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"title": "‘There’s No Ambiguity. It Will Be Gone.’ How California's Animals Will Feel the Warming Climate",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">A blue copper butterfly perches waist height on a buckwheat blossom blooming in the cloud dunes near Bodega Bay. In the thick fog its gossamer wings are folded, keeping its sky-blue hues to itself and the milk-white flower. Normally found at higher elevations in California’s Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountains, this colony of blue coppers exists in this chilly coastal prairie because of the low clouds that drip with moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 245px) 100vw, 245px\">\u003c/a>If the fog belt burns off permanently, this butterfly population will become extinct. “There’s no ambiguity. It will be gone,” said Arthur Shapiro, an evolution and ecology professor at University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat is threatening animals around the world. At a time when scientists are certain that human greenhouse gas emissions are warming ocean waters and raising temperatures, however, they are still sorting out how turning up the thermostat is affecting the specific ecosystems that plants and animals rely on – including the coastal fogs so critical to redwoods, these blue coppers and a host of other species. Researchers are also raising questions about the impacts of an additional 8 degrees Fahrenheit on California’s inland species, from the Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada. While there is little doubt that changes in climate are shifting the habitats of virtually every living being on Earth, an examination of Northern California, one of the most biologically diverse places on the planet because of its mix of habitats, illustrates the challenges of trying to predict the future for evolving species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly there will be losers. The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report found that around 1 million animal and plant species are now threatened with extinction, many within decades, more than ever before in human history.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>But there may also be winners, at least temporarily. As scientists wrestle with the impacts of global temperatures already 2.7 degrees hotter than pre-industrial levels, they are entering a phase of scientific inquiry without parallels, said Shapiro: “Climate change is leading to environments that have no analog in our modern world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947884\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947884\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Cassins_Auklet-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cassin’s auklet on the Farallon Island \u003ccite>(Duncan Wright, Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay Area, the effects of climate change on local species begin at sea. Like oceans around the world, the Pacific has warmed by as much as a half-degree Fahrenheit every decade since 1910. For Cassin’s auklets, the results have been devastating. These chunky fist-sized birds are common in the waters around the Farallon Islands. During the winter of 2014 more than 1,200 young Cassin’s auklets washed up dead – and tens of thousands are thought to have starved, said Shaye Wolf, a climate change scientist with the Center for Biological Diversity. An enormous slog of warm water had developed off the Pacific coast. Known as the Blob, this marine heat wave caused massive die-offs and a 30 percent drop in the population of humpback whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warming waters hit Cassin’s auklets, along with many other seabirds and marine mammals, through their food supply. The auklets feed on krill and copepods, small crustaceans found in most of the world’s oceans. Scientists believe the over-heated waters drastically reduced the numbers of the shrimp-like krill, depriving the birds of a dietary mainstay. Warm waters also drew southern copepods north. And while Cassin’s auklets will eat them, they are less nutritious than their fat northern counterparts, “a kind of junk food,” said Wolf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists detected \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/2019/09/12/review-of-the-pacific-warm-blob-sequel-not-yet-a-phenomena-like-the-original/\">another heat wave developing this summer\u003c/a> in the same area of the previous Blob, this one already 4 degrees Celsius above normal in places. With warmer waters leading to less food, Cassin’s auklets suffered an alarming breeding failure this summer. “Parents abandoned nests and chicks just starved,” Wolf said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">Warming waters are also taking a toll on salmon, threatening these cold-loving fish in several ways. Chinook, the largest of the salmon family, live in both ocean water and freshwater at different stages of their lifecycle. They are extremely resilient and have adapted to some of the warming, said Lisa Crozier, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration salmon researcher and lead author of a July \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em>. Still, Chinook, already listed as a federally endangered species, are stressed by warmer temperatures in the Sacramento and other rivers. That makes them susceptible to parasites and disease. If stream temperatures rise beyond 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit above the pre-industrial era all bets are off, Crozier said. Chinook salmon in the Central Valley may be the first of the many salmon species to blink out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In inland California, butterflies at various elevations have shown mixed responses to record-setting temperatures. During the state’s five-year drought, researchers found the number of butterfly species and individuals observed per year increased at lower elevations but decreased at higher elevations. A 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://climatechangeresponses.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40665-018-0039-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">study\u003c/a> documented those at sea level reversing long-term declines, while butterflies in the Sierra Nevada were severely harmed, said Shapiro, the UC Davis professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butterflies generally do not do well in warm, wet winters, he said. During the drought, species at low elevation sites benefitted from hot sunny days and cold nights with minimal humidity. But the drought reduced the high-elevation snowpack that helps overwintering butterflies survive until spring. It may also have caused them to emerge earlier in the season, which could have put them out of sync with the flowers and other resources they depend upon. When ecosystems warm to the extent that they are no longer capable of supporting these and other species, “it’s bye bye,” Shapiro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">How animals will respond is not always straightforward. When \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/employee_bios/jay-roberts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Jay Roberts, a Point Blue forest ecologist\u003c/a>, began a study of birds in the Sierra he assumed the five-year drought that killed 147 million trees would be analogous to the climate conditions predicted to occur in the future. He expected to find negative effects to the dusky flycatchers, golden-crowned kinglets and others among the 45 species he monitored. Instead, his \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eap.1848\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">research\u003c/a> documented an overall abundance of birds. Nearly half of the species responded positively to higher temperatures; only 20 percent declined. As climate change continues to increase temperatures, Roberts believes many species may benefit, especially if it is coupled with an increase in precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can’t conclude this trend will continue, Roberts said, but the birds’ response to a drastic shift in temperature over a very few years demonstrates that they are resilient. Like other species in the Sierra, birds have evolved to adjust to disturbances that include drought and fire. “These responses are in their DNA,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, if some of the effects of heat on animals are counterintuitive, the general results are not. Of the state’s 300 at-risk species, those already gone include two populations of the Bay Checkerspot butterfly. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateassessment.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment\u003c/a> predicts temperatures will climb another 5 to 8 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100. Glaciers will continue to melt. In the San Francisco area, where sea level is already 8 inches higher than a century ago, the 2018 assessment projects it will rise an additional 4.5 feet by 2100 – and possibly as much as 9 feet along the California coast. Northern California farmers will face water shortages of up to 16 percent in some regions. Winter storms will likely become more intense in a boom-bust cycle with very wet and very dry years. And in the Sierra Nevada, the snowpack will decline by two-thirds over the next century and temperatures will increase up to 9 degrees Fahrenheit, according to an assessment led by David Ackerly, a biology professor at University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists continue to document the sometimes surprising ways that animals respond to heat, blue coppers will continue to lay eggs and nibble on buckwheat as caterpillars before spreading their bright blue wings as butterflies. But for how long? These are uncharted times in a hot and entirely novel climate regime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/2019/09/20/theres-no-ambiguity-it-will-be-gone-how-animals-will-feel-the-warming-climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature\u003c/a>. It is republished here as part of \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED Science’s\u003c/a> partnership with Covering Climate Now, a global collaboration of more than 250 news outlets to strengthen coverage of the climate story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"author-name\">\u003cem>Based in the northern Sierra Nevada, \u003ca href=\"https://www.janebraxtonlittle.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jane Braxton Little\u003c/a> is an independent journalist covering science and natural resource issues for publications that include Scientific American, National Geographic, Audubon, Discover, High Country News and, with this story, Bay Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">A blue copper butterfly perches waist height on a buckwheat blossom blooming in the cloud dunes near Bodega Bay. In the thick fog its gossamer wings are folded, keeping its sky-blue hues to itself and the milk-white flower. Normally found at higher elevations in California’s Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountains, this colony of blue coppers exists in this chilly coastal prairie because of the low clouds that drip with moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1947420\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-1020x1019.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-800x799.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo-768x767.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Covering-Climate-Now-Logo.png 1116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 245px) 100vw, 245px\">\u003c/a>If the fog belt burns off permanently, this butterfly population will become extinct. “There’s no ambiguity. It will be gone,” said Arthur Shapiro, an evolution and ecology professor at University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat is threatening animals around the world. At a time when scientists are certain that human greenhouse gas emissions are warming ocean waters and raising temperatures, however, they are still sorting out how turning up the thermostat is affecting the specific ecosystems that plants and animals rely on – including the coastal fogs so critical to redwoods, these blue coppers and a host of other species. Researchers are also raising questions about the impacts of an additional 8 degrees Fahrenheit on California’s inland species, from the Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada. While there is little doubt that changes in climate are shifting the habitats of virtually every living being on Earth, an examination of Northern California, one of the most biologically diverse places on the planet because of its mix of habitats, illustrates the challenges of trying to predict the future for evolving species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly there will be losers. The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report found that around 1 million animal and plant species are now threatened with extinction, many within decades, more than ever before in human history.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>But there may also be winners, at least temporarily. As scientists wrestle with the impacts of global temperatures already 2.7 degrees hotter than pre-industrial levels, they are entering a phase of scientific inquiry without parallels, said Shapiro: “Climate change is leading to environments that have no analog in our modern world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947884\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947884\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Cassins_Auklet-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cassin’s auklet on the Farallon Island \u003ccite>(Duncan Wright, Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay Area, the effects of climate change on local species begin at sea. Like oceans around the world, the Pacific has warmed by as much as a half-degree Fahrenheit every decade since 1910. For Cassin’s auklets, the results have been devastating. These chunky fist-sized birds are common in the waters around the Farallon Islands. During the winter of 2014 more than 1,200 young Cassin’s auklets washed up dead – and tens of thousands are thought to have starved, said Shaye Wolf, a climate change scientist with the Center for Biological Diversity. An enormous slog of warm water had developed off the Pacific coast. Known as the Blob, this marine heat wave caused massive die-offs and a 30 percent drop in the population of humpback whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warming waters hit Cassin’s auklets, along with many other seabirds and marine mammals, through their food supply. The auklets feed on krill and copepods, small crustaceans found in most of the world’s oceans. Scientists believe the over-heated waters drastically reduced the numbers of the shrimp-like krill, depriving the birds of a dietary mainstay. Warm waters also drew southern copepods north. And while Cassin’s auklets will eat them, they are less nutritious than their fat northern counterparts, “a kind of junk food,” said Wolf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists detected \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/2019/09/12/review-of-the-pacific-warm-blob-sequel-not-yet-a-phenomena-like-the-original/\">another heat wave developing this summer\u003c/a> in the same area of the previous Blob, this one already 4 degrees Celsius above normal in places. With warmer waters leading to less food, Cassin’s auklets suffered an alarming breeding failure this summer. “Parents abandoned nests and chicks just starved,” Wolf said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">Warming waters are also taking a toll on salmon, threatening these cold-loving fish in several ways. Chinook, the largest of the salmon family, live in both ocean water and freshwater at different stages of their lifecycle. They are extremely resilient and have adapted to some of the warming, said Lisa Crozier, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration salmon researcher and lead author of a July \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em>. Still, Chinook, already listed as a federally endangered species, are stressed by warmer temperatures in the Sacramento and other rivers. That makes them susceptible to parasites and disease. If stream temperatures rise beyond 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit above the pre-industrial era all bets are off, Crozier said. Chinook salmon in the Central Valley may be the first of the many salmon species to blink out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In inland California, butterflies at various elevations have shown mixed responses to record-setting temperatures. During the state’s five-year drought, researchers found the number of butterfly species and individuals observed per year increased at lower elevations but decreased at higher elevations. A 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://climatechangeresponses.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40665-018-0039-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">study\u003c/a> documented those at sea level reversing long-term declines, while butterflies in the Sierra Nevada were severely harmed, said Shapiro, the UC Davis professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butterflies generally do not do well in warm, wet winters, he said. During the drought, species at low elevation sites benefitted from hot sunny days and cold nights with minimal humidity. But the drought reduced the high-elevation snowpack that helps overwintering butterflies survive until spring. It may also have caused them to emerge earlier in the season, which could have put them out of sync with the flowers and other resources they depend upon. When ecosystems warm to the extent that they are no longer capable of supporting these and other species, “it’s bye bye,” Shapiro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"has-drop-cap\">How animals will respond is not always straightforward. When \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/employee_bios/jay-roberts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Jay Roberts, a Point Blue forest ecologist\u003c/a>, began a study of birds in the Sierra he assumed the five-year drought that killed 147 million trees would be analogous to the climate conditions predicted to occur in the future. He expected to find negative effects to the dusky flycatchers, golden-crowned kinglets and others among the 45 species he monitored. Instead, his \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eap.1848\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">research\u003c/a> documented an overall abundance of birds. Nearly half of the species responded positively to higher temperatures; only 20 percent declined. As climate change continues to increase temperatures, Roberts believes many species may benefit, especially if it is coupled with an increase in precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can’t conclude this trend will continue, Roberts said, but the birds’ response to a drastic shift in temperature over a very few years demonstrates that they are resilient. Like other species in the Sierra, birds have evolved to adjust to disturbances that include drought and fire. “These responses are in their DNA,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, if some of the effects of heat on animals are counterintuitive, the general results are not. Of the state’s 300 at-risk species, those already gone include two populations of the Bay Checkerspot butterfly. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateassessment.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment\u003c/a> predicts temperatures will climb another 5 to 8 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100. Glaciers will continue to melt. In the San Francisco area, where sea level is already 8 inches higher than a century ago, the 2018 assessment projects it will rise an additional 4.5 feet by 2100 – and possibly as much as 9 feet along the California coast. Northern California farmers will face water shortages of up to 16 percent in some regions. Winter storms will likely become more intense in a boom-bust cycle with very wet and very dry years. And in the Sierra Nevada, the snowpack will decline by two-thirds over the next century and temperatures will increase up to 9 degrees Fahrenheit, according to an assessment led by David Ackerly, a biology professor at University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists continue to document the sometimes surprising ways that animals respond to heat, blue coppers will continue to lay eggs and nibble on buckwheat as caterpillars before spreading their bright blue wings as butterflies. But for how long? These are uncharted times in a hot and entirely novel climate regime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/2019/09/20/theres-no-ambiguity-it-will-be-gone-how-animals-will-feel-the-warming-climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature\u003c/a>. It is republished here as part of \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED Science’s\u003c/a> partnership with Covering Climate Now, a global collaboration of more than 250 news outlets to strengthen coverage of the climate story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"author-name\">\u003cem>Based in the northern Sierra Nevada, \u003ca href=\"https://www.janebraxtonlittle.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jane Braxton Little\u003c/a> is an independent journalist covering science and natural resource issues for publications that include Scientific American, National Geographic, Audubon, Discover, High Country News and, with this story, Bay Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Aims to Kill California's Clean-Air Powers. Lawyers Doubt He Can.",
"headTitle": "Trump Aims to Kill California’s Clean-Air Powers. Lawyers Doubt He Can. | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cstrong>Update, Sept. 19, 2019:\u003c/strong> The Trump administration today \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/trump-administration-announces-one-national-program-rule-federal-preemption-state-fuel\">formally announced\u003c/a> it will finalize uniform vehicle emission standards for the U.S. and take away California’s right to enact stricter rules as it has for more than half a century.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A statement from the federal Environmental Protection Agency announced the administration’s a final action called the “One National Program Rule.” It will enable the federal government to provide nationwide uniform fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards for automobiles and light duty trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative goes by the acronym SAFE, for “Safer, Affordable, Fuel-Efficient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials are poised to fight the administration’s effort in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA statement continues: “Pursuant to Congress’s mandate in the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, only the federal government may set fuel economy standards, and state and local governments may not establish their own separate fuel economy standards. This includes state laws that substantially affect fuel economy standards (such as tailpipe GHG emissions standards and ZEV mandates).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also is withdrawing the 2013 Clean Air Act waiver that authorized California to pursue its own tailpipe greenhouse gas emission standard (fuel economy standard) and ZEV mandate. As a result, the statement said, these two programs are also prohibited by the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration’s statement emphasized that “California must continue to enforce its programs to address smog and other forms of traditional air pollution caused by motor vehicles. The state must redouble its efforts to address the worst air quality in the United States and finally achieve compliance with EPA’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards, where for decades it has failed to address serious, severe, and extreme non-compliance status in several areas within the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post:\u003c/strong> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1174342163141812224?s=20\">tweet\u003c/a> Wednesday morning, President Donald Trump announced the revocation of California’s legal authority to set tailpipe pollution standards, upending 50 years of precedent under the federal Clean Air Act of 1970.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1174342163141812224?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The latest attempt by the administration to dismantle longstanding environmental regulations follows California’s voluntary framework agreement in July with Ford, Honda, Volkswagen and BMW on clean-car standards. That effort was supposed to circumvent the Trump administration’s efforts to loosen emission rules for new small cars and trucks set under President Barack Obama. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The stronger pollution requirements were central to the Obama administration’s plans to address the climate crisis. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In response, the Trump administration’s opened an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/06/climate/automakers-california-emissions-antitrust.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">antitrust investigation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the deal.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">During a press conference Wednesday, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gov. Gavin Newsom slammed the plan to revoke California’s authority and accused the Trump administration of bullying the state and the car companies. He expressed confidence th\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">at California would prevail in a\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> legal challenge.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He added that the market, as well as the future of the auto industry, are on California’s side. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The innovation genie is out of the bottle,” Newsom said. “Every single one of these companies know where the consumer is going and the world is going. That is the elimination of the internal combustion engine. California gets that because we are in the future business.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cstrong>California’s Waiver\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California has a long history of writing its own car emission rules. Starting in the early 1960s, the state required that car makers prevent exhaust from going straight into the air from a vehicle’s engine. California passed the nation’s first tailpipe emissions standards for carbon monoxide in 1966. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When the federal government passed the Clean Air Act in 1970, it recognized California’s existing rules and the state’s extraordinary air pollution problem by providing for a waiver through which the state could set emission standards more stringent than those in the rest of the U.S.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The state Air Resources Board reports that California is home to 7 of 10 cities with the worst air pollution in the country, and that 10 million people breathe punishing smog in the San Joaquin Valley and Los Angeles air basins. Scientists expect climate change to exacerbate these problems. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In order to receive the waiver, California’s emission standards have to meet certain technical requirements and provide enough lead time for car manufacturers to adapt. California must also demonstrate the need for a waiver that meets “compelling and extraordinary conditions.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Legal scholars describe as unprecedented any formal revocation of California’s ability to set its own tailpipe emissions standards. They also question whether the federal Environmental Protection Agency has legal authority to do so.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2008, President George W. Bush threatened to deny a waiver. California sued, and a federal appeals court had not ruled on the issue by the time Obama took office the following year and granted the waiver.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">‘\u003c/span>\u003cb>Trying to Muddy the Waters’\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler raised the issue of the waiver when he addressed the National Automobile Dealers Association \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/administrator-wheeler-addresses-national-automobile-dealers-association\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tuesday\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. He said his agency will work with the U.S. Department of Transportation to “bring clarity to the proper — and improper — scope and use of the Clean Air Act pre-emption waiver.”\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wheeler said the the current standards set in the previous administration “focused almost exclusively on energy efficiency and carbon dioxide reductions.” Bloomberg, which first \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-17/epa-to-unveil-plan-to-yank-california-s-car-emissions-authority\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> the coming announcement of the waiver’s revocation, said the administration’s plan “leaves intact California’s power to regulate smog-forming pollutants from autos and other sources.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wheeler seemed to say as much to the auto dealers.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Our actions will not impact California’s health-based standards and programs,” he said. “California will be able to keep in place and enforce programs to address smog and other forms of air pollution caused by motor vehicles. This will allow the state to redouble its efforts to address its air quality problems and finally achieve compliance with EPA’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California routinely fails to meet federal smog standards. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mary Nichols, chairwoman of the California Air Resources Board, pushed back against the notion of separating the issues of climate change from air quality and public health. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They are trying to muddy the waters,” Nichols said. “The standards that we are in the process of enforcing are necessary to protect the public health and welfare. Not just because we care about the future of the planet. We need these extra clean cars in order to meet the health standards set by the federal government that we violate now on a regular basis throughout Southern California and the San Joaquin Valley.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ann Carlson, a law professor at UCLA, says the Trump administration has struggled to implement its long-promised plan of rolling back Obama-era auto emission standards. The process the EPA has to complete in order to formally roll back those rules has resulted in a “a mess full of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/10/trumps-clean-car-rollback-is-riddled-with-math-errors-clouding-its-legal-future/574249/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">errors\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” she said. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The Trump administration is not yet in a position to roll back the Obama standards because their legal justifications are weak.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Carlson added that\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the timing of the EPA’s announcement on California’s waiver is “completely suspect.” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the heels of the states agreement with automakers, Carlson said, the lifting of the waiver looks motivated by spite.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s also terrible for the climate and clean air,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Trump administration \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/ld_cafe_my2021-26_deis_0.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">estimates\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that the rollbacks could increase total vehicle greenhouse gas emissions between 2% and 10%. That’s the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/explainers/california-auto-emissions-standards-fight-with-donald-trump-explained/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">equivalent\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of putting 9 million additional vehicles on the road.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Top California officials and environmental groups pledged legal action. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Attorney General Xavier Becerra promised to meet Trump in court.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“While the White House clings to the past, automakers and American families embrace cleaner cars,” Becerra said in a statement. “The evidence is irrefutable: Today’s clean car standards are achievable, science-based, and a boon for hardworking American families and public health.” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>Legal Outlook\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s unclear when President Trump’s order will go into effect — California air regulators have yet to see any paperwork. It’s also unclear whether California will retain regulatory authority while the case is litigated.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the law is clear that the\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> EPA can grant the waiver, it says nothing about whether the agency can revoke it, said Julia Stein, a supervising attorney with UCLA’s environmental law clinic.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There has never been a waiver revocation in the entire 50-year history of the Clean Air Act,” she said. “We’re really in unprecedented territory here.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stein said that normally when a federal regulatory action will have fiscal impacts, as is the case with Trump’s plan, the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs must review that action within 90 days. However, it’s possible that because a draft of the waiver went to the agency earlier this year, the review could take only 45 days.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Trump administration could pursue an expedited review if it designates the changes an emergency, but Stein called into question the rationale for such an action.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Once the regulatory affairs office finishes its review, California will have 60 days to sue.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Once litigation is filed, it is possible that California could seek a stay to keep waiver authority in place while the case is pending,” Stein said. “If a court were to grant a stay, California would continue to have the right to enforce its standards until the action is resolved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Chaos’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Michael Wara, a lawyer and research fellow at Stanford University, said the administration is pursuing an agenda of regulatory rollbacks that extends beyond what businesses want. In this case, Trump’s plan could set off deep uncertainty within the auto industry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is chaos,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wara added that the timing of the announcement was clearly made with the upcoming presidential election in mind. “They want the litigation to be concluded with a final Supreme Court decision by the time that the November 2020 elections occur,” Wara said. “They are looking at the clock.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reducing Emissions Through Technology … and Burning Less Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While California can set tougher rules for tailpipe emissions, a 1975 law that requires what’s called corporate average fuel economy standards says only the federal government can set gas mileage standards.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So automakers can reduce greenhouse gases through innovation and technology, or they can make cars that burn less gasoline, and California’s rules have had the effect of pushing manufacturers to build more fuel-efficient cars.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over decades, EPA granted waivers to California so it could reduce smog from vehicles by requiring tighter-fitting fuel caps, catalytic converters, check-engine lights and other measures.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the landmark \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/enrd/massachusetts-v-epa\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Massachusetts v. EPA\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> decision that the federal government could use the Clean Air Act to regulate greenhouse gases. Afterward, California passed rules to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cstrong>Update, Sept. 19, 2019:\u003c/strong> The Trump administration today \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/trump-administration-announces-one-national-program-rule-federal-preemption-state-fuel\">formally announced\u003c/a> it will finalize uniform vehicle emission standards for the U.S. and take away California’s right to enact stricter rules as it has for more than half a century.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A statement from the federal Environmental Protection Agency announced the administration’s a final action called the “One National Program Rule.” It will enable the federal government to provide nationwide uniform fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards for automobiles and light duty trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative goes by the acronym SAFE, for “Safer, Affordable, Fuel-Efficient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials are poised to fight the administration’s effort in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA statement continues: “Pursuant to Congress’s mandate in the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, only the federal government may set fuel economy standards, and state and local governments may not establish their own separate fuel economy standards. This includes state laws that substantially affect fuel economy standards (such as tailpipe GHG emissions standards and ZEV mandates).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also is withdrawing the 2013 Clean Air Act waiver that authorized California to pursue its own tailpipe greenhouse gas emission standard (fuel economy standard) and ZEV mandate. As a result, the statement said, these two programs are also prohibited by the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration’s statement emphasized that “California must continue to enforce its programs to address smog and other forms of traditional air pollution caused by motor vehicles. The state must redouble its efforts to address the worst air quality in the United States and finally achieve compliance with EPA’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards, where for decades it has failed to address serious, severe, and extreme non-compliance status in several areas within the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post:\u003c/strong> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1174342163141812224?s=20\">tweet\u003c/a> Wednesday morning, President Donald Trump announced the revocation of California’s legal authority to set tailpipe pollution standards, upending 50 years of precedent under the federal Clean Air Act of 1970.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The latest attempt by the administration to dismantle longstanding environmental regulations follows California’s voluntary framework agreement in July with Ford, Honda, Volkswagen and BMW on clean-car standards. That effort was supposed to circumvent the Trump administration’s efforts to loosen emission rules for new small cars and trucks set under President Barack Obama. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The stronger pollution requirements were central to the Obama administration’s plans to address the climate crisis. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In response, the Trump administration’s opened an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/06/climate/automakers-california-emissions-antitrust.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">antitrust investigation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the deal.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">During a press conference Wednesday, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gov. Gavin Newsom slammed the plan to revoke California’s authority and accused the Trump administration of bullying the state and the car companies. He expressed confidence th\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">at California would prevail in a\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> legal challenge.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He added that the market, as well as the future of the auto industry, are on California’s side. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The innovation genie is out of the bottle,” Newsom said. “Every single one of these companies know where the consumer is going and the world is going. That is the elimination of the internal combustion engine. California gets that because we are in the future business.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cstrong>California’s Waiver\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California has a long history of writing its own car emission rules. Starting in the early 1960s, the state required that car makers prevent exhaust from going straight into the air from a vehicle’s engine. California passed the nation’s first tailpipe emissions standards for carbon monoxide in 1966. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When the federal government passed the Clean Air Act in 1970, it recognized California’s existing rules and the state’s extraordinary air pollution problem by providing for a waiver through which the state could set emission standards more stringent than those in the rest of the U.S.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The state Air Resources Board reports that California is home to 7 of 10 cities with the worst air pollution in the country, and that 10 million people breathe punishing smog in the San Joaquin Valley and Los Angeles air basins. Scientists expect climate change to exacerbate these problems. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In order to receive the waiver, California’s emission standards have to meet certain technical requirements and provide enough lead time for car manufacturers to adapt. California must also demonstrate the need for a waiver that meets “compelling and extraordinary conditions.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Legal scholars describe as unprecedented any formal revocation of California’s ability to set its own tailpipe emissions standards. They also question whether the federal Environmental Protection Agency has legal authority to do so.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2008, President George W. Bush threatened to deny a waiver. California sued, and a federal appeals court had not ruled on the issue by the time Obama took office the following year and granted the waiver.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">‘\u003c/span>\u003cb>Trying to Muddy the Waters’\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler raised the issue of the waiver when he addressed the National Automobile Dealers Association \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/administrator-wheeler-addresses-national-automobile-dealers-association\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tuesday\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. He said his agency will work with the U.S. Department of Transportation to “bring clarity to the proper — and improper — scope and use of the Clean Air Act pre-emption waiver.”\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wheeler said the the current standards set in the previous administration “focused almost exclusively on energy efficiency and carbon dioxide reductions.” Bloomberg, which first \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-17/epa-to-unveil-plan-to-yank-california-s-car-emissions-authority\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> the coming announcement of the waiver’s revocation, said the administration’s plan “leaves intact California’s power to regulate smog-forming pollutants from autos and other sources.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wheeler seemed to say as much to the auto dealers.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Our actions will not impact California’s health-based standards and programs,” he said. “California will be able to keep in place and enforce programs to address smog and other forms of air pollution caused by motor vehicles. This will allow the state to redouble its efforts to address its air quality problems and finally achieve compliance with EPA’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California routinely fails to meet federal smog standards. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mary Nichols, chairwoman of the California Air Resources Board, pushed back against the notion of separating the issues of climate change from air quality and public health. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They are trying to muddy the waters,” Nichols said. “The standards that we are in the process of enforcing are necessary to protect the public health and welfare. Not just because we care about the future of the planet. We need these extra clean cars in order to meet the health standards set by the federal government that we violate now on a regular basis throughout Southern California and the San Joaquin Valley.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ann Carlson, a law professor at UCLA, says the Trump administration has struggled to implement its long-promised plan of rolling back Obama-era auto emission standards. The process the EPA has to complete in order to formally roll back those rules has resulted in a “a mess full of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/10/trumps-clean-car-rollback-is-riddled-with-math-errors-clouding-its-legal-future/574249/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">errors\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” she said. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The Trump administration is not yet in a position to roll back the Obama standards because their legal justifications are weak.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Carlson added that\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the timing of the EPA’s announcement on California’s waiver is “completely suspect.” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the heels of the states agreement with automakers, Carlson said, the lifting of the waiver looks motivated by spite.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s also terrible for the climate and clean air,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Trump administration \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/ld_cafe_my2021-26_deis_0.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">estimates\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that the rollbacks could increase total vehicle greenhouse gas emissions between 2% and 10%. That’s the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/explainers/california-auto-emissions-standards-fight-with-donald-trump-explained/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">equivalent\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of putting 9 million additional vehicles on the road.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Top California officials and environmental groups pledged legal action. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Attorney General Xavier Becerra promised to meet Trump in court.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“While the White House clings to the past, automakers and American families embrace cleaner cars,” Becerra said in a statement. “The evidence is irrefutable: Today’s clean car standards are achievable, science-based, and a boon for hardworking American families and public health.” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>Legal Outlook\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s unclear when President Trump’s order will go into effect — California air regulators have yet to see any paperwork. It’s also unclear whether California will retain regulatory authority while the case is litigated.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the law is clear that the\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> EPA can grant the waiver, it says nothing about whether the agency can revoke it, said Julia Stein, a supervising attorney with UCLA’s environmental law clinic.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There has never been a waiver revocation in the entire 50-year history of the Clean Air Act,” she said. “We’re really in unprecedented territory here.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stein said that normally when a federal regulatory action will have fiscal impacts, as is the case with Trump’s plan, the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs must review that action within 90 days. However, it’s possible that because a draft of the waiver went to the agency earlier this year, the review could take only 45 days.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Trump administration could pursue an expedited review if it designates the changes an emergency, but Stein called into question the rationale for such an action.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Once the regulatory affairs office finishes its review, California will have 60 days to sue.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Once litigation is filed, it is possible that California could seek a stay to keep waiver authority in place while the case is pending,” Stein said. “If a court were to grant a stay, California would continue to have the right to enforce its standards until the action is resolved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Chaos’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Michael Wara, a lawyer and research fellow at Stanford University, said the administration is pursuing an agenda of regulatory rollbacks that extends beyond what businesses want. In this case, Trump’s plan could set off deep uncertainty within the auto industry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is chaos,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wara added that the timing of the announcement was clearly made with the upcoming presidential election in mind. “They want the litigation to be concluded with a final Supreme Court decision by the time that the November 2020 elections occur,” Wara said. “They are looking at the clock.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reducing Emissions Through Technology … and Burning Less Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While California can set tougher rules for tailpipe emissions, a 1975 law that requires what’s called corporate average fuel economy standards says only the federal government can set gas mileage standards.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So automakers can reduce greenhouse gases through innovation and technology, or they can make cars that burn less gasoline, and California’s rules have had the effect of pushing manufacturers to build more fuel-efficient cars.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over decades, EPA granted waivers to California so it could reduce smog from vehicles by requiring tighter-fitting fuel caps, catalytic converters, check-engine lights and other measures.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the landmark \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/enrd/massachusetts-v-epa\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Massachusetts v. EPA\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> decision that the federal government could use the Clean Air Act to regulate greenhouse gases. Afterward, California passed rules to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Someday you could slice into a steak from a Petri dish, or savor sashimi from a test tube. By growing meat in labs, a slew of Bay Area startups promise a future of tasty dishes for carnivores without making billions of animals suffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ju.st/en-us\">Just Inc.\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://finlessfoods.com/\">Finless Foods\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.memphismeats.com/\">Memphis Meats\u003c/a> are making beef, pork, poultry and seafood by harvesting cells from muscle tissue instead of living animals. Others like \u003ca href=\"https://www.clarafoods.com/\">Clara Foods\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://geltor.com/\">Geltor\u003c/a> ferment yeast cells to make egg whites and collagen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, teams from many of these companies gathered to discuss this trend at the \u003ca href=\"https://goodfoodconference.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Good Food Conference \u003c/a>in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To make cultured meat, companies use techniques very similar to what doctors do to help burn victims heal. Physicians take skin grafts, replicate the cells outside the body and add the new cells back to the wound. The biggest difference with growing cultured meat is the result. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists begin with a biopsy of animal muscle tissue. Technicians collect stem cells from the tissue, multiply them dramatically and allow them to differentiate into fibers that eventually bulk up and form muscle tissue. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Voila! Sirloin without a slaughterhouse. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Well, not yet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For now, companies focus on ground products like chicken nuggets, sausages and hamburger. This first line of offerings will likely include fillers, flavors and additives to help lab grown meat look, taste and feel the way people expect it to. Before scientists can create pork chops and filet mignon, they must learn how to design and replicate blood vessels. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Yuck…to Yum!?!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers’ aversion to genetic engineering and artificial flavors in food could make it tricky to market lab-grown meat. Cultured meat companies are quick to point out that labs allow much more control over flavor and food safety than farms do. Also, their products could save farm animals from enormous suffering and help the planet by reducing the number of methane-producing cattle and other livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farms generate a hefty carbon footprint. Raising animals in California \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/tables/ghg_inventory_sector_sum_2000-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emits 8 percent\u003c/a> of the state’s total greenhouse gases. That’s more than all the state’s oil refineries combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In theory, lab-grown meat is a sensible solution because it removes the need for vast acres of land to grow cattle, chickens and pigs. Not to mention chemical fertilizers that pollute air and water. That said,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the environmental reality is much less certain. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00005/full\"> new study\u003c/a> suggests lab-grown meat could accelerate climate change more than regular beef does. The claims, pro and con, are based on theoretical models. We won’t know what cultured meat on a commercial scale requires until labs are able to feed large populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Can I Order a Lab-Grown Burger?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area CEOs promise their products will be ready for public consumption in a year or two. Industry buzz suggests that’ll happen in Asia first. In countries like Singapore and Japan – where land is limited and meat imports are very expensive – excitement is brewing. Asian cultures tend to embrace, instead of scoff, novel foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the industry faces significant scientific, regulatory, manufacturing, economic and cultural hurdles before it catches on in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no proof that producing meat in labs could endanger human health, but the federal Food and Drug Administration would need to regulate an entirely new industry. There’s also pushback from traditional farmers and ranchers who argue vehemently against labeling these products as meat. Marketers will have to coax consumers past the gross-out factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, companies need to create a commercially viable product. Mark Post, the co-founder of Mosa Meat, developed the first lab-grown burger in 2013. That patty cost $300,000. Prices have dropped a lot since then, but not to a level that can compete with U.S. beef on the hoof. For all these reasons, food industry skeptics suggest it will be at least a decade or even two before diners can order cultured meat on local menus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Someday you could slice into a steak from a Petri dish, or savor sashimi from a test tube. By growing meat in labs, a slew of Bay Area startups promise a future of tasty dishes for carnivores without making billions of animals suffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ju.st/en-us\">Just Inc.\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://finlessfoods.com/\">Finless Foods\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.memphismeats.com/\">Memphis Meats\u003c/a> are making beef, pork, poultry and seafood by harvesting cells from muscle tissue instead of living animals. Others like \u003ca href=\"https://www.clarafoods.com/\">Clara Foods\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://geltor.com/\">Geltor\u003c/a> ferment yeast cells to make egg whites and collagen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, teams from many of these companies gathered to discuss this trend at the \u003ca href=\"https://goodfoodconference.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Good Food Conference \u003c/a>in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To make cultured meat, companies use techniques very similar to what doctors do to help burn victims heal. Physicians take skin grafts, replicate the cells outside the body and add the new cells back to the wound. The biggest difference with growing cultured meat is the result. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists begin with a biopsy of animal muscle tissue. Technicians collect stem cells from the tissue, multiply them dramatically and allow them to differentiate into fibers that eventually bulk up and form muscle tissue. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Voila! Sirloin without a slaughterhouse. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Well, not yet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For now, companies focus on ground products like chicken nuggets, sausages and hamburger. This first line of offerings will likely include fillers, flavors and additives to help lab grown meat look, taste and feel the way people expect it to. Before scientists can create pork chops and filet mignon, they must learn how to design and replicate blood vessels. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Yuck…to Yum!?!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers’ aversion to genetic engineering and artificial flavors in food could make it tricky to market lab-grown meat. Cultured meat companies are quick to point out that labs allow much more control over flavor and food safety than farms do. Also, their products could save farm animals from enormous suffering and help the planet by reducing the number of methane-producing cattle and other livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farms generate a hefty carbon footprint. Raising animals in California \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/tables/ghg_inventory_sector_sum_2000-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emits 8 percent\u003c/a> of the state’s total greenhouse gases. That’s more than all the state’s oil refineries combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In theory, lab-grown meat is a sensible solution because it removes the need for vast acres of land to grow cattle, chickens and pigs. Not to mention chemical fertilizers that pollute air and water. That said,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the environmental reality is much less certain. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00005/full\"> new study\u003c/a> suggests lab-grown meat could accelerate climate change more than regular beef does. The claims, pro and con, are based on theoretical models. We won’t know what cultured meat on a commercial scale requires until labs are able to feed large populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Can I Order a Lab-Grown Burger?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area CEOs promise their products will be ready for public consumption in a year or two. Industry buzz suggests that’ll happen in Asia first. In countries like Singapore and Japan – where land is limited and meat imports are very expensive – excitement is brewing. Asian cultures tend to embrace, instead of scoff, novel foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the industry faces significant scientific, regulatory, manufacturing, economic and cultural hurdles before it catches on in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no proof that producing meat in labs could endanger human health, but the federal Food and Drug Administration would need to regulate an entirely new industry. There’s also pushback from traditional farmers and ranchers who argue vehemently against labeling these products as meat. Marketers will have to coax consumers past the gross-out factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, companies need to create a commercially viable product. Mark Post, the co-founder of Mosa Meat, developed the first lab-grown burger in 2013. That patty cost $300,000. Prices have dropped a lot since then, but not to a level that can compete with U.S. beef on the hoof. For all these reasons, food industry skeptics suggest it will be at least a decade or even two before diners can order cultured meat on local menus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Video: Biden, Warren, Other Candidates Discuss Climate Change at CNN Town Hall",
"headTitle": "Video: Biden, Warren, Other Candidates Discuss Climate Change at CNN Town Hall | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Top Democratic presidential contenders talked tough Wednesday on cutting climate-damaging emissions from oil, gas and coal, turning their focus to global warming in a marathon evening of town halls that gave the candidates a chance to distinguish themselves on a topic of growing importance to their party’s liberal base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVD2YSdbjkw&t=1s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lengthy climate conversations promised to hand Republicans ammunition for next year’s general election fight by emphasizing one common element in the Democrats’ climate change plans: their overwhelming — and overwhelmingly costly — scope. But the 10 Democrats who participated in the seven-hour series of climate change forums on CNN didn’t shy away from making sweeping promises to reshape the American economy in service of what their party’s grassroots supporters see as the paramount goal of averting global warming’s most devastating effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside link1='https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2019/09/05/climate-crisis-town-halls-best-moments-llr-orig.cnn,Highlights from more of the candidates']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a moral responsibility to act and act boldly. And to do that, yes, it is going to be expensive,” said Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders, who billed his $16 trillion climate change plan as a necessary response to scientists’ calls for dramatic cuts to carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Vice President Joe Biden took a more pragmatic view than Sanders, even as he defended his own climate proposal as “aggressive enough” to meet the challenge. Biden, who has held an early lead in the Democratic primary, has pledged to regulate the oilfield production method known as hydraulic fracturing — though not abolish it, as some rivals have — and said Wednesday that he doubted an outright ban could be feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go_ELOsVPWg&t=26s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After facing sharp questions about his plans to attend a Thursday fundraiser hosted by the co-founder of a natural gas company, Biden defended his decision as consistent with a pledge he signed to turn away any contributions from fossil fuel executives or lobbyists. The energy investor in question, his former aide Andrew Goldman, is described in a company press release as “a long-term investor in the liquefied natural gas sector.”\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Sen. Kamala Harris vowed that, as president, she would ban hydraulic fracturing, also called fracking, and take other steps to cut fossil fuel emissions, regardless of whether Republicans cooperated. Harris said she would eliminate the Senate filibuster, if necessary, to get liberal Democrats’ sweeping Green New Deal proposal passed with a simple majority vote — a significant move from a candidate who had previously stopped short of a pledge to change congressional procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In targeting oil and gas and coal production, “this is a fight against powerful interests,” Harris said. “It’s lead, follow or get out of the way … starting with Donald Trump.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanders declined to support a full end to the filibuster, asserting that he could get climate change legislation through Congress without needing to eliminate the Senate’s 60-vote requirement for many bills by using a procedural maneuver that the GOP most recently used in 2017 to pass massive tax legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7TjxOkbP3U\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All 10 candidates have proposed plans starting at $1 trillion for investment and research designed to wean the U.S. economy off oil, gas and coal by mid-century, with varying focuses on sharp emissions cuts and technological solutions, among other measures. Former Housing Secretary Julián Castro led off the town halls, defending his own decision to stop short of endorsing a national fracking ban by saying that natural gas — some of it from fracking — had served as a bridge while the economy moves to renewable energy sources like solar and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cited the extreme weather over the summer to illustrate the urgency of the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see that now with Hurricane Dorian,” said Castro, who joined Biden, New Jersey Sen. Cory Booker and Minnesota Sen. Amy Klobuchar in calling for regulating but not completely ending fracking. “The Arctic ice caps melting. The Amazon on fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump began tweeting almost as soon as the forums kicked off, calling Democrats’ proposals to address climate change unnecessary and costly.\u003cbr>\n“The Democrats’ destructive “environmental” proposals will raise your energy bill and prices at the pump,” Trump warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Candidates suggested, at turns throughout the night, an array of smaller-scale ideas to limit emissions — from banning plastic straws to adjusting dietary guidelines to washing clothes in cold water. Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren, for her part, brushed aside questions about those lifestyle changes by noting that the resulting public debate is “what the fossil fuel industry wants us” to engage in while they remain considerable contributors to carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The candidates also differed on the issue of nuclear power, which currently generates an estimated one-fifth of U.S. electricity. Warren said she would seek to gradually phase the nation away from nuclear power if she’s elected. Sanders would seek to eliminate it outright, while Biden’s and Booker’s plans leave room for nuclear to remain a power-generation option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People who think that we can get there without nuclear being part of the blend just aren’t looking at the facts,” Booker said.\u003cbr>\nPete Buttigieg spoke broadly about addressing climate change not just as an economic issue but also as a moral and national security imperative. The Afghanistan War veteran proposed that the military should be “leading the way” in solving the issue, by making sure bases are carbon neutral and by purchasing zero-emissions vehicles, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats spent the run-up to the town halls burnishing their environmental credentials, with five candidates releasing in-depth proposals to slash carbon emissions. Sanders went further, challenging his rivals for the party’s presidential nomination to join him in supporting a full ban on fracking, which is strongly opposed by most environmentalists who view it as an unmanageable risk to local water and air quality as well as the broader climate.\u003cbr>\n___\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press writer Alexandra Jaffe in Des Moines, Iowa, contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a moral responsibility to act and act boldly. And to do that, yes, it is going to be expensive,” said Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders, who billed his $16 trillion climate change plan as a necessary response to scientists’ calls for dramatic cuts to carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Vice President Joe Biden took a more pragmatic view than Sanders, even as he defended his own climate proposal as “aggressive enough” to meet the challenge. Biden, who has held an early lead in the Democratic primary, has pledged to regulate the oilfield production method known as hydraulic fracturing — though not abolish it, as some rivals have — and said Wednesday that he doubted an outright ban could be feasible.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/go_ELOsVPWg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/go_ELOsVPWg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>After facing sharp questions about his plans to attend a Thursday fundraiser hosted by the co-founder of a natural gas company, Biden defended his decision as consistent with a pledge he signed to turn away any contributions from fossil fuel executives or lobbyists. The energy investor in question, his former aide Andrew Goldman, is described in a company press release as “a long-term investor in the liquefied natural gas sector.”\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Sen. Kamala Harris vowed that, as president, she would ban hydraulic fracturing, also called fracking, and take other steps to cut fossil fuel emissions, regardless of whether Republicans cooperated. Harris said she would eliminate the Senate filibuster, if necessary, to get liberal Democrats’ sweeping Green New Deal proposal passed with a simple majority vote — a significant move from a candidate who had previously stopped short of a pledge to change congressional procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In targeting oil and gas and coal production, “this is a fight against powerful interests,” Harris said. “It’s lead, follow or get out of the way … starting with Donald Trump.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanders declined to support a full end to the filibuster, asserting that he could get climate change legislation through Congress without needing to eliminate the Senate’s 60-vote requirement for many bills by using a procedural maneuver that the GOP most recently used in 2017 to pass massive tax legislation.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/I7TjxOkbP3U'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/I7TjxOkbP3U'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>All 10 candidates have proposed plans starting at $1 trillion for investment and research designed to wean the U.S. economy off oil, gas and coal by mid-century, with varying focuses on sharp emissions cuts and technological solutions, among other measures. Former Housing Secretary Julián Castro led off the town halls, defending his own decision to stop short of endorsing a national fracking ban by saying that natural gas — some of it from fracking — had served as a bridge while the economy moves to renewable energy sources like solar and wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cited the extreme weather over the summer to illustrate the urgency of the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see that now with Hurricane Dorian,” said Castro, who joined Biden, New Jersey Sen. Cory Booker and Minnesota Sen. Amy Klobuchar in calling for regulating but not completely ending fracking. “The Arctic ice caps melting. The Amazon on fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump began tweeting almost as soon as the forums kicked off, calling Democrats’ proposals to address climate change unnecessary and costly.\u003cbr>\n“The Democrats’ destructive “environmental” proposals will raise your energy bill and prices at the pump,” Trump warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Candidates suggested, at turns throughout the night, an array of smaller-scale ideas to limit emissions — from banning plastic straws to adjusting dietary guidelines to washing clothes in cold water. Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren, for her part, brushed aside questions about those lifestyle changes by noting that the resulting public debate is “what the fossil fuel industry wants us” to engage in while they remain considerable contributors to carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The candidates also differed on the issue of nuclear power, which currently generates an estimated one-fifth of U.S. electricity. Warren said she would seek to gradually phase the nation away from nuclear power if she’s elected. Sanders would seek to eliminate it outright, while Biden’s and Booker’s plans leave room for nuclear to remain a power-generation option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People who think that we can get there without nuclear being part of the blend just aren’t looking at the facts,” Booker said.\u003cbr>\nPete Buttigieg spoke broadly about addressing climate change not just as an economic issue but also as a moral and national security imperative. The Afghanistan War veteran proposed that the military should be “leading the way” in solving the issue, by making sure bases are carbon neutral and by purchasing zero-emissions vehicles, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats spent the run-up to the town halls burnishing their environmental credentials, with five candidates releasing in-depth proposals to slash carbon emissions. Sanders went further, challenging his rivals for the party’s presidential nomination to join him in supporting a full ban on fracking, which is strongly opposed by most environmentalists who view it as an unmanageable risk to local water and air quality as well as the broader climate.\u003cbr>\n___\u003cbr>\nAssociated Press writer Alexandra Jaffe in Des Moines, Iowa, contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As Rising Heat Bakes U.S. Cities, The Poor Often Feel It Most",
"headTitle": "As Rising Heat Bakes U.S. Cities, The Poor Often Feel It Most | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When Shakira Franklin drives from West Baltimore to her job near the city’s Inner Harbor, she can feel the summer heat ease up like a fist loosening its grip.[aside postID=science_1944972,science_1934110]“I can actually feel me riding out of the heat. When I get to a certain place when I’m on my way, I’ll turn off my air and I’ll roll my windows down,” says Franklin. “It just seems like the sun is beaming down on this neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin isn’t imagining that. Her neighborhood, Franklin Square, is hotter than about two-thirds of the other neighborhoods in Baltimore — about 6 degrees hotter than the city’s coolest neighborhood. It’s also in one of the city’s poorest communities, with more than one-third of residents living in poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 671px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947040\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"671\" height=\"637\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_.png 671w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_-160x152.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: NASA, Census Bureau \u003ccite>(Sean McMinn/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>(Explore this information with NPR’s interactive tool \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/09/03/754044732/as-rising-heat-bakes-u-s-cities-the-poor-often-feel-it-most\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across Baltimore, the hottest areas tend to be the poorest and that pattern is not unusual. In dozens of major U.S. cities, low-income neighborhoods are more likely to be hotter than their wealthier counterparts, according to a joint investigation by NPR and the University of Maryland’s Howard Center for Investigative Journalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those exposed to that extra heat are often a city’s most vulnerable: the poorest and, our data show, disproportionately people of color. And living day after day in an environment that’s literally hotter isn’t just uncomfortable, it can have dire and sometimes deadly health consequences — a fact we found reflected in Baltimore’s soaring rates of emergency calls when the heat index spiked to dangerous levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a Howard Center analysis of U.S. census data and air temperature data obtained from Portland State University and the Science Museum of Virginia, the hottest neighborhoods in Baltimore can differ by as much as 10 degrees from the coolest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Baltimore is not an extreme case. NPR analyzed 97 of the most populous U.S. cities using the median household income from U.S. Census Bureau data and NASA’s thermal satellite images. In more than three-quarters of those cities, we found that where it’s hotter, it also tends to be poorer. And at least 69 had an even stronger relationship than Baltimore, the first city we mapped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that as the planet warms, the urban poor in dozens of large U.S. cities will actually experience more heat than the wealthy, simply by virtue of where they live. And not only will more people get sick from rising temperatures in the future, we found they likely already are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947039\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-800x663.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"663\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-800x663.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-160x133.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-768x637.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_.png 831w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: NASA, Census Bureau \u003ccite>(Sean McMinn/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Before I Knew It, I Was Gasping For Air’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2018 in Baltimore, when the heat index reached 103 degrees — the threshold deemed dangerous by the National Weather Service — EMS calls increased dramatically citywide for potentially fatal heat stroke. But calls increased for chronic conditions too: EMS calls for chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) increased by nearly 70%. Calls for respiratory distress increased by 20%. Calls for cardiac arrest rose by 80%. And those for high blood pressure more than doubled. Other conditions also spiked: psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and dehydration, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat affected residents citywide, but even when controlling for income by looking only at the patterns of Medicaid patients, there were differences across the city. From 2013 to 2018, Medicaid patients in Baltimore’s hottest areas visited the hospital at higher rates than Medicaid patients in the city’s coolest areas. The low-income patients in the city’s hot spots visited more often with several conditions, including asthma, COPD and heart disease, according to hospital inpatient and emergency room admissions data from Maryland’s Health Services Cost Review Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Franklin Square neighborhood of West Baltimore, Shakira Franklin knows the link between heat and health all too well. She says her asthma is triggered by heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday in July, Franklin says she was making the same drive she often makes from her home to the city’s harbor. A heat wave was gripping the city, with temperatures reaching 100 degrees and above. Franklin says she normally tries to stay inside on days like that, but she had to get to work. That’s when she had her first asthma attack in nearly five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before I knew it, I was gasping for air. It doesn’t even take me 10 minutes to get from home to my other job. Just like that,” says Franklin, who says an attack feels like drinking water through a pinched straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your windpipe is that straw and that water is the breaths you can take,” Franklin says. “You’re trying to bring your air through as much as you can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors in emergency departments near Baltimore’s hotter neighborhoods say they prepare each summer for an increase in heat-related conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times the heat played a factor in making a chronic condition acutely worse,” says Dr. Amit Chandra, chief of emergency medicine at the University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus. He says that’s especially true for cardiovascular conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worse your circulatory system is, the worse you are at getting cool,” Chandra says. A weak or damaged heart might struggle to pump extra blood to the skin so heat can radiate off the body. Even sweating, which also gets rid of heat by evaporation, can put stress on the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Respiratory conditions can become aggravated too, in part, because heat can actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/wrn/summer-article-clearing-the-air\">worsen air quality\u003c/a> and because conditions like asthma and COPD can be triggered by high heat and humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chandra says even looking at patients’ medical records wouldn’t necessarily tell the full story of how heat could be harming their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wouldn’t diagnose them at the end of the day with heat exhaustion or heat stroke necessarily unless their temperature went up,” Chandra says. “So there’s probably quite a few folks that are affected by the heat, and we’re not really tracking or measuring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of where they live, people in poverty \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/part2_ch2/en/\">are more vulnerable\u003c/a> to many chronic conditions, including some made worse by heat, like asthma and heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our patients are plagued by poverty, substance abuse and unfortunately some of the patients don’t have great access to health care,” says Dr. Reginald Brown, chair of emergency medicine at Bon Secours Hospital Baltimore in West Baltimore. “As far as the impact [of heat] to our patients, it’s just another thing that complicates their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The urban heat island\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/Y-bVwPRy_no\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities in general tend to be hotter than their natural surroundings, thanks to a phenomenon known as the \u003ca href=\"https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/urban-heat-islands\">urban heat island\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have less green cover, you will almost always have higher temperatures, and greater exposure to heat,” says Brian Stone, director of the urban climate lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees provide shade, but they also cool the environment down through the evaporation of water from their leaves — a process similar to how humans sweat to cool down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you pave over an area, particularly if it had green plants, you have interrupted that cycle,” Stone says. “Not only have you sealed the surface, you have put a lid on it, so evaporation cannot happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavement — particularly if it’s black — absorbs heat and holds it in. At night, a city of more than 1 million people can be as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/learn-about-heat-islands\">22 degrees warmer\u003c/a> than its surroundings. Even the buildings themselves, Stone says, can create a sort of canyon that traps heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given these elements, Stone says it makes sense that many low-income areas are hotter than richer areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lower-income parts of the city tend to have less green cover,” Stone says. “That’s something that we see across a lot of cities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not unusual, Stone says, for poorer areas to be located near “undesirable land uses” such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/traffic-atlanta-segregation.html\">nearby highways\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/04/15/pollution-is-substantially-worse-in-minority-neighborhoods-across-the-u-s/\">industrial areas\u003c/a>, which create even more heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern of who lives closer to those sources of heat is not just a matter of poor versus rich, it is also often a matter of black and brown versus white. Nationwide, many of the low-income communities NPR found to be hotter — often with fewer trees, more concrete and closer to highways and factories — are also communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t just a coincidence that communities of color end up in some of the most undesirable places,” says Miya Yoshitani, executive director of the Asian Pacific Environmental Network, which focuses on environmental justice issues affecting working-class Asian and Pacific Islander immigrant and refugee communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yoshitani explains that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/19/498536077/interactive-redlining-map-zooms-in-on-americas-history-of-discrimination\">policies like redlining\u003c/a> — a practice, beginning in the 1930s and banned by the Fair Housing Act in 1968, in which neighborhoods were marked high risk for mortgage lenders in large part based on their racial makeup — forced people of color into less desirable areas. In Baltimore, the city’s hottest neighborhoods, many of which are predominantly African American, still \u003ca href=\"https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=11/39.293/-76.677&city=baltimore-md&adview=full\">line up fairly consistently\u003c/a> with the neighborhoods marked “hazardous” on a 1937 map created by the Home Owners’ Loan Corp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People of color, African American communities, indigenous communities in the beginning and then immigrant communities as they came to the United States were not given a choice about where they could live, where they could raise their families, where they could work,” Yoshitani says. “Those choices were made for them and that legacy continues today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“They can’t escape it”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the majority of the cities NPR mapped, poverty was linked to heat, adding a second layer of risk to an already at-risk population. This is not only because poverty itself is a health hazard, but because poverty is also tied to other factors that can make it harder to get cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People with money, of course, can do that a lot better than people with less money,” says Dr. Georges Benjamin, executive director of the American Public Health Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says no one is immune to climate change, but wealthier people can more easily control their exposure to heat by using air conditioning — which on its own \u003ca href=\"https://climate.org/cooling-your-home-but-warming-the-planet-how-we-can-stop-air-conditioning-from-worsening-climate-change/\">contributes to climate change\u003c/a> — or even by moving to a cooler part of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the other hand, the folks with less money, they’re going to be in their one home. And they’re going to have to deal with the conditions in their one home,” Benjamin says. “If they’re going to be in an area where it’s real hot, they’re going to have to find other ways to adapt, but they can’t escape it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urban poor, already often in hotter environments and already at higher risk for health problems, will have a harder time escaping climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the most significant public health problem that we have. It’s going to be here for a long time. And it’s getting worse,” Benjamin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“This is ours”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/climate-change-and-heat-islands\">strategies to cool down\u003c/a> a city: investing in public transit, designing roofs that reflect sunlight, and planting more trees, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Baltimore, the city is \u003ca href=\"https://www.baltimoresustainability.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Appendix-5-1-All-Strategies-and-Actions.pdf\">working to combat urban heat\u003c/a>. The government has installed cool roofs, turned vacant lots into community green space and strategically planted and maintained trees in low-income neighborhoods, among other initiatives. But the city’s own arborist told the Howard Center that Baltimore is not on track to meet its goal of increasing the tree canopy to 40% by 2037.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing a lot with a little,” says Anne Draddy, the city’s sustainability coordinator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The neighborhood where Shakira Franklin lives has increased its tree canopy over time. But by 2015, it still was among the city’s lowest. Franklin says she’s not optimistic the city will be able to cool down her neighborhood anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city has a lot of responsibility. And I think that we would be close to the bottom of the list to be honest,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a grassy vacant lot near her apartment where Franklin often takes a break from her job as a landscaping crew supervisor at Bon Secours Community Works, a nearby community organization owned by Bon Secours Health System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one of the few places in the neighborhood with a lot of shade — mainly from a large tree Franklin calls the mother shade. She helped come up with the idea to build a free splash park in the lot for residents to cool down in the heat. Now Bon Secours is taking on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was me taking my stand,” Franklin says. “I didn’t sit around and wait for everybody to say, ‘Well, who’s going to redo the park?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Greenspan, an architectural fellow working on the project, says they’re about halfway to their current fundraising goal — with plans to buy the lot from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a hot Saturday this summer, Bon Secours and the neighborhood’s community association threw a party in the lot. Children ran through streams of water from a pop-up fountain, while adults discussed and voted on potential designs for the new park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our kids, they deserve it,” says Franklin, who has two children. “I just feel like it’s a long time coming to just have something to say that we built this here for us. This is ours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin says the park would become a refuge for people who can’t escape the heat — and it will indeed be a place to cool off in this neighborhood. But worldwide, heat waves are getting hotter and more frequent, and \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2841/2018-fourth-warmest-year-in-continued-warming-trend-according-to-nasa-noaa/\">the past five years\u003c/a> have been the hottest ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Methodology\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To determine the link between heat and income in U.S. cities, NPR used NASA satellite imagery and U.S. Census American Community Survey data. An \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nprapps/heat-income\">\u003cem>open-source computer program developed by NPR\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> downloaded median household income data for census tracts in the 100 most populated American cities, as well as geographic boundaries for census tracts. NPR combined these data with TIGER/Line shapefiles of the cities.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The software also downloaded thermal imagery for each city from NASA’s Landsat 8 satellite, looking for days since 2011 in June, July and August when there was less than 4% cloud cover. NPR reviewed each of the satellite images and removed images that contained clouds or other obscuring features over the city of interest. In cases when there were multiple clear images of a city, we used the thermal reading that showed a greater contrast between the warm and cool parts of the area of interest. In cases where there were no acceptable images, we manually searched for additional satellite images and found acceptable images from Landsat 8 for every city except for Hialeah and Miami, Fla., and Honolulu, which are frequently covered by clouds.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For each city, NPR aligned the satellite surface temperature data with the census tracts. For each census tract, the software trimmed the geography to only what is contained within the city of interest’s boundaries, then removed any lakes, rivers, ocean, etc. It calculated a median temperature reading for each census tract. When all of the tracts in a city were completed, it calculated a correlation coefficient (R) of the tracts to find the relationship between income and heat. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The satellite data measure temperature at a surface, such as the ground or a rooftop. We used this measurement rather than ambient temperature, which measures the air about 2 meters above the ground. Measuring air is a more accurate measure of how people experience heat, but satellite data are more widely available than air temperature data. Using that data allowed us to provide a more complete snapshot of temperature trends across many cities.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nprapps/heat-income\">\u003cem>View NPR’s full data and code on Github.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To determine the relationship between heat and poverty in Baltimore, the Howard Center for Investigative Journalism used block-by-block temperature data showing variations in Baltimore’s urban heat island captured by researchers at Portland State University and the Science Museum of Virginia on Aug. 29, 2018. For each “community statistical area” in Baltimore, the Howard Center computed a median temperature and joined it to a U.S. Census American Community Survey data set with the poverty rate for each area and then calculated the correlation coefficient (R).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+Rising+Heat+Bakes+U.S.+Cities%2C+The+Poor+Often+Feel+It+Most&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Hotter neighborhoods tend to be poorer in dozens of major U.S. cities. That extra heat can have serious health effects for those living there.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Shakira Franklin drives from West Baltimore to her job near the city’s Inner Harbor, she can feel the summer heat ease up like a fist loosening its grip.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“I can actually feel me riding out of the heat. When I get to a certain place when I’m on my way, I’ll turn off my air and I’ll roll my windows down,” says Franklin. “It just seems like the sun is beaming down on this neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin isn’t imagining that. Her neighborhood, Franklin Square, is hotter than about two-thirds of the other neighborhoods in Baltimore — about 6 degrees hotter than the city’s coolest neighborhood. It’s also in one of the city’s poorest communities, with more than one-third of residents living in poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 671px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1947040\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"671\" height=\"637\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_.png 671w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/baltimore.snip_-160x152.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: NASA, Census Bureau \u003ccite>(Sean McMinn/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>(Explore this information with NPR’s interactive tool \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/09/03/754044732/as-rising-heat-bakes-u-s-cities-the-poor-often-feel-it-most\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across Baltimore, the hottest areas tend to be the poorest and that pattern is not unusual. In dozens of major U.S. cities, low-income neighborhoods are more likely to be hotter than their wealthier counterparts, according to a joint investigation by NPR and the University of Maryland’s Howard Center for Investigative Journalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those exposed to that extra heat are often a city’s most vulnerable: the poorest and, our data show, disproportionately people of color. And living day after day in an environment that’s literally hotter isn’t just uncomfortable, it can have dire and sometimes deadly health consequences — a fact we found reflected in Baltimore’s soaring rates of emergency calls when the heat index spiked to dangerous levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a Howard Center analysis of U.S. census data and air temperature data obtained from Portland State University and the Science Museum of Virginia, the hottest neighborhoods in Baltimore can differ by as much as 10 degrees from the coolest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Baltimore is not an extreme case. NPR analyzed 97 of the most populous U.S. cities using the median household income from U.S. Census Bureau data and NASA’s thermal satellite images. In more than three-quarters of those cities, we found that where it’s hotter, it also tends to be poorer. And at least 69 had an even stronger relationship than Baltimore, the first city we mapped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that as the planet warms, the urban poor in dozens of large U.S. cities will actually experience more heat than the wealthy, simply by virtue of where they live. And not only will more people get sick from rising temperatures in the future, we found they likely already are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1947039\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1947039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-800x663.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"663\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-800x663.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-160x133.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_-768x637.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/09/Oakland.snip_.png 831w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: NASA, Census Bureau \u003ccite>(Sean McMinn/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Before I Knew It, I Was Gasping For Air’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2018 in Baltimore, when the heat index reached 103 degrees — the threshold deemed dangerous by the National Weather Service — EMS calls increased dramatically citywide for potentially fatal heat stroke. But calls increased for chronic conditions too: EMS calls for chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) increased by nearly 70%. Calls for respiratory distress increased by 20%. Calls for cardiac arrest rose by 80%. And those for high blood pressure more than doubled. Other conditions also spiked: psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and dehydration, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat affected residents citywide, but even when controlling for income by looking only at the patterns of Medicaid patients, there were differences across the city. From 2013 to 2018, Medicaid patients in Baltimore’s hottest areas visited the hospital at higher rates than Medicaid patients in the city’s coolest areas. The low-income patients in the city’s hot spots visited more often with several conditions, including asthma, COPD and heart disease, according to hospital inpatient and emergency room admissions data from Maryland’s Health Services Cost Review Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Franklin Square neighborhood of West Baltimore, Shakira Franklin knows the link between heat and health all too well. She says her asthma is triggered by heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday in July, Franklin says she was making the same drive she often makes from her home to the city’s harbor. A heat wave was gripping the city, with temperatures reaching 100 degrees and above. Franklin says she normally tries to stay inside on days like that, but she had to get to work. That’s when she had her first asthma attack in nearly five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Before I knew it, I was gasping for air. It doesn’t even take me 10 minutes to get from home to my other job. Just like that,” says Franklin, who says an attack feels like drinking water through a pinched straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your windpipe is that straw and that water is the breaths you can take,” Franklin says. “You’re trying to bring your air through as much as you can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors in emergency departments near Baltimore’s hotter neighborhoods say they prepare each summer for an increase in heat-related conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times the heat played a factor in making a chronic condition acutely worse,” says Dr. Amit Chandra, chief of emergency medicine at the University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus. He says that’s especially true for cardiovascular conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The worse your circulatory system is, the worse you are at getting cool,” Chandra says. A weak or damaged heart might struggle to pump extra blood to the skin so heat can radiate off the body. Even sweating, which also gets rid of heat by evaporation, can put stress on the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Respiratory conditions can become aggravated too, in part, because heat can actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.weather.gov/wrn/summer-article-clearing-the-air\">worsen air quality\u003c/a> and because conditions like asthma and COPD can be triggered by high heat and humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chandra says even looking at patients’ medical records wouldn’t necessarily tell the full story of how heat could be harming their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wouldn’t diagnose them at the end of the day with heat exhaustion or heat stroke necessarily unless their temperature went up,” Chandra says. “So there’s probably quite a few folks that are affected by the heat, and we’re not really tracking or measuring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of where they live, people in poverty \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/part2_ch2/en/\">are more vulnerable\u003c/a> to many chronic conditions, including some made worse by heat, like asthma and heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our patients are plagued by poverty, substance abuse and unfortunately some of the patients don’t have great access to health care,” says Dr. Reginald Brown, chair of emergency medicine at Bon Secours Hospital Baltimore in West Baltimore. “As far as the impact [of heat] to our patients, it’s just another thing that complicates their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The urban heat island\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Y-bVwPRy_no'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Y-bVwPRy_no'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Cities in general tend to be hotter than their natural surroundings, thanks to a phenomenon known as the \u003ca href=\"https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/urban-heat-islands\">urban heat island\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have less green cover, you will almost always have higher temperatures, and greater exposure to heat,” says Brian Stone, director of the urban climate lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees provide shade, but they also cool the environment down through the evaporation of water from their leaves — a process similar to how humans sweat to cool down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you pave over an area, particularly if it had green plants, you have interrupted that cycle,” Stone says. “Not only have you sealed the surface, you have put a lid on it, so evaporation cannot happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavement — particularly if it’s black — absorbs heat and holds it in. At night, a city of more than 1 million people can be as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/learn-about-heat-islands\">22 degrees warmer\u003c/a> than its surroundings. Even the buildings themselves, Stone says, can create a sort of canyon that traps heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given these elements, Stone says it makes sense that many low-income areas are hotter than richer areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lower-income parts of the city tend to have less green cover,” Stone says. “That’s something that we see across a lot of cities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not unusual, Stone says, for poorer areas to be located near “undesirable land uses” such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/traffic-atlanta-segregation.html\">nearby highways\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/04/15/pollution-is-substantially-worse-in-minority-neighborhoods-across-the-u-s/\">industrial areas\u003c/a>, which create even more heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern of who lives closer to those sources of heat is not just a matter of poor versus rich, it is also often a matter of black and brown versus white. Nationwide, many of the low-income communities NPR found to be hotter — often with fewer trees, more concrete and closer to highways and factories — are also communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t just a coincidence that communities of color end up in some of the most undesirable places,” says Miya Yoshitani, executive director of the Asian Pacific Environmental Network, which focuses on environmental justice issues affecting working-class Asian and Pacific Islander immigrant and refugee communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yoshitani explains that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/19/498536077/interactive-redlining-map-zooms-in-on-americas-history-of-discrimination\">policies like redlining\u003c/a> — a practice, beginning in the 1930s and banned by the Fair Housing Act in 1968, in which neighborhoods were marked high risk for mortgage lenders in large part based on their racial makeup — forced people of color into less desirable areas. In Baltimore, the city’s hottest neighborhoods, many of which are predominantly African American, still \u003ca href=\"https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=11/39.293/-76.677&city=baltimore-md&adview=full\">line up fairly consistently\u003c/a> with the neighborhoods marked “hazardous” on a 1937 map created by the Home Owners’ Loan Corp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People of color, African American communities, indigenous communities in the beginning and then immigrant communities as they came to the United States were not given a choice about where they could live, where they could raise their families, where they could work,” Yoshitani says. “Those choices were made for them and that legacy continues today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“They can’t escape it”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the majority of the cities NPR mapped, poverty was linked to heat, adding a second layer of risk to an already at-risk population. This is not only because poverty itself is a health hazard, but because poverty is also tied to other factors that can make it harder to get cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People with money, of course, can do that a lot better than people with less money,” says Dr. Georges Benjamin, executive director of the American Public Health Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says no one is immune to climate change, but wealthier people can more easily control their exposure to heat by using air conditioning — which on its own \u003ca href=\"https://climate.org/cooling-your-home-but-warming-the-planet-how-we-can-stop-air-conditioning-from-worsening-climate-change/\">contributes to climate change\u003c/a> — or even by moving to a cooler part of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the other hand, the folks with less money, they’re going to be in their one home. And they’re going to have to deal with the conditions in their one home,” Benjamin says. “If they’re going to be in an area where it’s real hot, they’re going to have to find other ways to adapt, but they can’t escape it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urban poor, already often in hotter environments and already at higher risk for health problems, will have a harder time escaping climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the most significant public health problem that we have. It’s going to be here for a long time. And it’s getting worse,” Benjamin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“This is ours”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/climate-change-and-heat-islands\">strategies to cool down\u003c/a> a city: investing in public transit, designing roofs that reflect sunlight, and planting more trees, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Baltimore, the city is \u003ca href=\"https://www.baltimoresustainability.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Appendix-5-1-All-Strategies-and-Actions.pdf\">working to combat urban heat\u003c/a>. The government has installed cool roofs, turned vacant lots into community green space and strategically planted and maintained trees in low-income neighborhoods, among other initiatives. But the city’s own arborist told the Howard Center that Baltimore is not on track to meet its goal of increasing the tree canopy to 40% by 2037.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing a lot with a little,” says Anne Draddy, the city’s sustainability coordinator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The neighborhood where Shakira Franklin lives has increased its tree canopy over time. But by 2015, it still was among the city’s lowest. Franklin says she’s not optimistic the city will be able to cool down her neighborhood anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city has a lot of responsibility. And I think that we would be close to the bottom of the list to be honest,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a grassy vacant lot near her apartment where Franklin often takes a break from her job as a landscaping crew supervisor at Bon Secours Community Works, a nearby community organization owned by Bon Secours Health System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one of the few places in the neighborhood with a lot of shade — mainly from a large tree Franklin calls the mother shade. She helped come up with the idea to build a free splash park in the lot for residents to cool down in the heat. Now Bon Secours is taking on the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was me taking my stand,” Franklin says. “I didn’t sit around and wait for everybody to say, ‘Well, who’s going to redo the park?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Greenspan, an architectural fellow working on the project, says they’re about halfway to their current fundraising goal — with plans to buy the lot from the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a hot Saturday this summer, Bon Secours and the neighborhood’s community association threw a party in the lot. Children ran through streams of water from a pop-up fountain, while adults discussed and voted on potential designs for the new park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our kids, they deserve it,” says Franklin, who has two children. “I just feel like it’s a long time coming to just have something to say that we built this here for us. This is ours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin says the park would become a refuge for people who can’t escape the heat — and it will indeed be a place to cool off in this neighborhood. But worldwide, heat waves are getting hotter and more frequent, and \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2841/2018-fourth-warmest-year-in-continued-warming-trend-according-to-nasa-noaa/\">the past five years\u003c/a> have been the hottest ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Methodology\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To determine the link between heat and income in U.S. cities, NPR used NASA satellite imagery and U.S. Census American Community Survey data. An \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nprapps/heat-income\">\u003cem>open-source computer program developed by NPR\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> downloaded median household income data for census tracts in the 100 most populated American cities, as well as geographic boundaries for census tracts. NPR combined these data with TIGER/Line shapefiles of the cities.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The software also downloaded thermal imagery for each city from NASA’s Landsat 8 satellite, looking for days since 2011 in June, July and August when there was less than 4% cloud cover. NPR reviewed each of the satellite images and removed images that contained clouds or other obscuring features over the city of interest. In cases when there were multiple clear images of a city, we used the thermal reading that showed a greater contrast between the warm and cool parts of the area of interest. In cases where there were no acceptable images, we manually searched for additional satellite images and found acceptable images from Landsat 8 for every city except for Hialeah and Miami, Fla., and Honolulu, which are frequently covered by clouds.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For each city, NPR aligned the satellite surface temperature data with the census tracts. For each census tract, the software trimmed the geography to only what is contained within the city of interest’s boundaries, then removed any lakes, rivers, ocean, etc. It calculated a median temperature reading for each census tract. When all of the tracts in a city were completed, it calculated a correlation coefficient (R) of the tracts to find the relationship between income and heat. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The satellite data measure temperature at a surface, such as the ground or a rooftop. We used this measurement rather than ambient temperature, which measures the air about 2 meters above the ground. Measuring air is a more accurate measure of how people experience heat, but satellite data are more widely available than air temperature data. Using that data allowed us to provide a more complete snapshot of temperature trends across many cities.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nprapps/heat-income\">\u003cem>View NPR’s full data and code on Github.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To determine the relationship between heat and poverty in Baltimore, the Howard Center for Investigative Journalism used block-by-block temperature data showing variations in Baltimore’s urban heat island captured by researchers at Portland State University and the Science Museum of Virginia on Aug. 29, 2018. For each “community statistical area” in Baltimore, the Howard Center computed a median temperature and joined it to a U.S. Census American Community Survey data set with the poverty rate for each area and then calculated the correlation coefficient (R).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+Rising+Heat+Bakes+U.S.+Cities%2C+The+Poor+Often+Feel+It+Most&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Monumentally Stupid': California's AG Rebukes EPA Plan to Ease Methane Rules",
"headTitle": "‘Monumentally Stupid’: California’s AG Rebukes EPA Plan to Ease Methane Rules | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s Attorney General Xavier Becerra is chastising the Trump Administration over its plan to revoke Obama-era regulations on climate-changing methane leaks from many oil facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s top lawyer called the plan “a monumentally stupid decision” and promised, once again, to fight the federal Environmental Protection Agency over its easing of environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we face a catastrophic climate emergency, now is not the time to go backwards,” Becerra said in a statement. “It is beyond foolish to gut rules that reduce emissions of super pollutants and protect against increased ozone. The EPA must get back to its mission of protecting our environment and public health, not the profits of corporate polluters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra issued his comments shortly after the New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/29/climate/epa-methane-greenhouse-gas.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage\">reported\u003c/a> that EPA officials wanted to cut back on the regulation of methane emissions, a potent greenhouse gas and a major contributor to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a component of natural gas that’s frequently wasted through leaks or intentional releases during drilling operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas driving climate change, methane gas is 84 times more potent in terms of global warming over the first 20 years it is released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you don’t believe in climate change, this is a bad idea,” said Rob Jackson, chair of the Earth System Science Department at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson called the proposal “irresponsible” and added that it undercuts companies that make money by selling captured gas for fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many reasons for cutting methane emissions beyond climate,” he said. “When we cut leaks, we save lives and improve human health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, toxics like cancer-causing \u003ca href=\"https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/benzene/basics/facts.asp\">benzene\u003c/a> are released along with the methane, Jackson said. \u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEnvironmental groups said the EPA’s plan is meant to restrict the agency’s overall legal authority to regulate the gas in the fight against global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler said the proposed rule followed President Donald Trump’s directions to remove “unnecessary and duplicative regulatory burdens from the oil and gas industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Methane Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, the California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/california-adopts-strict-rules-for-methane-emissions/\">passed\u003c/a> strong regulations that require oil and natural gas producers to reduce methane leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private interests own the vast majority of California’s large oil fields. Because the EPA proposal only applies to federal land, if adopted, the changes will not affect these places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson expressed concern that the rollbacks could apply to the oil fields that are on land managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service. They account for about 10% of the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/oil-and-gas/about/california\">total\u003c/a> oil and gas production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a spokesperson for the board said in an email that California’s methane \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/oil-and-gas-methane-regulation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rules \u003c/a>apply to federal land, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is one of the largest importers of oil and gas in the U.S. The state imports about half of its oil and close to 90% of its natural gas, said Los Angeles-based Tim O’Connor, senior director of the Environmental Defense Fund’s energy program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s gas being imported from Texas and the Permian Basin or from the Four Corners region, that fuel will be much dirtier and more impactful to the climate,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Connor said the rollbacks could push California completely away from natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will continue California’s march toward the end of natural gas,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Environmental Deregulation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The step would be the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">latest\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">in\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">a\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">series\u003c/a> easing the previous administration’s emissions controls on the oil, gas and \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/d48562a8d7ee4df1bceec0990205e5b3\">coal\u003c/a> industries, including a 2016 rule regulating oil-industry methane leaks as a pollutant under the federal Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Trump, both the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/8388dfc9f24f4e42a14e51c0a666323f\">Interior\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/8388dfc9f24f4e42a14e51c0a666323f\">Department\u003c/a> and the EPA have proposed a series of rules — some blocked by courts — to loosen regulations of methane emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocates and former EPA officials had said they expected the new methane plan to go further than previous proposals, with a goal of exempting companies from requirements to detect and stop methane leaks at existing oil and gas sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Essentially, this is the umpteenth iteration of the EPA’s exercise to define away its Clean Air Act authority … to address air pollution and greenhouse gases,” said Joseph Goffman, an EPA air official under President Barack Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is the country’s primary source of methane emissions, according to the EPA, accounting for nearly one-third in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While environmental groups pointed to the long-term impact, the oil industry said the direct immediate effect on methane emissions would be negligible. Controls on other, regulated pollutants would also capture methane in the pipeline, said Erik Milito of the American Petroleum Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama-era methane limits imposed “a disproportionate effect on small businesses” in the oil industry, Milito said. “A lot of mom and pops would have their wells shut in, elderly people with wells on their properties that could be shut down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rollbacks on emissions from oilfields, storage sites and pipelines have split the oil industry, worrying some in the industry about growing blowback in a world increasingly mindful of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Royal Dutch Shell this year urged the administration to crack down — not ease up — on the emissions. Many others in the oil and industry have welcomed the easing, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest rollback “highlights the Trump administration’s complete contempt for our climate,” Kassie Siegel of the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group, said in a statement. “The EPA is now so determined to actually increase greenhouse pollution that it’s even shrugging off concerns from oil and gas companies about gutting these protections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ellen Knickmeyer from the Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s Attorney General Xavier Becerra is chastising the Trump Administration over its plan to revoke Obama-era regulations on climate-changing methane leaks from many oil facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s top lawyer called the plan “a monumentally stupid decision” and promised, once again, to fight the federal Environmental Protection Agency over its easing of environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we face a catastrophic climate emergency, now is not the time to go backwards,” Becerra said in a statement. “It is beyond foolish to gut rules that reduce emissions of super pollutants and protect against increased ozone. The EPA must get back to its mission of protecting our environment and public health, not the profits of corporate polluters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra issued his comments shortly after the New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/29/climate/epa-methane-greenhouse-gas.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage\">reported\u003c/a> that EPA officials wanted to cut back on the regulation of methane emissions, a potent greenhouse gas and a major contributor to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a component of natural gas that’s frequently wasted through leaks or intentional releases during drilling operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas driving climate change, methane gas is 84 times more potent in terms of global warming over the first 20 years it is released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you don’t believe in climate change, this is a bad idea,” said Rob Jackson, chair of the Earth System Science Department at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson called the proposal “irresponsible” and added that it undercuts companies that make money by selling captured gas for fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many reasons for cutting methane emissions beyond climate,” he said. “When we cut leaks, we save lives and improve human health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, toxics like cancer-causing \u003ca href=\"https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/benzene/basics/facts.asp\">benzene\u003c/a> are released along with the methane, Jackson said. \u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEnvironmental groups said the EPA’s plan is meant to restrict the agency’s overall legal authority to regulate the gas in the fight against global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler said the proposed rule followed President Donald Trump’s directions to remove “unnecessary and duplicative regulatory burdens from the oil and gas industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Methane Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, the California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/california-adopts-strict-rules-for-methane-emissions/\">passed\u003c/a> strong regulations that require oil and natural gas producers to reduce methane leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private interests own the vast majority of California’s large oil fields. Because the EPA proposal only applies to federal land, if adopted, the changes will not affect these places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson expressed concern that the rollbacks could apply to the oil fields that are on land managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service. They account for about 10% of the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/oil-and-gas/about/california\">total\u003c/a> oil and gas production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a spokesperson for the board said in an email that California’s methane \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/oil-and-gas-methane-regulation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rules \u003c/a>apply to federal land, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is one of the largest importers of oil and gas in the U.S. The state imports about half of its oil and close to 90% of its natural gas, said Los Angeles-based Tim O’Connor, senior director of the Environmental Defense Fund’s energy program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s gas being imported from Texas and the Permian Basin or from the Four Corners region, that fuel will be much dirtier and more impactful to the climate,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Connor said the rollbacks could push California completely away from natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will continue California’s march toward the end of natural gas,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Environmental Deregulation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The step would be the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">latest\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">in\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">a\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/36c94da43d664b2393ea41c37f577bdb\">series\u003c/a> easing the previous administration’s emissions controls on the oil, gas and \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/d48562a8d7ee4df1bceec0990205e5b3\">coal\u003c/a> industries, including a 2016 rule regulating oil-industry methane leaks as a pollutant under the federal Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Trump, both the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/8388dfc9f24f4e42a14e51c0a666323f\">Interior\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/8388dfc9f24f4e42a14e51c0a666323f\">Department\u003c/a> and the EPA have proposed a series of rules — some blocked by courts — to loosen regulations of methane emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocates and former EPA officials had said they expected the new methane plan to go further than previous proposals, with a goal of exempting companies from requirements to detect and stop methane leaks at existing oil and gas sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Essentially, this is the umpteenth iteration of the EPA’s exercise to define away its Clean Air Act authority … to address air pollution and greenhouse gases,” said Joseph Goffman, an EPA air official under President Barack Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil and gas industry is the country’s primary source of methane emissions, according to the EPA, accounting for nearly one-third in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While environmental groups pointed to the long-term impact, the oil industry said the direct immediate effect on methane emissions would be negligible. Controls on other, regulated pollutants would also capture methane in the pipeline, said Erik Milito of the American Petroleum Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama-era methane limits imposed “a disproportionate effect on small businesses” in the oil industry, Milito said. “A lot of mom and pops would have their wells shut in, elderly people with wells on their properties that could be shut down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rollbacks on emissions from oilfields, storage sites and pipelines have split the oil industry, worrying some in the industry about growing blowback in a world increasingly mindful of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Royal Dutch Shell this year urged the administration to crack down — not ease up — on the emissions. Many others in the oil and industry have welcomed the easing, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest rollback “highlights the Trump administration’s complete contempt for our climate,” Kassie Siegel of the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group, said in a statement. “The EPA is now so determined to actually increase greenhouse pollution that it’s even shrugging off concerns from oil and gas companies about gutting these protections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ellen Knickmeyer from the Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Does '12 Years to Act on Climate Change' (Now 11 Years) Really Mean?",
"headTitle": "What Does ’12 Years to Act on Climate Change’ (Now 11 Years) Really Mean? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been hearing variations of the phrase “the world only has 12 years to deal with climate change” a lot lately. \u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/em>Sen. Bernie Sanders put a version of it front and center of his presidential \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22082019/sanders-green-new-deal-climate-change-plan-fossil-fuels-transition-16-trillion\">campaign\u003c/a>\u003c/b> last week, \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://berniesanders.com/issues/the-green-new-deal/\">saying\u003c/a>\u003c/b> we now have “less than 11 years left to transform our energy system away from fossil fuels to energy efficiency and sustainable energy, if we are going to leave this planet healthy and habitable.”\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[aside postID=science_1944972,news_11728595]\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But where does the idea of having 11 or 12 years come from, and what does it actually mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The number began drawing attention in 2018, when the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/07102018/ipcc-climate-change-science-report-data-carbon-emissions-heat-waves-extreme-weather-oil-gas-agriculture\">report\u003c/a> describing what it would take to keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius, a goal of the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report explained that countries would have to cut their anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, such as from power plants and vehicles, to net zero by around 2050. To reach that goal, it said, CO2 emissions would have to start dropping “well before 2030” and be on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SPM3a.png\">path\u003c/a> to fall by about 45 percent by around 2030 (12 years away at that time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Mid-century is actually the more significant target date in the report, but acting now is crucial to being able to meet that goal, said Duke University climate researcher Drew Shindell, a lead author on the mitigation chapter of the IPCC report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“We need to get the world on a path to net zero CO2 emissions by mid-century,” Shindell said. “That’s a huge transformation, so that if we don’t make a good start on it during the 2020s, we won’t be able to get there at a reasonable cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do Scientists Know?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Basic physics and climate science allow scientists to calculate how much CO2 it takes to raise the global temperature—and how much CO2 can still be emitted before global warming exceeds 1.5°C (2.7°F) compared to pre-industrial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists worked backward from that basic knowledge to come up with timelines for what would have to happen to stay under 1.5°C warming, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/airscottdenning\">Scott Denning\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, who studies the warming atmosphere at Colorado State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“They figured out how much extra heat we can stand. They calculated how much CO2 would produce that much heat, then how much total fuel would produce that much CO2. Then they considered ‘glide paths’ for getting emissions to zero before we burn too much carbon to avoid catastrophe,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All this work gets summarized as ‘in order to avoid really bad outcomes, we have to be on a realistic glide path toward a carbon-free global economy by 2030.’ And that gets translated to something like ’emissions have to fall by half in a decade,’ and that gets oversimplified to ’12 years left.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“There’s certainly a grain of truth in the phrase, but it’s so oversimplified that it leads to comically bad misconceptions about how to get there, conjuring up ridiculous cartoon imagery suggesting we just go on with life normally for the next 11 years and then the world ends,” Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That’s not what the IPCC writers envisioned, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The science on the 2030 date is clear, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MichaelEMann\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, a climate scientist at Pennsylvania State University. The controversy stems from people mischaracterizing the carbon reduction timeline as a threshold for climate disaster. He noted that people promoting climate science denial and delay have also latched on to the phrase “to intentionally try to caricature the concern about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Success Look Like? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It would be helpful if people looked at the 2030 target in terms of what success looks like rather than what failure means, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Solving the problem by 2030, 2040 or 2050 requires a new global energy infrastructure, which is arguably easier and less expensive than past infrastructure shifts like indoor plumbing, rural electrification, the automobile and paved roads, telecommunications, computers, mobile phones or the internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All of these past changes cost tens of trillions of dollars, adjusted for inflation. All of them were hugely disruptive. All of them took a decade or more, completely changed the industrial and economic and social landscape, and created bursts of growth and productivity and jobs. And arguably, all of them made life better for huge numbers of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This time, the shift is from heavy reliance on carbon-emitting fossil fuels to carbon-free energy sources, like wind power. And even with a speedy energy transition, the IPCC says keeping temperatures from warming more than 1.5°C will also likely require \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12102018/global-warming-solutions-negative-emissions-carbon-capture-technology-ipcc-climate-change-report\">removing CO2 from the atmosphere\u003c/a>\u003c/b> on a large scale.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946860 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px-160x174.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missing the target doesn’t imply the onset of cataclysmic \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\">climate change\u003c/a> in 2030, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things just keep getting worse and worse until we stop making them worse, and then they never get better,” he said. “But no matter what, the world has to move on from fossil fuels just as we moved on from tallow candles and outhouses and land lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Exceeding 1.5°C Warming Mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC report described how increasing greenhouse gas emissions will result in more dangerous and costly disruptions to global societies and ecosystems, including longer, hotter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02082017/heatwaves-deadly-heat-humidity-wet-bulb-human-survivability-threshold\">heat waves\u003c/a> and more frequent crop-killing \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01052019/drought-climate-change-fingerprints-global-warming-20th-century-tree-rings-marvel-cook\">droughts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain glaciers will melt faster as the planet warms, creating \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26092018/climate-change-mountains-landslide-hazard-thawing-permafrost-rockfall-extreme-weather-glaciers-global-warming\">new risks\u003c/a>for settlements in the valleys below. The meltdown of polar ice sheets is also projected to accelerate, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06082018/global-warming-climate-change-floods-california-oroville-dam-scientists\">intensifying flooding\u003c/a> and speeding up sea level rise to a rate that will be hard to adapt to. More \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/permafrost-thaw-climate-change-temperature-data-arctic-antarctica-mountains-study\">Arctic permafrost will thaw\u003c/a>, releasing more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the rising risks, it’s important to understand that, “in the physical climate system, there are no scientists claiming that there is a magical threshold that we breach or don’t breach that determines whether we have a habitable climate system,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at UCLA and the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.c3we.ucar.edu/\">Center for Climate and Weather Extremes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2030 target is useful because it shows how the “next decade is incredibly consequential for what we do.” Swain said. “But I think the emphasis that’s being placed on this specific 12-year window as a differentiator between existential crisis or not is problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First of all, it negates some of the risks that already exist and that will continue to build no matter what. And it also potentially suggests that anything short of complete victory in the next 12 years is pointless, which is exactly the opposite of the truth. At any point along the spectrum, more progress is always going to be better than less progress, less warming is always going to be better than more warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have We Passed Tipping Points Already?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, the “12 years” narrative may set up a deadline that’s too lenient, because some key part of the climate system may already be at or past tipping points, Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It creates the false illusion that there is some sort of guardrail moving forward, that if we just get in under the deadline we’ll be OK, he said. But “twelve years from now, it could be too late for some of these things, like the ice sheets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the past few years reinforces the idea that some climate tipping points have already been breached. Studies show some parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet are \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/31032017/-climate-change-science-greenland-global-warming-ice-melt\">unlikely to recover\u003c/a>, and parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet may also be at or very near a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12082019/antarctica-climate-change-ocean-wind-ice-melting-glaciers-global-warming\">tipping point to rapid disintegration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in June suggested that the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL082187\">rate of permafrost thawing\u003c/a>is progressing much faster than climate models projected. And scientists studying the link between global warming and European heat waves said those recent extremes are also \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02072019/climate-change-attribution-europe-heat-wave-hottest-june-record-wildfires-world-weather-data\">outside the scope\u003c/a> of what they expected at current levels of warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world will still exist if we breach 1.5°C and 2°C, but “the climate impacts and risks will be higher and the temperature will be higher,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Peters_Glen\">Glen Peters\u003c/a>, research director at the CICERO climate research center in Oslo. That all seems to be sinking in to public awareness, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But in terms of deadlines, we have already missed the deadline,” he said. “We should have started mitigating decades ago, then we would have the problem solved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been hearing variations of the phrase “the world only has 12 years to deal with climate change” a lot lately. \u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/em>Sen. Bernie Sanders put a version of it front and center of his presidential \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22082019/sanders-green-new-deal-climate-change-plan-fossil-fuels-transition-16-trillion\">campaign\u003c/a>\u003c/b> last week, \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://berniesanders.com/issues/the-green-new-deal/\">saying\u003c/a>\u003c/b> we now have “less than 11 years left to transform our energy system away from fossil fuels to energy efficiency and sustainable energy, if we are going to leave this planet healthy and habitable.”\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But where does the idea of having 11 or 12 years come from, and what does it actually mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The number began drawing attention in 2018, when the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/07102018/ipcc-climate-change-science-report-data-carbon-emissions-heat-waves-extreme-weather-oil-gas-agriculture\">report\u003c/a> describing what it would take to keep global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius, a goal of the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report explained that countries would have to cut their anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, such as from power plants and vehicles, to net zero by around 2050. To reach that goal, it said, CO2 emissions would have to start dropping “well before 2030” and be on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SPM3a.png\">path\u003c/a> to fall by about 45 percent by around 2030 (12 years away at that time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Mid-century is actually the more significant target date in the report, but acting now is crucial to being able to meet that goal, said Duke University climate researcher Drew Shindell, a lead author on the mitigation chapter of the IPCC report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">“We need to get the world on a path to net zero CO2 emissions by mid-century,” Shindell said. “That’s a huge transformation, so that if we don’t make a good start on it during the 2020s, we won’t be able to get there at a reasonable cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do Scientists Know?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Basic physics and climate science allow scientists to calculate how much CO2 it takes to raise the global temperature—and how much CO2 can still be emitted before global warming exceeds 1.5°C (2.7°F) compared to pre-industrial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientists worked backward from that basic knowledge to come up with timelines for what would have to happen to stay under 1.5°C warming, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/airscottdenning\">Scott Denning\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, who studies the warming atmosphere at Colorado State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“They figured out how much extra heat we can stand. They calculated how much CO2 would produce that much heat, then how much total fuel would produce that much CO2. Then they considered ‘glide paths’ for getting emissions to zero before we burn too much carbon to avoid catastrophe,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All this work gets summarized as ‘in order to avoid really bad outcomes, we have to be on a realistic glide path toward a carbon-free global economy by 2030.’ And that gets translated to something like ’emissions have to fall by half in a decade,’ and that gets oversimplified to ’12 years left.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“There’s certainly a grain of truth in the phrase, but it’s so oversimplified that it leads to comically bad misconceptions about how to get there, conjuring up ridiculous cartoon imagery suggesting we just go on with life normally for the next 11 years and then the world ends,” Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That’s not what the IPCC writers envisioned, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The science on the 2030 date is clear, said \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MichaelEMann\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>\u003c/b>, a climate scientist at Pennsylvania State University. The controversy stems from people mischaracterizing the carbon reduction timeline as a threshold for climate disaster. He noted that people promoting climate science denial and delay have also latched on to the phrase “to intentionally try to caricature the concern about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Success Look Like? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It would be helpful if people looked at the 2030 target in terms of what success looks like rather than what failure means, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“Solving the problem by 2030, 2040 or 2050 requires a new global energy infrastructure, which is arguably easier and less expensive than past infrastructure shifts like indoor plumbing, rural electrification, the automobile and paved roads, telecommunications, computers, mobile phones or the internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“All of these past changes cost tens of trillions of dollars, adjusted for inflation. All of them were hugely disruptive. All of them took a decade or more, completely changed the industrial and economic and social landscape, and created bursts of growth and productivity and jobs. And arguably, all of them made life better for huge numbers of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This time, the shift is from heavy reliance on carbon-emitting fossil fuels to carbon-free energy sources, like wind power. And even with a speedy energy transition, the IPCC says keeping temperatures from warming more than 1.5°C will also likely require \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12102018/global-warming-solutions-negative-emissions-carbon-capture-technology-ipcc-climate-change-report\">removing CO2 from the atmosphere\u003c/a>\u003c/b> on a large scale.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946860 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Carbon-Budget-Chart-529px-160x174.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missing the target doesn’t imply the onset of cataclysmic \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change\">climate change\u003c/a> in 2030, Denning said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things just keep getting worse and worse until we stop making them worse, and then they never get better,” he said. “But no matter what, the world has to move on from fossil fuels just as we moved on from tallow candles and outhouses and land lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Exceeding 1.5°C Warming Mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IPCC report described how increasing greenhouse gas emissions will result in more dangerous and costly disruptions to global societies and ecosystems, including longer, hotter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02082017/heatwaves-deadly-heat-humidity-wet-bulb-human-survivability-threshold\">heat waves\u003c/a> and more frequent crop-killing \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01052019/drought-climate-change-fingerprints-global-warming-20th-century-tree-rings-marvel-cook\">droughts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain glaciers will melt faster as the planet warms, creating \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26092018/climate-change-mountains-landslide-hazard-thawing-permafrost-rockfall-extreme-weather-glaciers-global-warming\">new risks\u003c/a>for settlements in the valleys below. The meltdown of polar ice sheets is also projected to accelerate, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06082018/global-warming-climate-change-floods-california-oroville-dam-scientists\">intensifying flooding\u003c/a> and speeding up sea level rise to a rate that will be hard to adapt to. More \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/permafrost-thaw-climate-change-temperature-data-arctic-antarctica-mountains-study\">Arctic permafrost will thaw\u003c/a>, releasing more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the rising risks, it’s important to understand that, “in the physical climate system, there are no scientists claiming that there is a magical threshold that we breach or don’t breach that determines whether we have a habitable climate system,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at UCLA and the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.c3we.ucar.edu/\">Center for Climate and Weather Extremes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2030 target is useful because it shows how the “next decade is incredibly consequential for what we do.” Swain said. “But I think the emphasis that’s being placed on this specific 12-year window as a differentiator between existential crisis or not is problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“First of all, it negates some of the risks that already exist and that will continue to build no matter what. And it also potentially suggests that anything short of complete victory in the next 12 years is pointless, which is exactly the opposite of the truth. At any point along the spectrum, more progress is always going to be better than less progress, less warming is always going to be better than more warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have We Passed Tipping Points Already?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, the “12 years” narrative may set up a deadline that’s too lenient, because some key part of the climate system may already be at or past tipping points, Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It creates the false illusion that there is some sort of guardrail moving forward, that if we just get in under the deadline we’ll be OK, he said. But “twelve years from now, it could be too late for some of these things, like the ice sheets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the past few years reinforces the idea that some climate tipping points have already been breached. Studies show some parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet are \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/31032017/-climate-change-science-greenland-global-warming-ice-melt\">unlikely to recover\u003c/a>, and parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet may also be at or very near a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12082019/antarctica-climate-change-ocean-wind-ice-melting-glaciers-global-warming\">tipping point to rapid disintegration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in June suggested that the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL082187\">rate of permafrost thawing\u003c/a>is progressing much faster than climate models projected. And scientists studying the link between global warming and European heat waves said those recent extremes are also \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02072019/climate-change-attribution-europe-heat-wave-hottest-june-record-wildfires-world-weather-data\">outside the scope\u003c/a> of what they expected at current levels of warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world will still exist if we breach 1.5°C and 2°C, but “the climate impacts and risks will be higher and the temperature will be higher,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Peters_Glen\">Glen Peters\u003c/a>, research director at the CICERO climate research center in Oslo. That all seems to be sinking in to public awareness, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But in terms of deadlines, we have already missed the deadline,” he said. “We should have started mitigating decades ago, then we would have the problem solved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Another day, another environmental policy skirmish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, 17 other states, and Washington, D.C. today challenged a Trump administration plan to limit climate change analysis for major energy and infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement emailed to reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra called Trump’s plan “reckless” and said it “leads agencies to ignore the climate crisis, the most pressing environmental challenge of our time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re reminding President Trump once again: if you try to backslide on the safeguards protecting our nation’s environment and put polluters in the driver’s seat, we will hold you accountable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the White House floated new environmental review guidelines for federal projects like gas pipelines and highways. The draft guidance on consideration of greenhouse gas emissions under the National Environmental Policy Act doesn’t mention climate change or global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the draft say the Trump administration seeks to downplay climate change and warming as it approves infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes would ease regulations, and the administration says they’d allow for faster permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been two years since President Trump rescinded an Obama-era rule that required agencies to study and quantify planet-warming gas emissions as part of their decision-making process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition this morning released its \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">comment\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">letter\u003c/a>, which argues that the proposal encourages agencies to violate federal environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Another day, another environmental policy skirmish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, 17 other states, and Washington, D.C. today challenged a Trump administration plan to limit climate change analysis for major energy and infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement emailed to reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra called Trump’s plan “reckless” and said it “leads agencies to ignore the climate crisis, the most pressing environmental challenge of our time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re reminding President Trump once again: if you try to backslide on the safeguards protecting our nation’s environment and put polluters in the driver’s seat, we will hold you accountable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the White House floated new environmental review guidelines for federal projects like gas pipelines and highways. The draft guidance on consideration of greenhouse gas emissions under the National Environmental Policy Act doesn’t mention climate change or global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the draft say the Trump administration seeks to downplay climate change and warming as it approves infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes would ease regulations, and the administration says they’d allow for faster permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been two years since President Trump rescinded an Obama-era rule that required agencies to study and quantify planet-warming gas emissions as part of their decision-making process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition this morning released its \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">comment\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">letter\u003c/a>, which argues that the proposal encourages agencies to violate federal environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Setting Up Regulatory Fight, Court Rejects CA’s Air Pollution Suit",
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"content": "\u003cp>A federal appeals court in Washington, D.C. today rejected California’s legal challenge to the Trump administration’s plans to ease decades-old air quality regulations for power plants, oil refineries, steel mills, and other large industrial sources of toxic air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the court’s decision is not a total loss for the state, and California’s attorney general is vowing further challenges to the environmental deregulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal tussle began with a 2018 federal Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/reducing-regulatory-burdens-epa-withdraws-once-always-policy-major-sources-under-clean\">memo\u003c/a> detailing a new interpretation of the Clean Air Act and rolling back a policy that regulates the country’s largest polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The courts said Tuesday that the memo isn’t the EPA’s final rule, so California cannot challenge it in court. But that also means that the EPA cannot enforce it as a regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 25, EPA officials \u003ca href=\"https://media.squirepattonboggs.com/pdf/blog/frESH_Law/Proposed-reclassification-rule.pdf\">proposed\u003c/a> formally codifying the memo. The court’s decision to spike California’s lawsuit ensures that this fight between California and the Trump administration will continue around that proceeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra brought the lawsuit. He argued that the rule change runs counter to the intention of the Clean Air Act and would \u003ca href=\"https://eelp.law.harvard.edu/2018/02/once-in-always-in-guidance-for-major-sources-under-the-clean-air-act/\">risk\u003c/a> Californians’ health by adding hundreds of tons of toxic air pollution each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement, a representative from Becerra’s office called the Trump administration’s plan “wrong and dangerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California’s top lawyers review the legal opinion, they will submit comments on the EPA’s proposed rule and “take any and all legal action as needed,” the statement read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our work is not over,” it concluded. “We will continue to advocate for strong regulatory programs that protect the public and the environment from harmful air toxics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA policy established in 1995 that any facility considered a major source of toxins in the air remains subject to strict regulations, even after its operators install pollution controls. For this reason, lawyers call it the “once in, always in” rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously under the Clean Air Act, federal regulators consider a power plant, for example, a “major” source of pollution if it has the capacity to spew 10 tons a year of any individual cancer causing or health threatening \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/haps/initial-list-hazardous-air-pollutants-modifications\">pollutant\u003c/a>, or 25 tons each year of a combination of toxins, including lead and benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration proposed eliminating the rule, saying that by allowing more lenient regulations, it intended to reward companies for investing in technology that reduces air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are pleased with the Court’s decision,” EPA spokeswoman Melissa Sullivan said in an email. “As a general matter, EPA will continue to provide regulatory relief and environmental protection while abiding by the rule of law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Wehrum, former assistant administrator of EPA’s Office of Air and Radiation, wrote the memo proposing the rule change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wehrum, a former fossil fuel industry attorney, has \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26062019/bill-wehrum-resigns-epa-fossil-fuel-industry-influence-climate-change-air-pollution-auto-standards-deregulation\">resigned\u003c/a> from the EPA. Congress was investigating his alleged contacts with former clients that could benefit from the EPA’s deregulation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A federal appeals court in Washington, D.C. today rejected California’s legal challenge to the Trump administration’s plans to ease decades-old air quality regulations for power plants, oil refineries, steel mills, and other large industrial sources of toxic air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the court’s decision is not a total loss for the state, and California’s attorney general is vowing further challenges to the environmental deregulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal tussle began with a 2018 federal Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/reducing-regulatory-burdens-epa-withdraws-once-always-policy-major-sources-under-clean\">memo\u003c/a> detailing a new interpretation of the Clean Air Act and rolling back a policy that regulates the country’s largest polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The courts said Tuesday that the memo isn’t the EPA’s final rule, so California cannot challenge it in court. But that also means that the EPA cannot enforce it as a regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 25, EPA officials \u003ca href=\"https://media.squirepattonboggs.com/pdf/blog/frESH_Law/Proposed-reclassification-rule.pdf\">proposed\u003c/a> formally codifying the memo. The court’s decision to spike California’s lawsuit ensures that this fight between California and the Trump administration will continue around that proceeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra brought the lawsuit. He argued that the rule change runs counter to the intention of the Clean Air Act and would \u003ca href=\"https://eelp.law.harvard.edu/2018/02/once-in-always-in-guidance-for-major-sources-under-the-clean-air-act/\">risk\u003c/a> Californians’ health by adding hundreds of tons of toxic air pollution each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement, a representative from Becerra’s office called the Trump administration’s plan “wrong and dangerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California’s top lawyers review the legal opinion, they will submit comments on the EPA’s proposed rule and “take any and all legal action as needed,” the statement read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our work is not over,” it concluded. “We will continue to advocate for strong regulatory programs that protect the public and the environment from harmful air toxics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA policy established in 1995 that any facility considered a major source of toxins in the air remains subject to strict regulations, even after its operators install pollution controls. For this reason, lawyers call it the “once in, always in” rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously under the Clean Air Act, federal regulators consider a power plant, for example, a “major” source of pollution if it has the capacity to spew 10 tons a year of any individual cancer causing or health threatening \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/haps/initial-list-hazardous-air-pollutants-modifications\">pollutant\u003c/a>, or 25 tons each year of a combination of toxins, including lead and benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration proposed eliminating the rule, saying that by allowing more lenient regulations, it intended to reward companies for investing in technology that reduces air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are pleased with the Court’s decision,” EPA spokeswoman Melissa Sullivan said in an email. “As a general matter, EPA will continue to provide regulatory relief and environmental protection while abiding by the rule of law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Wehrum, former assistant administrator of EPA’s Office of Air and Radiation, wrote the memo proposing the rule change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wehrum, a former fossil fuel industry attorney, has \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26062019/bill-wehrum-resigns-epa-fossil-fuel-industry-influence-climate-change-air-pollution-auto-standards-deregulation\">resigned\u003c/a> from the EPA. Congress was investigating his alleged contacts with former clients that could benefit from the EPA’s deregulation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Atty. Gen. Becerra: It Does Seem Like You’re Fighting Trump’s Environmental Policy At Every Turn | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Last week, the Trump Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872729/changes-to-endangered-species-act-weaken-wildlife-protections\">weakened\u003c/a> the Endangered Species Act with the broadest changes to the bedrock environmental law in decades.[aside postID=science_1946454,science_1946394]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s new rules make it harder to consider the future impacts of climate change when officials consider whether a species is threatened and should be placed on the endangered species list. It also introduces a factor the existing law never did, intended to calculate the economic impact of protecting a species. Indeed, the Endangered Species Act had expressly forbidden agencies from taking economic considerations into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a call with reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra promised he’d take the federal government to court over this. He added that California goes to court against the Trump administration only when state officials deem it “necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Becerra may not sue over each of Trump’s actions, it certainly \u003cem>seems\u003c/em> that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours after he promised legal action over endangered species, Becerra gathered reporters again to announce that California is suing the Trump administration over another environmental law, a rollback of Obama-era rules to reduce pollution from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest suit over the Clean Power Plan raises to 27 the number of times that Becerra has sued the Trump administration over an environmental issue. A \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/03/becerra-v-trump-california-using-courts-fight-administration/\">tracker\u003c/a> by the nonprofit, nonpartisan news site CalMatters keeps a running tally. That’s almost as many as all other lawsuits he’s filed against the administration, at least 29 in total, on subjects ranging from immigration to health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946566\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946566 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra. \u003ccite>(Alex Wong/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama’s policy mandated that states curb pollution from power plants and aimed to reduce U.S. power sector emissions 32 percent below 2005 levels by 2030, but it also allowed states to carve out their own plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler often criticized the Obama policy, saying it would require Americans pay more for energy. Under his plan, the Affordable Clean Energy rule, the agency will still regulate emissions by drastically lowering the bar to about a percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are top takeaways about how the new federal policies will affect California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists Are Concerned About Biodiversity and Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The media focus lots of attention on megafauna— the grizzlies, the bald eagles, the California condor. But in this state, more plants are threatened than animals. And many scientists say their main concern is biodiversity; California has more endangered species than any state except Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California’s old growth forests, for example, the redwoods and Douglas fir are habitat for a lot of threatened critters. Their threatened status extends protections to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Central Coast, specific \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/Arctostaphylos-refugioensis-(Refugio-Manzanita)?srchcr=sc5627ff4e616af\">manzanita\u003c/a> face pressures from wildfire. So the use of climate data becomes very important in accurate analyses of the trees’ status and the threats to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a complete change from the existing law, the Trump administration proposes that agencies conduct economic analyses and release them to the public. At the same time, the administration’s proposal says agencies won’t use that analysis in determining whether to list a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Rules Affect California? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California maintains strong environmental laws, but animals don’t care about state boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The endangered grey wolf, for example, walked into California from Oregon. Laws in California protect the wolf, but the animal loses those protections if it walks into another state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, California’s strong emissions laws known as the Clean Power Plan don’t extend into other states. This state is part of a regional grid system, and coal-burning plants operate in neighboring Nevada and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of California’s land is public. Some of it is managed by the Federal Bureau of Land Management or the Forest Service. The military manages others — Camp Pendleton and China Lake Naval Air Station, for example. An endangered species doesn’t know whether it’s on military, state or private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How a New State Law Might Cover the Gap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra promised that California would push back against federal environmental deregulation through any and all means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Legislature is considering a bill, SB 1, under which any federal environmental or worker safety standard in place and effective when President Trump took office would remain enforceable under California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill in the Assembly Appropriations Committee would apply to the Clean Power Plan and the Endangered Species Act. It has passed out of the Senate and must move out of the committee by August 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why All the Lawsuits Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming presidential election is the reason for the rapid-fire pace of the lawsuits. The Trump administration wants to see all of these legal questions answered by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Democrats beat Trump, the new president may reverse the executive orders. If Trump wins, the administration wants to begin its second term with the legal disputes settled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits over the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Power Plan are going to be heard either by the U.S. Supreme Court or by a panel of judges at the D.C. Circuit Court.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s new rules make it harder to consider the future impacts of climate change when officials consider whether a species is threatened and should be placed on the endangered species list. It also introduces a factor the existing law never did, intended to calculate the economic impact of protecting a species. Indeed, the Endangered Species Act had expressly forbidden agencies from taking economic considerations into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a call with reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra promised he’d take the federal government to court over this. He added that California goes to court against the Trump administration only when state officials deem it “necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Becerra may not sue over each of Trump’s actions, it certainly \u003cem>seems\u003c/em> that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours after he promised legal action over endangered species, Becerra gathered reporters again to announce that California is suing the Trump administration over another environmental law, a rollback of Obama-era rules to reduce pollution from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest suit over the Clean Power Plan raises to 27 the number of times that Becerra has sued the Trump administration over an environmental issue. A \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/03/becerra-v-trump-california-using-courts-fight-administration/\">tracker\u003c/a> by the nonprofit, nonpartisan news site CalMatters keeps a running tally. That’s almost as many as all other lawsuits he’s filed against the administration, at least 29 in total, on subjects ranging from immigration to health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946566\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946566 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra. \u003ccite>(Alex Wong/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama’s policy mandated that states curb pollution from power plants and aimed to reduce U.S. power sector emissions 32 percent below 2005 levels by 2030, but it also allowed states to carve out their own plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler often criticized the Obama policy, saying it would require Americans pay more for energy. Under his plan, the Affordable Clean Energy rule, the agency will still regulate emissions by drastically lowering the bar to about a percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are top takeaways about how the new federal policies will affect California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists Are Concerned About Biodiversity and Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The media focus lots of attention on megafauna— the grizzlies, the bald eagles, the California condor. But in this state, more plants are threatened than animals. And many scientists say their main concern is biodiversity; California has more endangered species than any state except Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California’s old growth forests, for example, the redwoods and Douglas fir are habitat for a lot of threatened critters. Their threatened status extends protections to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Central Coast, specific \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/Arctostaphylos-refugioensis-(Refugio-Manzanita)?srchcr=sc5627ff4e616af\">manzanita\u003c/a> face pressures from wildfire. So the use of climate data becomes very important in accurate analyses of the trees’ status and the threats to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a complete change from the existing law, the Trump administration proposes that agencies conduct economic analyses and release them to the public. At the same time, the administration’s proposal says agencies won’t use that analysis in determining whether to list a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Rules Affect California? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California maintains strong environmental laws, but animals don’t care about state boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The endangered grey wolf, for example, walked into California from Oregon. Laws in California protect the wolf, but the animal loses those protections if it walks into another state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, California’s strong emissions laws known as the Clean Power Plan don’t extend into other states. This state is part of a regional grid system, and coal-burning plants operate in neighboring Nevada and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of California’s land is public. Some of it is managed by the Federal Bureau of Land Management or the Forest Service. The military manages others — Camp Pendleton and China Lake Naval Air Station, for example. An endangered species doesn’t know whether it’s on military, state or private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How a New State Law Might Cover the Gap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra promised that California would push back against federal environmental deregulation through any and all means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Legislature is considering a bill, SB 1, under which any federal environmental or worker safety standard in place and effective when President Trump took office would remain enforceable under California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill in the Assembly Appropriations Committee would apply to the Clean Power Plan and the Endangered Species Act. It has passed out of the Senate and must move out of the committee by August 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why All the Lawsuits Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming presidential election is the reason for the rapid-fire pace of the lawsuits. The Trump administration wants to see all of these legal questions answered by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Democrats beat Trump, the new president may reverse the executive orders. If Trump wins, the administration wants to begin its second term with the legal disputes settled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits over the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Power Plan are going to be heard either by the U.S. Supreme Court or by a panel of judges at the D.C. Circuit Court.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Sues Trump Administration Over Clean Power Rollback",
"headTitle": "California Sues Trump Administration Over Clean Power Rollback | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California has joined with 21 other states, the District of Columbia, Los Angeles, and five other cities in a legal challenge to the Trump administration’s repeal of Obama-era clean power rules.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote align='right' citation='Gov. Gavin Newsom']‘I’ll say it. I kind of miss Richard Nixon.’[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition, led by New York State, is suing the federal Environmental Protection Agency to try and block the agency from relaxing regulations on coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a Tuesday morning press conference in Sacramento, California Gov. Gavin Newsom said the Trump administration’s policy would increase air pollution and exacerbate global warming.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID=science_1945609,science_1944972]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not just about fighting Donald Trump,” said Newsom. “This is about our kids and our grandkids. This is about clean air, clean water and endangered species. I’ll say it. I kind of miss Richard Nixon” – whose administration authorized the EPA in nearly five decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit argues that the agency is responsible for regulating greenhouse gas emissions, and that the Trump administration’s Affordable Clean Energy rule fails this mandate. Also, the new power rules prop up aging coal-fired power plants, increase dirty air pollution and threaten the country’s most vulnerable people. The regulations replaced the Obama-era Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom announced the lawsuit flanked by state Attorney General Xavier Becerra and the California Air Resources Board Chairwoman Mary Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra called the administration’s attempt to scrap Obama climate rules foolish, unlawful, and a betrayal of “everyone who stands for cleaner air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It fails our economy, which depends on clean energy now more than ever,” he said. “We know what our energy future must look like, and we won’t get there by following President Trump’s misguided proposal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours before, Becerra vowed to sue the Trump administration for its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946394/trump-announces-sweeping-changes-to-endangered-species-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> to weaken the Endangered Species Act. Monday, he said California wouldn’t “pick a fight every time this administration decides to take an action” but it would challenge actions when the state feels it is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols said the federal plan reverses California’s progress on combating climate change and keeps “the oldest and dirtiest power plants in the country on life support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Nixon signed the federal Clean Air Act into law in 1970 to prevent air pollution and protect public health. In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the law applies to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change issues. After that ruling, the Obama administration said in its Clean Power Plan that carbon emissions from American power plants and cars endangered public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This opened the door — or maybe requires, that’s what this lawsuit will be about — EPA to regulate emissions of greenhouse gas emissions from power plants and factories,” said Eric Biber, director of the Environmental and Energy Law Programs at UC Berkeley Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The focus here is really electric power plants,” he said. “The Obama Administration took two steps. The first step was to regulate emissions from new power plants. The second one was an effort to regulate emissions from existing power plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey, whose state produced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=69&t=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second most coal\u003c/a> behind Wyoming in 2017, predicted the lawsuit will ultimately fail at the U.S. Supreme Court, which stayed an earlier Obama administration attempt in 2016 at the request of a competing 27-state coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the lawsuit a “big government ‘power grab’” and argued that the Democratic attorneys general “are dead wrong” in their interpretation of the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The U.S. EPA said in a statement that it wouldn’t comment on pending litigation, but that it “worked diligently to ensure we produced a solid rule that we believe will be upheld in the courts, unlike the previous administration’s Clean Power Plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Doniger, senior strategic director for climate and clean energy for the Natural Resources Defense Council, said that the Trump administration is misreading the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goals of the Clean Power Plan were issued by Obama’s team in 2015 and are being met or surpassed,” he said. “The right thing to do at that point, because climate change is getting worse, is revise the standards and make them stronger. Instead, what the Trump administration is doing is reinterpreting the Clean Air Act so that it can’t do anything about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doniger said his organization, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense Fund and other groups plan Wednesday to file another lawsuit challenging the Trump administration on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two public health organizations, the American Lung Association and American Public Health Association, have already sued. Doniger said he expects all of the legal challenges will be folded into one case called American Lung Association vs. Wheeler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Andrew Wheeler became Trump’s EPA administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Don Thompson and Adam Beam from the Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/dfd2bf676f89490390e9ee073f86849a\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has joined with 21 other states, the District of Columbia, Los Angeles, and five other cities in a legal challenge to the Trump administration’s repeal of Obama-era clean power rules.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘I’ll say it. I kind of miss Richard Nixon.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition, led by New York State, is suing the federal Environmental Protection Agency to try and block the agency from relaxing regulations on coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a Tuesday morning press conference in Sacramento, California Gov. Gavin Newsom said the Trump administration’s policy would increase air pollution and exacerbate global warming.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not just about fighting Donald Trump,” said Newsom. “This is about our kids and our grandkids. This is about clean air, clean water and endangered species. I’ll say it. I kind of miss Richard Nixon” – whose administration authorized the EPA in nearly five decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit argues that the agency is responsible for regulating greenhouse gas emissions, and that the Trump administration’s Affordable Clean Energy rule fails this mandate. Also, the new power rules prop up aging coal-fired power plants, increase dirty air pollution and threaten the country’s most vulnerable people. The regulations replaced the Obama-era Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom announced the lawsuit flanked by state Attorney General Xavier Becerra and the California Air Resources Board Chairwoman Mary Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra called the administration’s attempt to scrap Obama climate rules foolish, unlawful, and a betrayal of “everyone who stands for cleaner air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It fails our economy, which depends on clean energy now more than ever,” he said. “We know what our energy future must look like, and we won’t get there by following President Trump’s misguided proposal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours before, Becerra vowed to sue the Trump administration for its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946394/trump-announces-sweeping-changes-to-endangered-species-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> to weaken the Endangered Species Act. Monday, he said California wouldn’t “pick a fight every time this administration decides to take an action” but it would challenge actions when the state feels it is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols said the federal plan reverses California’s progress on combating climate change and keeps “the oldest and dirtiest power plants in the country on life support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Nixon signed the federal Clean Air Act into law in 1970 to prevent air pollution and protect public health. In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the law applies to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change issues. After that ruling, the Obama administration said in its Clean Power Plan that carbon emissions from American power plants and cars endangered public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This opened the door — or maybe requires, that’s what this lawsuit will be about — EPA to regulate emissions of greenhouse gas emissions from power plants and factories,” said Eric Biber, director of the Environmental and Energy Law Programs at UC Berkeley Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The focus here is really electric power plants,” he said. “The Obama Administration took two steps. The first step was to regulate emissions from new power plants. The second one was an effort to regulate emissions from existing power plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey, whose state produced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=69&t=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second most coal\u003c/a> behind Wyoming in 2017, predicted the lawsuit will ultimately fail at the U.S. Supreme Court, which stayed an earlier Obama administration attempt in 2016 at the request of a competing 27-state coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the lawsuit a “big government ‘power grab’” and argued that the Democratic attorneys general “are dead wrong” in their interpretation of the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The U.S. EPA said in a statement that it wouldn’t comment on pending litigation, but that it “worked diligently to ensure we produced a solid rule that we believe will be upheld in the courts, unlike the previous administration’s Clean Power Plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Doniger, senior strategic director for climate and clean energy for the Natural Resources Defense Council, said that the Trump administration is misreading the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goals of the Clean Power Plan were issued by Obama’s team in 2015 and are being met or surpassed,” he said. “The right thing to do at that point, because climate change is getting worse, is revise the standards and make them stronger. Instead, what the Trump administration is doing is reinterpreting the Clean Air Act so that it can’t do anything about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doniger said his organization, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense Fund and other groups plan Wednesday to file another lawsuit challenging the Trump administration on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two public health organizations, the American Lung Association and American Public Health Association, have already sued. Doniger said he expects all of the legal challenges will be folded into one case called American Lung Association vs. Wheeler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Andrew Wheeler became Trump’s EPA administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Don Thompson and Adam Beam from the Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/dfd2bf676f89490390e9ee073f86849a\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "SoCalGas Admits Funding 'Front' Group in Fight for Its Future",
"headTitle": "SoCalGas Admits Funding ‘Front’ Group in Fight for Its Future | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Right now, regulators at the California Public Utilities Commission are weighing exactly how and when to wean the state away from natural gas. That means Southern California Gas is fighting for its future, and the Public Advocates Office, an independent watchdog within the CPUC, says the utility’s not fighting fairly, lying to regulators and violating ethics and other rules in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" citation=\"Mike Campbell, Public Advocates Office, CPUC\"]‘SoCalGas is really clear that it sees the state’s climate goals really as an existential threat.’[/pullquote]SoCalGas, a Sempra Company, produces only one thing; with the state aiming for 100% renewable energy by 2045, the company’s days of selling natural gas to millions of customers are numbered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SoCalGas is really clear that it sees the state’s climate goals really as an existential threat,” said Mike Campbell, a program manager with the Public Advocates Office, which represents ratepayers in commission proceedings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell’s office argues that the utility’s tactics include lying to regulators, undermining efficiency codes and standards, and “astroturfing”: funding a seemingly independent advocacy group with ratepayer money. The independent watchdog is asking the commission to sanction SoCalGas, investigate its relationship with the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://c4bes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions\u003c/a>, and withhold bonuses that would benefit the utility’s shareholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While utilities commonly work to sway regulatory outcomes, critics say what SoCalGas is doing is out of the ordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945946\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1945946\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-800x448.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"485\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-800x448.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-768x430.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM.png 832w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from a powerpoint by Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions, cited in a Sierra Club legal motion.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We know we have to move past gas to address climate change, to improve air quality, and so on,” said Earthjustice attorney Matt Vespa, who was among the first to raise questions about the utility’s tactics. “They’ve been fighting against this time and again; now they’re amplifying their efforts even more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCalGas countered in a statement that while it has respect for the Public Advocates Office, the claims that the company lied or misled regulators are “simply untrue.” SoCalGas \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M277/K270/277270076.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argues\u003c/a> that “[c]onsumers want choice,” and the company is offering that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who is Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural gas heats water for showers, warms homes in winter, tumbles clothes dry, and cooks food in many California kitchens. That’s why buildings contribute about 25% of the state’s carbon pollution; they’re an often overlooked source of fossil fuel emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions, or C4BES, focuses on kitchens. Its website features homey, multiracial photos of happy people cooking food, all gathered around flame-fed stoves. The nonprofit registered with the state in January, saying it was “representing the interests of gas industrial, commercial and residential users.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics, including Earthjustice and the Sierra Club, argue that the group is a front; documents filed with the CPUC reveal that SoCalGas paid consultants to set up C4BES. Language the utility circulated in recruiting for the organization is nearly word-for-word the same as in the core principles now on the C4BES website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"left\" citation=\"Steve Weissman, former administrative law judge, CPUC\"]‘When the merits of the action you want to take stand on their own, you don’t have to be deceptive about selling it.’[/pullquote]Earthjustice’s Vespa says he first got suspicious of C4BES in the spring. He and other environmental advocates dug into it and found that last October, SoCalGas public policy manager Ken Chawkins offered a “welcome…aboard” to new C4BES board chair Matt Rahn, a Temecula city council member. SoCalGas itself has a representative on the C4BES board, as do eight organizations that received donations from the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Southern California Gas says it has been transparent in its role starting and funding the nonprofit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the organization joined the regulatory proceeding, saying it wanted to speak for gas users, C4BES \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M292/K932/292932611.PDF\">didn’t declare\u003c/a> any relationship with a regulated investor-owned utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthjustice, Sierra Club and the Public Advocates office say that’s a big deal. Using shareholder money, utilities can advocate for themselves when regulators make rules. But critics say SoCalGas shouldn’t be able to spend money from shareholders or its customers to create a “separate” group to give itself a second voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945951\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A drilling rig probes for natural gas on farm property in the Sacramento Valley. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Given the overlap between what the utility says and what the nonprofit says, “the way that SoCal Gas is attempting to inject those comments and ideas into the discourse, I think they should just raise those directly,” said Campbell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vespa calls the relationship between the utility and the nonprofit outrageous. “It just really does fundamentally undermine the integrity of commission proceedings and transparency,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley law lecturer Steve Weissman, a former administrative law judge at the CPUC, says he’s seen SoCalGas do this before: create organizations, populate them with supporters, and use the organizations’ support to bolster their points. But neither he nor Vespa has ever heard of a nonprofit funded by a utility seeking to become a party to a rulemaking like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the merits of the action you want to take stand on their own,” Weissman said, “you don’t have to be deceptive about selling it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who’s Paying for This Advocacy?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investor-owned utilities are tightly regulated in how they can advocate for their interests; they’re not supposed to use ratepayer funds for political lobbying. And SoCalGas asserts that its “financial support for C4BES does not come from ratepayer dollars.” But according to Mike Campbell, from the public watchdog’s office, that’s “not credible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell points out that in official information requests, the utility has given the Public Advocates Office multiple conflicting answers about what money, from what internal accounts, is going toward C4BES. For example, in one response, the utility claimed that the consultants who helped launch C4BES were paid half out of ratepayer funds and half out of shareholder funds. After questions about funding spilled into the regulatory proceeding, SoCalGas now says the consultants were paid with shareholder funds, on which there are fewer limitations.\u003cbr>\n[aside postID='science_1945656']The Public Advocates office often requests information from utilities; according to Campbell, not often do the companies offer murky answers, then modify them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then as you [continue to] follow up, then another effort to mislead,” he said. “That’s extremely uncommon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the Public Advocates Office has asked the commission to investigate the relationship between the nonprofit and the utility, and sanction SoCalGas for violating Rule 1.1, under which anyone appearing before the CPUC \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M209/K618/209618807.PDF\">agrees\u003c/a> “never to mislead the Commission or its staff by an artifice or false statement of fact or law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ethical Questions Abound For SoCalGas Advocacy\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you pay your gas or electric bill in California, you’re also paying for your utility to weigh in on technical issues like energy efficiency, and complex codes and standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, critics have scrutinized SoCalGas’s advocacy, arguing that customers are paying for lobbying that would benefit shareholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As SoCalGas made its case for raising rates last year, Earthjustice and the Sierra Club \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Sierra-Club-and-UCS_Opening-Brief_2018-09-21.pdf\">pointed out\u003c/a> the utility spent customer money on, for example, mailings that mislead customers on the relative costs of gas and electric heating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"left\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Mike Campbell, Office of the Public Advocate, CPUC\"]‘I mean, if you’re willing to lie about little things, why wouldn’t you mislead about the big things?’[/pullquote]And commissioners sanctioned SoCalGas for its advocacy about new specifications for everything from dishwashers to pool pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, commissioners concluded that SoCalGas used money from customers to advocate \u003ci>against \u003c/i>stricter codes and standards, not \u003ci>for \u003c/i>them, and that “there is a potential for SoCalGas to misuse ratepayer funds authorized for codes and standards advocacy.” As a result, through 2025, SoCalGas \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M215/K706/215706139.PDF\">isn’t supposed to\u003c/a> charge ratepayers to do codes and standards advocacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Public Advocates Office says SoCalGas is violating that order, and they want the company sanctioned for that as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have evidence that they continued to work to undermine codes and standards even after the commission said you shouldn’t do that,” Campbell said. “And they kept charging those costs to ratepayers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aggressive Advocacy Across the State\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say SoCalGas’ aggressive advocacy sprawls beyond the PUC, into county board rooms and town council meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning last June, SoCalGas crisscrossed the state making \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Sierra-Club-Response-to-SoCalGas-Motion-to-Strike_2019-07-05.pdf\">dozens\u003c/a> of presentations — to city and county governments, local associations, and chambers of commerce — using the words “balanced energy solutions” and urging people to join the free group, C4BES.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least two Southern California cities and three Central Valley counties have passed identical-language resolutions backing SoCalGas’ vision for “balanced energy solutions.” Supervisors in Kern, Tulare and Kings County approved the resolutions on their consent calendars, meaning without public discussion, and forwarded them as recommendations to legislators and regulators. Local reporting characterized their resolutions as evidence that the Central Valley doesn’t really share a Berkeley-type vision for moving away from natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most active people on the C4BES \u003ca href=\"https://c4bes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Facebook page\u003c/a> are from the utility and the consulting firm that helped the utility set up the nonprofit. That page counts more than a thousand hidden members. But few people engage with it: Most likes come from people affiliated with SoCalGas, including former community relations manager Alexander Kim and current public policy manager Ken Chawkins; from independent lobbyists for SoCalGas like Chris Gilbride; and from consultants (including Jorge Flores and Richard Lichtenstein) at Marathon Communications, which appears to have helped set up the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An email to Jim McDaniel, a Marathon consultant named in the Public Advocates file, was forwarded to Marathon, who declined to comment on Marathon and McDaniel’s behalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural gas has long positioned itself as a safe, clean, reliable bridge to a lighter-carbon future: an alternative to heavier fossil fuels at one end, and the daily ebb and flow of renewable energy at the other. But critics say infrastructure failures, including at the Aliso Canyon Gas Field in Los Angeles County, have helped make gas more expensive for California ratepayers in the last couple of years. Not long ago, the PUC opened \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M307/K534/307534571.PDF\">two investigations\u003c/a> into SoCalGas, over Aliso Canyon failures, and over SoCalGas and Sempra safety culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scattered ethics complaints, including the latest one about a nonprofit now clearly affiliated with SoCalGas, may seem small compared to penalties under consideration for wildfires, and the lobbying dollars other utilities put into that effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Campbell says it’s emblematic of a larger problem. “I mean, if you’re willing to lie about little things, why wouldn’t you mislead about the big things?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The battle for California’s carbon-free future might one day come to your kitchen stove, but right now it’s at the state Public Utilities Commission, where Southern California Gas is fighting for its business -- and a watchdog says the utility’s not fighting fairly.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>SoCalGas, a Sempra Company, produces only one thing; with the state aiming for 100% renewable energy by 2045, the company’s days of selling natural gas to millions of customers are numbered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SoCalGas is really clear that it sees the state’s climate goals really as an existential threat,” said Mike Campbell, a program manager with the Public Advocates Office, which represents ratepayers in commission proceedings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell’s office argues that the utility’s tactics include lying to regulators, undermining efficiency codes and standards, and “astroturfing”: funding a seemingly independent advocacy group with ratepayer money. The independent watchdog is asking the commission to sanction SoCalGas, investigate its relationship with the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://c4bes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions\u003c/a>, and withhold bonuses that would benefit the utility’s shareholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While utilities commonly work to sway regulatory outcomes, critics say what SoCalGas is doing is out of the ordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945946\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1945946\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-800x448.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"485\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-800x448.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM-768x430.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Screen-Shot-2019-07-31-at-5.40.00-PM.png 832w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from a powerpoint by Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions, cited in a Sierra Club legal motion.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We know we have to move past gas to address climate change, to improve air quality, and so on,” said Earthjustice attorney Matt Vespa, who was among the first to raise questions about the utility’s tactics. “They’ve been fighting against this time and again; now they’re amplifying their efforts even more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCalGas countered in a statement that while it has respect for the Public Advocates Office, the claims that the company lied or misled regulators are “simply untrue.” SoCalGas \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M277/K270/277270076.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argues\u003c/a> that “[c]onsumers want choice,” and the company is offering that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who is Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural gas heats water for showers, warms homes in winter, tumbles clothes dry, and cooks food in many California kitchens. That’s why buildings contribute about 25% of the state’s carbon pollution; they’re an often overlooked source of fossil fuel emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians for Balanced Energy Solutions, or C4BES, focuses on kitchens. Its website features homey, multiracial photos of happy people cooking food, all gathered around flame-fed stoves. The nonprofit registered with the state in January, saying it was “representing the interests of gas industrial, commercial and residential users.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics, including Earthjustice and the Sierra Club, argue that the group is a front; documents filed with the CPUC reveal that SoCalGas paid consultants to set up C4BES. Language the utility circulated in recruiting for the organization is nearly word-for-word the same as in the core principles now on the C4BES website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Earthjustice’s Vespa says he first got suspicious of C4BES in the spring. He and other environmental advocates dug into it and found that last October, SoCalGas public policy manager Ken Chawkins offered a “welcome…aboard” to new C4BES board chair Matt Rahn, a Temecula city council member. SoCalGas itself has a representative on the C4BES board, as do eight organizations that received donations from the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Southern California Gas says it has been transparent in its role starting and funding the nonprofit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the organization joined the regulatory proceeding, saying it wanted to speak for gas users, C4BES \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Efile/G000/M292/K932/292932611.PDF\">didn’t declare\u003c/a> any relationship with a regulated investor-owned utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthjustice, Sierra Club and the Public Advocates office say that’s a big deal. Using shareholder money, utilities can advocate for themselves when regulators make rules. But critics say SoCalGas shouldn’t be able to spend money from shareholders or its customers to create a “separate” group to give itself a second voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945951\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/RS3943_IMG_3348.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A drilling rig probes for natural gas on farm property in the Sacramento Valley. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Given the overlap between what the utility says and what the nonprofit says, “the way that SoCal Gas is attempting to inject those comments and ideas into the discourse, I think they should just raise those directly,” said Campbell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vespa calls the relationship between the utility and the nonprofit outrageous. “It just really does fundamentally undermine the integrity of commission proceedings and transparency,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley law lecturer Steve Weissman, a former administrative law judge at the CPUC, says he’s seen SoCalGas do this before: create organizations, populate them with supporters, and use the organizations’ support to bolster their points. But neither he nor Vespa has ever heard of a nonprofit funded by a utility seeking to become a party to a rulemaking like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the merits of the action you want to take stand on their own,” Weissman said, “you don’t have to be deceptive about selling it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who’s Paying for This Advocacy?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investor-owned utilities are tightly regulated in how they can advocate for their interests; they’re not supposed to use ratepayer funds for political lobbying. And SoCalGas asserts that its “financial support for C4BES does not come from ratepayer dollars.” But according to Mike Campbell, from the public watchdog’s office, that’s “not credible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campbell points out that in official information requests, the utility has given the Public Advocates Office multiple conflicting answers about what money, from what internal accounts, is going toward C4BES. For example, in one response, the utility claimed that the consultants who helped launch C4BES were paid half out of ratepayer funds and half out of shareholder funds. After questions about funding spilled into the regulatory proceeding, SoCalGas now says the consultants were paid with shareholder funds, on which there are fewer limitations.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The Public Advocates office often requests information from utilities; according to Campbell, not often do the companies offer murky answers, then modify them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then as you [continue to] follow up, then another effort to mislead,” he said. “That’s extremely uncommon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the Public Advocates Office has asked the commission to investigate the relationship between the nonprofit and the utility, and sanction SoCalGas for violating Rule 1.1, under which anyone appearing before the CPUC \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M209/K618/209618807.PDF\">agrees\u003c/a> “never to mislead the Commission or its staff by an artifice or false statement of fact or law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ethical Questions Abound For SoCalGas Advocacy\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you pay your gas or electric bill in California, you’re also paying for your utility to weigh in on technical issues like energy efficiency, and complex codes and standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, critics have scrutinized SoCalGas’s advocacy, arguing that customers are paying for lobbying that would benefit shareholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As SoCalGas made its case for raising rates last year, Earthjustice and the Sierra Club \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Sierra-Club-and-UCS_Opening-Brief_2018-09-21.pdf\">pointed out\u003c/a> the utility spent customer money on, for example, mailings that mislead customers on the relative costs of gas and electric heating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>And commissioners sanctioned SoCalGas for its advocacy about new specifications for everything from dishwashers to pool pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, commissioners concluded that SoCalGas used money from customers to advocate \u003ci>against \u003c/i>stricter codes and standards, not \u003ci>for \u003c/i>them, and that “there is a potential for SoCalGas to misuse ratepayer funds authorized for codes and standards advocacy.” As a result, through 2025, SoCalGas \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M215/K706/215706139.PDF\">isn’t supposed to\u003c/a> charge ratepayers to do codes and standards advocacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Public Advocates Office says SoCalGas is violating that order, and they want the company sanctioned for that as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have evidence that they continued to work to undermine codes and standards even after the commission said you shouldn’t do that,” Campbell said. “And they kept charging those costs to ratepayers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aggressive Advocacy Across the State\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say SoCalGas’ aggressive advocacy sprawls beyond the PUC, into county board rooms and town council meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning last June, SoCalGas crisscrossed the state making \u003ca href=\"https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Sierra-Club-Response-to-SoCalGas-Motion-to-Strike_2019-07-05.pdf\">dozens\u003c/a> of presentations — to city and county governments, local associations, and chambers of commerce — using the words “balanced energy solutions” and urging people to join the free group, C4BES.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least two Southern California cities and three Central Valley counties have passed identical-language resolutions backing SoCalGas’ vision for “balanced energy solutions.” Supervisors in Kern, Tulare and Kings County approved the resolutions on their consent calendars, meaning without public discussion, and forwarded them as recommendations to legislators and regulators. Local reporting characterized their resolutions as evidence that the Central Valley doesn’t really share a Berkeley-type vision for moving away from natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most active people on the C4BES \u003ca href=\"https://c4bes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Facebook page\u003c/a> are from the utility and the consulting firm that helped the utility set up the nonprofit. That page counts more than a thousand hidden members. But few people engage with it: Most likes come from people affiliated with SoCalGas, including former community relations manager Alexander Kim and current public policy manager Ken Chawkins; from independent lobbyists for SoCalGas like Chris Gilbride; and from consultants (including Jorge Flores and Richard Lichtenstein) at Marathon Communications, which appears to have helped set up the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An email to Jim McDaniel, a Marathon consultant named in the Public Advocates file, was forwarded to Marathon, who declined to comment on Marathon and McDaniel’s behalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural gas has long positioned itself as a safe, clean, reliable bridge to a lighter-carbon future: an alternative to heavier fossil fuels at one end, and the daily ebb and flow of renewable energy at the other. But critics say infrastructure failures, including at the Aliso Canyon Gas Field in Los Angeles County, have helped make gas more expensive for California ratepayers in the last couple of years. Not long ago, the PUC opened \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M307/K534/307534571.PDF\">two investigations\u003c/a> into SoCalGas, over Aliso Canyon failures, and over SoCalGas and Sempra safety culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scattered ethics complaints, including the latest one about a nonprofit now clearly affiliated with SoCalGas, may seem small compared to penalties under consideration for wildfires, and the lobbying dollars other utilities put into that effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Campbell says it’s emblematic of a larger problem. “I mean, if you’re willing to lie about little things, why wouldn’t you mislead about the big things?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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