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"title": "The Great 1815 Tambora Eruption: What if This Volcano Blew Today?",
"headTitle": "The Great 1815 Tambora Eruption: What if This Volcano Blew Today? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/tambora.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/tambora.jpg\" alt=\"Tambora today\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Tambora blew its top, 200 years ago this week, it left a smoking caldera behind that measures 6 kilometers across. (Jialiang Gao/Wikimedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tambora was once a tall and graceful mountain, as high as Hawaii’s great volcanoes, with a shape as classic as Fujiyama’s. Then, in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora\">a series of great eruptions\u003c/a> 200 years ago this week, it lost more than one-third of its height and covered a wide swath of today’s Indonesia in choking, toxic ash. It was the most powerful eruption of the last 1000 years, as far as we can tell—our knowledge is far from complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, no one in the world was called a scientist. Electricity was a laboratory curiosity. The steam engine was bleeding-edge technology. Indonesia did not have a volcano agency, and it took months before ships brought word from the colonial Dutch East Indies to the rest of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news that emerged was apocalyptic. The eruption’s roar was heard a thousand miles away. The sun was entirely blotted out for days within about 400 miles of the volcano. Acid rain and layers of fine ash killed the crops, causing widespread famine and disease. Tens of thousands of people were sickened by caustic ash and sulfuric gases. Great sea waves had flooded harbors and coastlines across the East Indies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine ash particles and clouds of sulfuric acid droplets were injected nearly 30 miles up into the stratosphere and carried around the world. The summer of 1815 was marked by persistent red skies and cold days in Europe, North America and China. The weather was even worse in 1816, recorded by history as the year without a summer. Famine in Europe continued for several years more. The decade of the 1810s, as a result, is the coldest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanologists rank Tambora’s eruption as a category 7 in their \u003ca href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/vei.php\">Volcanic Eruptivity Index scale\u003c/a>. It’s the only clear-cut example on the books—so far. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans might picture this eruption happening in, say, the Pacific Northwest states among the Cascades volcanoes. Imagine the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980, multiplied by 100 times. We have a fairly good idea of what happened, because \u003ca href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/crater_lake/crater_lake_geo_hist_135.html\">it really did happen about 7700 years ago\u003c/a> to a volcano in southern Oregon called Mount Mazama. The remains of that peak are now the center of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/crla/index.htm\">Crater Lake National Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another Tambora will happen one day, as surely as Earth is an active planet. Eruptions that size are estimated to occur roughly every thousand years, on average. The next one could happen to some other lovely large volcano tomorrow. What will be different the next time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>We’ll have a better idea of the coming eruption in advance. The eruption of Bardarbunga last year, in Iceland, was a good example. In the weeks beforehand, scientists followed the magma as it moved underground and shared their data online. One by one, major volcanoes like Fujiyama are being studied with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/02/06/scientists-tune-in-to-the-earths-ambient-hum/\">ambient seismic techniques\u003c/a>. As volcano scientists learn more about their subject, our foresight will increase.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>We’ll have a better idea of the eruption’s effects. \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/project-updates/fire-in-the-hole-recreating-volcanic-eruptions-with-cannon-blasts\">Ingenious experiments\u003c/a> are helping us define fast ways to predict things like ashfall and plug the information into robust weather models. With sound methods in place, for instance, airlines can safely avoid \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_9\">engine-killing ash clouds\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Word will get out fast. Today satellites, seismic networks and \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/21/infrasound-takes-a-bow/\">infrasound observatories\u003c/a> will help us characterize the eruption within hours. Even before live video links are re-established from the scene, we’ll have a good idea of what’s happened.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\nThe world will help with rescue, relief and recovery. The United Nations, the Red Cross/Red Crescent, \u003ca href=\"http://www.directrelief.org/tag/volcano/\">Direct Relief\u003c/a> and many more agencies like them did not exist in 1815.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will be the same?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Many thousands of people will die. The local inhabitants, whoever they are, will take the brunt of the disaster. Nearly all of the world’s large volcanoes are in populated areas, and the world population has grown tenfold since 1815. No nation will ever be able to weather such an eruption with impunity. Total evacuation is impossible.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Effects will be felt for years and around the world. Neighboring nations will suffer as displaced people pour over their borders. (Consider how Mexico City being wiped out by Popocatépetl would affect the U.S.) Climate disturbance will combine with economic disruption to cause misery and political instability of global extent. It will hurt all of us.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/tambora.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/tambora.jpg\" alt=\"Tambora today\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Tambora blew its top, 200 years ago this week, it left a smoking caldera behind that measures 6 kilometers across. (Jialiang Gao/Wikimedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tambora was once a tall and graceful mountain, as high as Hawaii’s great volcanoes, with a shape as classic as Fujiyama’s. Then, in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora\">a series of great eruptions\u003c/a> 200 years ago this week, it lost more than one-third of its height and covered a wide swath of today’s Indonesia in choking, toxic ash. It was the most powerful eruption of the last 1000 years, as far as we can tell—our knowledge is far from complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, no one in the world was called a scientist. Electricity was a laboratory curiosity. The steam engine was bleeding-edge technology. Indonesia did not have a volcano agency, and it took months before ships brought word from the colonial Dutch East Indies to the rest of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news that emerged was apocalyptic. The eruption’s roar was heard a thousand miles away. The sun was entirely blotted out for days within about 400 miles of the volcano. Acid rain and layers of fine ash killed the crops, causing widespread famine and disease. Tens of thousands of people were sickened by caustic ash and sulfuric gases. Great sea waves had flooded harbors and coastlines across the East Indies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine ash particles and clouds of sulfuric acid droplets were injected nearly 30 miles up into the stratosphere and carried around the world. The summer of 1815 was marked by persistent red skies and cold days in Europe, North America and China. The weather was even worse in 1816, recorded by history as the year without a summer. Famine in Europe continued for several years more. The decade of the 1810s, as a result, is the coldest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanologists rank Tambora’s eruption as a category 7 in their \u003ca href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/vei.php\">Volcanic Eruptivity Index scale\u003c/a>. It’s the only clear-cut example on the books—so far. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans might picture this eruption happening in, say, the Pacific Northwest states among the Cascades volcanoes. Imagine the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980, multiplied by 100 times. We have a fairly good idea of what happened, because \u003ca href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/crater_lake/crater_lake_geo_hist_135.html\">it really did happen about 7700 years ago\u003c/a> to a volcano in southern Oregon called Mount Mazama. The remains of that peak are now the center of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/crla/index.htm\">Crater Lake National Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another Tambora will happen one day, as surely as Earth is an active planet. Eruptions that size are estimated to occur roughly every thousand years, on average. The next one could happen to some other lovely large volcano tomorrow. What will be different the next time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>We’ll have a better idea of the coming eruption in advance. The eruption of Bardarbunga last year, in Iceland, was a good example. In the weeks beforehand, scientists followed the magma as it moved underground and shared their data online. One by one, major volcanoes like Fujiyama are being studied with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/02/06/scientists-tune-in-to-the-earths-ambient-hum/\">ambient seismic techniques\u003c/a>. As volcano scientists learn more about their subject, our foresight will increase.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>We’ll have a better idea of the eruption’s effects. \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/project-updates/fire-in-the-hole-recreating-volcanic-eruptions-with-cannon-blasts\">Ingenious experiments\u003c/a> are helping us define fast ways to predict things like ashfall and plug the information into robust weather models. With sound methods in place, for instance, airlines can safely avoid \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_9\">engine-killing ash clouds\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Word will get out fast. Today satellites, seismic networks and \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/21/infrasound-takes-a-bow/\">infrasound observatories\u003c/a> will help us characterize the eruption within hours. Even before live video links are re-established from the scene, we’ll have a good idea of what’s happened.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\nThe world will help with rescue, relief and recovery. The United Nations, the Red Cross/Red Crescent, \u003ca href=\"http://www.directrelief.org/tag/volcano/\">Direct Relief\u003c/a> and many more agencies like them did not exist in 1815.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will be the same?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Many thousands of people will die. The local inhabitants, whoever they are, will take the brunt of the disaster. Nearly all of the world’s large volcanoes are in populated areas, and the world population has grown tenfold since 1815. No nation will ever be able to weather such an eruption with impunity. Total evacuation is impossible.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Effects will be felt for years and around the world. Neighboring nations will suffer as displaced people pour over their borders. (Consider how Mexico City being wiped out by Popocatépetl would affect the U.S.) Climate disturbance will combine with economic disruption to cause misery and political instability of global extent. It will hurt all of us.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How Much Precious California Water Did You Just Eat? Find the Water Footprint of Your Food",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16885\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://graphics.latimes.com/food-water-footprint/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16885\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/LAT_times-interactive-e1428446308301-640x386.jpg\" alt=\"Courtesy LA Times \" width=\"600\" height=\"362\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy LA Times\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CORRECTION\u003c/strong>: \u003cem>This article originally stated that soy milk was the most water-intensive drink. The value, as initially listed by the LA Times, was for the soybean ingredient, not the actual final soy milk product. Soy milk actually has a smaller water footprint than most other processed drinks.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking to minimize your water footprint at the dinner table? How about a wholesome meal of eggs, carrots, potatoes and beer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutritious and downright water efficient (although perhaps not age-appropriate for the whole family). \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a new Los Angeles Times data analysis, the raw ingredients in that meal require less water to produce than almost any other combo plate of a protein, a fruit/veggie, a starch and a beverage. Use the site's \u003ca href=\"http://graphics.latimes.com/food-water-footprint/\" target=\"_blank\">new interactive tool\u003c/a> to build a combination of meals and see how much water is needed to produce California's most commonly consumed foods (sources and methodology listed at the bottom of the graphic).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now in its fourth year of drought, California has only a fraction of its once-normal water supply. And as officials continue to wrestle with how best to cope with less, the agriculture industry, which uses about 80% of the state's water supply, has come under increased scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's no secret that it takes a lot of water to grow food. And California produces \u003cem>a lot\u003c/em> of food -- about half the nation's fruits and veggies. But some foods are much thirstier than others, and a growing number of drought-conscious farmers and consumers are making an effort to cut down on crops and commodities that require larger quantities of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a general rule of thumb, meat is the thirstiest food source out there, with beef leading the charge. In its analysis, the LA Times calculated that about 850 gallons of water are required to produce 8 ounces (or half a pound) of beef -- about 10 times more water intensive than chicken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among starches, pasta requires the most water (16.6 gallons needed to produce one ounce), with rice (16.26 gallons) coming in as a close second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fruit and veggie aisle, mangoes (grown near the Mexican border) are the biggest water hogs, requiring 28.5 gallons per ounce. Ironically, one of California's most water efficient fruits is ... watermelon (1.79 gallons of water per ounce). The Times' analysis also includes several crops not typically grown here, like pineapples and bananas (generally produced in more tropical, wetter climates).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp id=\"food_description\">When it comes to beverages, milk is among the most water-intensive, requiring 5.48 gallons of water produce one ounce, according to the LA Times. California produces the most dairy products in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most water-efficient drink? Well, that'd be plain, old refreshing water (who'd a thunk it?).\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16885\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://graphics.latimes.com/food-water-footprint/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16885\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/LAT_times-interactive-e1428446308301-640x386.jpg\" alt=\"Courtesy LA Times \" width=\"600\" height=\"362\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy LA Times\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CORRECTION\u003c/strong>: \u003cem>This article originally stated that soy milk was the most water-intensive drink. The value, as initially listed by the LA Times, was for the soybean ingredient, not the actual final soy milk product. Soy milk actually has a smaller water footprint than most other processed drinks.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking to minimize your water footprint at the dinner table? How about a wholesome meal of eggs, carrots, potatoes and beer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutritious and downright water efficient (although perhaps not age-appropriate for the whole family). \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a new Los Angeles Times data analysis, the raw ingredients in that meal require less water to produce than almost any other combo plate of a protein, a fruit/veggie, a starch and a beverage. Use the site's \u003ca href=\"http://graphics.latimes.com/food-water-footprint/\" target=\"_blank\">new interactive tool\u003c/a> to build a combination of meals and see how much water is needed to produce California's most commonly consumed foods (sources and methodology listed at the bottom of the graphic).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now in its fourth year of drought, California has only a fraction of its once-normal water supply. And as officials continue to wrestle with how best to cope with less, the agriculture industry, which uses about 80% of the state's water supply, has come under increased scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's no secret that it takes a lot of water to grow food. And California produces \u003cem>a lot\u003c/em> of food -- about half the nation's fruits and veggies. But some foods are much thirstier than others, and a growing number of drought-conscious farmers and consumers are making an effort to cut down on crops and commodities that require larger quantities of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a general rule of thumb, meat is the thirstiest food source out there, with beef leading the charge. In its analysis, the LA Times calculated that about 850 gallons of water are required to produce 8 ounces (or half a pound) of beef -- about 10 times more water intensive than chicken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among starches, pasta requires the most water (16.6 gallons needed to produce one ounce), with rice (16.26 gallons) coming in as a close second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fruit and veggie aisle, mangoes (grown near the Mexican border) are the biggest water hogs, requiring 28.5 gallons per ounce. Ironically, one of California's most water efficient fruits is ... watermelon (1.79 gallons of water per ounce). The Times' analysis also includes several crops not typically grown here, like pineapples and bananas (generally produced in more tropical, wetter climates).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp id=\"food_description\">When it comes to beverages, milk is among the most water-intensive, requiring 5.48 gallons of water produce one ounce, according to the LA Times. California produces the most dairy products in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most water-efficient drink? Well, that'd be plain, old refreshing water (who'd a thunk it?).\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How Much Water Do Californians Use and What Does 25 Percent Less Look Like?",
"title": "How Much Water Do Californians Use and What Does 25 Percent Less Look Like?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16864\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 601px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/earth20140225-full_0.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16864\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/earth20140225-full_0-640x214.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy of NASA\" width=\"601\" height=\"201\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Feeling a bit dry lately? It's not just your imagination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is mired in its fourth year of historic drought, with snowpack in the Sierra Nevada -- which supplies about a third of the state's water -- at 6 percent of the long-term April average.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/Snowpack_Final_150331.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-16862\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/Snowpack_Final_150331-300x151.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"151\">\u003c/a>From a grassy mountain meadow usually blanketed with feet of snow, Gov. Jerry Brown on Wednesday observed the dismal snow survey results before announcing California's first ever \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\" target=\"_blank\">mandatory statewide water reductions\u003c/a>. The executive action mandates the state’s 400 local water supply agencies, which serve roughly 90 percent of California residents, to reduce urban (non-agricultural) water consumption by 25 percent of 2013 levels over the coming year. The reductions will likely vary by community, based on significant differences in per capita water consumption from region to region. Keep in mind, though, that residential water use is just a small fraction of the state's total water consumption -- with roughly 80 percent of all water resources used for agriculture, and the remainder split between residential and commercial/industrial uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[The NY Times produced an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/04/01/us/water-use-in-california.html\" target=\"_blank\">interactive map\u003c/a> of winter and summer water use rates in various cities and water districts throughout California].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that begs some important questions: namely, how much water does the average Californian actually consume and what would a 25 percent reduction look like?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a hard figure to quantify, and estimates vary widely. For one, while indoor residential water use is relatively steady throughout the state, outdoor use -- primarily for landscape irrigation -- varies dramatically, with homes in arid inland regions consuming significantly more water than those in coastal areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe style=\"border: none\" src=\"//e.infogr.am/infographic-99131\" width=\"600\" height=\"950\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are large variations across the state,\" notes Peter Bostrom from the California Department of Water Resources. \"Outdoor use could be 25 percent [of a household's use] in Santa Cruz and 80 percent is Coachella.\" 15 percent of users, he adds, account for 60 percent of overuse in landscape irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11527\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 273px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/01/statewide-water.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11527 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/01/statewide-water-300x330.png\" alt=\"Source: California Dept. of Water Resources_Water Plan (2009)\" width=\"273\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: California Dept. of Water Resources; Water Plan (2009)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Additionally, estimates are typically represented as gallons per capita per day (gcpd). Water use in each of the state's 10 hydraulic regions is divided by population (see map at right). These calculations, however, generally factor in each region's total water consumption, which includes residential water use as well as commercial and industrial uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One the best ways to get a handle on your own household's water consumption is by carefully scrutinizing you water bill, which usually includes the number of gallons used that month. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/customers/understanding-your-water-bill#\" target=\"_blank\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a> is among several local agencies that offer good interactive forms for how to read your bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An often-cited 2011 \u003ca href=\"http://www.irwd.com/images/pdf/save-water/CaSingleFamilyWaterUseEfficiencyStudyJune2011.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> of single-family water consumption, estimated that the average California household used more than 360 gallons of water per day. To put that in perspective, the typical office water cooler holds 5 gallons, or about 1.4 percent of the study's estimated daily average household use. Given that figure, the average house in California would need to use about 90 fewer gallons a day (or 18 water coolers) to meet the governor's 25 percent reduction mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2011 study, sponsored by CDWR and managed by the Irvine Ranch Water District, logged water consumption in the year 2007 for 735 homes spread across the state's 10 hydraulic regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It found that about 53 percent of total average household water use -- or more than 190 gallons per household per day -- was used for landscaping and other outdoor uses (this is just the state average -- most cities in the Bay Area use significantly less).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Indoor use accounted for more than 170 gallons per household per day. Not surprisingly, the most in-home water consumption was in toilet flushes. A more shocking finding, however, was the whopping 18 percent lost to leaks inside homes. Data from the study is represented in the charts below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe style=\"border: none\" src=\"//e.infogr.am/infographic-76744\" width=\"600\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16864\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 601px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/earth20140225-full_0.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16864\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/earth20140225-full_0-640x214.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy of NASA\" width=\"601\" height=\"201\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Feeling a bit dry lately? It's not just your imagination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is mired in its fourth year of historic drought, with snowpack in the Sierra Nevada -- which supplies about a third of the state's water -- at 6 percent of the long-term April average.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/Snowpack_Final_150331.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-16862\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/04/Snowpack_Final_150331-300x151.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"151\">\u003c/a>From a grassy mountain meadow usually blanketed with feet of snow, Gov. Jerry Brown on Wednesday observed the dismal snow survey results before announcing California's first ever \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\" target=\"_blank\">mandatory statewide water reductions\u003c/a>. The executive action mandates the state’s 400 local water supply agencies, which serve roughly 90 percent of California residents, to reduce urban (non-agricultural) water consumption by 25 percent of 2013 levels over the coming year. The reductions will likely vary by community, based on significant differences in per capita water consumption from region to region. Keep in mind, though, that residential water use is just a small fraction of the state's total water consumption -- with roughly 80 percent of all water resources used for agriculture, and the remainder split between residential and commercial/industrial uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[The NY Times produced an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/04/01/us/water-use-in-california.html\" target=\"_blank\">interactive map\u003c/a> of winter and summer water use rates in various cities and water districts throughout California].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that begs some important questions: namely, how much water does the average Californian actually consume and what would a 25 percent reduction look like?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a hard figure to quantify, and estimates vary widely. For one, while indoor residential water use is relatively steady throughout the state, outdoor use -- primarily for landscape irrigation -- varies dramatically, with homes in arid inland regions consuming significantly more water than those in coastal areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe style=\"border: none\" src=\"//e.infogr.am/infographic-99131\" width=\"600\" height=\"950\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are large variations across the state,\" notes Peter Bostrom from the California Department of Water Resources. \"Outdoor use could be 25 percent [of a household's use] in Santa Cruz and 80 percent is Coachella.\" 15 percent of users, he adds, account for 60 percent of overuse in landscape irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11527\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 273px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/01/statewide-water.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11527 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/01/statewide-water-300x330.png\" alt=\"Source: California Dept. of Water Resources_Water Plan (2009)\" width=\"273\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: California Dept. of Water Resources; Water Plan (2009)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Additionally, estimates are typically represented as gallons per capita per day (gcpd). Water use in each of the state's 10 hydraulic regions is divided by population (see map at right). These calculations, however, generally factor in each region's total water consumption, which includes residential water use as well as commercial and industrial uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One the best ways to get a handle on your own household's water consumption is by carefully scrutinizing you water bill, which usually includes the number of gallons used that month. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/customers/understanding-your-water-bill#\" target=\"_blank\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a> is among several local agencies that offer good interactive forms for how to read your bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An often-cited 2011 \u003ca href=\"http://www.irwd.com/images/pdf/save-water/CaSingleFamilyWaterUseEfficiencyStudyJune2011.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> of single-family water consumption, estimated that the average California household used more than 360 gallons of water per day. To put that in perspective, the typical office water cooler holds 5 gallons, or about 1.4 percent of the study's estimated daily average household use. Given that figure, the average house in California would need to use about 90 fewer gallons a day (or 18 water coolers) to meet the governor's 25 percent reduction mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2011 study, sponsored by CDWR and managed by the Irvine Ranch Water District, logged water consumption in the year 2007 for 735 homes spread across the state's 10 hydraulic regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It found that about 53 percent of total average household water use -- or more than 190 gallons per household per day -- was used for landscaping and other outdoor uses (this is just the state average -- most cities in the Bay Area use significantly less).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Indoor use accounted for more than 170 gallons per household per day. Not surprisingly, the most in-home water consumption was in toilet flushes. A more shocking finding, however, was the whopping 18 percent lost to leaks inside homes. Data from the study is represented in the charts below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe style=\"border: none\" src=\"//e.infogr.am/infographic-76744\" width=\"600\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Governor Orders Water Cuts Amid Record Low Snowpack",
"headTitle": "Governor Orders Water Cuts Amid Record Low Snowpack | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\" alt=\"Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"854\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We are officially in uncharted territory — in more ways than one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada snowpack, which typically supplies nearly a third of California’s water, is showing the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">lowest water content on record\u003c/a>: 6 percent of the long-term average for April 1. That doesn’t just set a new record, it shatters the old low-water mark of 25 percent, which happens to have been last year’s reading (tied with 1977).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things are so bad that Governor Jerry Brown decided to slog into the field for the manual snow survey on Wednesday morning. He didn’t need snowshoes but he did bring along a first-ever executive order mandating statewide water reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a historic drought and that demands unprecedented action,” he told reporters who made it to the Sierra survey site off of Highway 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Gov. Jerry Brown - EO\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/4.1.15_Executive_Order.pdf\">31-point program\u003c/a> is wide-ranging, though direct actions are focused on urban water consumption, aiming for a “mandatory” 25 percent reduction compared to 2013 levels. It will be up to the State Water Resources Control Board and more than 400 local water agencies to work out how to implement and enforce the mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative also includes new incentives for replacing lawns with drought-friendly landscaping, consumer rebates for water-saving appliances, and special assistance for residents whose wells have run dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> does monthly snow surveys during the winter season, the April 1 survey is the benchmark for assessing the season as a whole. That’s when snowfall is reckoned to have peaked and the runoff season gets underway. Six percent on April 1 is essentially saying there’s next-to-nothing to show for an entire winter’s snow accumulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-28981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED-1024x511.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>The snowpack has now seen four years of steady decline. 2013 was California’s driest year on record. 2014 was dry too, but also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/16/its-official-2014-was-the-hottest-year-on-record-noaa-says/\">the warmest on record\u003c/a>, which combined for a one-two punch to California’s water supply. In March, for example, both Sacramento and Redding logged average temperatures more than 10 degrees above normal, according to consulting meteorologist Jan Null of Golden Gate Weather Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be consequences,” says Mark Cowin, who heads DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 400,000 acres of farmland were fallowed last year because of scarce water. Credible sources have estimated that figure could double this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More impacts to farms where supplies will be shorted,” predicts Cowin, “more local communities where wells will run dry, and we’ll have to help assist them in some sort of emergency response, and more impacts to fish & wildlife, which is of course, very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater resources will be stressed even more, as water-constrained farmers \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/02/drought-drives-drilling-frenzy-for-groundwater-in-california/\">turn up the pumps\u003c/a> to offset cuts in allocations from state and federal water projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cowin hastens to add that “the vast majority of our citizens will not run out of water,” some already have, mostly in rural areas where wells have gone dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope that this will continue to be a wake-up call for people that things are different,” says Lester Snow, a former DWR chief who now heads the non-partisan California Water Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And not only is it gonna be bad this year but let’s not pretend that next year’s gonna be a lot better,” he added. “This drought has revealed fundamental weaknesses in our drought management system, and we need to start addressing those weaknesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other impacts from the paltry snowpack will be more subtle, such as the \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article16494344.html\">loss of hydroelectric power\u003c/a>. Less runoff coming down the hill, turning hydropower turbines means that utilities have to replace the electricity, which they usually do with natural gas-fired power plants. That wields a bigger carbon footprint and adds to Californians’ electric bills — $1.4 billion since 2012, by one estimate.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Governor Jerry Brown orders the state Water Resources Control Board to implement mandatory reductions to cut water use by 25 percent. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\" alt=\"Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"854\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We are officially in uncharted territory — in more ways than one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada snowpack, which typically supplies nearly a third of California’s water, is showing the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">lowest water content on record\u003c/a>: 6 percent of the long-term average for April 1. That doesn’t just set a new record, it shatters the old low-water mark of 25 percent, which happens to have been last year’s reading (tied with 1977).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things are so bad that Governor Jerry Brown decided to slog into the field for the manual snow survey on Wednesday morning. He didn’t need snowshoes but he did bring along a first-ever executive order mandating statewide water reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a historic drought and that demands unprecedented action,” he told reporters who made it to the Sierra survey site off of Highway 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Gov. Jerry Brown - EO\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/4.1.15_Executive_Order.pdf\">31-point program\u003c/a> is wide-ranging, though direct actions are focused on urban water consumption, aiming for a “mandatory” 25 percent reduction compared to 2013 levels. It will be up to the State Water Resources Control Board and more than 400 local water agencies to work out how to implement and enforce the mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative also includes new incentives for replacing lawns with drought-friendly landscaping, consumer rebates for water-saving appliances, and special assistance for residents whose wells have run dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> does monthly snow surveys during the winter season, the April 1 survey is the benchmark for assessing the season as a whole. That’s when snowfall is reckoned to have peaked and the runoff season gets underway. Six percent on April 1 is essentially saying there’s next-to-nothing to show for an entire winter’s snow accumulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-28981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED-1024x511.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>The snowpack has now seen four years of steady decline. 2013 was California’s driest year on record. 2014 was dry too, but also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/16/its-official-2014-was-the-hottest-year-on-record-noaa-says/\">the warmest on record\u003c/a>, which combined for a one-two punch to California’s water supply. In March, for example, both Sacramento and Redding logged average temperatures more than 10 degrees above normal, according to consulting meteorologist Jan Null of Golden Gate Weather Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be consequences,” says Mark Cowin, who heads DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 400,000 acres of farmland were fallowed last year because of scarce water. Credible sources have estimated that figure could double this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More impacts to farms where supplies will be shorted,” predicts Cowin, “more local communities where wells will run dry, and we’ll have to help assist them in some sort of emergency response, and more impacts to fish & wildlife, which is of course, very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater resources will be stressed even more, as water-constrained farmers \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/02/drought-drives-drilling-frenzy-for-groundwater-in-california/\">turn up the pumps\u003c/a> to offset cuts in allocations from state and federal water projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cowin hastens to add that “the vast majority of our citizens will not run out of water,” some already have, mostly in rural areas where wells have gone dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope that this will continue to be a wake-up call for people that things are different,” says Lester Snow, a former DWR chief who now heads the non-partisan California Water Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And not only is it gonna be bad this year but let’s not pretend that next year’s gonna be a lot better,” he added. “This drought has revealed fundamental weaknesses in our drought management system, and we need to start addressing those weaknesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other impacts from the paltry snowpack will be more subtle, such as the \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article16494344.html\">loss of hydroelectric power\u003c/a>. Less runoff coming down the hill, turning hydropower turbines means that utilities have to replace the electricity, which they usually do with natural gas-fired power plants. That wields a bigger carbon footprint and adds to Californians’ electric bills — $1.4 billion since 2012, by one estimate.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A team of scientists recently created some fake, glowing mushrooms and scattered them in a Brazilian forest in hopes of solving an ancient mystery: Why do some fungi emit light?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question goes back all the way to Aristotle, who is the first person known to have wondered about this, according \u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2015/03/21/158642/why_some_mushrooms_glow_in_the_dark?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"Why Some Mushrooms Glow In The Dark\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2015/03/21/158642/why_some_mushrooms_glow_in_the_dark?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A team of scientists recently created some fake, glowing mushrooms and scattered them in a Brazilian forest in hopes of solving an ancient mystery: Why do some fungi emit light?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question goes back all the way to Aristotle, who is the first person known to have wondered about this, according \u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2015/03/21/158642/why_some_mushrooms_glow_in_the_dark?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"Why Some Mushrooms Glow In The Dark\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2015/03/21/158642/why_some_mushrooms_glow_in_the_dark?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "newt-sex-buff-males-writhing-females-cannibalism",
"title": "Newt Sex: Buff Males! Writhing Females! Cannibalism!",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Video Produced by Gabriela Quirós\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]The Japanese Pool at the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley was built in 1941. Stones from Japan line its edges, and a small Japanese-style bridge offers visitors a place to sit and contemplate the water’s surface. It looks peaceful, but beneath the surface is a riot of writhing activity: the newts have come to town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California newts (\u003cem>Taricha torosa)\u003c/em> have marched in from the surrounding forests by the dozens (some years there are hundreds), to mate and lay eggs in the pond. Most of the time, California newts live quiet, hidden lives in the forests of California. But every winter – and newts can live for 20 years – they return to mate in the same ponds in which they were born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28291 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\" alt=\"Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond's peaceful surface\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond’s peaceful surface (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These amphibious creatures are about five to eight inches long, with rust-colored skin, except for their bright yellow eyes and belly. They began to arrive at the UC Botanical Garden around November, and will stay here for the duration of the rainy season, usually through the end of March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Licht, director of the garden, has been observing the newts in the Japanese Pool for 12 years, since he became director in 2003. But his fascination began long before that, as he studied newts and newt hormones for more than 40 years as a zoologist at the University of California, Berkeley. In those days, he says, he never just sat and watched them like he does now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was usually out collecting them in the field,” he says, “or doing experiments with them in the lab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Licht enjoys simply observing them, year after year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re a very special kind of animal,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California newts are only about six inches long, they might travel as far as three miles to return to their birthplace. That’s the equivalent for a human of walking about a marathon and a half, without any signs or road maps. Scientists aren’t sure exactly how they find their way, but they think it might be based on smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victor Twitty, a biologist at Stanford University in the 1960s, tampered with the olfactory organs of a related species, the red-bellied newt (\u003cem>Taricha rivularis\u003c/em>) and observed that they had a hard time getting home, while undamaged newts were able to get back to their ponds with astounding accuracy, even when he moved them miles away to places they had never been before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their migration takes them out of the burrows where they spend the rest of the year, eating bugs and living a terrestrial life in the forests along the California coast. It starts with the release of a hormone called prolactin, the same chemical that helps women breastfeed. In newts, it triggers an urge to head towards the water they were born in, and in males it combines with testosterone to induce a physical transformation that prepares them for the months they will spend in the water, fighting over females and engaging in an elaborate mating ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they get closer to the pond, the males’ skin transforms from pimply and rough to slimy and smooth. They bulk up, and grow pads on their feet for clamping onto females. Their tails flatten, grow wider and turn into fins that will power them through the water. When the breeding season ends, they emerge from the water, slim down, dry out, and re-adapt to a land-based lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28278\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts' transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts’ transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a rapid change in phenotype, year in and year out,” says Sean Reilly, a graduate student who studies newts in the integrative biology department at UC Berkeley.” These newts are pretty amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts generally enjoy a relatively safe existence, protected by a poison in their skin called tetrodotoxin, one of the world’s most potent neurotoxins. It’s the same poison found in Japanese puffer fish that occasionally kills adventurous sushi eaters –23 people were fatally poisoned in Japan between 2000 and 2009. The bright coloring of the California newt, and their even more toxic cousin, the rough-skinned newt (\u003cem>Taricha granulosa\u003c/em>), warns most predators that they’re a bad choice for a meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28287\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28287\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newts' bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newts’ bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s one exception, a predator that doesn’t need to heed this warning: the garter snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts and garter snakes are locked in an epic struggle that Jim McGuire, a herpetologist at UC Berkeley, calls a “co-evolutionary arms race.” Some of the snakes in the newt’s habitat have evolved immunity to tetrodotoxin, and in response, some newts have become even more toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s essentially a geographic mosaic across the West,” McGuire says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some places, newts are very toxic and can keep the snakes at bay. But in other places, “it seems like the garter snake has essentially won,” and the newts are less toxic, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt's journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt’s journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When newts begin their annual odyssey from the forest to the water, they often encounter dangers that even the strongest poison can’t protect them from. Cars driving through their territory aren’t deterred by the newts’ bright colors, and road crossings can be the most dangerous part of a newt’s journey. Excluding the dangers of cars and roads, McGuire says, “It’s hard for me to imagine that many of them would be prevented from making it to their breeding site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neighbors of Tilden Park, just a few miles from the Japanese Pool, became concerned a few years ago by the newts they were finding flattened on the road. They persuaded the park to close a road in the newt’s migration path from November to March to protect them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28297\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\" alt=\"South Park Drive in Berkeley's Tilden Park is closed for the newts' breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">South Park Drive in Berkeley’s Tilden Park is closed for the newts’ breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But closing roads may not be the only protection they need. Licht said that during the past two years he’s seen the lowest numbers of newts and newt eggs since he started working at the garden. California newts aren’t currently endangered, but Licht is concerned by the decline that he’s seen in the Japanese Pool population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year, the whole season we only saw one egg cluster,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, he sees hundreds, dotting the pond’s muddy bottom and hidden in the vegetation. The male newts are even known to snack on a few of them for extra protein, adding cannibalism to the newts’ yearly ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28275\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28275\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were more egg clusters this year, but still many fewer than usual. Licht doesn’t know what caused the downturn. He says it might be due to California’s severe drought, now in its fourth year, but naturalist James Wilson with the East Bay Regional Park District, reports he’s seen normal numbers this year at breeding sites only a few miles away from the Japanese Pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may never know why they almost disappeared from the Japanese Pool, Licht says, but he’s glad to see a few more this season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We mostly study them when they come to breed, we don’t know what they do the rest of the year,” he says. “There’s still a lot of mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Every winter, California newts leave the safety of their forest burrows and travel as far as three miles to mate in the pond where they were born. Their mating ritual is a raucous affair that involves bulked-up males, writhing females and a little cannibalism. ",
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"title": "Newt Sex: Buff Males! Writhing Females! Cannibalism! | KQED",
"description": "Every winter, California newts leave the safety of their forest burrows and travel as far as three miles to mate in the pond where they were born. Their mating ritual is a raucous affair that involves bulked-up males, writhing females and a little cannibalism. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Video Produced by Gabriela Quirós\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The Japanese Pool at the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley was built in 1941. Stones from Japan line its edges, and a small Japanese-style bridge offers visitors a place to sit and contemplate the water’s surface. It looks peaceful, but beneath the surface is a riot of writhing activity: the newts have come to town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California newts (\u003cem>Taricha torosa)\u003c/em> have marched in from the surrounding forests by the dozens (some years there are hundreds), to mate and lay eggs in the pond. Most of the time, California newts live quiet, hidden lives in the forests of California. But every winter – and newts can live for 20 years – they return to mate in the same ponds in which they were born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28291 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\" alt=\"Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond's peaceful surface\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond’s peaceful surface (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These amphibious creatures are about five to eight inches long, with rust-colored skin, except for their bright yellow eyes and belly. They began to arrive at the UC Botanical Garden around November, and will stay here for the duration of the rainy season, usually through the end of March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Licht, director of the garden, has been observing the newts in the Japanese Pool for 12 years, since he became director in 2003. But his fascination began long before that, as he studied newts and newt hormones for more than 40 years as a zoologist at the University of California, Berkeley. In those days, he says, he never just sat and watched them like he does now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was usually out collecting them in the field,” he says, “or doing experiments with them in the lab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Licht enjoys simply observing them, year after year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re a very special kind of animal,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California newts are only about six inches long, they might travel as far as three miles to return to their birthplace. That’s the equivalent for a human of walking about a marathon and a half, without any signs or road maps. Scientists aren’t sure exactly how they find their way, but they think it might be based on smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victor Twitty, a biologist at Stanford University in the 1960s, tampered with the olfactory organs of a related species, the red-bellied newt (\u003cem>Taricha rivularis\u003c/em>) and observed that they had a hard time getting home, while undamaged newts were able to get back to their ponds with astounding accuracy, even when he moved them miles away to places they had never been before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their migration takes them out of the burrows where they spend the rest of the year, eating bugs and living a terrestrial life in the forests along the California coast. It starts with the release of a hormone called prolactin, the same chemical that helps women breastfeed. In newts, it triggers an urge to head towards the water they were born in, and in males it combines with testosterone to induce a physical transformation that prepares them for the months they will spend in the water, fighting over females and engaging in an elaborate mating ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they get closer to the pond, the males’ skin transforms from pimply and rough to slimy and smooth. They bulk up, and grow pads on their feet for clamping onto females. Their tails flatten, grow wider and turn into fins that will power them through the water. When the breeding season ends, they emerge from the water, slim down, dry out, and re-adapt to a land-based lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28278\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts' transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts’ transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a rapid change in phenotype, year in and year out,” says Sean Reilly, a graduate student who studies newts in the integrative biology department at UC Berkeley.” These newts are pretty amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts generally enjoy a relatively safe existence, protected by a poison in their skin called tetrodotoxin, one of the world’s most potent neurotoxins. It’s the same poison found in Japanese puffer fish that occasionally kills adventurous sushi eaters –23 people were fatally poisoned in Japan between 2000 and 2009. The bright coloring of the California newt, and their even more toxic cousin, the rough-skinned newt (\u003cem>Taricha granulosa\u003c/em>), warns most predators that they’re a bad choice for a meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28287\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28287\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newts' bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newts’ bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s one exception, a predator that doesn’t need to heed this warning: the garter snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts and garter snakes are locked in an epic struggle that Jim McGuire, a herpetologist at UC Berkeley, calls a “co-evolutionary arms race.” Some of the snakes in the newt’s habitat have evolved immunity to tetrodotoxin, and in response, some newts have become even more toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s essentially a geographic mosaic across the West,” McGuire says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some places, newts are very toxic and can keep the snakes at bay. But in other places, “it seems like the garter snake has essentially won,” and the newts are less toxic, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt's journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt’s journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When newts begin their annual odyssey from the forest to the water, they often encounter dangers that even the strongest poison can’t protect them from. Cars driving through their territory aren’t deterred by the newts’ bright colors, and road crossings can be the most dangerous part of a newt’s journey. Excluding the dangers of cars and roads, McGuire says, “It’s hard for me to imagine that many of them would be prevented from making it to their breeding site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neighbors of Tilden Park, just a few miles from the Japanese Pool, became concerned a few years ago by the newts they were finding flattened on the road. They persuaded the park to close a road in the newt’s migration path from November to March to protect them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28297\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\" alt=\"South Park Drive in Berkeley's Tilden Park is closed for the newts' breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">South Park Drive in Berkeley’s Tilden Park is closed for the newts’ breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But closing roads may not be the only protection they need. Licht said that during the past two years he’s seen the lowest numbers of newts and newt eggs since he started working at the garden. California newts aren’t currently endangered, but Licht is concerned by the decline that he’s seen in the Japanese Pool population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year, the whole season we only saw one egg cluster,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, he sees hundreds, dotting the pond’s muddy bottom and hidden in the vegetation. The male newts are even known to snack on a few of them for extra protein, adding cannibalism to the newts’ yearly ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28275\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28275\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were more egg clusters this year, but still many fewer than usual. Licht doesn’t know what caused the downturn. He says it might be due to California’s severe drought, now in its fourth year, but naturalist James Wilson with the East Bay Regional Park District, reports he’s seen normal numbers this year at breeding sites only a few miles away from the Japanese Pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may never know why they almost disappeared from the Japanese Pool, Licht says, but he’s glad to see a few more this season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We mostly study them when they come to breed, we don’t know what they do the rest of the year,” he says. “There’s still a lot of mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Massive Expansion for Marine Sanctuaries Outside Golden Gate",
"title": "Massive Expansion for Marine Sanctuaries Outside Golden Gate",
"headTitle": "News Fix | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Well, at least someone in the Bay Area is getting more housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two marine sanctuaries off the coast of Northern California are more than doubling in size under a federal agency decision announced Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10453672\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10453672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map-400x465.jpg\" alt=\"Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, located 42 miles north of San Francisco, will expand from 529 square miles to 1,286 square miles. Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary will expand from 1,282 square miles to 3,295 square miles of ocean and coastal waters. (NOAA)\" width=\"400\" height=\"465\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map-400x465.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map-800x930.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map-1440x1675.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map-1180x1372.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map-768x893.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map-320x372.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, located 42 miles north of San Francisco, will expand from 529 square miles to 1,286 square miles. Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary will expand from 1,282 square miles to 3,295 square miles of ocean and coastal waters. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> will now extend from south of the islands, whose jagged granite peaks can be seen on the clearest of days from the mainland, to the waters off Point Arena, in Mendocino County. Currently, the northern edge of the protected waters is off Bodega Bay. The Farallones sanctuary will grow from 1,282 square miles to 3,295 square miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The adjoining \u003ca href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>, northwest of the Golden Golden Gate, will be extended westward into the Pacific and grown from 529 to 1,286 square miles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sanctuary will be off-limits to oil drilling, and large industrial developments cannot set up shop along the coastline to use ocean water. In total, more than 2,700 square miles are being added to sanctuaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nutrient-rich upwelling zone originating off Point Arena makes this region an incredibly productive ecosystem. The varied habitats within the sanctuaries support a wide range of sea life, including 25 endangered or threatened species, thousands of breeding seabirds and one of the most significant white shark populations on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/195601803\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not into sharks? Fear not. There are a lot of cute things in these waters, too. Among the 36 types of marine mammals you'll find are blue, gray and humpback whales, harbor seals, elephant seals, Pacific white-sided dolphins and Steller sea lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10453674\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10453674\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Common murres are abundant along the California coast and are still recovering from historic egg collecting, fisheries bycatch and oil spill mortality. (Courtesy of Bob Talbot)\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz-320x180.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Common murres are abundant along the California coast and are still recovering from historic egg collecting, fisheries bycatch and oil spill mortality. (Courtesy of Bob Talbot)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This expansion is the outcome of a tremendous collaborative effort by government, local communities, academia and elected officials to provide additional protection for critical marine resources,” said Daniel J. Basta, director of NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, in a press release. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It presents a bold vision for protecting the waters off the Northern California coast for current and future generations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boundaries of the expansion are final, and will go into effect after a 45-day congressional review period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about the wildlife in the region and the scientific work being done on the Farallon Islands in this \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands-californias-galapagos/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST video.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands-californias-galapagos/?embed=1\" height=\"359\" width=\"639\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10453710\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10453710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales.jpg\" alt=\"Gray whales migrate south and north along the coast and prime viewing locations during migration season include Point Arena and Bodega Head. (NOAA)\" width=\"1200\" height=\"792\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales-768x507.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales-320x211.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gray whales migrate south and north along the coast, and prime viewing locations during migration season include Point Arena and Bodega Head. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10453711\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10453711\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2.jpg\" alt=\"A harbor seal along the shores of the expansion area of Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. (Bob Talbot)\" width=\"1800\" height=\"780\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2-400x173.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2-800x347.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2-1440x624.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2-1180x511.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2-768x333.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2-320x139.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A harbor seal along the shores of the expansion area of Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. (Bob Talbot)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10453712\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2458px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10453712\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis.jpg\" alt=\"Bull kelp forests provide numerous habitats for nearshore fish and invertebrate species in the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. (Jared Figurski, UCSC)\" width=\"2458\" height=\"1844\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis.jpg 2458w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis-320x240.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2458px) 100vw, 2458px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bull kelp forests provide numerous habitats for nearshore fish and invertebrate species in the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. (Jared Figurski, UCSC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10453716\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10453716\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars.jpg\" alt=\"When the tide is out, the rocky shores of Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary reveal hundreds of invertebrates, like these sea stars. (Courtesy of Joe Heath)\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1207\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars-800x536.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars-1440x966.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars-1180x791.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars-768x515.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars-320x215.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When the tide is out, the rocky shores of Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary reveal hundreds of invertebrates, like these sea stars. (Courtesy of Joe Heath)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "More than 2,700 square miles are being added to the Cordell Bank and Gulf of the Farallones sanctuaries.",
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"description": "More than 2,700 square miles are being added to the Cordell Bank and Gulf of the Farallones sanctuaries.",
"title": "Massive Expansion for Marine Sanctuaries Outside Golden Gate | KQED",
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"headline": "Massive Expansion for Marine Sanctuaries Outside Golden Gate",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Well, at least someone in the Bay Area is getting more housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two marine sanctuaries off the coast of Northern California are more than doubling in size under a federal agency decision announced Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10453672\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10453672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map-400x465.jpg\" alt=\"Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, located 42 miles north of San Francisco, will expand from 529 square miles to 1,286 square miles. Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary will expand from 1,282 square miles to 3,295 square miles of ocean and coastal waters. (NOAA)\" width=\"400\" height=\"465\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map-400x465.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map-800x930.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map-1440x1675.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map-1180x1372.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map-768x893.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/california-expansion-map-320x372.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, located 42 miles north of San Francisco, will expand from 529 square miles to 1,286 square miles. Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary will expand from 1,282 square miles to 3,295 square miles of ocean and coastal waters. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> will now extend from south of the islands, whose jagged granite peaks can be seen on the clearest of days from the mainland, to the waters off Point Arena, in Mendocino County. Currently, the northern edge of the protected waters is off Bodega Bay. The Farallones sanctuary will grow from 1,282 square miles to 3,295 square miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The adjoining \u003ca href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>, northwest of the Golden Golden Gate, will be extended westward into the Pacific and grown from 529 to 1,286 square miles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sanctuary will be off-limits to oil drilling, and large industrial developments cannot set up shop along the coastline to use ocean water. In total, more than 2,700 square miles are being added to sanctuaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nutrient-rich upwelling zone originating off Point Arena makes this region an incredibly productive ecosystem. The varied habitats within the sanctuaries support a wide range of sea life, including 25 endangered or threatened species, thousands of breeding seabirds and one of the most significant white shark populations on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/195601803&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/195601803'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not into sharks? Fear not. There are a lot of cute things in these waters, too. Among the 36 types of marine mammals you'll find are blue, gray and humpback whales, harbor seals, elephant seals, Pacific white-sided dolphins and Steller sea lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10453674\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10453674\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Common murres are abundant along the California coast and are still recovering from historic egg collecting, fisheries bycatch and oil spill mortality. (Courtesy of Bob Talbot)\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz-320x180.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/birdz.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Common murres are abundant along the California coast and are still recovering from historic egg collecting, fisheries bycatch and oil spill mortality. (Courtesy of Bob Talbot)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This expansion is the outcome of a tremendous collaborative effort by government, local communities, academia and elected officials to provide additional protection for critical marine resources,” said Daniel J. Basta, director of NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, in a press release. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It presents a bold vision for protecting the waters off the Northern California coast for current and future generations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boundaries of the expansion are final, and will go into effect after a 45-day congressional review period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about the wildlife in the region and the scientific work being done on the Farallon Islands in this \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands-californias-galapagos/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST video.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands-californias-galapagos/?embed=1\" height=\"359\" width=\"639\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10453710\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10453710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales.jpg\" alt=\"Gray whales migrate south and north along the coast and prime viewing locations during migration season include Point Arena and Bodega Head. (NOAA)\" width=\"1200\" height=\"792\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales-768x507.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/graywhales-320x211.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gray whales migrate south and north along the coast, and prime viewing locations during migration season include Point Arena and Bodega Head. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10453711\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10453711\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2.jpg\" alt=\"A harbor seal along the shores of the expansion area of Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. (Bob Talbot)\" width=\"1800\" height=\"780\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2-400x173.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2-800x347.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2-1440x624.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2-1180x511.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2-768x333.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/harbor-seal2-320x139.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A harbor seal along the shores of the expansion area of Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. (Bob Talbot)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10453712\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2458px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10453712\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis.jpg\" alt=\"Bull kelp forests provide numerous habitats for nearshore fish and invertebrate species in the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. (Jared Figurski, UCSC)\" width=\"2458\" height=\"1844\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis.jpg 2458w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/nereocystis-320x240.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2458px) 100vw, 2458px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bull kelp forests provide numerous habitats for nearshore fish and invertebrate species in the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. (Jared Figurski, UCSC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10453716\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10453716\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars.jpg\" alt=\"When the tide is out, the rocky shores of Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary reveal hundreds of invertebrates, like these sea stars. (Courtesy of Joe Heath)\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1207\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars-800x536.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars-1440x966.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars-1180x791.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars-768x515.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/03/sea-stars-320x215.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When the tide is out, the rocky shores of Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary reveal hundreds of invertebrates, like these sea stars. (Courtesy of Joe Heath)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Getting Hot in Here: The Beat of California's Four-Year Drought",
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"content": "\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-16586\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/Drought-infographic-e1426119543995-300x245.png\" alt=\"Drought infographic\" width=\"264\" height=\"216\">Florida might not like to talk about \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/03/10/392142452/florida-gov-scott-denies-banning-phrase-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\">climate change\u003c/a>, but here in drought-stricken California, the topic's not so taboo. Mired in year four of the worst drought on record, Californians are witnessing the climate literally change before their eyes. As the state nears the end of one of the warmest, driest winters on record, with Sierra snowpack and statewide reservoir water levels at alarming lows, the evidence is pretty hard to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16584\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/legend.png\" alt=\"legend\" width=\"623\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/legend.png 623w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/legend-400x39.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/legend-320x31.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://gifmaker.cc/PlayGIFAnimation.php?folder=2015112304WOg9gvNjJO7qkzloKxBBV7&file=output_WB6rCJ.gif&music=https://youtu.be/GeZZr_p6vB8&start=0;%20start=0\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GIF above -- set to the beat of Nelly's \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/GeZZr_p6vB8\" target=\"_blank\">Hot in Herre\u003c/a> (yes, double \"r\") -- features a collection of monthly map images created by the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, a joint project of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The graphic starts in June, 2011, the summer before the drought officially took hold. Below, the maps as an infographic. \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/AboutUs/ClassificationScheme.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Click here\u003c/a> for more on the drought category methodology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16584\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/legend.png\" alt=\"legend\" width=\"623\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/legend.png 623w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/legend-400x39.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/legend-320x31.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/Drought-infographic1-e1426119432547.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-16587\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/Drought-infographic1-e1426119432547-640x1030.png\" alt=\"California Four-Year Drought\" width=\"636\" height=\"1024\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": " Florida might not like to talk about climate change, but here in drought-stricken California, the topic's not so taboo. Mired in year four of the worst drought on record, Californians are witnessing the climate literally change before their eyes. As the state nears the end of one of the warmest, driest winters on record, with Sierra",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-16586\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/Drought-infographic-e1426119543995-300x245.png\" alt=\"Drought infographic\" width=\"264\" height=\"216\">Florida might not like to talk about \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/03/10/392142452/florida-gov-scott-denies-banning-phrase-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\">climate change\u003c/a>, but here in drought-stricken California, the topic's not so taboo. Mired in year four of the worst drought on record, Californians are witnessing the climate literally change before their eyes. As the state nears the end of one of the warmest, driest winters on record, with Sierra snowpack and statewide reservoir water levels at alarming lows, the evidence is pretty hard to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-16584\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/legend.png\" alt=\"legend\" width=\"623\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/legend.png 623w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/legend-400x39.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/03/legend-320x31.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://gifmaker.cc/PlayGIFAnimation.php?folder=2015112304WOg9gvNjJO7qkzloKxBBV7&file=output_WB6rCJ.gif&music=https://youtu.be/GeZZr_p6vB8&start=0;%20start=0\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GIF above -- set to the beat of Nelly's \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/GeZZr_p6vB8\" target=\"_blank\">Hot in Herre\u003c/a> (yes, double \"r\") -- features a collection of monthly map images created by the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, a joint project of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The graphic starts in June, 2011, the summer before the drought officially took hold. Below, the maps as an infographic. \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/AboutUs/ClassificationScheme.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Click here\u003c/a> for more on the drought category methodology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "March Drought Update: A North-South Divide, and Where's the Snow?",
"headTitle": "March Drought Update: A North-South Divide, and Where’s the Snow? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27840\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/16484532037_8ab4219234_o-1024x683.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/16484532037_8ab4219234_o-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Lake McClure, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite National Park, reached its lowest level ever in early February 2015 and is now at 8 percent of capacity. The reservoir is one of the 10 largest in California. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27840\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake McClure, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite National Park, reached its lowest level ever in early February 2015 and is now at 8 percent of capacity. The reservoir is one of the 10 largest in California. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As others have written — notably Paul Rogers, managing editor of KQED’s Science unit and environmental writer for the San Jose Mercury News — one of the strong patterns that’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_27494057/california-drought-divide-emerging-northern-california-getting-much\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emerged this winter\u003c/a> is an atypical divide between how much precipitation Northern California has gotten this “wet” season and how much is falling south of the latitude of, say, San Jose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just to be clear, climatic records show that Northern California gets more rain than Southern California, period. But this winter, many locations in Northern California are at or even a little above their seasonal average for precipitation, thanks mostly to a very wet December, while to the south, many locations are lagging far behind seasonal rainfall. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, San Jose has gotten 11.74 inches of rain since Oct. 1, 104 percent of “normal.” Fresno, in the San Joaquin Valley, has gotten 4.58 inches, or 58 percent of normal. (Here’s a short list of these and other stations \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">from the California Nevada River Forecast Center\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One result of this general pattern is that there’s been a healthy increase in storage at big reservoirs in Northern California. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=SHA&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shasta Lake\u003c/a>, the state’s biggest reservoir, is at 78 percent of average for this date (though it’s just 58 percent full). \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=ORO&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Oroville\u003c/a>, the second-biggest storage facility, is at 70 percent of average and 49 percent full. Both are running far ahead of storage levels at this time last year. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=FOL&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Folsom Lake\u003c/a> is actually above average, at 103 percent. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to the south, the bigger reservoirs are mostly in abysmal shape. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=NML&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Melones\u003c/a>, on the Stanislaus River and the state’s fourth-biggest storage facility, is 25 percent full and 48 percent of average. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=NML&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Don Pedro\u003c/a>, the No. 5 reservoir, is 43 percent full and 60 percent of normal. (See the Department of Water Resources \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/RES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">daily summary of major reservoirs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the state’s 10 biggest reservoirs, none is in as bad shape as \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=EXC&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake McClure\u003c/a>, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month ago, February 3, Lake McClure fell to its lowest level since it was filled in the 1960s. Per statistics from the state Department of Water Resources, its volume shrank to 63,489 acre-feet (remember, capacity is 1 million) and its surface was at 585.99 feet above sea level. That broke a record set during the six-year drought of 1986-1992, when the lake fell to 66,228 acre-feet, 588.48 surface elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake McClure nadir during the terrible drought of 1976-77 — the drought that saw Shasta Lake and Lake Oroville, among others, fall to their record lows, was 72,200 acre-feet, 594 surface elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s an update to the update: The Department of Water Resources conducted its \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/030315.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">third monthly snow survey\u003c/a> of the season earlier Tuesday. The measurement, taken in a meadow near Echo Summit on U.S. 50, high above Lake Tahoe, confirmed what the state’s network of electronic monitoring stations has been reporting on a daily basis: the Sierra snowpack remains shockingly thin. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the survey location itself, near Phillips Station, the water content of the snow is just 5 percent of its historical March 3 average. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR said its network of 103 stations have a composite average of 19 percent of the snow-water content typical for this time of year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department notes that the only year in which snow was as scant as it is now was 1991. Then, the state’s water supply was saved by a “Miracle March” deluge that built up the snowpack and also dramatically increased the tiny volume of water stored in Lake McClure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To play forecast-watcher for a moment, NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/fxus06.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">six-to-10-day outlook\u003c/a> is showing a relatively high chance of above-median precipitation for most of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When might we see rain instead of just a forecast of rain? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service San Francisco Bay Area office in Monterey says models are pointing to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the possibility of a wet storm\u003c/a> arriving around the middle of next week. Between now and then, a familiar word: dry.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Uneven rainfall across the state has helped replenish Northern California reservoirs, while those to the south remain in mostly abysmal shape. Meantime, the latest snow report is in, and it's not good. ",
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"description": "Uneven rainfall across the state has helped replenish Northern California reservoirs, while those to the south remain in mostly abysmal shape. Meantime, the latest snow report is in, and it's not good. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27840\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/16484532037_8ab4219234_o-1024x683.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/16484532037_8ab4219234_o-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Lake McClure, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite National Park, reached its lowest level ever in early February 2015 and is now at 8 percent of capacity. The reservoir is one of the 10 largest in California. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27840\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake McClure, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite National Park, reached its lowest level ever in early February 2015 and is now at 8 percent of capacity. The reservoir is one of the 10 largest in California. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As others have written — notably Paul Rogers, managing editor of KQED’s Science unit and environmental writer for the San Jose Mercury News — one of the strong patterns that’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_27494057/california-drought-divide-emerging-northern-california-getting-much\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emerged this winter\u003c/a> is an atypical divide between how much precipitation Northern California has gotten this “wet” season and how much is falling south of the latitude of, say, San Jose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just to be clear, climatic records show that Northern California gets more rain than Southern California, period. But this winter, many locations in Northern California are at or even a little above their seasonal average for precipitation, thanks mostly to a very wet December, while to the south, many locations are lagging far behind seasonal rainfall. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, San Jose has gotten 11.74 inches of rain since Oct. 1, 104 percent of “normal.” Fresno, in the San Joaquin Valley, has gotten 4.58 inches, or 58 percent of normal. (Here’s a short list of these and other stations \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">from the California Nevada River Forecast Center\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One result of this general pattern is that there’s been a healthy increase in storage at big reservoirs in Northern California. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=SHA&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shasta Lake\u003c/a>, the state’s biggest reservoir, is at 78 percent of average for this date (though it’s just 58 percent full). \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=ORO&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Oroville\u003c/a>, the second-biggest storage facility, is at 70 percent of average and 49 percent full. Both are running far ahead of storage levels at this time last year. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=FOL&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Folsom Lake\u003c/a> is actually above average, at 103 percent. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to the south, the bigger reservoirs are mostly in abysmal shape. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=NML&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Melones\u003c/a>, on the Stanislaus River and the state’s fourth-biggest storage facility, is 25 percent full and 48 percent of average. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=NML&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Don Pedro\u003c/a>, the No. 5 reservoir, is 43 percent full and 60 percent of normal. (See the Department of Water Resources \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/RES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">daily summary of major reservoirs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the state’s 10 biggest reservoirs, none is in as bad shape as \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?s=EXC&d=&span=1month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake McClure\u003c/a>, on the Merced River downstream from Yosemite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A month ago, February 3, Lake McClure fell to its lowest level since it was filled in the 1960s. Per statistics from the state Department of Water Resources, its volume shrank to 63,489 acre-feet (remember, capacity is 1 million) and its surface was at 585.99 feet above sea level. That broke a record set during the six-year drought of 1986-1992, when the lake fell to 66,228 acre-feet, 588.48 surface elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake McClure nadir during the terrible drought of 1976-77 — the drought that saw Shasta Lake and Lake Oroville, among others, fall to their record lows, was 72,200 acre-feet, 594 surface elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s an update to the update: The Department of Water Resources conducted its \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/030315.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">third monthly snow survey\u003c/a> of the season earlier Tuesday. The measurement, taken in a meadow near Echo Summit on U.S. 50, high above Lake Tahoe, confirmed what the state’s network of electronic monitoring stations has been reporting on a daily basis: the Sierra snowpack remains shockingly thin. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the survey location itself, near Phillips Station, the water content of the snow is just 5 percent of its historical March 3 average. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR said its network of 103 stations have a composite average of 19 percent of the snow-water content typical for this time of year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department notes that the only year in which snow was as scant as it is now was 1991. Then, the state’s water supply was saved by a “Miracle March” deluge that built up the snowpack and also dramatically increased the tiny volume of water stored in Lake McClure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To play forecast-watcher for a moment, NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/fxus06.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">six-to-10-day outlook\u003c/a> is showing a relatively high chance of above-median precipitation for most of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When might we see rain instead of just a forecast of rain? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service San Francisco Bay Area office in Monterey says models are pointing to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the possibility of a wet storm\u003c/a> arriving around the middle of next week. Between now and then, a familiar word: dry.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Melissa DuBose casts a net out into the sea on a crisp winter morning, from a wooden pier near the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I come out here every week,” she says. She reels in her net to collect her catch, which appears to be only water, captured in a small bottle dangling from the bottom of the net. DuBose collects sea creatures so small most people never notice them, yet they are critical to all life in the oceans and on land: plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Dubose-throws-net-with-Josh1280.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Dubose-throws-net-with-Josh1280.png\" alt=\"Melissa Dubose of the Romberg Tiburon Center casts her plankton net, with producer Josh Cassidy looking on (Mallory Pickett/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Melissa DuBose of the Romberg Tiburon Center casts her plankton net, with producer Josh Cassidy looking on (Mallory Pickett/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The word plankton comes from the Greek word \u003cem>planktos\u003c/em>, which means drifter, or wanderer.\u003cbr>\nWhich is precisely what plankton are. Tiny wandering plants and animals, drifting at the mercy of ocean waves, tides and winds. The technical definition of plankton is anything that lives in water and isn’t strong enough to swim against the current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DuBose immediately brings the plankton she collects to a microscope in William Cochlan’s laboratory at the Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University’s marine lab in Marin County. Cochlan and his lab members study phytoplankton, tiny marine organisms that collect energy from the sun through photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we can’t see them without microscopes they’re kind of invisible to us,” Cochlan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But magnified, their beautiful shapes and colors are revealed. Diatoms are one of the most common types of phytoplankton, and they are known for making silica (glass) cell walls, in an amazing variety of shapes and sizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Diatom2half-800.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Diatom2half-800.png\" alt=\"Mixed diatoms arranged on a microscope slide (Wipeter/Wikimedia commons)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mixed diatoms arranged on a microscope slide (Wipeter/Wikimedia commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Diatoms aren’t just beautiful, they’re essential to life on earth. Phytoplankton produce 40 to 60 percent of the oxygen we breathe, and in the ocean they are the base of the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cochlan wants to know how these microscopic plants will be affected by changing ocean conditions, brought about by the billions of tons of carbon dioxide we emit into the atmosphere every year. The gas traps heat, slowly warming the sea surface. But it also changes the ocean’s chemistry. About a third of the carbon dioxide we emit is absorbed by the oceans, where it reacts with seawater to make it more acidic. As the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has gone up over the past century, the ocean’s acidity has increased by about 30 percent, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really have to find out if ocean acidification is going to negatively impact the phytoplankton,” Cochlan says. In his lab, researchers are growing phytoplankton in water treated with high levels of carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re specifically trying to see if ocean acidification increases their growth rate or slows it down,” he says. So far, the scientists have seen that in some cases phytoplankton grows faster in water with high amounts of carbon dioxide. But Cochlan cautions that growth rate isn’t the only indicator of health, and there could be negative impacts that they haven’t detected yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The jury’s still out,” on how increasing carbon dioxide will affect phytoplankton, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all plankton depend on carbon dioxide to grow. There is another class of drifters, that act more like animals than plants, called zooplankton. Zooplankton mostly eat phytoplankton, though they sometimes each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27820\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/plankton-copepod-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27820\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/plankton-copepod-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Acartia hudsonica, a species of marine copepod (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acartia hudsonica, a species of marine copepod (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Zooplankton include all drifting sea animals, from jellyfish to crab larvae. One of the biggest and most plentiful type of zooplankton is krill. They are only about the size of a paper clip, but abundant enough that enormous animals, like blue whales, can survive on a krill-only diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons there are so many whales in the waters off the Golden Gate, Cochlan says, is that this area is home to a high density of zooplankton. The high density of zooplankton is supported by an ocean process called upwelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upwelling is caused by winds stirring up the ocean’s surface, forcing warm surface waters away from shore and bringing cold water up from the deep. Deep water is full of nutrients, because the bottom of the ocean is where everything marine goes to die and decompose, breaking down into material for new life, like a compost bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27822\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Upwelling2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Upwelling2.jpg\" alt=\"(Via wikimedia-modified by D. Reed from image by J. Wallace and S. Vogel, El Niño and Climate Prediction. Image courtesy of Sanctuary Quest 2002, NOAA/OER) Upwelling happens when offshore winds push water away from the coast, and water from the deep comes up to replace the displaced surface water.\" width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Via wikimedia-modified by D. Reed from image by J. Wallace and S. Vogel, El Niño and Climate Prediction. Image courtesy of Sanctuary Quest 2002, NOAA/OER). Upwelling happens when offshore winds push water away from the coast, and water from the deep comes up to replace the displaced surface water.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The infusion of nutrients sparks an explosion of life at the surface, starting with the phytoplankton. Most phytoplankton are single-celled organisms, and they reproduce by dividing into two new cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typical phytoplankton divide once, doubling per day,” Cochlan says. But after an upwelling, they rapidly accelerate their growth rate. More phytoplankton means more food for zooplankton, which are prey for small fish and big whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We usually only witness this feeding frenzy from the ocean’s surface — flocks of birds congregating, whales and dolphins diving. But the fuel driving all this energy is below the waves, and too small to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of these episodic bursts of productivity is unclear. A paper published last week in the journal Nature predicted that warmer waters and stronger winds will increase upwelling. But the paper’s authors say the separation between warm surface waters and cold deep water could also increase, so the upwelling might not bring up as many nutrients. It is still unknown, they say, how future changes in upwelling will affect marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans need plankton, but most people go through life without seeing one up close. Plankton are the unsung heroes of the ocean — the tiny, beautiful, lungs of the planet and food for the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans cannot survive without healthy oceans that support phytoplankton growth,” Cochlan says. “They’re really quite something.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Melissa DuBose casts a net out into the sea on a crisp winter morning, from a wooden pier near the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I come out here every week,” she says. She reels in her net to collect her catch, which appears to be only water, captured in a small bottle dangling from the bottom of the net. DuBose collects sea creatures so small most people never notice them, yet they are critical to all life in the oceans and on land: plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Dubose-throws-net-with-Josh1280.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Dubose-throws-net-with-Josh1280.png\" alt=\"Melissa Dubose of the Romberg Tiburon Center casts her plankton net, with producer Josh Cassidy looking on (Mallory Pickett/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Melissa DuBose of the Romberg Tiburon Center casts her plankton net, with producer Josh Cassidy looking on (Mallory Pickett/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The word plankton comes from the Greek word \u003cem>planktos\u003c/em>, which means drifter, or wanderer.\u003cbr>\nWhich is precisely what plankton are. Tiny wandering plants and animals, drifting at the mercy of ocean waves, tides and winds. The technical definition of plankton is anything that lives in water and isn’t strong enough to swim against the current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DuBose immediately brings the plankton she collects to a microscope in William Cochlan’s laboratory at the Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University’s marine lab in Marin County. Cochlan and his lab members study phytoplankton, tiny marine organisms that collect energy from the sun through photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we can’t see them without microscopes they’re kind of invisible to us,” Cochlan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But magnified, their beautiful shapes and colors are revealed. Diatoms are one of the most common types of phytoplankton, and they are known for making silica (glass) cell walls, in an amazing variety of shapes and sizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Diatom2half-800.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Diatom2half-800.png\" alt=\"Mixed diatoms arranged on a microscope slide (Wipeter/Wikimedia commons)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mixed diatoms arranged on a microscope slide (Wipeter/Wikimedia commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Diatoms aren’t just beautiful, they’re essential to life on earth. Phytoplankton produce 40 to 60 percent of the oxygen we breathe, and in the ocean they are the base of the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cochlan wants to know how these microscopic plants will be affected by changing ocean conditions, brought about by the billions of tons of carbon dioxide we emit into the atmosphere every year. The gas traps heat, slowly warming the sea surface. But it also changes the ocean’s chemistry. About a third of the carbon dioxide we emit is absorbed by the oceans, where it reacts with seawater to make it more acidic. As the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has gone up over the past century, the ocean’s acidity has increased by about 30 percent, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really have to find out if ocean acidification is going to negatively impact the phytoplankton,” Cochlan says. In his lab, researchers are growing phytoplankton in water treated with high levels of carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re specifically trying to see if ocean acidification increases their growth rate or slows it down,” he says. So far, the scientists have seen that in some cases phytoplankton grows faster in water with high amounts of carbon dioxide. But Cochlan cautions that growth rate isn’t the only indicator of health, and there could be negative impacts that they haven’t detected yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The jury’s still out,” on how increasing carbon dioxide will affect phytoplankton, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all plankton depend on carbon dioxide to grow. There is another class of drifters, that act more like animals than plants, called zooplankton. Zooplankton mostly eat phytoplankton, though they sometimes each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27820\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/plankton-copepod-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27820\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/plankton-copepod-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Acartia hudsonica, a species of marine copepod (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acartia hudsonica, a species of marine copepod (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Zooplankton include all drifting sea animals, from jellyfish to crab larvae. One of the biggest and most plentiful type of zooplankton is krill. They are only about the size of a paper clip, but abundant enough that enormous animals, like blue whales, can survive on a krill-only diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons there are so many whales in the waters off the Golden Gate, Cochlan says, is that this area is home to a high density of zooplankton. The high density of zooplankton is supported by an ocean process called upwelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upwelling is caused by winds stirring up the ocean’s surface, forcing warm surface waters away from shore and bringing cold water up from the deep. Deep water is full of nutrients, because the bottom of the ocean is where everything marine goes to die and decompose, breaking down into material for new life, like a compost bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27822\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Upwelling2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Upwelling2.jpg\" alt=\"(Via wikimedia-modified by D. Reed from image by J. Wallace and S. Vogel, El Niño and Climate Prediction. Image courtesy of Sanctuary Quest 2002, NOAA/OER) Upwelling happens when offshore winds push water away from the coast, and water from the deep comes up to replace the displaced surface water.\" width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Via wikimedia-modified by D. Reed from image by J. Wallace and S. Vogel, El Niño and Climate Prediction. Image courtesy of Sanctuary Quest 2002, NOAA/OER). Upwelling happens when offshore winds push water away from the coast, and water from the deep comes up to replace the displaced surface water.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The infusion of nutrients sparks an explosion of life at the surface, starting with the phytoplankton. Most phytoplankton are single-celled organisms, and they reproduce by dividing into two new cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typical phytoplankton divide once, doubling per day,” Cochlan says. But after an upwelling, they rapidly accelerate their growth rate. More phytoplankton means more food for zooplankton, which are prey for small fish and big whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We usually only witness this feeding frenzy from the ocean’s surface — flocks of birds congregating, whales and dolphins diving. But the fuel driving all this energy is below the waves, and too small to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of these episodic bursts of productivity is unclear. A paper published last week in the journal Nature predicted that warmer waters and stronger winds will increase upwelling. But the paper’s authors say the separation between warm surface waters and cold deep water could also increase, so the upwelling might not bring up as many nutrients. It is still unknown, they say, how future changes in upwelling will affect marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans need plankton, but most people go through life without seeing one up close. Plankton are the unsung heroes of the ocean — the tiny, beautiful, lungs of the planet and food for the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans cannot survive without healthy oceans that support phytoplankton growth,” Cochlan says. “They’re really quite something.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Tackle a Dual Threat: More Acid, Less Oxygen in the Ocean",
"headTitle": "Scientists Tackle a Dual Threat: More Acid, Less Oxygen in the Ocean | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27418\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 593px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\" alt=\"Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\" width=\"593\" height=\"332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California. (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every summer for the past decade, fishermen and beachgoers along the Oregon coast have noticed dead crabs scattered along the shore, sometimes washed up in bunches. No one knows for sure why it’s happening, but scientists think “dead zones” formed by low oxygen levels in coastal waters could be the culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans absorb about a third of the carbon dioxide we pump into Earth’s atmosphere, which means that as we increase carbon dioxide in the air, we increase it in the ocean as well. The carbon dioxide reacts with water to create an acid, so that, over time, scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration say, ocean acidity has risen by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">about 30 percent\u003c/a> and oxygen levels have dropped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the combined impacts of decreasing oxygen and increasing acidity could be disastrous for marine ecosystems and the humans who depend on them, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification/state-vulnerability.asp\">not only in California and along the West Coast, but on the East and Gulf Coasts as well\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively.’\u003ccite>— Tessa Hill, U.C. Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mollusks such as oysters and clams depend on minerals in the ocean to form their shells — specifically, calcium carbonate minerals. Increasingly acidic waters deplete the storehouse of calcium carbonate minerals, threatening the ability of shellfish to grow the structures in which they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellfish, and most other marine organisms, also need oxygen in the water to survive. When oxygen levels get to too low — a condition called hypoxia — it can kill them, which is what scientists think happened to the crabs on Oregon’s beaches. Canadian scientists in 2007 found that oxygen levels off the West Coast have already declined by 20 percent over the past 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Threat to Food and Fishing Economies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v5/n3/full/nclimate2508.html\">A study\u003c/a> published this week in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/index.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a> found that oyster, clam, crab and other fisheries in the Pacific Northwest, Mid-Atlantic, New England and the Gulf of Mexico are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification-hotspots/default.asp\">among the most vulnerable\u003c/a> in the U.S. to the impacts of ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 assessment conducted by the state of Washington estimated that ocean acidification has already cost the oyster industry in the Pacific Northwest more than $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively,” says Tessa Hill, an oceanographer at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Hill and marine scientists from Canada, Washington, Oregon and California formed \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The West Coast Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Panel\u003c/a> last year. Working under the auspices of the \u003ca href=\"http://calost.org/\">California Ocean Science Trust\u003c/a>, the group aims to help governments plan for the future of a rapidly changing ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group released \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/EnvisioningFutureSciLandscape-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its first report\u003c/a> this month, outlining how scientific research can help policymakers craft smarter strategies for dealing with more acidic ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can Science Help?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nScientists need to know more about how the multiple effects of ocean acidification, warming waters, and other stressors affect marine life. The report recommends developing studies that use real-life time scales and large environments, outside the lab, to help make predictive modeling more accurate. For example, scientists are partnering with shellfish farmers to gather data on how shellfish are affected by the chemistry of the water they’re exposed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also recommends adding chemical and biological sensors to existing ocean buoys. That would cut the cost of installing the sensors and allow the network of ocean observers to share data more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key idea is to share data between researchers and government to help policymakers evaluate programs already in place: marine protected areas, or water quality monitoring networks. Using feedback on how conservation programs are working, political leaders could, in theory, change policies as needed to be more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree the long-term answer to ocean acidification is to decrease our fossil fuel emissions. Meanwhile, they hope to be able to foster resilience in marine ecosystems along West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of groups coming together to try and address the problem in an innovative way,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Marine scientists from up and down the West Coast say it's a one-two punch to the Pacific food web.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27418\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 593px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/HIOC-BML-photo-e1424466621114.jpg\" alt=\"Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\" width=\"593\" height=\"332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine scientists at work on Hog Island in Tomales Bay, California. (Tessa Hill/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every summer for the past decade, fishermen and beachgoers along the Oregon coast have noticed dead crabs scattered along the shore, sometimes washed up in bunches. No one knows for sure why it’s happening, but scientists think “dead zones” formed by low oxygen levels in coastal waters could be the culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans absorb about a third of the carbon dioxide we pump into Earth’s atmosphere, which means that as we increase carbon dioxide in the air, we increase it in the ocean as well. The carbon dioxide reacts with water to create an acid, so that, over time, scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration say, ocean acidity has risen by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\">about 30 percent\u003c/a> and oxygen levels have dropped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the combined impacts of decreasing oxygen and increasing acidity could be disastrous for marine ecosystems and the humans who depend on them, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification/state-vulnerability.asp\">not only in California and along the West Coast, but on the East and Gulf Coasts as well\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively.’\u003ccite>— Tessa Hill, U.C. Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Mollusks such as oysters and clams depend on minerals in the ocean to form their shells — specifically, calcium carbonate minerals. Increasingly acidic waters deplete the storehouse of calcium carbonate minerals, threatening the ability of shellfish to grow the structures in which they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellfish, and most other marine organisms, also need oxygen in the water to survive. When oxygen levels get to too low — a condition called hypoxia — it can kill them, which is what scientists think happened to the crabs on Oregon’s beaches. Canadian scientists in 2007 found that oxygen levels off the West Coast have already declined by 20 percent over the past 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Threat to Food and Fishing Economies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v5/n3/full/nclimate2508.html\">A study\u003c/a> published this week in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/index.html\">Nature Climate Change\u003c/a> found that oyster, clam, crab and other fisheries in the Pacific Northwest, Mid-Atlantic, New England and the Gulf of Mexico are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification-hotspots/default.asp\">among the most vulnerable\u003c/a> in the U.S. to the impacts of ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 assessment conducted by the state of Washington estimated that ocean acidification has already cost the oyster industry in the Pacific Northwest more than $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big problem and we need people to work together to think integratively,” says Tessa Hill, an oceanographer at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Hill and marine scientists from Canada, Washington, Oregon and California formed \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The West Coast Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Panel\u003c/a> last year. Working under the auspices of the \u003ca href=\"http://calost.org/\">California Ocean Science Trust\u003c/a>, the group aims to help governments plan for the future of a rapidly changing ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group released \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/EnvisioningFutureSciLandscape-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its first report\u003c/a> this month, outlining how scientific research can help policymakers craft smarter strategies for dealing with more acidic ocean waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can Science Help?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nScientists need to know more about how the multiple effects of ocean acidification, warming waters, and other stressors affect marine life. The report recommends developing studies that use real-life time scales and large environments, outside the lab, to help make predictive modeling more accurate. For example, scientists are partnering with shellfish farmers to gather data on how shellfish are affected by the chemistry of the water they’re exposed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also recommends adding chemical and biological sensors to existing ocean buoys. That would cut the cost of installing the sensors and allow the network of ocean observers to share data more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key idea is to share data between researchers and government to help policymakers evaluate programs already in place: marine protected areas, or water quality monitoring networks. Using feedback on how conservation programs are working, political leaders could, in theory, change policies as needed to be more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree the long-term answer to ocean acidification is to decrease our fossil fuel emissions. Meanwhile, they hope to be able to foster resilience in marine ecosystems along West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of groups coming together to try and address the problem in an innovative way,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Railroads, Big Oil Move to Ease Fears Over Crude Shipments",
"headTitle": "Railroads, Big Oil Move to Ease Fears Over Crude Shipments | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27575\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/DP-CPC-1232-e1424829168341-1024x578.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27575\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/DP-CPC-1232-e1424829168341-1024x578.jpg\" alt=\"This CPC-1232 tank car represents an upgrade over an older models criticized for being easily punctured, but critics say there's still much to be desired. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"578\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This CPC-1232 tank car represents an upgrade over older models criticized for being easily punctured, but critics say there’s still much to be desired. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Facing growing apprehension among Californians, railroads and oil companies are trying to allay fears over the dangers of hauling crude oil into the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tensions have been heightened by a \u003ca title=\"Q-NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/12/02/call-for-suspension-of-crude-by-rail-shipments-feather-river-derailment\">spate of derailments\u003c/a>, as well as a recently unearthed \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/457d7daf9116472380fbb9548b563739/ap-exclusive-fuel-hauling-trains-could-derail-10-year\">government report\u003c/a> with some sobering projections for the potential cost to life and property from such incidents in coming years. Federal regulators are weighing stricter rules governing everything from modernized braking systems to new speed limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a rare move Tuesday in Sacramento, officials with California’s two major railroads, Union Pacific and BNSF, held a media briefing explaining safety measures ranging from computerized stability controls to special foam for choking out fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the California State Railroad Museum, Pat Brady, a hazardous materials manager for BNSF, showed off a newer model tank car with half-inch thick “head shields” – metal plates extending halfway up on either end. The car was also equipped with “skid protection,” Brady said, pointing to a nozzle underneath that’s designed to break away in a derailment, leaving the valve itself intact, to avert spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This tank car, the CPC-1232, is supposed to be safer and harder to puncture than the older DOT-111 version, but it’s facing skepticism after \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/17/us-usa-train-derailment-csx-idUSKBN0LK1ST20150217\">several exploded\u003c/a> last week when a train hauling North Dakota crude through West Virginia derailed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27574\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 358px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/DP-William-Boyd-Union-Pacific-1-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27574\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/DP-William-Boyd-Union-Pacific-1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Using a simulator, Union Pacific's William Boyd demonstrates technology making sure train operators don't go too fast or end up on the wrong track. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"358\" height=\"268\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Union Pacific’s William Boyd showcases a locomotive simulation that conductors can use as a training device. It will slow down virtual speeding trains and issue warnings to the operator. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Industry officials at the Sacramento briefing were reluctant to comment about that incident, saying not all the facts are in yet, but several emphasized the importance of keeping trains from derailing to begin with, and claiming that more than 99.99 percent of such shipments arrive safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both BNSF and Union Pacific said tracks used to haul crude through California undergo daily visual inspections, said Union Pacific spokesman Aaron Hunt, as well as a battery of high-tech tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re using lasers to measure track gauge and track profile to keep trains on tracks,” he said, and also “pushing ultrasonic waves into our rail to detect potential cracks early.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hunt says in a typical month, Union Pacific brings in 1,000 to 1,200 cars loaded with oil, a tiny fraction of the company’s in-state freight. BNSF said its oil haul is even less: about two trains a month. But some predict such \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/california-has-little-say-over-oil-train-safety/\">shipments could soar\u003c/a> in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also represented at the briefing was Valero Energy, which is hoping to start bringing two fifty-car oil trains a day \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">to its refinery in Benicia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Valero as a company has acquired over five thousand rail cars,” said Chris Howe, a health and safety manager at Valero’s Benicia facility. “We’re able to get a number of them committed to our project, so we will likely be using Valero cars of these newer designs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry’s shift away from the DOT-111 model is “a useful step,” says Patti Goldman, managing attorney with \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/\">Earthjustice\u003c/a>, who adds that the newer cars are still “not nearly safe enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you need to do to prevent catastrophes when trains do leave the tracks is have far better tank cars to be able to prevent the leaks and explosions in the first place,” says Goldman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthjustice is \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/12/environmentalists-sue-over-crude-by-rail-safety/\">in a legal fight\u003c/a> pushing for stronger oversight and regulation. Goldman charges that it’s taking a long time to fully phase out older models because the industry is more focused on growing fleets rapidly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s just inexcusable,” she says. “We don’t think they’re allowed to do that. We think they need to get these hazardous tank cars off the rails before they start increasing the amount of crude oil that’s going to be shipped on the rails.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Railroads and oil companies stage a show-and-tell in Sacramento to highlight safety measures they've put in place. Environmentalists and community activists remain skeptical.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27575\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/DP-CPC-1232-e1424829168341-1024x578.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27575\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/DP-CPC-1232-e1424829168341-1024x578.jpg\" alt=\"This CPC-1232 tank car represents an upgrade over an older models criticized for being easily punctured, but critics say there's still much to be desired. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"578\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This CPC-1232 tank car represents an upgrade over older models criticized for being easily punctured, but critics say there’s still much to be desired. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Facing growing apprehension among Californians, railroads and oil companies are trying to allay fears over the dangers of hauling crude oil into the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tensions have been heightened by a \u003ca title=\"Q-NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/12/02/call-for-suspension-of-crude-by-rail-shipments-feather-river-derailment\">spate of derailments\u003c/a>, as well as a recently unearthed \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/457d7daf9116472380fbb9548b563739/ap-exclusive-fuel-hauling-trains-could-derail-10-year\">government report\u003c/a> with some sobering projections for the potential cost to life and property from such incidents in coming years. Federal regulators are weighing stricter rules governing everything from modernized braking systems to new speed limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a rare move Tuesday in Sacramento, officials with California’s two major railroads, Union Pacific and BNSF, held a media briefing explaining safety measures ranging from computerized stability controls to special foam for choking out fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the California State Railroad Museum, Pat Brady, a hazardous materials manager for BNSF, showed off a newer model tank car with half-inch thick “head shields” – metal plates extending halfway up on either end. The car was also equipped with “skid protection,” Brady said, pointing to a nozzle underneath that’s designed to break away in a derailment, leaving the valve itself intact, to avert spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This tank car, the CPC-1232, is supposed to be safer and harder to puncture than the older DOT-111 version, but it’s facing skepticism after \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/17/us-usa-train-derailment-csx-idUSKBN0LK1ST20150217\">several exploded\u003c/a> last week when a train hauling North Dakota crude through West Virginia derailed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27574\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 358px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/DP-William-Boyd-Union-Pacific-1-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27574\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/02/DP-William-Boyd-Union-Pacific-1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Using a simulator, Union Pacific's William Boyd demonstrates technology making sure train operators don't go too fast or end up on the wrong track. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"358\" height=\"268\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Union Pacific’s William Boyd showcases a locomotive simulation that conductors can use as a training device. It will slow down virtual speeding trains and issue warnings to the operator. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Industry officials at the Sacramento briefing were reluctant to comment about that incident, saying not all the facts are in yet, but several emphasized the importance of keeping trains from derailing to begin with, and claiming that more than 99.99 percent of such shipments arrive safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both BNSF and Union Pacific said tracks used to haul crude through California undergo daily visual inspections, said Union Pacific spokesman Aaron Hunt, as well as a battery of high-tech tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re using lasers to measure track gauge and track profile to keep trains on tracks,” he said, and also “pushing ultrasonic waves into our rail to detect potential cracks early.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hunt says in a typical month, Union Pacific brings in 1,000 to 1,200 cars loaded with oil, a tiny fraction of the company’s in-state freight. BNSF said its oil haul is even less: about two trains a month. But some predict such \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/california-has-little-say-over-oil-train-safety/\">shipments could soar\u003c/a> in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also represented at the briefing was Valero Energy, which is hoping to start bringing two fifty-car oil trains a day \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/valero-rail-project-fuels-tar-sands-speculation-in-bay-area/\">to its refinery in Benicia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Valero as a company has acquired over five thousand rail cars,” said Chris Howe, a health and safety manager at Valero’s Benicia facility. “We’re able to get a number of them committed to our project, so we will likely be using Valero cars of these newer designs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry’s shift away from the DOT-111 model is “a useful step,” says Patti Goldman, managing attorney with \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/\">Earthjustice\u003c/a>, who adds that the newer cars are still “not nearly safe enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you need to do to prevent catastrophes when trains do leave the tracks is have far better tank cars to be able to prevent the leaks and explosions in the first place,” says Goldman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthjustice is \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/12/environmentalists-sue-over-crude-by-rail-safety/\">in a legal fight\u003c/a> pushing for stronger oversight and regulation. Goldman charges that it’s taking a long time to fully phase out older models because the industry is more focused on growing fleets rapidly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s just inexcusable,” she says. “We don’t think they’re allowed to do that. We think they need to get these hazardous tank cars off the rails before they start increasing the amount of crude oil that’s going to be shipped on the rails.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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