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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oakland:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-all-bay-collective/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">All Bay Collective\u003c/a> will take on projects in San Leandro Bay and at the Oakland Coliseum site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Union City:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/public-sediment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Public Sediment\u003c/a> team aims to revive mud flows from Alameda Creek, into the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>South Bay:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-field-operations-team/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Field Operations\u003c/a> team has ideas on the drawing board for several South Bay locations, including Palo Alto, East Palo Alto, and Sunnyvale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Mateo County:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/hassell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hassell +\u003c/a> will focus on South San Francisco and areas on the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Francisco:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/big-one-sherwood/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Big+One+Sherwood\u003c/a> team will focus on San Francisco, particularly the Bayview and Islais Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Rafael:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/bionic-team\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> BionicTeam\u003c/a> will take on San Rafael’s low-lying Canal District, one of the most vulnerable locations in Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Pablo Bay:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/common-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Common Ground\u003c/a> will work on solutions for the vulnerable Highway 37 and shoreline locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vallejo:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/team-uplift\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Uplift team\u003c/a> will attempt to protect and reinvigorate the Vallejo waterfront, including the underutilized Mare Island, site of the former naval shipyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Richmond:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-home-team\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Home Team\u003c/a> heads to North Richmond to develop ideas for Point San Pablo and nearby neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regional:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/permaculture-social-equity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">P+SET\u003c/a> will take a regional approach, working on resilience for all nine counties bordering the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point there are no guarantees — and no money to make these projects happen. It’s up to the designers, engineers, and the local communities with which they’re teamed to come up with designs that are both innovative and practical, and approaches to getting them funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local community engagement will ground our team’s thinking in the present, while we think long-term,” said Oakland team member Claire Bonham-Carter in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Done right, plans will address multiple challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/eqxT-pbik60'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/eqxT-pbik60'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We asked a simple question,” says Roger Sherman, design director at the Gensler architectural firm in Los Angeles. “Where is the one or several places where you could intervene in a very focused way and have the greatest single impact upon the widest geographic area?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Sherman’s Uplift team, the answer came up “Vallejo,” a community that lacks good connections to Bay Area transit options — and where high-tide flooding of nearby Highway 37 during the storm season is already a recurring nightmare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turned out to be a place where transportation — 37 in particular — was something that was under imminent threat,” recalls Sherman, “because of sea level rise and flooding that would create a certain amount of havoc in terms of circulation around the North Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the challenge is to come up with holistic approaches with potential benefits beyond each local project. It’s like acupuncture, says Sherman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The solution to the problem may exist somewhere other than where you see it surface.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teams will present their plans in mid-May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Climate change is difficult to talk about. The subject is complex. Denial is rampant. The scale of the problem is hard to grasp. And, while it is arguably the most important story of our time, it has a way of wearing people down. Rather than exhausting the topic, the topic exhausts us.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">When you sonify data, you experience time in a way you can’t when you look at a chart.\u003ccite>Hal Gordon, Graduate student\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We know this. So, we’d like to offer a new way to understand the speed at which our planet has changed over the past few hundred years. This project was brought to us by three UC Berkeley graduate students and a sonification artist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Chafe, director of Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"https://ccrma.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics\u003c/a> composed the piece of music based on data compiled by Hal Gordon, Kate Pennington and Valeri Vasquez at Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ONuA9HmkF3M&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ll hear global temperatures and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for the most recent three centuries in the graphic above. The music in our story below tracks global average temperature and CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from 850 A.D. to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A large part of what motivated us to think about sonifying CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and temperature data over time,” says Pennington, “is that when you look at a graph of how these two things have moved together, you see very clearly that they track each other really closely. But it’s hard to understand time when you see it all at once.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the pace of climate change can be better communicated through sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src= https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/01/WEBSonificationVenton180108.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"LISTEN: 1,200 Years of Earth's Climate, Transformed into Sound\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/PIA18033_orig.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all climate data you see it in a long chart with time that is way longer than human life time so it’s impossible to experience,” says Gordon. “But when you sonify it you actually experience time in a way that you can’t experience when you look at the chart.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you hear in the piece that Chris has composed there’s really not a lot happening for a really long time and it’s kind of soothing,” says Pennington. “We have a normal state of the world, and life has evolved relative to that normal state of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1918662 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-800x400.png\" alt=\"Graph of global CO2 levels\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-800x400.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-160x80.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-768x384.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-1020x510.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-1180x590.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-960x480.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-240x120.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-375x188.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-520x260.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>The piece of sound begins with a low drone, the tone of which represents the concentration of carbon dioxide during the Middle Ages. It is accompanied by a twangy ping-pong sound: global temperature averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in the 1700s, however, you begin to hear a change. The Industrial Revolution and widespread deforestation in Europe take hold. Carbon concentrations begin to creep up. Approaching the 1900s, the tone becomes a higher-pitched wail. The last few seconds of the piece sound like an alarm, the result of a meteoric rise in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7ROfg5tk22E0HRPe7NwtKDIl7x2oGjPf”]”The whole concept that we’re trying to explain here is not a pleasant one, it’s actually a frightening one,” says Vasquez. “So it might be really appropriate that it ends in this kind of ambulance sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re now living in a world that is about 1.5 degrees C above what it was before the Industrial Revolution (and about \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1 degree above what it was in the first half of the 1900s\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could seem relatively minor change, but it indicates the Earth’s balance has been disrupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My body temperature’s 98.6. If I have a fever of 101, I would worry. If all the doctors tell me that my temperature’s going to go up, I would be very worried,” says \u003ca href=\"https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/inez-fung\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inez Fung\u003c/a>, climate scientist at UC Berkeley. “If I have a temperature of 103, I know other organs are going to be influenced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is manifesting itself in sea-level rise, extreme storms, prolonged droughts, deadly floods, wildfires and emerging diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers extract an ice core piece out of a drill machine, on August 25, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers extract an ice core from a drilling machine in the French Alps, on August 25, 2016. \u003ccite>(PHILIPPE DESMAZES/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The whole planet is adapted to a certain range,” says Fung. “We’re going into a range where, yes, we’ve seen higher CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> before, but people have not been around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time the atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentration was as high at it is today was \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/how-the-world-passed-a-carbon-threshold-400ppm-and-why-it-matters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3 million years ago. \u003c/a>That’s about the time of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2011/02/12/133658692/fossil-suggests-lucy-had-the-first-modern-foot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Australopithecus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, the pre-human hominin species that Lucy comes from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can study the ancient climate through a number of means. One is by analyzing \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ice cores\u003c/a>. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cores hold trapped air bubbles going back thousands of years. After drilling a core, researchers can melt down sections of the ice and capture the released air to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide (among other things). \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03265\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Temperature data can be reconstructed\u003c/a> in part from tree rings and mud core samples from the bottoms of lakes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”KnekqcEwhVBH0ZmRPxuFxIEj2SNSGdqX”]What will happen in the future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We literally don’t know what will happen next,” says Pennington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/531048986/so-what-exactly-is-in-the-paris-climate-accord\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aim of the Paris Climate Accord\u003c/a> is to limit the rise in temperature to “well below” 2 degrees and, if possible, to 1.5 C, “recognizing that this would \u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/files/home/application/pdf/paris_agreement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">significantly reduce the risks and impacts\u003c/a> of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year President Trump announced he was \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/06/01/trump-poised-to-announce-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">withdrawing the U.S. from participation\u003c/a> in the Paris Accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However California, along with a number of states and cities around the world, have \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/06/01/california-defiant-as-president-trump-withdraws-from-paris-climate-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defiantly expressed commitment\u003c/a> to the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens next is “really sort of a pick-your-adventure choice” says Pennington, with all of us playing some role in the outcome. We, as a society, have the chance to choose what the future will sound like.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Climate change is difficult to talk about. The subject is complex. Denial is rampant. The scale of the problem is hard to grasp. And, while it is arguably the most important story of our time, it has a way of wearing people down. Rather than exhausting the topic, the topic exhausts us.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">When you sonify data, you experience time in a way you can’t when you look at a chart.\u003ccite>Hal Gordon, Graduate student\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We know this. So, we’d like to offer a new way to understand the speed at which our planet has changed over the past few hundred years. This project was brought to us by three UC Berkeley graduate students and a sonification artist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Chafe, director of Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"https://ccrma.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics\u003c/a> composed the piece of music based on data compiled by Hal Gordon, Kate Pennington and Valeri Vasquez at Berkeley.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ONuA9HmkF3M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ONuA9HmkF3M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>You’ll hear global temperatures and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for the most recent three centuries in the graphic above. The music in our story below tracks global average temperature and CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from 850 A.D. to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all climate data you see it in a long chart with time that is way longer than human life time so it’s impossible to experience,” says Gordon. “But when you sonify it you actually experience time in a way that you can’t experience when you look at the chart.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you hear in the piece that Chris has composed there’s really not a lot happening for a really long time and it’s kind of soothing,” says Pennington. “We have a normal state of the world, and life has evolved relative to that normal state of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1918662 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-800x400.png\" alt=\"Graph of global CO2 levels\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-800x400.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-160x80.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-768x384.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-1020x510.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-1180x590.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-960x480.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-240x120.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-375x188.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-520x260.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>The piece of sound begins with a low drone, the tone of which represents the concentration of carbon dioxide during the Middle Ages. It is accompanied by a twangy ping-pong sound: global temperature averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in the 1700s, however, you begin to hear a change. The Industrial Revolution and widespread deforestation in Europe take hold. Carbon concentrations begin to creep up. Approaching the 1900s, the tone becomes a higher-pitched wail. The last few seconds of the piece sound like an alarm, the result of a meteoric rise in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”The whole concept that we’re trying to explain here is not a pleasant one, it’s actually a frightening one,” says Vasquez. “So it might be really appropriate that it ends in this kind of ambulance sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re now living in a world that is about 1.5 degrees C above what it was before the Industrial Revolution (and about \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1 degree above what it was in the first half of the 1900s\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could seem relatively minor change, but it indicates the Earth’s balance has been disrupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My body temperature’s 98.6. If I have a fever of 101, I would worry. If all the doctors tell me that my temperature’s going to go up, I would be very worried,” says \u003ca href=\"https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/inez-fung\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inez Fung\u003c/a>, climate scientist at UC Berkeley. “If I have a temperature of 103, I know other organs are going to be influenced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is manifesting itself in sea-level rise, extreme storms, prolonged droughts, deadly floods, wildfires and emerging diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers extract an ice core piece out of a drill machine, on August 25, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers extract an ice core from a drilling machine in the French Alps, on August 25, 2016. \u003ccite>(PHILIPPE DESMAZES/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The whole planet is adapted to a certain range,” says Fung. “We’re going into a range where, yes, we’ve seen higher CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> before, but people have not been around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time the atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentration was as high at it is today was \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/how-the-world-passed-a-carbon-threshold-400ppm-and-why-it-matters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3 million years ago. \u003c/a>That’s about the time of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2011/02/12/133658692/fossil-suggests-lucy-had-the-first-modern-foot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Australopithecus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, the pre-human hominin species that Lucy comes from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can study the ancient climate through a number of means. One is by analyzing \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ice cores\u003c/a>. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cores hold trapped air bubbles going back thousands of years. After drilling a core, researchers can melt down sections of the ice and capture the released air to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide (among other things). \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03265\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Temperature data can be reconstructed\u003c/a> in part from tree rings and mud core samples from the bottoms of lakes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>What will happen in the future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We literally don’t know what will happen next,” says Pennington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/531048986/so-what-exactly-is-in-the-paris-climate-accord\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aim of the Paris Climate Accord\u003c/a> is to limit the rise in temperature to “well below” 2 degrees and, if possible, to 1.5 C, “recognizing that this would \u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/files/home/application/pdf/paris_agreement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">significantly reduce the risks and impacts\u003c/a> of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year President Trump announced he was \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/06/01/trump-poised-to-announce-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">withdrawing the U.S. from participation\u003c/a> in the Paris Accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However California, along with a number of states and cities around the world, have \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/06/01/california-defiant-as-president-trump-withdraws-from-paris-climate-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defiantly expressed commitment\u003c/a> to the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens next is “really sort of a pick-your-adventure choice” says Pennington, with all of us playing some role in the outcome. We, as a society, have the chance to choose what the future will sound like.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Administration Opens Door To Dramatic Expansion Of Offshore Energy Leases",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration is proposing dramatic changes to policies on offshore leasing for oil and gas, opening the door to radically expand drilling in waters that were protected by the Obama administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the “largest number of lease sales ever proposed, ” Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke told reporters. The proposed plan to sell offshore drilling leases in the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic over a five-year period was detailed Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan would determine the size, timing and location of leasing activities, and would replace Obama’s 2017-2022 program. It includes all but one of 26 “planning areas” in federal waters off U.S. coastlines, comprising about 90 percent of the outer continental shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke emphasized that “this is a draft program.” The plan has a comment period of 60 days, in which authorities will hear from states, the public and other stakeholders. It would take effect in 2019\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed change is welcomed by the oil and gas industry. In a statement, the National Ocean Industries Association praised Zinke “for offering the broadest possible acreage for potential inclusion in our nation’s next offshore leasing program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, environmental organizations are alarmed and stress that it could place wildlife and coastal communities at risk of a spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposal would expose the Arctic waters — our last undeveloped ocean —to drilling, put the Atlantic coast on the chopping block for the first time since 1983, open the Pacific coast — which has not seen federal drilling for decades, and further threaten the debilitated Gulf of Mexico,” said a statement signed by 64 organizations and environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last April, Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/27/525959808/trump-to-sign-executive-order-on-offshore-drilling-and-marine-sanctuaries\">directed Zinke\u003c/a> to review the Obama administration’s five-year plan. The areas reviewed included portions of the Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic oceans where the previous administration had not allowed drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has touted the change as an “America-first offshore energy strategy.” Before signing the order, Trump said “renewed offshore energy production will reduce the cost of energy, create countless new jobs, and make America more secure and far more energy independent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal experts have raised questions about whether the Trump administration actually has the power to change portions of Obama’s policies, such as reversing the Arctic leasing ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly before Obama left office he “used an obscure provision of the 1953 \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/Outer-Continental-Shelf-Lands-Act/\">Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act\u003c/a> to issue what he called a permanent ban on offshore drilling in large parts of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans,” as NPR has reported. The Obama administration said it could not be reversed, because there is no provision to do so in that law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s executive order explicitly mentions the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act and says it is simply modifying the text of the Obama memorandum. Interior’s Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary Kate MacGregor told reporters Thursday that she believes previous protections were “overturned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as NPR previously reported, it’s also not clear how much new drilling would actually happen even if it is allowed. The current price of oil is about $60 a barrel — fairly low — and “offshore drilling is an expensive endeavor, especially in places like the Arctic,” as NPR has said. MacGregor said she is expecting companies to be “very interested” in new lease offerings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separately, the Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2017-12-29/pdf/2017-27309.pdf\">seeking to relax a rule\u003c/a> requiring equipment used by oil and gas companies in offshore drilling to be certified by third-party inspectors\u003cstrong>. “\u003c/strong>Now they’re going to use some industry-set recommendations — recommended practices instead of these third-party inspectors,” Inside Energy executive editor Alisa Barba \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/01/01/574932180/trump-reexamines-regulations-regarding-fracking-oil-drilling\">told NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is time for a paradigm shift in the way we regulate the [outer continental shelf],” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.bsee.gov/newsroom/latest-news/statements-and-releases/press-releases/bsee-proposes-revisions-to-production\">Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement Director Scott Angelle\u003c/a>. “There was an assumption made previously that only more rules would increase safety, but ultimately it is not an either/or proposition. We can actually increase domestic energy production \u003cem>and\u003c/em> increase safety and environmental protection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That proposed rule appeared in the Federal Register last Friday and is open to public comment until Jan. 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BSEE, the federal regulator of the offshore energy industry, was set up in response to 2010’s Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which dumped millions of gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico and killed 11 people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Opens+Door+To+Dramatic+Expansion+Of+Offshore+Energy+Leases&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration is proposing dramatic changes to policies on offshore leasing for oil and gas, opening the door to radically expand drilling in waters that were protected by the Obama administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the “largest number of lease sales ever proposed, ” Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke told reporters. The proposed plan to sell offshore drilling leases in the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic over a five-year period was detailed Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan would determine the size, timing and location of leasing activities, and would replace Obama’s 2017-2022 program. It includes all but one of 26 “planning areas” in federal waters off U.S. coastlines, comprising about 90 percent of the outer continental shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke emphasized that “this is a draft program.” The plan has a comment period of 60 days, in which authorities will hear from states, the public and other stakeholders. It would take effect in 2019\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed change is welcomed by the oil and gas industry. In a statement, the National Ocean Industries Association praised Zinke “for offering the broadest possible acreage for potential inclusion in our nation’s next offshore leasing program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, environmental organizations are alarmed and stress that it could place wildlife and coastal communities at risk of a spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposal would expose the Arctic waters — our last undeveloped ocean —to drilling, put the Atlantic coast on the chopping block for the first time since 1983, open the Pacific coast — which has not seen federal drilling for decades, and further threaten the debilitated Gulf of Mexico,” said a statement signed by 64 organizations and environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last April, Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/27/525959808/trump-to-sign-executive-order-on-offshore-drilling-and-marine-sanctuaries\">directed Zinke\u003c/a> to review the Obama administration’s five-year plan. The areas reviewed included portions of the Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic oceans where the previous administration had not allowed drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has touted the change as an “America-first offshore energy strategy.” Before signing the order, Trump said “renewed offshore energy production will reduce the cost of energy, create countless new jobs, and make America more secure and far more energy independent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal experts have raised questions about whether the Trump administration actually has the power to change portions of Obama’s policies, such as reversing the Arctic leasing ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly before Obama left office he “used an obscure provision of the 1953 \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/Outer-Continental-Shelf-Lands-Act/\">Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act\u003c/a> to issue what he called a permanent ban on offshore drilling in large parts of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans,” as NPR has reported. The Obama administration said it could not be reversed, because there is no provision to do so in that law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s executive order explicitly mentions the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act and says it is simply modifying the text of the Obama memorandum. Interior’s Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary Kate MacGregor told reporters Thursday that she believes previous protections were “overturned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as NPR previously reported, it’s also not clear how much new drilling would actually happen even if it is allowed. The current price of oil is about $60 a barrel — fairly low — and “offshore drilling is an expensive endeavor, especially in places like the Arctic,” as NPR has said. MacGregor said she is expecting companies to be “very interested” in new lease offerings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separately, the Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2017-12-29/pdf/2017-27309.pdf\">seeking to relax a rule\u003c/a> requiring equipment used by oil and gas companies in offshore drilling to be certified by third-party inspectors\u003cstrong>. “\u003c/strong>Now they’re going to use some industry-set recommendations — recommended practices instead of these third-party inspectors,” Inside Energy executive editor Alisa Barba \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/01/01/574932180/trump-reexamines-regulations-regarding-fracking-oil-drilling\">told NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is time for a paradigm shift in the way we regulate the [outer continental shelf],” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.bsee.gov/newsroom/latest-news/statements-and-releases/press-releases/bsee-proposes-revisions-to-production\">Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement Director Scott Angelle\u003c/a>. “There was an assumption made previously that only more rules would increase safety, but ultimately it is not an either/or proposition. We can actually increase domestic energy production \u003cem>and\u003c/em> increase safety and environmental protection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That proposed rule appeared in the Federal Register last Friday and is open to public comment until Jan. 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BSEE, the federal regulator of the offshore energy industry, was set up in response to 2010’s Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which dumped millions of gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico and killed 11 people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Opens+Door+To+Dramatic+Expansion+Of+Offshore+Energy+Leases&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sierra Snow Season Bogged Down by Warm Storms, Dry December",
"headTitle": "Sierra Snow Season Bogged Down by Warm Storms, Dry December | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s that time of year, when state water managers begin their series of monthly snow surveys — and the initial news is bleak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snow that’s presently sitting on the Sierra Nevada range is packing only \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/DLYSWEQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 percent of the water content\u003c/a> considered normal for this date. That’s worrisome as the Sierra’s “frozen reservoir” of snow typically holds about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra.’\u003ccite>Nina Oakley, climatologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra,” laments Nina Oakley, a climatologist with the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two main culprits: first a stubborn bubble of high-pressure that was parked along the California coast for most of December, diverting potential storms around the state, into the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. That put a pinch on total precipitation for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“November was a fairly good month,” recalls Cory Mueller, a forecaster in Sacramento. “We were running about normal, but then as we went into December we had that ridge build in and that really cut off the precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>December is historically California’s wettest month, counted on to deliver about 20 percent of the total precipitation in any given year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secondly, the wet systems that have managed to sneak in from the Pacific Ocean have been on the warm side, dropping snow at only the highest elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918603\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\" alt=\"Mostly-barren winter meadow in the Sierra.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s been another winter of scant snow in the Sierra, so far. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The picture is even more grim in Southern California, much of which has yet to see any significant precipitation this season. Santa Barbara, which should be closing in on six inches of rain by now, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has logged\u003c/a> just .07 inches for the season — that’s 1 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it might be too soon to starting dropping the “D-word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just coming out of a multi-year drought with the wet year of 2016-2017 and then looking at the potential for going back into drought, it is concerning,” says Oakley. “But we live in an area where precipitation is highly variable from year to year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And from month to month. Extended dry periods are common during the California winter, though they’re more likely to occur in January, giving rise to the skiers’ snarky appellation of “June-uary.” And just as abruptly as the tap can shut off, it can open up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as we have that ridge break down and open the storm corridor, and if we can get several big storms into the region, we can recover what we lost in previous months,” says Oakley hopefully. “So it can certainly turn around.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California typically gets half its precipitation during three winter months -- and December was a bust.",
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"description": "California typically gets half its precipitation during three winter months -- and December was a bust.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s that time of year, when state water managers begin their series of monthly snow surveys — and the initial news is bleak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snow that’s presently sitting on the Sierra Nevada range is packing only \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/DLYSWEQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 percent of the water content\u003c/a> considered normal for this date. That’s worrisome as the Sierra’s “frozen reservoir” of snow typically holds about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra.’\u003ccite>Nina Oakley, climatologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra,” laments Nina Oakley, a climatologist with the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two main culprits: first a stubborn bubble of high-pressure that was parked along the California coast for most of December, diverting potential storms around the state, into the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. That put a pinch on total precipitation for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“November was a fairly good month,” recalls Cory Mueller, a forecaster in Sacramento. “We were running about normal, but then as we went into December we had that ridge build in and that really cut off the precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>December is historically California’s wettest month, counted on to deliver about 20 percent of the total precipitation in any given year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secondly, the wet systems that have managed to sneak in from the Pacific Ocean have been on the warm side, dropping snow at only the highest elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918603\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\" alt=\"Mostly-barren winter meadow in the Sierra.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s been another winter of scant snow in the Sierra, so far. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The picture is even more grim in Southern California, much of which has yet to see any significant precipitation this season. Santa Barbara, which should be closing in on six inches of rain by now, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has logged\u003c/a> just .07 inches for the season — that’s 1 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it might be too soon to starting dropping the “D-word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just coming out of a multi-year drought with the wet year of 2016-2017 and then looking at the potential for going back into drought, it is concerning,” says Oakley. “But we live in an area where precipitation is highly variable from year to year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And from month to month. Extended dry periods are common during the California winter, though they’re more likely to occur in January, giving rise to the skiers’ snarky appellation of “June-uary.” And just as abruptly as the tap can shut off, it can open up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as we have that ridge break down and open the storm corridor, and if we can get several big storms into the region, we can recover what we lost in previous months,” says Oakley hopefully. “So it can certainly turn around.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Our 10 Most Read Science Stories of 2017",
"headTitle": "Our 10 Most Read Science Stories of 2017 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From drought, to floods, to getting liquefied when you die, we look back at the most read KQED science stories of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/25/before-and-after-the-rains-impact-on-three-california-reservoirs/\">Before and After: The Rain’s Impact on Three California Reservoirs\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352123\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1352123\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Folsom Lake on Oct. 26, 2015. Right: Folsom Lake on Jan. 14, 2017. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seeing is believing. Our readers really enjoyed viewing the differences in California’s largest reservoirs after the drought-busting rains of last winter, as captured by satellite images from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/15/california-third-gender-nonbinary/\">California Now Recognizes a Third Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_334581\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-334581\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/Max-e1493051858120-800x708.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"708\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Max, a 13-year-old Californian who identifies as agender, one of multiple gender identities that fall into the umbrella of ‘nonbinary.’ The state will allow residents to choose nonbinary as an official gender on drivers licenses and birth certificates starting in 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gender is no longer either male or female, according to the state of California. In October Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation into law requiring a third gender option for driver’s licenses and birth certificates. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/10/heres-what-californias-wildflower-super-bloom-looks-like-from-space/\">Here’s What California’s Wildflower ‘Super Bloom’ Looks Like From Space\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1540495\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1540495\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-520x292.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web.png 1892w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildflowers north of Los Padres National Forest in early December 2016 (before the winter rains) and in late March during the wildflower super bloom. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What is better than a wildflower super bloom? Seeing it from space. It was a fantastic spring for wildflower lovers, who flocked to fields of poppies, lupine and golden brush. In another collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>, high resolution satellite imagery reveals dense and colorful wildflower fields in Southern California following the epic winter rains. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/24/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender/\">Boy? Girl? Both? Neither? A New Generation Overthrows Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329386\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-e1486745816629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-329386\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. (Jon Brooks/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a story that captured both our attention and our readers, we explored the lives of several young people who do not identify as male or female. Expect to hear more about this topic, as recent studies and polls suggest we are in the midst of a gender revolution, both in terms of expression and identity. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/22/daddy-longlegs-risk-life-and-especially-limb-to-survive/\">Daddy Longlegs Risk Life…and Especially Limb…to Survive\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/tjDmH8zhp6o\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not pulling your leg here: When attacked, daddy longlegs deliberately release their limbs to escape. Watch to see autotomy, the voluntary release of a body part, in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/20/want-to-cut-your-carbon-footprint-get-liquefied-when-youre-dead/\">Governor Signs Law Allowing Californians to Choose to Liquefy Their Remains\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-428960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Picture-of-bone-fragments.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bones left over after a water cremation. The fragments will be pulverized into a powder, which can be memorialized in an urn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year Gov. Jerry Brown signed into law the bill that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called ‘water cremation’. The process doesn’t actually use water, but a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/13/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont/\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353891\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-353891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/BacteriaImage_Blue_Mills-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"543\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bifidobacteria are found naturally in the intestines of humans and are also common in probiotic foods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What if your psychiatrist prescribed yogurt and vegetables as an antidepressant? Researchers at the intersection of psychiatry and biochemistry think adding beneficial bacteria to our diet could be a treatment for anxiety and depression. But there are still many unknowns about which foods can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/14/photos-your-pics-of-californias-super-bloom/\">PHOTOS: Your Pics of California’s ‘Super Bloom’\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1555936\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1555936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carrizo Plain \u003ccite>(From @elliotmcgucken, via Instagram)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We asked our social media fans for your photos of California’s wildflower ‘Super Bloom” spectacle, and you delivered! Here’s a sampling of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/casuperbloom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#CASuperBloom.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/25/food-as-medicine-its-not-just-a-fringe-idea-anymore/\">Food as Medicine is No Longer a Fringe Idea\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_310908\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/shop-with-doc-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph's Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\" width=\"800\" height=\"460\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph’s Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What we put in our bodies can be medicine. Literally. Food wisdom now finds its way into hospitals and even medical schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/02/suicides-push-medical-schools-to-finally-address-student-mental-health/\">Medical Student Suicides Prompt Schools to Finally Take Action\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_381345\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-381345\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/IMG_1536.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sean Petro, at age 24, one year before his suicide while attending the USC Keck School of Medicine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After aspiring doctors receive a prized acceptance letter to medical school, they face a daunting reality. Suicides in medical schools, as well as studies showing an alarming number of medical students consider ending their lives, have prompted schools and residency programs to provide more support for mental health.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From drought, to floods, to getting liquefied when you die, we look back at the most read KQED science stories of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/25/before-and-after-the-rains-impact-on-three-california-reservoirs/\">Before and After: The Rain’s Impact on Three California Reservoirs\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352123\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1352123\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Folsom Lake on Oct. 26, 2015. Right: Folsom Lake on Jan. 14, 2017. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seeing is believing. Our readers really enjoyed viewing the differences in California’s largest reservoirs after the drought-busting rains of last winter, as captured by satellite images from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/15/california-third-gender-nonbinary/\">California Now Recognizes a Third Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_334581\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-334581\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/Max-e1493051858120-800x708.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"708\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Max, a 13-year-old Californian who identifies as agender, one of multiple gender identities that fall into the umbrella of ‘nonbinary.’ The state will allow residents to choose nonbinary as an official gender on drivers licenses and birth certificates starting in 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gender is no longer either male or female, according to the state of California. In October Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation into law requiring a third gender option for driver’s licenses and birth certificates. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/10/heres-what-californias-wildflower-super-bloom-looks-like-from-space/\">Here’s What California’s Wildflower ‘Super Bloom’ Looks Like From Space\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1540495\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1540495\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-520x292.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web.png 1892w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildflowers north of Los Padres National Forest in early December 2016 (before the winter rains) and in late March during the wildflower super bloom. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What is better than a wildflower super bloom? Seeing it from space. It was a fantastic spring for wildflower lovers, who flocked to fields of poppies, lupine and golden brush. In another collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>, high resolution satellite imagery reveals dense and colorful wildflower fields in Southern California following the epic winter rains. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/24/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender/\">Boy? Girl? Both? Neither? A New Generation Overthrows Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329386\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-e1486745816629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-329386\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. (Jon Brooks/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a story that captured both our attention and our readers, we explored the lives of several young people who do not identify as male or female. Expect to hear more about this topic, as recent studies and polls suggest we are in the midst of a gender revolution, both in terms of expression and identity. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/22/daddy-longlegs-risk-life-and-especially-limb-to-survive/\">Daddy Longlegs Risk Life…and Especially Limb…to Survive\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/tjDmH8zhp6o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/tjDmH8zhp6o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not pulling your leg here: When attacked, daddy longlegs deliberately release their limbs to escape. Watch to see autotomy, the voluntary release of a body part, in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/20/want-to-cut-your-carbon-footprint-get-liquefied-when-youre-dead/\">Governor Signs Law Allowing Californians to Choose to Liquefy Their Remains\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-428960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Picture-of-bone-fragments.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bones left over after a water cremation. The fragments will be pulverized into a powder, which can be memorialized in an urn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year Gov. Jerry Brown signed into law the bill that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called ‘water cremation’. The process doesn’t actually use water, but a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/13/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont/\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353891\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-353891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/BacteriaImage_Blue_Mills-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"543\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bifidobacteria are found naturally in the intestines of humans and are also common in probiotic foods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What if your psychiatrist prescribed yogurt and vegetables as an antidepressant? Researchers at the intersection of psychiatry and biochemistry think adding beneficial bacteria to our diet could be a treatment for anxiety and depression. But there are still many unknowns about which foods can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/14/photos-your-pics-of-californias-super-bloom/\">PHOTOS: Your Pics of California’s ‘Super Bloom’\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1555936\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1555936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carrizo Plain \u003ccite>(From @elliotmcgucken, via Instagram)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We asked our social media fans for your photos of California’s wildflower ‘Super Bloom” spectacle, and you delivered! Here’s a sampling of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/casuperbloom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#CASuperBloom.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/25/food-as-medicine-its-not-just-a-fringe-idea-anymore/\">Food as Medicine is No Longer a Fringe Idea\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_310908\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/shop-with-doc-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph's Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\" width=\"800\" height=\"460\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph’s Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What we put in our bodies can be medicine. Literally. Food wisdom now finds its way into hospitals and even medical schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/02/suicides-push-medical-schools-to-finally-address-student-mental-health/\">Medical Student Suicides Prompt Schools to Finally Take Action\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_381345\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-381345\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/IMG_1536.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sean Petro, at age 24, one year before his suicide while attending the USC Keck School of Medicine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After aspiring doctors receive a prized acceptance letter to medical school, they face a daunting reality. Suicides in medical schools, as well as studies showing an alarming number of medical students consider ending their lives, have prompted schools and residency programs to provide more support for mental health.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Climate change is increasing the trend in weather and climate extremes in the U.S. A NOAA/NCEI report indicates that through September, the U.S. has had 15 individual billion-dollar weather disasters in 2017. Only 2011 had more billion-dollar disasters with 16, and that was through the entire year. Even without the final calculations from Harvey, Irma and Maria, the total cost is for 2017 about $25 billion, which is far behind the costliest year, 2005 ($215 billion).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igx_CLQkWac\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than one type of event focused on one part of the country, this year’s disasters were spread over several regions. Climate change may have worsened some of the events this year, including drought in the northern Plains and wildfires in the West. In a warming world, soils dry out more from evaporation, making droughts worse and further drying out vegetation, which is susceptible to wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher evaporation rates also provide more fuel for hurricanes, allowing them to produce heavier rain. The warming oceans and glacial melt cause the sea level to rise, which translates into a storm surge that is higher and pushes farther inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>METHODOLOGY:\u003c/strong> Data is provided by NOAA NCEI. Methodology developed by NOAA NCEI with input from economic experts and consultants to remove biases. More details about the specific events included in NOAA’s analysis can be found at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/overview\">https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/overview\u003c/a>. Cost of the disasters have been adjusted for inflation. Additional review of the methodology can be found from \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-content/billions/docs/smith-and-katz-2013.pdf\">Smith and Katz, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Climate change is increasing the trend in weather and climate extremes in the U.S. A NOAA/NCEI report indicates that through September, the U.S. has had 15 individual billion-dollar weather disasters in 2017. Only 2011 had more billion-dollar disasters with 16, and that was through the entire year. Even without the final calculations from Harvey, Irma and Maria, the total cost is for 2017 about $25 billion, which is far behind the costliest year, 2005 ($215 billion).\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/igx_CLQkWac'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/igx_CLQkWac'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Rather than one type of event focused on one part of the country, this year’s disasters were spread over several regions. Climate change may have worsened some of the events this year, including drought in the northern Plains and wildfires in the West. In a warming world, soils dry out more from evaporation, making droughts worse and further drying out vegetation, which is susceptible to wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher evaporation rates also provide more fuel for hurricanes, allowing them to produce heavier rain. The warming oceans and glacial melt cause the sea level to rise, which translates into a storm surge that is higher and pushes farther inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>METHODOLOGY:\u003c/strong> Data is provided by NOAA NCEI. Methodology developed by NOAA NCEI with input from economic experts and consultants to remove biases. More details about the specific events included in NOAA’s analysis can be found at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/overview\">https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/overview\u003c/a>. Cost of the disasters have been adjusted for inflation. Additional review of the methodology can be found from \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-content/billions/docs/smith-and-katz-2013.pdf\">Smith and Katz, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A warming planet due to human-induced climate change will likely contribute to an increase in volcanic activity, according to \u003ca href=\"https://gsw.silverchair-cdn.com/gsw/Content_public/Journal/geology/46/1/10.1130_G39633.1/3/47.pdf?Expires=1514031066&Signature=R3GABkkKn-4EZiMlnFsnC6BvsALit07m1zwvOxbkYpMeLyQZn64tYjC7XsYzkvPONNnbaXSRSrEqi-l194T3ODpY7FmNLPy9-uHdBkdIxZqhBFApDsEfZAvwbe4DBvP6Ag8j4Pc047fH7dVkrMCzxCI1iKmLjviMqJOR7t2rcfLzU2rCtu8dnbOuRuIYE~ZfWHZo~1ZMu9L~kg25U9S-ETV6FdbBJWXrVJ-VZSykcGRkBeDUAde3lKk2Wtq0dgJnSmW0qdfHuLmp9LBiWgyQ7dXeU2B~bMYwldPFde3smA0pyxgrPTp5lzZ3jbXblHTIMRZI36DJM4uFwPxFpp6ggA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIUCZBIA4LVPAVW3Q\">a recent study\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Geology.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a relationship between climate and volcanism might seem counter-intuitive, it turns out that pressure exerted by thick glaciers on the Earth’s crust — what geologists call “surface loading” – has an impact on the flow of magma below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”6XIyyeNMKtC3CGQjT34G4GXgo9lznIui”]The correlation affects “magma flow and the voids and gaps in the Earth where magma flows to the surface as well as how much magma the crust can actually hold,” the study’s lead author Graeme T. Swindles, an associate professor of Earth system dynamics at the University of Leeds, wrote in an email to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/get-ready-for-more-volcanic-eruptions-as-the-planet-warms/\">Scientific American. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study published last month, Swindles’ team examined the geologic record of eruptions of Icelandic volcanoes 5,500 to 4,500 years ago – a period in Earth’s history when the climate was cooler, but still not a full-blown ice age. The level of volcanic activity was discerned by looking at the record of ash that settled on the peat bogs and lakes that fell over Europe, Swindles says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comparing the volcanic record with glacial coverage, the team found that the number of eruptions dropped significantly as the climate cooled and ice cover increased. The eruptions that did occur also tended to be smaller in magnitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a big change in the record in the mid-\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/holocene.php\">Holocene\u003c/a> [epoch], where we see no volcanic ash in Europe and very little in Iceland,” says Swindles. “This seems to overlap with a time where there’s cold climate conditions, which would have favored glacial advance in Iceland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swindles says his team found about a 600-year lag between advancing glaciers and diminished volcanic activity. “That’s because it takes a long time to grow ice masses,” he told the magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reverse, the team found that as the climate warmed and glaciers melted, there were more and bigger eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After glaciers are removed the surface pressure decreases, and the magmas more easily propagate to the surface and thus erupt,” Swindles says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also a lag between retreating glaciers and increased volcanic activity, but it was shorter, the team found — although the study cautions there could be other climate-related factors that contributed to the compressed lag time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A warming planet due to human-induced climate change will likely contribute to an increase in volcanic activity, according to \u003ca href=\"https://gsw.silverchair-cdn.com/gsw/Content_public/Journal/geology/46/1/10.1130_G39633.1/3/47.pdf?Expires=1514031066&Signature=R3GABkkKn-4EZiMlnFsnC6BvsALit07m1zwvOxbkYpMeLyQZn64tYjC7XsYzkvPONNnbaXSRSrEqi-l194T3ODpY7FmNLPy9-uHdBkdIxZqhBFApDsEfZAvwbe4DBvP6Ag8j4Pc047fH7dVkrMCzxCI1iKmLjviMqJOR7t2rcfLzU2rCtu8dnbOuRuIYE~ZfWHZo~1ZMu9L~kg25U9S-ETV6FdbBJWXrVJ-VZSykcGRkBeDUAde3lKk2Wtq0dgJnSmW0qdfHuLmp9LBiWgyQ7dXeU2B~bMYwldPFde3smA0pyxgrPTp5lzZ3jbXblHTIMRZI36DJM4uFwPxFpp6ggA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIUCZBIA4LVPAVW3Q\">a recent study\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Geology.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a relationship between climate and volcanism might seem counter-intuitive, it turns out that pressure exerted by thick glaciers on the Earth’s crust — what geologists call “surface loading” – has an impact on the flow of magma below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The correlation affects “magma flow and the voids and gaps in the Earth where magma flows to the surface as well as how much magma the crust can actually hold,” the study’s lead author Graeme T. Swindles, an associate professor of Earth system dynamics at the University of Leeds, wrote in an email to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/get-ready-for-more-volcanic-eruptions-as-the-planet-warms/\">Scientific American. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study published last month, Swindles’ team examined the geologic record of eruptions of Icelandic volcanoes 5,500 to 4,500 years ago – a period in Earth’s history when the climate was cooler, but still not a full-blown ice age. The level of volcanic activity was discerned by looking at the record of ash that settled on the peat bogs and lakes that fell over Europe, Swindles says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comparing the volcanic record with glacial coverage, the team found that the number of eruptions dropped significantly as the climate cooled and ice cover increased. The eruptions that did occur also tended to be smaller in magnitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a big change in the record in the mid-\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/holocene.php\">Holocene\u003c/a> [epoch], where we see no volcanic ash in Europe and very little in Iceland,” says Swindles. “This seems to overlap with a time where there’s cold climate conditions, which would have favored glacial advance in Iceland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swindles says his team found about a 600-year lag between advancing glaciers and diminished volcanic activity. “That’s because it takes a long time to grow ice masses,” he told the magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reverse, the team found that as the climate warmed and glaciers melted, there were more and bigger eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After glaciers are removed the surface pressure decreases, and the magmas more easily propagate to the surface and thus erupt,” Swindles says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also a lag between retreating glaciers and increased volcanic activity, but it was shorter, the team found — although the study cautions there could be other climate-related factors that contributed to the compressed lag time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why California Wildfires Threaten the State's Climate Goals",
"headTitle": "Why California Wildfires Threaten the State’s Climate Goals | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Beyond the devastation and personal tragedy of the fires that have ravaged California in recent months, another disaster looms: an alarming uptick in unhealthy air and the sudden release of the carbon dioxide that drives climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As millions of acres burn in a cycle of longer and more intense fire seasons, the extensive efforts of industry and regulators to protect the environment can be partly undone in one firestorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Dead trees don’t sequester carbon.’\u003ccite>Jim Branham, Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In particular, as raging blazes pump more carbon into the atmosphere, state officials are grappling with the potential effect on California’s ability to adequately reduce \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/12/what-are-greenhouse-gases-and-where-do-they-come-from/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s environmental regulations are known to be stringent, but they have limits: They apply only to human-caused emissions. Carbon and other pollution generated by wildfires is outside the grasp of state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kinds of fires we’re seeing now generate millions of tons of GHG emissions. This is significant,” said Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/homepage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, a regulatory body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In less than one week, for example, October’s wine-country fires discharged harmful emissions equal to that of every car, truck and big rig on the state’s roads in a year. The calculations from the subsequent fires in Southern California are not yet available, but given the duration and scope of the multiple blazes, the more recent complex of fires could well exceed that level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”FCDzfDY4M9NyiAbQSwmYSWobyhtIRKSo”]The greenhouse gases released when forests burn not only do immediate harm, discharging carbon dioxide and other planet-warming gases, but also continue to inflict damage long after the fires are put out. In a state where emissions from nearly every industry are tightly regulated, if wildfires were treated like other carbon emitters, Mother Nature would be castigated, fined and shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air board estimates that between 2001 and 2010, wildfires generated approximately 120million tons of carbon. But Clegern said a direct comparison with regulated emissions is difficult, in part because of limited monitoring data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature doesn’t follow the rules very well,” said Jim Branham, Executive Officer at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency that has created a plan to better harness California’s forests in reducing carbon in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is so often the case in environmental catastrophes, one thing leads to another, creating what Branham calls the double whammy: Burning trees not only release powerful pollutants known as black carbon, but once a forest is gone, its prodigious ability to absorb carbon from the atmosphere and store it is lost, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists estimate that in severely burned areas, only a fraction of a scorched tree’s emissions are released during the fire, perhaps as little as 15 percent. The bulk of greenhouse gases are released over months and years as the plant dies and decomposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1918371\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1537\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png 1537w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-160x213.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-800x1066.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-768x1023.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-1020x1359.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-1180x1572.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-960x1279.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-240x320.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-375x500.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-520x693.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1537px) 100vw, 1537px\">\u003c/a>And if a burned-out forest is replaced by chaparral or brush, that landscape loses more than 90 percent of its capacity to take in and retain carbon, according to the Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe fires have the capacity to inflict profound damage in a short span. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> estimates that the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/27/rim-fire-ecosystem-damage-estimated-at-800-million/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2013 Rim Fire\u003c/a> in central California spewed out the equivalent of the carbon dioxide emissions from 3 million cars. That is a setback to the state’s effort to get cars off the road, another critical tool for reducing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The role of wildfire as a major source of pollution was identified a decade ago, when a study conducted by the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> concluded that “a severe fire season lasting only one or two months can release as much carbon as the annual emissions from the entire transportation or energy sector of an individual state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>”It’s a measure of the dramatic ramping up of fires in the West that today a single fire can meet that threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entire equation has been made worse by the state’s epidemic of tree death, caused by drought, disease and insect infestation. The U.S. Forest Service this week updated its estimate of dead trees across California to 129 million. That loss alone could be a blow to the state’s vision of a low-carbon future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dead trees don’t sequester carbon,” Branham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forests as carbon-chewers are part of the state’s strategy for cutting greenhouse-gas emissions significantly by 2020 and beyond—a goal that could be undermined by nature’s caprice. The air board will direct state agencies to determine more precisely how much carbon can be absorbed by California’s variety of landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality, too, is subject to state, as well as local and federal, regulations. But those standards go out the window in large fires, when soot and ash blanketing entire regions can be seen from space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>, which sets air pollution standards nationally, has an “exceptional events” rule that exempts states from fines under certain extraordinary conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has invoked the rule during wildfires at least once before, in 2008, for fires in the Sacramento area. The request was accepted, according to the air board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, Sean Raffuse, an analyst at the \u003ca href=\"https://aqrc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Air Quality Research Center at UC Davis\u003c/a>, came up with the “back of the envelope” calculations for October’s Sonoma County fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raffuse said he used federal emissions inventories from fires and calculated that five days of ashy spew from the northern California blazes equated to the annual air pollution from every vehicle in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those kinds of computations are seldom replicated, largely for lack of the necessary instruments present at fire sites. But things are changing. Researchers have been attempting to better understand the full range of environmental damage wrought by wildfires. One tool is drones that can be flown through smoke plumes to collect samples for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have the means to measure emissions from a wildfire like we do from a tailpipe,” Branham said. “We are lagging well behind in understanding and having hard data of the effects of these fires. And most of the data are chasing reality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Beyond the personal tragedy of the Southern California fires, another disaster looms: the sudden release of carbon dioxide that drives climate change.",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/author/julie-cart/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CALmatters\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beyond the devastation and personal tragedy of the fires that have ravaged California in recent months, another disaster looms: an alarming uptick in unhealthy air and the sudden release of the carbon dioxide that drives climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As millions of acres burn in a cycle of longer and more intense fire seasons, the extensive efforts of industry and regulators to protect the environment can be partly undone in one firestorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Dead trees don’t sequester carbon.’\u003ccite>Jim Branham, Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In particular, as raging blazes pump more carbon into the atmosphere, state officials are grappling with the potential effect on California’s ability to adequately reduce \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/12/what-are-greenhouse-gases-and-where-do-they-come-from/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s environmental regulations are known to be stringent, but they have limits: They apply only to human-caused emissions. Carbon and other pollution generated by wildfires is outside the grasp of state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kinds of fires we’re seeing now generate millions of tons of GHG emissions. This is significant,” said Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/homepage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, a regulatory body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In less than one week, for example, October’s wine-country fires discharged harmful emissions equal to that of every car, truck and big rig on the state’s roads in a year. The calculations from the subsequent fires in Southern California are not yet available, but given the duration and scope of the multiple blazes, the more recent complex of fires could well exceed that level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The greenhouse gases released when forests burn not only do immediate harm, discharging carbon dioxide and other planet-warming gases, but also continue to inflict damage long after the fires are put out. In a state where emissions from nearly every industry are tightly regulated, if wildfires were treated like other carbon emitters, Mother Nature would be castigated, fined and shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air board estimates that between 2001 and 2010, wildfires generated approximately 120million tons of carbon. But Clegern said a direct comparison with regulated emissions is difficult, in part because of limited monitoring data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature doesn’t follow the rules very well,” said Jim Branham, Executive Officer at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency that has created a plan to better harness California’s forests in reducing carbon in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is so often the case in environmental catastrophes, one thing leads to another, creating what Branham calls the double whammy: Burning trees not only release powerful pollutants known as black carbon, but once a forest is gone, its prodigious ability to absorb carbon from the atmosphere and store it is lost, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists estimate that in severely burned areas, only a fraction of a scorched tree’s emissions are released during the fire, perhaps as little as 15 percent. The bulk of greenhouse gases are released over months and years as the plant dies and decomposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1918371\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1537\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png 1537w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-160x213.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-800x1066.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-768x1023.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-1020x1359.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-1180x1572.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-960x1279.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-240x320.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-375x500.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-520x693.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1537px) 100vw, 1537px\">\u003c/a>And if a burned-out forest is replaced by chaparral or brush, that landscape loses more than 90 percent of its capacity to take in and retain carbon, according to the Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe fires have the capacity to inflict profound damage in a short span. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> estimates that the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/27/rim-fire-ecosystem-damage-estimated-at-800-million/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2013 Rim Fire\u003c/a> in central California spewed out the equivalent of the carbon dioxide emissions from 3 million cars. That is a setback to the state’s effort to get cars off the road, another critical tool for reducing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The role of wildfire as a major source of pollution was identified a decade ago, when a study conducted by the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> concluded that “a severe fire season lasting only one or two months can release as much carbon as the annual emissions from the entire transportation or energy sector of an individual state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>”It’s a measure of the dramatic ramping up of fires in the West that today a single fire can meet that threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entire equation has been made worse by the state’s epidemic of tree death, caused by drought, disease and insect infestation. The U.S. Forest Service this week updated its estimate of dead trees across California to 129 million. That loss alone could be a blow to the state’s vision of a low-carbon future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dead trees don’t sequester carbon,” Branham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forests as carbon-chewers are part of the state’s strategy for cutting greenhouse-gas emissions significantly by 2020 and beyond—a goal that could be undermined by nature’s caprice. The air board will direct state agencies to determine more precisely how much carbon can be absorbed by California’s variety of landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality, too, is subject to state, as well as local and federal, regulations. But those standards go out the window in large fires, when soot and ash blanketing entire regions can be seen from space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>, which sets air pollution standards nationally, has an “exceptional events” rule that exempts states from fines under certain extraordinary conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has invoked the rule during wildfires at least once before, in 2008, for fires in the Sacramento area. The request was accepted, according to the air board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, Sean Raffuse, an analyst at the \u003ca href=\"https://aqrc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Air Quality Research Center at UC Davis\u003c/a>, came up with the “back of the envelope” calculations for October’s Sonoma County fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raffuse said he used federal emissions inventories from fires and calculated that five days of ashy spew from the northern California blazes equated to the annual air pollution from every vehicle in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those kinds of computations are seldom replicated, largely for lack of the necessary instruments present at fire sites. But things are changing. Researchers have been attempting to better understand the full range of environmental damage wrought by wildfires. One tool is drones that can be flown through smoke plumes to collect samples for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have the means to measure emissions from a wildfire like we do from a tailpipe,” Branham said. “We are lagging well behind in understanding and having hard data of the effects of these fires. And most of the data are chasing reality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought Kills 27 Million More Trees",
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"content": "\u003cp>Another 27 million trees died in California last year due to the lingering effects of drought, according to new aerial survey data from the U.S. Forest Service. That brings the total number of trees killed statewide to a staggering 129 million since 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a typical year, about one million trees die across California. But beginning in 2014,\u003ca href=\"http://egis.fire.ca.gov/TreeMortalityViewer/\"> that number began ticking up \u003c/a>as aerial surveyors with the U.S. Forest Service started to notice entire hillsides turning yellow, brown and orange. At the height of the drought, in 2016, \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/11/21/66332/scientists-offer-front-lines-look-at-california-s/\">they counted 62 million dead trees\u003c/a> in a single year (here is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd565841.pdf\">map\u003c/a> of the mortality progression).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://giphy.com/embed/l3mZi99vRrtGLFEKk\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"100%\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adrian Das, a forest ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/08/01/74208/the-standing-dead-the-towering-emotional-and-finan/\">previously told KPCC\u003c/a> that he wasn’t surprised that after a single wet winter, trees were still dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trees have been weakened and under a lot of stress and we have these beetle populations that are doing well,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought often kills trees indirectly. By depriving them of water, trees become weakened and unable to ward off diseases, fungus or bark beetles, which are always present in the forest but explode in numbers when trees are unable to fight them off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last winter, more rain and snow fell on parts of the Sierra Nevada than in the previous four years combined. Some trees have recovered, and the death rate is slowing down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower rate could also be a result that so many trees have already died, so there’s just not much left to be killed, said Stephanie Gomes with the U.S. Forest Service’s tree mortality task force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, this year’s data shows species with lower death rates in the past are dying in different parts of the state. Previously, \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/01/30/68520/new-map-ids-epicenter-of-sierra-nevada-tree-mortal/\">the hardest-hit species and regions \u003c/a>of California were pines at lower elevations in the Southern Sierra Nevada, where the highest temperatures sucked water out of soil, depriving trees of what little moisture existed. Now, Gomes said death rates are increasingly in higher elevations among fir trees in northern reaches of the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the problem, scientists say, is that forests throughout the West have too many trees. Historically, many forests used to experience fire more frequently than they do now, which resulted in saplings and small trees dying in the blazes and leaving many forests more open. In the past century, firefighters put out those fires, meaning more small trees were able to survive and forests became crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, climate change is forcing more trees to compete for a dwindling amount of water. As temperatures rise due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions,\u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/warming-climate-deepening-california-drought\">more water gets sucked back into the sky \u003c/a>and out of the soil and the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gomes said the U.S. Forest Service is trying to compensate by thinning out forests either through logging or with prescribed fires so trees don’t have as much competition for water. The agency will also be prioritizing removing dead trees that may pose a safety risk, such as those growing along highways, campgrounds, and power lines. But it is difficult for the agency to do this work when more than half its budget every year goes to fighting wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As fire suppression costs continue to grow as a percentage of the Forest Service’s budget, funding is shrinking for non-fire programs that protect watersheds and restore forests, making them more resilient to wildfire and drought,” Randy Moore, Regional Forester of the U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, wrote in the news release.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/about/people/staff/emily-guerin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emily Guerin\u003c/a>\u003c/br>KPCC",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Another 27 million trees died in California last year due to the lingering effects of drought, according to new aerial survey data from the U.S. Forest Service. That brings the total number of trees killed statewide to a staggering 129 million since 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a typical year, about one million trees die across California. But beginning in 2014,\u003ca href=\"http://egis.fire.ca.gov/TreeMortalityViewer/\"> that number began ticking up \u003c/a>as aerial surveyors with the U.S. Forest Service started to notice entire hillsides turning yellow, brown and orange. At the height of the drought, in 2016, \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/11/21/66332/scientists-offer-front-lines-look-at-california-s/\">they counted 62 million dead trees\u003c/a> in a single year (here is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd565841.pdf\">map\u003c/a> of the mortality progression).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://giphy.com/embed/l3mZi99vRrtGLFEKk\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"100%\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adrian Das, a forest ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/08/01/74208/the-standing-dead-the-towering-emotional-and-finan/\">previously told KPCC\u003c/a> that he wasn’t surprised that after a single wet winter, trees were still dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trees have been weakened and under a lot of stress and we have these beetle populations that are doing well,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought often kills trees indirectly. By depriving them of water, trees become weakened and unable to ward off diseases, fungus or bark beetles, which are always present in the forest but explode in numbers when trees are unable to fight them off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last winter, more rain and snow fell on parts of the Sierra Nevada than in the previous four years combined. Some trees have recovered, and the death rate is slowing down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower rate could also be a result that so many trees have already died, so there’s just not much left to be killed, said Stephanie Gomes with the U.S. Forest Service’s tree mortality task force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, this year’s data shows species with lower death rates in the past are dying in different parts of the state. Previously, \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/01/30/68520/new-map-ids-epicenter-of-sierra-nevada-tree-mortal/\">the hardest-hit species and regions \u003c/a>of California were pines at lower elevations in the Southern Sierra Nevada, where the highest temperatures sucked water out of soil, depriving trees of what little moisture existed. Now, Gomes said death rates are increasingly in higher elevations among fir trees in northern reaches of the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the problem, scientists say, is that forests throughout the West have too many trees. Historically, many forests used to experience fire more frequently than they do now, which resulted in saplings and small trees dying in the blazes and leaving many forests more open. In the past century, firefighters put out those fires, meaning more small trees were able to survive and forests became crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, climate change is forcing more trees to compete for a dwindling amount of water. As temperatures rise due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions,\u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/warming-climate-deepening-california-drought\">more water gets sucked back into the sky \u003c/a>and out of the soil and the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gomes said the U.S. Forest Service is trying to compensate by thinning out forests either through logging or with prescribed fires so trees don’t have as much competition for water. The agency will also be prioritizing removing dead trees that may pose a safety risk, such as those growing along highways, campgrounds, and power lines. But it is difficult for the agency to do this work when more than half its budget every year goes to fighting wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As fire suppression costs continue to grow as a percentage of the Forest Service’s budget, funding is shrinking for non-fire programs that protect watersheds and restore forests, making them more resilient to wildfire and drought,” Randy Moore, Regional Forester of the U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, wrote in the news release.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Spot quiz: who said this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“This generation has altered the composition of the atmosphere on a global scale through…a steady increase in carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Time’s up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those were the words of President Lyndon Johnson — in 1965. And you might call him “Exhibit A” in a lawsuit moving through the courts this week, and brought by plaintiffs far too young to remember LBJ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit goes back two years to when plaintiffs who now range in age from 12 to 21, sued the Obama Administration over what they consider the U.S. government’s decades-long complicity in the acceleration of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a social rights violation, contributing and promoting climate change,” says Kelsey Juliana of Eugene, Oregon, “because it affects our economy, it affects housing opportunities, it affects — in very serious ways — health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juliana is the lead plaintiff in the case,\u003ca href=\"https://www.ourchildrenstrust.org/us/federal-lawsuit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cem>Juliana v. United States\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, which is still battling to get to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I feel like, as a whole, society right now should be ashamed.’\u003ccite>Avery McRae, age 12\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that our government is just not keeping up with the times,” says the 21-year-old, “and is not keeping up with the urgency and the direness of this climate crisis, which is really why this case is so important and so pressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juliana and her fellow “youth plaintiffs” contend that the federal government has shirked its duty to protect them from the ravages of a changing climate, and thus “infringed on [their] fundamental constitutional rights to life, liberty, and property,” according to the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2015/20150910_docket-615-cv-1517_complaint-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original 2015 complaint\u003c/a>, filed in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After numerous hearings and reams of court filings, the young plaintiffs are now headed to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco on Monday, where a panel of three judges will hear oral arguments on whether the case can move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: On Dec. 11, Judges heard oral arguments on the government’s motion. For details, Scott Waldman offers this excellent \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/climatewire/2017/12/12/stories/1060068695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">summary for Climatewire\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Trump administration is very scared of our case,” says Phil Gregory, a Burlingame-based lawyer who is representing the youth plaintiffs pro bono.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really? The federal government? Scared of a bunch of kids?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it will do is place the science in the courtroom,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918244\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/DSC-CUincourt_3907.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918244\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/DSC-CUincourt_3907.jpeg\" alt=\"Youth plaintiff Kelsey Juliana speaks during a press conference in front of the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, flanked by co-plaintiffs in their climate suit against the federal government.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Youth plaintiff Kelsey Juliana speaks during a press conference in front of the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, flanked by co-plaintiffs in their climate suit against the federal government. \u003ccite>(Robin Loznak)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That is, the Trump administration might have to convince the court that the science linking global warming to things like rising seas and catastrophic wildfires is still too uncertain to constitute a danger (the science endorsed in numerous reports from U.S. government agencies, which the plaintiffs say sort of makes their case).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the Justice Department declined to comment for this story, its \u003ca href=\"http://climatecasechart.com/case/juliana-v-united-states/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">court filings\u003c/a> have sought to have the case thrown out. In a motion filed last summer, the government argued that trying the case would place “a staggering burden” on the Trump administration, as it would have to dig up federal documents about climate change and energy policy going back decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While he admires the plaintiffs’ pluck, legal expert David Levine says he’d be surprised if the case actually gets to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean it really is swinging for the fences,” says the UC Hastings law professor, “to have this small group of plaintiffs trying to bring this case against the federal government to effect massive change in policy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plaintiff Jacob Lebel, now 20, says without that massive change in policy, his generation will bear the consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Years from now, Trump and his cabinet—they won’t be the ones dealing with starvation and refugees and resource wars and all that stuff,” says Lebel. “We’re the ones who are gonna be dealing with that. As young people, we think about that every single day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lebel and his fellow plaintiffs want the courts to force the federal government to set a course that would drastically cut the burning of fossil fuels and dial back atmospheric carbon dioxide — the principal greenhouse gas — from more than 400 parts per million to about 350, a level that scientists have said could stabilize the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is a courtroom the right place to settle the science of climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little bit like you’re going into a casino,” says Some, like Stanford \u003ca href=\"https://dge.carnegiescience.edu/labs/caldeiralab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate scientist Ken Caldeira\u003c/a>, “because you don’t know what judge you’re gonna get and what ruling you’re gonna get. So if it ends up embodying bad science into bad law, then that could be bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bad” because it could give the feds a free pass on climate policy — or as the plaintiffs see it, permission to continue ignoring it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel like, as a whole, society right now should be ashamed,” says Avery McRae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the youngest plaintiff in the case, she might have the most at stake. But at the ripe old age of 12, she’s not naive about what’s blocking progress on climate at the policy level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that a lot of the choices being made are being made for money,” she laments, “and what a sad thought that we’re putting that before all the beings on this earth. We’re really needing to take action now, and that’s one of the most important things about our lawsuit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if to underscore the urgency, \u003ca href=\"https://patricktbrown.org/2017/11/29/greater-future-global-warming-inferred-from-earths-recent-energy-budget/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new study\u003c/a> published just last week by Caldeira’s team at Stanford suggests that most forecast models have likely been understating the pace of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "This plucky group wants to force climate action at the federal level -- and the White House just wants them to go away.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Spot quiz: who said this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cem>“This generation has altered the composition of the atmosphere on a global scale through…a steady increase in carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Time’s up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those were the words of President Lyndon Johnson — in 1965. And you might call him “Exhibit A” in a lawsuit moving through the courts this week, and brought by plaintiffs far too young to remember LBJ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit goes back two years to when plaintiffs who now range in age from 12 to 21, sued the Obama Administration over what they consider the U.S. government’s decades-long complicity in the acceleration of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a social rights violation, contributing and promoting climate change,” says Kelsey Juliana of Eugene, Oregon, “because it affects our economy, it affects housing opportunities, it affects — in very serious ways — health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juliana is the lead plaintiff in the case,\u003ca href=\"https://www.ourchildrenstrust.org/us/federal-lawsuit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cem>Juliana v. United States\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, which is still battling to get to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I feel like, as a whole, society right now should be ashamed.’\u003ccite>Avery McRae, age 12\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that our government is just not keeping up with the times,” says the 21-year-old, “and is not keeping up with the urgency and the direness of this climate crisis, which is really why this case is so important and so pressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juliana and her fellow “youth plaintiffs” contend that the federal government has shirked its duty to protect them from the ravages of a changing climate, and thus “infringed on [their] fundamental constitutional rights to life, liberty, and property,” according to the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2015/20150910_docket-615-cv-1517_complaint-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original 2015 complaint\u003c/a>, filed in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After numerous hearings and reams of court filings, the young plaintiffs are now headed to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco on Monday, where a panel of three judges will hear oral arguments on whether the case can move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: On Dec. 11, Judges heard oral arguments on the government’s motion. For details, Scott Waldman offers this excellent \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/climatewire/2017/12/12/stories/1060068695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">summary for Climatewire\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Trump administration is very scared of our case,” says Phil Gregory, a Burlingame-based lawyer who is representing the youth plaintiffs pro bono.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really? The federal government? Scared of a bunch of kids?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it will do is place the science in the courtroom,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918244\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/DSC-CUincourt_3907.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918244\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/DSC-CUincourt_3907.jpeg\" alt=\"Youth plaintiff Kelsey Juliana speaks during a press conference in front of the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, flanked by co-plaintiffs in their climate suit against the federal government.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Youth plaintiff Kelsey Juliana speaks during a press conference in front of the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, flanked by co-plaintiffs in their climate suit against the federal government. \u003ccite>(Robin Loznak)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That is, the Trump administration might have to convince the court that the science linking global warming to things like rising seas and catastrophic wildfires is still too uncertain to constitute a danger (the science endorsed in numerous reports from U.S. government agencies, which the plaintiffs say sort of makes their case).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the Justice Department declined to comment for this story, its \u003ca href=\"http://climatecasechart.com/case/juliana-v-united-states/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">court filings\u003c/a> have sought to have the case thrown out. In a motion filed last summer, the government argued that trying the case would place “a staggering burden” on the Trump administration, as it would have to dig up federal documents about climate change and energy policy going back decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While he admires the plaintiffs’ pluck, legal expert David Levine says he’d be surprised if the case actually gets to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean it really is swinging for the fences,” says the UC Hastings law professor, “to have this small group of plaintiffs trying to bring this case against the federal government to effect massive change in policy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plaintiff Jacob Lebel, now 20, says without that massive change in policy, his generation will bear the consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Years from now, Trump and his cabinet—they won’t be the ones dealing with starvation and refugees and resource wars and all that stuff,” says Lebel. “We’re the ones who are gonna be dealing with that. As young people, we think about that every single day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lebel and his fellow plaintiffs want the courts to force the federal government to set a course that would drastically cut the burning of fossil fuels and dial back atmospheric carbon dioxide — the principal greenhouse gas — from more than 400 parts per million to about 350, a level that scientists have said could stabilize the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is a courtroom the right place to settle the science of climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little bit like you’re going into a casino,” says Some, like Stanford \u003ca href=\"https://dge.carnegiescience.edu/labs/caldeiralab/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate scientist Ken Caldeira\u003c/a>, “because you don’t know what judge you’re gonna get and what ruling you’re gonna get. So if it ends up embodying bad science into bad law, then that could be bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bad” because it could give the feds a free pass on climate policy — or as the plaintiffs see it, permission to continue ignoring it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel like, as a whole, society right now should be ashamed,” says Avery McRae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the youngest plaintiff in the case, she might have the most at stake. But at the ripe old age of 12, she’s not naive about what’s blocking progress on climate at the policy level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that a lot of the choices being made are being made for money,” she laments, “and what a sad thought that we’re putting that before all the beings on this earth. We’re really needing to take action now, and that’s one of the most important things about our lawsuit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if to underscore the urgency, \u003ca href=\"https://patricktbrown.org/2017/11/29/greater-future-global-warming-inferred-from-earths-recent-energy-budget/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new study\u003c/a> published just last week by Caldeira’s team at Stanford suggests that most forecast models have likely been understating the pace of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>High-ranking U.S.-based Volkswagen executive Oliver Schmidt has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/business/oliver-schmidt-volkswagen.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=second-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=1\">sentenced\u003c/a> to seven years in prison and ordered to pay a $400,000 fine for his part in a decade-long diesel-emissions cheating scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt was the chief of Volkswagen’s engineering and environmental office in Michigan. In August, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/04/business/volkswagen-diesel-oliver-schmidt.html\">pleaded guilty\u003c/a> to charges of conspiracy to defraud the federal government and violation of the Clean Air Act by participating in a scheme to circumvent federal emissions tests with rigged devices in diesel cars. Federal regulators uncovered the plot in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkswagen already has admitted guilt to charges of conspiracy to commit wire fraud, customs violations and obstruction of justice, as well as violation of the Clean Air Act. The German company has paid more than $20 billion in fines and settlements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a letter to U.S. District Judge Sean Cox of Detroit, Schmidt acknowledged his guilt. Reading a written \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-volkswagen-emissions/volkswagen-executive-sentenced-to-seven-years-for-u-s-emissions-fraud-idUSKBN1E01W1\">statement\u003c/a> in court, Schmidt broke down saying, “I made bad decisions and for that I am sorry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal prosecutors also have charged eight other current or former Volkswagen executives, as \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“But most of the people suspected of taking part in a conspiracy to defraud United States regulators are out of reach of American justice in Germany, which normally does not extradite its own citizens. Mr. Schmidt may well turn out to suffer the harshest punishment for the emissions fraud even though he was not by any means the only participant or the highest ranking.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Schmidt was arrested in January while vacationing in Miami with his wife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Senior+Volkswagen+Executive+Sentenced+In+Diesel-Emissions+Scandal&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>High-ranking U.S.-based Volkswagen executive Oliver Schmidt has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/business/oliver-schmidt-volkswagen.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=second-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=1\">sentenced\u003c/a> to seven years in prison and ordered to pay a $400,000 fine for his part in a decade-long diesel-emissions cheating scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt was the chief of Volkswagen’s engineering and environmental office in Michigan. In August, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/04/business/volkswagen-diesel-oliver-schmidt.html\">pleaded guilty\u003c/a> to charges of conspiracy to defraud the federal government and violation of the Clean Air Act by participating in a scheme to circumvent federal emissions tests with rigged devices in diesel cars. Federal regulators uncovered the plot in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkswagen already has admitted guilt to charges of conspiracy to commit wire fraud, customs violations and obstruction of justice, as well as violation of the Clean Air Act. The German company has paid more than $20 billion in fines and settlements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a letter to U.S. District Judge Sean Cox of Detroit, Schmidt acknowledged his guilt. Reading a written \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-volkswagen-emissions/volkswagen-executive-sentenced-to-seven-years-for-u-s-emissions-fraud-idUSKBN1E01W1\">statement\u003c/a> in court, Schmidt broke down saying, “I made bad decisions and for that I am sorry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal prosecutors also have charged eight other current or former Volkswagen executives, as \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“But most of the people suspected of taking part in a conspiracy to defraud United States regulators are out of reach of American justice in Germany, which normally does not extradite its own citizens. Mr. Schmidt may well turn out to suffer the harshest punishment for the emissions fraud even though he was not by any means the only participant or the highest ranking.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Schmidt was arrested in January while vacationing in Miami with his wife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Senior+Volkswagen+Executive+Sentenced+In+Diesel-Emissions+Scandal&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists appear to be self-censoring by omitting the term “climate change” in public grant summaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR analysis of grants awarded by the National Science Foundation found a steadily decreasing number with the phrase “climate change” in the title or summary, resulting in a sharp drop in the term’s use in 2017. At the same time, the use of alternative terms such as “extreme weather” appears to be rising slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Many scientists find themselves in an uncomfortable position. They are caught between environmental advocates looking to recruit allies and right-wing activists who demonize researchers and denigrate their work.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The change in language appears to be driven in part by the Trump administration’s open hostility to the topic of climate change. Earlier this year, President Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\">pulled the U.S. out of the Paris climate accord\u003c/a>, and the President’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4311386-Trump-2018-ProposedBudget-Appendix.html\">2018 budget proposal\u003c/a> singled out climate change research programs for elimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Environmental Protection Agency has been systematically removing references to climate change from its official website. Both the EPA’s leader, Scott Pruitt, and Secretary of Energy Rick Perry have said they do not accept the scientific consensus that humans are causing the planet to get warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, many scientists find themselves in an uncomfortable position. They are caught between environmental advocates looking to recruit allies and right-wing activists who demonize researchers and denigrate their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the scientific community, we’re very cautious people,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.depts.ttu.edu/politicalscience/Faculty/Hayhoe_Katharine.php\">Katharine Hayhoe\u003c/a>, the director of the Climate Science Center at Texas Tech. “We tend to be quite averse to notoriety and conflict, so I absolutely have seen self-censorship among my colleagues. [They’ll say] ‘Well, maybe I shouldn’t say it that way, because whatever funding organization or politician or agency won’t appreciate it.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NSF data appears to bear out the change in language. While the number of grants with the term “climate change” in the public summary has dropped, the number of grants with the terms “environmental change” or “extreme weather” has increased slightly. That suggests that, even if research topics remain the same, the words scientists use to describe them may change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918026\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-520x293.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1.png 1461w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grants funded by the National Science Foundation have seen a drop in the use of the phrase “climate change” in public summaries. \u003ccite>(Source: National Science Foundation Credit: Katie Park and Rebecca Hersher/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Scientists I know are increasingly using terms like ‘global change’, ‘environmental change’, and ‘extreme weather’, rather than explicitly saying ‘climate change’,” \u003ca href=\"http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/researchers/8560\">Jonathan Thompson\u003c/a>, the senior ecologist at the Harvard Forest, wrote in an email to NPR. Thompson has been the lead investigator on multiple research projects funded by the NSF in recent years. “This seems to be born out of an abundance of caution to limit their exposure to any political landmines in what is already an extremely competitive process,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other climate researchers acknowledged that they had personally removed the term “climate change” from funding proposals or public summaries in the last year, or had advised graduate students who had done so. All were concerned that if they disclosed their names, it could negatively impact their future funding competitiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Internal pressure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation is widely regarded to be among the most independent bodies funding federal research, so it’s particularly notable when politics seeps into statements by agency officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the head of the NSF geosciences directorate, William Easterling, fielded a question from a climate scientist about the language used to describe NSF priorities. “Let me just be perfectly honest, the appetite of NSF right now is doing as little as it needs to to, you know, poke the bear, and yet stand by our scientific principles,” Easterling said, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aip.org/fyi/2017/new-nsf-geosciences-head-charts-course-turbulent-budget-climate\">report by the American Institute of Physics\u003c/a>, a trade group for physicists and engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term climate change, Easterling noted, is “a polarizing icon, for better for worse — obviously for worse, from a scientist’s perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple scientists said Easterling’s comments were one reason they felt it prudent to avoid using the term “climate change” in grant proposals if they could. NSF spokesperson Aya Collins wrote in an email to NPR, “NSF takes no position on the language used by researchers to describe physical processes and outcomes if the merit review process judges the language to be appropriate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after a research project has been approved, some scientists say NSF program officers encourage scientists to avoid using the term “climate change” in the public title and description that gets published on the NSF website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone sees that as a problem, given the political environment. “Every interaction I’ve had with NSF program officers about using the words ‘climate change’ under the current administration is not anything I’d consider a negative form of censorship,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/earth/people/faculty/michael-dietze/\">Michael Dietze\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at Boston University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we have staff [at NSF] who are genuinely trying to protect U.S. science and U.S. scientists in a hostile environment,” Dietze adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is evidence that other agencies are making similar decisions. Earlier this year, a project coordinator at a Department of Energy lab \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/us-energy-agency-asked-scientists-to-scrub-references-to-climate-change-1.22513\">emailed a researcher \u003c/a>at Northeastern University asking her to adjust the language a public abstract for research funded by the DOE. The email, which circulated widely among scientists on social media, read in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I have been asked to contact you to update the wording in your proposal abstract to remove words such as ‘global warming’ or ‘climate change’. This is being asked as we have to meet the President’s budget language restrictions and don’t want to make any changes without your knowledge or consent.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>As the DOE email suggests, White House rhetoric can have immediate effects on how scientists describe their research. It’s unclear what language the email is referring to, but, among other things, President Trump’s budget proposes $50 million in cuts to the EPA’s Air, Climate and Energy program and rebranding it to remove the word “climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the NSF, it remains unclear whether there is a real threat to research branded “climate”. Even scientists who said they have avoided the term “climate change” in grant proposals say they haven’t seen evidence of direct political meddling in the NSF process for determining who wins funding. That is echoed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.aip.org/staff/mitch-ambrose\">Mitch Ambrose\u003c/a>, a policy analyst for the American Institute of Physics. “I haven’t seen any evidence that the Trump administration has issued any specific guidance to NSF,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”bUJYroGTwP5MS8A6IW93BeE5oghA6vH5″]Spokespeople for the House Science and Technology Committee, which oversees the NSF, and the White House Office of Science and Technology did not respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Words matter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the first time scientists have resorted to euphemism to protect their research. Early studies of human sexuality referred to “\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/955170\">fertility-related behavior\u003c/a>.” Stem cell research was referred to by some Bush-era researchers as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/news/specials/cloning/faq_blanknav.html\">therapeutic cloning\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The web of alternative language can be confusing to policymakers and frustrating for universities and other institutions that support science. Some are concerned that the language scientists use to describe climate change research may lead to similar problems. And, anecdotally, some scientists worry that political pressure may be driving young scientists away from climate studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people have shifted away from climate research altogether,” in recent years says \u003ca href=\"http://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/profile/mote/\">Philip Mote\u003c/a>, the director of the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute at Oregon State University. The perception of censorship and fierce competition for funding could lead talented students to more lucrative fields such as software development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding the term “climate change” could also lead to a more fractured scientific community. Climate change research is an inherently interdisciplinary field and shared terminology allows people to collaborate, either through interagency groups or through university departments that reflect the larger trends in available funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we all have to go off in different directions to keep the science moving forward, we lose that community,” says Dietze. “We won’t gather and work together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all of that could translate into problems for average citizens. \u003ca href=\"https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/global/recordisplay.cfm?deid=322482\">Cities\u003c/a>, some of them already dealing with rising sea levels and more severe storms, rely on the federal government for information about climate change. Water resource managers and emergency officials look to federal climate programs for long-term data. And insurers are using climate change data to determine rates for homeowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the biggest environmental challenge in human history,” says Mote. “Absent political winds, I don’t think researchers would avoid using the term ‘climate change’ to describe it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Sarah McCammon contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+Scientists+Watch+Their+Words%2C+Hoping+To+Stave+Off+Funding+Cuts&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists appear to be self-censoring by omitting the term “climate change” in public grant summaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR analysis of grants awarded by the National Science Foundation found a steadily decreasing number with the phrase “climate change” in the title or summary, resulting in a sharp drop in the term’s use in 2017. At the same time, the use of alternative terms such as “extreme weather” appears to be rising slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Many scientists find themselves in an uncomfortable position. They are caught between environmental advocates looking to recruit allies and right-wing activists who demonize researchers and denigrate their work.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The change in language appears to be driven in part by the Trump administration’s open hostility to the topic of climate change. Earlier this year, President Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\">pulled the U.S. out of the Paris climate accord\u003c/a>, and the President’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4311386-Trump-2018-ProposedBudget-Appendix.html\">2018 budget proposal\u003c/a> singled out climate change research programs for elimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Environmental Protection Agency has been systematically removing references to climate change from its official website. Both the EPA’s leader, Scott Pruitt, and Secretary of Energy Rick Perry have said they do not accept the scientific consensus that humans are causing the planet to get warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, many scientists find themselves in an uncomfortable position. They are caught between environmental advocates looking to recruit allies and right-wing activists who demonize researchers and denigrate their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the scientific community, we’re very cautious people,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.depts.ttu.edu/politicalscience/Faculty/Hayhoe_Katharine.php\">Katharine Hayhoe\u003c/a>, the director of the Climate Science Center at Texas Tech. “We tend to be quite averse to notoriety and conflict, so I absolutely have seen self-censorship among my colleagues. [They’ll say] ‘Well, maybe I shouldn’t say it that way, because whatever funding organization or politician or agency won’t appreciate it.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NSF data appears to bear out the change in language. While the number of grants with the term “climate change” in the public summary has dropped, the number of grants with the terms “environmental change” or “extreme weather” has increased slightly. That suggests that, even if research topics remain the same, the words scientists use to describe them may change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918026\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1-520x293.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/nsf-grants-seamus-promo_wide-0bea498b15493d7381f43d940c81c196ce6493c1.png 1461w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grants funded by the National Science Foundation have seen a drop in the use of the phrase “climate change” in public summaries. \u003ccite>(Source: National Science Foundation Credit: Katie Park and Rebecca Hersher/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Scientists I know are increasingly using terms like ‘global change’, ‘environmental change’, and ‘extreme weather’, rather than explicitly saying ‘climate change’,” \u003ca href=\"http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/researchers/8560\">Jonathan Thompson\u003c/a>, the senior ecologist at the Harvard Forest, wrote in an email to NPR. Thompson has been the lead investigator on multiple research projects funded by the NSF in recent years. “This seems to be born out of an abundance of caution to limit their exposure to any political landmines in what is already an extremely competitive process,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other climate researchers acknowledged that they had personally removed the term “climate change” from funding proposals or public summaries in the last year, or had advised graduate students who had done so. All were concerned that if they disclosed their names, it could negatively impact their future funding competitiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Internal pressure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation is widely regarded to be among the most independent bodies funding federal research, so it’s particularly notable when politics seeps into statements by agency officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the head of the NSF geosciences directorate, William Easterling, fielded a question from a climate scientist about the language used to describe NSF priorities. “Let me just be perfectly honest, the appetite of NSF right now is doing as little as it needs to to, you know, poke the bear, and yet stand by our scientific principles,” Easterling said, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aip.org/fyi/2017/new-nsf-geosciences-head-charts-course-turbulent-budget-climate\">report by the American Institute of Physics\u003c/a>, a trade group for physicists and engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term climate change, Easterling noted, is “a polarizing icon, for better for worse — obviously for worse, from a scientist’s perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple scientists said Easterling’s comments were one reason they felt it prudent to avoid using the term “climate change” in grant proposals if they could. NSF spokesperson Aya Collins wrote in an email to NPR, “NSF takes no position on the language used by researchers to describe physical processes and outcomes if the merit review process judges the language to be appropriate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after a research project has been approved, some scientists say NSF program officers encourage scientists to avoid using the term “climate change” in the public title and description that gets published on the NSF website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone sees that as a problem, given the political environment. “Every interaction I’ve had with NSF program officers about using the words ‘climate change’ under the current administration is not anything I’d consider a negative form of censorship,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/earth/people/faculty/michael-dietze/\">Michael Dietze\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at Boston University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we have staff [at NSF] who are genuinely trying to protect U.S. science and U.S. scientists in a hostile environment,” Dietze adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is evidence that other agencies are making similar decisions. Earlier this year, a project coordinator at a Department of Energy lab \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/us-energy-agency-asked-scientists-to-scrub-references-to-climate-change-1.22513\">emailed a researcher \u003c/a>at Northeastern University asking her to adjust the language a public abstract for research funded by the DOE. The email, which circulated widely among scientists on social media, read in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I have been asked to contact you to update the wording in your proposal abstract to remove words such as ‘global warming’ or ‘climate change’. This is being asked as we have to meet the President’s budget language restrictions and don’t want to make any changes without your knowledge or consent.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>As the DOE email suggests, White House rhetoric can have immediate effects on how scientists describe their research. It’s unclear what language the email is referring to, but, among other things, President Trump’s budget proposes $50 million in cuts to the EPA’s Air, Climate and Energy program and rebranding it to remove the word “climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the NSF, it remains unclear whether there is a real threat to research branded “climate”. Even scientists who said they have avoided the term “climate change” in grant proposals say they haven’t seen evidence of direct political meddling in the NSF process for determining who wins funding. That is echoed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.aip.org/staff/mitch-ambrose\">Mitch Ambrose\u003c/a>, a policy analyst for the American Institute of Physics. “I haven’t seen any evidence that the Trump administration has issued any specific guidance to NSF,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Spokespeople for the House Science and Technology Committee, which oversees the NSF, and the White House Office of Science and Technology did not respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Words matter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the first time scientists have resorted to euphemism to protect their research. Early studies of human sexuality referred to “\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/955170\">fertility-related behavior\u003c/a>.” Stem cell research was referred to by some Bush-era researchers as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/news/specials/cloning/faq_blanknav.html\">therapeutic cloning\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The web of alternative language can be confusing to policymakers and frustrating for universities and other institutions that support science. Some are concerned that the language scientists use to describe climate change research may lead to similar problems. And, anecdotally, some scientists worry that political pressure may be driving young scientists away from climate studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people have shifted away from climate research altogether,” in recent years says \u003ca href=\"http://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/profile/mote/\">Philip Mote\u003c/a>, the director of the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute at Oregon State University. The perception of censorship and fierce competition for funding could lead talented students to more lucrative fields such as software development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding the term “climate change” could also lead to a more fractured scientific community. Climate change research is an inherently interdisciplinary field and shared terminology allows people to collaborate, either through interagency groups or through university departments that reflect the larger trends in available funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we all have to go off in different directions to keep the science moving forward, we lose that community,” says Dietze. “We won’t gather and work together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all of that could translate into problems for average citizens. \u003ca href=\"https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/global/recordisplay.cfm?deid=322482\">Cities\u003c/a>, some of them already dealing with rising sea levels and more severe storms, rely on the federal government for information about climate change. Water resource managers and emergency officials look to federal climate programs for long-term data. And insurers are using climate change data to determine rates for homeowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the biggest environmental challenge in human history,” says Mote. “Absent political winds, I don’t think researchers would avoid using the term ‘climate change’ to describe it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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