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"content": "\u003cp>Checking the data coming in from weather stations near where wildfires exploded across the North Bay, Cliff Mass watched in astonishment from his office in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The wind speeds were unprecedented,” recalls Mass, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Washington. “That’s what got my attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting on a ridge above Napa Valley on the evening of Sunday, Oct. 8 the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/20/california-fires-cause-1b-in-damage-burn-6900-buildings/\">historic fires\u003c/a> quickly hopscotched their way west, ultimately scorching more than 200,000 acres, including nearly a third of Sonoma Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mass says one gust on a mountain peak near Geyserville clocked in at 96 mph — another at 108. At times — after the fires had broken out — sustained winds at some higher elevations were at hurricane force.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This fire exploded, and it exploded in a number of places at once.’\u003ccite>Cliff Mass, U.of Washington\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We had wind speeds that were higher than ever recorded at those stations,” says Mass. “And that’s irrespective of season — including the middle of the winter when we have big storms coming in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mass writes in detail about the unusual winds in his widely-read \u003ca href=\"https://cliffmass.blogspot.com/2017/10/the-real-story-behind-california.html\">weather and climate blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started with warm, dry northeasterly winds, known as Diablos, typical for this time of year. Wind is created when air is pulled from an area of high pressure to low pressure. The bigger the difference, the more powerful the pull. When winds descend down mountains, they pick up speed…and heat, and usually trigger red-flag warnings [for fire potential].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But then something happened locally, ” notes Mass. There followed what he calls “Diablo-plus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strong winds coming in against the mountains accelerated further,” he explains. “It was an interaction between the winds and the mountains. You not only had the largest-scale Diablo wind but the winds further accelerated as they interacted with the mountains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pbsP3NZ_MQ&w=640&h=360]\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Video recorded on the night the fires broke out shows how embers were whipped in all directions. (KITN)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one reason so many were caught off guard. Kat Krause lost her home in Glen Ellen in a matter of minutes. She was still gathering things for a possible evacuation when she recalls hearing her husband, who was watching the hillside above their home yell, “Get out now!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917092\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917092 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"The rammed-earth walls are all that remain of the Krause home in Glen Ellen.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-520x693.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rammed-earth walls are all that remain of the Krause home in Glen Ellen. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“All at once while I was watching, that hill, from top to bottom and side to side, was spontaneously combusting into red, rapid lava-like fire which was moving toward us” Krause recalls.”From the time he yelled, “Now,” to the time I saw that hill explode in flames was no time at all — it wasn’t even seconds. “\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mass describes it, “This fire exploded, and it exploded in a number of places at once.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The force behind this is what meteorologists call a mountain wave or downslope wind storm, this one complicated by the terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a tremendous amt of variability of the winds, recalls Mass. “We had these localized areas, near the crest and downstream and down the slopes a bit on some of these mountains, where the winds accelerated to unprecedented speeds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only are you getting standard accelerated wind or Diablo wind, you’re also getting fire-induced winds around the fire front,” describes Craig Clements, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/\">Fire Weather Laboratory\u003c/a> at San Jose State University. “You’re getting all sorts of squirrely wind circulations around the fire,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week he dispatched the lab’s mobile unit to Santa Rosa, shooting Lidar beams into the smoke. Lidar is like the Doppler radar used by local weathercasters, but uses light beams instead of radio waves to study the dynamics in and around the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In classic large wildfires, a towering smoke plume often rises, spewing firebrands from the top, transported by upper-level winds sometimes miles. But these fires were different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What happened here, you had embers blowing in the near-surface winds into housing communities, and then one house would ignite, and then the next house would ignite, so it was unique.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tragic result was a number of lost properties more than double that of the Oakland Hills firestorm in 1991, which had held the record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this was just everything coming together in the wrong way,” reflects Mass, “and gave us an unprecedented catastrophic event. “\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Checking the data coming in from weather stations near where wildfires exploded across the North Bay, Cliff Mass watched in astonishment from his office in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The wind speeds were unprecedented,” recalls Mass, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Washington. “That’s what got my attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting on a ridge above Napa Valley on the evening of Sunday, Oct. 8 the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/20/california-fires-cause-1b-in-damage-burn-6900-buildings/\">historic fires\u003c/a> quickly hopscotched their way west, ultimately scorching more than 200,000 acres, including nearly a third of Sonoma Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mass says one gust on a mountain peak near Geyserville clocked in at 96 mph — another at 108. At times — after the fires had broken out — sustained winds at some higher elevations were at hurricane force.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This fire exploded, and it exploded in a number of places at once.’\u003ccite>Cliff Mass, U.of Washington\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We had wind speeds that were higher than ever recorded at those stations,” says Mass. “And that’s irrespective of season — including the middle of the winter when we have big storms coming in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mass writes in detail about the unusual winds in his widely-read \u003ca href=\"https://cliffmass.blogspot.com/2017/10/the-real-story-behind-california.html\">weather and climate blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started with warm, dry northeasterly winds, known as Diablos, typical for this time of year. Wind is created when air is pulled from an area of high pressure to low pressure. The bigger the difference, the more powerful the pull. When winds descend down mountains, they pick up speed…and heat, and usually trigger red-flag warnings [for fire potential].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But then something happened locally, ” notes Mass. There followed what he calls “Diablo-plus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strong winds coming in against the mountains accelerated further,” he explains. “It was an interaction between the winds and the mountains. You not only had the largest-scale Diablo wind but the winds further accelerated as they interacted with the mountains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/0pbsP3NZ_MQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/0pbsP3NZ_MQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Video recorded on the night the fires broke out shows how embers were whipped in all directions. (KITN)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s one reason so many were caught off guard. Kat Krause lost her home in Glen Ellen in a matter of minutes. She was still gathering things for a possible evacuation when she recalls hearing her husband, who was watching the hillside above their home yell, “Get out now!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917092\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1917092 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"The rammed-earth walls are all that remain of the Krause home in Glen Ellen.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758-520x693.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/IMG_8758.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rammed-earth walls are all that remain of the Krause home in Glen Ellen. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“All at once while I was watching, that hill, from top to bottom and side to side, was spontaneously combusting into red, rapid lava-like fire which was moving toward us” Krause recalls.”From the time he yelled, “Now,” to the time I saw that hill explode in flames was no time at all — it wasn’t even seconds. “\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Mass describes it, “This fire exploded, and it exploded in a number of places at once.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The force behind this is what meteorologists call a mountain wave or downslope wind storm, this one complicated by the terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a tremendous amt of variability of the winds, recalls Mass. “We had these localized areas, near the crest and downstream and down the slopes a bit on some of these mountains, where the winds accelerated to unprecedented speeds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only are you getting standard accelerated wind or Diablo wind, you’re also getting fire-induced winds around the fire front,” describes Craig Clements, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/\">Fire Weather Laboratory\u003c/a> at San Jose State University. “You’re getting all sorts of squirrely wind circulations around the fire,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week he dispatched the lab’s mobile unit to Santa Rosa, shooting Lidar beams into the smoke. Lidar is like the Doppler radar used by local weathercasters, but uses light beams instead of radio waves to study the dynamics in and around the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In classic large wildfires, a towering smoke plume often rises, spewing firebrands from the top, transported by upper-level winds sometimes miles. But these fires were different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What happened here, you had embers blowing in the near-surface winds into housing communities, and then one house would ignite, and then the next house would ignite, so it was unique.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tragic result was a number of lost properties more than double that of the Oakland Hills firestorm in 1991, which had held the record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this was just everything coming together in the wrong way,” reflects Mass, “and gave us an unprecedented catastrophic event. “\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Air Quality Has Been Worst on Record -- Check Out Your City",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Air Quality Has Been Worst on Record — Check Out Your City | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Updated: Wednesday, October 18, 2017, 11:45 a.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air pollution in Bay Area counties in the past couple of weeks has been the worst since 1999 when officials began collecting data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents in the North Bay are still experiencing the brunt of the pollution because of nearby wildfires in California’s wine country. Residents in Napa, Solano and Sonoma counties should try to stay inside buildings with air conditioning. But people in the East Bay and South Bay are not in the clear because the toxic air is creeping all over the region. You can look up your zip code \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_city&cityid=317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pollution was so high last week it was comparable to high pollution days in China, says Lisa Fasano at the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst hour was measured last Tuesday in Napa with an air quality index of 404 for small particulate matter, so high it’s off the chart, as you can see below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916921\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1130\" height=\"2129\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg 1130w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-160x301.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-800x1507.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-768x1447.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-1020x1922.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-960x1809.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-240x452.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-375x707.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-520x980.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1130px) 100vw, 1130px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>[Check current air quality at \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">airnow.gov\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sparetheair.org\u003c/a>, which has a 5-day forecast] \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow these precautions to protect your health:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Minimize outdoor activities\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Exercise in a gym or studio with good ventilation, rather than outdoors\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stay indoors with windows and doors closed\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do not run fans in windows, drawing smoky air inside\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Run your air-conditioner on recirculate, rather than bringing in outdoor air\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Consider leaving the region until air quality improves\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Officials warn that very fine smoke particles, a fraction of the size of a human hair, can lodge in the lungs and do irreparable damage to the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we breath particulates they bypass the lung system and get into our bloodstream,” said Fasano. “They exacerbate respiratory conditions like asthma, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease\u003cem>)\u003c/em>, emphysema and other conditions because they are very harmful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/anim_aqi_sanfrancisco_ca_171018wed.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/anim_aqi_sanfrancisco_ca_171018wed.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A seasonal inversion layer is putting a lid on the pollution and holding it in the region. Usually the Bay Area benefits from a natural air conditioning system with winds blowing in off the coast and carrying the air inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/1hr_pm25_SacramentoCa_animate_171018wed.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/1hr_pm25_SacramentoCa_animate_171018wed.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are also seeing elevated levels in San Francisco and Redwood City,” says Fasano. “We are all being impacted by this really unhealthy air pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re concerned about working out, “Outdoor exercise is not advised in the heavily smoke impacted counties of Napa, Sonoma, and Solano,” says Fasano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fasano recommends buying a face mask at the hardware store with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/GeneralHospitalDevicesandSupplies/PersonalProtectiveEquipment/ucm055977.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">N-95 rating\u003c/a> or higher. Unfortunately neither a hospital mask or a bandanna tied over the face prevents noxious air from entering the lungs. Fasano suggests staying inside through the weekend to avoid breathing both particle pollution and ash wafting through the air.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Updated: Wednesday, October 18, 2017, 11:45 a.m.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air pollution in Bay Area counties in the past couple of weeks has been the worst since 1999 when officials began collecting data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents in the North Bay are still experiencing the brunt of the pollution because of nearby wildfires in California’s wine country. Residents in Napa, Solano and Sonoma counties should try to stay inside buildings with air conditioning. But people in the East Bay and South Bay are not in the clear because the toxic air is creeping all over the region. You can look up your zip code \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_city&cityid=317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pollution was so high last week it was comparable to high pollution days in China, says Lisa Fasano at the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst hour was measured last Tuesday in Napa with an air quality index of 404 for small particulate matter, so high it’s off the chart, as you can see below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916921\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1130\" height=\"2129\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018.jpg 1130w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-160x301.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-800x1507.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-768x1447.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-1020x1922.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-960x1809.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-240x452.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-375x707.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/KQEDScience_AQI_6AM_171018-520x980.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1130px) 100vw, 1130px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>[Check current air quality at \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">airnow.gov\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sparetheair.org\u003c/a>, which has a 5-day forecast] \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow these precautions to protect your health:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Minimize outdoor activities\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Exercise in a gym or studio with good ventilation, rather than outdoors\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stay indoors with windows and doors closed\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do not run fans in windows, drawing smoky air inside\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Run your air-conditioner on recirculate, rather than bringing in outdoor air\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Consider leaving the region until air quality improves\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Officials warn that very fine smoke particles, a fraction of the size of a human hair, can lodge in the lungs and do irreparable damage to the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we breath particulates they bypass the lung system and get into our bloodstream,” said Fasano. “They exacerbate respiratory conditions like asthma, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease\u003cem>)\u003c/em>, emphysema and other conditions because they are very harmful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/anim_aqi_sanfrancisco_ca_171018wed.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/anim_aqi_sanfrancisco_ca_171018wed.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A seasonal inversion layer is putting a lid on the pollution and holding it in the region. Usually the Bay Area benefits from a natural air conditioning system with winds blowing in off the coast and carrying the air inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/1hr_pm25_SacramentoCa_animate_171018wed.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1916919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/1hr_pm25_SacramentoCa_animate_171018wed.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"525\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are also seeing elevated levels in San Francisco and Redwood City,” says Fasano. “We are all being impacted by this really unhealthy air pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re concerned about working out, “Outdoor exercise is not advised in the heavily smoke impacted counties of Napa, Sonoma, and Solano,” says Fasano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fasano recommends buying a face mask at the hardware store with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/GeneralHospitalDevicesandSupplies/PersonalProtectiveEquipment/ucm055977.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">N-95 rating\u003c/a> or higher. Unfortunately neither a hospital mask or a bandanna tied over the face prevents noxious air from entering the lungs. Fasano suggests staying inside through the weekend to avoid breathing both particle pollution and ash wafting through the air.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA Chief Announces Reversal of Obama-Era Curbs on Coal Plants",
"headTitle": "EPA Chief Announces Reversal of Obama-Era Curbs on Coal Plants | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>[contextly_sidebar id=”8O4YlWcYEC7yOhQSqGeijRsHM41kb8hI”]Updated at 12:30 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration will scuttle an Obama-era clean power plan aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administrator of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>, Scott Pruitt, made the announcement in Hazard, Ky., on Monday, saying the rule hurt coal-fired plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The EPA and no federal agency should ever use its authority to say to you we are going to declare war on any sector of our economy,” Pruitt said, speaking at an event with Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That rule really was about picking winners and losers,” the EPA administrator said, adding that the rule change would be signed on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement had been anticipated. It would eliminate the Clean Power Plan that was put on hold by the U.S. Supreme Court and therefore never implemented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft document obtained by NPR and other outlets says the administration will also issue an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking “in the near future” to take comments on whether and how it should replace the CPP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.yahoo.com/news/epa-chief-says-administration-roll-150239621.html?soc_trk=gcm&soc_src=64b31474-394c-3a35-b934-8da7f3dd60f2&.tsrc=notification-brknews\">The Associated Press\u003c/a>, the EPA is “expected to declare the Obama-era rule exceeded federal law by setting emissions standards that power plants could not reasonably meet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coal-fired power plants generate roughly 40 percent of the electricity globally, but generate more than 70 percent of the carbon dioxide, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/partner-country-series---emissions-reduction-through-upgrade-of-coal-fired-power-plants.html\">International Energy Agency.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of scientists worldwide say that carbon dioxide is a leading contributor to climate change. President Trump, however, has called climate change a hoax perpetrated by China to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive, but he also said he had an open mind toward efforts to control it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\">Trump announced that the U.S. would pull out of the Paris Accord\u003c/a>, an international agreement that set a limit on greenhouse gas emissions. At the time, the president said staying in the deal, which is aimed at capping average global temperature increases, “could cost America as much as 2.7 million lost jobs by 2025” and would cause the loss of close to $3 trillion in GDP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the claims of potential job losses have been\u003ca href=\"http://www.factcheck.org/2017/06/factchecking-trumps-climate-speech/\"> disputed by economists and climate scientists.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Chief+Announces+Reversal+Of+Obama-Era+Curbs+On+Coal+Plants&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In a speech in Kentucky on Monday, Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt said the old rules aimed at reducing carbon dioxide were tantamount to declaring war on the coal industry.",
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"description": "In a speech in Kentucky on Monday, Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt said the old rules aimed at reducing carbon dioxide were tantamount to declaring war on the coal industry.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Updated at 12:30 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration will scuttle an Obama-era clean power plan aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administrator of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>, Scott Pruitt, made the announcement in Hazard, Ky., on Monday, saying the rule hurt coal-fired plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The EPA and no federal agency should ever use its authority to say to you we are going to declare war on any sector of our economy,” Pruitt said, speaking at an event with Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That rule really was about picking winners and losers,” the EPA administrator said, adding that the rule change would be signed on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement had been anticipated. It would eliminate the Clean Power Plan that was put on hold by the U.S. Supreme Court and therefore never implemented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A draft document obtained by NPR and other outlets says the administration will also issue an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking “in the near future” to take comments on whether and how it should replace the CPP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.yahoo.com/news/epa-chief-says-administration-roll-150239621.html?soc_trk=gcm&soc_src=64b31474-394c-3a35-b934-8da7f3dd60f2&.tsrc=notification-brknews\">The Associated Press\u003c/a>, the EPA is “expected to declare the Obama-era rule exceeded federal law by setting emissions standards that power plants could not reasonably meet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coal-fired power plants generate roughly 40 percent of the electricity globally, but generate more than 70 percent of the carbon dioxide, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/partner-country-series---emissions-reduction-through-upgrade-of-coal-fired-power-plants.html\">International Energy Agency.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of scientists worldwide say that carbon dioxide is a leading contributor to climate change. President Trump, however, has called climate change a hoax perpetrated by China to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive, but he also said he had an open mind toward efforts to control it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\">Trump announced that the U.S. would pull out of the Paris Accord\u003c/a>, an international agreement that set a limit on greenhouse gas emissions. At the time, the president said staying in the deal, which is aimed at capping average global temperature increases, “could cost America as much as 2.7 million lost jobs by 2025” and would cause the loss of close to $3 trillion in GDP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the claims of potential job losses have been\u003ca href=\"http://www.factcheck.org/2017/06/factchecking-trumps-climate-speech/\"> disputed by economists and climate scientists.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Chief+Announces+Reversal+Of+Obama-Era+Curbs+On+Coal+Plants&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "many-california-meadows-will-vanish-heres-why-it-matters",
"title": "Many California Meadows Will Vanish, Here's Why It Matters",
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"headTitle": "Many California Meadows Will Vanish, Here’s Why It Matters | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mountain meadows are starting to get some respect. For over a century, meadows were the first alpine environments targeted for development, grazing and farming, because they tend to be flat and packed with rich soil and nutritious plants. But we’re starting to understand that meadows have a much more important role to play for society at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Meadows, it turns out, are water banks. As winter snows melt, the runoff flows into meadows, where deep organic soil holds the moisture like a sponge and then releases it slowly. This helps minimize downstream flooding during spring. Meadows release that runoff over a longer period, helping stretch valuable water supplies through the long, dry summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/02/03/work-grows-to-restore-mountain-meadows-as-water-banks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">[contextly_sidebar id=”rMy85ZSPDVf9YcAoxVojPBzo568cUzDy”]Efforts are underway\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to restore meadows, which have lost some of their water-holding ability as they’ve been compacted and eroded by grazing, logging and other activity. Unfortunately, a new threat has emerged: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/news/2017/study-critical-sierra-meadows-being-overtaken-forest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">new study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by researchers at University of California, Merced, found that Sierra Nevada meadows are shrinking due to encroachment by trees—primarily lodgepole pines. And not just some meadows, but virtually all meadows throughout the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Warmer temperatures are likely to blame, according to the study, creating conditions more favorable to trees. As a result, lodgepole pines are creeping into areas that have been historically meadow environments, sinking deeper roots that create a new year-round water drain on meadow environments.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And the future doesn’t look good. As temperatures warm further due to climate change, more trees are expected to encroach on meadows. The authors reach a startling conclusion: By the end of this century, the average meadow will shift entirely to forest. Eventually, meadows may only be found in sparse locations at high elevation, where lodgepole pines can’t thrive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">What are the implications for biodiversity, for water supply and flood prevention? A lot of these answers aren’t yet known. But to find out more, Water Deeply recently talked to Lara Kueppers, a co-author of the study and a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Merced.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915969\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 318px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1915969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"318\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg 597w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-160x206.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-240x309.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-375x482.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-520x669.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lara Kueppers is a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at U.C. Merced, and co-author of a new study about disappearing meadows in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What’s unique about this study?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Lara Kueppers: I think the main thing is the extent of ground-based observations that we did. When you are in the field observing just a single meadow or a small number of meadows, you can sort of draw conclusions about those few meadows you looked at. But we were really after a large area and wanting to understand: Is this phenomenon something that’s widespread across a big section of the Sierra? So we surveyed meadows across a pretty broad area, from Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park on up to the Lake Tahoe area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other way people try and cover a lot of ground is usually by using satellite images. But we were interested in the number of trees that were coming into these meadows that might be smaller and difficult to detect remotely. So being on the ground enabled us to do that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think in the end we surveyed over 340 meadows. Not all with the same level of intensity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>Are meadows really likely to disappear by the end of the century?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: The conclusion isn’t that all meadows will disappear. The conclusion is that the average meadow will disappear. Basically, what we were finding is that many meadows are experiencing encroachment. There are some that aren’t, however, and those may continue to be resistant to encroachment in the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So, for example, in some meadows at higher elevations, where lodgepole pine isn’t abundant, you don’t see the same kind of encroachment as you do at lower elevations. But anyone who hikes in the backcountry of the Sierra has surely noticed trees creeping into meadows, if you return over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That’s why we say the “average” meadow, because a lot of those meadows that are out there are experiencing encroachment. It may not be full encroachment by the end of the century, but it will have experienced some encroachment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crescent Meadow in Sequoia National Park. \u003ccite>(Henry Huey/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Your results show that climate change is a major reason for meadow shrinkage. How did you reach that conclusion?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: If by climate change you mean human-caused climate change, we actually didn’t examine that question. What we were focused on is figuring out what are the causes of encroachment we see in terms of specific factors. So we looked at landscape factors like topographic position, elevation, what are the tree species around the meadow. Then we also looked at climate factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that climate factors are important drivers of the patterns we’re seeing, but we didn’t really try to quantify whether past human-caused climate change was complicit in that. We don’t really conclude the encroachment we’ve seen so far has been caused by human-caused climate change. Our conclusion is that climate is an important driver of encroachment. And then we said, let’s look to the future and projections of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given what we know about factors that seem to lead to tree recruitment in these meadows, that’s what led us to the conclusion that future climate change is going to be a really strong contributor to encroachment. For example, temperature is one of the important factors that explains variability in the number of [tree] recruits in a meadow in any given year. So when we look at future temperatures increasing, we see that drives an increase in the number of trees in the meadows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How does snowpack affect meadow encroachment?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: High snowpack actually promotes encroachment. We think that’s in part because, if there’s low snowpack, over winter these young trees can be exposed to very cold temperatures, and that can be detrimental to their ability to grow and survive. So when you have high snowpack, the really young juvenile trees are buried in snow, and protected over the winter. Then they can emerge and grow really strong in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Meadows collect snowmelt, store it and release it slowly during the spring and summer.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The other thing snowpack is important for is a sustainable source of water in the drier meadows during spring and summer. These meadows are collecting meltwater, not just from the meadow itself but from the surrounding watershed, because the meadows are in topographically low locations. Again, when these trees are young and getting established, if the meadow dries out they’re going to have a hard time making it through the summer. But if there’s a high snowpack, there’s that sustained input of water and they’re less liable to dry out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How big of a role do meadows play in water storage?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: They’re an integral part of the hydrology of the High Sierra. A big role that many meadows play is sort of as a regulator in the water system. They collect snowmelt from the surrounding slopes and they store it and sort of release it slowly over the spring and summer season. They can absorb a large amount of water and then release it. Some is coming from surface runoff, but other water is coming underground through cracks in the rock and then emerging in the meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soil, especially in the wettest part of meadows, is very organically rich. That’s because, over time as these grasses and other sedges and wildflowers that are well adapted to the meadows grow and die, the organic matter decomposes very slowly because there’s so much water around. So this organic matter just builds up, and more organic-rich soil can hold more water. And they release that water slowly over the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the water-supply implications of shrinking meadows?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: We don’t fully know what the full-sum impact might be. There are a couple different ways that trees encroaching into meadows could alter hydrology. One explanation we have would be that trees typically use more water than the meadow grasses and wildlife. As a consequence, as trees become more abundant and larger, they would use more of the water coming into meadows, which means less water would flow downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is that as the meadows dry, if the trees are using more of the water, there would be faster decomposition of organic matter, and that organic matter wouldn’t necessarily be replaced in kind by the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If there are fewer roots with the trees than there were with the grasses and forbs, then the amount of organic matter flowing might not keep up with the losses from the drying conditions. So you would lose that sponginess in the soil, and it would weaken its ability to absorb and release that water over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Sierra look different in future?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: I think there will still be some meadows. There will still be areas that remain wet. You just might have to look harder. You probably will have to go higher to get to them. Maybe not over our lifetimes, but in our children’s lifetimes. Luckily for us, changes happen very slowly. So while we can see signs of this process underway, at least all of us can still enjoy the meadows for what they are right now.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What can we do to reverse this trend of meadow loss?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: Our simple modeling exercise suggests that supporting solutions to climate change is a really important part of slowing meadow encroachment, because the critical factor driving encroachment overtime is the temperature increase. Another thing we can do is really limit the direct effects on meadows, such as trampling by grazing animals, because that just contributes to impacts on these meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/09/25/why-disappearing-sierra-nevada-meadows-are-bad-news-for-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Meadows play an important role in water storage and flood prevention. But a new study shows that warming temperatures and resulting tree encroachment could doom these landscapes, except at very high elevations.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mountain meadows are starting to get some respect. For over a century, meadows were the first alpine environments targeted for development, grazing and farming, because they tend to be flat and packed with rich soil and nutritious plants. But we’re starting to understand that meadows have a much more important role to play for society at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Meadows, it turns out, are water banks. As winter snows melt, the runoff flows into meadows, where deep organic soil holds the moisture like a sponge and then releases it slowly. This helps minimize downstream flooding during spring. Meadows release that runoff over a longer period, helping stretch valuable water supplies through the long, dry summer months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/02/03/work-grows-to-restore-mountain-meadows-as-water-banks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Efforts are underway\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to restore meadows, which have lost some of their water-holding ability as they’ve been compacted and eroded by grazing, logging and other activity. Unfortunately, a new threat has emerged: climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/news/2017/study-critical-sierra-meadows-being-overtaken-forest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">new study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by researchers at University of California, Merced, found that Sierra Nevada meadows are shrinking due to encroachment by trees—primarily lodgepole pines. And not just some meadows, but virtually all meadows throughout the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Warmer temperatures are likely to blame, according to the study, creating conditions more favorable to trees. As a result, lodgepole pines are creeping into areas that have been historically meadow environments, sinking deeper roots that create a new year-round water drain on meadow environments.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And the future doesn’t look good. As temperatures warm further due to climate change, more trees are expected to encroach on meadows. The authors reach a startling conclusion: By the end of this century, the average meadow will shift entirely to forest. Eventually, meadows may only be found in sparse locations at high elevation, where lodgepole pines can’t thrive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">What are the implications for biodiversity, for water supply and flood prevention? A lot of these answers aren’t yet known. But to find out more, Water Deeply recently talked to Lara Kueppers, a co-author of the study and a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Merced.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915969\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 318px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1915969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"318\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers.jpg 597w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-160x206.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-240x309.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-375x482.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Lara_Kueppers-520x669.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lara Kueppers is a research scientist at the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, based at U.C. Merced, and co-author of a new study about disappearing meadows in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What’s unique about this study?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Lara Kueppers: I think the main thing is the extent of ground-based observations that we did. When you are in the field observing just a single meadow or a small number of meadows, you can sort of draw conclusions about those few meadows you looked at. But we were really after a large area and wanting to understand: Is this phenomenon something that’s widespread across a big section of the Sierra? So we surveyed meadows across a pretty broad area, from Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park on up to the Lake Tahoe area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other way people try and cover a lot of ground is usually by using satellite images. But we were interested in the number of trees that were coming into these meadows that might be smaller and difficult to detect remotely. So being on the ground enabled us to do that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think in the end we surveyed over 340 meadows. Not all with the same level of intensity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>Are meadows really likely to disappear by the end of the century?\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: The conclusion isn’t that all meadows will disappear. The conclusion is that the average meadow will disappear. Basically, what we were finding is that many meadows are experiencing encroachment. There are some that aren’t, however, and those may continue to be resistant to encroachment in the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So, for example, in some meadows at higher elevations, where lodgepole pine isn’t abundant, you don’t see the same kind of encroachment as you do at lower elevations. But anyone who hikes in the backcountry of the Sierra has surely noticed trees creeping into meadows, if you return over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That’s why we say the “average” meadow, because a lot of those meadows that are out there are experiencing encroachment. It may not be full encroachment by the end of the century, but it will have experienced some encroachment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/4940052096_3e1f0c9e83_o-e1506346506112-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crescent Meadow in Sequoia National Park. \u003ccite>(Henry Huey/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Your results show that climate change is a major reason for meadow shrinkage. How did you reach that conclusion?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: If by climate change you mean human-caused climate change, we actually didn’t examine that question. What we were focused on is figuring out what are the causes of encroachment we see in terms of specific factors. So we looked at landscape factors like topographic position, elevation, what are the tree species around the meadow. Then we also looked at climate factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that climate factors are important drivers of the patterns we’re seeing, but we didn’t really try to quantify whether past human-caused climate change was complicit in that. We don’t really conclude the encroachment we’ve seen so far has been caused by human-caused climate change. Our conclusion is that climate is an important driver of encroachment. And then we said, let’s look to the future and projections of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given what we know about factors that seem to lead to tree recruitment in these meadows, that’s what led us to the conclusion that future climate change is going to be a really strong contributor to encroachment. For example, temperature is one of the important factors that explains variability in the number of [tree] recruits in a meadow in any given year. So when we look at future temperatures increasing, we see that drives an increase in the number of trees in the meadows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How does snowpack affect meadow encroachment?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: High snowpack actually promotes encroachment. We think that’s in part because, if there’s low snowpack, over winter these young trees can be exposed to very cold temperatures, and that can be detrimental to their ability to grow and survive. So when you have high snowpack, the really young juvenile trees are buried in snow, and protected over the winter. Then they can emerge and grow really strong in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Meadows collect snowmelt, store it and release it slowly during the spring and summer.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The other thing snowpack is important for is a sustainable source of water in the drier meadows during spring and summer. These meadows are collecting meltwater, not just from the meadow itself but from the surrounding watershed, because the meadows are in topographically low locations. Again, when these trees are young and getting established, if the meadow dries out they’re going to have a hard time making it through the summer. But if there’s a high snowpack, there’s that sustained input of water and they’re less liable to dry out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water Deeply:\u003c/b> \u003cb>How big of a role do meadows play in water storage?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: They’re an integral part of the hydrology of the High Sierra. A big role that many meadows play is sort of as a regulator in the water system. They collect snowmelt from the surrounding slopes and they store it and sort of release it slowly over the spring and summer season. They can absorb a large amount of water and then release it. Some is coming from surface runoff, but other water is coming underground through cracks in the rock and then emerging in the meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The soil, especially in the wettest part of meadows, is very organically rich. That’s because, over time as these grasses and other sedges and wildflowers that are well adapted to the meadows grow and die, the organic matter decomposes very slowly because there’s so much water around. So this organic matter just builds up, and more organic-rich soil can hold more water. And they release that water slowly over the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the water-supply implications of shrinking meadows?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kueppers: We don’t fully know what the full-sum impact might be. There are a couple different ways that trees encroaching into meadows could alter hydrology. One explanation we have would be that trees typically use more water than the meadow grasses and wildlife. As a consequence, as trees become more abundant and larger, they would use more of the water coming into meadows, which means less water would flow downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is that as the meadows dry, if the trees are using more of the water, there would be faster decomposition of organic matter, and that organic matter wouldn’t necessarily be replaced in kind by the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If there are fewer roots with the trees than there were with the grasses and forbs, then the amount of organic matter flowing might not keep up with the losses from the drying conditions. So you would lose that sponginess in the soil, and it would weaken its ability to absorb and release that water over time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will the Sierra look different in future?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: I think there will still be some meadows. There will still be areas that remain wet. You just might have to look harder. You probably will have to go higher to get to them. Maybe not over our lifetimes, but in our children’s lifetimes. Luckily for us, changes happen very slowly. So while we can see signs of this process underway, at least all of us can still enjoy the meadows for what they are right now.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What can we do to reverse this trend of meadow loss?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kueppers: Our simple modeling exercise suggests that supporting solutions to climate change is a really important part of slowing meadow encroachment, because the critical factor driving encroachment overtime is the temperature increase. Another thing we can do is really limit the direct effects on meadows, such as trampling by grazing animals, because that just contributes to impacts on these meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2017/09/25/why-disappearing-sierra-nevada-meadows-are-bad-news-for-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A U.S. trade panel has found that low-cost solar panels imported from China and other countries have caused serious injury to U.S. solar manufacturers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”hUgAhtuH6pkh2b6u2VbHOh0jU1sW1U96″]The unanimous vote Friday by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usitc.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Trade Commission\u003c/a> sets up the possibility that the Trump administration will impose tariffs that could double the price of solar panels from abroad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Georgia-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.suniva.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Suniva Inc\u003c/a>., and Oregon-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.solarworld-usa.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SolarWorld\u003c/a> Americas brought the case. They say a flood of imports has forced Suniva into bankruptcy and led SolarWorld to lay off most of its workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cheap imports have led to a boom in the U.S. solar industry, where rooftop and other installations have surged tenfold since 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trade commission has until mid-November to recommend a remedy to President Donald Trump, with a final decision on tariffs expected in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A White House spokeswoman declined to comment. President Donald Trump is considered sympathetic to imposing tariffs as part of his “America first” philosophy.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A U.S. trade panel has found that low-cost solar panels imported from China and other countries have caused serious injury to U.S. solar manufacturers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The unanimous vote Friday by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usitc.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Trade Commission\u003c/a> sets up the possibility that the Trump administration will impose tariffs that could double the price of solar panels from abroad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Georgia-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.suniva.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Suniva Inc\u003c/a>., and Oregon-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.solarworld-usa.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SolarWorld\u003c/a> Americas brought the case. They say a flood of imports has forced Suniva into bankruptcy and led SolarWorld to lay off most of its workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cheap imports have led to a boom in the U.S. solar industry, where rooftop and other installations have surged tenfold since 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trade commission has until mid-November to recommend a remedy to President Donald Trump, with a final decision on tariffs expected in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Californians Must Change Thinking to Meet Challenge of Rising Seas, Says Author",
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"content": "\u003cp>The repeated scenes of flooded streets and half-submerged homes this month have literally brought the issue of rising seas home to millions of people along the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts. The threat is no less real here on the West Coast, as marine scientist Gary Griggs points out in his new book, “Coasts in Crisis: A Global Challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Griggs, who for 26 years, headed the UC Santa Cruz Institute of Marine Sciences, has advised state and local governments in California to plan for:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>6 inches of sea rise by 2030\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>12 inches by 2050, and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>36 inches (3 feet) by 2100\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Griggs spoke with KQED Science Editor Craig Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller: Let’s put that in some perspective, because this seems to be the problem with trying to get people to engage with sea level rise — that it is a sort of slow-motion train wreck. Six inches by 2030 might not sound like a lot. What would that actually look like in a place like the Bay Area?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I will say boldly that sea level rise is going to be the biggest challenge human civilization has ever faced.’\u003ccite>Gary Griggs, UC Santa Cruz\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Gary Griggs: There are places now that are already what has been called nuisance flooding, but it’s really high tides: these El Niños, when sea level can rise a foot or two over two or three month at a time, or a king tide when it can be six inches or so higher than normal, or the combination of storm waves and high tides. The sea level is a ramp that all these are on top of, so everything’s going to get progressively worse as we go on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: I find it interesting that you say “progressively,” because seas are rising faster now than they used to.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Griggs: Yeah. The last century was, along the California coast, maybe seven or eight inches. Right now, the rate is just about twice that high. The last 20-plus years we’ve been measuring sea level from space through satellites. Previously, it was done by averaging global tide gauges, and some of those the land is going up, some of those it’s going down. Now that we’re measuring it very precisely from space, which takes out the land component, the rates are maybe 13 and-a-half inches per century, or roughly twice as fast as it was, say in the last century. That’s significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2550px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915668 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap.jpeg\" alt=\"Map shows estimated extend of flooding with 16-and-55 inches of sea rise.\" width=\"2550\" height=\"3300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap.jpeg 2550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-160x207.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-800x1035.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-768x994.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-1020x1320.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-1920x2485.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-1180x1527.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-960x1242.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-240x311.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-375x485.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-520x673.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2550px) 100vw, 2550px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map shows estimated extent of flooding around San Francisco Bay with 16-and-55 inches of sea rise. \u003ccite>(BCDC via UC Press)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: Okay, so we now have Miami, where people are wading around certain streets, not just after Hurricane Irma but anytime there’s a high tide. How long before that’s the case on the Embarcadero in San Francisco?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Griggs: We could see much more problematic conditions by 2030, in 10 or 15 years. But again we’re on this curve, and the rate of increase is not completely known. What’s going to happen to Antarctica — which is where the biggest amount of potential rise is — where you have these massive glaciers or ice sheets, but they’re held in place by these floating ice shelves. They’re starting to crack and break loose. That then, is like taking the cork out of the champagne bottle, so a big pulse could happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: The Bay Area may be the exception. We’ve seen some ambitious initiatives, and even a new tax recently, to prepare for encroaching seas. But do you think that Northern California as a whole is paying enough attention to this threat?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’ve got to start acting now. We have to start acting collectively, because I think our entire human future depends on it.’\u003ccite>Gary Griggs, UC Santa Cruz\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Griggs: You know, as I look around the country and I see what’s happening in places like Florida, North Carolina, where you either outlaw it or don’t talk about it, I’d say we’re way ahead. I think the fact that that tax passed [Measure AA in 2016] is a good indication of people’s awareness and concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think talking about it is one thing, and getting something done is a much bigger step. The Bay has somewhere between 400 and 500 miles of shoreline. What many people don’t realize is, from the Golden Gate all the way to Sacramento — which is sea level because Sacramento’s an ocean port — it’s 100 miles inland. So not only is the Embarcadero a problem, but we’ve got a problem 100 miles inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: Well, there’s a lot of critical infrastructure — airports, freeways, treatment plants — sitting almost right at sea level, with no place to move them really. What do we do about those? Are we looking at a future of ever rising sea walls?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Griggs: You know, that’s the solution we’ve used in the short term. I think if you look at something like San Francisco International or Oakland, they weren’t thinking about sea level rise. You can imagine a levee or a wall for a while, but at some point that doesn’t work anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915609\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 667px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915609\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/CoastsinCrisis.jpeg\" alt=\"Griggs' book, "Coasts in Crisis: A Global Challenge," takes on multiple threats to coastal regions, including sea rise, seismic threats, and pollution.\" width=\"667\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/CoastsinCrisis.jpeg 667w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/CoastsinCrisis-160x240.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/CoastsinCrisis-240x360.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/CoastsinCrisis-375x562.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/CoastsinCrisis-520x780.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Griggs’ book, “Coasts in Crisis: A Global Challenge,” takes on multiple threats to coastal regions, including sea rise, seismic threats, and pollution. \u003ccite>(UC Press)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We also have most of our power plants around the Bay which are right at sea level, to pump in cold sea water for cooling. Those are not a parking lot or a bike trail, they are multi-million dollar facilities, and there are dozens and dozens of those. I will say boldly that sea level rise is going to be the biggest challenge human civilization has ever faced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: If there’s one big takeaway from your book that you want to get out there, what would it be?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Griggs: We’ve got to start acting now. We have to start acting collectively, because I think our entire human future depends on it. I think traditionally what we’ve done — and we’re still doing now — is, whenever a conflict comes up, we draw a line and you get on that side and I get on this side and we punch it out. I think what we have to do is come to the realization finally that it’s a circle and we’re all inside of it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The recent repeated scenes of flooded streets and half-submerged homes have literally brought the issue of rising seas home to millions of people along the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts. The threat is no less real here on the West Coast, as marine scientist Gary Griggs points out in his new book, \"Coasts in Crisis: A Global Challenge.\"",
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"title": "Californians Must Change Thinking to Meet Challenge of Rising Seas, Says Author | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The repeated scenes of flooded streets and half-submerged homes this month have literally brought the issue of rising seas home to millions of people along the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts. The threat is no less real here on the West Coast, as marine scientist Gary Griggs points out in his new book, “Coasts in Crisis: A Global Challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Griggs, who for 26 years, headed the UC Santa Cruz Institute of Marine Sciences, has advised state and local governments in California to plan for:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>6 inches of sea rise by 2030\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>12 inches by 2050, and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>36 inches (3 feet) by 2100\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Griggs spoke with KQED Science Editor Craig Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller: Let’s put that in some perspective, because this seems to be the problem with trying to get people to engage with sea level rise — that it is a sort of slow-motion train wreck. Six inches by 2030 might not sound like a lot. What would that actually look like in a place like the Bay Area?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I will say boldly that sea level rise is going to be the biggest challenge human civilization has ever faced.’\u003ccite>Gary Griggs, UC Santa Cruz\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Gary Griggs: There are places now that are already what has been called nuisance flooding, but it’s really high tides: these El Niños, when sea level can rise a foot or two over two or three month at a time, or a king tide when it can be six inches or so higher than normal, or the combination of storm waves and high tides. The sea level is a ramp that all these are on top of, so everything’s going to get progressively worse as we go on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: I find it interesting that you say “progressively,” because seas are rising faster now than they used to.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Griggs: Yeah. The last century was, along the California coast, maybe seven or eight inches. Right now, the rate is just about twice that high. The last 20-plus years we’ve been measuring sea level from space through satellites. Previously, it was done by averaging global tide gauges, and some of those the land is going up, some of those it’s going down. Now that we’re measuring it very precisely from space, which takes out the land component, the rates are maybe 13 and-a-half inches per century, or roughly twice as fast as it was, say in the last century. That’s significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2550px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915668 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap.jpeg\" alt=\"Map shows estimated extend of flooding with 16-and-55 inches of sea rise.\" width=\"2550\" height=\"3300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap.jpeg 2550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-160x207.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-800x1035.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-768x994.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-1020x1320.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-1920x2485.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-1180x1527.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-960x1242.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-240x311.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-375x485.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Fig5-13_BCDCmap-520x673.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2550px) 100vw, 2550px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map shows estimated extent of flooding around San Francisco Bay with 16-and-55 inches of sea rise. \u003ccite>(BCDC via UC Press)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: Okay, so we now have Miami, where people are wading around certain streets, not just after Hurricane Irma but anytime there’s a high tide. How long before that’s the case on the Embarcadero in San Francisco?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Griggs: We could see much more problematic conditions by 2030, in 10 or 15 years. But again we’re on this curve, and the rate of increase is not completely known. What’s going to happen to Antarctica — which is where the biggest amount of potential rise is — where you have these massive glaciers or ice sheets, but they’re held in place by these floating ice shelves. They’re starting to crack and break loose. That then, is like taking the cork out of the champagne bottle, so a big pulse could happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: The Bay Area may be the exception. We’ve seen some ambitious initiatives, and even a new tax recently, to prepare for encroaching seas. But do you think that Northern California as a whole is paying enough attention to this threat?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’ve got to start acting now. We have to start acting collectively, because I think our entire human future depends on it.’\u003ccite>Gary Griggs, UC Santa Cruz\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Griggs: You know, as I look around the country and I see what’s happening in places like Florida, North Carolina, where you either outlaw it or don’t talk about it, I’d say we’re way ahead. I think the fact that that tax passed [Measure AA in 2016] is a good indication of people’s awareness and concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think talking about it is one thing, and getting something done is a much bigger step. The Bay has somewhere between 400 and 500 miles of shoreline. What many people don’t realize is, from the Golden Gate all the way to Sacramento — which is sea level because Sacramento’s an ocean port — it’s 100 miles inland. So not only is the Embarcadero a problem, but we’ve got a problem 100 miles inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: Well, there’s a lot of critical infrastructure — airports, freeways, treatment plants — sitting almost right at sea level, with no place to move them really. What do we do about those? Are we looking at a future of ever rising sea walls?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Griggs: You know, that’s the solution we’ve used in the short term. I think if you look at something like San Francisco International or Oakland, they weren’t thinking about sea level rise. You can imagine a levee or a wall for a while, but at some point that doesn’t work anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915609\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 667px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915609\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/CoastsinCrisis.jpeg\" alt=\"Griggs' book, "Coasts in Crisis: A Global Challenge," takes on multiple threats to coastal regions, including sea rise, seismic threats, and pollution.\" width=\"667\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/CoastsinCrisis.jpeg 667w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/CoastsinCrisis-160x240.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/CoastsinCrisis-240x360.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/CoastsinCrisis-375x562.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/CoastsinCrisis-520x780.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Griggs’ book, “Coasts in Crisis: A Global Challenge,” takes on multiple threats to coastal regions, including sea rise, seismic threats, and pollution. \u003ccite>(UC Press)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We also have most of our power plants around the Bay which are right at sea level, to pump in cold sea water for cooling. Those are not a parking lot or a bike trail, they are multi-million dollar facilities, and there are dozens and dozens of those. I will say boldly that sea level rise is going to be the biggest challenge human civilization has ever faced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: If there’s one big takeaway from your book that you want to get out there, what would it be?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Lawmakers Allow Clean Cars to Stay in Carpool Lanes",
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"content": "\u003cp>Drivers in the market for electric cars may be able to count on a popular incentive. California lawmakers voted this week to extend a program that allows \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">zero-emission cars\u003c/a> to drive in carpool lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The green and white stickers currently on electric, plug-in hybrid and hydrogen-powered cars are set to expire on January 1, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is just one of the ways California is trying to boost adoption of cleaner cars. The state has ambitious goal: put 1.5 million zero emission vehicles on the road by 2025. As of the end of 2016, around 245,000 have been sold in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915644\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915644\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-1020x851.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-1020x851.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-800x667.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-768x641.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-1180x984.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-960x801.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-240x200.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-375x313.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-520x434.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker.jpg 1688w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 240,000 green and white carpool stickers have been issued statewide. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This year, California has demonstrated its environmental leadership on a global stage, stepping up as the federal government has stepped down,” said bill author Assemblymember Richard Bloom, in a statement. “We must continue to do so by extending this effective program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Governor Jerry Brown signs the bill, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AB 544 \u003c/a>(\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: Governor Brown signed the bill on October 10, 2017), here’s how the new program would work:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued to new cars after January 1, 2019 are valid for three full years and then until January 1 of their fourth year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Drivers issued stickers in 2017 and 2018 will be able to apply for a new sticker in 2019 that is valid until January 1, 2022.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued before January 1, 2017 will expire on January 1, 2019.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In addition, drivers that receive the \u003ca href=\"https://cleanvehiclerebate.org/eng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Vehicle Rebate\u003c/a>, a state-funded rebate that can be several thousand dollars, won’t be eligible for HOV lane stickers unless their gross annual income falls below $150,000 for a single tax filer, $204,000 for a head of household filer, and $300,000 for joint filers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”YuHkFHw0TmgdBCvN5Tz4t9uBcqFLlVir”]Demand for the carpool lane stickers has often exceeded supply. For years, the number of green stickers was capped, leaving hundreds of drivers on waiting lists for the program until the state legislature opened it again. The cap was eliminated completely last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new system would create “rolling” expiration dates, eventually limiting the number of clean cars in carpool lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some, including the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC), have raised concerns about overcrowding in carpool lanes and are pushing for better enforcement. An MTC-commissioned study found 24 percent of drivers in carpool lanes during the morning commute were there in violation of the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislators passed another bill this week, SB 498, that would require the state to ensure that half of the vehicles it purchases for its state fleet are also zero-emission by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Drivers in the market for electric cars may be able to count on a popular incentive. California lawmakers voted this week to extend a program that allows \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">zero-emission cars\u003c/a> to drive in carpool lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The green and white stickers currently on electric, plug-in hybrid and hydrogen-powered cars are set to expire on January 1, 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is just one of the ways California is trying to boost adoption of cleaner cars. The state has ambitious goal: put 1.5 million zero emission vehicles on the road by 2025. As of the end of 2016, around 245,000 have been sold in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915644\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915644\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-1020x851.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-1020x851.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-800x667.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-768x641.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-1180x984.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-960x801.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-240x200.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-375x313.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker-520x434.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/carpool-sticker.jpg 1688w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 240,000 green and white carpool stickers have been issued statewide. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This year, California has demonstrated its environmental leadership on a global stage, stepping up as the federal government has stepped down,” said bill author Assemblymember Richard Bloom, in a statement. “We must continue to do so by extending this effective program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Governor Jerry Brown signs the bill, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AB 544 \u003c/a>(\u003cstrong>UPDATE\u003c/strong>: Governor Brown signed the bill on October 10, 2017), here’s how the new program would work:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued to new cars after January 1, 2019 are valid for three full years and then until January 1 of their fourth year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Drivers issued stickers in 2017 and 2018 will be able to apply for a new sticker in 2019 that is valid until January 1, 2022.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stickers issued before January 1, 2017 will expire on January 1, 2019.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In addition, drivers that receive the \u003ca href=\"https://cleanvehiclerebate.org/eng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Vehicle Rebate\u003c/a>, a state-funded rebate that can be several thousand dollars, won’t be eligible for HOV lane stickers unless their gross annual income falls below $150,000 for a single tax filer, $204,000 for a head of household filer, and $300,000 for joint filers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Demand for the carpool lane stickers has often exceeded supply. For years, the number of green stickers was capped, leaving hundreds of drivers on waiting lists for the program until the state legislature opened it again. The cap was eliminated completely last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new system would create “rolling” expiration dates, eventually limiting the number of clean cars in carpool lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some, including the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC), have raised concerns about overcrowding in carpool lanes and are pushing for better enforcement. An MTC-commissioned study found 24 percent of drivers in carpool lanes during the morning commute were there in violation of the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislators passed another bill this week, SB 498, that would require the state to ensure that half of the vehicles it purchases for its state fleet are also zero-emission by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Design Teams Attack Growing Threat for Bay Area Flooding: Rising Seas",
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"content": "\u003cp>[audio src=https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/09/ScienceResilientDesignMiller170911.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Design Teams Attack Growing Threat for Bay Area Flooding: Rising Seas\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/IMG_6520.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten teams of experts will hit the ground this week in a yearlong blitz to bolster the Bay Area against rising seas and other potentially catastrophic risks posed by the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project, dubbed \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\">Resilient by Design\u003c/a>, was inspired by a similar planning challenge to rebuild east coast locations ravaged by \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/13/world/americas/hurricane-sandy-fast-facts/index.html\">“Superstorm” Sandy\u003c/a> in October of 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve realized that our current systems aren’t set up to address what we know is happening,” says Amanda Brown-Stevens, a land use advocate who is heading up the project. “So we want the teams to think outside the box.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘In this country we tend to focus on disaster relief — putting in a lot of money after disasters happen. We don’t invest a lot in preparing for the future.’\u003ccite>Amanda Brown-Stevens, Resilient by Design\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The teams — some with nerdy-but-clever names like “Public Sediment” — comprise multi-disciplinary experts from local institutions and as far away as Australia. The final 10 teams were winnowed down from 51 that applied to be part of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s gonna be a very intense couple months,” says \u003ca href=\"https://caffeet.wordpress.com/claire-bonham-carter-director-of-sustainable-development-design-planning-aecom/\">Claire Bonham-Carter\u003c/a>, a member of one of the winning teams, dubbed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-all-bay-collective/\">All Bay Collective\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and others, teams will spend the next several weeks touring potential flooding hotspots, from San Leandro’s wastewater treatment plant, to Highway 37, the thin strand of road that connects Marin County with points east, at the north end of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives from communities where each of the sites are located will be in on the ground floor, essentially presenting the teams with some of their most worrisome trouble spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”BoTlVcMONah8EcWl4ucfY0IgBmFJg6Dc”]Then the teams will go to work on creative solutions to protect those areas from future flood threats, “knowing that storm surges are getting stronger and flooding is getting more pervasive and then making sure teams are also thinking about seismic vulnerabilities, which are also exacerbated in theses storms,” as Brown-Stevens envisions it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have advised public planners to prepare for sea levels 18-24 inches higher by mid-century and perhaps four feet higher by 2100. But even at current levels, last winter’s relentless storms and high tides exposed local vulnerabilities. At least five times last winter, Caltrans had to close all or part of Highway 37 because of flooding from heavy rains. At the height of the season, overflowing reservoirs threatened tens of thousands in Santa Clara and Butte Counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first time international design teams have converged on the Bay Area to attack the problem of rising seas. Nearly ten years ago, the state’s Bay Conservation and Development Commission sponsored the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aiacc.org/2016/11/10/rising-tides-international-competition/\">Rising Tides\u003c/a> design competition, but none of the ideas were actually implemented. Resilient by Design organizers are hoping that this time will be different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915498\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 598px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Hwy-37-Flooding-Feb-8-2017-044.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915498\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Hwy-37-Flooding-Feb-8-2017-044.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"598\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Hwy-37-Flooding-Feb-8-2017-044.jpg 598w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Hwy-37-Flooding-Feb-8-2017-044-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Hwy-37-Flooding-Feb-8-2017-044-240x149.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Hwy-37-Flooding-Feb-8-2017-044-375x233.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Hwy-37-Flooding-Feb-8-2017-044-520x323.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 598px) 100vw, 598px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooding on Highway 37 last February shut down this road through Novato for about two weeks. \u003ccite>(Caltrans)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re really hoping that at the end of this process we’ll have ten incredible, innovative and implementable designs that are set up for success,” says Brown-Stevens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Set up for success” doesn’t necessarily mean funded, but organizers say the teams will have access to financial advisors and be ready with practical funding approaches by the end of the challenge, next May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A director of sustainable development with the international design firm \u003ca href=\"http://www.aecom.com/us/about-aecom/\">AECOM\u003c/a>, Bonham-Carter is still feeling the competitive edge from the team selection round. Asked if she has a dream project in mind, she replies, “That would be giving away the crown jewels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and teammate \u003ca href=\"https://www.cca.edu/academics/faculty/janettekim\">Janette Kim\u003c/a>, assistant professor of architecture at the California College of the Arts, both say they’re excited by the inclusive approach the competition is taking, involving communities in the actual design process, rather than leaving the task to experts and then asking communities to approve and fund it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking for big ideas that are grounded in a path to implementation,” says Brown-Stevens. With an eye to recent disasters in Texas and the Southeastern U.S., she adds, “In this country we tend to focus on disaster relief — putting in a lot of money after disasters happen. We don’t invest a lot in preparing for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the program pans out as organizers hope, that paradigm might be in for a big shift.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten teams of experts will hit the ground this week in a yearlong blitz to bolster the Bay Area against rising seas and other potentially catastrophic risks posed by the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project, dubbed \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\">Resilient by Design\u003c/a>, was inspired by a similar planning challenge to rebuild east coast locations ravaged by \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/13/world/americas/hurricane-sandy-fast-facts/index.html\">“Superstorm” Sandy\u003c/a> in October of 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve realized that our current systems aren’t set up to address what we know is happening,” says Amanda Brown-Stevens, a land use advocate who is heading up the project. “So we want the teams to think outside the box.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘In this country we tend to focus on disaster relief — putting in a lot of money after disasters happen. We don’t invest a lot in preparing for the future.’\u003ccite>Amanda Brown-Stevens, Resilient by Design\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The teams — some with nerdy-but-clever names like “Public Sediment” — comprise multi-disciplinary experts from local institutions and as far away as Australia. The final 10 teams were winnowed down from 51 that applied to be part of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s gonna be a very intense couple months,” says \u003ca href=\"https://caffeet.wordpress.com/claire-bonham-carter-director-of-sustainable-development-design-planning-aecom/\">Claire Bonham-Carter\u003c/a>, a member of one of the winning teams, dubbed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-all-bay-collective/\">All Bay Collective\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and others, teams will spend the next several weeks touring potential flooding hotspots, from San Leandro’s wastewater treatment plant, to Highway 37, the thin strand of road that connects Marin County with points east, at the north end of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives from communities where each of the sites are located will be in on the ground floor, essentially presenting the teams with some of their most worrisome trouble spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Then the teams will go to work on creative solutions to protect those areas from future flood threats, “knowing that storm surges are getting stronger and flooding is getting more pervasive and then making sure teams are also thinking about seismic vulnerabilities, which are also exacerbated in theses storms,” as Brown-Stevens envisions it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have advised public planners to prepare for sea levels 18-24 inches higher by mid-century and perhaps four feet higher by 2100. But even at current levels, last winter’s relentless storms and high tides exposed local vulnerabilities. At least five times last winter, Caltrans had to close all or part of Highway 37 because of flooding from heavy rains. At the height of the season, overflowing reservoirs threatened tens of thousands in Santa Clara and Butte Counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first time international design teams have converged on the Bay Area to attack the problem of rising seas. Nearly ten years ago, the state’s Bay Conservation and Development Commission sponsored the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aiacc.org/2016/11/10/rising-tides-international-competition/\">Rising Tides\u003c/a> design competition, but none of the ideas were actually implemented. Resilient by Design organizers are hoping that this time will be different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915498\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 598px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Hwy-37-Flooding-Feb-8-2017-044.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1915498\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Hwy-37-Flooding-Feb-8-2017-044.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"598\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Hwy-37-Flooding-Feb-8-2017-044.jpg 598w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Hwy-37-Flooding-Feb-8-2017-044-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Hwy-37-Flooding-Feb-8-2017-044-240x149.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Hwy-37-Flooding-Feb-8-2017-044-375x233.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Hwy-37-Flooding-Feb-8-2017-044-520x323.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 598px) 100vw, 598px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooding on Highway 37 last February shut down this road through Novato for about two weeks. \u003ccite>(Caltrans)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re really hoping that at the end of this process we’ll have ten incredible, innovative and implementable designs that are set up for success,” says Brown-Stevens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Set up for success” doesn’t necessarily mean funded, but organizers say the teams will have access to financial advisors and be ready with practical funding approaches by the end of the challenge, next May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A director of sustainable development with the international design firm \u003ca href=\"http://www.aecom.com/us/about-aecom/\">AECOM\u003c/a>, Bonham-Carter is still feeling the competitive edge from the team selection round. Asked if she has a dream project in mind, she replies, “That would be giving away the crown jewels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and teammate \u003ca href=\"https://www.cca.edu/academics/faculty/janettekim\">Janette Kim\u003c/a>, assistant professor of architecture at the California College of the Arts, both say they’re excited by the inclusive approach the competition is taking, involving communities in the actual design process, rather than leaving the task to experts and then asking communities to approve and fund it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking for big ideas that are grounded in a path to implementation,” says Brown-Stevens. With an eye to recent disasters in Texas and the Southeastern U.S., she adds, “In this country we tend to focus on disaster relief — putting in a lot of money after disasters happen. We don’t invest a lot in preparing for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the program pans out as organizers hope, that paradigm might be in for a big shift.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[audio src=https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/09/100PercentNoGHGSommerTCR170908.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Can California Really Go 100 Percent Renewable Energy?\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/Nrel-solar.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: The bill cleared both houses in the late summer of 2018 and Gov. Jerry Brown signed this legislation on Sept. 10, in the days leading up to his Global Climate Action Summit in San Francisco. The original analysis, below, is from Sept. 2017.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers are considering a groundbreaking new energy goal: getting 100 percent of the state’s electricity from clean sources like solar and wind — in less than 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a state of California’s size, it’s an ambitious reach. California is second only to Texas in its energy appetite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As debate over the measure wore on in Sacramento this summer, another debate raged over the benefits and risks of going completely green, one that could shape California’s future as well as other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one side: Mark Jacobson, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s going to be a huge deal because other states will be inspired.’\u003ccite>Mark Jacobson, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We absolutely do not need natural gas or coal,” says Jacobson. “The costs of solar are so low. The costs of wind are very low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To know where Jacobson is coming from, you only have to glimpse the license plates on his two electric cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One is GHGFREE: greenhouse gas free,” he says, inside the garage of his Palo Alto home. “And the other is WWSERA ,which means wind-water-solar era.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacobson has authored study after study on a 100 percent renewable future, including \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/CaliforniaWWS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one focusing on California\u003c/a>. His work informed state lawmakers, when, earlier this year, they introduced SB 100, a bill that would set a goal of going all-renewable by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar power is booming in the state, as electric utilities march toward the state’s existing goal of going 50 percent renewable by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s already caused \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a few headaches\u003c/a>. The sun and wind aren’t always producing power when Californians need it most, namely in the evening. And the state’s other power plants, like natural gas and nuclear, aren’t as flexible as they need to be to handle those ups and downs. Hydropower offers the most flexibility, but is scarce during drought years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915389\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915389 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DesertSunlight_V03.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Desert Sunlight solar farm in Riverside County is one of the largest in California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jacobson says there are plenty of strategies to overcome that. One is on display right in his garage: four large Tesla batteries mounted on the wall. The solar panels on his roof are charging them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At night, when there’s no more sunlight, the batteries kick in and the electricity I use in my house is drawn from the batteries,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California could do that on a massive scale, he says, either inside homes or buildings or by building very large energy storage projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, a better-connected transmission grid could bring power into the state when solar or wind is lacking. And during times of peak demand, homes and buildings could reduce their power use dynamically through more advanced software and a “smarter” grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be a huge deal because other states will be inspired, other countries can be inspired,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacobson’s vision has drawn fire from critics. Earlier this summer, a number of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/114/26/6722.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published a paper\u003c/a> questioning his conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was basically a hit piece on our work,” Jacobson says. “I felt we were viciously attacked more that I’ve ever seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a saying that academic squabbles are vicious because so little is a stake,” says Ken Caldeira, one of the co-authors on the paper and a scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, there’s plenty at stake, and a ferocious Twitter debate ensued. California gets only about a quarter of its electricity from renewables today, so reaching 100 percent would be a wholesale transformation — one that Caldeira fundamentally supports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each emission of carbon dioxide is another increment of warming and we need to have an energy system that doesn’t rely on using the sky as a waste dump,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ohUdus9j8fekNWkS0uEONqdhoVdtDUdj”]Caldeira says studies show reaching 80 percent renewable energy is well within reach. Even hitting 100 percent is technically possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could do it,” he says. “It would just be very expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Costs are coming down for advanced batteries, which are still relatively pricey today. Renewable energy projects need new transmission lines, which can be challenging to build. Solar farms have a large footprint on the ground, which has already been contentious in California’s sensitive desert ecosystem. And the trade association for California’s wind industry has said it sees little potential for new development here, after certain public lands were declared off limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the key is to start down that path and keep our options open,” says Caldiera, “so when we get to the point where we don’t know what to do, hopefully by then we will know what to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers seem to agree. They rewrote the bill, changing it from a 100 percent renewable regulatory requirement to a 100 percent greenhouse gas-free energy goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means it could include nuclear energy, large hydropower dams, or even natural gas power plants, if they capture their carbon emissions. At least 60 percent of the electricity would still have to come from renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a welcome change for California’s electric utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d say flexibility is critical,” says Lupe Jimenez, research and development manager at the Sacramento Municipal Utility District. “If we’re looking for a low-carbon future, I don’t think we want to narrow our options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SMUD has built a handful of energy storage demonstration projects. In mid-town Sacramento, more than 30 townhouses have both solar power and batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a ton of potential in storage technology,” says Jimenez. “We understand the prices are going to continue to fall. We want to be nimble and prepared for when they do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sacramento’s utility hasn’t taken a position on the 100 percent clean energy bill. Pacific Gas & Electric currently opposes it unless changes are made, though when asked by KQED, the company refused to specify what changes it’s requesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We want to help California achieve its bold clean energy goals in a way that is affordable for our customers,” the company said in a statement. “If it’s not affordable, it’s not sustainable.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers have until September 15 to vote on the bill and send it to Governor Jerry Brown.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: The bill cleared both houses in the late summer of 2018 and Gov. Jerry Brown signed this legislation on Sept. 10, in the days leading up to his Global Climate Action Summit in San Francisco. The original analysis, below, is from Sept. 2017.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers are considering a groundbreaking new energy goal: getting 100 percent of the state’s electricity from clean sources like solar and wind — in less than 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a state of California’s size, it’s an ambitious reach. California is second only to Texas in its energy appetite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As debate over the measure wore on in Sacramento this summer, another debate raged over the benefits and risks of going completely green, one that could shape California’s future as well as other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On one side: Mark Jacobson, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s going to be a huge deal because other states will be inspired.’\u003ccite>Mark Jacobson, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We absolutely do not need natural gas or coal,” says Jacobson. “The costs of solar are so low. The costs of wind are very low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To know where Jacobson is coming from, you only have to glimpse the license plates on his two electric cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One is GHGFREE: greenhouse gas free,” he says, inside the garage of his Palo Alto home. “And the other is WWSERA ,which means wind-water-solar era.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacobson has authored study after study on a 100 percent renewable future, including \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/CaliforniaWWS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one focusing on California\u003c/a>. His work informed state lawmakers, when, earlier this year, they introduced SB 100, a bill that would set a goal of going all-renewable by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar power is booming in the state, as electric utilities march toward the state’s existing goal of going 50 percent renewable by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s already caused \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/04/04/what-will-california-do-with-too-much-solar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a few headaches\u003c/a>. The sun and wind aren’t always producing power when Californians need it most, namely in the evening. And the state’s other power plants, like natural gas and nuclear, aren’t as flexible as they need to be to handle those ups and downs. Hydropower offers the most flexibility, but is scarce during drought years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915389\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915389 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/09/DesertSunlight_V03.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Desert Sunlight solar farm in Riverside County is one of the largest in California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jacobson says there are plenty of strategies to overcome that. One is on display right in his garage: four large Tesla batteries mounted on the wall. The solar panels on his roof are charging them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At night, when there’s no more sunlight, the batteries kick in and the electricity I use in my house is drawn from the batteries,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California could do that on a massive scale, he says, either inside homes or buildings or by building very large energy storage projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, a better-connected transmission grid could bring power into the state when solar or wind is lacking. And during times of peak demand, homes and buildings could reduce their power use dynamically through more advanced software and a “smarter” grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be a huge deal because other states will be inspired, other countries can be inspired,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacobson’s vision has drawn fire from critics. Earlier this summer, a number of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/114/26/6722.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published a paper\u003c/a> questioning his conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was basically a hit piece on our work,” Jacobson says. “I felt we were viciously attacked more that I’ve ever seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a saying that academic squabbles are vicious because so little is a stake,” says Ken Caldeira, one of the co-authors on the paper and a scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, there’s plenty at stake, and a ferocious Twitter debate ensued. California gets only about a quarter of its electricity from renewables today, so reaching 100 percent would be a wholesale transformation — one that Caldeira fundamentally supports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each emission of carbon dioxide is another increment of warming and we need to have an energy system that doesn’t rely on using the sky as a waste dump,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Caldeira says studies show reaching 80 percent renewable energy is well within reach. Even hitting 100 percent is technically possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could do it,” he says. “It would just be very expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Costs are coming down for advanced batteries, which are still relatively pricey today. Renewable energy projects need new transmission lines, which can be challenging to build. Solar farms have a large footprint on the ground, which has already been contentious in California’s sensitive desert ecosystem. And the trade association for California’s wind industry has said it sees little potential for new development here, after certain public lands were declared off limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the key is to start down that path and keep our options open,” says Caldiera, “so when we get to the point where we don’t know what to do, hopefully by then we will know what to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California lawmakers seem to agree. They rewrote the bill, changing it from a 100 percent renewable regulatory requirement to a 100 percent greenhouse gas-free energy goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means it could include nuclear energy, large hydropower dams, or even natural gas power plants, if they capture their carbon emissions. At least 60 percent of the electricity would still have to come from renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a welcome change for California’s electric utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d say flexibility is critical,” says Lupe Jimenez, research and development manager at the Sacramento Municipal Utility District. “If we’re looking for a low-carbon future, I don’t think we want to narrow our options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SMUD has built a handful of energy storage demonstration projects. In mid-town Sacramento, more than 30 townhouses have both solar power and batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a ton of potential in storage technology,” says Jimenez. “We understand the prices are going to continue to fall. We want to be nimble and prepared for when they do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sacramento’s utility hasn’t taken a position on the 100 percent clean energy bill. Pacific Gas & Electric currently opposes it unless changes are made, though when asked by KQED, the company refused to specify what changes it’s requesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We want to help California achieve its bold clean energy goals in a way that is affordable for our customers,” the company said in a statement. “If it’s not affordable, it’s not sustainable.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Climate Change Spells Extinction for Pikas of Lake Tahoe",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Spells Extinction for Pikas of Lake Tahoe | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>One of north Lake Tahoe’s cutest residents, the American pika, has disappeared. UC Santa Cruz researchers have discovered an extinction spanning from Tahoe City to Truckee, the largest pika die-off in the modern era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0181834\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study, \u003c/a>published in \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em>, shows how the effects of climate change are playing out in real time. For six years, a team led by biologist Joseph Stewart scouted without luck for the small high-altitude mammals in a 65-square-mile area of the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart said they found signs that pikas once flourished in the region as late as 1991, but today the animals are strangely missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The loss of pikas from this large area of otherwise suitable habitat echoes prehistoric range collapses that happened when temperatures increased after the last ice age,” said Stewart. “This time, however, we’re seeing the effects of climate change unfold on a scale of decades as opposed to millennia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pikas are squeaky rabbit relatives about the size of a hamster. All summer long they hop from talus fields to meadows, carrying bouquets of wildflowers and grass to their high altitude homes storing up enough food for winter. Pikas have a thick fur coats and a furnace-like metabolism that helps during frigid days, but makes them vulnerable to hot summers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915122\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915122 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-800x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"574\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-800x574.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-768x551.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-1020x732.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-1180x846.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-960x689.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-240x172.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-375x269.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-520x373.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010.jpg 1252w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">American pikas spend summers carrying mouthfuls of grass and wildflowers to their homes tucked between rocks. \u003ccite>(Chris Ray)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers believe they simply can’t survive when it gets hot. When temperatures spike, pikas hide underground to avoid overheating. Unfortunately, long hours underground mean they’re not collecting food, which limits survival and reproduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart predicts habitat that’s suitable for pikas will decrease by 97 percent in the Lake Tahoe region by 2050, which will leave a void in the food chain. Pikas are important prey for owls, hawks, coyotes and weasels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915135\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915135 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-1020x1020.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited.jpg 1462w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Temperatures recorded from weather station in Tahoe City, Ca. \u003ccite>(UC Santa Cruz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two other recent studies show that pikas have disappeared from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318725184_A_Surprising_Discovery_of_American_Pika_Sites_in_the_Northwestern_Great_Basin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Black Rock Range\u003c/a> in Nevada and from \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/97/6/1495/2628942/Pika-Ochotona-princeps-losses-from-two-isolated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Zion National Park\u003c/a> in Utah. Researchers believe the die-off in Zion happened sometime between 2011 and 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, efforts to protect pikas on the endangered species list have failed both on the state and federal level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of north Lake Tahoe’s cutest residents, the American pika, has disappeared. UC Santa Cruz researchers have discovered an extinction spanning from Tahoe City to Truckee, the largest pika die-off in the modern era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0181834\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study, \u003c/a>published in \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em>, shows how the effects of climate change are playing out in real time. For six years, a team led by biologist Joseph Stewart scouted without luck for the small high-altitude mammals in a 65-square-mile area of the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart said they found signs that pikas once flourished in the region as late as 1991, but today the animals are strangely missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The loss of pikas from this large area of otherwise suitable habitat echoes prehistoric range collapses that happened when temperatures increased after the last ice age,” said Stewart. “This time, however, we’re seeing the effects of climate change unfold on a scale of decades as opposed to millennia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pikas are squeaky rabbit relatives about the size of a hamster. All summer long they hop from talus fields to meadows, carrying bouquets of wildflowers and grass to their high altitude homes storing up enough food for winter. Pikas have a thick fur coats and a furnace-like metabolism that helps during frigid days, but makes them vulnerable to hot summers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915122\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915122 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-800x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"574\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-800x574.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-768x551.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-1020x732.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-1180x846.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-960x689.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-240x172.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-375x269.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010-520x373.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/pikaHayingPenstamon_beckaBarkley2010.jpg 1252w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">American pikas spend summers carrying mouthfuls of grass and wildflowers to their homes tucked between rocks. \u003ccite>(Chris Ray)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers believe they simply can’t survive when it gets hot. When temperatures spike, pikas hide underground to avoid overheating. Unfortunately, long hours underground mean they’re not collecting food, which limits survival and reproduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart predicts habitat that’s suitable for pikas will decrease by 97 percent in the Lake Tahoe region by 2050, which will leave a void in the food chain. Pikas are important prey for owls, hawks, coyotes and weasels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1915135\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1915135 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-1020x1020.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/figureedited.jpg 1462w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Temperatures recorded from weather station in Tahoe City, Ca. \u003ccite>(UC Santa Cruz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two other recent studies show that pikas have disappeared from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318725184_A_Surprising_Discovery_of_American_Pika_Sites_in_the_Northwestern_Great_Basin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Black Rock Range\u003c/a> in Nevada and from \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/97/6/1495/2628942/Pika-Ochotona-princeps-losses-from-two-isolated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Zion National Park\u003c/a> in Utah. Researchers believe the die-off in Zion happened sometime between 2011 and 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, efforts to protect pikas on the endangered species list have failed both on the state and federal level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Algae-Poisoned Sea Lions Inundate Marine Mammal Center",
"headTitle": "Algae-Poisoned Sea Lions Inundate Marine Mammal Center | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Beached Sea lions are turning up on California’s central coast with domoic acid poisoning, an affliction associated with marine algae blooms. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a> in Sausalito has admitted 68 sea lions into its veterinary hospital since July 1\u003csup>st\u003c/sup>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That many animals in such a pretty short time period is a severe event,” says Cara Field, staff veterinarian at the Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/science/top-research-projects/domoic-acid-toxicity-2017.html\">Domoic acid\u003c/a> is a neurotoxin, which is a byproduct of algae blooms that crop up in coastal marine waters throughout the year, especially during the summer months. The noxious compounds are eaten by anchovies and sardines which are then consumed by sea lions and other marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\n[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PalzkxjilU&feature=youtu.be]\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Countdown the sea lion is head-weaving which is a telltale sign of domoic acid poisoning. After being admitted to the Marine Mammal Center, she was able to make a full recovery and was released on August 8th at Point Reyes National Seashore. (Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The symptoms of poisoning are neurological, including tremors and convulsions, which can affect immediate survival or cause long-term brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally sea lions spend a lot of time foraging for food and swimming around,” Field explains. “If they accumulate this bio-toxin, they can have a seizure in the water, drown or be eaten. Often they end up on shore where they may have seizures on the beach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a cascading effect of this poisoning in the sea lion community, explains Field, because most of the animals currently affected are lactating mothers with offspring that are dependent on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a bad prognosis for the pups,” says Field, “because they’re not getting fed or they’re getting stranded.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, sea lions are not an at-risk species and Field says their populations are stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Our rescue teams were…working all day and all night, collecting animals and bringing them in for treatment’\u003ccite>Cara Field, Marine Mammal Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The number of affected sea lions is up since last year. A total of 89 animals have been treated so far this year, compared with 70 last year. However, in years with the biggest algae blooms, such as 2014-2015, numbers of affected animals were well above 200.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center started tracking sea lion domoic acid poisoning in 1998, and since then, has seen these events evolve from being a summer-only problem, to a year-round one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afflicted sea lions often display abnormal behaviors including head waving and wobbling, disorientation and a general lack of responsiveness. If you see a sea lion on the beach, Field advises you not to approach it. Instead call the center’s 24-hour \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/report-a-stranded-marine-mammal.html\">hotline\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>July was a busy month for the hotline. Some days, up to 10 sea lions were reported, many from San Luis Obispo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our rescue teams were in that area working all day and all night, collecting animals and bringing them in for treatment,” says Field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4032px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914659\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-%C2%AC-The-Marine-Mammal-Center.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4032\" height=\"3024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center.jpg 4032w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4032px) 100vw, 4032px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spoodle was rescued on July 19th at Oceano Dunes in San Luis Obispo. She made a full recovery and was released on August 9th at Point Reyes National Seashore. \u003ccite>(Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once animals are brought to the center, they are treated with anti-seizure medicine and given time to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the northern California coast, the primary cause of marine algae blooms are natural factors such as \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02quest/background/upwelling/upwelling.html\">ocean upwelling of nutrient-rich water\u003c/a> combined with warm ocean temperatures. Blooms are also fed by polluted runoff from agriculture and other human activity, and are projected to increase in frequency and severity due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other animals such as dolphins, Guadalupe fur seals, northern fur seals and southern sea otters are also affected by the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Experts say the changing climate and increased nutrient runoff from shore are both culprits.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beached Sea lions are turning up on California’s central coast with domoic acid poisoning, an affliction associated with marine algae blooms. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a> in Sausalito has admitted 68 sea lions into its veterinary hospital since July 1\u003csup>st\u003c/sup>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That many animals in such a pretty short time period is a severe event,” says Cara Field, staff veterinarian at the Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/science/top-research-projects/domoic-acid-toxicity-2017.html\">Domoic acid\u003c/a> is a neurotoxin, which is a byproduct of algae blooms that crop up in coastal marine waters throughout the year, especially during the summer months. The noxious compounds are eaten by anchovies and sardines which are then consumed by sea lions and other marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/-PalzkxjilU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/-PalzkxjilU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Countdown the sea lion is head-weaving which is a telltale sign of domoic acid poisoning. After being admitted to the Marine Mammal Center, she was able to make a full recovery and was released on August 8th at Point Reyes National Seashore. (Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The symptoms of poisoning are neurological, including tremors and convulsions, which can affect immediate survival or cause long-term brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally sea lions spend a lot of time foraging for food and swimming around,” Field explains. “If they accumulate this bio-toxin, they can have a seizure in the water, drown or be eaten. Often they end up on shore where they may have seizures on the beach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a cascading effect of this poisoning in the sea lion community, explains Field, because most of the animals currently affected are lactating mothers with offspring that are dependent on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a bad prognosis for the pups,” says Field, “because they’re not getting fed or they’re getting stranded.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, sea lions are not an at-risk species and Field says their populations are stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Our rescue teams were…working all day and all night, collecting animals and bringing them in for treatment’\u003ccite>Cara Field, Marine Mammal Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The number of affected sea lions is up since last year. A total of 89 animals have been treated so far this year, compared with 70 last year. However, in years with the biggest algae blooms, such as 2014-2015, numbers of affected animals were well above 200.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center started tracking sea lion domoic acid poisoning in 1998, and since then, has seen these events evolve from being a summer-only problem, to a year-round one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afflicted sea lions often display abnormal behaviors including head waving and wobbling, disorientation and a general lack of responsiveness. If you see a sea lion on the beach, Field advises you not to approach it. Instead call the center’s 24-hour \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/report-a-stranded-marine-mammal.html\">hotline\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>July was a busy month for the hotline. Some days, up to 10 sea lions were reported, many from San Luis Obispo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our rescue teams were in that area working all day and all night, collecting animals and bringing them in for treatment,” says Field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4032px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914659\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-%C2%AC-The-Marine-Mammal-Center.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4032\" height=\"3024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center.jpg 4032w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4032px) 100vw, 4032px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spoodle was rescued on July 19th at Oceano Dunes in San Luis Obispo. She made a full recovery and was released on August 9th at Point Reyes National Seashore. \u003ccite>(Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once animals are brought to the center, they are treated with anti-seizure medicine and given time to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the northern California coast, the primary cause of marine algae blooms are natural factors such as \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02quest/background/upwelling/upwelling.html\">ocean upwelling of nutrient-rich water\u003c/a> combined with warm ocean temperatures. Blooms are also fed by polluted runoff from agriculture and other human activity, and are projected to increase in frequency and severity due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other animals such as dolphins, Guadalupe fur seals, northern fur seals and southern sea otters are also affected by the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Help Make History: Eclipse Projects for Citizen Scientists",
"headTitle": "Help Make History: Eclipse Projects for Citizen Scientists | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The solar eclipse this month will be our country’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/07/26/americans-prepare-for-first-total-solar-eclipse-in-century/\">first\u003c/a> total eclipse in the age of the Internet. Technologies that are commonplace now, such as smartphones, were nearly unthinkable in 1979, the last time there was a total solar eclipse seen from the continental U.S. Today’s instant global connectivity makes whole new kinds of citizen science possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s an opportunity for everybody to realize their deep connection to the sun.’\u003ccite>Holli Riebeek, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The smartphones that each one of us has in our pocket are data-gathering machines, and when we upload an observation or a photo, scientists can know exactly where we were on the planet at the very moment we took it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some simple and fun ways to be a scientist for a day on August 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup>. Grab your phone, because most of them involve downloading an app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Life Responds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a total eclipse, the common orb weaver spider stops what she’s doing, and starts diligently eating her web. This is her nighttime routine, but she’s doing it during the day. Is she responding to the sudden darkness? Or maybe the sudden change in temperature?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spiders disassembling their \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1994.tb00878.x/abstract\">webs\u003c/a>, birds going to roost, gray squirrels running into their dens. There’s loads of anecdotal evidence that animals change their behavior during solar eclipses, but scientists haven’t systematically gathered this information — until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Academy of Sciences’ project, Life Responds, invites people to join one of the largest examinations of plant and animal behavior during an eclipse ever made. To participate, plan to observe nature during the eclipse — whether in the wilderness or your home or backyard — and download the iNaturalist app on your smart phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1910274\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1910274\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The six-spotted orb weaver is known to eat her web at night. What will she do during the eclipse? \u003ccite>(Rebecca Johnson / Cal Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then, on the day of the eclipse, scout your surroundings and choose an animal to observe. Rebecca Johnson, citizen science research coordinator at Cal Academy, recommends choosing an animal that you suspect might change its behavior, such as spiders, ants and birds — even captive animals such as chickens, dogs or cats. Or, maybe pick a flower that normally closes at night, such as the morning glory or the California poppy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life Responds will make a permanent record from the observations, Johnson says. Johnson and her partners will make this information available to scientists and anyone else who’s curious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/citizen-science/solar-eclipse-2017\">here\u003c/a> to learn more and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>GLOBE Observer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s GLOBE Observer program invites people to spend the day of the eclipse observing what happens to the weather when the sun is blocked out for a period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperature may drop. Clouds may change. The wind may shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”sFrVoNh6v5nagaZWjNGOTmsiHxuTBFWM”]To participate in this project, download the GLOBE Observer app. In the weeks before the eclipse, take a couple minutes to learn how to read a cheap thermometer and how to characterize cloud types (the app can help with that). On the day of the eclipse, pay close attention to the sky and record what you observe every 10 minutes for two hours before and after the eclipse. You observations will help scientists understanding more about how the sun’s rays impact weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an opportunity for everybody to realize their deep connection to the sun,” says project coordinator Holli Riebeek. “It’s so easy to take it for granted. This project helps you think about that relationship in a new way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click \u003ca href=\"https://observer.globe.gov/science-connections/eclipse2017\">here\u003c/a> to learn more and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eclipse Soundscapes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s one thing most people don’t associate with eclipses: sound. The solar eclipse doesn’t impact only the visual environment, it also affects the soundscape. This citizen science event is part scientific inquiry and part artistic creation, and offers blind and visually impaired people a way to experience the eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1910277\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4608px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1910277\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4608\" height=\"3072\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map.jpg 4608w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4608px) 100vw, 4608px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eclipse Soundscapes gives a multi-sensory experience for the blind and visually-impaired \u003ccite>(Kelsey Perrett / Eclipse Soundscapes)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During an eclipse, day temporarily turns to night. Nocturnal animals such as crickets will emerge and start to sing, and diurnal animals such as birds will quiet and nest. Loud cities may temporarily fall silent as everyone looks toward the sky — people may gasp, or laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By recording the environment before, during and after the August 21 eclipse, you can capture these changes in the sound environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our main goal is to record as much scientifically valuable information as we can,” says project founder Henry Winter, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“We will then combine that information on a web-searchable database that any researcher can have access to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To participate, all you need is a recorder or smartphone with recording capabilities. Set up away from noisy machinery or powerlines. Start recording 30 minutes before the eclipse will reach its fullest condition in your area and for 30 minutes after. Upload your recording to the Eclipse Soundscapes website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your recordings will be geo-located and made publicly available to scientists and artists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Eclipse Soundscapes \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/eclipse-soundscapes/id1262152991?mt=8\">phone app\u003c/a> will also provide a multi-sensory show on the day of the eclipse. Glide your fingers over the app and it will respond with tones that sonically interpret the moon’s passage over the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1910399\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1910399\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparing thousands of high quality photos of the eclipse will help scientists answer questions about the sun’s atmosphere. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project is a way to “provide an engaging experience for people who have historically been left out of astrophysics enterprises,” says Winter. “And a good way to start building tools that allow people who have not traditionally had access to astronomical information to have access to it in some real way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click \u003ca href=\"http://eclipsesoundscapes.org/\">here\u003c/a> to learn more and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Eclipse Megamovie\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking a good picture of the eclipse is hard to do and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/07/24/dont-be-in-the-dark-answers-to-your-burning-questions-about-the-august-eclipse/?gclid=CjwKCAjwzYDMBRA1EiwAwCv6Jrjvu7hARagMVMBDO3S4Xnk3z_mCv51SoF9iwmHWNfD6Tv3ncP-LaxoCu3cQAvD_BwE\">potentially dangerous\u003c/a> for your eyes and camera. Many experts discourage people from trying. However, if you’ve got a fancy camera and you’re passionate about snapping photos of this celestial phenomenon, then you might as well join the Megamovie club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley astronomer Alexei Filippenko is helping with a project to stitch together photos to create the first crowd-sourced video of the progression of the eclipse over 90 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though too late for the Megamovie itself, anyone can upload their images of totality to the project’s\u003ca href=\"https://eclipsemega.movie/\"> website\u003c/a> through Labor Day. They’ll be included in a vast image archive for future research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our primary goal is to collect as much imagery as possible and to hold it in a vast public-domain archive for future study,” Filippenko wrote in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/citizen-science-salon/2017/06/21/capturing-the-total-solar-eclipse-one-photo-at-a-time/#.WX9sy4Tyupo\">article\u003c/a> in Discover Magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click \u003ca href=\"https://eclipsemega.movie/\">here\u003c/a> to learn more and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>HamSci Project\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you ever wondered why you can hear some AM radio stations at night that you can’t hear during the day? It has to do with the ionosphere, an electrified layer of the earth’s atmosphere 50 miles over our heads, which absorbs radio waves and sometimes refracts them back to earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1910272\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1910272\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eclipse impacts the way radio waves move in the atmosphere. Ham Radio operators can collect data on August 21 to help answer space physics questions. \u003ccite>(Tracey Regan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During the day, UV rays from the sun strike atoms in the ionosphere and knock off some of their electrons, causing them to become charged. At night, this process stops and an entire layer of the ionosphere dissipates. But what if the sun gets blocked by the moon? Does the same thing happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To partake in the HamSci project, take a couple minutes in the weeks before the eclipse to find an AM radio station you can only hear at night. Then, during the eclipse, tune into that same channel and see if you can hear a signal as the sun dims. Write down what you heard and where you heard it and \u003ca href=\"http://www.skyandtelescope.com/2017-total-solar-eclipse/how-to-hear-the-solar-eclipse/\">email\u003c/a> your observation to the project organizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a ham radio operator, there’s a lot more you can do. Space physicist and HamSci organizer Nathaniel Frissell from the New Jersey Institute of Technology is asking ham radio operators across the U.S. to collect a wide range of data during the eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a chance for radio-lovers to contribute to something bigger,” says Frissell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.hamsci.org/basic-project/2017-total-solar-eclipse\">here\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.skyandtelescope.com/2017-total-solar-eclipse/how-to-hear-the-solar-eclipse/\">here\u003c/a> to learn more and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The solar eclipse this month will be our country’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/07/26/americans-prepare-for-first-total-solar-eclipse-in-century/\">first\u003c/a> total eclipse in the age of the Internet. Technologies that are commonplace now, such as smartphones, were nearly unthinkable in 1979, the last time there was a total solar eclipse seen from the continental U.S. Today’s instant global connectivity makes whole new kinds of citizen science possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s an opportunity for everybody to realize their deep connection to the sun.’\u003ccite>Holli Riebeek, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The smartphones that each one of us has in our pocket are data-gathering machines, and when we upload an observation or a photo, scientists can know exactly where we were on the planet at the very moment we took it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some simple and fun ways to be a scientist for a day on August 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup>. Grab your phone, because most of them involve downloading an app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Life Responds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a total eclipse, the common orb weaver spider stops what she’s doing, and starts diligently eating her web. This is her nighttime routine, but she’s doing it during the day. Is she responding to the sudden darkness? Or maybe the sudden change in temperature?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spiders disassembling their \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1994.tb00878.x/abstract\">webs\u003c/a>, birds going to roost, gray squirrels running into their dens. There’s loads of anecdotal evidence that animals change their behavior during solar eclipses, but scientists haven’t systematically gathered this information — until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Academy of Sciences’ project, Life Responds, invites people to join one of the largest examinations of plant and animal behavior during an eclipse ever made. To participate, plan to observe nature during the eclipse — whether in the wilderness or your home or backyard — and download the iNaturalist app on your smart phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1910274\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1910274\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Six-spottedOrbweaver_Araniella_displicata_RJohnson-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The six-spotted orb weaver is known to eat her web at night. What will she do during the eclipse? \u003ccite>(Rebecca Johnson / Cal Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then, on the day of the eclipse, scout your surroundings and choose an animal to observe. Rebecca Johnson, citizen science research coordinator at Cal Academy, recommends choosing an animal that you suspect might change its behavior, such as spiders, ants and birds — even captive animals such as chickens, dogs or cats. Or, maybe pick a flower that normally closes at night, such as the morning glory or the California poppy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life Responds will make a permanent record from the observations, Johnson says. Johnson and her partners will make this information available to scientists and anyone else who’s curious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/citizen-science/solar-eclipse-2017\">here\u003c/a> to learn more and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>GLOBE Observer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s GLOBE Observer program invites people to spend the day of the eclipse observing what happens to the weather when the sun is blocked out for a period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperature may drop. Clouds may change. The wind may shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>To participate in this project, download the GLOBE Observer app. In the weeks before the eclipse, take a couple minutes to learn how to read a cheap thermometer and how to characterize cloud types (the app can help with that). On the day of the eclipse, pay close attention to the sky and record what you observe every 10 minutes for two hours before and after the eclipse. You observations will help scientists understanding more about how the sun’s rays impact weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an opportunity for everybody to realize their deep connection to the sun,” says project coordinator Holli Riebeek. “It’s so easy to take it for granted. This project helps you think about that relationship in a new way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click \u003ca href=\"https://observer.globe.gov/science-connections/eclipse2017\">here\u003c/a> to learn more and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eclipse Soundscapes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s one thing most people don’t associate with eclipses: sound. The solar eclipse doesn’t impact only the visual environment, it also affects the soundscape. This citizen science event is part scientific inquiry and part artistic creation, and offers blind and visually impaired people a way to experience the eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1910277\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4608px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1910277\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4608\" height=\"3072\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map.jpg 4608w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Rumble-Map-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4608px) 100vw, 4608px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eclipse Soundscapes gives a multi-sensory experience for the blind and visually-impaired \u003ccite>(Kelsey Perrett / Eclipse Soundscapes)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During an eclipse, day temporarily turns to night. Nocturnal animals such as crickets will emerge and start to sing, and diurnal animals such as birds will quiet and nest. Loud cities may temporarily fall silent as everyone looks toward the sky — people may gasp, or laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By recording the environment before, during and after the August 21 eclipse, you can capture these changes in the sound environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our main goal is to record as much scientifically valuable information as we can,” says project founder Henry Winter, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“We will then combine that information on a web-searchable database that any researcher can have access to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To participate, all you need is a recorder or smartphone with recording capabilities. Set up away from noisy machinery or powerlines. Start recording 30 minutes before the eclipse will reach its fullest condition in your area and for 30 minutes after. Upload your recording to the Eclipse Soundscapes website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your recordings will be geo-located and made publicly available to scientists and artists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Eclipse Soundscapes \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/eclipse-soundscapes/id1262152991?mt=8\">phone app\u003c/a> will also provide a multi-sensory show on the day of the eclipse. Glide your fingers over the app and it will respond with tones that sonically interpret the moon’s passage over the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1910399\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1910399\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/iStock-517462556-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparing thousands of high quality photos of the eclipse will help scientists answer questions about the sun’s atmosphere. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project is a way to “provide an engaging experience for people who have historically been left out of astrophysics enterprises,” says Winter. “And a good way to start building tools that allow people who have not traditionally had access to astronomical information to have access to it in some real way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click \u003ca href=\"http://eclipsesoundscapes.org/\">here\u003c/a> to learn more and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Eclipse Megamovie\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking a good picture of the eclipse is hard to do and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/07/24/dont-be-in-the-dark-answers-to-your-burning-questions-about-the-august-eclipse/?gclid=CjwKCAjwzYDMBRA1EiwAwCv6Jrjvu7hARagMVMBDO3S4Xnk3z_mCv51SoF9iwmHWNfD6Tv3ncP-LaxoCu3cQAvD_BwE\">potentially dangerous\u003c/a> for your eyes and camera. Many experts discourage people from trying. However, if you’ve got a fancy camera and you’re passionate about snapping photos of this celestial phenomenon, then you might as well join the Megamovie club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley astronomer Alexei Filippenko is helping with a project to stitch together photos to create the first crowd-sourced video of the progression of the eclipse over 90 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though too late for the Megamovie itself, anyone can upload their images of totality to the project’s\u003ca href=\"https://eclipsemega.movie/\"> website\u003c/a> through Labor Day. They’ll be included in a vast image archive for future research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our primary goal is to collect as much imagery as possible and to hold it in a vast public-domain archive for future study,” Filippenko wrote in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/citizen-science-salon/2017/06/21/capturing-the-total-solar-eclipse-one-photo-at-a-time/#.WX9sy4Tyupo\">article\u003c/a> in Discover Magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click \u003ca href=\"https://eclipsemega.movie/\">here\u003c/a> to learn more and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>HamSci Project\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you ever wondered why you can hear some AM radio stations at night that you can’t hear during the day? It has to do with the ionosphere, an electrified layer of the earth’s atmosphere 50 miles over our heads, which absorbs radio waves and sometimes refracts them back to earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1910272\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1910272\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/ham-nathaniel6-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eclipse impacts the way radio waves move in the atmosphere. Ham Radio operators can collect data on August 21 to help answer space physics questions. \u003ccite>(Tracey Regan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During the day, UV rays from the sun strike atoms in the ionosphere and knock off some of their electrons, causing them to become charged. At night, this process stops and an entire layer of the ionosphere dissipates. But what if the sun gets blocked by the moon? Does the same thing happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To partake in the HamSci project, take a couple minutes in the weeks before the eclipse to find an AM radio station you can only hear at night. Then, during the eclipse, tune into that same channel and see if you can hear a signal as the sun dims. Write down what you heard and where you heard it and \u003ca href=\"http://www.skyandtelescope.com/2017-total-solar-eclipse/how-to-hear-the-solar-eclipse/\">email\u003c/a> your observation to the project organizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a ham radio operator, there’s a lot more you can do. Space physicist and HamSci organizer Nathaniel Frissell from the New Jersey Institute of Technology is asking ham radio operators across the U.S. to collect a wide range of data during the eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a chance for radio-lovers to contribute to something bigger,” says Frissell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.hamsci.org/basic-project/2017-total-solar-eclipse\">here\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.skyandtelescope.com/2017-total-solar-eclipse/how-to-hear-the-solar-eclipse/\">here\u003c/a> to learn more and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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