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"content": "\u003cp>California’s economy is thriving and its population is growing. San Francisco County alone added more than 120,000 jobs in five years – a huge leap in economic productivity that owes itself largely to the lucrative worlds of finance, technology and biotechnology. As people from around the country and the world continue clamoring to find their place in one of the most expensive and most congested cities, an important question is emerging in public discussions: Does California have enough water to go around, or will natural resources be sacrificed for economic success?[contextly_sidebar id=”IOM1FW0q0h9sncYnZsK1I5oNiqPbEm6Q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a question of carrying capacity and social values,” said Peter Drekmeier, policy director of the environmental organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.tuolumne.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tuolumne River Trust\u003c/a>, which lobbies to protect the main waterway from which San Francisco receives its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drekmeier is one of many who believe that California can grow as an economic powerhouse while maintaining productive aquatic ecosystems resembling their natural and unimpacted character – if, that is, water is divided fairly and consumed efficiently. Others, however, feel that the state’s economy – including agriculture but also urban elements – will need more water in the future, even if this drives some fish species extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differing perspectives are at the heart of a current policy battle in California as the State Water Resources Control Board works to finalize a plan that will determine how much water should be left in critical rivers feeding the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. It’s a decision that will impact not just fish and farms, but urban areas like the San Francisco Bay Area where strongly held environmental values may be challenged by economic aspirations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trouble for Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tuolumne River is a major tributary of the San Joaquin River, which feeds into the Bay-Delta, the linchpin for California’s statewide water delivery system. It’s also the place from which the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission draws the majority of its water to serve 2.7 million people in San Francisco, Alameda, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties.[contextly_sidebar id=”fTJnnabe0HjHLjO8f01PI13J7x3PjqBl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as the 1940s, more than 100,000 fall-run Chinook salmon spawned annually in the Tuolumne. In 2015, a little more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.casalmon.org/salmon-snapshots/history/tuolumne-river\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">100 of the fish\u003c/a> swam up the river. Today, the river, studded with several dams and heavily diverted for human use, is considered by many to be in critical condition, and scientists and river advocates say what the Tuolumne and its native fishes need more than anything else is increased flows of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is just one component of habitat, but it’s a very important one,” said Rene Henery, a biologist with the conservation group \u003ca href=\"https://www.tu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trout Unlimited\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180729230435/855859271.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker holds a net as thousands of young fingerling Chinook salmon are released into a holding pen in the San Pablo Bay in June 2015 in Rodeo, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State agencies agree, and early in July the State Water Resources Control Board released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">final draft of a plan\u003c/a> to increase the amount of water left in the Tuolumne and two other San Joaquin River tributaries to about 40 percent of their historic, or “unimpaired,” winter and springtime flows. This Bay-Delta Plan Update was announced on July 6 and would allow for flows as low as 30 percent and as high as 50 percent between February and June, a key period for juvenile salmon migrating toward the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While multiple factors are to blame for the decline [in the Central Valley’s Chinook salmon runs], the magnitude of diversions out of the Sacramento, San Joaquin and other rivers feeding into the Bay-Delta is a major factor in the ecosystem decline,” the board said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board will formally consider adopting the proposed amendment in late August, and if approved, the flow increases would be implemented by 2022. Proposed flow increases for the Sacramento River and its major tributaries, which also feed the Delta, are coming but have not yet been announced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Supply Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty percent of the Tuolumne River is diverted before it reaches the San Joaquin for at least five months of the year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/docs/sed/lsjr_sdwq_summary_070618.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the Bay-Delta Plan\u003c/a>. About 60 percent of the diverted water is used by farmers, with the rest going to the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. The proposed flow increases would in most years double the amount of water that remains in the Tuolumne River and the lower reaches of the San Joaquin.[contextly_sidebar id=”8gVPiT0DDfonWaBiVs83o8Jw2O3KJQIk”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the water board’s proposed plan appears to be a compromise that leaves both sides unhappy. Scientists and environmental advocates say the river would still need significantly more water than what is being suggested with the proposed flow increase in the Bay-Delta Plan. They want 60 percent of unimpaired flows. Water agencies and irrigation districts, though, oppose the proposal, for it would require them to give up a significant share of the water they currently use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a>, for instance, is concerned it will not have enough water to get through an extreme drought if the water board’s proposed target is realized. The commission aims to enforce water rationing of no more than 20 percent during an extended drought – a goal it claims is not achievable under the flow cuts proposed by the water board. According to the commission’s assistant general manager for water, Steve Ritchie, the SFPUC currently uses an average of about 205 million gallons per day for its customers. Usage dipped to about 175 million gallons per day during the last drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2592px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180729230533/Hetch_Hetchy_Reservoir1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2592\" height=\"2592\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in Yosemite National Park is the main storage area for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which serves water to 2.7 million people the Bay Area. (Giuseppe Di Rocco, Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ritchie said the water board’s proposed flow increases in the Tuolumne will impose severe hardships on his agency and its customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’d be looking at 50 percent cuts from where we are now,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average San Franciscan uses, on average, 44 gallons of water per day, he said. Half of that would amount to, by far, the lowest per capita water consumption rate of any city in the country – what Ritchie feels would be an unreasonable burden. The 60 percent flow desired by river advocates would strain water users even further. Ritchie noted that most of the conservation gains made during the last drought came from reductions in outdoor landscaping, both on public and private land. That means the additional water conservation that would be necessary under the water board’s flow plan, combined with a drought, would place rationing burdens on indoor use, which could potentially have a harder economic and quality-of-life impact.[contextly_sidebar id=”3mcys4PGxr7ra5HF21fpqW88TFW5dPXx”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicole Sandkulla, chief executive and general manager of the \u003ca href=\"http://bawsca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area Water Supply and Conservation Agency\u003c/a>, which represents SFPUC’s wholesale customers in Alameda, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties, said her agency’s customers reduced their water use by 27 percent on average during the last drought. The new flow regime would require permanent use reductions of 25 percent or more beyond current consumption rates. That, she said, could threaten the region’s urban economy. While water agencies would likely impose as much of the rationing as possible on residents, businesses – like restaurants and breweries – might face hardships, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We strongly support the Bay-Delta Plan, but it’s our responsibility to raise the question of how this will impact the core of the Bay Area,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drekmeier argues that the intensive cutbacks described by water agencies would not be necessary. That’s because, throughout the last drought, the SFPUC’s main reservoir – Hetch Hetchy Reservoir – remained mostly filled. At the end of the five-year dry spell, in fact, the commission had enough water in storage to last another three years. Ritchie explained this strategy is a necessary conservation measure to buffer against even more extreme droughts. If the last drought had lasted eight years, he pointed out, the commission would have been essentially out of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Australia, they had a drought that lasted 15 years,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If, in an unlikely worst-case scenario, the utility commission’s reservoirs did run dry, the agency could potentially buy water from farmers, though Ritchie said this idea – advocated by Drekmeier and others – has been tried already without success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2012 we offered $700 per acre-foot for water that farmers were buying for $7 an acre-foot, and they said no,” he said. The farmers declined, he said, “because a lot of them have orchards. They need an ongoing water supply. They can’t just fallow their fields.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ecological Needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t just environmental advocates calling for more water. Research from state and federal agencies, in fact, shows that the water board’s proposed target of 40 percent, with the flexibility to go as high as 50 percent, simply isn’t enough to maintain large and self-sustaining salmon runs – a goal that environmental mandates require.[contextly_sidebar id=”rHj5lEiBjKMUvR1urXMIehALbUj3V9QX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2010 report on flow requirements in the delta, the State Water Resources Control Board itself concluded that the Sacramento River must be left with 75 percent of its unimpaired flows and the San Joaquin drainage with 60 percent during most of the winter and spring to protect public trust resources, like fish and other wildlife. That figure, however, was calculated without considering other needs, like municipal and agricultural, according to the board’s Division of Water Rights Bay-Delta Team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposed updates to the Bay-Delta Plan are … meant to achieve reasonable protection for fish and wildlife considering these other needs for water,” the board said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a March 2013 report submitted to the water board, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife stated “that approximately 50-60 percent unimpaired flow is the minimum necessary to re-establish and sustain fish and wildlife beneficial uses” in the San Joaquin River system. It also warned the water board that existing allocations to farms, cities and environmental needs would lead to the deterioration of the rivers’ ecosystem. “[T]he San Joaquin River and its tributaries have been tasked to provide more services than are sustainable,” the department wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than any other component of habitat, salmon need water. Strong correlations exist between high-flow water years – like during El Niño events – and abrupt and dramatic spikes in adult salmon numbers two years later, when fish born in the river have grown to spawning size. In 1985, in the wake of the 1982–1983 El Niño, the Tuolumne’s fall-run Chinook return jumped dramatically to 40,000 fish. By the early 1990s – right after a major drought – the Tuolumne’s returns shriveled away, hovering in the low hundreds for several years. In 2000, after the 1997–1998 El Niño, almost 18,000 adult Chinook swam up the Tuolumne. Since 2005, the returns have averaged several hundred fish, jumping to 1,926 in 2013 – two years after the high-rainfall year of 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, when flows fall below a critical threshold, survival of young fish declines, said Jon Rosenfield, a conservation biologist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.thebayinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Bay Institute\u003c/a>. Temperatures increase to intolerable levels for eggs and smolts, the adjacent floodplain habitat dries up and the overall time period in which salmon will find favorable conditions is shortened from both ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180729230651/169884.ME_.0106.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1125\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tuolumne River winds though Tuolumne Meadows in Yosemite National Park. The river is the main source of water supply for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. (Brian van der Brug/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But water isn’t the silver bullet for keeping native aquatic ecosystems alive, farm lobbyists and other water users argue. They have long called for alternative actions, like controlling invasive aquatic plants, eliminating non-native predator fish like striped bass, eliminating levees to restore natural floodplain habitat and reducing water pollution as ways to restore crumbling salmon runs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are hindrances to salmon survival and out-migration that are not flow-related,” said Sandkulla.[contextly_sidebar id=”UXZynXPKSgEbtFEOUa1Aa4yFFuVqJEoP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This approach began in earnest in 1995, when a settlement between water users – including the SFPUC – and environmental groups and fishery agencies mandated that dam operations on the Tuolumne be modified to help increase salmon numbers. The settlement has resulted mainly in measures that don’t involve sacrificing water rights, and in the decades since, salmon returns on the Tuolumne have overall declined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve had 23 years to show that non-flow measures will work, but they just don’t,” Drekmeier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ritchie countered that the non-flow measures were not adequately applied in that time due to state funding shortages. In other words, he said, salmon recovery tools other than extra water haven’t been given an honest shot yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Living With Less\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As both sides scrap over the last dregs of what was once a robust and thriving river, the question arises of whether or not the rapid growth of the Bay Area, a generally left-leaning region with an environmentally conscious population, is driving a slow but steady series of extinction events just to the east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Lackey, a fisheries scientist at Oregon State University, said economic growth – often accompanied by human population growth – has historically correlated to drastic declines in wild, naturally reproducing salmon runs, and he expects the same to eventually be true of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the end of the century, California will have European population densities – salmon don’t stand a chance,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the fish are not likely to go extinct – just dwindle in number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll always have boutique runs – museum pieces,” he said, describing minuscule runs of wild spawning salmon that are too small to be fished but can become popular tourist attractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery, at Trout Unlimited, is working on a number of research, restoration and lobbying projects aimed at restoring wild salmon runs. He is hopeful there may be enough water in California’s rivers to support both human needs and thriving fish populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s still totally possible to meet the doubling goals of the Central Valley Project Improvement Act,” he said. That 1992 law mandates that actions be taken to restore self-sustaining, naturally spawning fish populations in the Sacramento and San Joaquin systems. The law has hovered almost lifelessly over water discussions ever since, while salmon numbers have generally declined.[contextly_sidebar id=”rfVqSGllAcrvp5j1HTsYi1AGqTvkpgrT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery thinks the water board’s proposed targets for flows could possibly lay the foundation for rebuilding the Central Valley’s salmon runs if applied in tandem with aggressive habitat restoration work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water goes further when you have intact habitat,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, water that is allowed to flow downstream and across restored floodplain habitat will have more of a positive effect than water that is released from dams into river channels contained within levees. A great deal of research has shown that salmon smolts that have access to inundated riverbank habitat are several times more likely to survive their downstream journey to the sea than young fish contained within a fast-flowing channel of water. In other words, sufficient water must be combined with appropriate habitat for each of the various inland life stages – spawning, incubation, emergence, rearing and out-migration – of salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery said he is pleased that the water board has suggested targets for increased flows but said he is disappointed that the proposal has not been accompanied by detailed restoration project plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon remain relatively plentiful in California only because fish hatcheries release millions of baby salmon each year. Without these facilities, the state’s Chinook runs – largest in the Sacramento and Klamath basins – would collapse in just several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to water, humans in California do not face existential threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water board would never actually let San Francisco run out of water – that won’t happen,” Rosenfield said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He discounts claims from the SFPUC that San Francisco is threatened by drought. The city, he said, could reduce its current demands for water through more water recycling, mandatory or subsidized installment of efficient toilets and showerheads, improved irrigation efficiency on public and private lands and fixing its own system’s leaking pipes.[contextly_sidebar id=”fmT2IqTOn1FL8xE6He3SiGjNN9LKISN6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is so much low-hanging fruit,” he said. “San Francisco is way behind the curve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission is, in fact, looking at the possibility of potentially investing in a desalination plant and a potable reuse facility – projects that Ritchie said, if implemented, could take 10 years to build. He is reluctant to impose further hardships on the agency’s customers but recognizes challenges ahead for preserving river ecosystems in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll need to be really creative and efficient in how we use water,” he said. “Regulatory difficulties aside, nature is likely to become a problem for us as the climate changes.” He foresees long droughts and the occasional disastrous flood as future climate realities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery believes there is room in California for salmon if people make a little space, and probably sacrifice some water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fish do absolutely everything they can to survive in the wild,” he said. “Are people in California doing everything they can to use water more efficiently and get by with less? I don’t think so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/31/does-the-bay-area-have-enough-water-for-economic-growth-and-salmon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A final draft of the state’s plan to increase flows in key tributaries of the Bay-Delta will mean more water for fish but less for urban areas like the San Francisco Bay Area.",
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"description": "A final draft of the state’s plan to increase flows in key tributaries of the Bay-Delta will mean more water for fish but less for urban areas like the San Francisco Bay Area.",
"title": "Does the Bay Area Have Enough Water for Economic Growth and Salmon? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s economy is thriving and its population is growing. San Francisco County alone added more than 120,000 jobs in five years – a huge leap in economic productivity that owes itself largely to the lucrative worlds of finance, technology and biotechnology. As people from around the country and the world continue clamoring to find their place in one of the most expensive and most congested cities, an important question is emerging in public discussions: Does California have enough water to go around, or will natural resources be sacrificed for economic success?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a question of carrying capacity and social values,” said Peter Drekmeier, policy director of the environmental organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.tuolumne.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tuolumne River Trust\u003c/a>, which lobbies to protect the main waterway from which San Francisco receives its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drekmeier is one of many who believe that California can grow as an economic powerhouse while maintaining productive aquatic ecosystems resembling their natural and unimpacted character – if, that is, water is divided fairly and consumed efficiently. Others, however, feel that the state’s economy – including agriculture but also urban elements – will need more water in the future, even if this drives some fish species extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These differing perspectives are at the heart of a current policy battle in California as the State Water Resources Control Board works to finalize a plan that will determine how much water should be left in critical rivers feeding the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. It’s a decision that will impact not just fish and farms, but urban areas like the San Francisco Bay Area where strongly held environmental values may be challenged by economic aspirations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trouble for Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tuolumne River is a major tributary of the San Joaquin River, which feeds into the Bay-Delta, the linchpin for California’s statewide water delivery system. It’s also the place from which the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission draws the majority of its water to serve 2.7 million people in San Francisco, Alameda, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as the 1940s, more than 100,000 fall-run Chinook salmon spawned annually in the Tuolumne. In 2015, a little more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.casalmon.org/salmon-snapshots/history/tuolumne-river\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">100 of the fish\u003c/a> swam up the river. Today, the river, studded with several dams and heavily diverted for human use, is considered by many to be in critical condition, and scientists and river advocates say what the Tuolumne and its native fishes need more than anything else is increased flows of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is just one component of habitat, but it’s a very important one,” said Rene Henery, a biologist with the conservation group \u003ca href=\"https://www.tu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trout Unlimited\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180729230435/855859271.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker holds a net as thousands of young fingerling Chinook salmon are released into a holding pen in the San Pablo Bay in June 2015 in Rodeo, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State agencies agree, and early in July the State Water Resources Control Board released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">final draft of a plan\u003c/a> to increase the amount of water left in the Tuolumne and two other San Joaquin River tributaries to about 40 percent of their historic, or “unimpaired,” winter and springtime flows. This Bay-Delta Plan Update was announced on July 6 and would allow for flows as low as 30 percent and as high as 50 percent between February and June, a key period for juvenile salmon migrating toward the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While multiple factors are to blame for the decline [in the Central Valley’s Chinook salmon runs], the magnitude of diversions out of the Sacramento, San Joaquin and other rivers feeding into the Bay-Delta is a major factor in the ecosystem decline,” the board said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board will formally consider adopting the proposed amendment in late August, and if approved, the flow increases would be implemented by 2022. Proposed flow increases for the Sacramento River and its major tributaries, which also feed the Delta, are coming but have not yet been announced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Supply Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty percent of the Tuolumne River is diverted before it reaches the San Joaquin for at least five months of the year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/docs/sed/lsjr_sdwq_summary_070618.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the Bay-Delta Plan\u003c/a>. About 60 percent of the diverted water is used by farmers, with the rest going to the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. The proposed flow increases would in most years double the amount of water that remains in the Tuolumne River and the lower reaches of the San Joaquin.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the water board’s proposed plan appears to be a compromise that leaves both sides unhappy. Scientists and environmental advocates say the river would still need significantly more water than what is being suggested with the proposed flow increase in the Bay-Delta Plan. They want 60 percent of unimpaired flows. Water agencies and irrigation districts, though, oppose the proposal, for it would require them to give up a significant share of the water they currently use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a>, for instance, is concerned it will not have enough water to get through an extreme drought if the water board’s proposed target is realized. The commission aims to enforce water rationing of no more than 20 percent during an extended drought – a goal it claims is not achievable under the flow cuts proposed by the water board. According to the commission’s assistant general manager for water, Steve Ritchie, the SFPUC currently uses an average of about 205 million gallons per day for its customers. Usage dipped to about 175 million gallons per day during the last drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2592px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180729230533/Hetch_Hetchy_Reservoir1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2592\" height=\"2592\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in Yosemite National Park is the main storage area for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which serves water to 2.7 million people the Bay Area. (Giuseppe Di Rocco, Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ritchie said the water board’s proposed flow increases in the Tuolumne will impose severe hardships on his agency and its customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’d be looking at 50 percent cuts from where we are now,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average San Franciscan uses, on average, 44 gallons of water per day, he said. Half of that would amount to, by far, the lowest per capita water consumption rate of any city in the country – what Ritchie feels would be an unreasonable burden. The 60 percent flow desired by river advocates would strain water users even further. Ritchie noted that most of the conservation gains made during the last drought came from reductions in outdoor landscaping, both on public and private land. That means the additional water conservation that would be necessary under the water board’s flow plan, combined with a drought, would place rationing burdens on indoor use, which could potentially have a harder economic and quality-of-life impact.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicole Sandkulla, chief executive and general manager of the \u003ca href=\"http://bawsca.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area Water Supply and Conservation Agency\u003c/a>, which represents SFPUC’s wholesale customers in Alameda, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties, said her agency’s customers reduced their water use by 27 percent on average during the last drought. The new flow regime would require permanent use reductions of 25 percent or more beyond current consumption rates. That, she said, could threaten the region’s urban economy. While water agencies would likely impose as much of the rationing as possible on residents, businesses – like restaurants and breweries – might face hardships, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We strongly support the Bay-Delta Plan, but it’s our responsibility to raise the question of how this will impact the core of the Bay Area,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drekmeier argues that the intensive cutbacks described by water agencies would not be necessary. That’s because, throughout the last drought, the SFPUC’s main reservoir – Hetch Hetchy Reservoir – remained mostly filled. At the end of the five-year dry spell, in fact, the commission had enough water in storage to last another three years. Ritchie explained this strategy is a necessary conservation measure to buffer against even more extreme droughts. If the last drought had lasted eight years, he pointed out, the commission would have been essentially out of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Australia, they had a drought that lasted 15 years,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If, in an unlikely worst-case scenario, the utility commission’s reservoirs did run dry, the agency could potentially buy water from farmers, though Ritchie said this idea – advocated by Drekmeier and others – has been tried already without success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2012 we offered $700 per acre-foot for water that farmers were buying for $7 an acre-foot, and they said no,” he said. The farmers declined, he said, “because a lot of them have orchards. They need an ongoing water supply. They can’t just fallow their fields.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ecological Needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t just environmental advocates calling for more water. Research from state and federal agencies, in fact, shows that the water board’s proposed target of 40 percent, with the flexibility to go as high as 50 percent, simply isn’t enough to maintain large and self-sustaining salmon runs – a goal that environmental mandates require.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2010 report on flow requirements in the delta, the State Water Resources Control Board itself concluded that the Sacramento River must be left with 75 percent of its unimpaired flows and the San Joaquin drainage with 60 percent during most of the winter and spring to protect public trust resources, like fish and other wildlife. That figure, however, was calculated without considering other needs, like municipal and agricultural, according to the board’s Division of Water Rights Bay-Delta Team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposed updates to the Bay-Delta Plan are … meant to achieve reasonable protection for fish and wildlife considering these other needs for water,” the board said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a March 2013 report submitted to the water board, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife stated “that approximately 50-60 percent unimpaired flow is the minimum necessary to re-establish and sustain fish and wildlife beneficial uses” in the San Joaquin River system. It also warned the water board that existing allocations to farms, cities and environmental needs would lead to the deterioration of the rivers’ ecosystem. “[T]he San Joaquin River and its tributaries have been tasked to provide more services than are sustainable,” the department wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than any other component of habitat, salmon need water. Strong correlations exist between high-flow water years – like during El Niño events – and abrupt and dramatic spikes in adult salmon numbers two years later, when fish born in the river have grown to spawning size. In 1985, in the wake of the 1982–1983 El Niño, the Tuolumne’s fall-run Chinook return jumped dramatically to 40,000 fish. By the early 1990s – right after a major drought – the Tuolumne’s returns shriveled away, hovering in the low hundreds for several years. In 2000, after the 1997–1998 El Niño, almost 18,000 adult Chinook swam up the Tuolumne. Since 2005, the returns have averaged several hundred fish, jumping to 1,926 in 2013 – two years after the high-rainfall year of 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, when flows fall below a critical threshold, survival of young fish declines, said Jon Rosenfield, a conservation biologist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.thebayinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Bay Institute\u003c/a>. Temperatures increase to intolerable levels for eggs and smolts, the adjacent floodplain habitat dries up and the overall time period in which salmon will find favorable conditions is shortened from both ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180729230651/169884.ME_.0106.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1125\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tuolumne River winds though Tuolumne Meadows in Yosemite National Park. The river is the main source of water supply for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. (Brian van der Brug/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But water isn’t the silver bullet for keeping native aquatic ecosystems alive, farm lobbyists and other water users argue. They have long called for alternative actions, like controlling invasive aquatic plants, eliminating non-native predator fish like striped bass, eliminating levees to restore natural floodplain habitat and reducing water pollution as ways to restore crumbling salmon runs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are hindrances to salmon survival and out-migration that are not flow-related,” said Sandkulla.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This approach began in earnest in 1995, when a settlement between water users – including the SFPUC – and environmental groups and fishery agencies mandated that dam operations on the Tuolumne be modified to help increase salmon numbers. The settlement has resulted mainly in measures that don’t involve sacrificing water rights, and in the decades since, salmon returns on the Tuolumne have overall declined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve had 23 years to show that non-flow measures will work, but they just don’t,” Drekmeier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ritchie countered that the non-flow measures were not adequately applied in that time due to state funding shortages. In other words, he said, salmon recovery tools other than extra water haven’t been given an honest shot yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Living With Less\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As both sides scrap over the last dregs of what was once a robust and thriving river, the question arises of whether or not the rapid growth of the Bay Area, a generally left-leaning region with an environmentally conscious population, is driving a slow but steady series of extinction events just to the east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Lackey, a fisheries scientist at Oregon State University, said economic growth – often accompanied by human population growth – has historically correlated to drastic declines in wild, naturally reproducing salmon runs, and he expects the same to eventually be true of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the end of the century, California will have European population densities – salmon don’t stand a chance,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the fish are not likely to go extinct – just dwindle in number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll always have boutique runs – museum pieces,” he said, describing minuscule runs of wild spawning salmon that are too small to be fished but can become popular tourist attractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery, at Trout Unlimited, is working on a number of research, restoration and lobbying projects aimed at restoring wild salmon runs. He is hopeful there may be enough water in California’s rivers to support both human needs and thriving fish populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s still totally possible to meet the doubling goals of the Central Valley Project Improvement Act,” he said. That 1992 law mandates that actions be taken to restore self-sustaining, naturally spawning fish populations in the Sacramento and San Joaquin systems. The law has hovered almost lifelessly over water discussions ever since, while salmon numbers have generally declined.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery thinks the water board’s proposed targets for flows could possibly lay the foundation for rebuilding the Central Valley’s salmon runs if applied in tandem with aggressive habitat restoration work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water goes further when you have intact habitat,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, water that is allowed to flow downstream and across restored floodplain habitat will have more of a positive effect than water that is released from dams into river channels contained within levees. A great deal of research has shown that salmon smolts that have access to inundated riverbank habitat are several times more likely to survive their downstream journey to the sea than young fish contained within a fast-flowing channel of water. In other words, sufficient water must be combined with appropriate habitat for each of the various inland life stages – spawning, incubation, emergence, rearing and out-migration – of salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery said he is pleased that the water board has suggested targets for increased flows but said he is disappointed that the proposal has not been accompanied by detailed restoration project plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon remain relatively plentiful in California only because fish hatcheries release millions of baby salmon each year. Without these facilities, the state’s Chinook runs – largest in the Sacramento and Klamath basins – would collapse in just several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to water, humans in California do not face existential threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water board would never actually let San Francisco run out of water – that won’t happen,” Rosenfield said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He discounts claims from the SFPUC that San Francisco is threatened by drought. The city, he said, could reduce its current demands for water through more water recycling, mandatory or subsidized installment of efficient toilets and showerheads, improved irrigation efficiency on public and private lands and fixing its own system’s leaking pipes.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is so much low-hanging fruit,” he said. “San Francisco is way behind the curve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission is, in fact, looking at the possibility of potentially investing in a desalination plant and a potable reuse facility – projects that Ritchie said, if implemented, could take 10 years to build. He is reluctant to impose further hardships on the agency’s customers but recognizes challenges ahead for preserving river ecosystems in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll need to be really creative and efficient in how we use water,” he said. “Regulatory difficulties aside, nature is likely to become a problem for us as the climate changes.” He foresees long droughts and the occasional disastrous flood as future climate realities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henery believes there is room in California for salmon if people make a little space, and probably sacrifice some water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fish do absolutely everything they can to survive in the wild,” he said. “Are people in California doing everything they can to use water more efficiently and get by with less? I don’t think so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/31/does-the-bay-area-have-enough-water-for-economic-growth-and-salmon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Redding Medical Staff Scrambling to Provide Care",
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"content": "\u003cp>Medical staff near Redding have been scrambling to provide necessary care, some while dealing with the mandatory evacuations of their own homes in the face of the explosive Carr Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']Shasta Community Health Center supports Shasta County at its six locations. But Chief Operations Officer Brandon Thornock says last Friday alone, dozens of employees were unable to come to work. Still, he says, enough employees showed up that the health center can staff two facilities: their medical center in Anderson and a consolidated team of medical professionals operating out of Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of their physicians and staff have also been sent to the evacuation center established at Shasta College to help fire evacuees with anxiety and smoke inhalation problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Dignity Health Mercy Medical Center, one of the most sensitive operations was the transfer of six babies from the hospital’s neonatal intensive care unit, says Mike Mangas, a communications manager for the hospital. It can take three to four hours to prepare the babies to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five babies were taken to the UC Davis Medical Center, while a sixth was transferred to Mercy San Juan. All arrived in good health and Mangas says they’re doing well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, he says Mercy has seen several burn and smoke-related injuries, including 3 firefighters, but none were serious and all have now been discharged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”PKSsgbdsFAc8xVRhDXbPq7h565rX5IHh”]The hospital is ready to remove additional patients if needed, but Mangas noted that a shift this week in the direction of the active front of the fire might spare them more damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had people who work at the hospital who lost their homes,” Mangas says, “but many of them still showed up for work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Carr Fire has burned more than 112,000 acres, destroyed more than 900 homes, and is still just 30 percent contained. Fire officials are beginning to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allow residents back\u003c/a> in some areas, while continuing \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mandatory evacuations\u003c/a> in others.\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Medical staff near Redding have been scrambling to provide necessary care, some while dealing with the mandatory evacuations of their own homes in the face of the explosive Carr Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Shasta Community Health Center supports Shasta County at its six locations. But Chief Operations Officer Brandon Thornock says last Friday alone, dozens of employees were unable to come to work. Still, he says, enough employees showed up that the health center can staff two facilities: their medical center in Anderson and a consolidated team of medical professionals operating out of Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of their physicians and staff have also been sent to the evacuation center established at Shasta College to help fire evacuees with anxiety and smoke inhalation problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Dignity Health Mercy Medical Center, one of the most sensitive operations was the transfer of six babies from the hospital’s neonatal intensive care unit, says Mike Mangas, a communications manager for the hospital. It can take three to four hours to prepare the babies to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five babies were taken to the UC Davis Medical Center, while a sixth was transferred to Mercy San Juan. All arrived in good health and Mangas says they’re doing well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, he says Mercy has seen several burn and smoke-related injuries, including 3 firefighters, but none were serious and all have now been discharged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The hospital is ready to remove additional patients if needed, but Mangas noted that a shift this week in the direction of the active front of the fire might spare them more damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had people who work at the hospital who lost their homes,” Mangas says, “but many of them still showed up for work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Carr Fire has burned more than 112,000 acres, destroyed more than 900 homes, and is still just 30 percent contained. Fire officials are beginning to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allow residents back\u003c/a> in some areas, while continuing \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mandatory evacuations\u003c/a> in others.\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Admin: Driving Would be Riskier with Tougher Fuel Standards",
"headTitle": "Trump Admin: Driving Would be Riskier with Tougher Fuel Standards | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration says people would drive more and be exposed to increased risk if their cars get better gas mileage, an argument intended to justify freezing Obama-era toughening of fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transportation experts dispute the arguments, contained in a draft of the administration’s proposals prepared this summer, excerpts of which were obtained by The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excerpts also show the administration plans to challenge California’s long-standing authority to enact its own, tougher pollution and fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Revisions to the mileage requirements for 2021 through 2026 are still being worked on, the administration says, and changes could be made before the proposal is released as soon as this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration gave notice earlier this year that it would roll back tough new fuel standards put into place in the waning days of the Obama administration. Anticipating the new regulation, California and 16 other states sued the Trump administration in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, “improvements over time have better longer-term effects simply by not alienating consumers, as compared to great leaps forward” in fuel efficiency and other technology, the administration argues. It contends that freezing the mileage requirements at 2020 levels would save up to 1,000 lives per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New vehicles would be cheaper — and heavier — if they don’t have to meet more stringent fuel requirements and more people would buy them, the draft says, and that would put more drivers in safer, newer vehicles that pollute less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the draft says that people will drive less if their vehicles get fewer miles per gallon, lowering the risk of crashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Zuby, chief research officer at the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, said he’s doubtful about the administration’s estimate of lives saved because other factors could affect traffic deaths, such as automakers agreeing to make automatic emergency braking standard on all models before 2022. “They’re making assumptions about stuff that may or may not be the same,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say the logic that heavier vehicles are safer doesn’t hold up because lighter, newer vehicles perform as well or better than older, heavier versions in crash tests, and because the weight difference between the Obama and Trump requirements would be minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Allow me to be skeptical,” said Giorgio Rizzoni, an engineering professor and director of the Center for Automotive Research at Ohio State University. “To say that safety is a direct result of somehow freezing the fuel economy mandate for a few years, I think that’s a stretch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say that a heavier, bigger vehicle would incur less damage in a crash with a smaller, lighter one and that fatality rates also are higher for smaller vehicles. But they also say that lighter vehicles with metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium and lighter, high-strength steel alloys perform as well or better than their predecessors in crash tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan Taub, professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Michigan, said he would choose a 2017 Malibu over a heavier one from 20 years earlier. It’s engineered better, has more features to avoid crashes and additional air bags, among other things. “You want to be in the newer vehicle,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An April draft from the Trump administration said freezing the requirements at 2020 levels would save people $1,900 per new vehicle. But the later draft raises that to $2,100 and even as high as $2,700 by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups questioned the justification for freezing the standards. Luke Tonachel, director of the clean-vehicle program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said the risk from people driving more due to higher mileage is “tiny and maybe even negligible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the Trump administration proposal, the fleet of new vehicles would have to average roughly 30 mpg in real-world driving, and that wouldn’t change through 2026.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has had the authority under the half-century-old Clean Air Act to set its own mileage under a special rule allowing the state to curb its chronic smog problem. More than a dozen states follow California’s standards, amounting to about 40 percent of the country’s new-vehicle market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked if he thinks a freeze in U.S. mileage standards is warranted, EPA acting administrator Andrew Wheeler told a small group of reporters at EPA headquarters last week, “I think we need to go where the technology takes us” on fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler did not elaborate. Agency spokespeople did not respond when asked specifically if the EPA acting chief was making the case that modern cars could be both fuel efficient and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler also spoke out for what he called “a 50-state solution” that would keep the U.S car and truck market from splitting between two different mileage standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Transportation said in a statement that the final fuel economy standards would be based on sound science. The department cautioned that a draft doesn’t capture the whole picture of the proposed regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft said a 2012 analysis of fuel economy standards under the Obama administration deliberately limited the amount of mass reduction necessary under the standards. This was done “in order to avoid the appearance of adverse safety effects,” the draft stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krisher reported from Detroit.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration says people would drive more and be exposed to increased risk if their cars get better gas mileage, an argument intended to justify freezing Obama-era toughening of fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transportation experts dispute the arguments, contained in a draft of the administration’s proposals prepared this summer, excerpts of which were obtained by The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The excerpts also show the administration plans to challenge California’s long-standing authority to enact its own, tougher pollution and fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Revisions to the mileage requirements for 2021 through 2026 are still being worked on, the administration says, and changes could be made before the proposal is released as soon as this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration gave notice earlier this year that it would roll back tough new fuel standards put into place in the waning days of the Obama administration. Anticipating the new regulation, California and 16 other states sued the Trump administration in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, “improvements over time have better longer-term effects simply by not alienating consumers, as compared to great leaps forward” in fuel efficiency and other technology, the administration argues. It contends that freezing the mileage requirements at 2020 levels would save up to 1,000 lives per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New vehicles would be cheaper — and heavier — if they don’t have to meet more stringent fuel requirements and more people would buy them, the draft says, and that would put more drivers in safer, newer vehicles that pollute less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the draft says that people will drive less if their vehicles get fewer miles per gallon, lowering the risk of crashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Zuby, chief research officer at the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, said he’s doubtful about the administration’s estimate of lives saved because other factors could affect traffic deaths, such as automakers agreeing to make automatic emergency braking standard on all models before 2022. “They’re making assumptions about stuff that may or may not be the same,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say the logic that heavier vehicles are safer doesn’t hold up because lighter, newer vehicles perform as well or better than older, heavier versions in crash tests, and because the weight difference between the Obama and Trump requirements would be minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Allow me to be skeptical,” said Giorgio Rizzoni, an engineering professor and director of the Center for Automotive Research at Ohio State University. “To say that safety is a direct result of somehow freezing the fuel economy mandate for a few years, I think that’s a stretch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say that a heavier, bigger vehicle would incur less damage in a crash with a smaller, lighter one and that fatality rates also are higher for smaller vehicles. But they also say that lighter vehicles with metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium and lighter, high-strength steel alloys perform as well or better than their predecessors in crash tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan Taub, professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Michigan, said he would choose a 2017 Malibu over a heavier one from 20 years earlier. It’s engineered better, has more features to avoid crashes and additional air bags, among other things. “You want to be in the newer vehicle,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An April draft from the Trump administration said freezing the requirements at 2020 levels would save people $1,900 per new vehicle. But the later draft raises that to $2,100 and even as high as $2,700 by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups questioned the justification for freezing the standards. Luke Tonachel, director of the clean-vehicle program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said the risk from people driving more due to higher mileage is “tiny and maybe even negligible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the Trump administration proposal, the fleet of new vehicles would have to average roughly 30 mpg in real-world driving, and that wouldn’t change through 2026.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has had the authority under the half-century-old Clean Air Act to set its own mileage under a special rule allowing the state to curb its chronic smog problem. More than a dozen states follow California’s standards, amounting to about 40 percent of the country’s new-vehicle market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked if he thinks a freeze in U.S. mileage standards is warranted, EPA acting administrator Andrew Wheeler told a small group of reporters at EPA headquarters last week, “I think we need to go where the technology takes us” on fuel standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler did not elaborate. Agency spokespeople did not respond when asked specifically if the EPA acting chief was making the case that modern cars could be both fuel efficient and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheeler also spoke out for what he called “a 50-state solution” that would keep the U.S car and truck market from splitting between two different mileage standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Transportation said in a statement that the final fuel economy standards would be based on sound science. The department cautioned that a draft doesn’t capture the whole picture of the proposed regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft said a 2012 analysis of fuel economy standards under the Obama administration deliberately limited the amount of mass reduction necessary under the standards. This was done “in order to avoid the appearance of adverse safety effects,” the draft stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krisher reported from Detroit.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>One thing that stands out in this already-staggering fire season is the repeated accounts of bizarre fire behavior that seem to defy conventional wisdom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists are looking for new clues to that behavior. It turns out that the smoke plume from a wildfire tells its own complex story that contains some of those clues, and in California, there’s a new breed of “smoke chaser” looking to decode them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928405\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928405\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: smoke plume from Carr Fire, near Redding, CA\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1182\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-800x493.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-768x473.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-1020x628.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-1200x739.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-1180x726.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-960x591.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-520x320.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are probing smoke plumes from the Carr Fire and other wildfires to better predict fire behavior. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I arrive at the Carr Fire’s incident command post in Anderson, just south of Redding, Craig Clements had just come out of a briefing with the incident meteorologist. Every big fire has one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re having issues with the smoke and they want to know how deep it is,” explains Clements. “We’re gonna map the smoke layer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clements runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fire Weather Research Lab\u003c/a> at San Jose State State University — and he’s taken it on the road. The lab’s mobile unit is a white, heavy-duty pickup, outfitted with a cluster of weather instruments and a LIDAR unit. \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LIDAR is kind of like radar\u003c/a>, but instead of using radio waves, shoots a beam of light skyward, in this case to make a vertical map of the smoke column.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928403\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: mobile unit on site\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SJSU’s mobile fire weather unit is the only one of its kind operated by a U.S. university. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We can track the smoke,” says Clements, “but we can also measure the wind circulation patterns in the smoke plume.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorology student Jackson Yip pulls the rig off of Highway 299 onto an open field, about 5 miles from the fire line, and gets to work inflating a small weather balloon — about four feet across. It carries a transmitter the size of an eyeglass case, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/upperair/factsheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a radiosonde\u003c/a>, that will send data back to the truck. He lets it go and it shoots into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a good sight. Come on, keep goin’, keep goin’!,” urges Clements.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will keep going, sampling and transmitting data back once every second, until it reaches 40,000 feet or more above the earth. The fire lab crew will transmit their data to the meteorologist on duty at the command post, where it can help form a better picture of conditions aloft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”DtKkbwvPmAseBAsYXj8h5MqEwXQxwCdC”]Launch sites for weather balloons are “few and far between,” according to Clements, so the team’s ability to launch on site was a boon to the “i-met,” the incident meteorologist who asked them to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wow–look at that,” Clements exclaims, as the information starts to form a picture. The first thing they notice is a strong inversion: a layer of air about 9,000 feet up that’s warmer than the air below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The air’s really, really warm above,” he observes.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That warm air acts as a lid on the lower atmosphere, which helps explain why the entire Sacramento Valley seems to be enshrouded in a yellow, smokey haze. But what the team is really looking for, are signs that the fire’s behavior might be changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928402\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928402\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: smoke haze near Redding\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-800x603.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-768x579.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1020x769.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1200x904.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1920x1447.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1180x889.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-960x723.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-520x392.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A yellow pall of smoke haze hangs over Interstate 5 south of Redding, during the Carr Fire. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you have a very convective day, let’s say, in the atmosphere, where a lot of vertical motion is occurring,” Clements explains, “that can impact the fire behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing they can spot is something called a “velocity couplet,” where winds above the fire are moving in opposite directions, just meters apart. That indicates rotation, and the possible formation of fire “tornadoes,” like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one that added to the devastation\u003c/a> near Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re not seeing that on this day — but as the information comes in, it reveals something else that’s potentially dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']“The air is really, really dry aloft,” notes Clements, “so if that really dry air mixes down to the surface, it could really impact fire behavior, because it’ll dry out the fuels.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, it’s something to keep an eye on — no need to sound an alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As air descends, it’ll only warm more and get drier,” explains grad student Matthew Brewer. “If the sun’s able to warm the surface, and you start to get surface mixing, and we get convection, and get these big circulations going, and that could bring down some of the dry air; as air comes up, air has to come back down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, San Jose State has the only mobile fire weather lab in the nation, and the immediate goal is research. But Clements hopes they can make the case for units like this to become a staple of wildfire management — especially when current fires seem to be breaking all the conventional rules of fire behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are general rules of thumb,” Clements says, “but it doesn’t always happen. And so the more observations we can get on a wildfire in terms of meteorology, fire behavior, and fuels conditions, the better for predicting the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But maybe the bottom line of why they’re out here was best expressed by the undergrad student in the crew, 23-year-old Jackson Yip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, the papers that will be coming out of these observations and the knowledge we gain from it will ultimately save property and save lives,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This fall, the lab is adding a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_band\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ka-band mobile Doppler radar\u003c/a> unit to its arsenal. Clements says that will give them unprecedented range and power to demystify the forces inside a fire’s smoke plume.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "Smoke-Chasers Help Predict Wildfire Behavior",
"datePublished": "2018-08-01T00:01:44-07:00",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One thing that stands out in this already-staggering fire season is the repeated accounts of bizarre fire behavior that seem to defy conventional wisdom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, scientists are looking for new clues to that behavior. It turns out that the smoke plume from a wildfire tells its own complex story that contains some of those clues, and in California, there’s a new breed of “smoke chaser” looking to decode them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928405\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928405\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: smoke plume from Carr Fire, near Redding, CA\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1182\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-800x493.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-768x473.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-1020x628.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-1200x739.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-1180x726.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-960x591.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS32074_GettyImages-1006951752-qut-520x320.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are probing smoke plumes from the Carr Fire and other wildfires to better predict fire behavior. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I arrive at the Carr Fire’s incident command post in Anderson, just south of Redding, Craig Clements had just come out of a briefing with the incident meteorologist. Every big fire has one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re having issues with the smoke and they want to know how deep it is,” explains Clements. “We’re gonna map the smoke layer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clements runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fire Weather Research Lab\u003c/a> at San Jose State State University — and he’s taken it on the road. The lab’s mobile unit is a white, heavy-duty pickup, outfitted with a cluster of weather instruments and a LIDAR unit. \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LIDAR is kind of like radar\u003c/a>, but instead of using radio waves, shoots a beam of light skyward, in this case to make a vertical map of the smoke column.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928403\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: mobile unit on site\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0621-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SJSU’s mobile fire weather unit is the only one of its kind operated by a U.S. university. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We can track the smoke,” says Clements, “but we can also measure the wind circulation patterns in the smoke plume.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorology student Jackson Yip pulls the rig off of Highway 299 onto an open field, about 5 miles from the fire line, and gets to work inflating a small weather balloon — about four feet across. It carries a transmitter the size of an eyeglass case, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/upperair/factsheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a radiosonde\u003c/a>, that will send data back to the truck. He lets it go and it shoots into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a good sight. Come on, keep goin’, keep goin’!,” urges Clements.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will keep going, sampling and transmitting data back once every second, until it reaches 40,000 feet or more above the earth. The fire lab crew will transmit their data to the meteorologist on duty at the command post, where it can help form a better picture of conditions aloft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Launch sites for weather balloons are “few and far between,” according to Clements, so the team’s ability to launch on site was a boon to the “i-met,” the incident meteorologist who asked them to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wow–look at that,” Clements exclaims, as the information starts to form a picture. The first thing they notice is a strong inversion: a layer of air about 9,000 feet up that’s warmer than the air below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The air’s really, really warm above,” he observes.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That warm air acts as a lid on the lower atmosphere, which helps explain why the entire Sacramento Valley seems to be enshrouded in a yellow, smokey haze. But what the team is really looking for, are signs that the fire’s behavior might be changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928402\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1928402\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: smoke haze near Redding\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-800x603.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-768x579.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1020x769.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1200x904.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1920x1447.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-1180x889.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-960x723.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/IMG_0629-520x392.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A yellow pall of smoke haze hangs over Interstate 5 south of Redding, during the Carr Fire. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you have a very convective day, let’s say, in the atmosphere, where a lot of vertical motion is occurring,” Clements explains, “that can impact the fire behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing they can spot is something called a “velocity couplet,” where winds above the fire are moving in opposite directions, just meters apart. That indicates rotation, and the possible formation of fire “tornadoes,” like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one that added to the devastation\u003c/a> near Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re not seeing that on this day — but as the information comes in, it reveals something else that’s potentially dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The air is really, really dry aloft,” notes Clements, “so if that really dry air mixes down to the surface, it could really impact fire behavior, because it’ll dry out the fuels.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, it’s something to keep an eye on — no need to sound an alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As air descends, it’ll only warm more and get drier,” explains grad student Matthew Brewer. “If the sun’s able to warm the surface, and you start to get surface mixing, and we get convection, and get these big circulations going, and that could bring down some of the dry air; as air comes up, air has to come back down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, San Jose State has the only mobile fire weather lab in the nation, and the immediate goal is research. But Clements hopes they can make the case for units like this to become a staple of wildfire management — especially when current fires seem to be breaking all the conventional rules of fire behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are general rules of thumb,” Clements says, “but it doesn’t always happen. And so the more observations we can get on a wildfire in terms of meteorology, fire behavior, and fuels conditions, the better for predicting the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But maybe the bottom line of why they’re out here was best expressed by the undergrad student in the crew, 23-year-old Jackson Yip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, the papers that will be coming out of these observations and the knowledge we gain from it will ultimately save property and save lives,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This fall, the lab is adding a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_band\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ka-band mobile Doppler radar\u003c/a> unit to its arsenal. Clements says that will give them unprecedented range and power to demystify the forces inside a fire’s smoke plume.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters",
"headTitle": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"content\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"moz-reader-content line-height4\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"readability-page-1\" class=\"page\">\n\u003cp>The West is known for summer wildfires. Now it seems Western summers will be distinguished by another kind of flare-up: algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>This summer has witnessed an explosion of algae problems in Western water bodies. Usually marked by a bright green mat of floating scum, the blooms are unsightly and unpleasant for water lovers. More concerning are potentially toxic cyanobacteria often produced by the algae, which can be deadly to pets and livestock and cause illnesses in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms have popped up in freshwater lakes and streams for years. But in recent years they seem bigger and more widespread than ever, resulting in closed beaches, public health warnings and risks to drinking water in a few locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blooms are even popping up in unlikely places, such as high-elevation mountain lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is currently no federal drinking water standard for algal toxins and in many places, data monitoring of blooms is still scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really a devilish problem,” said Craig Cox, a senior vice-president for agriculture and natural resources at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> who is tracking the issue. “The more I look into it, the more stunning the state of play seems to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the cause of each incident is not always known, two of the main known drivers of algal blooms are excess nutrients in the water and extreme heat. As a result, algae-coated lakes could become one of the most visible consequences of rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Understanding the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most serious incident recently occurred in May in Salem, Oregon, where a health advisory was issued to more than 200,000 customers of the city water department following the detection of algal toxins in the drinking water supply. Young children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions were warned not to drink tap water for most of the month of June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727081904/USACE_Detroit_Dam_Oregon1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detroit Lake and Dam on the North Santiam River, a source of drinking water for Salem, Oregon, the state capital. A toxic algal bloom at the lake in May and June resulted in a weeks-long public health advisory in which children, the elderly and other sensitive groups were urged not to consume Salem’s drinking water. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Salem officials still don’t know what caused the toxic bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the million-dollar question that everybody wants to know,” said Lacey Goeres-Priest, water quality supervisor at the Salem Public Works Department. “There’s a lot of different factors that play into this type of event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae and the bacteria involved in harmful blooms are all naturally occurring and are important building blocks of all life on Earth. But the two main causes of the blooms are not natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion and excessive fertilizer are to blame for the high levels of nutrients. For the second factor, warm temperatures cause algae to bloom more aggressively and climate change seems a likely culprit. Scientists at Tufts University in Massachusetts published a \u003ca href=\"https://now.tufts.edu/news-releases/climate-change-projected-significantly-increase-harmful-algal-blooms-us-freshwaters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in 2017 predicting toxic algal blooms would increase as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They like it hot, and this helps them outcompete beneficial phytoplankton,” said Ali Dunn, an environmental scientist at the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) who studies blooms in that state. “It’s definitely been a catalyst for their growth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Closing the Data Gaps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms are unpredictable, typically resulting from a suite of biological and environmental conditions. Most algal toxins come from a class of cyanobacteria present with some – but not all – algae. So the mere presence of algae does not mean a toxin is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to detect algal toxins is through laboratory testing of water samples. This can take days, adding significant delay to any public health response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each lake, river, water body kind of has its own story to tell,” said Dunn. “The drivers are going to be different and unique to that system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows precisely how often blooms occur because there is no monitoring of the problem on a national scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox, based in Ames, Iowa, and his team at EWG decided to gather their own data by recording how often algal blooms were mentioned in the news media. He admits this was a crude method, but no other data was available. In their resulting \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/toxicalgalblooms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, released in May, they documented 169 blooms in 2017 – up from 51 the year before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is certainly a low estimate, because many blooms probably don’t get reported in the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: in 2016, the SWRCB launched its own \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">algal bloom reporting program\u003c/a>. It is based entirely on volunteer reports. Even so, in \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">2017\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">it recorded\u003c/a> 181 algal blooms just in California, an increase from 91 the year before. Of the 2017 blooms, 141 were serious enough to prompt health advisories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the 2017 reports illustrates how algal blooms are popping up where they once didn’t seem possible. On Sept. 8, a bright green lake-wide algal bloom was reported at Rim Rock Lake, a natural water body at the 7,000-feet (2,130 meters) elevation deep inside Lassen National Forest in Northern California. Water samples revealed four species of cyanobacteria, but none was producing toxins at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducts a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/national-lakes-assessment-2012-key-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Lakes Assessment\u003c/a> every five years that sheds a little more light on the issue. The most recent assessment now dates back to 2012. It found cyanobacteria and \u003ca href=\"https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/contaminant/contaminantOverview.do?contaminantId=-1336577584\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">microcystin\u003c/a>, a key algal toxin, had increased 8.3 percent and 9.5 percent, respectively, in the nation’s lakes compared with 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the presence of phosphorus – a main nutrient from fertilizers that feeds algal blooms – also grew significantly worse. Eighteen percent of lakes showed increasing phosphorus concentrations compared with 2007. And 40 percent were recorded as having excess phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to show, with our occurrence data, that toxins are present across the country in all surface water types,” said Keith Loftin, a research chemist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas. “But in terms of an exact count year to year, we do not have that data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To close this gap, Loftin is helping develop a new national \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/cyanobacteria-assessment-network-cyan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyanobacteria Assessment Network\u003c/a>. He’s part of a team that includes the EPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA. They plan to use satellite sensors to detect and monitor harmful algal blooms nationwide. It will include a smartphone app to make the data widely available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134298\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 880px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082028/DiamondValleyCyanotracker1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"880\" height=\"538\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This satellite image shows the state of an algal bloom in July at Diamond Valley Lake near Riverside, California, a critical storage reservoir for the Metropolitan Water District. In June, the district closed the lake to recreating as a result of the bloom. (Image Courtesy Cyanotracker/University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The system is being tested now and Loftin hopes it will be publicly available within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data produced by the system could help develop new algae management techniques and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Drinking Water Crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA, the nation’s water-quality police, has only issued recommendations and has yet to impose federal drinking water standards for algal toxins. As a result, many utilities are forced to improvise when an algal bloom strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was the case during Salem’s recent crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first indicator came on May 8, when an algal bloom appeared at Detroit Lake, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoir on the North Santiam River. Salem draws its drinking water from the reservoir, which is also popular for boating, swimming and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it had experienced blooms before, Salem already had a weekly testing program for algal toxins. Now it increased testing to twice weekly, sending samples to a laboratory in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until May 25, just before Memorial Day weekend, that test results from a sample of the city’s water confirmed the presence of a type of cyanotoxin. Consulting with the Oregon Health Authority, the city took a wait-and-see approach to the problem over the long holiday weekend, Goeres-Priest said. It tweaked the water treatment process to try to control the toxin, and tapped a backup supply from the neighboring city of Keizer to help dilute the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bloom continued. So on Tuesday, May 29, the city issued a health advisory urging sensitive groups not to drink the tap water. It affected not just Salem, but three neighboring communities that draw water from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With help from the state, Salem began distributing bottled water and the National Guard mobilized tankers to dispense clean water at two dozen sites for residents who brought their own containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city lifted the health advisory five days later, on June 2, after two consecutive days of clean water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the bloom roared back, and on June 6 Salem was forced to impose the advisory again, adding to public confusion. It was finally lifted on July 3, only after 12 consecutive days of clean water tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms had struck Detroit Lake before, but none had ever lasted that long or required health warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is different about this year than previous years? At this point, I don’t know the answer to that,” Goeres-Priest said. “We’re still learning a lot about the toxins themselves, and trying to understand what triggers that toxin release.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A forest fire may be one new contributor. The Whitewater Fire, which started in July 2017, burned 14,000 acres of forest in the Santiam River watershed east of Salem. Fire ash contains phosphorus, a nutrient that could have fed this year’s algal bloom. Goeres-Priest doesn’t know to what extent that was a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algal bloom episode was costly for Salem, she said, although a full tally is not yet available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, the city spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on water sample testing. Later, to avoid the delay of sending samples to Ohio, the city bought its own testing machine at a cost of $35,000. It also bought a cryofreezer because laboratory protocol requires samples to be flash-frozen and thawed three times before testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salem also had to upgrade its water treatment plant, adding a process involving powdered activated carbon to remove algal toxins from the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082114/lab-technician-at-willow-lake-prepares-water-samples-next-to-caas-equipment_web_1600x1067_color-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Salem, Oregon, city employee prepares water samples for testing to determine the presence of algal toxins. The city purchased new testing machines during a recent toxic algal bloom to avoid delays in sending water samples to a lab in Ohio. (Photo Courtesy city of Salem)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In response to Salem’s travails, the Oregon Health Authority imposed its own \u003ca href=\"https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2018/06/29/salem-water-alert-oregon-algal-toxins-test-oha/746671002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interim water quality standards\u003c/a> for algal toxins. It now requires all water agencies to test for them regularly while it develops permanent standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solving the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s clear about toxic algal blooms is that treating the outbreak doesn’t solve the problem. They are likely to recur until the root cause is corrected. Watsonville, California, provides an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinto Lake, a Watsonville city recreation site, began experiencing algal blooms as early as the 1980s, said Jackie McCloud, the city’s environmental projects manager. The lake drains into the Pajaro River, then into Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms were not a drinking water concern, because the lake isn’t used for that purpose. But the algae problem became unavoidable when sea otters, protected by the state and federal Endangered Species Act, began turning up dead on the bay shore in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Necropsies cited liver failure as cause of death in 33 sea otters. That, in turn was caused by exposure to microcystin, an algal toxin that accumulated in the tissues of sea urchins and shellfish eaten by the otters. It was the first time the freshwater toxin had been documented to survive in seawater and cause the death of marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toxin was traced upstream to Pinto Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCloud said the lake’s algae problem dates back to the earliest days of settlement in the area. Vast redwood forests in the coastal mountains draining into the watershed were cut down for building materials, and the resulting erosion coated the bottom of the lake with nutrients – specifically phosphorus. Farming, road building and housing development sent more phosphorus-laden runoff into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just seeing massive amounts of erosion from the watershed coming into the lake,” McCloud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city took a two-pronged approach: stop the algal blooms and stop the erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control the blooms, the city hired a consultant who applied alum, a chemical compound meant to neutralize and isolate phosphorus in the lakebed. McCloud called this a “Band-Aid” measure because the real solution lies in the watershed upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the city has no land use authority in the watershed, so it began working with Santa Cruz County and the local Resource Conservation District, an organization that helps farmers improve land use practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landowners were encouraged to adopt erosion control measures, such as water bars on dirt roads to manage runoff and buffer strips of vegetation to capture it. The county adopted similar measures on its public lands in the watershed, including Mt. Madonna County Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work, including the alum treatment, was funded by $900,000 in EPA grants administered by the SWRCB. McCloud called it a success: there have been no algal blooms since the work began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she knows the job isn’t done. The alum treatment will eventually wear off, and erosion controls require ongoing maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to see more of these hot, intense weather events where we don’t have a lot of water coming into the system anymore and we’re concentrating this phosphorus,” McCloud said. “We knew the lake was the biggest problem, but we realized we’re not going to solve anything by just looking at that one spot. You have to look bigger than just your lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/30/hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Toxic bacteria produced by some algae are a threat to public health. Climate change may be one reason algal blooms have become a growing concern for many water agencies.",
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"description": "Toxic bacteria produced by some algae are a threat to public health. Climate change may be one reason algal blooms have become a growing concern for many water agencies.",
"title": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters | KQED",
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"headline": "Hot Weather, Land Abuses Fueling Algal Blooms in Western Waters",
"datePublished": "2018-07-31T12:00:51-07:00",
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"slug": "hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters",
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"nprByline": "Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply",
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"source": "Environment",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"content\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"moz-reader-content line-height4\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"readability-page-1\" class=\"page\">\n\u003cp>The West is known for summer wildfires. Now it seems Western summers will be distinguished by another kind of flare-up: algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>This summer has witnessed an explosion of algae problems in Western water bodies. Usually marked by a bright green mat of floating scum, the blooms are unsightly and unpleasant for water lovers. More concerning are potentially toxic cyanobacteria often produced by the algae, which can be deadly to pets and livestock and cause illnesses in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These harmful algal blooms have popped up in freshwater lakes and streams for years. But in recent years they seem bigger and more widespread than ever, resulting in closed beaches, public health warnings and risks to drinking water in a few locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blooms are even popping up in unlikely places, such as high-elevation mountain lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is currently no federal drinking water standard for algal toxins and in many places, data monitoring of blooms is still scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really a devilish problem,” said Craig Cox, a senior vice-president for agriculture and natural resources at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> who is tracking the issue. “The more I look into it, the more stunning the state of play seems to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the cause of each incident is not always known, two of the main known drivers of algal blooms are excess nutrients in the water and extreme heat. As a result, algae-coated lakes could become one of the most visible consequences of rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Understanding the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most serious incident recently occurred in May in Salem, Oregon, where a health advisory was issued to more than 200,000 customers of the city water department following the detection of algal toxins in the drinking water supply. Young children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions were warned not to drink tap water for most of the month of June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727081904/USACE_Detroit_Dam_Oregon1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detroit Lake and Dam on the North Santiam River, a source of drinking water for Salem, Oregon, the state capital. A toxic algal bloom at the lake in May and June resulted in a weeks-long public health advisory in which children, the elderly and other sensitive groups were urged not to consume Salem’s drinking water. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Salem officials still don’t know what caused the toxic bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the million-dollar question that everybody wants to know,” said Lacey Goeres-Priest, water quality supervisor at the Salem Public Works Department. “There’s a lot of different factors that play into this type of event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae and the bacteria involved in harmful blooms are all naturally occurring and are important building blocks of all life on Earth. But the two main causes of the blooms are not natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion and excessive fertilizer are to blame for the high levels of nutrients. For the second factor, warm temperatures cause algae to bloom more aggressively and climate change seems a likely culprit. Scientists at Tufts University in Massachusetts published a \u003ca href=\"https://now.tufts.edu/news-releases/climate-change-projected-significantly-increase-harmful-algal-blooms-us-freshwaters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in 2017 predicting toxic algal blooms would increase as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They like it hot, and this helps them outcompete beneficial phytoplankton,” said Ali Dunn, an environmental scientist at the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) who studies blooms in that state. “It’s definitely been a catalyst for their growth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Closing the Data Gaps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms are unpredictable, typically resulting from a suite of biological and environmental conditions. Most algal toxins come from a class of cyanobacteria present with some – but not all – algae. So the mere presence of algae does not mean a toxin is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to detect algal toxins is through laboratory testing of water samples. This can take days, adding significant delay to any public health response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each lake, river, water body kind of has its own story to tell,” said Dunn. “The drivers are going to be different and unique to that system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows precisely how often blooms occur because there is no monitoring of the problem on a national scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox, based in Ames, Iowa, and his team at EWG decided to gather their own data by recording how often algal blooms were mentioned in the news media. He admits this was a crude method, but no other data was available. In their resulting \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/toxicalgalblooms/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>, released in May, they documented 169 blooms in 2017 – up from 51 the year before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is certainly a low estimate, because many blooms probably don’t get reported in the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: in 2016, the SWRCB launched its own \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">algal bloom reporting program\u003c/a>. It is based entirely on volunteer reports. Even so, in \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">2017\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/collaboration_network/docs/2018/dunn-vandyke-022118.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">it recorded\u003c/a> 181 algal blooms just in California, an increase from 91 the year before. Of the 2017 blooms, 141 were serious enough to prompt health advisories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the 2017 reports illustrates how algal blooms are popping up where they once didn’t seem possible. On Sept. 8, a bright green lake-wide algal bloom was reported at Rim Rock Lake, a natural water body at the 7,000-feet (2,130 meters) elevation deep inside Lassen National Forest in Northern California. Water samples revealed four species of cyanobacteria, but none was producing toxins at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducts a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/national-lakes-assessment-2012-key-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Lakes Assessment\u003c/a> every five years that sheds a little more light on the issue. The most recent assessment now dates back to 2012. It found cyanobacteria and \u003ca href=\"https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/contaminant/contaminantOverview.do?contaminantId=-1336577584\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">microcystin\u003c/a>, a key algal toxin, had increased 8.3 percent and 9.5 percent, respectively, in the nation’s lakes compared with 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the presence of phosphorus – a main nutrient from fertilizers that feeds algal blooms – also grew significantly worse. Eighteen percent of lakes showed increasing phosphorus concentrations compared with 2007. And 40 percent were recorded as having excess phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to show, with our occurrence data, that toxins are present across the country in all surface water types,” said Keith Loftin, a research chemist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas. “But in terms of an exact count year to year, we do not have that data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To close this gap, Loftin is helping develop a new national \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/cyanobacteria-assessment-network-cyan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyanobacteria Assessment Network\u003c/a>. He’s part of a team that includes the EPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA. They plan to use satellite sensors to detect and monitor harmful algal blooms nationwide. It will include a smartphone app to make the data widely available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134298\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 880px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082028/DiamondValleyCyanotracker1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"880\" height=\"538\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This satellite image shows the state of an algal bloom in July at Diamond Valley Lake near Riverside, California, a critical storage reservoir for the Metropolitan Water District. In June, the district closed the lake to recreating as a result of the bloom. (Image Courtesy Cyanotracker/University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The system is being tested now and Loftin hopes it will be publicly available within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data produced by the system could help develop new algae management techniques and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Drinking Water Crisis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA, the nation’s water-quality police, has only issued recommendations and has yet to impose federal drinking water standards for algal toxins. As a result, many utilities are forced to improvise when an algal bloom strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was the case during Salem’s recent crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first indicator came on May 8, when an algal bloom appeared at Detroit Lake, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoir on the North Santiam River. Salem draws its drinking water from the reservoir, which is also popular for boating, swimming and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it had experienced blooms before, Salem already had a weekly testing program for algal toxins. Now it increased testing to twice weekly, sending samples to a laboratory in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until May 25, just before Memorial Day weekend, that test results from a sample of the city’s water confirmed the presence of a type of cyanotoxin. Consulting with the Oregon Health Authority, the city took a wait-and-see approach to the problem over the long holiday weekend, Goeres-Priest said. It tweaked the water treatment process to try to control the toxin, and tapped a backup supply from the neighboring city of Keizer to help dilute the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bloom continued. So on Tuesday, May 29, the city issued a health advisory urging sensitive groups not to drink the tap water. It affected not just Salem, but three neighboring communities that draw water from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With help from the state, Salem began distributing bottled water and the National Guard mobilized tankers to dispense clean water at two dozen sites for residents who brought their own containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city lifted the health advisory five days later, on June 2, after two consecutive days of clean water samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the bloom roared back, and on June 6 Salem was forced to impose the advisory again, adding to public confusion. It was finally lifted on July 3, only after 12 consecutive days of clean water tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algal blooms had struck Detroit Lake before, but none had ever lasted that long or required health warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is different about this year than previous years? At this point, I don’t know the answer to that,” Goeres-Priest said. “We’re still learning a lot about the toxins themselves, and trying to understand what triggers that toxin release.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A forest fire may be one new contributor. The Whitewater Fire, which started in July 2017, burned 14,000 acres of forest in the Santiam River watershed east of Salem. Fire ash contains phosphorus, a nutrient that could have fed this year’s algal bloom. Goeres-Priest doesn’t know to what extent that was a factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algal bloom episode was costly for Salem, she said, although a full tally is not yet available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, the city spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on water sample testing. Later, to avoid the delay of sending samples to Ohio, the city bought its own testing machine at a cost of $35,000. It also bought a cryofreezer because laboratory protocol requires samples to be flash-frozen and thawed three times before testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salem also had to upgrade its water treatment plant, adding a process involving powdered activated carbon to remove algal toxins from the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180727082114/lab-technician-at-willow-lake-prepares-water-samples-next-to-caas-equipment_web_1600x1067_color-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Salem, Oregon, city employee prepares water samples for testing to determine the presence of algal toxins. The city purchased new testing machines during a recent toxic algal bloom to avoid delays in sending water samples to a lab in Ohio. (Photo Courtesy city of Salem)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In response to Salem’s travails, the Oregon Health Authority imposed its own \u003ca href=\"https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2018/06/29/salem-water-alert-oregon-algal-toxins-test-oha/746671002/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interim water quality standards\u003c/a> for algal toxins. It now requires all water agencies to test for them regularly while it develops permanent standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solving the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s clear about toxic algal blooms is that treating the outbreak doesn’t solve the problem. They are likely to recur until the root cause is corrected. Watsonville, California, provides an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinto Lake, a Watsonville city recreation site, began experiencing algal blooms as early as the 1980s, said Jackie McCloud, the city’s environmental projects manager. The lake drains into the Pajaro River, then into Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooms were not a drinking water concern, because the lake isn’t used for that purpose. But the algae problem became unavoidable when sea otters, protected by the state and federal Endangered Species Act, began turning up dead on the bay shore in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Necropsies cited liver failure as cause of death in 33 sea otters. That, in turn was caused by exposure to microcystin, an algal toxin that accumulated in the tissues of sea urchins and shellfish eaten by the otters. It was the first time the freshwater toxin had been documented to survive in seawater and cause the death of marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toxin was traced upstream to Pinto Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCloud said the lake’s algae problem dates back to the earliest days of settlement in the area. Vast redwood forests in the coastal mountains draining into the watershed were cut down for building materials, and the resulting erosion coated the bottom of the lake with nutrients – specifically phosphorus. Farming, road building and housing development sent more phosphorus-laden runoff into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just seeing massive amounts of erosion from the watershed coming into the lake,” McCloud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city took a two-pronged approach: stop the algal blooms and stop the erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control the blooms, the city hired a consultant who applied alum, a chemical compound meant to neutralize and isolate phosphorus in the lakebed. McCloud called this a “Band-Aid” measure because the real solution lies in the watershed upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the city has no land use authority in the watershed, so it began working with Santa Cruz County and the local Resource Conservation District, an organization that helps farmers improve land use practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landowners were encouraged to adopt erosion control measures, such as water bars on dirt roads to manage runoff and buffer strips of vegetation to capture it. The county adopted similar measures on its public lands in the watershed, including Mt. Madonna County Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work, including the alum treatment, was funded by $900,000 in EPA grants administered by the SWRCB. McCloud called it a success: there have been no algal blooms since the work began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she knows the job isn’t done. The alum treatment will eventually wear off, and erosion controls require ongoing maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to see more of these hot, intense weather events where we don’t have a lot of water coming into the system anymore and we’re concentrating this phosphorus,” McCloud said. “We knew the lake was the biggest problem, but we realized we’re not going to solve anything by just looking at that one spot. You have to look bigger than just your lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/30/hot-weather-land-abuses-fueling-algal-blooms-in-western-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists are touting the first sighting of a hybrid between a melon-headed whale and a rough-toothed dolphin in the ocean off Hawaii. But don’t call it a “wholphin,” they say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The melon-headed whale is one of the various species that’s called a whale but is technically a dolphin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Calling it something like a wholphin doesn’t make any sense,” said one of the study’s authors, Robin Baird, a Hawaii research biologist with Washington state-based Cascadia Research Collective. “I think calling it a wholphin just confuses the situation more than it already is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study published last week, scientists say the animal spotted off the island of Kauai in August 2017 appears to be the first record of a hybrid involving either species. It’s also only the third confirmed instance of a wild-born hybrid between species in the Delphinidae family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The label “wholphin” has stuck for a hybrid born in 1985 at Hawaii’s Sea Life Park of a false killer whale and an Atlantic bottle-nose dolphin. The hybrid named Kekaimalu still lives at the marine mammal park, where she helps teach children about genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1928356\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some news organization have described the melon-headed whale and rough-toothed dolphin hybrid as a new species, in order for that to happen other things need to occur, including more widespread hybridization, Baird said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That isn’t the case, although there are examples where hybridization has resulted in a new species,” he said. “There’s no evidence to suggest it’s leading toward anything like species formation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male hybrid presents an opportunity to look for others. Hybrids generally occur when there’s a decline in the population in one of the parental species, so scientists will be looking out for such a decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A likely scenario for how the hybrid came to be is a melon-headed whale getting separated from its group and ending up traveling with rough-toothed dolphins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know how old it is, but believe it’s close to adult age.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1928356\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Hybrid_foreground_2017AUG11_D37_KAW_1023_CR-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some news organization have described the melon-headed whale and rough-toothed dolphin hybrid as a new species, in order for that to happen other things need to occur, including more widespread hybridization, Baird said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That isn’t the case, although there are examples where hybridization has resulted in a new species,” he said. “There’s no evidence to suggest it’s leading toward anything like species formation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male hybrid presents an opportunity to look for others. Hybrids generally occur when there’s a decline in the population in one of the parental species, so scientists will be looking out for such a decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A likely scenario for how the hybrid came to be is a melon-headed whale getting separated from its group and ending up traveling with rough-toothed dolphins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know how old it is, but believe it’s close to adult age.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A so-called corpse flower known for the rotten stench it releases appeared close to blooming Monday at the Huntington Library in Southern California.[contextly_sidebar id=”u8dJRzsFzz7XiWlGS8mXYMLurwlkI1FV”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant nicknamed “Li’l Stinker” plumped up in the last few days and was likely to bloom Monday or Tuesday, said Brandon Tam, an orchid specialist at the Huntington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem with these flowers is that it’s always hard to tell because they always have a mind of their own, depending on the weather, depending on if it’s ready to bloom,” Tam said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant got its nickname because at 44 inches tall it is smaller than a typical corpse flower, according to the Huntington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the sixth corpse flower to date at the institution in suburban San Marino. The previous bloom on Aug. 23, 2014, reached a height of 66 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The formal name of the corpse flower is Amorphophallus titanum and it is native to the rainforests of Sumatra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It typically takes 15 years for a corpse flower to reach a mature blooming size, and there are now 45 in Huntington’s collection, Tam said.[contextly_sidebar id=”bcYDmqLJ0rkAzXC9wAxTHgHxjknHy23h”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 16-year-old plant is the offspring of a 2002 blooming. “We’re getting to that age where they’re all about to bloom fairly soon,” Tam said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The foul odor attracts insects which aids pollination. The plants don’t emit the foul odor until the bloom, which usually lasts only 24 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Huntington said there were around 50 visitors circling the plant Monday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research and educational institution houses rare books, art collections and botanical gardens.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The formal name of the corpse flower is Amorphophallus titanum and it is native to the rainforests of Sumatra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It typically takes 15 years for a corpse flower to reach a mature blooming size, and there are now 45 in Huntington’s collection, Tam said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 16-year-old plant is the offspring of a 2002 blooming. “We’re getting to that age where they’re all about to bloom fairly soon,” Tam said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The foul odor attracts insects which aids pollination. The plants don’t emit the foul odor until the bloom, which usually lasts only 24 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Huntington said there were around 50 visitors circling the plant Monday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research and educational institution houses rare books, art collections and botanical gardens.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "From Space, Large Swaths of West Covered in Smoke | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA satellites captured striking images showing the scale of multiple devastating wildfires raging throughout Northern California and the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altogether, the California wildfires have killed at least eight people and scorched more than 200,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/20180730-westernfires.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1928254\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-1020x665.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-240x157.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This natural-color satellite image was collected by the Aqua satellite on July 29, 2018. Actively burning areas, detected by thermal bands, are outlined in red. Click on the image to see a larger version from NASA. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown has declared a state of emergency for Lake, Mendocino, Napa and Shasta Counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the weekend, President Donald Trump\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-california-emergency-declaration-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ordered federal\u003c/a> assistance “to supplement state, tribal and local response efforts,” according to the White House statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Aqua satellite on Sunday captured wildfire smoke billowing throughout California, seen in the image above, and drifting eastward toward Utah and beyond. Actively burning areas are outlined in red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole of the western coast looks like it is on fire,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2018/nasa-satellite-sees-fires-up-and-down-us-west-coast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a> issued by NASA said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928280\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_feature/public/thumbnails/image/20170727-calif2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1928280 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-800x701.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"701\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-800x701.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-768x673.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-1020x894.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-960x841.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-240x210.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-375x329.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-520x456.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image was captured by NASA’s Terra satellite on July 26, 2018. Actively burning areas, detected by MODIS’s thermal bands, are outlined in red. Click on the image to see a larger version from NASA.(Photo courtesy of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Similarly, NASA’s Terra satellite on Thursday captured the breadth of multiple wildfires that have swept through the West Coast, from Oregon and Northern California to south of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> largest of the California blazes\u003c/a>, Carr Fire in Shasta County, doubled in size over the weekend to 98,724 acres and was 20 percent contained as of Monday morning, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire has so far destroyed about 1,000 structures and claimed six lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Guard has been deployed to assist firefighters battling the blaze, whose ferocity produced a huge column of whirling smoke and fire, dubbed a “firenado.”[contextly_sidebar id=”OqWF9VNdDcmZDbyyqyj3wDRGCjhgQzmj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Mendocino County, two blazes scorched almost 56,000 acres. Firefighters \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">battled the blaze\u003c/a> overnight but “weather conditions will continue to challenge firefighters as hot, dry and windy conditions persist,” according to the Cal Fire incident report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Monday morning, the fire\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was 10 percent\u003c/a> contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferguson fire, which led to a partial closure of Yosemite National Park, is 30 percent contained as of Monday morning. Two firefighters died battling the blaze, which has scorched 56,659 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several mandatory evacuations are in place and more information can be found on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cal Fire info page\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=”rJ7t8usz6Y2fVMC4PmliMWsnRiazYkmY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year, California wildfires \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-wildfires/firefighters-gain-on-sprawling-california-wildfire-six-dead-idUSKBN1KK1KE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have scorched nearly\u003c/a> 410,000 acres, the highest year-to-date level in a decade, reports Reuters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unrelenting bout of hot and dry weather in Northern California has contributed to unfavorable conditions for firefighters battling to contain the fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hot, dry weather that contributed to the deadly California firestorm shows no sign of letting up into the first part of August,” said the\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2018/nasa-satellite-shows-california-shrouded-in-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> NASA statement\u003c/a> accompanying the images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The devastating scale of multiple wildfires raging throughout the western coast was recently captured by NASA Satellites. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA satellites captured striking images showing the scale of multiple devastating wildfires raging throughout Northern California and the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altogether, the California wildfires have killed at least eight people and scorched more than 200,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/20180730-westernfires.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1928254\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-1020x665.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"417\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-240x157.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20180730-westernfires.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This natural-color satellite image was collected by the Aqua satellite on July 29, 2018. Actively burning areas, detected by thermal bands, are outlined in red. Click on the image to see a larger version from NASA. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown has declared a state of emergency for Lake, Mendocino, Napa and Shasta Counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the weekend, President Donald Trump\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-california-emergency-declaration-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> ordered federal\u003c/a> assistance “to supplement state, tribal and local response efforts,” according to the White House statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Aqua satellite on Sunday captured wildfire smoke billowing throughout California, seen in the image above, and drifting eastward toward Utah and beyond. Actively burning areas are outlined in red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole of the western coast looks like it is on fire,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2018/nasa-satellite-sees-fires-up-and-down-us-west-coast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a> issued by NASA said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928280\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_feature/public/thumbnails/image/20170727-calif2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1928280 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-800x701.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"701\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-800x701.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-768x673.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-1020x894.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-960x841.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-240x210.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-375x329.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2-520x456.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/20170727-calif2.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image was captured by NASA’s Terra satellite on July 26, 2018. Actively burning areas, detected by MODIS’s thermal bands, are outlined in red. Click on the image to see a larger version from NASA.(Photo courtesy of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Similarly, NASA’s Terra satellite on Thursday captured the breadth of multiple wildfires that have swept through the West Coast, from Oregon and Northern California to south of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> largest of the California blazes\u003c/a>, Carr Fire in Shasta County, doubled in size over the weekend to 98,724 acres and was 20 percent contained as of Monday morning, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire has so far destroyed about 1,000 structures and claimed six lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Guard has been deployed to assist firefighters battling the blaze, whose ferocity produced a huge column of whirling smoke and fire, dubbed a “firenado.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Mendocino County, two blazes scorched almost 56,000 acres. Firefighters \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">battled the blaze\u003c/a> overnight but “weather conditions will continue to challenge firefighters as hot, dry and windy conditions persist,” according to the Cal Fire incident report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Monday morning, the fire\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was 10 percent\u003c/a> contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferguson fire, which led to a partial closure of Yosemite National Park, is 30 percent contained as of Monday morning. Two firefighters died battling the blaze, which has scorched 56,659 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several mandatory evacuations are in place and more information can be found on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cal Fire info page\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year, California wildfires \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-wildfires/firefighters-gain-on-sprawling-california-wildfire-six-dead-idUSKBN1KK1KE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have scorched nearly\u003c/a> 410,000 acres, the highest year-to-date level in a decade, reports Reuters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unrelenting bout of hot and dry weather in Northern California has contributed to unfavorable conditions for firefighters battling to contain the fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hot, dry weather that contributed to the deadly California firestorm shows no sign of letting up into the first part of August,” said the\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2018/nasa-satellite-shows-california-shrouded-in-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> NASA statement\u003c/a> accompanying the images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Prison Inmates Battle Fires",
"headTitle": "California Prison Inmates Battle Fires | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>National Guard troops, Highway Patrol officers and teams of state prison inmates have joined fire crews struggling to battle the deadly Carr and Ferguson fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Triple-digit temperatures and steep terrain are challenging firefighters’ containment efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This fire is scary to us. It’s something we haven’t seen before. It changes direction so often. If you receive an alert or see an officer urging you to evacuate, please listen to us and get yourself out.’\u003ccite>Redding Police Chief Roger Moore\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5927/\">Ferguson Fire\u003c/a> is burning in remote areas surrounding Yosemite National Park.The wildfire has scarred more than 56,000 acres and is currently 30 percent contained. CalFire officials say they should have it fully contained in roughly two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\">Carr Fire\u003c/a> continues to threaten homes in Shasta and Trinity counties, as firefighters battle against wind and extreme fire conditions. Fire officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.co.shasta.ca.us/index/sheriff_index.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lifted some evacuation orders\u003c/a> today, but thousands of people are still prohibited from returning home. The fire is 20 percent contained, with crews working to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hold the control lines\u003c/a> they built Sunday night .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redding Police Chief Roger Moore spoke of the fear many are feeling and the need for prompt evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fire is scary to us. It’s something we haven’t seen before. It changes direction so often. If you receive an alert on your phone or see an officer urging you to evacuate, please listen to us and get yourself out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resources Strained\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Carr and Ferguson fires are only 2 of 17 major blazes \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101866493/firefighters-battle-17-major-blazes-across-california\">currently being fought\u003c/a> across the state. Each requires a dedicated team of firefighters, and as resources become strained the state is mobilizing additional sources of manpower across 125 agencies to help with firefighting efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gZYDcQ9h4mrAu0SMhcBI4IdMuilw7bcs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Highway Patrol Commissioner Warren Stanley has sent 118 uniformed officers to the Carr Fire to help with evacuations, including officers from the Bay area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Conservation_Camps/\">Conservation Camp Program\u003c/a>, an inmate work project under the direction of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, is also sending its teams. The program provides an able-bodied, trained work force of inmates who must be approved to work alongside Cal Fire crews on fire suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program supports around 3,500 inmates, spread across the state in 43 camps. The men and women of the program live in their assigned camps year-round, working on fire prevention and conservation projects when not actively fighting fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have large fires like this, we move crews all over the state,” says Bill Sessa, an information officer with CDCR. “We move crews from other areas to provide backup fire protection. Literally, we have all our crews moving all day, every day, when we get into these major firestorms that are spread all over the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation Camp teams numbering 1,700 inmates are currently being dispatched across 10 different fires to help cut containment lines and maintain equipment. Most of the effort, Sessa says, is being directed toward the largest fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some have been working on the Ferguson fire since it broke out more than a week ago,” he says, “and many are being redirected to the Carr fire, which seems to have exploded in size.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are currently 450 inmates assigned to the Ferguson fire and 599 to the Carr fire. They frequently work for 24 hours straight, carrying heavy loads of up to 60 pounds. Working in teams of 12 under the direction of Cal Fire captains, they hack away vegetation in an effort to stop the spread of fire or to change its direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you hear news reports of a fire being ‘X-percent contained,’” says Sessa, that is the work of our crews.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928286\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928286\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inmate firefighters battle the Ferguson fire in Jerseydale, California, on July 22, 2018. \u003ccite>(NOAH BERGER/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Volunteers are evaluated based on their security risk, physical ability and criminal history, Sessa said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a great amount of teamwork that is required for these teams to work, so we are looking for those who have a respect for the law, a willingness to work as a team, a willingness to take on the discipline of working on a fire crew.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California National Guard has also sent 800 troops to the Carr Fire. Among them are crews to operate six helicopters, two C-130 planes to drop fire retardant, and an MQ-9 remotely-piloted aircraft for collecting real-time footage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is our home,” Major Todd Morgan wrote in a \u003ca style=\"color: #41a62a\" href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CAGUARD/\">Facebook\u003c/a> post. Whether it is in Napa, Yosemite, Fresno, or Ventura County, every Californian is affected by the wildfires. When we go out, this isn’t just another mission we are tasked with, this is taking care of and defending our home, our neighbors, friends, and family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferguson and Carr fires combined are responsible for eight \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683457/death-toll-up-to-5-as-carr-fire-continues-to-burn-in-redding\">fatalities\u003c/a>, including four firefighters and four civilians. But with more than a dozen people reported missing, authorities warn this number could rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Carr fire encroaches on Redding city limits, the threat of extensive property and structural damage also increases. Several hundred structures have already been destroyed, with a further 5,012 threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown received a fire management assistance grant to help fund firefighting efforts, and has also received direct federal assistance from the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Michelle Wiley contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California wildfires have gotten so large and unruly that crews from the National Guard and the state prison system's Conservation Camp are helping battle the blazes.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>National Guard troops, Highway Patrol officers and teams of state prison inmates have joined fire crews struggling to battle the deadly Carr and Ferguson fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Triple-digit temperatures and steep terrain are challenging firefighters’ containment efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This fire is scary to us. It’s something we haven’t seen before. It changes direction so often. If you receive an alert or see an officer urging you to evacuate, please listen to us and get yourself out.’\u003ccite>Redding Police Chief Roger Moore\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5927/\">Ferguson Fire\u003c/a> is burning in remote areas surrounding Yosemite National Park.The wildfire has scarred more than 56,000 acres and is currently 30 percent contained. CalFire officials say they should have it fully contained in roughly two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\">Carr Fire\u003c/a> continues to threaten homes in Shasta and Trinity counties, as firefighters battle against wind and extreme fire conditions. Fire officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.co.shasta.ca.us/index/sheriff_index.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lifted some evacuation orders\u003c/a> today, but thousands of people are still prohibited from returning home. The fire is 20 percent contained, with crews working to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hold the control lines\u003c/a> they built Sunday night .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redding Police Chief Roger Moore spoke of the fear many are feeling and the need for prompt evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fire is scary to us. It’s something we haven’t seen before. It changes direction so often. If you receive an alert on your phone or see an officer urging you to evacuate, please listen to us and get yourself out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resources Strained\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Carr and Ferguson fires are only 2 of 17 major blazes \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101866493/firefighters-battle-17-major-blazes-across-california\">currently being fought\u003c/a> across the state. Each requires a dedicated team of firefighters, and as resources become strained the state is mobilizing additional sources of manpower across 125 agencies to help with firefighting efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Highway Patrol Commissioner Warren Stanley has sent 118 uniformed officers to the Carr Fire to help with evacuations, including officers from the Bay area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Conservation_Camps/\">Conservation Camp Program\u003c/a>, an inmate work project under the direction of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, is also sending its teams. The program provides an able-bodied, trained work force of inmates who must be approved to work alongside Cal Fire crews on fire suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program supports around 3,500 inmates, spread across the state in 43 camps. The men and women of the program live in their assigned camps year-round, working on fire prevention and conservation projects when not actively fighting fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have large fires like this, we move crews all over the state,” says Bill Sessa, an information officer with CDCR. “We move crews from other areas to provide backup fire protection. Literally, we have all our crews moving all day, every day, when we get into these major firestorms that are spread all over the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation Camp teams numbering 1,700 inmates are currently being dispatched across 10 different fires to help cut containment lines and maintain equipment. Most of the effort, Sessa says, is being directed toward the largest fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some have been working on the Ferguson fire since it broke out more than a week ago,” he says, “and many are being redirected to the Carr fire, which seems to have exploded in size.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are currently 450 inmates assigned to the Ferguson fire and 599 to the Carr fire. They frequently work for 24 hours straight, carrying heavy loads of up to 60 pounds. Working in teams of 12 under the direction of Cal Fire captains, they hack away vegetation in an effort to stop the spread of fire or to change its direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you hear news reports of a fire being ‘X-percent contained,’” says Sessa, that is the work of our crews.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928286\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928286\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/ww2.kqed_.orgGettyImages-1004100802-1-de81cdb9c22de8fcd82ae241b76a2289c1eb2671-2-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inmate firefighters battle the Ferguson fire in Jerseydale, California, on July 22, 2018. \u003ccite>(NOAH BERGER/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Volunteers are evaluated based on their security risk, physical ability and criminal history, Sessa said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a great amount of teamwork that is required for these teams to work, so we are looking for those who have a respect for the law, a willingness to work as a team, a willingness to take on the discipline of working on a fire crew.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California National Guard has also sent 800 troops to the Carr Fire. Among them are crews to operate six helicopters, two C-130 planes to drop fire retardant, and an MQ-9 remotely-piloted aircraft for collecting real-time footage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is our home,” Major Todd Morgan wrote in a \u003ca style=\"color: #41a62a\" href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CAGUARD/\">Facebook\u003c/a> post. Whether it is in Napa, Yosemite, Fresno, or Ventura County, every Californian is affected by the wildfires. When we go out, this isn’t just another mission we are tasked with, this is taking care of and defending our home, our neighbors, friends, and family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferguson and Carr fires combined are responsible for eight \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683457/death-toll-up-to-5-as-carr-fire-continues-to-burn-in-redding\">fatalities\u003c/a>, including four firefighters and four civilians. But with more than a dozen people reported missing, authorities warn this number could rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Carr fire encroaches on Redding city limits, the threat of extensive property and structural damage also increases. Several hundred structures have already been destroyed, with a further 5,012 threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown received a fire management assistance grant to help fund firefighting efforts, and has also received direct federal assistance from the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Michelle Wiley contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why California’s New Wild and Scenic River Is a Big Deal",
"headTitle": "Why California’s New Wild and Scenic River Is a Big Deal | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Mokelumne River became \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.americanrivers.org/region/california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California\u003c/a>’s newest Wild and Scenic River when Governor Jerry Brown signed the natural resources budget bill in the last week of June. Protection of 37 miles of this magnificent river in the Sierra Nevada foothills – from Salt Springs Dam to a point just upstream of Highway 49 – became a reality after decades of advocacy by \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.friendsoftheriver.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of the River\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.foothillconservancy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Foothill Conservancy\u003c/a> and other conservation groups.[contextly_sidebar id=”Jchdi97pPWa9DDc8ggrpXZYQcKjRWSRP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unusual legislative vehicle used to protect the river – the natural resources budget trailer bill – became possible after political obstacles were overcome and a rare consensus among conservation groups, water agencies and the California Natural Resources Agency (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">CNRA\u003c/span>) was forged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to 2016 legislation authored by Assemblyman Frank Bigelow (R-O’Neals), the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CNRA\u003c/span> conducted a study to determine the Mokelumne’s eligibility and suitability to be protected as a state Wild and Scenic River, a designation that helps protect it from destructive dams and diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Released in early 2018, the study found the river to be free-flowing and to possess extraordinary scenic and recreation values. More than 1,700 people responded positively to the draft study’s conclusion that the river was suitable for state protection. The final report proposed special language to ensure that state designation did not affect existing water rights and facilities and that future additional rights to water from the Mokelumne could be acquired for projects that avoided harm to the river’s flow and extraordinary values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134166\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134166\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1446px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-134166 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180726071835/Moke-Segment-Map1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1446\" height=\"845\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the Mokelumne River, showing Wild and Scenic designations. (Courtesy of CalWild)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Representatives from Friends of the River and the Foothill Conservancy worked out the language with water agencies from Amador and Calaveras counties, East Bay Municipal Utility District (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">EBMUD\u003c/span>) and the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CNRA.\u003c/span> In response, the local foothill water agencies withdrew their long-standing opposition and formally supported Wild and Scenic protection for the Mokelumne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It took several years to reach agreement to protect the Mokelumne River for present and future generations,” stated Eric Wesselman, executive director of Friends of the River. “But with some persistence, we eventually developed the political consensus needed to protect this magnificent river in the Sierra Nevada foothills.”[contextly_sidebar id=”yhOjMuHvGcpuZfNc7xqRSJvtV4FU3Ewn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a landmark achievement,” said Scott Ratterman, president of the Calaveras County Water District Board. “We are proud to have reached a consensus with all stakeholders that protects local water rights and the river for future generations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The support of the local water agencies neutralized opposition from local supervisors in Amador and Calaveras counties. \u003cspan class=\"caps\">EBMUD\u003c/span>, which delivers clean drinking water from the Mokelumne to \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.4\u003c/span> million customers in the East Bay Area, has supported Wild and Scenic protection for the river since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The turnaround in the river’s political fortunes was dramatic. The foothill water agencies managed to block passage of a 2015 bill by then-Sen. Loni Hancock (D-Berkeley) that would have added the river to the state Wild and Scenic Rivers System. Ironically, the Hancock bill included water rights assurance language similar to the special language worked out with the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CNRA\u003c/span> and subsequently included in the budget trailer bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mokelumne is now the seventh river protected as a state Wild and Scenic River in addition to the original eight rivers protected when the system was established in 1972. California Wild and Scenic Rivers are protected against \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.americanrivers.org/threats-solutions/restoring-damaged-rivers/how-dams-damage-rivers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">destructive dams\u003c/a> and diversion projects and state agencies are required to protect the rivers’ free-flowing character and extraordinary scenic, recreation, fish and wildlife values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1988, Friends of the River and the Foothill Conservancy have worked together with their conservation allies to protect and restore the Mokelumne River. The groups advocated for federal Wild and Scenic River protection through land and resource plans by the United States Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. They secured improved flows and recreational access through the federal relicensing process for utility \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PG&E\u003c/span>’s extensive hydroelectric facilities on the river. They successfully pressured \u003cspan class=\"caps\">EBMUD\u003c/span> to restore public recreational access to the river downstream of Highway 49. Along the way, three dam projects were shelved due to opposition by conservation groups. Now, 37 miles of the river are permanently protected by the state.[contextly_sidebar id=”5fDkybcxbqAxbhhh8sJT8f0qt4yeqzFf”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly protected segments of the Mokelumne River represent an important recreational resource for residents of Amador and Calaveras counties and their tourism-based economies. Protection of the river was a longtime priority of the locally based Foothill Conservancy and other local conservationists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“I can’t begin to tell you how happy we are,” said Katherine Evatt, board president of the Foothill Conservancy. “It’s a tremendous day for our community. People really love the Mokelumne. We have worked for decades to ensure that this beautiful river is protected for generations to come and, finally, the upper Mokelumne is a California Wild and Scenic River.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/07/26/why-californias-new-wild-and-scenic-river-is-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>The views expressed in this article belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Water Deeply.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "After years of work, the state’s Mokelumne River has been awarded Wild and Scenic status. It’s a significant win for conservationists and local residents, as well as an important example of consensus building.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Mokelumne River became \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.americanrivers.org/region/california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California\u003c/a>’s newest Wild and Scenic River when Governor Jerry Brown signed the natural resources budget bill in the last week of June. Protection of 37 miles of this magnificent river in the Sierra Nevada foothills – from Salt Springs Dam to a point just upstream of Highway 49 – became a reality after decades of advocacy by \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.friendsoftheriver.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of the River\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.foothillconservancy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Foothill Conservancy\u003c/a> and other conservation groups.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unusual legislative vehicle used to protect the river – the natural resources budget trailer bill – became possible after political obstacles were overcome and a rare consensus among conservation groups, water agencies and the California Natural Resources Agency (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">CNRA\u003c/span>) was forged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to 2016 legislation authored by Assemblyman Frank Bigelow (R-O’Neals), the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CNRA\u003c/span> conducted a study to determine the Mokelumne’s eligibility and suitability to be protected as a state Wild and Scenic River, a designation that helps protect it from destructive dams and diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Released in early 2018, the study found the river to be free-flowing and to possess extraordinary scenic and recreation values. More than 1,700 people responded positively to the draft study’s conclusion that the river was suitable for state protection. The final report proposed special language to ensure that state designation did not affect existing water rights and facilities and that future additional rights to water from the Mokelumne could be acquired for projects that avoided harm to the river’s flow and extraordinary values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_134166\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134166\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1446px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-134166 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180726071835/Moke-Segment-Map1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1446\" height=\"845\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the Mokelumne River, showing Wild and Scenic designations. (Courtesy of CalWild)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Representatives from Friends of the River and the Foothill Conservancy worked out the language with water agencies from Amador and Calaveras counties, East Bay Municipal Utility District (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">EBMUD\u003c/span>) and the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CNRA.\u003c/span> In response, the local foothill water agencies withdrew their long-standing opposition and formally supported Wild and Scenic protection for the Mokelumne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It took several years to reach agreement to protect the Mokelumne River for present and future generations,” stated Eric Wesselman, executive director of Friends of the River. “But with some persistence, we eventually developed the political consensus needed to protect this magnificent river in the Sierra Nevada foothills.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a landmark achievement,” said Scott Ratterman, president of the Calaveras County Water District Board. “We are proud to have reached a consensus with all stakeholders that protects local water rights and the river for future generations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The support of the local water agencies neutralized opposition from local supervisors in Amador and Calaveras counties. \u003cspan class=\"caps\">EBMUD\u003c/span>, which delivers clean drinking water from the Mokelumne to \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.4\u003c/span> million customers in the East Bay Area, has supported Wild and Scenic protection for the river since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The turnaround in the river’s political fortunes was dramatic. The foothill water agencies managed to block passage of a 2015 bill by then-Sen. Loni Hancock (D-Berkeley) that would have added the river to the state Wild and Scenic Rivers System. Ironically, the Hancock bill included water rights assurance language similar to the special language worked out with the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CNRA\u003c/span> and subsequently included in the budget trailer bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mokelumne is now the seventh river protected as a state Wild and Scenic River in addition to the original eight rivers protected when the system was established in 1972. California Wild and Scenic Rivers are protected against \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.americanrivers.org/threats-solutions/restoring-damaged-rivers/how-dams-damage-rivers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">destructive dams\u003c/a> and diversion projects and state agencies are required to protect the rivers’ free-flowing character and extraordinary scenic, recreation, fish and wildlife values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1988, Friends of the River and the Foothill Conservancy have worked together with their conservation allies to protect and restore the Mokelumne River. The groups advocated for federal Wild and Scenic River protection through land and resource plans by the United States Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. They secured improved flows and recreational access through the federal relicensing process for utility \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PG&E\u003c/span>’s extensive hydroelectric facilities on the river. They successfully pressured \u003cspan class=\"caps\">EBMUD\u003c/span> to restore public recreational access to the river downstream of Highway 49. Along the way, three dam projects were shelved due to opposition by conservation groups. Now, 37 miles of the river are permanently protected by the state.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly protected segments of the Mokelumne River represent an important recreational resource for residents of Amador and Calaveras counties and their tourism-based economies. Protection of the river was a longtime priority of the locally based Foothill Conservancy and other local conservationists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“I can’t begin to tell you how happy we are,” said Katherine Evatt, board president of the Foothill Conservancy. “It’s a tremendous day for our community. People really love the Mokelumne. We have worked for decades to ensure that this beautiful river is protected for generations to come and, finally, the upper Mokelumne is a California Wild and Scenic River.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/07/26/why-californias-new-wild-and-scenic-river-is-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>The views expressed in this article belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Water Deeply.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Redding's Fire Tornado Was Not Your Garden Variety Fire Whirl (Video)",
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"content": "\u003cp>On Thursday evening, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683111/wildfire-races-to-outskirts-of-redding-firefighter-dozer-driver-killed\">the Carr Fire exploded\u003c/a> into the outskirts of Redding, blazing through everything in its path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the next morning, through images and video posted online, the world could see the force that had driven the fire’s leap across the Sacramento River and rapid spread into the city: a massive, rotating cloud of smoke and ash and flame. ABC10, which \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ABC10/status/1022862397780852739\">posted one of the most widely shared videos on Twitter\u003c/a>, said it wasn’t a tornado. But it sure looked like one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fire whirl, also known as a fire devil, fire vortex, fire tornado, or “firenado.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ABC10/status/1022862397780852739\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1928250 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado.png 474w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-160x159.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-240x239.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-375x373.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fire whirl\u003c/a> is any intensely rotating column of heated air that rises from a wildfire, according to Neil Lareau, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Nevada, Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It begins to form when air starts to rotate, usually near the surface of the earth. The air is very hot because of the fire, but also due to the hot ambient air temperatures that set the stage for the fire in the first place. Heat rises, so that spinning air at the surface gets stretched high into the atmosphere, forming a rotating column of hot air that pulls ash and flame along with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What causes the rotation in the first place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the part we don’t really know,” says Lareau.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Fire tornadoes are just one type of extreme fire behavior that may be exacerbated by climate change.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rotation can be driven by differences in wind speed or temperature, caused by features of the local environment: the terrain or an obstacle on the ground. But researchers don’t understand this part very well, and it’s difficult to pinpoint what exactly started the rotation at the Carr Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens when the rotation rises into the air is better understood. The rotation becomes concentrated in that column. Lareau likens it to a whirling figure skater who puts their arms up over their head to spin faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=UBAcJ3BP_GM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They kind of concentrate that rotation, and make it stronger. And the fire is doing this huge vertical boost to that rotation that may have been at the surface,” he explains, “It’s starting to look more like a tornado than your garden-variety fire whirl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually, meteorologists take issue with describing fire whirls as “fire tornadoes” because they form differently, and fire whirls are usually made up of much weaker winds than tornadoes. Last Thursday, though, seeing the aftermath with roofs ripped off of homes and large trees completely uprooted just outside the burn zone, even the weather experts were tempted to describe the Carr Fire whirl as a tornado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Always see confusion about calling firewhirls tornados, yet this damage from the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CarrFire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CarrFire\u003c/a> is very compelling. Not sure what it takes to knock over light posts, but these photos suggest severe mesoscale tornadic-like winds in unburned neighborhoods. Incredible. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAfire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAfire\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAwx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAwx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1aoxkbTT5D\">https://t.co/1aoxkbTT5D\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Matt Roberts (@WxMattt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WxMattt/status/1022914361797439489?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 27, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Fire whirls are not an uncommon sight at a wildfire. But they’re usually small, up to 1,000 feet high, and last only minutes or even seconds. On Thursday night, the fire whirl outside of Redding stretched to about 18,000 feet into the air and lasted for nearly an hour, and winds were clocked near the lower end of tornado-strength wind speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very rare as well to have these really persistent long-lived events like that, ” says Lareau, “To get a big one like this is really scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire whirls are dangerous not only because of the strength of the winds involved but because they lift embers high into the air, where higher-altitude winds can carry them far from the flaming front. That’s one way that fires get past what should be major barriers — like the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928160\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928160\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-800x677.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"677\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-800x677.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-160x135.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-768x650.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1020x864.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1200x1016.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1180x999.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-960x813.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-240x203.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-375x318.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-520x440.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX.png 1324w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 3D visualization of the ‘fire tornado’ at the Carr Fire on the evening of July 26. \u003ccite>(Neil Lareau)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lareau says that other fire whirls on this scale have occurred in Northern California in the recent past, but not in densely populated areas like Redding. Big fire whirls may have played a role in the spread of last year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/02/us/thomas-fire-officially-out/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Fire\u003c/a> and North Bay Fires — counted as the state’s largest and most destructive on record, respectively — but the fire whirls were not on the same scale, and those fires were mostly driven by regional Santa Ana and Diablo winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are really just starting to learn about fire whirls, and are a long way from being able to predict the occurrence of major fire whirl events — but they can identify the ingredients that make such an event more likely. The topography of the area is part of it. And the heat, which reached 113 degrees in Redding last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get a big temperature differential you get a big pressure differential. And when you get a big pressure differential you accelerate the winds,” explains Lareau, “You’re kind of off to the races once you get something like this going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s difficult to tie any one event to climate change, Lareau says that “it’s not a coincidence the that this is the record-[hottest] July for the northern Sacramento Valley, embedded in a broader trend, and we’re going to keep seeing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire tornadoes are just one type of extreme fire behavior that may be exacerbated by climate change. And as UC Merced fire scientist Anthony Westerling argued on Twitter, the “new normal” of fire might not really be “normal” at all, but a permanent state of unpredictability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">We are not, and will not, experience a “new normal” of wildland fire behavior. A “normal” is a long term average that provides a useful guide to the future, but wildfire is responding to accelerating climate change: no one alive today will ever see a stable climate again. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/wyqnMz7AFP\">https://t.co/wyqnMz7AFP\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— A. LeRoy Westerling (@LeroyWesterling) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/LeroyWesterling/status/1023767908080467973?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 30, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether it’s fires \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926996/something-else-adding-fuel-to-californias-fire-season-warmer-nights\">burning intensely at night\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927988/how-wildfires-are-breaking-the-rules-in-california-by-racing-downhill\">rapidly downhill\u003c/a>, or forming fire whirls with tornado strength winds, or all three at the same time — as has been the case at the Carr Fire — firefighters and communities will need to adjust. Soon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Thursday evening, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683111/wildfire-races-to-outskirts-of-redding-firefighter-dozer-driver-killed\">the Carr Fire exploded\u003c/a> into the outskirts of Redding, blazing through everything in its path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the next morning, through images and video posted online, the world could see the force that had driven the fire’s leap across the Sacramento River and rapid spread into the city: a massive, rotating cloud of smoke and ash and flame. ABC10, which \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ABC10/status/1022862397780852739\">posted one of the most widely shared videos on Twitter\u003c/a>, said it wasn’t a tornado. But it sure looked like one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fire whirl, also known as a fire devil, fire vortex, fire tornado, or “firenado.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ABC10/status/1022862397780852739\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1928250 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado.png 474w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-160x159.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-240x239.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-375x373.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/firenado-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fire whirl\u003c/a> is any intensely rotating column of heated air that rises from a wildfire, according to Neil Lareau, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Nevada, Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It begins to form when air starts to rotate, usually near the surface of the earth. The air is very hot because of the fire, but also due to the hot ambient air temperatures that set the stage for the fire in the first place. Heat rises, so that spinning air at the surface gets stretched high into the atmosphere, forming a rotating column of hot air that pulls ash and flame along with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What causes the rotation in the first place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the part we don’t really know,” says Lareau.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Fire tornadoes are just one type of extreme fire behavior that may be exacerbated by climate change.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rotation can be driven by differences in wind speed or temperature, caused by features of the local environment: the terrain or an obstacle on the ground. But researchers don’t understand this part very well, and it’s difficult to pinpoint what exactly started the rotation at the Carr Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens when the rotation rises into the air is better understood. The rotation becomes concentrated in that column. Lareau likens it to a whirling figure skater who puts their arms up over their head to spin faster.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/UBAcJ3BP_GM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/UBAcJ3BP_GM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“They kind of concentrate that rotation, and make it stronger. And the fire is doing this huge vertical boost to that rotation that may have been at the surface,” he explains, “It’s starting to look more like a tornado than your garden-variety fire whirl.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually, meteorologists take issue with describing fire whirls as “fire tornadoes” because they form differently, and fire whirls are usually made up of much weaker winds than tornadoes. Last Thursday, though, seeing the aftermath with roofs ripped off of homes and large trees completely uprooted just outside the burn zone, even the weather experts were tempted to describe the Carr Fire whirl as a tornado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Always see confusion about calling firewhirls tornados, yet this damage from the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CarrFire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CarrFire\u003c/a> is very compelling. Not sure what it takes to knock over light posts, but these photos suggest severe mesoscale tornadic-like winds in unburned neighborhoods. Incredible. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAfire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAfire\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAwx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAwx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1aoxkbTT5D\">https://t.co/1aoxkbTT5D\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Matt Roberts (@WxMattt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WxMattt/status/1022914361797439489?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 27, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Fire whirls are not an uncommon sight at a wildfire. But they’re usually small, up to 1,000 feet high, and last only minutes or even seconds. On Thursday night, the fire whirl outside of Redding stretched to about 18,000 feet into the air and lasted for nearly an hour, and winds were clocked near the lower end of tornado-strength wind speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very rare as well to have these really persistent long-lived events like that, ” says Lareau, “To get a big one like this is really scary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire whirls are dangerous not only because of the strength of the winds involved but because they lift embers high into the air, where higher-altitude winds can carry them far from the flaming front. That’s one way that fires get past what should be major barriers — like the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928160\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928160\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-800x677.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"677\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-800x677.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-160x135.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-768x650.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1020x864.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1200x1016.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-1180x999.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-960x813.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-240x203.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-375x318.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX-520x440.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/CARR_PYROCB_VORTEX.png 1324w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 3D visualization of the ‘fire tornado’ at the Carr Fire on the evening of July 26. \u003ccite>(Neil Lareau)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lareau says that other fire whirls on this scale have occurred in Northern California in the recent past, but not in densely populated areas like Redding. Big fire whirls may have played a role in the spread of last year’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/02/us/thomas-fire-officially-out/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Fire\u003c/a> and North Bay Fires — counted as the state’s largest and most destructive on record, respectively — but the fire whirls were not on the same scale, and those fires were mostly driven by regional Santa Ana and Diablo winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are really just starting to learn about fire whirls, and are a long way from being able to predict the occurrence of major fire whirl events — but they can identify the ingredients that make such an event more likely. The topography of the area is part of it. And the heat, which reached 113 degrees in Redding last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get a big temperature differential you get a big pressure differential. And when you get a big pressure differential you accelerate the winds,” explains Lareau, “You’re kind of off to the races once you get something like this going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s difficult to tie any one event to climate change, Lareau says that “it’s not a coincidence the that this is the record-[hottest] July for the northern Sacramento Valley, embedded in a broader trend, and we’re going to keep seeing that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire tornadoes are just one type of extreme fire behavior that may be exacerbated by climate change. And as UC Merced fire scientist Anthony Westerling argued on Twitter, the “new normal” of fire might not really be “normal” at all, but a permanent state of unpredictability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">We are not, and will not, experience a “new normal” of wildland fire behavior. A “normal” is a long term average that provides a useful guide to the future, but wildfire is responding to accelerating climate change: no one alive today will ever see a stable climate again. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/wyqnMz7AFP\">https://t.co/wyqnMz7AFP\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— A. LeRoy Westerling (@LeroyWesterling) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/LeroyWesterling/status/1023767908080467973?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 30, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether it’s fires \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926996/something-else-adding-fuel-to-californias-fire-season-warmer-nights\">burning intensely at night\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927988/how-wildfires-are-breaking-the-rules-in-california-by-racing-downhill\">rapidly downhill\u003c/a>, or forming fire whirls with tornado strength winds, or all three at the same time — as has been the case at the Carr Fire — firefighters and communities will need to adjust. Soon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"perspectives": {
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
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