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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The allegations were prompted by routine inspections in January 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During those inspections, hazardous materials inspectors with the Alameda County Department of Environmental Health discovered large above-ground storage tanks containing diesel fuel at BART facilities in East Dublin/Pleasanton, West Dublin and Castro Valley. The facilities did not include hazardous materials business plans, something they are required to do by law. The tanks, which contained 500 to more than 1,700 gallons of diesel, were located near areas used by thousands of BART commuters, officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we did our investigation we found that there was either an inadequate plan submitted or there was no plan at all,\" Contra Costa County Deputy District Attorney Stacey Grassini said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART will pay $675,000 in civil penalties, $300,000 to reimburse the costs of the investigation and $300,000 for extra staffing to make sure the agency complies with hazardous materials rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That money will come from BART's general fund, according to Allison. The agency's board of directors approved the settlement in a closed session meeting in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART settled the lawsuit because it agrees that it was not complying with the regulations, Allison said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important to note that the public and the environment were not endangered by this noncompliance,\" Allison said. \"But it was a serious issue, nonetheless, and BART has taken steps to correct it.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Trump signed another executive order Monday morning, fulfilling another campaign pledge, this one to eliminate two federal regulations for every new regulation enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump signed the order during an Oval Office photo op, saying, \"We're cutting regulations massively for small business and large business,\" adding, \"This will be the biggest such act our country has ever seen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/30/presidential-executive-order-reducing-regulation-and-controlling\">The order stipulates\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Unless prohibited by law, whenever an executive department or agency (agency) publicly proposes for notice and comment or otherwise promulgates a new regulation, it shall identify at least two existing regulations to be repealed.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Trump said earlier Monday that he wants to eliminate \"a little more than 75 percent\" of the regulations now on the books. \"We don't need 97 different rules to take care of one element,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The directive exempts regulations relating to the military, national security and foreign affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Business groups applauded Trump's order. The National Federation of Independent Business calls it \"a good first step on the long road toward eliminating ball-and-chain regulations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups, however, were dismayed. Center for Biological Diversity director Kieran Suckling called the new policy \"as dumb as it gets.\" In a statement, Suckling said, \"So you'll protect my drinking water but only in exchange for allowing oil drilling in national parks and more lead in my paint?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolling back regulations has long been a goal of Republican and Democratic administrations, but it's not easy, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/23/503108918/trump-team-to-discover-rolling-back-regulatons-isnt-easy\">as we've reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some 80,000 pages in the Federal Register, where all federal rules are published. But in order to repeal a regulation, a federal agency has to go through the same notice and comment rule-making process used to formulate new regulations. And that generally takes at least a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a workaround for newly enacted regulations, the Congressional Review Act. It gives lawmakers the opportunity to repeal regulations approved in the last 60 days of the congressional session. But that, too, is a time-consuming process. And given the Senate's need to act on Trump's nominations, it's likely that only a relatively few regulations will be repealed in this manner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is likely to come up this week. House leaders say they will attempt to repeal the stream protection rule, an Obama administration regulation that forbids coal companies from dumping rocks and other debris created by mountaintop removal mining into nearby streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans and the coal industry say the regulation threatens jobs. The Natural Resources Defense Council says mountaintop removal mining, in which ground is blasted to access coal seams below, has been responsible for the destruction of 2,000 miles of streams in Appalachia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Acts+To+Roll+Back+Regulations+On+Businesses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump signed another executive order Monday morning, fulfilling another campaign pledge, this one to eliminate two federal regulations for every new regulation enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump signed the order during an Oval Office photo op, saying, \"We're cutting regulations massively for small business and large business,\" adding, \"This will be the biggest such act our country has ever seen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/30/presidential-executive-order-reducing-regulation-and-controlling\">The order stipulates\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Unless prohibited by law, whenever an executive department or agency (agency) publicly proposes for notice and comment or otherwise promulgates a new regulation, it shall identify at least two existing regulations to be repealed.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Trump said earlier Monday that he wants to eliminate \"a little more than 75 percent\" of the regulations now on the books. \"We don't need 97 different rules to take care of one element,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The directive exempts regulations relating to the military, national security and foreign affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Business groups applauded Trump's order. The National Federation of Independent Business calls it \"a good first step on the long road toward eliminating ball-and-chain regulations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups, however, were dismayed. Center for Biological Diversity director Kieran Suckling called the new policy \"as dumb as it gets.\" In a statement, Suckling said, \"So you'll protect my drinking water but only in exchange for allowing oil drilling in national parks and more lead in my paint?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolling back regulations has long been a goal of Republican and Democratic administrations, but it's not easy, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/23/503108918/trump-team-to-discover-rolling-back-regulatons-isnt-easy\">as we've reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some 80,000 pages in the Federal Register, where all federal rules are published. But in order to repeal a regulation, a federal agency has to go through the same notice and comment rule-making process used to formulate new regulations. And that generally takes at least a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a workaround for newly enacted regulations, the Congressional Review Act. It gives lawmakers the opportunity to repeal regulations approved in the last 60 days of the congressional session. But that, too, is a time-consuming process. And given the Senate's need to act on Trump's nominations, it's likely that only a relatively few regulations will be repealed in this manner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is likely to come up this week. House leaders say they will attempt to repeal the stream protection rule, an Obama administration regulation that forbids coal companies from dumping rocks and other debris created by mountaintop removal mining into nearby streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans and the coal industry say the regulation threatens jobs. The Natural Resources Defense Council says mountaintop removal mining, in which ground is blasted to access coal seams below, has been responsible for the destruction of 2,000 miles of streams in Appalachia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Acts+To+Roll+Back+Regulations+On+Businesses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists and Fishermen Scramble to Save Northern California's Kelp Forests",
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"content": "\u003cp>On the coast of Northern California, two years of unusually warm water temperatures have wreaked havoc with the marine ecosystem. Kelp forests stretching from the Bay Area to the Oregon border have shrunk by more than 90 percent since 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cynthia Catton, a marine biologist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, says the size of a kelp forest varies from year to year, but the recent low levels are unprecedented. “We’re in a new phase,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp beds play a key role in marine ecology. The fast-growing seaweed forms a habitat for juvenile fish, which hide in its stalks. It’s also a food source for many undersea animals, including abalone and urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catton says the kelp forests north of the Bay Area were hit by a “perfect storm of large-scale ecosystem stressors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The kelp forest has just gotten it from all sides.’\u003ccite>Marine biologist Cynthia Catton\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It all began in 2013, when a wasting disease nearly wiped out sea star populations along the entire Pacific coast of North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea stars were sea urchins’ main predator. With sea stars in decline, urchins went on a kelp-eating rampage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a friend who calls them the goats of the sea,” says Catton. “They form these feeding fronts and they just munch through everywhere they’re walking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next problem: Kelp need cold water. In 2014, oceanographers noticed an unusual warming in the Northern Pacific–even more than could be explained by climate science. For lack of a better term, they called it the “Pacific warm blob.” Then, last year’s El Niño made the water even warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last three years, income for urchin divers in Mendocino County has plummeted by 90 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202032\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Marine biologist Cynthia Catton meets divers Carson Bell and Jon Holcomb on a seafood processing dock in Fort Bragg.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine biologist Cynthia Catton meets divers Carson Bell and Jon Holcomb on a seafood processing dock in Fort Bragg.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crisis has led to an alliance between fishermen and regulators. Both groups are concerned about the rapid decline of the kelp forest. Catton says that when they first met last spring, they “didn’t have to spend a lot of time thinking about what’s happening.” Instead, they thought about “what we can do together to solve it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, they’re experimenting with new methods of restoring the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Getting Rid of Purple Urchins\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Holcomb is an old-time urchin diver with the leathery skin of a man who spends a lot of time on his boat. For 42 years, Holcomb has made his living diving for red urchins. Their buttery insides are a delicacy in Japanese restaurants where they show up on menus as uni.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent morning, he motored out to a cove by the town of Mendocino. It’s a test site, where Holcomb and a few other divers volunteered to help biologist Catton with a restoration effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb says when he first started fishing here in the mid-’80s, this area was “a complete mat” of kelp “you couldn’t swim through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, just a few dark green kelp heads bob in the water. “It’s like a lake,” says Holcomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kelp here has been devoured by purple urchins. Compared to red urchins — the species that Holcomb harvests — they’re smaller, less meaty and not worth fishing for. And they’re voracious eaters of kelp. “Nothing can survive their appetite,” says Holcomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, many parts of the California coast north of the Bay Area have turned into what scientists call an “urchin barren.” There’s not much life besides a mass of spiny purple creatures carpeting the seafloor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paradoxically, these urchins keep reproducing even while they have little to eat. Holcomb calls them “starving animals that don’t die from starvation. They just keep breeding, and there’s more and more of them every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of a pilot project with the Department of Fish and Wildlife, Holcomb has been diving underwater to remove masses of purple urchins. He’s hoping that their effort to remove urchin in a few test sites will allow kelp to grow back in the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge is collecting thousands of urchins at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202000\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202000\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Jon Holcomb, a veteran diver with his urchin airlift.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jon Holcomb, a veteran diver with his urchin airlift.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Homemade Underwater Vacuum Cleaner\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb assembles the device he’s developed for just this purpose. He slaps together 10-foot-long pieces of fiberglass tubing to make a sort of homemade underwater vacuum cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a modified version of a tool called an airlift, which is used to clear sand and silt from the seafloor. This one is built for purple urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaXExXw4R0A\">videos\u003c/a> he’s made of his method, the seafloor looks like a minefield of spiky purple creatures. Holcomb puts on his scuba gear and connects the pipes to an air compressor on deck. Then he dives down with the equipment to depths of about 30 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He uses a little metal rake to scrape the urchins off the rocks and into his fiberglass tube. The device sucks the urchins up and deposits them into a large net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes him almost two hours to clear off an area smaller than a tennis court.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s much like trying to scratch the paint off a house with a pin. It’s not gonna be easy.’\u003ccite>Jon Holcomb, urchin diver\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When he finally comes up, his net is packed with thousands of purple urchins with wiggly spines. They’re much lighter than the same number of urchins would be in a healthy kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb smashes one open to show that there’s almost no flesh inside. “They’re all empty,” he says. “There’s no food value in them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202020\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202020\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Holcomb shows the insides of an empty purple urchin, surviving without much kelp to eat.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Holcomb shows the insides of an empty purple urchin, surviving without much kelp to eat.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We head back to a dock in Fort Bragg, where Catton has brought a group of local volunteers to count and measure the urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to be able to say, ‘How much effort does this take?’ ” says Catton. “How effective is this on a small scale? How can we expand this effectively? And if not, what do we need to do differently?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few months, her team will return to the test sites to find out if the divers’ efforts have enabled kelp to grow back. But even if their experiment succeeds, the problem of restoring the entire coastline is vast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s much like trying to scratch the paint off a house with a pin,” says Holcomb. “It’s not gonna be easy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently though, a few changes in the ocean may point toward a recovery for the kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/map/clim/sst.shtml\">The warm blob in the Pacific has abated\u003c/a>. The coastal storms of the last few months have cooled off the ocean, and water temperatures are closer to normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, many \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/05/160524-starfish-baby-boom-surprises-biologists/\">sea star populations along the coast appear to be recovering\u003c/a>. If the baby sea stars survive to adulthood without dying of the wasting disease, they could help bring balance back to the ecosystem by eating the urchins that have been destroying kelp forests.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On the coast of Northern California, two years of unusually warm water temperatures have wreaked havoc with the marine ecosystem. Kelp forests stretching from the Bay Area to the Oregon border have shrunk by more than 90 percent since 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cynthia Catton, a marine biologist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, says the size of a kelp forest varies from year to year, but the recent low levels are unprecedented. “We’re in a new phase,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp beds play a key role in marine ecology. The fast-growing seaweed forms a habitat for juvenile fish, which hide in its stalks. It’s also a food source for many undersea animals, including abalone and urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catton says the kelp forests north of the Bay Area were hit by a “perfect storm of large-scale ecosystem stressors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The kelp forest has just gotten it from all sides.’\u003ccite>Marine biologist Cynthia Catton\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It all began in 2013, when a wasting disease nearly wiped out sea star populations along the entire Pacific coast of North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea stars were sea urchins’ main predator. With sea stars in decline, urchins went on a kelp-eating rampage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a friend who calls them the goats of the sea,” says Catton. “They form these feeding fronts and they just munch through everywhere they’re walking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next problem: Kelp need cold water. In 2014, oceanographers noticed an unusual warming in the Northern Pacific–even more than could be explained by climate science. For lack of a better term, they called it the “Pacific warm blob.” Then, last year’s El Niño made the water even warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last three years, income for urchin divers in Mendocino County has plummeted by 90 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202032\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Marine biologist Cynthia Catton meets divers Carson Bell and Jon Holcomb on a seafood processing dock in Fort Bragg.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine biologist Cynthia Catton meets divers Carson Bell and Jon Holcomb on a seafood processing dock in Fort Bragg.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crisis has led to an alliance between fishermen and regulators. Both groups are concerned about the rapid decline of the kelp forest. Catton says that when they first met last spring, they “didn’t have to spend a lot of time thinking about what’s happening.” Instead, they thought about “what we can do together to solve it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, they’re experimenting with new methods of restoring the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Getting Rid of Purple Urchins\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Holcomb is an old-time urchin diver with the leathery skin of a man who spends a lot of time on his boat. For 42 years, Holcomb has made his living diving for red urchins. Their buttery insides are a delicacy in Japanese restaurants where they show up on menus as uni.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent morning, he motored out to a cove by the town of Mendocino. It’s a test site, where Holcomb and a few other divers volunteered to help biologist Catton with a restoration effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb says when he first started fishing here in the mid-’80s, this area was “a complete mat” of kelp “you couldn’t swim through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, just a few dark green kelp heads bob in the water. “It’s like a lake,” says Holcomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kelp here has been devoured by purple urchins. Compared to red urchins — the species that Holcomb harvests — they’re smaller, less meaty and not worth fishing for. And they’re voracious eaters of kelp. “Nothing can survive their appetite,” says Holcomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, many parts of the California coast north of the Bay Area have turned into what scientists call an “urchin barren.” There’s not much life besides a mass of spiny purple creatures carpeting the seafloor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paradoxically, these urchins keep reproducing even while they have little to eat. Holcomb calls them “starving animals that don’t die from starvation. They just keep breeding, and there’s more and more of them every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of a pilot project with the Department of Fish and Wildlife, Holcomb has been diving underwater to remove masses of purple urchins. He’s hoping that their effort to remove urchin in a few test sites will allow kelp to grow back in the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge is collecting thousands of urchins at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202000\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202000\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Jon Holcomb, a veteran diver with his urchin airlift.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jon Holcomb, a veteran diver with his urchin airlift.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Homemade Underwater Vacuum Cleaner\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb assembles the device he’s developed for just this purpose. He slaps together 10-foot-long pieces of fiberglass tubing to make a sort of homemade underwater vacuum cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a modified version of a tool called an airlift, which is used to clear sand and silt from the seafloor. This one is built for purple urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaXExXw4R0A\">videos\u003c/a> he’s made of his method, the seafloor looks like a minefield of spiky purple creatures. Holcomb puts on his scuba gear and connects the pipes to an air compressor on deck. Then he dives down with the equipment to depths of about 30 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He uses a little metal rake to scrape the urchins off the rocks and into his fiberglass tube. The device sucks the urchins up and deposits them into a large net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes him almost two hours to clear off an area smaller than a tennis court.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s much like trying to scratch the paint off a house with a pin. It’s not gonna be easy.’\u003ccite>Jon Holcomb, urchin diver\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When he finally comes up, his net is packed with thousands of purple urchins with wiggly spines. They’re much lighter than the same number of urchins would be in a healthy kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb smashes one open to show that there’s almost no flesh inside. “They’re all empty,” he says. “There’s no food value in them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202020\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202020\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Holcomb shows the insides of an empty purple urchin, surviving without much kelp to eat.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Holcomb shows the insides of an empty purple urchin, surviving without much kelp to eat.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We head back to a dock in Fort Bragg, where Catton has brought a group of local volunteers to count and measure the urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to be able to say, ‘How much effort does this take?’ ” says Catton. “How effective is this on a small scale? How can we expand this effectively? And if not, what do we need to do differently?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few months, her team will return to the test sites to find out if the divers’ efforts have enabled kelp to grow back. But even if their experiment succeeds, the problem of restoring the entire coastline is vast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s much like trying to scratch the paint off a house with a pin,” says Holcomb. “It’s not gonna be easy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently though, a few changes in the ocean may point toward a recovery for the kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/map/clim/sst.shtml\">The warm blob in the Pacific has abated\u003c/a>. The coastal storms of the last few months have cooled off the ocean, and water temperatures are closer to normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, many \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/05/160524-starfish-baby-boom-surprises-biologists/\">sea star populations along the coast appear to be recovering\u003c/a>. If the baby sea stars survive to adulthood without dying of the wasting disease, they could help bring balance back to the ecosystem by eating the urchins that have been destroying kelp forests.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Shell Not Revealing Full List of Gases Released in December Martinez Refinery Flares",
"title": "Shell Not Revealing Full List of Gases Released in December Martinez Refinery Flares",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Electrical engineers inadvertently caused a power outage at the Shell Oil company's Martinez refinery last month that led to a loud flaring operation, sending thousands of pounds of toxic gas into the air, prompting a health alert for nearby residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refinery workers were troubleshooting a separate problem with an alarm, discovered six days earlier, when they mistakenly tripped a circuit breaker connected to a decades-old substation that feeds electricity to the facility, according to a company investigation obtained by KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Documents Regarding the Shell Martinez Refinery Flaring Incident\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/337737977/Emissions-Report-From-Shell-Oil-Regarding-the-Dec-19-2016-Shell-Martinez-Refinery-Flaring-Incident\" target=\"_blank\">Emissions Report From Shell Oil Regarding the Dec. 19, 2016, Shell Martinez Refinery Flaring Incident\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/337737567/72-Hour-Report-on-the-Flaring-Incident-on-Dec-19-2016-at-the-Shell-Martinez-Refinery\" target=\"_blank\">72-Hour Report on the Flaring Incident on Dec. 19, 2016, at the Shell Martinez Refinery\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/337737359/30-Day-Report-for-Dec-19-2016-Partial-Power-Outage-and-Flaring-Incident-at-Shell-Martinez-Refinery\" target=\"_blank\">30-Day Report for Dec. 19, 2016, Partial Power Outage and Flaring Incident at Shell Martinez Refinery\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Shell's report, recently sent to Contra Costa County health officials, does not satisfy a promise the oil company made in the days after the incident: to explain what exactly was released into the air after close to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/12/23/shells-martinez-refinery-sent-close-to-20-tons-of-gas-to-its-flares-during-monday-outage/\" target=\"_blank\">20 tons of gas was sent to its flares\u003c/a> on Dec. 19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will have the emissions information by the 30-day report,\" the initial Shell assessment said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refinery has said that a significant portion of the gas sent to its flares was hydrogen sulfide. When that gas burns through flaring it turns into sulfur dioxide, a pollutant that can harm the respiratory system, make breathing difficult, and also harm the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of information on the release angers environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's pretty troubling what we know and what we don't know,\" said Hollin Kretzmann, a staff attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity, who read the company's report. \"What Shell isn't telling us is what other toxic contaminants might have been released.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month Shell revealed that the flaring restarted a day after the power outage. Altogether, close to 5,000 pounds of sulfur dioxide was released into the air on those two days, the company said in a letter to the Contra Costa County Health Services Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell spokesman Ray Fisher said the incident was \"minor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"kHChisn0VGADhKxCizMNwS9iOmuBlW3T\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another company representative, Ann Notarangelo, stressed that while close to 39,000 pounds of light hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide were released to one of its flares, that's not necessarily the same amount of gas that was released into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't release specifics beyond what's in the public record of our reports to the county and the EPA, but what comes out of the flare is primarily a combination of carbon dioxide and water,\" Notarangelo said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That answer does not sit well with Kretzmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Shell's refusal to come clean on its dangerous air emissions ought to be a wake-up call for local officials,\" Kretzmann said. \" 'We don't release specifics' is a completely unacceptable position, given the dangers of these air pollutants, and demonstrates Shell's contempt for public health and safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other gases that could have been released include water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides and other hydrocarbons, according to Randy Sawyer, Contra Costa County's chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air regulators, who are investigating Shell's malfunction, haven't revealed the chemical makeup of the release either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District, which launched an investigation on the day of the outage, has not released any information about its probe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell and other oil companies that operate refineries in the Bay Area consistently emphasize that flaring is a safe way to relieve pressure, burn gases and operate safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts note that the technique averts major disasters but unfortunately releases toxic chemicals into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell's December breakdown, instead, highlights concerns about the refinery's old equipment and need for better training, according to Alexandra von Meier, an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I feel for the guy who wiggled the relay, and bam, the lights go out,\" said von Meier, who reviewed Shell's investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's electrical staff \"had an incorrect mental map\" and \"misinterpreted the connections between different parts of the system,\" von Meier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell bought the substation at the center of the outage from PG&E more than 30 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is an outdated and dangerous piece of equipment that should have been taken care of by the company but just wasn't,\" Kretzmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell plans to spend the next year implementing changes to avoid a repeat. That will include adding more electrical staff to troubleshoot circuit breaker problems and adding labels that show which devices could lead to outages, according to its 30-day report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa County officials plan to ensure the reforms are made when they audit the Martinez refinery in the next few years, Sawyer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Shell incident was one of several Bay Area refinery malfunctions blamed for a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/13/bay-area-refinery-malfunctions-lead-to-jump-in-gasoline-prices/\" target=\"_blank\">recent rise in California gas prices\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "'Shell's refusal to come clean on its dangerous air emissions ought to be a wake-up call for local officials,' said the Center for Biological Diversity's Hollin Kretzmann.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Electrical engineers inadvertently caused a power outage at the Shell Oil company's Martinez refinery last month that led to a loud flaring operation, sending thousands of pounds of toxic gas into the air, prompting a health alert for nearby residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refinery workers were troubleshooting a separate problem with an alarm, discovered six days earlier, when they mistakenly tripped a circuit breaker connected to a decades-old substation that feeds electricity to the facility, according to a company investigation obtained by KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Documents Regarding the Shell Martinez Refinery Flaring Incident\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/337737977/Emissions-Report-From-Shell-Oil-Regarding-the-Dec-19-2016-Shell-Martinez-Refinery-Flaring-Incident\" target=\"_blank\">Emissions Report From Shell Oil Regarding the Dec. 19, 2016, Shell Martinez Refinery Flaring Incident\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/337737567/72-Hour-Report-on-the-Flaring-Incident-on-Dec-19-2016-at-the-Shell-Martinez-Refinery\" target=\"_blank\">72-Hour Report on the Flaring Incident on Dec. 19, 2016, at the Shell Martinez Refinery\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/337737359/30-Day-Report-for-Dec-19-2016-Partial-Power-Outage-and-Flaring-Incident-at-Shell-Martinez-Refinery\" target=\"_blank\">30-Day Report for Dec. 19, 2016, Partial Power Outage and Flaring Incident at Shell Martinez Refinery\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Shell's report, recently sent to Contra Costa County health officials, does not satisfy a promise the oil company made in the days after the incident: to explain what exactly was released into the air after close to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/12/23/shells-martinez-refinery-sent-close-to-20-tons-of-gas-to-its-flares-during-monday-outage/\" target=\"_blank\">20 tons of gas was sent to its flares\u003c/a> on Dec. 19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will have the emissions information by the 30-day report,\" the initial Shell assessment said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refinery has said that a significant portion of the gas sent to its flares was hydrogen sulfide. When that gas burns through flaring it turns into sulfur dioxide, a pollutant that can harm the respiratory system, make breathing difficult, and also harm the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of information on the release angers environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's pretty troubling what we know and what we don't know,\" said Hollin Kretzmann, a staff attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity, who read the company's report. \"What Shell isn't telling us is what other toxic contaminants might have been released.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month Shell revealed that the flaring restarted a day after the power outage. Altogether, close to 5,000 pounds of sulfur dioxide was released into the air on those two days, the company said in a letter to the Contra Costa County Health Services Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell spokesman Ray Fisher said the incident was \"minor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another company representative, Ann Notarangelo, stressed that while close to 39,000 pounds of light hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide were released to one of its flares, that's not necessarily the same amount of gas that was released into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't release specifics beyond what's in the public record of our reports to the county and the EPA, but what comes out of the flare is primarily a combination of carbon dioxide and water,\" Notarangelo said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That answer does not sit well with Kretzmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Shell's refusal to come clean on its dangerous air emissions ought to be a wake-up call for local officials,\" Kretzmann said. \" 'We don't release specifics' is a completely unacceptable position, given the dangers of these air pollutants, and demonstrates Shell's contempt for public health and safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other gases that could have been released include water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides and other hydrocarbons, according to Randy Sawyer, Contra Costa County's chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air regulators, who are investigating Shell's malfunction, haven't revealed the chemical makeup of the release either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District, which launched an investigation on the day of the outage, has not released any information about its probe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell and other oil companies that operate refineries in the Bay Area consistently emphasize that flaring is a safe way to relieve pressure, burn gases and operate safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts note that the technique averts major disasters but unfortunately releases toxic chemicals into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell's December breakdown, instead, highlights concerns about the refinery's old equipment and need for better training, according to Alexandra von Meier, an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I feel for the guy who wiggled the relay, and bam, the lights go out,\" said von Meier, who reviewed Shell's investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's electrical staff \"had an incorrect mental map\" and \"misinterpreted the connections between different parts of the system,\" von Meier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell bought the substation at the center of the outage from PG&E more than 30 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is an outdated and dangerous piece of equipment that should have been taken care of by the company but just wasn't,\" Kretzmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell plans to spend the next year implementing changes to avoid a repeat. That will include adding more electrical staff to troubleshoot circuit breaker problems and adding labels that show which devices could lead to outages, according to its 30-day report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa County officials plan to ensure the reforms are made when they audit the Martinez refinery in the next few years, Sawyer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Shell incident was one of several Bay Area refinery malfunctions blamed for a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/13/bay-area-refinery-malfunctions-lead-to-jump-in-gasoline-prices/\" target=\"_blank\">recent rise in California gas prices\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Huge Federal Climate Enterprise at Stake as Trump Team Moves In",
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"content": "\u003cp>This week, President Trump’s transition team put \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/25/511572169/epa-scientists-work-may-face-case-by-case-review-by-trump-team-official-says\">new restrictions\u003c/a> on government scientists’ freedom to communicate. The restrictions are being characterized as temporary, and some have already been lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But climate scientists, in particular, are on edge because the federal government generates a huge amount of data on climate. That information is used in everything from farming to weather forecasting and insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of a single agency: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. NOAA operates 17 environmental satellites, along with myriad instruments that collect data on land and in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you add \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science\">NASA\u003c/a>‘s satellites and instruments and scientists, as well as those at other agencies, you get the country’s biggest source of climate data — by far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those data are the main way we know what’s going on with the climate, says \u003ca href=\"https://dge.carnegiescience.edu/labs/asnerlab/\">Greg Asner\u003c/a>, who studies forests at Stanford University. “Nobody has databases like NOAA; nobody has instrumentation networks like NASA,” Asner says. “Without it, we will go blind. It’s like turning off the lights — we’re not going to know what’s happening at the Earth scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/511681532/511851773\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government’s role doesn’t stop with just collecting data. Federal scientists analyze the information and eventually release it to the public in reports such as the \u003ca href=\"http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>. There have been three so far, and a fourth is due out next year. The assessments are required by law. Scientists from several federal agencies, including NOAA, write them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean scientist \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/profiles/aug09/sweet.html\">William Sweet\u003c/a> at NOAA is currently working on the section about sea level rise. “Sea level rise is already happening and the impacts can be felt,” Sweet says. But those impacts, he notes, are not the same everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ocean is not a bathtub. It may rise in one place; it may drop in the other,” he says. Ocean currents and wind patterns distribute ocean water unevenly. And coastlines actually move up and down — sometimes it’s a long-term response to the retreat of glaciers during the latest ice age, and sometimes it’s from people draining groundwater. That “vertical land movement” influences how far inland water will encroach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”RXYwmM1OoblKGusqPnJZZXG0iXzR9pwx”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweet says research prepared for the new assessment shows that the East Coast and parts of the Gulf Coast, for example, will experience even higher sea levels than the world average. And that world average? It could be 8 feet higher than it is now by the end of the century — about a foot and a half higher than predicted in the latest assessment, in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the worst-case scenario. Sweet says it probably will be less — a lot depends on how much more carbon dioxide humans put into the atmosphere and how much of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets melt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the short term, he says, the assessment will provide news you can use. For example, there’s been an uptick in abnormally high tides — these cause “sunny day” flooding that occurs even when there’s no storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At what point do these damaging, disruptive tidal flood events become the new norm?” Sweet says. He adds that the latest climate assessment will help answer that question by pinpointing where and how often these extra-high tides will hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local municipalities can use this information to prepare by deploying pumps, cordoning off streets or even building sea walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just a small part of what’s in the assessments. They also cover everything from drought to extreme rain and snowfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happens if the Trump administration tries to censor this huge scientific enterprise? \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~peter/site/Home.html\">Peter de Menocal\u003c/a>, the dean of science at Columbia University, says there just isn’t any substitute for what federal climate scientists produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The United States, I think, has the best organized and some of the top talent in climate science and engineering in the world,” he says. “The concern is that brain trust, that amazing compendium of knowledge, is going to disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This week, President Trump’s transition team put \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/25/511572169/epa-scientists-work-may-face-case-by-case-review-by-trump-team-official-says\">new restrictions\u003c/a> on government scientists’ freedom to communicate. The restrictions are being characterized as temporary, and some have already been lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But climate scientists, in particular, are on edge because the federal government generates a huge amount of data on climate. That information is used in everything from farming to weather forecasting and insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of a single agency: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. NOAA operates 17 environmental satellites, along with myriad instruments that collect data on land and in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you add \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science\">NASA\u003c/a>‘s satellites and instruments and scientists, as well as those at other agencies, you get the country’s biggest source of climate data — by far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those data are the main way we know what’s going on with the climate, says \u003ca href=\"https://dge.carnegiescience.edu/labs/asnerlab/\">Greg Asner\u003c/a>, who studies forests at Stanford University. “Nobody has databases like NOAA; nobody has instrumentation networks like NASA,” Asner says. “Without it, we will go blind. It’s like turning off the lights — we’re not going to know what’s happening at the Earth scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/511681532/511851773\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government’s role doesn’t stop with just collecting data. Federal scientists analyze the information and eventually release it to the public in reports such as the \u003ca href=\"http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>. There have been three so far, and a fourth is due out next year. The assessments are required by law. Scientists from several federal agencies, including NOAA, write them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean scientist \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/profiles/aug09/sweet.html\">William Sweet\u003c/a> at NOAA is currently working on the section about sea level rise. “Sea level rise is already happening and the impacts can be felt,” Sweet says. But those impacts, he notes, are not the same everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ocean is not a bathtub. It may rise in one place; it may drop in the other,” he says. Ocean currents and wind patterns distribute ocean water unevenly. And coastlines actually move up and down — sometimes it’s a long-term response to the retreat of glaciers during the latest ice age, and sometimes it’s from people draining groundwater. That “vertical land movement” influences how far inland water will encroach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweet says research prepared for the new assessment shows that the East Coast and parts of the Gulf Coast, for example, will experience even higher sea levels than the world average. And that world average? It could be 8 feet higher than it is now by the end of the century — about a foot and a half higher than predicted in the latest assessment, in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the worst-case scenario. Sweet says it probably will be less — a lot depends on how much more carbon dioxide humans put into the atmosphere and how much of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets melt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the short term, he says, the assessment will provide news you can use. For example, there’s been an uptick in abnormally high tides — these cause “sunny day” flooding that occurs even when there’s no storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At what point do these damaging, disruptive tidal flood events become the new norm?” Sweet says. He adds that the latest climate assessment will help answer that question by pinpointing where and how often these extra-high tides will hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local municipalities can use this information to prepare by deploying pumps, cordoning off streets or even building sea walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just a small part of what’s in the assessments. They also cover everything from drought to extreme rain and snowfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happens if the Trump administration tries to censor this huge scientific enterprise? \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~peter/site/Home.html\">Peter de Menocal\u003c/a>, the dean of science at Columbia University, says there just isn’t any substitute for what federal climate scientists produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The United States, I think, has the best organized and some of the top talent in climate science and engineering in the world,” he says. “The concern is that brain trust, that amazing compendium of knowledge, is going to disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "PG&E Gets $3M Fine for San Bruno Blast, Must Advertise Its Conviction on TV",
"title": "PG&E Gets $3M Fine for San Bruno Blast, Must Advertise Its Conviction on TV",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Thursday, 1:40 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal judge on Thursday imposed the maximum sentence allowed by law against Pacific Gas and Electric Company for violating pipeline safety standards before and after the deadly San Bruno gas pipeline explosion in September 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the conclusion of a long-running criminal case, U.S. District Judge Thelton Henderson ordered the utility to pay a fine of $3 million, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/02/prosecutors-dramatically-slash-potential-fines-in-pge-case/\" target=\"_blank\">a tiny fraction\u003c/a> of the $562 million that federal prosecutors had originally sought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I find the crimes at issue to be very serious and to pose great risk to the public safety,\" Henderson said. \"Given the dismissal of allegations under the Alternative Fines Act, this is the maximum fine I’m allowed to impose by statute.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/304727184\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A jury last year \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/02/pge-guilty-criminal-charges-San-Bruno/\">found PG&E guilty\u003c/a> of five counts of violating pipeline safety rules and one count of obstructing a federal investigation of the disaster that killed eight people, injured dozens more and destroyed 38 homes on Sept. 9, 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Bruno Mayor Jim Ruane said $3 million was \"pocket change\" to the utility giant, but that he was happy with other conditions of PG&E's sentence. Those include five years of probation under the watch of a court-appointed monitor and thousands of advertisements the company will broadcast publicizing \"the nature of the offenses committed, the nature of the punishment imposed and the steps that will be taken to prevent the recurrence of similar offenses,\" according to the sentence Henderson read in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"An independent monitor -- we pushed for that for years, and we’re going to get that,\" Ruane said after the sentencing hearing. \"It should hurt. PG&E should hurt. For us in San Bruno, the past is brought to us every day. ... It’s more than money. It’s more than politics. People died and we want some recognition of that. And I think the judge did that today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ads will have to air on the same television networks and approximate times that the company purchased during its trial, as well as in the San Francisco Chronicle and Wall Street Journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson ordered PG&E to air approximately 12,500 of the commercials over a three-month period, up to a cost of $3 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What are they doing? Why are they advertising safety when all of this happened? You know it’s kind of a slap in the face to all of us,\" Ruane said. \"I think this will turn that feeling around to have 12,500 commercials to show, wait a minute, maybe we’re not as safe as we were projecting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sue Bullis, whose husband, son and mother-in-law died in the 2010 explosion, said PG&E advertisements touting the company's commitment to safety \"make me a little ill.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course I would have liked prison time for the high executives, but that’s not something that was before the court, and that’s sad,\" she said. \"I thought the judgment was strong, but, you know, it’s never enough because I can never get my family back.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"zktAr2c77h0l08p150DArqAmtZmJuTWp\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement on the sentence, PG&E continued to highlight safety improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want San Bruno and all of the communities we serve to know that we at PG&E have committed ourselves to a goal of transforming this company into the safest and most reliable energy provider in America and to re-earning their trust through our actions,\" the statement says. \"[W]e fully recognize that we will always have more work to do, regardless of the significant safety actions and investments we’ve made. We sincerely apologize to the families and friends of those who lost their lives or were injured in this tragic explosion and we want them to know our mission and our commitment to safety will never stop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E employees also will be required to perform 10,000 hours of community service, with at least 2,000 of those hours being performed by high-level personnel, according to Henderson's reading of the sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is strongly recommend that this service should be in the town of San Bruno to the extent possible,\" Henderson said. \"The community service shall be geared toward giving back to communities affected by PG&E’s negligence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruane said he has plenty of ideas for how PG&E can fulfill its community service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think we can find a lot of things to fill 10,000 hours, believe me, especially with some high executives,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier, the company protested the prosecutor’s request to restructure PG&E’s bonus compensation program to prioritize safety. Attorneys for the utility argued that PG&E emphasizes safety, and that public and employee safety measures are supposed to make up 50 percent of bonus criteria. They also argued that the proposal could encourage employees to under-report safety incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson declined on Thursday to order the bonus restructuring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, the California Public Utilities Commission fined PG&E $1.6 billion for its role in the fatal blast. That money mostly went into safety improvements and into the state's general fund. PG&E has already settled claims amounting to nearly $500 million with San Bruno victims and families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read Judge Thelton Henderson's order on an independent monitor for PG&E below:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[scribd id=337642884 key=key-rgXktf0BfmHblvkcSNAj mode=scroll]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A judge issued the highest fine and probation sentence allowed by law against PG&E. The company must also air 12,500 commercials over three months, advertising its safety violations.",
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"description": "A judge issued the highest fine and probation sentence allowed by law against PG&E. The company must also air 12,500 commercials over three months, advertising its safety violations.",
"title": "PG&E Gets $3M Fine for San Bruno Blast, Must Advertise Its Conviction on TV | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Thursday, 1:40 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal judge on Thursday imposed the maximum sentence allowed by law against Pacific Gas and Electric Company for violating pipeline safety standards before and after the deadly San Bruno gas pipeline explosion in September 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the conclusion of a long-running criminal case, U.S. District Judge Thelton Henderson ordered the utility to pay a fine of $3 million, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/02/prosecutors-dramatically-slash-potential-fines-in-pge-case/\" target=\"_blank\">a tiny fraction\u003c/a> of the $562 million that federal prosecutors had originally sought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I find the crimes at issue to be very serious and to pose great risk to the public safety,\" Henderson said. \"Given the dismissal of allegations under the Alternative Fines Act, this is the maximum fine I’m allowed to impose by statute.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/304727184&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/304727184'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A jury last year \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/02/pge-guilty-criminal-charges-San-Bruno/\">found PG&E guilty\u003c/a> of five counts of violating pipeline safety rules and one count of obstructing a federal investigation of the disaster that killed eight people, injured dozens more and destroyed 38 homes on Sept. 9, 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Bruno Mayor Jim Ruane said $3 million was \"pocket change\" to the utility giant, but that he was happy with other conditions of PG&E's sentence. Those include five years of probation under the watch of a court-appointed monitor and thousands of advertisements the company will broadcast publicizing \"the nature of the offenses committed, the nature of the punishment imposed and the steps that will be taken to prevent the recurrence of similar offenses,\" according to the sentence Henderson read in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"An independent monitor -- we pushed for that for years, and we’re going to get that,\" Ruane said after the sentencing hearing. \"It should hurt. PG&E should hurt. For us in San Bruno, the past is brought to us every day. ... It’s more than money. It’s more than politics. People died and we want some recognition of that. And I think the judge did that today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ads will have to air on the same television networks and approximate times that the company purchased during its trial, as well as in the San Francisco Chronicle and Wall Street Journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson ordered PG&E to air approximately 12,500 of the commercials over a three-month period, up to a cost of $3 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What are they doing? Why are they advertising safety when all of this happened? You know it’s kind of a slap in the face to all of us,\" Ruane said. \"I think this will turn that feeling around to have 12,500 commercials to show, wait a minute, maybe we’re not as safe as we were projecting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sue Bullis, whose husband, son and mother-in-law died in the 2010 explosion, said PG&E advertisements touting the company's commitment to safety \"make me a little ill.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course I would have liked prison time for the high executives, but that’s not something that was before the court, and that’s sad,\" she said. \"I thought the judgment was strong, but, you know, it’s never enough because I can never get my family back.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement on the sentence, PG&E continued to highlight safety improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want San Bruno and all of the communities we serve to know that we at PG&E have committed ourselves to a goal of transforming this company into the safest and most reliable energy provider in America and to re-earning their trust through our actions,\" the statement says. \"[W]e fully recognize that we will always have more work to do, regardless of the significant safety actions and investments we’ve made. We sincerely apologize to the families and friends of those who lost their lives or were injured in this tragic explosion and we want them to know our mission and our commitment to safety will never stop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E employees also will be required to perform 10,000 hours of community service, with at least 2,000 of those hours being performed by high-level personnel, according to Henderson's reading of the sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is strongly recommend that this service should be in the town of San Bruno to the extent possible,\" Henderson said. \"The community service shall be geared toward giving back to communities affected by PG&E’s negligence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruane said he has plenty of ideas for how PG&E can fulfill its community service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think we can find a lot of things to fill 10,000 hours, believe me, especially with some high executives,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier, the company protested the prosecutor’s request to restructure PG&E’s bonus compensation program to prioritize safety. Attorneys for the utility argued that PG&E emphasizes safety, and that public and employee safety measures are supposed to make up 50 percent of bonus criteria. They also argued that the proposal could encourage employees to under-report safety incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson declined on Thursday to order the bonus restructuring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, the California Public Utilities Commission fined PG&E $1.6 billion for its role in the fatal blast. That money mostly went into safety improvements and into the state's general fund. PG&E has already settled claims amounting to nearly $500 million with San Bruno victims and families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read Judge Thelton Henderson's order on an independent monitor for PG&E below:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\"\n src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/337642884/content?start_page=1&view_mode=&access_key=key-rgXktf0BfmHblvkcSNAj\"\n title=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/337642884\"\n data-auto-height=\"true\" scrolling=\"no\" id=\"scribd_337642884\"\n width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n \u003ca class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__scribdShortcode__scribd_footer\"\n href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/337642884\"\n target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">View this document on Scribd\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Jenny Wread is one of several KQED listeners who wanted to know more about air quality in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, she was commuting regularly between Marin and the East Bay and noticed a lot of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she contacted Bay Curious, and we met up for a stroll in Berkeley recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11285053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11285053\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-1020x1099.jpeg\" alt=\"Question-asker Jenny Wread with her children.\" width=\"300\" height=\"323\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-1020x1099.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-160x172.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-800x862.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-1920x2069.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-1180x1271.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-960x1034.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-240x259.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-375x404.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-520x560.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Question-asker Jenny Wread with her children. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Jenny Wread)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Look at the trees,” she said. “They don’t look green. It’s like looking through a dirty window. Everything’s gray!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wread’s hypothesis: “My guess is that there’s just a lot more cars on the road and the air quality has gotten worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How do we measure air quality?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We took Wread’s concern to the experts. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a> is the agency that monitors our air. Eric Stevenson oversees the agency’s monitoring network of 35 stations. He says there’s at least one station in each Bay Area county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measuring posts are in city centers and rural spots, to get a range of data. Stevenson says there are also monitoring stations near industrial pollution sources like refineries, power plants and ports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stations can look like mini trailers by the side of the road or probes on the tops of buildings. They’re made to be pretty unobtrusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re continually taking measurements of various pollutants. The Environmental Protection Agency requires monitoring of six so-called criteria pollutants: carbon monoxide, lead, ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11284899\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 457px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11284899 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/air-monitoring-station.jpg\" alt=\"Example of an air monitoring station. The Air District runs a network of 35 stations throughout the Bay Area.\" width=\"457\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/air-monitoring-station.jpg 457w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/air-monitoring-station-160x224.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/air-monitoring-station-240x336.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/air-monitoring-station-375x525.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 457px) 100vw, 457px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An air monitoring station. The Bay Area Air Quality Management District runs a network of 35 stations throughout the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(Bay Area Air Quality Management District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The two most harmful to human health are ozone and particulate matter called PM2.5 (which includes all particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or smaller).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ozone comes from cars, power plants and refineries, when emissions react with sunlight. It’s a bigger problem in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Particulate matter comes from emissions and from burning things. It could originate from industrial sources like a power plant or even a cozy fire in your fireplace. Particulate matter is more of a wintertime concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we talk about air quality, we’re talking about concentrations of these pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How dirty is it?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the air in the Bay Area is among the cleanest in the nation for a metropolitan area of its size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stevenson at BAAQMD says air pollution in the Bay Area has been decreasing over time, and is way down since the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vitalsigns.mtc.ca.gov/ozone-concentrations\">Average ozone levels\u003c/a> in the Bay Area have dropped by more than a third from their peak in the 1970s. \u003ca href=\"http://www.vitalsigns.mtc.ca.gov/particulate-concentrations\">Particulate matter concentration\u003c/a> has dropped almost 40 percent since the air district started measuring it in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stevenson said the biggest reason for the improvement is stricter regulations on emissions from cars and industrial sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California Air Resources Board has authority over cars and they set very strict limits,” he said. “Cars now are significantly cleaner than the ’70s and ’80s. That has really helped improve air quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act allows California to set stricter standards than the federal government on emissions from cars. Good to note: The state needs a waiver from the EPA to set the stricter threshold, and different administrations have differed on whether to allow it. Some are worried that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/10/trump-congress-could-halt-state-action-on-climate/\">it may be\u003c/a> halted under a Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What about Spare the Air alerts?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Wread was convinced the air was dirtier in the Bay Area because she was hearing more Spare the Air alerts. The air district issues alerts when it appears that pollution levels will exceed national standards for safety. The idea is to get people to drive less and not put more pollution into the air by, say, burning stuff. KQED and other stations broadcast these alerts as a public service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether people follow the advice is \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/27/do-people-drive-less-on-spare-the-air-days/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another story\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It used to be just in the summertime, a couple of days. Now you get them in the winter and all summer long,” Wread said. “It’s like year-round now!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this, Wread is correct. The air district called 27 Spare the Air days in the summer of 2016, which is \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org/stay-informed/ozone/ozone-box-scores\">three times as many as the previous \u003c/a>summer and significantly higher than any year since 1996, which had 25 alerts. (Wintertime alerts are \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org/stay-informed/particulate-matter/pm-box-scores\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tracked separately\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does that necessarily mean that air quality is worse? It turns out, no. And here’s why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air Quality Management District says the actual reason there are more Spare the Air alerts now is because in 2015 the Environmental Protection Agency tightened the standards for ozone levels from 75 parts per billion to 70 parts per billion. The air district had to call more alerts to meet the new standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while Wread’s logic was sound, the data she was using had shifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[bapopgrowth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Air inequality\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While air quality has improved overall in the Bay Area, not everyone is breathing the same air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Oakland and Bayview-Hunters Point in San Francisco are two hot spots that are more polluted because they’re near major sources of pollution like ports and freeways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Balmes of UC San Francisco and UC Berkeley says neighborhoods that are more polluted often have some things in common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tend to be in communities of color with lower socioeconomic status where there’s lots of stuff going on, typically more freeways, power plants, refineries and other kinds of transportation corridors,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Balmes says these communities are at greater risk for health problems like \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/tag/asthma/\">asthma\u003c/a> and heart conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this inequity, there is a silver lining. All over the Bay Area, air quality is getting better. Balmes says that partly we can thank stricter rules on heavy-duty diesel trucks that often operate near industrial sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still a disparity,” he says, “But everywhere has gotten better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What about L.A.?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Whether it’s a baseball game or good food or average ozone levels, Bay Area locals love to beat L.A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how does our air compare? Well, L.A. is, literally, the worst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, bragging rights might not really be earned here, because Stevenson says a lot of it has to do with factors beyond our control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The L.A. basin is kind of a bowl,” he says. “And it’s hot and so that forms ozone. We can’t blame it all on them. They would have these problems even if people didn’t live there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area, on the other hand, is pretty fortunate when it comes to how topography affects air quality. Strong winds called prevailing westerlies push dirty air east all the way to the Sierra. Many argue that pollution from the Bay Area (\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/31/is-pollution-from-asia-making-the-central-valleys-bad-air-even-worse/\">and maybe Asia\u003c/a>) contributes to poor air quality in the inland San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, for now Bay Area residents, you can breathe a sigh of relief and know it was a relatively clean one.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Jenny Wread is one of several KQED listeners who wanted to know more about air quality in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, she was commuting regularly between Marin and the East Bay and noticed a lot of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she contacted Bay Curious, and we met up for a stroll in Berkeley recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11285053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11285053\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-1020x1099.jpeg\" alt=\"Question-asker Jenny Wread with her children.\" width=\"300\" height=\"323\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-1020x1099.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-160x172.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-800x862.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-1920x2069.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-1180x1271.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-960x1034.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-240x259.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-375x404.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/Jenny_AirQualityQA-520x560.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Question-asker Jenny Wread with her children. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Jenny Wread)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Look at the trees,” she said. “They don’t look green. It’s like looking through a dirty window. Everything’s gray!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wread’s hypothesis: “My guess is that there’s just a lot more cars on the road and the air quality has gotten worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How do we measure air quality?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We took Wread’s concern to the experts. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/\">Bay Area Air Quality Management District\u003c/a> is the agency that monitors our air. Eric Stevenson oversees the agency’s monitoring network of 35 stations. He says there’s at least one station in each Bay Area county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measuring posts are in city centers and rural spots, to get a range of data. Stevenson says there are also monitoring stations near industrial pollution sources like refineries, power plants and ports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stations can look like mini trailers by the side of the road or probes on the tops of buildings. They’re made to be pretty unobtrusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re continually taking measurements of various pollutants. The Environmental Protection Agency requires monitoring of six so-called criteria pollutants: carbon monoxide, lead, ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11284899\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 457px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11284899 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/air-monitoring-station.jpg\" alt=\"Example of an air monitoring station. The Air District runs a network of 35 stations throughout the Bay Area.\" width=\"457\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/air-monitoring-station.jpg 457w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/air-monitoring-station-160x224.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/air-monitoring-station-240x336.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/air-monitoring-station-375x525.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 457px) 100vw, 457px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An air monitoring station. The Bay Area Air Quality Management District runs a network of 35 stations throughout the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(Bay Area Air Quality Management District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The two most harmful to human health are ozone and particulate matter called PM2.5 (which includes all particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or smaller).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ozone comes from cars, power plants and refineries, when emissions react with sunlight. It’s a bigger problem in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Particulate matter comes from emissions and from burning things. It could originate from industrial sources like a power plant or even a cozy fire in your fireplace. Particulate matter is more of a wintertime concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we talk about air quality, we’re talking about concentrations of these pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How dirty is it?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the air in the Bay Area is among the cleanest in the nation for a metropolitan area of its size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stevenson at BAAQMD says air pollution in the Bay Area has been decreasing over time, and is way down since the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vitalsigns.mtc.ca.gov/ozone-concentrations\">Average ozone levels\u003c/a> in the Bay Area have dropped by more than a third from their peak in the 1970s. \u003ca href=\"http://www.vitalsigns.mtc.ca.gov/particulate-concentrations\">Particulate matter concentration\u003c/a> has dropped almost 40 percent since the air district started measuring it in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stevenson said the biggest reason for the improvement is stricter regulations on emissions from cars and industrial sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California Air Resources Board has authority over cars and they set very strict limits,” he said. “Cars now are significantly cleaner than the ’70s and ’80s. That has really helped improve air quality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act allows California to set stricter standards than the federal government on emissions from cars. Good to note: The state needs a waiver from the EPA to set the stricter threshold, and different administrations have differed on whether to allow it. Some are worried that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/10/trump-congress-could-halt-state-action-on-climate/\">it may be\u003c/a> halted under a Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What about Spare the Air alerts?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Wread was convinced the air was dirtier in the Bay Area because she was hearing more Spare the Air alerts. The air district issues alerts when it appears that pollution levels will exceed national standards for safety. The idea is to get people to drive less and not put more pollution into the air by, say, burning stuff. KQED and other stations broadcast these alerts as a public service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether people follow the advice is \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/27/do-people-drive-less-on-spare-the-air-days/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another story\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It used to be just in the summertime, a couple of days. Now you get them in the winter and all summer long,” Wread said. “It’s like year-round now!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this, Wread is correct. The air district called 27 Spare the Air days in the summer of 2016, which is \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org/stay-informed/ozone/ozone-box-scores\">three times as many as the previous \u003c/a>summer and significantly higher than any year since 1996, which had 25 alerts. (Wintertime alerts are \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org/stay-informed/particulate-matter/pm-box-scores\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tracked separately\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does that necessarily mean that air quality is worse? It turns out, no. And here’s why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air Quality Management District says the actual reason there are more Spare the Air alerts now is because in 2015 the Environmental Protection Agency tightened the standards for ozone levels from 75 parts per billion to 70 parts per billion. The air district had to call more alerts to meet the new standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while Wread’s logic was sound, the data she was using had shifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[bapopgrowth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Air inequality\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While air quality has improved overall in the Bay Area, not everyone is breathing the same air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Oakland and Bayview-Hunters Point in San Francisco are two hot spots that are more polluted because they’re near major sources of pollution like ports and freeways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Balmes of UC San Francisco and UC Berkeley says neighborhoods that are more polluted often have some things in common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tend to be in communities of color with lower socioeconomic status where there’s lots of stuff going on, typically more freeways, power plants, refineries and other kinds of transportation corridors,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Balmes says these communities are at greater risk for health problems like \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/tag/asthma/\">asthma\u003c/a> and heart conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this inequity, there is a silver lining. All over the Bay Area, air quality is getting better. Balmes says that partly we can thank stricter rules on heavy-duty diesel trucks that often operate near industrial sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still a disparity,” he says, “But everywhere has gotten better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What about L.A.?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Whether it’s a baseball game or good food or average ozone levels, Bay Area locals love to beat L.A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how does our air compare? Well, L.A. is, literally, the worst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, bragging rights might not really be earned here, because Stevenson says a lot of it has to do with factors beyond our control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The L.A. basin is kind of a bowl,” he says. “And it’s hot and so that forms ozone. We can’t blame it all on them. They would have these problems even if people didn’t live there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area, on the other hand, is pretty fortunate when it comes to how topography affects air quality. Strong winds called prevailing westerlies push dirty air east all the way to the Sierra. Many argue that pollution from the Bay Area (\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/03/31/is-pollution-from-asia-making-the-central-valleys-bad-air-even-worse/\">and maybe Asia\u003c/a>) contributes to poor air quality in the inland San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, for now Bay Area residents, you can breathe a sigh of relief and know it was a relatively clean one.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Nearly half of California is officially out of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the real turning point in the drought occurred in early January, when a series of storms brought drenching rains and drifting snow to the state, the unrelenting march of moisture off the Pacific Ocean continues to make milestones in dousing the nearly six-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the U.S. Drought Monitor’s \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">weekly analysis\u003c/a>, no part of California remains in a state of “exceptional drought,” the most severe category, and barely more than 2 percent remains in “extreme drought” (bright-red on the map) as nearly two-thirds of the state was classified just a year ago. The portion of California classified in any level of drought is now just over 51 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/NmWEygCaUWA\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The animated map takes you from the first flickers of drought in 2011, through its peak, up to its waning stage today. Dark-red indicates the most severe level of drought. Yellow indicates areas considered “abnormally dry,” but not technically in drought, as defined by NOAA.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UPDATE: So moisture-packed was the parade of recent storms that a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2017-018\">new report\u003c/a> from NASA estimates that two of these “atmospheric rivers” by themselves might have made up more than a third of California’s five-year deficit of water content in the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been a real about-face,” says Dan Cayan, a climate researcher at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla. “To date we’ve achieved almost a normal winter’s worth of water in many places in the state.” That’s with two months remaining in California’s traditional wet season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly all measures of moisture are showing this. Compared to the average on April 1, when the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a> typically peaks, water content of the statewide snowpack is already at 106 percent, and nearly double the average for this date. In the southern Sierra, which had been lagging the rest of the state, it’s more than double.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise reservoirs are rapidly topping up (starkly seen in this \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/25/before-and-after-the-rains-impact-on-three-california-reservoirs/\">satellite imagery\u003c/a>). The state’s two largest reservoirs are both well above their historical averages and holding more than 80 percent of their total capacity (many reservoirs designed for flood control are \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/29/california-reservoirs-are-dumping-water-in-a-drought-but-science-could-change-that/\">not permitted to fill\u003c/a> completely during the winter).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/25/before-and-after-the-rains-impact-on-three-california-reservoirs/\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m a little reluctant to say the drought’s over, even though conditions have markedly improved,” cautions Cayan, noting that the state’s groundwater aquifers have a lot of catching up to do. Cayan says it may take years of “bountiful water” to refill those that can be refilled. Farms and cities have drawn heavily on groundwater during the drought, to make up for scant supplies of surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s most stubborn trouble spot remains concentrated around Santa Barbara, Ventura, and western Kern Counties, portions of which remain in extreme drought.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nearly half of California is officially out of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the real turning point in the drought occurred in early January, when a series of storms brought drenching rains and drifting snow to the state, the unrelenting march of moisture off the Pacific Ocean continues to make milestones in dousing the nearly six-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the U.S. Drought Monitor’s \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">weekly analysis\u003c/a>, no part of California remains in a state of “exceptional drought,” the most severe category, and barely more than 2 percent remains in “extreme drought” (bright-red on the map) as nearly two-thirds of the state was classified just a year ago. The portion of California classified in any level of drought is now just over 51 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/NmWEygCaUWA\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The animated map takes you from the first flickers of drought in 2011, through its peak, up to its waning stage today. Dark-red indicates the most severe level of drought. Yellow indicates areas considered “abnormally dry,” but not technically in drought, as defined by NOAA.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UPDATE: So moisture-packed was the parade of recent storms that a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2017-018\">new report\u003c/a> from NASA estimates that two of these “atmospheric rivers” by themselves might have made up more than a third of California’s five-year deficit of water content in the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been a real about-face,” says Dan Cayan, a climate researcher at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla. “To date we’ve achieved almost a normal winter’s worth of water in many places in the state.” That’s with two months remaining in California’s traditional wet season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly all measures of moisture are showing this. Compared to the average on April 1, when the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">Sierra snowpack\u003c/a> typically peaks, water content of the statewide snowpack is already at 106 percent, and nearly double the average for this date. In the southern Sierra, which had been lagging the rest of the state, it’s more than double.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise reservoirs are rapidly topping up (starkly seen in this \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/25/before-and-after-the-rains-impact-on-three-california-reservoirs/\">satellite imagery\u003c/a>). The state’s two largest reservoirs are both well above their historical averages and holding more than 80 percent of their total capacity (many reservoirs designed for flood control are \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/29/california-reservoirs-are-dumping-water-in-a-drought-but-science-could-change-that/\">not permitted to fill\u003c/a> completely during the winter).\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“I’m a little reluctant to say the drought’s over, even though conditions have markedly improved,” cautions Cayan, noting that the state’s groundwater aquifers have a lot of catching up to do. Cayan says it may take years of “bountiful water” to refill those that can be refilled. Farms and cities have drawn heavily on groundwater during the drought, to make up for scant supplies of surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s most stubborn trouble spot remains concentrated around Santa Barbara, Ventura, and western Kern Counties, portions of which remain in extreme drought.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Last weekend, a massive milieu of women in pink hats descended on Washington, D.C. for the Women’s March. The next big protest being planned for the nation’s capital could involve a sea of lab coats (and likely a few pink hats as well).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of researchers have proposed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientistsmarchonwashington.com/\">March for Science\u003c/a>. What started as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/politics/comments/5p5civ/all_references_to_climate_change_have_been/dcoi17w/\">discussion on Reddit\u003c/a> has quickly blossomed into a movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizers started a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/groups/1862739727343189/\">private Facebook group\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceMarchDC\">Twitter account\u003c/a> on Monday. By Wednesday afternoon, the former boasted more than 300,000 members and the latter had nearly 55,000 followers. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/marchforscience/\">public Facebook page\u003c/a> had more than 11,000 likes just five hours after going online. The explosion of support caught organizers off guard, but they’re meeting this weekend to discuss details about the date and full mission statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The march would be the latest in a string of actions taken by scientists following Donald Trump’s election and his inauguration as president. His administration has been widely viewed as hostile to science — from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-denier-nasa-transition-20938\">transition period\u003c/a> through \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/perry-dodges-climate-questions-defends-energy-21085\">hearings for his cabinet nominees\u003c/a> through silencing key \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/silenced-federal-agencies-are-violating-their-own-policies-21105\">federal science agencies\u003c/a> and freezing grants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not a partisan issue. People from all parts of the political spectrum should be alarmed by these efforts to deny scientific progress,” Caroline Weinberg, a medical researcher who is helping organize the march, said. “Scientific research moves us forward and we should not allow asinine policies to thwart it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/ScienceMarchDC/status/824262471229861889\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have been getting more vocal about the value of science and evidence-based policymaking in recent months. Earth scientists \u003ca href=\"http://motherboard.vice.com/read/scientists-top-concerns-in-trumps-america-stem\">took to the streets\u003c/a> in San Francisco last December during the annual American Geophysical Union meeting. Researchers and librarians are also \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/scientists-saving-climate-data-why-it-matters-20976\">racing to save climate data\u003c/a> from federal websites. And more recently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/scientists-trump-inauguration-21089\">scientists flooded Twitter\u003c/a> during Friday’s inauguration with updates about how science impacts everyday people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The March for Science represents a next step, with a groundswell of support behind it and the potential to dwarf the December San Francisco rally of a few hundred earth science researchers. While details are forthcoming, Weinberg underscored that scientists and science lovers of all disciplines and backgrounds will be welcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diversity in science, both in the researchers who participate and the topics we are focused on, is a critically neglected area,” she said. “We fully intend to emphasize diversity in both the planning of and mission statement for this march.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever becomes of the march, it won’t be the first time scientists have turned out to protest what they view as federal policies ungrounded in science. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/peoples-climate-march-frontpage-news-18064\">2014 People’s Climate March\u003c/a> turned out an estimated 310,000 people in New York, including a large number of climate scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://histsci.fas.harvard.edu/people/naomi-oreskes\">Naomi Oreskes\u003c/a>, a science historian at Harvard, said that looking further into the past reveals another telling example of scientists organizing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the scientists who mobilized against the arms race in the late 1950s and 1960s,” she said. “So that tells you how scientists feel now. This is an existential threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last weekend, a massive milieu of women in pink hats descended on Washington, D.C. for the Women’s March. The next big protest being planned for the nation’s capital could involve a sea of lab coats (and likely a few pink hats as well).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of researchers have proposed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientistsmarchonwashington.com/\">March for Science\u003c/a>. What started as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/politics/comments/5p5civ/all_references_to_climate_change_have_been/dcoi17w/\">discussion on Reddit\u003c/a> has quickly blossomed into a movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizers started a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/groups/1862739727343189/\">private Facebook group\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceMarchDC\">Twitter account\u003c/a> on Monday. By Wednesday afternoon, the former boasted more than 300,000 members and the latter had nearly 55,000 followers. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/marchforscience/\">public Facebook page\u003c/a> had more than 11,000 likes just five hours after going online. The explosion of support caught organizers off guard, but they’re meeting this weekend to discuss details about the date and full mission statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The march would be the latest in a string of actions taken by scientists following Donald Trump’s election and his inauguration as president. His administration has been widely viewed as hostile to science — from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-denier-nasa-transition-20938\">transition period\u003c/a> through \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/perry-dodges-climate-questions-defends-energy-21085\">hearings for his cabinet nominees\u003c/a> through silencing key \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/silenced-federal-agencies-are-violating-their-own-policies-21105\">federal science agencies\u003c/a> and freezing grants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not a partisan issue. People from all parts of the political spectrum should be alarmed by these efforts to deny scientific progress,” Caroline Weinberg, a medical researcher who is helping organize the march, said. “Scientific research moves us forward and we should not allow asinine policies to thwart it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Researchers have been getting more vocal about the value of science and evidence-based policymaking in recent months. Earth scientists \u003ca href=\"http://motherboard.vice.com/read/scientists-top-concerns-in-trumps-america-stem\">took to the streets\u003c/a> in San Francisco last December during the annual American Geophysical Union meeting. Researchers and librarians are also \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/scientists-saving-climate-data-why-it-matters-20976\">racing to save climate data\u003c/a> from federal websites. And more recently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/scientists-trump-inauguration-21089\">scientists flooded Twitter\u003c/a> during Friday’s inauguration with updates about how science impacts everyday people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The March for Science represents a next step, with a groundswell of support behind it and the potential to dwarf the December San Francisco rally of a few hundred earth science researchers. While details are forthcoming, Weinberg underscored that scientists and science lovers of all disciplines and backgrounds will be welcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Diversity in science, both in the researchers who participate and the topics we are focused on, is a critically neglected area,” she said. “We fully intend to emphasize diversity in both the planning of and mission statement for this march.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever becomes of the march, it won’t be the first time scientists have turned out to protest what they view as federal policies ungrounded in science. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/peoples-climate-march-frontpage-news-18064\">2014 People’s Climate March\u003c/a> turned out an estimated 310,000 people in New York, including a large number of climate scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://histsci.fas.harvard.edu/people/naomi-oreskes\">Naomi Oreskes\u003c/a>, a science historian at Harvard, said that looking further into the past reveals another telling example of scientists organizing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the scientists who mobilized against the arms race in the late 1950s and 1960s,” she said. “So that tells you how scientists feel now. This is an existential threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "National Park Service Staff Step Up Twitter Campaign Against Trump",
"title": "National Park Service Staff Step Up Twitter Campaign Against Trump",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>WASHINGTON — The National Park Service employees' Twitter campaign against President Donald Trump spread to other parks on Wednesday, with tweets on climate change and a reminder that Japanese-Americans were forcibly interned in camps and parks during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A day after three climate-related \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/01/24/for-a-few-hours-badlands-national-parks-was-bad-to-the-bone-in-defiance-of-trump/?utm_term=.41a247689224\" target=\"_blank\">tweets sent out by Badlands National Park\u003c/a> were deleted, other park accounts have sent out tweets that appear to defy Trump. One, by \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/redw/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Redwood National Park\u003c/a> on the Northern California coast, notes that redwood groves are nature's No. 1 carbon sink, capturing greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"More redwoods would mean less #climatechange,\" the park said in a tweet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/RedwoodNPS/status/824311863362011136\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Golden Gate National Park said in a tweet that 2016 was the hottest year on record for the third year in a row. The tweet directed readers to a report by NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, also known as NOAA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/GoldenGateNPS/status/823624278230695936\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tweets went beyond climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Death Valley National Park\u003c/a> tweeted photos of Japanese-Americans interned there during World War II, a message that some saw as objecting to Trump's pledge to ban Muslims from entering the country and a proposal to restrict the flow of refugees to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A park service spokesman declined to comment Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/DeathValleyNPS/status/824293528264118272\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/DeathValleyNPS/status/824273025285705730\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Twitter accounts themselves went beyond the official National Park Service accounts. The \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/altnatparkser\" target=\"_blank\">@AltUSNatParkService account\u003c/a>, which calls itself an \"Unofficial 'Resistance' team of the U.S. National Park Service,\" has garnered over half a million followers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate-related tweets sent out by the official Badlands park account were deleted after they went viral on Twitter, sparking debate over whether the park was defying the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South Dakota park posted tweets Tuesday that accurately quoted climate science data, including the current record-setting high concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Trump has called climate change a hoax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/SilentDesi/status/824022112537104388\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tweets were shared thousands of times, and the Democratic National Committee circulated the message by email with the subject line \"Resist.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That message — resist — was featured on a massive banner unfurled atop a 270-foot construction crane blocks from the White House. A spokesman for the environmental group Greenpeace said protesters who climbed the crane to place the banner are encouraging resistance to Trump and his agenda, including \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/24/trump-gives-green-light-to-keystone-dakota-access-pipelines/\" target=\"_blank\">executive orders signed Tuesday to boost the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines\u003c/a>, both of which were blocked by President Barack Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11286339\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11286339\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-800x478.jpg\" alt=\"Greenpeace protesters hung a banner reading 'Resist' from atop a construction crane behind the White House on January 25, 2017.\" width=\"800\" height=\"478\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-800x478.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-160x96.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-1020x609.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-1180x705.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-960x574.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-240x143.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-375x224.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-520x311.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenpeace protesters hung a banner reading 'Resist' from atop a construction crane behind the White House on Jan. 25, 2017. \u003ccite>(SAUL LOEB/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tweets by the park service accounts came after the Interior Department briefly suspended park service accounts and others run by Interior in response to photos retweeted by the park service during Trump's inauguration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photos contrasted turnout at Friday's inauguration with previous ceremonies. Trump \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/22/ap-fact-check-trump-uses-bogus-claim-to-knock-media-on-crowd-reports/\" target=\"_blank\">has claimed without evidence\u003c/a> that turnout at his event was larger than reported by news media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior accounts were reactivated the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Goldstein, executive director of the Anne Frank Center for Mutual Respect, a human rights organization, said Trump's \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/25/trump-moves-to-build-border-wall-cut-sanctuary-city-funds/\" target=\"_blank\">order to build a wall on the Mexican border\u003c/a> and restrict refugees from entering the country \"marks one of the most hateful days in our nation's history.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump \"is retracting the promise of American freedom to an extent we have not seen from a president since Franklin Roosevelt forced Japanese-Americans into internment camps during World War II,\" Goldstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Statue of Liberty -- another National Park -- \"weeps over President Trump's discrimination,\" Goldstein said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>And the Twitter accounts themselves went beyond the official National Park Service accounts. The \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/altnatparkser\" target=\"_blank\">@AltUSNatParkService account\u003c/a>, which calls itself an \"Unofficial 'Resistance' team of the U.S. National Park Service,\" has garnered over half a million followers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate-related tweets sent out by the official Badlands park account were deleted after they went viral on Twitter, sparking debate over whether the park was defying the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South Dakota park posted tweets Tuesday that accurately quoted climate science data, including the current record-setting high concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Trump has called climate change a hoax.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The tweets were shared thousands of times, and the Democratic National Committee circulated the message by email with the subject line \"Resist.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That message — resist — was featured on a massive banner unfurled atop a 270-foot construction crane blocks from the White House. A spokesman for the environmental group Greenpeace said protesters who climbed the crane to place the banner are encouraging resistance to Trump and his agenda, including \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/24/trump-gives-green-light-to-keystone-dakota-access-pipelines/\" target=\"_blank\">executive orders signed Tuesday to boost the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines\u003c/a>, both of which were blocked by President Barack Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11286339\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11286339\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-800x478.jpg\" alt=\"Greenpeace protesters hung a banner reading 'Resist' from atop a construction crane behind the White House on January 25, 2017.\" width=\"800\" height=\"478\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-800x478.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-160x96.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-1020x609.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-1180x705.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-960x574.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-240x143.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-375x224.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ResistBanner-520x311.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenpeace protesters hung a banner reading 'Resist' from atop a construction crane behind the White House on Jan. 25, 2017. \u003ccite>(SAUL LOEB/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tweets by the park service accounts came after the Interior Department briefly suspended park service accounts and others run by Interior in response to photos retweeted by the park service during Trump's inauguration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photos contrasted turnout at Friday's inauguration with previous ceremonies. Trump \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/22/ap-fact-check-trump-uses-bogus-claim-to-knock-media-on-crowd-reports/\" target=\"_blank\">has claimed without evidence\u003c/a> that turnout at his event was larger than reported by news media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior accounts were reactivated the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Goldstein, executive director of the Anne Frank Center for Mutual Respect, a human rights organization, said Trump's \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/25/trump-moves-to-build-border-wall-cut-sanctuary-city-funds/\" target=\"_blank\">order to build a wall on the Mexican border\u003c/a> and restrict refugees from entering the country \"marks one of the most hateful days in our nation's history.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump \"is retracting the promise of American freedom to an extent we have not seen from a president since Franklin Roosevelt forced Japanese-Americans into internment camps during World War II,\" Goldstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Statue of Liberty -- another National Park -- \"weeps over President Trump's discrimination,\" Goldstein said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Before and After: The Rain's Impact on Three California Reservoirs",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>mazing the difference a little rain makes. Wait — a little? No — \u003cem>a lot\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virtually all of California is enjoying its wettest winter in five years. In fact, current statistical reports on rainfall and the water content of the Sierra Nevada snowpack show that so far, we’re in the midst of one of the wettest California rainy seasons on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the precipitation has transformed a state that suffered through five years of severe drought. One of the most visible effects: high levels of the state’s major reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are comparative views of three of those massive storage facilities: Folsom Lake, on the American River about 25 miles northeast of downtown Sacramento; Shasta Lake, the state’s largest reservoir, just north of Redding; and San Luis Reservoir (bottom), near the town of Los Banos in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve chosen satellite images from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a> that illustrate the reservoirs near their drought low points and as they’ve appeared this month. Additional notes on each of the reservoirs below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Instructions:\u003c/strong> Each image contains a slider bar (a gray vertical line with arrows on each side) in the center. Click on the center of the bar and drag it right or left to see views of each reservoir a) near its drought low point and b) after recent rains.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=1ba3ce38-e332-11e6-8b75-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Folsom Lake\u003c/strong> is the state’s 11th-largest reservoir with a capacity just under 1 million acre-feet. The reservoir was filled for the first time in 1955. In late 2015, the drought reduced Folsom to its lowest level ever. In wet years, reservoir managers are often required to release water to maintain space for potential floodwaters. In fact, the volume of water in Folsom has dropped 40 percent over the past two weeks even as heavy runoff continues to cascade down the American River. See \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/resDetailOrig.action?resid=SHA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current Folsom Lake storage information\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=dc4b5bfc-e2cd-11e6-8b75-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shasta Lake\u003c/strong>, California’s largest reservoir at 4.5 million acre-feet, captures the flows of three major Northern California rivers: the Sacramento, the McCloud and the Pit. The lake, behind Shasta Dam, was filled in the late 1940s. It reached its all-time low during the drought of 1976-77. Its lowest point during the recent drought was recorded late in 2014. See \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/resDetailOrig.action?resid=SHA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current Shasta Lake storage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=9be097e8-e2ce-11e6-8b75-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Luis Reservoir\u003c/strong>, with a capacity of about 2 million acre-feet, is a joint state-federal facility built in the 1960s to help manage supplies from two sources: the State Water Project’s California Aqueduct and the federal Central Valley Project. It’s a key storage point for farms in the San Joaquin Valley and for urban water districts in Southern California. It reached its drought nadir in late 2015. See \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/resDetailOrig.action?resid=SNL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current San Luis Reservoir storage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Instructions:\u003c/strong> Each image contains a slider bar (a gray vertical line with arrows on each side) in the center. Click on the center of the bar and drag it right or left to see views of each reservoir a) near its drought low point and b) after recent rains.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=1ba3ce38-e332-11e6-8b75-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Folsom Lake\u003c/strong> is the state’s 11th-largest reservoir with a capacity just under 1 million acre-feet. The reservoir was filled for the first time in 1955. In late 2015, the drought reduced Folsom to its lowest level ever. In wet years, reservoir managers are often required to release water to maintain space for potential floodwaters. In fact, the volume of water in Folsom has dropped 40 percent over the past two weeks even as heavy runoff continues to cascade down the American River. See \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/resDetailOrig.action?resid=SHA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current Folsom Lake storage information\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=dc4b5bfc-e2cd-11e6-8b75-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shasta Lake\u003c/strong>, California’s largest reservoir at 4.5 million acre-feet, captures the flows of three major Northern California rivers: the Sacramento, the McCloud and the Pit. The lake, behind Shasta Dam, was filled in the late 1940s. It reached its all-time low during the drought of 1976-77. Its lowest point during the recent drought was recorded late in 2014. See \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/resDetailOrig.action?resid=SHA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current Shasta Lake storage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=9be097e8-e2ce-11e6-8b75-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Luis Reservoir\u003c/strong>, with a capacity of about 2 million acre-feet, is a joint state-federal facility built in the 1960s to help manage supplies from two sources: the State Water Project’s California Aqueduct and the federal Central Valley Project. It’s a key storage point for farms in the San Joaquin Valley and for urban water districts in Southern California. It reached its drought nadir in late 2015. See \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/resDetailOrig.action?resid=SNL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current San Luis Reservoir storage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Eyes Climate Leadership Role, But Trump's EPA Holds a Key on Cars",
"headTitle": "California Eyes Climate Leadership Role, But Trump’s EPA Holds a Key on Cars | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown is vowing to lead the nation on climate change, as the Trump administration pulls back. But the Trump administration could get in California’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/24/511468478/california-gov-jerry-brown-highlights-opposition-to-trump-in-address\">State of the State\u003c/a> speech, California Gov. Jerry Brown had one key message about climate change: perseverance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">California has rules limiting carbon pollution from cars, but it can’t have those rules without permission from the federal EPA.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We cannot fall back and give in to the climate deniers,” Brown said. “The science is clear. The danger is real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just as President Trump took the oath of office on Friday, California acted, releasing its latest plan for tackling climate change. This includes renewable energy and putting millions of electric cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a challenge Brown first made in December, when climate scientists from around the world met up in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/13/505309445/trumps-election-leaves-scientists-in-a-climate-of-uncertainty\">San Francisco\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mood at the conference had been dismal. Scientists were worried about losing federal funding for research and even the NASA satellites that collect basic climate data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown declared that should Trump turn off the satellites, California would launch its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that wasn’t the only warning Brown had for the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/511480146/511554888\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has spearheaded his own international climate agreement with more than 160 cities and states. California, he said, is the 6th largest economy in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got the scientists,” he said. “We got the lawyers, and we’re ready to fight. We’re ready to defend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And playing defense may well be in California’s future. The state has rules limiting carbon pollution from cars, but it can’t have those rules without permission from the federal Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That came up at the nomination hearing last week for \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/18/510502789/nominee-to-lead-epa-testifies-hell-enforce-environmental-laws\">Scott Pruitt\u003c/a>, who could run the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Sen. Kamala Harris asked Pruitt if he could uphold the state’s special permission — its waiver — for tougher car rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Senator as you know, administrators in the past have not granted the waiver and in fact have granted the waiver,” Pruitt said. “That’s a review process …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he would not know his intention without going through the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not a new fight for California. In 2007, the Bush administration denied the state’s request to have tougher pollution rules for cars, saying it would create a patchwork of regulations. California took the federal government to court, but before the case was decided, Obama was elected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California got its waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Wara, a professor at Stanford Law School, said this isn’t just about California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first legal disputes are going to be about cars,” he said. “And I’d be surprised actually if we didn’t see those disputes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirteen other states have adopted the same clean car standards. But the bigger question, Wara said, is a political one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How a Pruitt EPA responds to some of these issues with California is really going to test Scott Pruitt’s and the administration’s commitment to conservative values,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt sued the EPA as the attorney general of Oklahoma. He argued his state had the right to set its own environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that logic would seem to imply that California should have the right to set its own agenda,” Wara said. “But we’ll see how that trades off against the desire to roll back regulations related to greenhouse gases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is something California will be watching closely, with lawyers at the ready. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown is vowing to lead the nation on climate change, as the Trump administration pulls back. But the Trump administration could get in California’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/24/511468478/california-gov-jerry-brown-highlights-opposition-to-trump-in-address\">State of the State\u003c/a> speech, California Gov. Jerry Brown had one key message about climate change: perseverance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">California has rules limiting carbon pollution from cars, but it can’t have those rules without permission from the federal EPA.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We cannot fall back and give in to the climate deniers,” Brown said. “The science is clear. The danger is real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just as President Trump took the oath of office on Friday, California acted, releasing its latest plan for tackling climate change. This includes renewable energy and putting millions of electric cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a challenge Brown first made in December, when climate scientists from around the world met up in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/13/505309445/trumps-election-leaves-scientists-in-a-climate-of-uncertainty\">San Francisco\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mood at the conference had been dismal. Scientists were worried about losing federal funding for research and even the NASA satellites that collect basic climate data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown declared that should Trump turn off the satellites, California would launch its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that wasn’t the only warning Brown had for the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/511480146/511554888\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has spearheaded his own international climate agreement with more than 160 cities and states. California, he said, is the 6th largest economy in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got the scientists,” he said. “We got the lawyers, and we’re ready to fight. We’re ready to defend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And playing defense may well be in California’s future. The state has rules limiting carbon pollution from cars, but it can’t have those rules without permission from the federal Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That came up at the nomination hearing last week for \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/18/510502789/nominee-to-lead-epa-testifies-hell-enforce-environmental-laws\">Scott Pruitt\u003c/a>, who could run the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Sen. Kamala Harris asked Pruitt if he could uphold the state’s special permission — its waiver — for tougher car rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Senator as you know, administrators in the past have not granted the waiver and in fact have granted the waiver,” Pruitt said. “That’s a review process …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he would not know his intention without going through the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not a new fight for California. In 2007, the Bush administration denied the state’s request to have tougher pollution rules for cars, saying it would create a patchwork of regulations. California took the federal government to court, but before the case was decided, Obama was elected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California got its waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Wara, a professor at Stanford Law School, said this isn’t just about California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first legal disputes are going to be about cars,” he said. “And I’d be surprised actually if we didn’t see those disputes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirteen other states have adopted the same clean car standards. But the bigger question, Wara said, is a political one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How a Pruitt EPA responds to some of these issues with California is really going to test Scott Pruitt’s and the administration’s commitment to conservative values,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt sued the EPA as the attorney general of Oklahoma. He argued his state had the right to set its own environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that logic would seem to imply that California should have the right to set its own agenda,” Wara said. “But we’ll see how that trades off against the desire to roll back regulations related to greenhouse gases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is something California will be watching closely, with lawyers at the ready. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
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"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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