurricane Maria are still looking for permanent housing, while government officials have spent years working to preemptively relocate more than a dozen small coastal communities in \u003ca href=\"https://thinkprogress.org/newtok-alaska-gets-relocation-funding-35b4434242a6/\">Alaska\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/louisiana-climate-refugees-plan-roadblock_us_5ab402ade4b008c9e5f55c1b\">Louisiana\u003c/a> that are disappearing into the rising sea.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A December study by Columbia University climate researchers in the peer-reviewed journal \u003cem>Science \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6370/1610\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">projected\u003c/a> that if global temperatures continue their upward march, applications for asylum to the European Union could increase 28 percent to nearly 450,000 per year by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, there’s no international agreement on who should qualify as a climate refugee — much less a plan to manage the growing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people fall through the cracks,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/people/erol-yayboke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erol Yayboke\u003c/a>, a development expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies who helped author a May\u003ca href=\"https://www.csis.org/analysis/confronting-global-forced-migration-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> report\u003c/a> on forced migration. “It’s hard for countries to come to a consensus on something like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difficulty took shape during the second and third weeks of June in the latest round of negotiations on the \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/intergovernmental-negotiations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact for Migration\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/formal-consultations-on-the-global-compact-on-refugees.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Compact on Refugees\u003c/a>, which are due to be adopted at the U.N. General Assembly this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the compacts were first proposed in 2016, there was some hope among migration researchers and advocates that they could provide a platform for new international policies on climate refugees, which had gained prominence since the 2015 Paris climate talks. But that hope was quashed in March, when Louise Arbour, the U.N. official leading the migration compact — which, of the two agreements, was considered the more likely venue for strong climate language — \u003ca href=\"https://www.devex.com/news/global-compact-for-migration-not-the-answer-for-climate-refugees-un-representative-92373\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the European Union\u003c/a> that the document would not grant “specific legal international protection to climate-induced migrants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both compacts do make some reference to the climate. The \u003ca href=\"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180528_draft_rev_2_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest draft of the migration compact\u003c/a> calls on U.N. members to “better map, understand, predict and address migration movements, including those resulting from sudden- and slow-onset natural disasters, environmental degradation, the adverse effects of climate change” and “cooperate to identify, develop and strengthen solutions, including planned relocation and visa options” for climate migrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/5b1579427\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugee compact\u003c/a> stops much shorter, only mentioning climate as one of many factors that “may interact with the drivers of refugee movements.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, the compacts should encourage countries to create new legal processes to document and manage climate migrants “so people can move before the water is literally lapping at their feet,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.sais-jhu.edu/users/nhall20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nina Hall\u003c/a>, a migration expert at Johns Hopkins University. As an example, she cited a plan in New Zealand to \u003ca href=\"https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/new-zealand-creates-special-refugee-visa-for-pacific-islanders-affected-by-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer up to 100 special climate visas\u003c/a> to Pacific Islanders — although that process is still in development and isn’t likely to open for several years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the language in the compacts is too vague to spur much progress, she says, and in any case neither compact will be legally binding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to be up front that the global compacts are not going to transform the landscape for climate migrants,” Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate refugees pose a number of unique challenges for international policymakers compared to those displaced by persecution, the traditional driver recognized by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/1951-refugee-convention.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1951 UN Refugee Convention\u003c/a>. While some people, like the Puerto Ricans displaced by Maria, are affected by a specific disaster, many others are forced to move because of slow-onset changes like sea level rise and desertification, which can make it hard to identify them as climate refugees. Researchers are still working to understand how climate change interacts with the panoply of other factors, including national security and local economic trends, that might prompt a family to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the majority of today’s climate refugees are displaced within the borders of their own country, whereas the new compacts focus exclusively on cross-border movement. And for Pacific island nations that face a truly existential threat from sea level rise, there’s no legal precedent to guide how they might relocate to new territory in another country — if they \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/no-retreat-climate-change-and-voluntary-immobility-pacific-islands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">even want to move\u003c/a>. Even a comparatively simpler effort — \u003ca href=\"http:/isledejeancharles.la.gov/phase-1-resettlement-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to relocate a community of fewer than 100 people in Louisiana\u003c/a> whose island home, Isle de Jean Charles, has lost 98 percent of its land to sea level rise since the 1950s, to a new town 40 miles inland — has taken several years and cost $50 million and still faces setbacks, including complaints from the predominantly Native American residents that the state government didn’t adequately involve them in the planning process.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is there are tens of millions of these people, and we don’t agree on what we can do about them,” Yayboke says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the wave of nationalism and anti-immigrant sentiment that has swept across Europe and the U.S. in recent years has made it a challenge for the U.N. to even get governments to follow existing refugee protocol, let alone expand it to cover an entirely new class of refugee, Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To get any progressive international policy, much less hard law, is almost impossible in today’s climate,” she says. “We’re not going to get any kind of binding convention on displaced people due to climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. pulled out of the migration compact in December, \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/363014-us-pulls-out-of-global-compact-on-migration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">citing concerns\u003c/a> that it could impede the Trump administration’s immigration agenda. While that means the final agreement will be missing any commitment from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/top-25-destinations-international-migrants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">world’s number-one migrant destination\u003c/a>, it does remove a potential roadblock to including climate-specific language, given Trump’s disbelief in climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, the global compacts aren’t the end of the issue. A different U.N. task force that was established in the Paris climate agreement is set to deliver a new set of recommendations on climate refugees around the same time the compacts are adopted. They will likely focus on measures individual countries can take to prevent climate refugees from being displaced in the first place, says \u003ca href=\"https://sidw.org/mariam-traore-chazalnoel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariam Traore Chazalnoel\u003c/a>, a climate expert at the U.N.’s International Organization for Migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people don’t actually want to migrate,” she says. “They would rather stay where they are. But they need the \u003cem>means\u003c/em> to stay where they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could include programs to train and equip farmers for drought tolerance, she says, raise homes out of flood plains, and other measures aimed at increasing communities’ resilience to climate shocks. Yayboke believes that development agencies need to step up funding for climate adaptation programs, which can help prevent displacement and reduce government spending on recovery from predictable natural disasters later on.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are spending so much money on this stuff, but we’re being totally reactive,” he says. “There are proactive things we can do that we’re just not doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few places are more illustrative of that problem than Bangladesh. According to the CSIS report, up to 70 percent of the five million people living in Dhaka’s slums were displaced from their original home by environmental disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The situation and scope of this problem is entirely new, and of biblical proportions,” says Steve Trent, executive director of the Environmental Justice Foundation, which released its own \u003ca href=\"https://ejfoundation.org/reports/climate-displacement-in-bangladesh\">report\u003c/a> on Bangladesh in 2017. “It demands an entirely new legal convention. The global compacts are a start, but it’s clear that they’re not enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.timmcdonnell.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Tim McDonnell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist covering the environment, conflict and related issues in sub-Saharan Africa. Follow him on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/timmcdonnell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Twitter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/timothy.m.mcdonnell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Instagram\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Refugees+The+World+Barely+Pays+Attention+To&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Oil And Gas Industry Emits 60 Percent More Methane Than EPA Reports: Study",
"headTitle": "Oil And Gas Industry Emits 60 Percent More Methane Than EPA Reports: Study | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The nation’s oil and gas industry is emitting nearly 60 percent more methane than the official estimates of the Environmental Protection Agency, according to a\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new study.\u003c/a> [contextly_sidebar id=”nZE8jEmsyCd7NTLNCds83wkJJsMXkhKt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, represent the “best estimate to date” of the environmental impact of the U.S. oil and gas industry, according to co-author Jeff Peischl, a scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth System Research Laboratory, in Boulder, Colorado. The study was led by researchers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a>, with support from 19 co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane, the main ingredient in natural gas, is 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a heat-trapping gas over a 20-year period. It is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas and oil. Study authors attribute the majority of these emissions to leaks, equipment malfunctions and operator errors. Researchers estimate the leak rate to be 2.3 percent, versus the current EPA estimate of 1.4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although the percentages seem small, the volume represents enough natural gas to fuel 10 million homes — lost gas worth an estimated $2 billion,” the EDF said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement that accompanied \u003c/a>the study.[contextly_sidebar id=”MPVsKnBjZurL3IhMGvXX5Gu6hV9YrO0N”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the oil and gas sector emits 13 million metric tons of methane per year, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the environmental impact of methane leaks in 2015 was roughly the same as carbon dioxide emissions from all U.S. coal plants operating that year. The problem spotlights a key challenge for an industry operating in an increasingly competitive, low-carbon economy. From\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21062018/methane-leaks-oil-gas-climate-change-risks-natural-gas-slcp-global-warming-pollution-science-edf-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Inside Climate News\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The study…presents some of the most compelling evidence to date that switching to gas from dirtier fuels like coal might not be as effective a climate strategy as its proponents suggest unless the gas industry improves how it controls leaks.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For the report’s underlying data, researchers turned to more than half a decade of studies on methane emissions conducted by more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/documents/Experts_Roster_Methane_Studies_6.14.18.pdf\">140 researchers from 40 institutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is by far the most comprehensive body of research of its kind,” co-author Steven Hamburg, the EDF’s chief scientist, said in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>. “Reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector is the fastest, most cost-effective way we have to slow the rate of warming today, even as the larger transition to lower-carbon energy continues.”[contextly_sidebar id=”aX2zRp0OxjaSTMajTYlRE9wQe03gqdFZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Energy Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/october/commentary-the-environmental-case-for-natural-gas.html\">estimates\u003c/a> the oil and gas sector can slash its methane emissions by 75 percent, with up to two-thirds of those cuts happening at zero net cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is taking issue with the study’s reliance on older data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No new measurements were made for this study,” Richard Meyer, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aga.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Gas Association’s \u003c/a>managing director of energy analysis, \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/06/21/emissions-greenhouse-gas-methane-higher-than-epa-thinks/722391002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told USA Today. \u003c/a>“Rather, the authors rely on previous scientific studies and a statistical method that produces higher emissions than previously estimated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']The study come as the Trump administration\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920211/u-s-district-court-rejects-trump-administration-attack-on-blm-waste-prevention-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> attempts\u003c/a> to undo Obama-era regulations meant to limit harmful methane emissions from oil and gas production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EDF hopes to help governments and companies track their methane emissions by\u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/climate/how-methanesat-is-different\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> launching MethaneSAT\u003c/a>, a satellite that can measure and map human-caused methane emissions. The satellite is scheduled to launch in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The nation’s oil and gas industry is emitting nearly 60 percent more methane than the official estimates of the Environmental Protection Agency, according to a\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new study.\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar7204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, represent the “best estimate to date” of the environmental impact of the U.S. oil and gas industry, according to co-author Jeff Peischl, a scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth System Research Laboratory, in Boulder, Colorado. The study was led by researchers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/a>, with support from 19 co-authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane, the main ingredient in natural gas, is 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a heat-trapping gas over a 20-year period. It is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas and oil. Study authors attribute the majority of these emissions to leaks, equipment malfunctions and operator errors. Researchers estimate the leak rate to be 2.3 percent, versus the current EPA estimate of 1.4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although the percentages seem small, the volume represents enough natural gas to fuel 10 million homes — lost gas worth an estimated $2 billion,” the EDF said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement that accompanied \u003c/a>the study.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the oil and gas sector emits 13 million metric tons of methane per year, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the environmental impact of methane leaks in 2015 was roughly the same as carbon dioxide emissions from all U.S. coal plants operating that year. The problem spotlights a key challenge for an industry operating in an increasingly competitive, low-carbon economy. From\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21062018/methane-leaks-oil-gas-climate-change-risks-natural-gas-slcp-global-warming-pollution-science-edf-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Inside Climate News\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The study…presents some of the most compelling evidence to date that switching to gas from dirtier fuels like coal might not be as effective a climate strategy as its proponents suggest unless the gas industry improves how it controls leaks.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For the report’s underlying data, researchers turned to more than half a decade of studies on methane emissions conducted by more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/documents/Experts_Roster_Methane_Studies_6.14.18.pdf\">140 researchers from 40 institutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is by far the most comprehensive body of research of its kind,” co-author Steven Hamburg, the EDF’s chief scientist, said in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/media/new-study-finds-us-oil-and-gas-methane-emissions-are-60-percent-higher-epa-reports-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>. “Reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector is the fastest, most cost-effective way we have to slow the rate of warming today, even as the larger transition to lower-carbon energy continues.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Energy Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/october/commentary-the-environmental-case-for-natural-gas.html\">estimates\u003c/a> the oil and gas sector can slash its methane emissions by 75 percent, with up to two-thirds of those cuts happening at zero net cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is taking issue with the study’s reliance on older data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No new measurements were made for this study,” Richard Meyer, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aga.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Gas Association’s \u003c/a>managing director of energy analysis, \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/06/21/emissions-greenhouse-gas-methane-higher-than-epa-thinks/722391002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told USA Today. \u003c/a>“Rather, the authors rely on previous scientific studies and a statistical method that produces higher emissions than previously estimated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The study come as the Trump administration\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920211/u-s-district-court-rejects-trump-administration-attack-on-blm-waste-prevention-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> attempts\u003c/a> to undo Obama-era regulations meant to limit harmful methane emissions from oil and gas production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EDF hopes to help governments and companies track their methane emissions by\u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/climate/how-methanesat-is-different\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> launching MethaneSAT\u003c/a>, a satellite that can measure and map human-caused methane emissions. The satellite is scheduled to launch in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Next week, a new instrument designed to measure plant stress will be plugged into the International Space Station. Once operating, the device will deliver unprecedented data about drought conditions and water conservation all over the planet.[contextly_sidebar id=”K8o6PU3tirF0q1wfrHLPADTFTO0RCpqS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device was designed and built by scientists at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NASA\u003c/span>’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. It’s scheduled for launch on June 29 aboard a SpaceX rocket as part of a resupply mission for the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://ecostress.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the instrument will measure the temperature of plants on Earth from the space station platform orbiting 254 miles overhead. It will provide imagery sharper than any existing satellite offers – and more often, thanks to the space station’s unique orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Fisher, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NASA\u003c/span>’s science lead for the project, refers to it as “space botany.” From the temperature data, scientists will be able to answer all kinds of questions that could help Earthlings use water more wisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, if plants are too hot, it means they are experiencing water stress. This could serve as an early warning of drought conditions. The data the device collects could also help farmers decide between different lettuce varieties, for example, to choose one that best handles water scarcity. The data could even gauge the success of urban water conservation measures, such as measuring effectiveness of landscaping choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Fisher to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> measure plant temperature from space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Fisher: It measures reflectance in the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that are related to heat. You know those handheld instruments that show you heat maps, like a thermometer? It’s like that except a lot more powerful and from the vantage point of space.[contextly_sidebar id=”D69q52GlVltVGKsUlj9ilhG8AyH29r71″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: And how do you get information about water use from that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: We’re measuring the temperature of plants on the surface of the Earth, then we convert to water use. So as plants cycle water through their leaves, the water cools them down just like sweating cools us. And if there’s not enough water, then they will heat up because they’re not cycling that water to cool them down. So we can measure that temperature and convert that to water stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does the space station’s orbit help this project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: Most satellites we’re used to are either polar orbiters or geostationary. But the space station has a different type of orbit called a precessing orbit. It doesn’t circle over the poles, but it can see from about 60 degrees north to 60 degrees south. Then it will come over the same spot on Earth every three to five days, depending on latitude. So, at higher latitudes, where its turning around in its orbit, it’s going to be seeing those spots quite a lot. But around the tropics, it will be passing at its normal cadence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space station will pass over us at different times every day. That’s really useful for our science because some plants will shut down in the afternoon if there’s water or heat stress, and other plants won’t. But we don’t know where that’s happening globally because we haven’t been able to get it from our polar orbiters. And our geostationary orbiters, which do measure the same area every time are quite coarse because of their orbit.[contextly_sidebar id=”KPRP4XhyJHaq18txHbqZJn1sngApBiaE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ECOSTRESS is able to sample that diurnal cycle with a very fine spatial resolution of about 70 meters. That’s basically the size of a large backyard – about 230 feet on a side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How can this information be used to improve water efficiency on Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: Farmers want to water as much as their plants will use. They don’t want to water less, unless they are doing some sort of stress irrigation. In general, you want to basically optimize your irrigation and not any more, because that’s a waste of money. So farmers really want to know how much water to irrigate. \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> will tell how much water plants are needing and how much is actually being irrigated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then for water managers, similarly, they want to know how much water different areas are using. So our U.S.Department of Agriculture partners are going to be investigating science questions related to drip irrigation versus sprinklers, timing of irrigation, timing of sowing a crop, different types of seed varieties and the like. There are a lot of interesting questions related to water use in just the agricultural arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2591px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-132301 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180615002413/Ecostress1NASA1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2591\" height=\"1726\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ECOSTRESS instrument is inspected after its arrival by truck at Johnson Space Center in Florida in April. (Photo Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/KSC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How often will \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> be able to take measurements?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: The overpass time is every three to five days for a single point on Earth. But we’re always basically measuring and we’re always sending data back to Earth and processing the data. We’ll make big deliveries to the public data archive center in regular increments, every six months or so. The mission itself is a scientific mission. The applications really want near real-time, and we’re producing that and there can be extensions to the mission to enable that. But the prime focus of the mission is for the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Even if it’s not near real-time, it can still help farmers. The farmer might be planting a few different varieties of lettuce and won’t know how much water each variety is using. A retrospective analysis will tell a farmer how much water each variety uses for the next season.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How unique will this data be?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: We’ve been able to do evapotranspiration using \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://yceo.yale.edu/what-modis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">MODIS\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at 1 kilometer resolution. That’s really good at temporal resolution, but not that great for spatial resolution. We’ve also been able to do evapotranspiration using \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://landsat.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Landsat\u003c/span>\u003c/a> data at about the same spatial resolution as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS.\u003c/span> But then Landsat passes over us every 16 days, and if there’s a cloud in the way then it’s 32 days.[contextly_sidebar id=”Cz4O1dWXzhJmx7SoN1acF46U98Dg8VBu”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are similar instruments on high towers in different forested areas across the globe, including one in Ione, California, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. They are part of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dataset_lister.pl?p=9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">Fluxnet\u003c/span>\u003c/a> network. But the Fluxnet data are limited to plants within a radius of about a mile. It would takes millions of Fluxnets to see the whole picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ECOSTRESS kind of hits that sweet spot in terms of really good spatial resolution and really good temporal resolution. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS \u003c/span>instrument is really accurate and our retrieval algorithms to process the data are very mature and good as well. We get the best of all worlds in ECOSTRESS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/19/new-tool-will-help-save-water-by-measuring-plant-health-from-space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new “space botany” instrument to be mounted on the International Space Station will offer the best data yet on plant stress, helping to track water demand on farms, cities and natural habitats.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Next week, a new instrument designed to measure plant stress will be plugged into the International Space Station. Once operating, the device will deliver unprecedented data about drought conditions and water conservation all over the planet.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device was designed and built by scientists at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NASA\u003c/span>’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. It’s scheduled for launch on June 29 aboard a SpaceX rocket as part of a resupply mission for the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://ecostress.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the instrument will measure the temperature of plants on Earth from the space station platform orbiting 254 miles overhead. It will provide imagery sharper than any existing satellite offers – and more often, thanks to the space station’s unique orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Fisher, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NASA\u003c/span>’s science lead for the project, refers to it as “space botany.” From the temperature data, scientists will be able to answer all kinds of questions that could help Earthlings use water more wisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, if plants are too hot, it means they are experiencing water stress. This could serve as an early warning of drought conditions. The data the device collects could also help farmers decide between different lettuce varieties, for example, to choose one that best handles water scarcity. The data could even gauge the success of urban water conservation measures, such as measuring effectiveness of landscaping choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Fisher to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> measure plant temperature from space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Fisher: It measures reflectance in the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that are related to heat. You know those handheld instruments that show you heat maps, like a thermometer? It’s like that except a lot more powerful and from the vantage point of space.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: And how do you get information about water use from that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: We’re measuring the temperature of plants on the surface of the Earth, then we convert to water use. So as plants cycle water through their leaves, the water cools them down just like sweating cools us. And if there’s not enough water, then they will heat up because they’re not cycling that water to cool them down. So we can measure that temperature and convert that to water stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does the space station’s orbit help this project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: Most satellites we’re used to are either polar orbiters or geostationary. But the space station has a different type of orbit called a precessing orbit. It doesn’t circle over the poles, but it can see from about 60 degrees north to 60 degrees south. Then it will come over the same spot on Earth every three to five days, depending on latitude. So, at higher latitudes, where its turning around in its orbit, it’s going to be seeing those spots quite a lot. But around the tropics, it will be passing at its normal cadence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space station will pass over us at different times every day. That’s really useful for our science because some plants will shut down in the afternoon if there’s water or heat stress, and other plants won’t. But we don’t know where that’s happening globally because we haven’t been able to get it from our polar orbiters. And our geostationary orbiters, which do measure the same area every time are quite coarse because of their orbit.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ECOSTRESS is able to sample that diurnal cycle with a very fine spatial resolution of about 70 meters. That’s basically the size of a large backyard – about 230 feet on a side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How can this information be used to improve water efficiency on Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: Farmers want to water as much as their plants will use. They don’t want to water less, unless they are doing some sort of stress irrigation. In general, you want to basically optimize your irrigation and not any more, because that’s a waste of money. So farmers really want to know how much water to irrigate. \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> will tell how much water plants are needing and how much is actually being irrigated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then for water managers, similarly, they want to know how much water different areas are using. So our U.S.Department of Agriculture partners are going to be investigating science questions related to drip irrigation versus sprinklers, timing of irrigation, timing of sowing a crop, different types of seed varieties and the like. There are a lot of interesting questions related to water use in just the agricultural arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2591px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-132301 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180615002413/Ecostress1NASA1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2591\" height=\"1726\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ECOSTRESS instrument is inspected after its arrival by truck at Johnson Space Center in Florida in April. (Photo Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/KSC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How often will \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> be able to take measurements?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: The overpass time is every three to five days for a single point on Earth. But we’re always basically measuring and we’re always sending data back to Earth and processing the data. We’ll make big deliveries to the public data archive center in regular increments, every six months or so. The mission itself is a scientific mission. The applications really want near real-time, and we’re producing that and there can be extensions to the mission to enable that. But the prime focus of the mission is for the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Even if it’s not near real-time, it can still help farmers. The farmer might be planting a few different varieties of lettuce and won’t know how much water each variety is using. A retrospective analysis will tell a farmer how much water each variety uses for the next season.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How unique will this data be?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: We’ve been able to do evapotranspiration using \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://yceo.yale.edu/what-modis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">MODIS\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at 1 kilometer resolution. That’s really good at temporal resolution, but not that great for spatial resolution. We’ve also been able to do evapotranspiration using \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://landsat.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Landsat\u003c/span>\u003c/a> data at about the same spatial resolution as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS.\u003c/span> But then Landsat passes over us every 16 days, and if there’s a cloud in the way then it’s 32 days.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are similar instruments on high towers in different forested areas across the globe, including one in Ione, California, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. They are part of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dataset_lister.pl?p=9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">Fluxnet\u003c/span>\u003c/a> network. But the Fluxnet data are limited to plants within a radius of about a mile. It would takes millions of Fluxnets to see the whole picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ECOSTRESS kind of hits that sweet spot in terms of really good spatial resolution and really good temporal resolution. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS \u003c/span>instrument is really accurate and our retrieval algorithms to process the data are very mature and good as well. We get the best of all worlds in ECOSTRESS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/19/new-tool-will-help-save-water-by-measuring-plant-health-from-space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>“The Gorilla Foundation is sad to announce the passing of our beloved Koko,” the research center says, informing the world about the death of a gorilla who fascinated and elated millions of people with her facility for language.[contextly_sidebar id=”pk0SZmvstoQK82Uy1CTy9omXHn7GUauo”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koko, who was 46, died in her sleep Tuesday morning, the Gorilla Foundation said. At birth, she was named Hanabi-ko — Japanese for “fireworks child,” because she was born at the San Francisco Zoo on the Fourth of July in 1971. She was a western lowland gorilla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Her impact has been profound and what she has taught us about the emotional capacity of gorillas and their cognitive abilities will continue to shape the world,” the Gorilla Foundation said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout her life, Koko’s abilities made headlines. After she began communicating with humans through American Sign Language, she was featured by \u003cem>National Geographic\u003c/em> — and she took her own picture (in a mirror) for the magazine’s cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That cover came out in 1978, seven years after Koko was chosen as an infant to work on a language research project with the psychologist Francine “Penny” Patterson. In 1985, the magazine profiled the affectionate relationship between the gorilla and her kitten: Koko and All Ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2001, Koko made a fast friend in comedian Robin Williams, trying on his glasses, showing him around and getting him to tickle her. Then they made faces at each other — and the gorilla seemed to recall seeing Williams in a movie. Years later, in 2014, Koko was one of many who mourned Williams’ passing.[contextly_sidebar id=”iVczpiHTwvBitSGDag5hc0c9ZGEjtFvR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koko amazed scientists in 2012, when she showed she could\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2012/02/02/146195395/a-famous-gorilla-plays-the-recorder-and-we-all-may-learn-something\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> learn to play the recorder\u003c/a>. The feat revealed mental acuity but also, crucially, that primates can learn to intricately control their breathing — something that had been assumed to be beyond their abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her ability to interact with people made Koko an international celebrity. But she also revealed the depth and strength of a gorilla’s emotional life, sharing moments of glee and sadness with researchers Patterson and Ron Cohn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2016/08/04/488657897/how-human-should-a-gorilla-be\">Barbara J. King wrote\u003c/a> for NPR about the BBC documentary \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sesspfZKsq0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Koko: The Gorilla Who Talks\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>,\u003c/em> when it aired on PBS in 2016:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1985-01-10/news/mn-9038_1_pet-kitten\">Famously\u003c/a>, Koko felt quite sad in 1984 when her adopted kitten Ball was hit by a car and died. How do we know? Here is \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160616-monkeys-grieve-when-their-friends-die\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nonhuman primate grief\u003c/a> mediated through language: In historical footage in the film, Patterson is seen asking Koko, “What happened to Ball?” In reply, Koko utters these signs in sequence: \u003cem>cat, cry, have-sorry, Koko-love. \u003c/em>And then, after a pause, two more signs: \u003cem>unattention, visit me.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, it’s humanity’s turn to mourn Koko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of people are commiserating on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/Koko-The-Gorilla-Foundation-289961865248/?ref=nf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gorilla Foundation’s Facebook page\u003c/a> posting about Koko’s death. The top comment comes from Jess Cameron:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Legit bawling like a baby right now. This news just breaks my heart. From an early age I was fascinated with Koko and she taught me so much about love, kindness, respect for animals, and our planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of Koko’s life, sentiments like that have been counterbalanced by questions about her ability to use language in original and complex ways. And for Koko and other research subjects, there has also been skepticism over how their handlers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/25/538580495/what-are-the-planet-s-real-talking-chimps-and-gorillas-saying\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interpret the animals’ behavior\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Koko’s passing, \u003ca href=\"http://www.koko.org/node/2257\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Gorilla Foundation says\u003c/a> it will honor her legacy, working on wildlife conservation in Africa, a great ape sanctuary in Maui, Hawaii, and a sign language app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The foundation says those who want to share condolences can do so by emailing \u003ca href=\"mailto:kokolove@koko.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kokolove@koko.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Koko+The+Gorilla+Dies%3B+Redrew+The+Lines+Of+Animal-Human+Communication&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>A family of industrial chemicals turning up in public water supplies around the country is even more toxic than previously thought, threatening human health at concentrations seven to 10 times lower than once realized, according to a government report released Wednesday.[contextly_sidebar id=”aqvGWhtLLdNK6U1XV4gfDx1eLFcDQKu7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemicals are called perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl. They were used in such goods as fire-suppressing foam, nonstick pans, fast-food wrappers, and stain-resistant fabric and carpet, but are no longer used in U.S. manufacturing. Water sampling has found contamination in water around military bases, factories and other sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exposure at high levels is linked to liver damage, developmental problems and some forms of cancer, among other risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft of the report, by the Department of Health and Human Services’ toxicology office, had set off alarms within the Trump administration earlier this year. A January email from a White House official, released under the Freedom of Information Act, referred to the findings as a “potential public relations nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft went under months of government review before Wednesday’s publication, but the key finding — that the chemicals are dangerous at specific levels much lower than previously stated — was not changed.[contextly_sidebar id=”v4zcwzbOTXqHs66iBK4EcM26bHe6ktjS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA, which scheduled a series of hearings on the chemicals, said last month that it would move toward formally declaring the two most common forms of PFAS as hazardous substances and make recommendations for groundwater cleanup, among other steps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. manufacturers agreed in 2006 to an EPA-crafted deal to stop using one of the most common forms of the chemical in consumer products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings will likely lead state and local water systems with the contaminant to boost filtering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more we test, the more we find,” Olga Naidenko, a science adviser to the Environmental Working Group nonprofit, said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headTitle": "California Limits Daily Personal Water Use to 55 Gallons – Kind Of | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California has always been America’s leader on environmental policy, and water is no exception. So it was hardly surprising when the state made headlines across the nation in early June with a new policy on residential water use: Californians will be limited to 55 gallons per person per day for their indoor water needs.[contextly_sidebar id=”4LIGCSZt3yBkPhP2SQCUqODKQ2LzbkBs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule is apparently the first of its kind in the nation. But lost in the excitement is the fact that water agencies have no way to measure how much water their customers use indoors. Homes have only one water meter, and it provides no information about where water is used or for what purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reality, it turns out, the 55-gallon limit is not a limit at all. It is merely an aspirational target meant to motivate customers to conserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The statewide indoor water use standard is not enforceable on individual water users,” said Dave Bolland, director of state regulatory relations at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acwa.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a>. “There is no provision [in the law] that requires individual households to meet a specific water use target.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/05/31/governor-brown-signs-legislation-establishing-statewide-water-efficiency-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pair of new laws\u003c/a> that enacted the 55-gallon target, Assembly Bill 1668 and Senate Bill 606, set it as a goal that water utilities must meet by averaging across all their customers. Water agencies must create a “water budget,” aggregated across their entire service area, that includes indoor water consumption, water applied for landscape irrigation, commercial and industrial use and water lost due to system leakage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overarching goal is to create a culture of permanent water conservation, and to sustain the progress made by emergency measures during California’s five-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even in the new aggregated water budgets, utilities have no way to know for sure how much total water is being used indoors by their customers. They’ll be guessing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And water agencies are not required to ensure indoor water use hits the 55-gallon target, even as a system-wide average. Utilities only face a threat of fines by the state if they fail to live within their total water budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180620080323/846443671.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2032\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rachel Garza, a water conservation technician with the East Bay Municipal Utility District, inspects a sprinkler system during a water conservation audit in Walnut Creek, California, in 2015. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It will be up to the local urban water suppliers to determine how to meet these aggregate water budgets,” Bolland said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if the 55-gallon limit is not really a limit, and nobody even knows if it’s being met, what good is it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups supported the 55-gallon target as a public education tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the reason the number is important is because it does provide a barometer against which to measure water usage,” said Sara Aminzadeh, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://cacoastkeeper.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Coastkeeper Alliance\u003c/a>. “There’s a public awareness benefit. But I still would say the legislation is somewhat of a missed opportunity to make some deeper water conservation and efficiency gains.”[contextly_sidebar id=”vcGILrPzwoiA8mYpItstPFrvxkXsjhuk”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason, she said, is that 55 gallons is probably too generous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During California’s recent five-year drought, a number of cities reduced total residential water consumption well below 55 gallons per person per day. And that included landscape irrigation. Examples include San Francisco and Santa Cruz. Granted, these are coastal cities with mild climates, well-established water conservation campaigns and receptive citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But per person indoor water use, by itself, probably doesn’t vary much across the state. Everyone needs more or less the same amount of water for bathing, cooking and cleaning. This is especially true with the broad adoption of water-efficient appliances and fixtures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does vary a lot is outdoor water use, because it depends on individual landscaping choices and local microclimate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel that [55 gallons] is a standard that 90 percent of water suppliers are likely already meeting,” Aminzadeh said. “I don’t want to diminish the benefit of this legislation. It’s great to see permanent water conservation legislation. But at the same time, I’m looking at a climate emergency around water scarcity issues, and really asking: Did we go far enough, and could we go further?”[contextly_sidebar id=”kIKyNbo8lCGrAw9uTQzhVUC5hHkzSFuE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new legislation does require the target to be ratcheted downward, to 52.5 gallons in 2025, then 50 gallons in 2030. It also requires the state’s Department of Water Resources and Water Resources Control Board to analyze progress on indoor water conservation, and report back to the legislature in 2021 with any recommendations to shrink the standard. So, if progress indicates the target should be lower, there’s a process to make it happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another issue overlooked in the excitement about the 55-gallon target is the fact that water budgets create a new record-keeping headache for water utilities. This is one reason the Association of California Water Agencies and a number of individual water utilities opposed the legislation. They support continued conservation progress, Bolland said, but they don’t want the state telling them how to conserve water, because every region has unique conservation priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sdcwa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Diego County Water Authority\u003c/a>, which opposed the legislation, one priority is economic growth. Dana Friehauf, the utility’s water resources manager, said her agency was concerned draconian conservation rules handed down by the state could discourage commercial and industrial businesses from locating in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the aggregated water budgets, rather than a strict indoor or commercial requirement, give water agencies the flexibility they need to comply. But it still won’t be easy, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to make sure whatever this objective is, it doesn’t harm the continued economic growth within our region,” she said. “It’s up to the water agency to decide how they want to achieve the savings. They could decide they want to achieve all the savings outdoors. It just depends.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/06/20/california-limits-daily-personal-water-use-to-55-gallons-kind-of\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The state’s new per capita limit on indoor water use is groundbreaking, but there is no practical way to enforce it. Rather, it is intended to inspire more conservation and guide larger efforts by water utilities.",
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"description": "The state’s new per capita limit on indoor water use is groundbreaking, but there is no practical way to enforce it. Rather, it is intended to inspire more conservation and guide larger efforts by water utilities.",
"title": "California Limits Daily Personal Water Use to 55 Gallons – Kind Of | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has always been America’s leader on environmental policy, and water is no exception. So it was hardly surprising when the state made headlines across the nation in early June with a new policy on residential water use: Californians will be limited to 55 gallons per person per day for their indoor water needs.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule is apparently the first of its kind in the nation. But lost in the excitement is the fact that water agencies have no way to measure how much water their customers use indoors. Homes have only one water meter, and it provides no information about where water is used or for what purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reality, it turns out, the 55-gallon limit is not a limit at all. It is merely an aspirational target meant to motivate customers to conserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The statewide indoor water use standard is not enforceable on individual water users,” said Dave Bolland, director of state regulatory relations at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.acwa.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a>. “There is no provision [in the law] that requires individual households to meet a specific water use target.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/05/31/governor-brown-signs-legislation-establishing-statewide-water-efficiency-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pair of new laws\u003c/a> that enacted the 55-gallon target, Assembly Bill 1668 and Senate Bill 606, set it as a goal that water utilities must meet by averaging across all their customers. Water agencies must create a “water budget,” aggregated across their entire service area, that includes indoor water consumption, water applied for landscape irrigation, commercial and industrial use and water lost due to system leakage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overarching goal is to create a culture of permanent water conservation, and to sustain the progress made by emergency measures during California’s five-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even in the new aggregated water budgets, utilities have no way to know for sure how much total water is being used indoors by their customers. They’ll be guessing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And water agencies are not required to ensure indoor water use hits the 55-gallon target, even as a system-wide average. Utilities only face a threat of fines by the state if they fail to live within their total water budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180620080323/846443671.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2032\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rachel Garza, a water conservation technician with the East Bay Municipal Utility District, inspects a sprinkler system during a water conservation audit in Walnut Creek, California, in 2015. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It will be up to the local urban water suppliers to determine how to meet these aggregate water budgets,” Bolland said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if the 55-gallon limit is not really a limit, and nobody even knows if it’s being met, what good is it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups supported the 55-gallon target as a public education tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the reason the number is important is because it does provide a barometer against which to measure water usage,” said Sara Aminzadeh, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://cacoastkeeper.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Coastkeeper Alliance\u003c/a>. “There’s a public awareness benefit. But I still would say the legislation is somewhat of a missed opportunity to make some deeper water conservation and efficiency gains.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason, she said, is that 55 gallons is probably too generous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During California’s recent five-year drought, a number of cities reduced total residential water consumption well below 55 gallons per person per day. And that included landscape irrigation. Examples include San Francisco and Santa Cruz. Granted, these are coastal cities with mild climates, well-established water conservation campaigns and receptive citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But per person indoor water use, by itself, probably doesn’t vary much across the state. Everyone needs more or less the same amount of water for bathing, cooking and cleaning. This is especially true with the broad adoption of water-efficient appliances and fixtures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does vary a lot is outdoor water use, because it depends on individual landscaping choices and local microclimate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel that [55 gallons] is a standard that 90 percent of water suppliers are likely already meeting,” Aminzadeh said. “I don’t want to diminish the benefit of this legislation. It’s great to see permanent water conservation legislation. But at the same time, I’m looking at a climate emergency around water scarcity issues, and really asking: Did we go far enough, and could we go further?”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new legislation does require the target to be ratcheted downward, to 52.5 gallons in 2025, then 50 gallons in 2030. It also requires the state’s Department of Water Resources and Water Resources Control Board to analyze progress on indoor water conservation, and report back to the legislature in 2021 with any recommendations to shrink the standard. So, if progress indicates the target should be lower, there’s a process to make it happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another issue overlooked in the excitement about the 55-gallon target is the fact that water budgets create a new record-keeping headache for water utilities. This is one reason the Association of California Water Agencies and a number of individual water utilities opposed the legislation. They support continued conservation progress, Bolland said, but they don’t want the state telling them how to conserve water, because every region has unique conservation priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sdcwa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Diego County Water Authority\u003c/a>, which opposed the legislation, one priority is economic growth. Dana Friehauf, the utility’s water resources manager, said her agency was concerned draconian conservation rules handed down by the state could discourage commercial and industrial businesses from locating in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the aggregated water budgets, rather than a strict indoor or commercial requirement, give water agencies the flexibility they need to comply. But it still won’t be easy, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to make sure whatever this objective is, it doesn’t harm the continued economic growth within our region,” she said. “It’s up to the water agency to decide how they want to achieve the savings. They could decide they want to achieve all the savings outdoors. It just depends.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/06/20/california-limits-daily-personal-water-use-to-55-gallons-kind-of\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "its-not-about-the-facts-the-irrational-fight-over-climate-change-explained-in-one-cartoon",
"title": "The Irrational Fight Over Climate Change Explained in One Cartoon",
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"headTitle": "The Irrational Fight Over Climate Change Explained in One Cartoon | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/428460/want-to-cut-your-carbon-footprint-get-liquefied-when-youre-dead\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_01_V03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"3307\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_02_V02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2756\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_03_V02Clean.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"3200\">\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable id=\"Table_04\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"16\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ABlank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"446\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_B01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1073\" height=\"80\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_B02.jpg\" alt=\"NASA\" width=\"198\" height=\"80\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_B03Blank.jpg\" alt=\"NOAA\" width=\"649\" height=\"80\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climatechange\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_C01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"The United Nations\" width=\"1073\" height=\"78\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_C02Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"847\" height=\"78\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_D01ClimateBlank.jpg\" alt=\"scientists\" width=\"1073\" height=\"80\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_D02Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"847\" height=\"80\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"16\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_EBlank02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"822\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"7\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/sustainability/climate-change.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_F01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"BP\" width=\"887\" height=\"83\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"9\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/current-issues/climate-policy/climate-perspectives/engagement-to-address-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_F02Blank02.jpg\" alt=\"ExxonMobil\" width=\"1033\" height=\"83\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"9\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.shell.com/sustainability/environment/climate-change.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_G01Blank02.jpg\" alt=\"Shell\" width=\"960\" height=\"73\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"7\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.chevron.com/corporate-responsibility/climate-change/policy-principles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_G2Blank.jpg\" alt=\"Chevron\" width=\"960\" height=\"73\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"16\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_H01Blank02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"900\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-climatechange-military/climate-change-threatens-half-of-u-s-military-sites-pentagon-idUSKBN1FK2T8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_I01.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Military\" width=\"548\" height=\"69\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-29/moody-s-warns-cities-to-address-climate-risks-or-face-downgrades\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_I02B.jpg\" alt=\"Moody's\" width=\"787\" height=\"69\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://catholicclimatemovement.global/statements-on-climate-change-from-the-popes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_I03.jpg\" alt=\"Popes\" width=\"585\" height=\"69\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.usclimatealliance.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_J01.jpg\" alt=\"cities and states\" width=\"548\" height=\"55\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"9\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.under2coalition.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_J02_V02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"561\" height=\"55\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"4\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/exec-office-other/climate-change-full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_J03.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. National Academy\" width=\"811\" height=\"55\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/exec-office-other/climate-change-full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K01.jpg\" alt=\"Sciences\" width=\"356\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"192\" height=\"54\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"7\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/exec-office-other/climate-change-full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K03.jpg\" alt=\"U.K. Royal Society\" width=\"499\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"6\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2017/10/23/trump-climate-change-us-companies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K04.jpg\" alt=\"Fortune 500\" width=\"873\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L01.jpg\" alt=\"Methodist\" width=\"489\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L02.jpg\" alt=\"Lutheran\" width=\"261\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L03.jpg\" alt=\"Episcopal\" width=\"297\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L04.jpg\" alt=\"Presbyterian\" width=\"317\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"556\" height=\"54\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"4\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_M01.jpg\" alt=\"Eastern Orthodox\" width=\"567\" height=\"63\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"4\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_M02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"363\" height=\"63\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"8\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.rand.org/topics/global-climate-change.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_M03.jpg\" alt=\"RAND\" width=\"990\" height=\"63\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"6\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.opr.ca.gov/facts/list-of-scientific-organizations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_N01.jpg\" alt=\"scientific organizations\" width=\"818\" height=\"60\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"10\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_N02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1102\" height=\"60\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"16\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_O.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"356\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"133\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"59\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"19\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"183\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"68\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"69\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"43\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"30\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"87\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"26\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"36\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"162\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"64\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"29\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"556\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003ctable id=\"Table_05\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/231530/global-warming-concern-steady-despite-partisan-shifts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_A01.jpg\" alt=\"A Gallup Poll\" width=\"752\" height=\"86\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_A02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1168\" height=\"86\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_B.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1302\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_C01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1229\" height=\"84\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2015/07/The-Climate-Deception-Dossiers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_C02Blank.jpg\" alt=\"campaign\" width=\"691\" height=\"84\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_DBlank03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1391\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003ctable id=\"Table_06\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_A_V02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"823\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_B01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"597\" height=\"81\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2017/11/10/16627256/conservatives-climate-change-persuasion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_B02.jpg\" alt=\"synthesized\" width=\"417\" height=\"81\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_B03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"906\" height=\"81\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_C.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2972\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_07_V04.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"4886\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
"blocks": [],
"excerpt": "Our story on eco-friendly cremation got slammed by Drudge Report readers after it appeared on the site. So we wondered: How is it that so many people reject what is known to be true?",
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"headData": {
"title": "The Irrational Fight Over Climate Change Explained in One Cartoon | KQED",
"description": "Our story on eco-friendly cremation got slammed by Drudge Report readers after it appeared on the site. So we wondered: How is it that so many people reject what is known to be true?",
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"headline": "The Irrational Fight Over Climate Change Explained in One Cartoon",
"datePublished": "2018-06-20T13:52:45-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-09-05T16:16:43-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
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},
"source": "Climate Change",
"sticky": false,
"nprByline": "Mark Fiore, Jon Brooks and Lesley McClurg",
"path": "/science/1924974/its-not-about-the-facts-the-irrational-fight-over-climate-change-explained-in-one-cartoon",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/428460/want-to-cut-your-carbon-footprint-get-liquefied-when-youre-dead\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_01_V03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"3307\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_02_V02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2756\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_03_V02Clean.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"3200\">\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable id=\"Table_04\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"16\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ABlank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"446\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_B01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1073\" height=\"80\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_B02.jpg\" alt=\"NASA\" width=\"198\" height=\"80\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_B03Blank.jpg\" alt=\"NOAA\" width=\"649\" height=\"80\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climatechange\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_C01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"The United Nations\" width=\"1073\" height=\"78\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_C02Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"847\" height=\"78\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_D01ClimateBlank.jpg\" alt=\"scientists\" width=\"1073\" height=\"80\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_D02Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"847\" height=\"80\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"16\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_EBlank02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"822\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"7\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/sustainability/climate-change.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_F01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"BP\" width=\"887\" height=\"83\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"9\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/current-issues/climate-policy/climate-perspectives/engagement-to-address-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_F02Blank02.jpg\" alt=\"ExxonMobil\" width=\"1033\" height=\"83\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"9\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.shell.com/sustainability/environment/climate-change.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_G01Blank02.jpg\" alt=\"Shell\" width=\"960\" height=\"73\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" colspan=\"7\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.chevron.com/corporate-responsibility/climate-change/policy-principles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left;border-collapse: collapse\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_G2Blank.jpg\" alt=\"Chevron\" width=\"960\" height=\"73\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"16\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_H01Blank02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"900\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-climatechange-military/climate-change-threatens-half-of-u-s-military-sites-pentagon-idUSKBN1FK2T8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_I01.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Military\" width=\"548\" height=\"69\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"11\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-29/moody-s-warns-cities-to-address-climate-risks-or-face-downgrades\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_I02B.jpg\" alt=\"Moody's\" width=\"787\" height=\"69\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://catholicclimatemovement.global/statements-on-climate-change-from-the-popes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_I03.jpg\" alt=\"Popes\" width=\"585\" height=\"69\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.usclimatealliance.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_J01.jpg\" alt=\"cities and states\" width=\"548\" height=\"55\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"9\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.under2coalition.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_J02_V02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"561\" height=\"55\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"4\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/exec-office-other/climate-change-full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_J03.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. National Academy\" width=\"811\" height=\"55\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/exec-office-other/climate-change-full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K01.jpg\" alt=\"Sciences\" width=\"356\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"192\" height=\"54\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"7\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/exec-office-other/climate-change-full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K03.jpg\" alt=\"U.K. Royal Society\" width=\"499\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"6\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2017/10/23/trump-climate-change-us-companies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_K04.jpg\" alt=\"Fortune 500\" width=\"873\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L01.jpg\" alt=\"Methodist\" width=\"489\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L02.jpg\" alt=\"Lutheran\" width=\"261\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L03.jpg\" alt=\"Episcopal\" width=\"297\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L04.jpg\" alt=\"Presbyterian\" width=\"317\" height=\"54\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_L05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"556\" height=\"54\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"4\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.interfaithpowerandlight.org/religious-statements-on-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: 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src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_M03.jpg\" alt=\"RAND\" width=\"990\" height=\"63\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"6\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.opr.ca.gov/facts/list-of-scientific-organizations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_04R_ALT_N01.jpg\" alt=\"scientific organizations\" width=\"818\" height=\"60\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"10\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" 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rowspan=\"1\" width=\"87\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"26\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"36\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"162\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"64\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"29\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\" width=\"556\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003ctable id=\"Table_05\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/231530/global-warming-concern-steady-despite-partisan-shifts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_A01.jpg\" alt=\"A Gallup Poll\" width=\"752\" height=\"86\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_A02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1168\" height=\"86\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_B.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1302\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_C01Blank.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1229\" height=\"84\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2015/07/The-Climate-Deception-Dossiers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_C02Blank.jpg\" alt=\"campaign\" width=\"691\" height=\"84\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_05R_V02_DBlank03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1391\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003ctable id=\"Table_06\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_A_V02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"823\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_B01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"597\" height=\"81\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2017/11/10/16627256/conservatives-climate-change-persuasion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_B02.jpg\" alt=\"synthesized\" width=\"417\" height=\"81\">\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_B03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"906\" height=\"81\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_06_C.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2972\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" style=\"padding: 0;border: none;vertical-align: top;text-align: left\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/KQED_Cremation_07_V04.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"4886\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "IBM Computer Proves Formidable Against 2 Human Debaters",
"headTitle": "IBM Computer Proves Formidable Against 2 Human Debaters | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>An argumentative computer proved formidable against two human debaters as IBM gave its first public demonstration of new artificial intelligence technology it’s been working on for more than five years.[contextly_sidebar id=”aTtT9cVuAXf7BWOi4yqhcTtMKmWvBbxk”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new skills show that computers are getting better at mastering human language and speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The computer made its case for government-subsidized space research by pulling in evidence from its huge internal repository of newspapers, journals and other sources. After delivering opening arguments, the computer listened to a professional human debater’s counter-argument and spent four minutes rebutting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company unveiled its Project Debater in San Francisco on Monday. IBM selected possible topics based on whether they were debatable, but neither the computer nor the human debaters knew the topic in advance. Nonetheless, the computer championed the topic fiercely with just a few awkward gaps in reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Subsidizing space exploration is like investing in really good tires,” argued the computer system, its female voice embodied in a 5-foot-tall machine shaped like a monolith with TV screens on its sides. Such research would enrich the human mind, inspire young people and be a “very sound investment,” it said, making it more important even than good roads, schools or health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After closing arguments it moved on to a second debate about telemedicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An IBM research team based in Israel began working on the project not long after IBM’s Watson computer beat two human quizmasters on a “Jeopardy” challenge in 2011.[contextly_sidebar id=”rH9OrzT0AiJ17AyEKyXVRlo0aR6qE8xE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rather than just scanning a giant trove of data in search of factoids, IBM’s latest project taps into several more complex branches of AI. Search engine algorithms used by Google and Microsoft’s Bing use similar technology to digest and summarize written content and compose new paragraphs. Voice assistants such as Amazon’s Alexa rely on listening comprehension to answer questions posed by people. Google recently demonstrated an eerily human-like voice assistant that can call hair salons or restaurants to make appointments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But IBM says it’s breaking new ground by creating a system that tackles deeper human practices of rhetoric and analysis, and how they’re used to discuss big questions whose answers aren’t always clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think of the rules of debate, they’re far more open-ended than the rules of a board game,” said Ranit Aharonov, who manages the debater project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IBM doesn’t try to declare a winner of the debates, but Noa Ovadia, one of the human debaters, said the computer was a formidable opponent even if it made a few too many blanket statements about space exploration being the pinnacle of human achievement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ovadia, a national debate champion in Israel, said she was impressed by its fluency in language and ability to construct sentences. She said the computer was able to “get to the bottom line of my arguments” and respond to them.[contextly_sidebar id=”GjJy27brIJjbgVlfnBuchNc4JjNkgWqG”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among several outside experts IBM invited to attend Project Debater’s debut was Chris Reed, who directs the Centre for Argument Technology at the University of Dundee in Scotland. Reed said he was impressed by its grasp of “procatalepsis” — a rhetorical technique that involves anticipating an opponent’s argument and preemptively rebutting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As expected, the machine tends to be better than humans at bringing in numbers and other detailed supporting evidence. It’s also able to latch onto the most salient and attention-getting elements of an argument, and can even deliver some self-referential jokes about being a computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it lacks tact, researchers said. Sometimes the jokes don’t come out right. And on Monday, some of the sources it cited — such as a German official and an Arab sheikh — didn’t seem particularly germane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans tend to be better at using more expressive language, more original language,” said Dario Gil, IBM’s vice president of AI research. “They bring in their own personal experience as a way to illustrate the point. The machine doesn’t live in the real world or have a life that it’s able to tap into.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no immediate plans to turn Project Debater into a commercial product, but Gil said it could be useful in the future in helping lawyers or other human workers make informed decisions.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After closing arguments it moved on to a second debate about telemedicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An IBM research team based in Israel began working on the project not long after IBM’s Watson computer beat two human quizmasters on a “Jeopardy” challenge in 2011.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rather than just scanning a giant trove of data in search of factoids, IBM’s latest project taps into several more complex branches of AI. Search engine algorithms used by Google and Microsoft’s Bing use similar technology to digest and summarize written content and compose new paragraphs. Voice assistants such as Amazon’s Alexa rely on listening comprehension to answer questions posed by people. Google recently demonstrated an eerily human-like voice assistant that can call hair salons or restaurants to make appointments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But IBM says it’s breaking new ground by creating a system that tackles deeper human practices of rhetoric and analysis, and how they’re used to discuss big questions whose answers aren’t always clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think of the rules of debate, they’re far more open-ended than the rules of a board game,” said Ranit Aharonov, who manages the debater project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IBM doesn’t try to declare a winner of the debates, but Noa Ovadia, one of the human debaters, said the computer was a formidable opponent even if it made a few too many blanket statements about space exploration being the pinnacle of human achievement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ovadia, a national debate champion in Israel, said she was impressed by its fluency in language and ability to construct sentences. She said the computer was able to “get to the bottom line of my arguments” and respond to them.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among several outside experts IBM invited to attend Project Debater’s debut was Chris Reed, who directs the Centre for Argument Technology at the University of Dundee in Scotland. Reed said he was impressed by its grasp of “procatalepsis” — a rhetorical technique that involves anticipating an opponent’s argument and preemptively rebutting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As expected, the machine tends to be better than humans at bringing in numbers and other detailed supporting evidence. It’s also able to latch onto the most salient and attention-getting elements of an argument, and can even deliver some self-referential jokes about being a computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it lacks tact, researchers said. Sometimes the jokes don’t come out right. And on Monday, some of the sources it cited — such as a German official and an Arab sheikh — didn’t seem particularly germane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans tend to be better at using more expressive language, more original language,” said Dario Gil, IBM’s vice president of AI research. “They bring in their own personal experience as a way to illustrate the point. The machine doesn’t live in the real world or have a life that it’s able to tap into.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no immediate plans to turn Project Debater into a commercial product, but Gil said it could be useful in the future in helping lawyers or other human workers make informed decisions.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Slow, Steady Quakes May Increase Risk Along San Andreas",
"headTitle": "Slow, Steady Quakes May Increase Risk Along San Andreas | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Slow-moving earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault can trigger bigger, more destructive quakes, according to researchers at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://asunow.asu.edu/2018018-discoveries-asu-geophysicists-say-slow-earthquakes-san-andreas-fault-increase-risk-large-quakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study \u003c/a>published in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-018-0160-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">journal \u003cem>Nature Geoscience\u003c/em>\u003c/a> suggests that this slow movement, which can last for months at a time, calls into question current models of earthquake forecasting that may be underestimating the risks.[contextly_sidebar id=”Cin32PqYMqLHXGAq35PYNgeUM76fIJGr”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many scientist have believed these gradual movements provide a safe and steady release of energy, helping to reduce the risk of a huge quake. But the new findings indicate that the motion of this continuous creep is in fact not steady, but rather consists of episodes of acceleration and deceleration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These stop-and-go movements along the central section of the fault line can place a lot of stress on the locked segments along the fault’s outer portions, according to Manoochehr Shirzaei, co-author and assistant professor at ASU’s \u003ca href=\"https://sese.asu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">School of Earth and Space Exploration.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that movement on the fault began every one to two years and lasted for several months before stopping,” Shirzaei said in a\u003ca href=\"https://asunow.asu.edu/2018018-discoveries-asu-geophysicists-say-slow-earthquakes-san-andreas-fault-increase-risk-large-quakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> statement.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This stop-and-go motion is the result of high-pressure fluid in the fault zone, according to Mostafa Khoshmanesh, a graduate research assistant at SESE and the lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fault rocks contain a fluid phase that’s trapped in gaps between particles, called pore spaces,” said Khoshmanesh in a statement. “Periodic compacting of fault materials causes a brief rise in fluid pressure, which unclamps the fault and eases the movement.”[contextly_sidebar id=”pf4TxlaWuQCVjqOLHeWuNfP1mryvZC6C”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He links the phenomenon to two magnitude 7.9 earthquakes that occurred on the outer flanks of the fault line: Fort Tejon in 1857 and San Francisco in 1906.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922612\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-800x475.jpeg\" alt=\"Aftermath of the 1906 Quake, a photo taken by Arnold Genthe\" width=\"800\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-800x475.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-160x95.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-768x456.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-1020x606.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-960x570.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-240x143.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-375x223.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-520x309.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aftermath of the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Arnold Genthe/public domain)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Satellite\u003c/b>\u003cstrong> Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers used satellite data from 2003 to 2010 to track month-to-month changes in the ground along the central part of the San Andreas Fault. They combined these observations with seismic records to produce a mathematical model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that this part of the fault has an average movement of about three centimeters a year, a little more than an inch,” Khoshmanesh said. “But at times the movement stops entirely, and at other times it has moved as much as 10 centimeters a year, or about four inches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say the findings are significant because they reveal a new type of fault motion that can trigger much larger, destructive earthquakes, a process that current models of earthquake forecasting systems don’t take into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Based on our observations, we believe that seismic hazard in California is something that varies over time and is probably higher than what people have thought up to now,” Shirzaei says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current models are time-independent and don’t account for this variation in creep rate, he says. But “the hazard we discovered is time dependent and these periodic movements should be included in any models. Taking them into account will result in better models for earthquake prediction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Geological Survey models show a \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3009/pdf/fs2015-3009.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">75 percent chance for a 7 magnitude or larger earthquake\u003c/a> in northern and southern California within the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Slow-moving earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault can trigger bigger, more destructive quakes, according to researchers at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://asunow.asu.edu/2018018-discoveries-asu-geophysicists-say-slow-earthquakes-san-andreas-fault-increase-risk-large-quakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study \u003c/a>published in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-018-0160-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">journal \u003cem>Nature Geoscience\u003c/em>\u003c/a> suggests that this slow movement, which can last for months at a time, calls into question current models of earthquake forecasting that may be underestimating the risks.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many scientist have believed these gradual movements provide a safe and steady release of energy, helping to reduce the risk of a huge quake. But the new findings indicate that the motion of this continuous creep is in fact not steady, but rather consists of episodes of acceleration and deceleration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These stop-and-go movements along the central section of the fault line can place a lot of stress on the locked segments along the fault’s outer portions, according to Manoochehr Shirzaei, co-author and assistant professor at ASU’s \u003ca href=\"https://sese.asu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">School of Earth and Space Exploration.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that movement on the fault began every one to two years and lasted for several months before stopping,” Shirzaei said in a\u003ca href=\"https://asunow.asu.edu/2018018-discoveries-asu-geophysicists-say-slow-earthquakes-san-andreas-fault-increase-risk-large-quakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> statement.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This stop-and-go motion is the result of high-pressure fluid in the fault zone, according to Mostafa Khoshmanesh, a graduate research assistant at SESE and the lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fault rocks contain a fluid phase that’s trapped in gaps between particles, called pore spaces,” said Khoshmanesh in a statement. “Periodic compacting of fault materials causes a brief rise in fluid pressure, which unclamps the fault and eases the movement.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He links the phenomenon to two magnitude 7.9 earthquakes that occurred on the outer flanks of the fault line: Fort Tejon in 1857 and San Francisco in 1906.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922612\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-800x475.jpeg\" alt=\"Aftermath of the 1906 Quake, a photo taken by Arnold Genthe\" width=\"800\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-800x475.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-160x95.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-768x456.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-1020x606.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-960x570.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-240x143.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-375x223.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906-520x309.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/1024px-Aftermath_of_San_Francisco_earthquake_1906.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aftermath of the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Arnold Genthe/public domain)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Satellite\u003c/b>\u003cstrong> Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers used satellite data from 2003 to 2010 to track month-to-month changes in the ground along the central part of the San Andreas Fault. They combined these observations with seismic records to produce a mathematical model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that this part of the fault has an average movement of about three centimeters a year, a little more than an inch,” Khoshmanesh said. “But at times the movement stops entirely, and at other times it has moved as much as 10 centimeters a year, or about four inches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say the findings are significant because they reveal a new type of fault motion that can trigger much larger, destructive earthquakes, a process that current models of earthquake forecasting systems don’t take into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Based on our observations, we believe that seismic hazard in California is something that varies over time and is probably higher than what people have thought up to now,” Shirzaei says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current models are time-independent and don’t account for this variation in creep rate, he says. But “the hazard we discovered is time dependent and these periodic movements should be included in any models. Taking them into account will result in better models for earthquake prediction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Geological Survey models show a \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3009/pdf/fs2015-3009.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">75 percent chance for a 7 magnitude or larger earthquake\u003c/a> in northern and southern California within the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Supporters of Measure C, Limiting Napa Vineyard Development, Concede Defeat",
"headTitle": "Supporters of Measure C, Limiting Napa Vineyard Development, Concede Defeat | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated June 19\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though there are 1,736 ballots still to be counted, proponents of Napa’s Measure C have conceded defeat, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/8446453-181/measure-c-proponents-concede-defeat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports\u003c/a> the Press Democrat of Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes” votes currently trail “No” votes by 632.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/DocumentCenter/View/8123/Full-Text-of-Measure-C-PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Measure C, \u003c/a> known as the Watershed and Oak Woodland Protection Initiative, would have established protections for oak woodlands and streams located along Napa’s hillsides by limiting how many acres can be cut for vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What You Need to Know About Measure C\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It establishes a buffer zone around streams of 25 to 125 feet, where trees of any kind may not be removed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>This doesn’t affect vineyard footprints that have already been approved.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Only 795 acres of oak trees may be removed from the designated hillsides in order to plant vineyards. Once the 795-acre limit is reached, permits will be required to cut down any more oaks.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In agricultural watershed zones, the measure requires replacing or preserving three times as many acres of oak woodlands as were lost.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Opponents, which include industry trade groups, plan to spend $1 million to defeat the measure, according to a\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/18/napa-valley-wine-measure-c-agriculture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Guardian\u003c/a> report. Meanwhile the\u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/business/8282347-181/measure-c-sparks-debate-over\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Press Democrat\u003c/a> reports that supporters have raised $163,504 for their “Yes on Measure C” campaign.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did Measure C Get on the Ballot?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure C is the culmination of a three-year grassroots campaign by local community activists and environmentalists. Supporters gathered enough signatures in 2017 to place the measure on the ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do People Support It?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Napa’s valley floor planted to capacity, the only remaining land for vineyard development lies along the hillsides, the area that concerns Measure C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say that cutting oak trees reduces groundwater levels and threatens water quality. Oak woodlands help to protect local water supplies because their roots filter out harmful fertilizers, sediments, pesticides and herbicides. Supporters of Measure C include veteran winemakers, who say further development is unsustainable because resources are limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The largest users of groundwater in Napa Valley are vineyards and wineries, which use over 70 percent of our groundwater,” Chriz Benz, a retired winery manager and Sierra Club member, told KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101865180/election-2018-napa-county-measure-c-shows-fight-between-preservation-and-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">radio program Forum\u003c/a>. “And over half of that groundwater comes from the hillside’s watersheds, where the oak woodlands play a very vital role in capturing and sinking it into the aquifers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/DocumentCenter/View/953/Voluntary-Oak-Woodland-Management-Plan---October-26-2010-PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2010 management plan\u003c/a> estimates that vineyard development will destroy up to 3,065 acres of mixed woodland by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What becomes imperiled are the vineyards and wineries that we have now,” says Benz. “That’s why the folks that are in the wine industry, including myself, that are supportive of Measure C understand we need to keep our watershed functioning so that we can keep the agriculture we have now thriving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters accuse Napa’s Board of Supervisors of catering to the wine industry and say they had no choice but to force the measure to a vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do People Oppose It?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vineyard owners who oppose Measure C say it attacks a fundamental right to farm. They point to a 1968 ordinance that labels agriculture as the “highest and best” use of Napa’s land and they accuse veteran vintners of anti-competitive behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents also argue that the proposal’s limit on oak tree removal, set at 795 acres, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101865180/election-2018-napa-county-measure-c-shows-fight-between-preservation-and-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">not based\u003c/a> in science. They say the county code already includes robust conservation regulations that proscribe land use, allowing for periodic adjustments based on new scientific findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not getting the rationale behind that number, it seems arbitrary,” Jeri Hansen-Gill, chief executive officer of Sustainable Napa County and a member of the Napa County Planning Commission, told \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101865180/election-2018-napa-county-measure-c-shows-fight-between-preservation-and-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a>. “Right now, there’s not an acreage quota but tree removal is already severely restricted by state and county rules and regulations. Studies are already required to remove trees, permits are based on actual watershed impacts, decisions are science-based.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents say voters lack the technical expertise required to understand the complex issues involved. Leaving the matter to a vote would mean having to return to the ballot box every time new developments require an adjustment to be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that it is an initiative that requires a simple thumbs up or thumbs down, yes or no vote, is actually part of the problem,” says Hansen-Gill. “Should Measure C pass and then in the course of a year it’s implemented and we learn something new, we cannot do that without going back to a vote.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should Measure C pass, industry trade groups and newer wine developers would be faced with a moratorium on vineyard development in Napa County. But for environmentalists and established wine developers, who take the view Napa Valley’s agriculture cannot accommodate new vineyards, the costs to future industry players are worth it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The controversial environmental proposal in Napa County aimed to protect oak woodlands by limiting how many trees can be cut to make room for vineyards. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated June 19\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though there are 1,736 ballots still to be counted, proponents of Napa’s Measure C have conceded defeat, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/8446453-181/measure-c-proponents-concede-defeat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports\u003c/a> the Press Democrat of Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes” votes currently trail “No” votes by 632.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/DocumentCenter/View/8123/Full-Text-of-Measure-C-PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Measure C, \u003c/a> known as the Watershed and Oak Woodland Protection Initiative, would have established protections for oak woodlands and streams located along Napa’s hillsides by limiting how many acres can be cut for vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What You Need to Know About Measure C\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It establishes a buffer zone around streams of 25 to 125 feet, where trees of any kind may not be removed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>This doesn’t affect vineyard footprints that have already been approved.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Only 795 acres of oak trees may be removed from the designated hillsides in order to plant vineyards. Once the 795-acre limit is reached, permits will be required to cut down any more oaks.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In agricultural watershed zones, the measure requires replacing or preserving three times as many acres of oak woodlands as were lost.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Opponents, which include industry trade groups, plan to spend $1 million to defeat the measure, according to a\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/18/napa-valley-wine-measure-c-agriculture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Guardian\u003c/a> report. Meanwhile the\u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/business/8282347-181/measure-c-sparks-debate-over\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Press Democrat\u003c/a> reports that supporters have raised $163,504 for their “Yes on Measure C” campaign.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did Measure C Get on the Ballot?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure C is the culmination of a three-year grassroots campaign by local community activists and environmentalists. Supporters gathered enough signatures in 2017 to place the measure on the ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do People Support It?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Napa’s valley floor planted to capacity, the only remaining land for vineyard development lies along the hillsides, the area that concerns Measure C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say that cutting oak trees reduces groundwater levels and threatens water quality. Oak woodlands help to protect local water supplies because their roots filter out harmful fertilizers, sediments, pesticides and herbicides. Supporters of Measure C include veteran winemakers, who say further development is unsustainable because resources are limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The largest users of groundwater in Napa Valley are vineyards and wineries, which use over 70 percent of our groundwater,” Chriz Benz, a retired winery manager and Sierra Club member, told KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101865180/election-2018-napa-county-measure-c-shows-fight-between-preservation-and-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">radio program Forum\u003c/a>. “And over half of that groundwater comes from the hillside’s watersheds, where the oak woodlands play a very vital role in capturing and sinking it into the aquifers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/DocumentCenter/View/953/Voluntary-Oak-Woodland-Management-Plan---October-26-2010-PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2010 management plan\u003c/a> estimates that vineyard development will destroy up to 3,065 acres of mixed woodland by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What becomes imperiled are the vineyards and wineries that we have now,” says Benz. “That’s why the folks that are in the wine industry, including myself, that are supportive of Measure C understand we need to keep our watershed functioning so that we can keep the agriculture we have now thriving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters accuse Napa’s Board of Supervisors of catering to the wine industry and say they had no choice but to force the measure to a vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do People Oppose It?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vineyard owners who oppose Measure C say it attacks a fundamental right to farm. They point to a 1968 ordinance that labels agriculture as the “highest and best” use of Napa’s land and they accuse veteran vintners of anti-competitive behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents also argue that the proposal’s limit on oak tree removal, set at 795 acres, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101865180/election-2018-napa-county-measure-c-shows-fight-between-preservation-and-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">not based\u003c/a> in science. They say the county code already includes robust conservation regulations that proscribe land use, allowing for periodic adjustments based on new scientific findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not getting the rationale behind that number, it seems arbitrary,” Jeri Hansen-Gill, chief executive officer of Sustainable Napa County and a member of the Napa County Planning Commission, told \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101865180/election-2018-napa-county-measure-c-shows-fight-between-preservation-and-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a>. “Right now, there’s not an acreage quota but tree removal is already severely restricted by state and county rules and regulations. Studies are already required to remove trees, permits are based on actual watershed impacts, decisions are science-based.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents say voters lack the technical expertise required to understand the complex issues involved. Leaving the matter to a vote would mean having to return to the ballot box every time new developments require an adjustment to be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that it is an initiative that requires a simple thumbs up or thumbs down, yes or no vote, is actually part of the problem,” says Hansen-Gill. “Should Measure C pass and then in the course of a year it’s implemented and we learn something new, we cannot do that without going back to a vote.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should Measure C pass, industry trade groups and newer wine developers would be faced with a moratorium on vineyard development in Napa County. But for environmentalists and established wine developers, who take the view Napa Valley’s agriculture cannot accommodate new vineyards, the costs to future industry players are worth it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "VIDEO: First-Ever Views of Manta Rays Swimming With Young",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Scripps Graduate Student Discovers World’s First Known Manta Ray Nursery\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/M3cKOV-mYVs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography have stumbled on a manta ray nursery in protected waters off the coast of Texas — the first one in the world to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding,\u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-018-3364-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> published June 15\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Marine Biology,\u003c/em> is the first of its kind to be described in a scientific study, according to a statement from Scripps, which is part of UC San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as the “gentle giants of the sea,” endangered manta rays are large, plankton-eating fish that have a wingspan of up to 23 feet. While adult rays are typically found in subtropical and tropical waters, baby mantas rarely swim out into open waters, making juveniles very difficult to access and study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']“The juvenile \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/scripps_graduate_student_discovers_worlds_first_known_manta_ray_nursery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">life stage for oceanic mantas\u003c/a> has been a bit of a black box for us, since we’re so rarely able to observe them,” John Stewart, a graduate student at Scripps and lead author, \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/scripps_graduate_student_discovers_worlds_first_known_manta_ray_nursery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said in a statement\u003c/a>. “Identifying this area as a nursery highlights its importance for conservation and management, but it also gives us the opportunity to focus on the juveniles and learn about them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart first spotted several young mantas while conducting research on the manta population at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, a federally designated underwater area protected by the \u003ca href=\"https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Office of National Marine Sanctuaries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and colleagues then combed through a quarter-century of photo and dive log information, looking to see how frequently young mantas were in the area. Since mantas have a unique “fingerprint” in the spots on their bellies, the team could identify how many juvenile individuals had been seen there. Eventually, they found that 95 percent of the mantas seen in Flower Garden Banks were juveniles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925947\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 870px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"870\" height=\"578\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925947\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg 870w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juvenile manta ray with diver at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary. \u003ccite>(G.P. Schmahl/FGBNMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This discovery is a major advancement in our understanding of the species,” Stewart said, “and the importance of different habitats throughout their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC San Diego researchers, aided by colleagues at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, suspect that the young mantas are gathering in the relatively shallow banks to recover body temperature after accessing cold, offshore waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”o8PpqDyyeZS8bQyOwFQFFUEgQv4Oa4Ss”]“We think they may be feeding on specific types of zooplankton there, then migrating up toward the surface, where we saw them,” Stewart \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/science/sd-me-manta-ray-20180618-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the San Diego Union-Tribune\u003c/a>. “They might be hanging around the banks because it could be a little safer than open water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart hopes the discovery will lead to better protections for manta rays in shallow waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s so much we don’t know about mantas, and that’s exciting from a science perspective because it means there are so many questions still waiting to be answered,” Stewart said in a statement. “From a conservation perspective, it means that a lot of the questions that you get to answer will actually be meaningful and have an impact on management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Scripps Graduate Student Discovers World’s First Known Manta Ray Nursery\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/M3cKOV-mYVs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography have stumbled on a manta ray nursery in protected waters off the coast of Texas — the first one in the world to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding,\u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-018-3364-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> published June 15\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Marine Biology,\u003c/em> is the first of its kind to be described in a scientific study, according to a statement from Scripps, which is part of UC San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as the “gentle giants of the sea,” endangered manta rays are large, plankton-eating fish that have a wingspan of up to 23 feet. While adult rays are typically found in subtropical and tropical waters, baby mantas rarely swim out into open waters, making juveniles very difficult to access and study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The juvenile \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/scripps_graduate_student_discovers_worlds_first_known_manta_ray_nursery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">life stage for oceanic mantas\u003c/a> has been a bit of a black box for us, since we’re so rarely able to observe them,” John Stewart, a graduate student at Scripps and lead author, \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/scripps_graduate_student_discovers_worlds_first_known_manta_ray_nursery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said in a statement\u003c/a>. “Identifying this area as a nursery highlights its importance for conservation and management, but it also gives us the opportunity to focus on the juveniles and learn about them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart first spotted several young mantas while conducting research on the manta population at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, a federally designated underwater area protected by the \u003ca href=\"https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Office of National Marine Sanctuaries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and colleagues then combed through a quarter-century of photo and dive log information, looking to see how frequently young mantas were in the area. Since mantas have a unique “fingerprint” in the spots on their bellies, the team could identify how many juvenile individuals had been seen there. Eventually, they found that 95 percent of the mantas seen in Flower Garden Banks were juveniles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925947\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 870px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"870\" height=\"578\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925947\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg 870w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juvenile manta ray with diver at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary. \u003ccite>(G.P. Schmahl/FGBNMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This discovery is a major advancement in our understanding of the species,” Stewart said, “and the importance of different habitats throughout their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC San Diego researchers, aided by colleagues at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, suspect that the young mantas are gathering in the relatively shallow banks to recover body temperature after accessing cold, offshore waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“We think they may be feeding on specific types of zooplankton there, then migrating up toward the surface, where we saw them,” Stewart \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/science/sd-me-manta-ray-20180618-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the San Diego Union-Tribune\u003c/a>. “They might be hanging around the banks because it could be a little safer than open water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart hopes the discovery will lead to better protections for manta rays in shallow waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s so much we don’t know about mantas, and that’s exciting from a science perspective because it means there are so many questions still waiting to be answered,” Stewart said in a statement. “From a conservation perspective, it means that a lot of the questions that you get to answer will actually be meaningful and have an impact on management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "By 2045, Rising Seas Could Flood Thousands of Coastal Bay Area Homes",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sea-level rise could swamp thousands of homes in the San Francisco Bay Area, most in Silicon Valley and Marin, within 30 years. A new study from the \u003ca href=\"https://ucsusa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=cf07ebe0a4c9439ab2e7e346656cb239\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, relying on federal government projections for climate change, found that more than 20,000 homes across California would chronically flood by 2045. That is about a mortgage-length’s-time from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”pBabVtnXK8s0QM2QG6TRFgeMZivDTIuN”]UCS climate scientist Kristy Dahl, an author of the new report, says she noticed that the Bay Area homes most vulnerable to rising seas are in San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Marin counties. These are suburbs where people have typically moved to feel safe, says Dahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The very suburbs people flocked to because they were affordable, you know we think of as being kind of safe havens,” Dahl says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one East Palo Alto zip code\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> more than a quarter of houses could see chronic inundation, on 26 or more days a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s on par for example with the number of homes that are at risk in Key West Florida,” Dahl says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”U5pgThP0v80FPqzl8jAOH5zreoILpNgU”]Dahl says one conclusion is that coastal property in the Bay Area is overvalued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s sea-level related risks aren’t limited to homes. Critical communal assets like power plants, water treatment plants, transit stations, highways and airports line the shoreline. Previous regional studies estimate, if a freeway floods five times as many people as the affected homeowners will feel the pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local counties say they’re aware of these risks — and they’re now starting to plan for them. Marin County \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincounty.org/depts/ad/divisions/management-and-budget/budget-overview\">will consider\u003c/a> spending on climate change planning as part of its budget process this week. And in San Mateo County, supervisors next week \u003ca href=\"https://cmo.smcgov.org/sites/cmo.smcgov.org/files/documents/files/FY%202018-19%20Recommended%20Budget.pdf\">will consider whether\u003c/a> to spend $429,500 of state money on climate vulnerability assessments over the next fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sea-level rise could swamp thousands of homes in the San Francisco Bay Area, most in Silicon Valley and Marin, within 30 years. A new study from the \u003ca href=\"https://ucsusa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=cf07ebe0a4c9439ab2e7e346656cb239\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, relying on federal government projections for climate change, found that more than 20,000 homes across California would chronically flood by 2045. That is about a mortgage-length’s-time from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>UCS climate scientist Kristy Dahl, an author of the new report, says she noticed that the Bay Area homes most vulnerable to rising seas are in San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Marin counties. These are suburbs where people have typically moved to feel safe, says Dahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The very suburbs people flocked to because they were affordable, you know we think of as being kind of safe havens,” Dahl says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one East Palo Alto zip code\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> more than a quarter of houses could see chronic inundation, on 26 or more days a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s on par for example with the number of homes that are at risk in Key West Florida,” Dahl says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Dahl says one conclusion is that coastal property in the Bay Area is overvalued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s sea-level related risks aren’t limited to homes. Critical communal assets like power plants, water treatment plants, transit stations, highways and airports line the shoreline. Previous regional studies estimate, if a freeway floods five times as many people as the affected homeowners will feel the pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local counties say they’re aware of these risks — and they’re now starting to plan for them. Marin County \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincounty.org/depts/ad/divisions/management-and-budget/budget-overview\">will consider\u003c/a> spending on climate change planning as part of its budget process this week. And in San Mateo County, supervisors next week \u003ca href=\"https://cmo.smcgov.org/sites/cmo.smcgov.org/files/documents/files/FY%202018-19%20Recommended%20Budget.pdf\">will consider whether\u003c/a> to spend $429,500 of state money on climate vulnerability assessments over the next fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
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