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"content": "\u003cp>The impacts of climate change aren’t a distant threat for the Pacific shellfish industry. Acidifying seawater is already causing problems for oyster farms along the West Coast and it’s only expected to get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has one Bay Area oyster farm looking for ways to adapt by teaming up with scientists, who are studying how the local ecosystem could lend a helping hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need help,” says Terry Sawyer of Hog Island Oyster Company. “That ‘canary in a coalmine’ analogy drives me crazy, but that’s what we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’ve got to move on this and we need help.’\u003ccite>Terry Sawyer, Hog Island Oyster Co.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By that, he means that oysters are an “indicator species” on the frying edge of a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer’s own natural habitat is on the mudflats of Tomales Bay, about 50 miles north of San Francisco, where his oyster operation is located. But a few years ago, he started going to climate change conferences, sitting next to scientists and policymakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon chemistry is incredibly sophisticated, complicated science,” he says. “I am definitely out of my element — out of my comfort zone. I’d rather be in shorts and no shoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Sawyer, these wonky affairs are a necessity. Like a lot of oyster farmers, he buys baby oysters from hatcheries in Oregon and Washington. But starting a decade ago, the hatcheries began having mysterious die-offs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The orders that we were getting – if we were getting them at all, they wouldn’t necessarily happen at the time or the size that we could take them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1919016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-800x704.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"704\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-800x704.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-160x141.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-768x676.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-1020x898.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-1180x1039.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-960x845.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-240x211.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-375x330.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-520x458.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2.jpg 1823w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry Sawyer of Hog Island Oyster Company examines a bag of fresh oysters. He sells to both restaurants and individual retail customers. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists eventually identified the main culprit: increasingly acidic seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Carbon Sponge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least a quarter of the carbon humans put into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels is absorbed by the ocean. It acts like a carbon sponge, but adding carbon to seawater makes it more acidic. Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the oceans have become about 30 percent more acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s harmful for animals that build shells, like oysters, and spells big trouble for the Pacific shellfish industry, worth more than $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want to curl up in a fetal position,” says Sawyer. “You do want to say, ‘We’ve got to move on this and we need help.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer found some help by opening up his oyster farm to a team of scientists. Equipment monitors the water’s acidity in real time, part of a network run by UC Davis’s Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was a significant move: knowing what’s going on day-to-day, minute-by-minute,” he says. “And it’s also been proving the point. We have numbers you can’t argue with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1919014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists like Kristy Kroeker (left) from UC Santa Cruz are looking to seagrass as a natural acidification remedy. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hog Island is opening its own oyster hatchery in Humboldt Bay, 200 miles to the north, to improve the reliability of the supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oyster farm is also assisting with cutting-edge scientific research, focused on how oysters could get a boost from native plants in Tomales Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Acid Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny morning, a team of scientists is scuba-diving in a shallow part of the bay, surrounded by thick, green seagrass, waving in the current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re down in it, it really feels like you’re in a forest of seagrass,” says Kristy Kroeke, a marine biologist at UC Santa Cruz. “It’s quite long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seagrass is a glimmer of hope for oyster farmers. Plants, whether it’s a forest or lawn, take up carbon dioxide and use it for photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plants under the water are doing the exact same thing,” Kroeker says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919015\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1919015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-800x665.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-800x665.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-768x638.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-1020x848.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-1180x981.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-960x798.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-240x199.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-375x312.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-520x432.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3.jpg 1795w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seagrasses from Tomales Bay. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The seagrass pulls the carbon out of the water, which makes it slightly less acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Essentially, they’re creating this little bubble of seawater around them that’s more friendly for animals that might be threatened by ocean acidification,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kroeker is testing whether seagrasses could act as a buffer, protecting the oysters nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She plants mesh bags of baby oysters in the seagrass bed, which she’ll be watching in the months to come. So far, the results look promising, but not necessarily the whole answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seagrass can reduce acidification around it, but possibly only in certain locations or at certain times of year. More research will be needed, Kroeker says, but against a global problem, local approaches have a lot of potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we use parts of nature that we already know are important,” she wonders, “seagrasses – to actually benefit people and protect them from some of these impacts?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is being studied around the world in different ecosystems, including near coral reefs, and using bigger marine plants, like kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, it’ll be up to oyster farmers like Terry Sawyer to make the research work on the ground – or, in the water. He’s hopeful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From an aquaculture point of view, you bet I’m hopeful,” Sawyer says. “Maybe I’m being idealistic here, but we’re learning so much. We’re just at the tip of the iceberg on that.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "The Lowly Seagrass That Could Save Your Oysters From Climate Change | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The impacts of climate change aren’t a distant threat for the Pacific shellfish industry. Acidifying seawater is already causing problems for oyster farms along the West Coast and it’s only expected to get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has one Bay Area oyster farm looking for ways to adapt by teaming up with scientists, who are studying how the local ecosystem could lend a helping hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need help,” says Terry Sawyer of Hog Island Oyster Company. “That ‘canary in a coalmine’ analogy drives me crazy, but that’s what we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’ve got to move on this and we need help.’\u003ccite>Terry Sawyer, Hog Island Oyster Co.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By that, he means that oysters are an “indicator species” on the frying edge of a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer’s own natural habitat is on the mudflats of Tomales Bay, about 50 miles north of San Francisco, where his oyster operation is located. But a few years ago, he started going to climate change conferences, sitting next to scientists and policymakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon chemistry is incredibly sophisticated, complicated science,” he says. “I am definitely out of my element — out of my comfort zone. I’d rather be in shorts and no shoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Sawyer, these wonky affairs are a necessity. Like a lot of oyster farmers, he buys baby oysters from hatcheries in Oregon and Washington. But starting a decade ago, the hatcheries began having mysterious die-offs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The orders that we were getting – if we were getting them at all, they wouldn’t necessarily happen at the time or the size that we could take them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1919016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-800x704.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"704\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-800x704.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-160x141.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-768x676.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-1020x898.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-1180x1039.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-960x845.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-240x211.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-375x330.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2-520x458.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web2.jpg 1823w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry Sawyer of Hog Island Oyster Company examines a bag of fresh oysters. He sells to both restaurants and individual retail customers. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists eventually identified the main culprit: increasingly acidic seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Carbon Sponge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least a quarter of the carbon humans put into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels is absorbed by the ocean. It acts like a carbon sponge, but adding carbon to seawater makes it more acidic. Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the oceans have become about 30 percent more acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s harmful for animals that build shells, like oysters, and spells big trouble for the Pacific shellfish industry, worth more than $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want to curl up in a fetal position,” says Sawyer. “You do want to say, ‘We’ve got to move on this and we need help.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer found some help by opening up his oyster farm to a team of scientists. Equipment monitors the water’s acidity in real time, part of a network run by UC Davis’s Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was a significant move: knowing what’s going on day-to-day, minute-by-minute,” he says. “And it’s also been proving the point. We have numbers you can’t argue with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1919014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web4-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists like Kristy Kroeker (left) from UC Santa Cruz are looking to seagrass as a natural acidification remedy. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hog Island is opening its own oyster hatchery in Humboldt Bay, 200 miles to the north, to improve the reliability of the supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oyster farm is also assisting with cutting-edge scientific research, focused on how oysters could get a boost from native plants in Tomales Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Acid Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny morning, a team of scientists is scuba-diving in a shallow part of the bay, surrounded by thick, green seagrass, waving in the current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re down in it, it really feels like you’re in a forest of seagrass,” says Kristy Kroeke, a marine biologist at UC Santa Cruz. “It’s quite long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seagrass is a glimmer of hope for oyster farmers. Plants, whether it’s a forest or lawn, take up carbon dioxide and use it for photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plants under the water are doing the exact same thing,” Kroeker says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919015\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1919015\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-800x665.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-800x665.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-160x133.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-768x638.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-1020x848.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-1180x981.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-960x798.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-240x199.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-375x312.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3-520x432.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Oyster-farm-web3.jpg 1795w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seagrasses from Tomales Bay. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The seagrass pulls the carbon out of the water, which makes it slightly less acidic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Essentially, they’re creating this little bubble of seawater around them that’s more friendly for animals that might be threatened by ocean acidification,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kroeker is testing whether seagrasses could act as a buffer, protecting the oysters nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She plants mesh bags of baby oysters in the seagrass bed, which she’ll be watching in the months to come. So far, the results look promising, but not necessarily the whole answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seagrass can reduce acidification around it, but possibly only in certain locations or at certain times of year. More research will be needed, Kroeker says, but against a global problem, local approaches have a lot of potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we use parts of nature that we already know are important,” she wonders, “seagrasses – to actually benefit people and protect them from some of these impacts?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is being studied around the world in different ecosystems, including near coral reefs, and using bigger marine plants, like kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, it’ll be up to oyster farmers like Terry Sawyer to make the research work on the ground – or, in the water. He’s hopeful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From an aquaculture point of view, you bet I’m hopeful,” Sawyer says. “Maybe I’m being idealistic here, but we’re learning so much. We’re just at the tip of the iceberg on that.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Sets Bold New Target for 'Zero-Emission' Vehicles",
"headTitle": "California Sets Bold New Target for ‘Zero-Emission’ Vehicles | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is significantly upping the ante in its quest to get more electric cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his final State-of-the-State address this week, Governor Jerry Brown laid out the state’s ambitions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Then, he dropped something startling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To meet these ambitious goals,” Brown tossed out almost casually, “we’ll need five million zero-emission vehicles on the road by 2030, and we’re gonna get there, believe me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Brown’s administration made it official with \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=20151\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an executive order\u003c/a> setting that as the state’s new target for ZEVs, which includes fuel-cell vehicles and electric vehicles. (Plug-in hybrid cars count, though they’re technically not zero-emissions when their gas engines are engaged.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That represents a significant jump from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.utilitydive.com/news/can-california-hit-15m-zero-emission-vehicles-by-2025/441020/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state’s previous goal\u003c/a> of 1.5 million by 2025, and it’s nearly 15 times the number currently roaming the state — a fact that the governor acknowledged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We only have 350,000 today, so we all got a lot of work,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number is slightly less than that, according to the climate-and-economics think tank, \u003ca href=\"http://next10.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Next 10\u003c/a>. Its founder, Noel Perry, says the actual the number of ZEVs in circulation in California is just above 337,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sales are growing rapidly in California and we’re on a very good roll,” says Perry. “If we continue going the way we’re going, who knows?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perry has more than an inkling. Next 10 has been preparing a report on prospects for meeting the pre-existing 2025 goal. It was scheduled for release next week, though the governor might’ve just sent Perry’s staff back to the drawing board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A previous analysis by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory concluded that to meet the state’s ambitious greenhouse gas reduction goal for 2050, the majority of vehicles on the road will need to be electric. That will require not only that electric car sales continue to grow, but that the infrastructure to support them grows along with that. Brown’s order includes a proposal to spur both car sales and infrastructure with a $2.5 billion investment that includes eight more years of incentives for car buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have lagged behind in terms of creating the number of charging stations that we need,” says Perry, whose research counts 16,500 commercial and public charging stations in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And although this is the most in the nation by far,” notes Perry, if you look at the ratio of charging outlets per California ZEV, we’re at the very, very low end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of that has deterred Governor Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California was built on dreams and perseverance,” he said, “and the bolder path is still our way forward.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is significantly upping the ante in its quest to get more electric cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his final State-of-the-State address this week, Governor Jerry Brown laid out the state’s ambitions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Then, he dropped something startling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To meet these ambitious goals,” Brown tossed out almost casually, “we’ll need five million zero-emission vehicles on the road by 2030, and we’re gonna get there, believe me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Brown’s administration made it official with \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=20151\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an executive order\u003c/a> setting that as the state’s new target for ZEVs, which includes fuel-cell vehicles and electric vehicles. (Plug-in hybrid cars count, though they’re technically not zero-emissions when their gas engines are engaged.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That represents a significant jump from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.utilitydive.com/news/can-california-hit-15m-zero-emission-vehicles-by-2025/441020/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state’s previous goal\u003c/a> of 1.5 million by 2025, and it’s nearly 15 times the number currently roaming the state — a fact that the governor acknowledged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We only have 350,000 today, so we all got a lot of work,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number is slightly less than that, according to the climate-and-economics think tank, \u003ca href=\"http://next10.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Next 10\u003c/a>. Its founder, Noel Perry, says the actual the number of ZEVs in circulation in California is just above 337,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sales are growing rapidly in California and we’re on a very good roll,” says Perry. “If we continue going the way we’re going, who knows?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perry has more than an inkling. Next 10 has been preparing a report on prospects for meeting the pre-existing 2025 goal. It was scheduled for release next week, though the governor might’ve just sent Perry’s staff back to the drawing board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A previous analysis by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory concluded that to meet the state’s ambitious greenhouse gas reduction goal for 2050, the majority of vehicles on the road will need to be electric. That will require not only that electric car sales continue to grow, but that the infrastructure to support them grows along with that. Brown’s order includes a proposal to spur both car sales and infrastructure with a $2.5 billion investment that includes eight more years of incentives for car buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have lagged behind in terms of creating the number of charging stations that we need,” says Perry, whose research counts 16,500 commercial and public charging stations in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And although this is the most in the nation by far,” notes Perry, if you look at the ratio of charging outlets per California ZEV, we’re at the very, very low end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of that has deterred Governor Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California was built on dreams and perseverance,” he said, “and the bolder path is still our way forward.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "This Moment on Earth: Because Climate Change is Everyone’s Story | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>How could a single species that appeared in the last .0045% of planetary time have disrupted the life-support system that has nourished evolution for 4.5 billion years? And how can we survive the crisis of this moment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the ongoing conversation that This Moment on Earth invites you to join, and to tune in for starting April 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1922335\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"783\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-160x157.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-768x752.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-240x235.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-375x367.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-520x509.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-64x64.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>We humans don’t often think about the long stretch of time that brought us forth. We are daily caught up in work and side-hustles, caring for children and parents, and the ever-accelerating pace of life. But KQED Science wants to recognize this moment in its evolutionary context, because in the arc of evolution we may find stories that restore the depths of our humanness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you were to walk a mile for each one billion years of Earth’s evolution, a 4.5-mile walk. You’d come across the earliest form of life very quickly, at less than a half mile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not until your walk is nearly over — not until the last 24 inches — do you reach humans. The industrial revolution – that gaseous, belching hunger that birthed washing machines, world travel and semiconductor chips, and now traps us on a warming planet – that’s just the width of a human hair on the tail end of our evolutionary history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1922156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"783\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-160x157.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-768x752.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-240x235.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-375x367.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-520x509.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-64x64.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>Tethered to computers and cars, we may feel like we derive from machines, but we do not. We derive from Earth: from soil, sunlight, air and water. We got our eyes from fish, and our spine from a sort of sea worm. The carbon atoms in our skin were once perhaps a bird’s bones or a leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We arose from life’s planetary history; now we perch on the edge of our own cataclysm, and the question before us is how to survive through this moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do we need to do or become in order to participate with the life-support systems of Earth? How do we build homes and transportation systems that offer us a future rather than a trap? How do we talk with children, or process the grief we feel? What stories can we offer one another along this journey?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been asking you to tell us your climate change stories: what emotion you feel about it and how you process that, what you do in your personal or work life, and how you envision a sustainable human future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Moment on Earth will bring your stories into a broader conversation on the air and on this page. We invite you to listen, read and participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"story\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tell us your climate change story.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[hearken id=\"846\" src=\"//modules.wearehearken.com/kqed-science/embed/846.js\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How could a single species that appeared in the last .0045% of planetary time have disrupted the life-support system that has nourished evolution for 4.5 billion years? And how can we survive the crisis of this moment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the ongoing conversation that This Moment on Earth invites you to join, and to tune in for starting April 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1922335\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"783\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-160x157.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-768x752.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-240x235.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-375x367.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-520x509.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/NATO_GREEN-1-64x64.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>We humans don’t often think about the long stretch of time that brought us forth. We are daily caught up in work and side-hustles, caring for children and parents, and the ever-accelerating pace of life. But KQED Science wants to recognize this moment in its evolutionary context, because in the arc of evolution we may find stories that restore the depths of our humanness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you were to walk a mile for each one billion years of Earth’s evolution, a 4.5-mile walk. You’d come across the earliest form of life very quickly, at less than a half mile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not until your walk is nearly over — not until the last 24 inches — do you reach humans. The industrial revolution – that gaseous, belching hunger that birthed washing machines, world travel and semiconductor chips, and now traps us on a warming planet – that’s just the width of a human hair on the tail end of our evolutionary history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1922156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"783\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-160x157.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-768x752.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-240x235.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-375x367.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-520x509.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/KATIE_K-1-64x64.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>Tethered to computers and cars, we may feel like we derive from machines, but we do not. We derive from Earth: from soil, sunlight, air and water. We got our eyes from fish, and our spine from a sort of sea worm. The carbon atoms in our skin were once perhaps a bird’s bones or a leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We arose from life’s planetary history; now we perch on the edge of our own cataclysm, and the question before us is how to survive through this moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do we need to do or become in order to participate with the life-support systems of Earth? How do we build homes and transportation systems that offer us a future rather than a trap? How do we talk with children, or process the grief we feel? What stories can we offer one another along this journey?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve been asking you to tell us your climate change stories: what emotion you feel about it and how you process that, what you do in your personal or work life, and how you envision a sustainable human future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Moment on Earth will bring your stories into a broader conversation on the air and on this page. We invite you to listen, read and participate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"story\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tell us your climate change story.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "the-water-in-your-jeans-how-two-consumer-products-giants-are-cutting-back-on-water-use",
"title": "The Water in Your Jeans: How Two Consumer Products Giants Are Cutting Back on Water Use",
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"content": "\u003cp>Here’s a sobering thought:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Studies have shown that as we look out to 2030, global demand for water is expected to outstrip supply by 40 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So says Brooke Barton with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceres.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CERES, a Boston-based non-profit\u003c/a> that helps businesses build sustainability into their work, including water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, that’s a challenge that’s just not on the radar of a lot of companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s surprising how many companies and manufacturing facilities around the world aren’t even measuring how much water they use,” Barton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CERES is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceres.org/campaigns/connect-the-drops\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trying to change that\u003c/a>, by tracking food companies’ progress using less water, and by appealing to their self-interest; tracking and cutting water use can save corporations a lot of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Especially in some areas where we produce, water is a challenge. Water is a premium.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Bart Sights, Levi Strauss\u003cbr>\n\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Barton says that message is getting through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re seeing is a growing cadre of companies who are shifting direction and elevating this as a priority in their business,” says Barton, who highlighted Levi’s and PepsiCo as two examples of corporate leaders in water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PepsiCo produces many types of beverages – including Gatorade – as well as many types of chips like Cheetos, Ruffles, and Tostitos. At a massive Gatorade facility just outside of Phoenix, in the city of Tolleson, Arizona, bottling lines fill 600 containers per minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing grape, we’re doing fruit punch, we’re doing lemon lime,” says Tim Carey, who directs sustainability programs for PepsiCo Beverages in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carey says the company started investing in water efficiency four years ago in water-scarce Arizona. Since then, they’ve seen a 24 percent reduction in water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918758\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918758\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-800x612.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"612\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-800x612.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-768x588.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-1020x781.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-1180x903.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-960x735.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-240x184.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-375x287.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-520x398.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web.jpg 1250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PepsiCo is now saving $1.5 million annually at its Gatorade processing facility in Tolleson, AZ and using 24 percent less water. \u003ccite>(Jason Margolis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s about a hundred million gallons of water that were used in 2013 every year that we do not use this year,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That translates into $1.5 million of annual cost savings, music to the ears of Carey’s corporate bosses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how’d Pepsi do it? It starts with cleaning all those empty bottles. Water is out; air is in. Pulses of air remove dust particles from sterilized bottles.\u003cdel>\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another water-saving step: more efficient filtering of the water used in\u003cdel>\u003c/del> Gatorade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Originally we would just do a single pass-through, reverse osmosis. We’d use the clean water in our operation and the rest would go to drain,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water is now re-captured and cleaned again. Previously, Pepsi recovered 80 percent of the water used here; now they recover 87 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water and Power\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pepsi’s next trick can be found on the rooftop. Carey opens a hatch and emerges into the bright Arizona sun. “On top of this roof we have a field of solar panels that covers about 700,000 square feet,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s like 12 football fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just what do solar panels have to do with saving water? It goes back to the local utility. Most power plants use tremendous amounts of water to generate electricity, boiling water to create steam or using water as a coolant. The less power Pepsi draws from the grid, the less water is used at the power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And because we’re all in the same watershed, we’re saving water in Arizona in the watershed that supplies us,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”dXijkgRA7cTCewDbD8hiOv3rz12YXaBH”]That, in turn, helps maintain the long-term viability of Pepsi’s operations in Tolleson. Pepsi is also working with The Nature Conservancy in Arizona and elsewhere, experimenting with ways to replenish local watersheds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond Arizona, Pepsi has set a goal to reduce its water use an additional 25 percent by 2025 (compared to 2015) at all its food and beverage facilities worldwide. By that same year, the company plans to replenish 100 percent of the water it uses in manufacturing operations in high-risk water areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pepsi may be leading the way, but what it’s doing isn’t exactly splitting the atom. So why are corporations like PepsiCo just making these changes now? Why weren’t these things done 25 years ago?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carey says water has long been cheap and CEO’s just didn’t think about sustainability as a business advantage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People didn’t say, ‘Oh what can I do to save water?’ she says. “Second thing is they probably did what I call ‘the gross stuff.’ They did the big water savings projects, which were fairly obvious. We’re at the precision scale now where we say: How can we tune our operations? How can we buy equipment and make it operate just perfectly?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenges will be different for just about every plant, in just about every industry, but more companies are at least asking the questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wet Jeans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider Levi’s, where, strange as it might seem, water is a main ingredient for blue jeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This team is charged with coming up with new techniques every day,” says Bart Sights, who runs Levi Strauss & Co.’s “Eureka” lab near downtown San Francisco. “It’s time, temperature, pressure, mixture…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab is a miniature factory at the forefront of denim technology. Hundreds of pairs of prototypes are stacked along the walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918761\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918761\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-800x594.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"594\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-768x570.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-240x178.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-375x278.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-520x386.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeans hanging in the Levi Strauss “reference library.” Many colors and patterns are created with water. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Each jean has a recipe,” he says. “It’s very similar to cooking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeans all start out with the same basic ingredient: dark denim fabric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Up until forty years or so ago, jeans were sold like this,” Sights says. “They were stiff and scratchy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, consumers choose from a huge variety: light, dark, faded, pre-shrunk, stone-washed. And those variations are created with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has several rows of washing machines, but at a full-scale Levi’s factory, each machine washes 300 pairs of jeans at a time. To get the right color and texture, some jeans are washed over and over, which uses a lot of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So a few years ago, the company developed machines that use ozone gas instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It reduces the color from something dark to something light without using very much water at all,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levi Strauss has developed about a dozen other waterless techniques with the goal to use them in 80 percent of its products by 2020. That means rolling them out to factories around the world, from Egypt to Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company hasn’t quantified how much water it plans to save but so far, it reports having saved \u003ca href=\"http://www.levistrauss.com/sustainability/planet/water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 200 million gallons\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To use less water is usually less expensive,” Sights says. “Especially in some areas where we produce, [where] water is a challenge. Water is a premium.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thirsty Crop\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, most of the water in your jeans comes from growing the cotton itself, a notoriously thirsty crop. Levi’s doesn’t grow it, but \u003cstrong>is\u003c/strong> working on ways to reduce that water demand too, including sourcing fabric from the Better Cotton Initiative, which works with farmers to reduce water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s all the water that jeans use after we buy them, which makes up about a quarter of their total water footprint. Levi’s has found that Americans use more water to wash our jeans than consumers in Europe or China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among hard-core lovers of 501s, there is a movement to never wash their jeans, to develop a personalized patina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[For] true connoisseurs and aficionados, it’s the ultimate form of self-expression for people,” Sights says. “I never wash my jeans. Ever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for everyone else, Sights has an easier option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we could just convince people in America to wash their jeans only every five times they wear them, that would move the needle.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California often has too much water or too little water. Businesses are starting to look at how that affects them. ",
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"title": "The Water in Your Jeans: How Two Consumer Products Giants Are Cutting Back on Water Use | KQED",
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"headline": "The Water in Your Jeans: How Two Consumer Products Giants Are Cutting Back on Water Use",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>Lauren Sommer,\u003c/strong> KQED Science and \u003cstrong>Jason Margolis,\u003c/strong> The World",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Here’s a sobering thought:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Studies have shown that as we look out to 2030, global demand for water is expected to outstrip supply by 40 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So says Brooke Barton with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceres.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CERES, a Boston-based non-profit\u003c/a> that helps businesses build sustainability into their work, including water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, that’s a challenge that’s just not on the radar of a lot of companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s surprising how many companies and manufacturing facilities around the world aren’t even measuring how much water they use,” Barton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CERES is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceres.org/campaigns/connect-the-drops\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trying to change that\u003c/a>, by tracking food companies’ progress using less water, and by appealing to their self-interest; tracking and cutting water use can save corporations a lot of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Especially in some areas where we produce, water is a challenge. Water is a premium.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Bart Sights, Levi Strauss\u003cbr>\n\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Barton says that message is getting through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re seeing is a growing cadre of companies who are shifting direction and elevating this as a priority in their business,” says Barton, who highlighted Levi’s and PepsiCo as two examples of corporate leaders in water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PepsiCo produces many types of beverages – including Gatorade – as well as many types of chips like Cheetos, Ruffles, and Tostitos. At a massive Gatorade facility just outside of Phoenix, in the city of Tolleson, Arizona, bottling lines fill 600 containers per minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing grape, we’re doing fruit punch, we’re doing lemon lime,” says Tim Carey, who directs sustainability programs for PepsiCo Beverages in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carey says the company started investing in water efficiency four years ago in water-scarce Arizona. Since then, they’ve seen a 24 percent reduction in water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918758\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918758\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-800x612.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"612\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-800x612.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-768x588.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-1020x781.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-1180x903.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-960x735.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-240x184.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-375x287.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web-520x398.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Gatorade-bottles-web.jpg 1250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PepsiCo is now saving $1.5 million annually at its Gatorade processing facility in Tolleson, AZ and using 24 percent less water. \u003ccite>(Jason Margolis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s about a hundred million gallons of water that were used in 2013 every year that we do not use this year,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That translates into $1.5 million of annual cost savings, music to the ears of Carey’s corporate bosses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how’d Pepsi do it? It starts with cleaning all those empty bottles. Water is out; air is in. Pulses of air remove dust particles from sterilized bottles.\u003cdel>\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another water-saving step: more efficient filtering of the water used in\u003cdel>\u003c/del> Gatorade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Originally we would just do a single pass-through, reverse osmosis. We’d use the clean water in our operation and the rest would go to drain,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water is now re-captured and cleaned again. Previously, Pepsi recovered 80 percent of the water used here; now they recover 87 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water and Power\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pepsi’s next trick can be found on the rooftop. Carey opens a hatch and emerges into the bright Arizona sun. “On top of this roof we have a field of solar panels that covers about 700,000 square feet,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s like 12 football fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just what do solar panels have to do with saving water? It goes back to the local utility. Most power plants use tremendous amounts of water to generate electricity, boiling water to create steam or using water as a coolant. The less power Pepsi draws from the grid, the less water is used at the power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And because we’re all in the same watershed, we’re saving water in Arizona in the watershed that supplies us,” says Carey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>That, in turn, helps maintain the long-term viability of Pepsi’s operations in Tolleson. Pepsi is also working with The Nature Conservancy in Arizona and elsewhere, experimenting with ways to replenish local watersheds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond Arizona, Pepsi has set a goal to reduce its water use an additional 25 percent by 2025 (compared to 2015) at all its food and beverage facilities worldwide. By that same year, the company plans to replenish 100 percent of the water it uses in manufacturing operations in high-risk water areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pepsi may be leading the way, but what it’s doing isn’t exactly splitting the atom. So why are corporations like PepsiCo just making these changes now? Why weren’t these things done 25 years ago?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carey says water has long been cheap and CEO’s just didn’t think about sustainability as a business advantage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People didn’t say, ‘Oh what can I do to save water?’ she says. “Second thing is they probably did what I call ‘the gross stuff.’ They did the big water savings projects, which were fairly obvious. We’re at the precision scale now where we say: How can we tune our operations? How can we buy equipment and make it operate just perfectly?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenges will be different for just about every plant, in just about every industry, but more companies are at least asking the questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wet Jeans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider Levi’s, where, strange as it might seem, water is a main ingredient for blue jeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This team is charged with coming up with new techniques every day,” says Bart Sights, who runs Levi Strauss & Co.’s “Eureka” lab near downtown San Francisco. “It’s time, temperature, pressure, mixture…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab is a miniature factory at the forefront of denim technology. Hundreds of pairs of prototypes are stacked along the walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918761\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918761\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-800x594.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"594\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-768x570.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-240x178.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-375x278.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/Jeans3-web-520x386.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeans hanging in the Levi Strauss “reference library.” Many colors and patterns are created with water. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Each jean has a recipe,” he says. “It’s very similar to cooking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeans all start out with the same basic ingredient: dark denim fabric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Up until forty years or so ago, jeans were sold like this,” Sights says. “They were stiff and scratchy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, consumers choose from a huge variety: light, dark, faded, pre-shrunk, stone-washed. And those variations are created with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has several rows of washing machines, but at a full-scale Levi’s factory, each machine washes 300 pairs of jeans at a time. To get the right color and texture, some jeans are washed over and over, which uses a lot of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So a few years ago, the company developed machines that use ozone gas instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It reduces the color from something dark to something light without using very much water at all,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levi Strauss has developed about a dozen other waterless techniques with the goal to use them in 80 percent of its products by 2020. That means rolling them out to factories around the world, from Egypt to Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company hasn’t quantified how much water it plans to save but so far, it reports having saved \u003ca href=\"http://www.levistrauss.com/sustainability/planet/water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 200 million gallons\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To use less water is usually less expensive,” Sights says. “Especially in some areas where we produce, [where] water is a challenge. Water is a premium.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thirsty Crop\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, most of the water in your jeans comes from growing the cotton itself, a notoriously thirsty crop. Levi’s doesn’t grow it, but \u003cstrong>is\u003c/strong> working on ways to reduce that water demand too, including sourcing fabric from the Better Cotton Initiative, which works with farmers to reduce water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s all the water that jeans use after we buy them, which makes up about a quarter of their total water footprint. Levi’s has found that Americans use more water to wash our jeans than consumers in Europe or China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among hard-core lovers of 501s, there is a movement to never wash their jeans, to develop a personalized patina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[For] true connoisseurs and aficionados, it’s the ultimate form of self-expression for people,” Sights says. “I never wash my jeans. Ever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for everyone else, Sights has an easier option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Challenge: Visionary, Practical Plans for Rising Bay Waters ... in Four Months",
"headTitle": "The Challenge: Visionary, Practical Plans for Rising Bay Waters … in Four Months | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Ready. Set. Innovate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After months of field studies and preparation, design teams in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient by Design Bay Area Challenge\u003c/a> are now paired up with communities around the Bay, ready to develop sustainable \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/11/16/racing-rising-seas-in-the-bay-area-design-teams-roll-out-big-ideas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">visions for the future\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The projects are all designed to elevate (either literally or not) the Bay Area’s resilience to imminent or long-term threats such as rising sea levels and earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next four months, the ten teams of architects, designers and other specialists drawn from nine countries will actively engage with local communities. Some ambitious early versions were rolled out in November. Now they’ll explore what’s practical as well as visionary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assignments include (clockwise around the Bay):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oakland:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-all-bay-collective/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">All Bay Collective\u003c/a> will take on projects in San Leandro Bay and at the Oakland Coliseum site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Union City:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/public-sediment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Public Sediment\u003c/a> team aims to revive mud flows from Alameda Creek, into the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>South Bay:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-field-operations-team/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Field Operations\u003c/a> team has ideas on the drawing board for several South Bay locations, including Palo Alto, East Palo Alto, and Sunnyvale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Mateo County:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/hassell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hassell +\u003c/a> will focus on South San Francisco and areas on the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Francisco:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/big-one-sherwood/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Big+One+Sherwood\u003c/a> team will focus on San Francisco, particularly the Bayview and Islais Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Rafael:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/bionic-team\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> BionicTeam\u003c/a> will take on San Rafael’s low-lying Canal District, one of the most vulnerable locations in Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Pablo Bay:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/common-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Common Ground\u003c/a> will work on solutions for the vulnerable Highway 37 and shoreline locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vallejo:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/team-uplift\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Uplift team\u003c/a> will attempt to protect and reinvigorate the Vallejo waterfront, including the underutilized Mare Island, site of the former naval shipyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Richmond:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-home-team\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Home Team\u003c/a> heads to North Richmond to develop ideas for Point San Pablo and nearby neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regional:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/permaculture-social-equity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">P+SET\u003c/a> will take a regional approach, working on resilience for all nine counties bordering the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point there are no guarantees — and no money to make these projects happen. It’s up to the designers, engineers, and the local communities with which they’re teamed to come up with designs that are both innovative and practical, and approaches to getting them funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local community engagement will ground our team’s thinking in the present, while we think long-term,” said Oakland team member Claire Bonham-Carter in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Done right, plans will address multiple challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqxT-pbik60&w=560&h=315]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We asked a simple question,” says Roger Sherman, design director at the Gensler architectural firm in Los Angeles. “Where is the one or several places where you could intervene in a very focused way and have the greatest single impact upon the widest geographic area?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Sherman’s Uplift team, the answer came up “Vallejo,” a community that lacks good connections to Bay Area transit options — and where high-tide flooding of nearby Highway 37 during the storm season is already a recurring nightmare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turned out to be a place where transportation — 37 in particular — was something that was under imminent threat,” recalls Sherman, “because of sea level rise and flooding that would create a certain amount of havoc in terms of circulation around the North Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the challenge is to come up with holistic approaches with potential benefits beyond each local project. It’s like acupuncture, says Sherman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The solution to the problem may exist somewhere other than where you see it surface.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teams will present their plans in mid-May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ready. Set. Innovate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After months of field studies and preparation, design teams in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient by Design Bay Area Challenge\u003c/a> are now paired up with communities around the Bay, ready to develop sustainable \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/11/16/racing-rising-seas-in-the-bay-area-design-teams-roll-out-big-ideas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">visions for the future\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The projects are all designed to elevate (either literally or not) the Bay Area’s resilience to imminent or long-term threats such as rising sea levels and earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next four months, the ten teams of architects, designers and other specialists drawn from nine countries will actively engage with local communities. Some ambitious early versions were rolled out in November. Now they’ll explore what’s practical as well as visionary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assignments include (clockwise around the Bay):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oakland:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-all-bay-collective/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">All Bay Collective\u003c/a> will take on projects in San Leandro Bay and at the Oakland Coliseum site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Union City:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/public-sediment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Public Sediment\u003c/a> team aims to revive mud flows from Alameda Creek, into the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>South Bay:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-field-operations-team/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Field Operations\u003c/a> team has ideas on the drawing board for several South Bay locations, including Palo Alto, East Palo Alto, and Sunnyvale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Mateo County:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/hassell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hassell +\u003c/a> will focus on South San Francisco and areas on the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Francisco:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/big-one-sherwood/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Big+One+Sherwood\u003c/a> team will focus on San Francisco, particularly the Bayview and Islais Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Rafael:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/bionic-team\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> BionicTeam\u003c/a> will take on San Rafael’s low-lying Canal District, one of the most vulnerable locations in Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Pablo Bay:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/common-ground\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Common Ground\u003c/a> will work on solutions for the vulnerable Highway 37 and shoreline locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vallejo:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/team-uplift\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Uplift team\u003c/a> will attempt to protect and reinvigorate the Vallejo waterfront, including the underutilized Mare Island, site of the former naval shipyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Richmond:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-home-team\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Home Team\u003c/a> heads to North Richmond to develop ideas for Point San Pablo and nearby neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regional:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/permaculture-social-equity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">P+SET\u003c/a> will take a regional approach, working on resilience for all nine counties bordering the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point there are no guarantees — and no money to make these projects happen. It’s up to the designers, engineers, and the local communities with which they’re teamed to come up with designs that are both innovative and practical, and approaches to getting them funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local community engagement will ground our team’s thinking in the present, while we think long-term,” said Oakland team member Claire Bonham-Carter in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Done right, plans will address multiple challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/eqxT-pbik60'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/eqxT-pbik60'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We asked a simple question,” says Roger Sherman, design director at the Gensler architectural firm in Los Angeles. “Where is the one or several places where you could intervene in a very focused way and have the greatest single impact upon the widest geographic area?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Sherman’s Uplift team, the answer came up “Vallejo,” a community that lacks good connections to Bay Area transit options — and where high-tide flooding of nearby Highway 37 during the storm season is already a recurring nightmare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turned out to be a place where transportation — 37 in particular — was something that was under imminent threat,” recalls Sherman, “because of sea level rise and flooding that would create a certain amount of havoc in terms of circulation around the North Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the challenge is to come up with holistic approaches with potential benefits beyond each local project. It’s like acupuncture, says Sherman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The solution to the problem may exist somewhere other than where you see it surface.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teams will present their plans in mid-May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "LISTEN: 1,200 Years of Earth's Climate, Transformed into Sound",
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"headTitle": "LISTEN: 1,200 Years of Earth’s Climate, Transformed into Sound | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Climate change is difficult to talk about. The subject is complex. Denial is rampant. The scale of the problem is hard to grasp. And, while it is arguably the most important story of our time, it has a way of wearing people down. Rather than exhausting the topic, the topic exhausts us.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">When you sonify data, you experience time in a way you can’t when you look at a chart.\u003ccite>Hal Gordon, Graduate student\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We know this. So, we’d like to offer a new way to understand the speed at which our planet has changed over the past few hundred years. This project was brought to us by three UC Berkeley graduate students and a sonification artist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Chafe, director of Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"https://ccrma.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics\u003c/a> composed the piece of music based on data compiled by Hal Gordon, Kate Pennington and Valeri Vasquez at Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ONuA9HmkF3M&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ll hear global temperatures and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for the most recent three centuries in the graphic above. The music in our story below tracks global average temperature and CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from 850 A.D. to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A large part of what motivated us to think about sonifying CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and temperature data over time,” says Pennington, “is that when you look at a graph of how these two things have moved together, you see very clearly that they track each other really closely. But it’s hard to understand time when you see it all at once.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the pace of climate change can be better communicated through sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src= https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/01/WEBSonificationVenton180108.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"LISTEN: 1,200 Years of Earth's Climate, Transformed into Sound\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/PIA18033_orig.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all climate data you see it in a long chart with time that is way longer than human life time so it’s impossible to experience,” says Gordon. “But when you sonify it you actually experience time in a way that you can’t experience when you look at the chart.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you hear in the piece that Chris has composed there’s really not a lot happening for a really long time and it’s kind of soothing,” says Pennington. “We have a normal state of the world, and life has evolved relative to that normal state of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1918662 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-800x400.png\" alt=\"Graph of global CO2 levels\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-800x400.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-160x80.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-768x384.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-1020x510.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-1180x590.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-960x480.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-240x120.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-375x188.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-520x260.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>The piece of sound begins with a low drone, the tone of which represents the concentration of carbon dioxide during the Middle Ages. It is accompanied by a twangy ping-pong sound: global temperature averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in the 1700s, however, you begin to hear a change. The Industrial Revolution and widespread deforestation in Europe take hold. Carbon concentrations begin to creep up. Approaching the 1900s, the tone becomes a higher-pitched wail. The last few seconds of the piece sound like an alarm, the result of a meteoric rise in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7ROfg5tk22E0HRPe7NwtKDIl7x2oGjPf”]”The whole concept that we’re trying to explain here is not a pleasant one, it’s actually a frightening one,” says Vasquez. “So it might be really appropriate that it ends in this kind of ambulance sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re now living in a world that is about 1.5 degrees C above what it was before the Industrial Revolution (and about \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1 degree above what it was in the first half of the 1900s\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could seem relatively minor change, but it indicates the Earth’s balance has been disrupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My body temperature’s 98.6. If I have a fever of 101, I would worry. If all the doctors tell me that my temperature’s going to go up, I would be very worried,” says \u003ca href=\"https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/inez-fung\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inez Fung\u003c/a>, climate scientist at UC Berkeley. “If I have a temperature of 103, I know other organs are going to be influenced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is manifesting itself in sea-level rise, extreme storms, prolonged droughts, deadly floods, wildfires and emerging diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers extract an ice core piece out of a drill machine, on August 25, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers extract an ice core from a drilling machine in the French Alps, on August 25, 2016. \u003ccite>(PHILIPPE DESMAZES/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The whole planet is adapted to a certain range,” says Fung. “We’re going into a range where, yes, we’ve seen higher CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> before, but people have not been around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time the atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentration was as high at it is today was \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/how-the-world-passed-a-carbon-threshold-400ppm-and-why-it-matters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3 million years ago. \u003c/a>That’s about the time of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2011/02/12/133658692/fossil-suggests-lucy-had-the-first-modern-foot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Australopithecus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, the pre-human hominin species that Lucy comes from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can study the ancient climate through a number of means. One is by analyzing \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ice cores\u003c/a>. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cores hold trapped air bubbles going back thousands of years. After drilling a core, researchers can melt down sections of the ice and capture the released air to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide (among other things). \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03265\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Temperature data can be reconstructed\u003c/a> in part from tree rings and mud core samples from the bottoms of lakes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”KnekqcEwhVBH0ZmRPxuFxIEj2SNSGdqX”]What will happen in the future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We literally don’t know what will happen next,” says Pennington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/531048986/so-what-exactly-is-in-the-paris-climate-accord\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aim of the Paris Climate Accord\u003c/a> is to limit the rise in temperature to “well below” 2 degrees and, if possible, to 1.5 C, “recognizing that this would \u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/files/home/application/pdf/paris_agreement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">significantly reduce the risks and impacts\u003c/a> of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year President Trump announced he was \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/06/01/trump-poised-to-announce-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">withdrawing the U.S. from participation\u003c/a> in the Paris Accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However California, along with a number of states and cities around the world, have \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/06/01/california-defiant-as-president-trump-withdraws-from-paris-climate-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defiantly expressed commitment\u003c/a> to the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens next is “really sort of a pick-your-adventure choice” says Pennington, with all of us playing some role in the outcome. We, as a society, have the chance to choose what the future will sound like.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Climate change is difficult to talk about. The subject is complex. Denial is rampant. The scale of the problem is hard to grasp. And, while it is arguably the most important story of our time, it has a way of wearing people down. Rather than exhausting the topic, the topic exhausts us.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">When you sonify data, you experience time in a way you can’t when you look at a chart.\u003ccite>Hal Gordon, Graduate student\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We know this. So, we’d like to offer a new way to understand the speed at which our planet has changed over the past few hundred years. This project was brought to us by three UC Berkeley graduate students and a sonification artist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Chafe, director of Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"https://ccrma.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics\u003c/a> composed the piece of music based on data compiled by Hal Gordon, Kate Pennington and Valeri Vasquez at Berkeley.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ONuA9HmkF3M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ONuA9HmkF3M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>You’ll hear global temperatures and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for the most recent three centuries in the graphic above. The music in our story below tracks global average temperature and CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from 850 A.D. to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A large part of what motivated us to think about sonifying CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> and temperature data over time,” says Pennington, “is that when you look at a graph of how these two things have moved together, you see very clearly that they track each other really closely. But it’s hard to understand time when you see it all at once.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the pace of climate change can be better communicated through sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all climate data you see it in a long chart with time that is way longer than human life time so it’s impossible to experience,” says Gordon. “But when you sonify it you actually experience time in a way that you can’t experience when you look at the chart.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you hear in the piece that Chris has composed there’s really not a lot happening for a really long time and it’s kind of soothing,” says Pennington. “We have a normal state of the world, and life has evolved relative to that normal state of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1918662 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-800x400.png\" alt=\"Graph of global CO2 levels\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-800x400.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-160x80.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-768x384.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-1020x510.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-1180x590.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-960x480.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-240x120.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-375x188.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid-520x260.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/graph_grid.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>The piece of sound begins with a low drone, the tone of which represents the concentration of carbon dioxide during the Middle Ages. It is accompanied by a twangy ping-pong sound: global temperature averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in the 1700s, however, you begin to hear a change. The Industrial Revolution and widespread deforestation in Europe take hold. Carbon concentrations begin to creep up. Approaching the 1900s, the tone becomes a higher-pitched wail. The last few seconds of the piece sound like an alarm, the result of a meteoric rise in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”The whole concept that we’re trying to explain here is not a pleasant one, it’s actually a frightening one,” says Vasquez. “So it might be really appropriate that it ends in this kind of ambulance sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re now living in a world that is about 1.5 degrees C above what it was before the Industrial Revolution (and about \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1 degree above what it was in the first half of the 1900s\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could seem relatively minor change, but it indicates the Earth’s balance has been disrupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My body temperature’s 98.6. If I have a fever of 101, I would worry. If all the doctors tell me that my temperature’s going to go up, I would be very worried,” says \u003ca href=\"https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/inez-fung\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inez Fung\u003c/a>, climate scientist at UC Berkeley. “If I have a temperature of 103, I know other organs are going to be influenced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is manifesting itself in sea-level rise, extreme storms, prolonged droughts, deadly floods, wildfires and emerging diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918668\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers extract an ice core piece out of a drill machine, on August 25, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/GettyImages-595211232-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers extract an ice core from a drilling machine in the French Alps, on August 25, 2016. \u003ccite>(PHILIPPE DESMAZES/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The whole planet is adapted to a certain range,” says Fung. “We’re going into a range where, yes, we’ve seen higher CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> before, but people have not been around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time the atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentration was as high at it is today was \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/how-the-world-passed-a-carbon-threshold-400ppm-and-why-it-matters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3 million years ago. \u003c/a>That’s about the time of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2011/02/12/133658692/fossil-suggests-lucy-had-the-first-modern-foot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Australopithecus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, the pre-human hominin species that Lucy comes from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can study the ancient climate through a number of means. One is by analyzing \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ice cores\u003c/a>. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cores hold trapped air bubbles going back thousands of years. After drilling a core, researchers can melt down sections of the ice and capture the released air to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide (among other things). \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03265\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Temperature data can be reconstructed\u003c/a> in part from tree rings and mud core samples from the bottoms of lakes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>What will happen in the future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We literally don’t know what will happen next,” says Pennington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/531048986/so-what-exactly-is-in-the-paris-climate-accord\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aim of the Paris Climate Accord\u003c/a> is to limit the rise in temperature to “well below” 2 degrees and, if possible, to 1.5 C, “recognizing that this would \u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/files/home/application/pdf/paris_agreement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">significantly reduce the risks and impacts\u003c/a> of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year President Trump announced he was \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/06/01/trump-poised-to-announce-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">withdrawing the U.S. from participation\u003c/a> in the Paris Accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However California, along with a number of states and cities around the world, have \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/06/01/california-defiant-as-president-trump-withdraws-from-paris-climate-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defiantly expressed commitment\u003c/a> to the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens next is “really sort of a pick-your-adventure choice” says Pennington, with all of us playing some role in the outcome. We, as a society, have the chance to choose what the future will sound like.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Administration Opens Door To Dramatic Expansion Of Offshore Energy Leases",
"headTitle": "Trump Administration Opens Door To Dramatic Expansion Of Offshore Energy Leases | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration is proposing dramatic changes to policies on offshore leasing for oil and gas, opening the door to radically expand drilling in waters that were protected by the Obama administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the “largest number of lease sales ever proposed, ” Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke told reporters. The proposed plan to sell offshore drilling leases in the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic over a five-year period was detailed Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan would determine the size, timing and location of leasing activities, and would replace Obama’s 2017-2022 program. It includes all but one of 26 “planning areas” in federal waters off U.S. coastlines, comprising about 90 percent of the outer continental shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke emphasized that “this is a draft program.” The plan has a comment period of 60 days, in which authorities will hear from states, the public and other stakeholders. It would take effect in 2019\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed change is welcomed by the oil and gas industry. In a statement, the National Ocean Industries Association praised Zinke “for offering the broadest possible acreage for potential inclusion in our nation’s next offshore leasing program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, environmental organizations are alarmed and stress that it could place wildlife and coastal communities at risk of a spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposal would expose the Arctic waters — our last undeveloped ocean —to drilling, put the Atlantic coast on the chopping block for the first time since 1983, open the Pacific coast — which has not seen federal drilling for decades, and further threaten the debilitated Gulf of Mexico,” said a statement signed by 64 organizations and environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last April, Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/27/525959808/trump-to-sign-executive-order-on-offshore-drilling-and-marine-sanctuaries\">directed Zinke\u003c/a> to review the Obama administration’s five-year plan. The areas reviewed included portions of the Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic oceans where the previous administration had not allowed drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has touted the change as an “America-first offshore energy strategy.” Before signing the order, Trump said “renewed offshore energy production will reduce the cost of energy, create countless new jobs, and make America more secure and far more energy independent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal experts have raised questions about whether the Trump administration actually has the power to change portions of Obama’s policies, such as reversing the Arctic leasing ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly before Obama left office he “used an obscure provision of the 1953 \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/Outer-Continental-Shelf-Lands-Act/\">Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act\u003c/a> to issue what he called a permanent ban on offshore drilling in large parts of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans,” as NPR has reported. The Obama administration said it could not be reversed, because there is no provision to do so in that law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s executive order explicitly mentions the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act and says it is simply modifying the text of the Obama memorandum. Interior’s Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary Kate MacGregor told reporters Thursday that she believes previous protections were “overturned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as NPR previously reported, it’s also not clear how much new drilling would actually happen even if it is allowed. The current price of oil is about $60 a barrel — fairly low — and “offshore drilling is an expensive endeavor, especially in places like the Arctic,” as NPR has said. MacGregor said she is expecting companies to be “very interested” in new lease offerings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separately, the Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2017-12-29/pdf/2017-27309.pdf\">seeking to relax a rule\u003c/a> requiring equipment used by oil and gas companies in offshore drilling to be certified by third-party inspectors\u003cstrong>. “\u003c/strong>Now they’re going to use some industry-set recommendations — recommended practices instead of these third-party inspectors,” Inside Energy executive editor Alisa Barba \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/01/01/574932180/trump-reexamines-regulations-regarding-fracking-oil-drilling\">told NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is time for a paradigm shift in the way we regulate the [outer continental shelf],” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.bsee.gov/newsroom/latest-news/statements-and-releases/press-releases/bsee-proposes-revisions-to-production\">Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement Director Scott Angelle\u003c/a>. “There was an assumption made previously that only more rules would increase safety, but ultimately it is not an either/or proposition. We can actually increase domestic energy production \u003cem>and\u003c/em> increase safety and environmental protection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That proposed rule appeared in the Federal Register last Friday and is open to public comment until Jan. 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BSEE, the federal regulator of the offshore energy industry, was set up in response to 2010’s Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which dumped millions of gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico and killed 11 people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Opens+Door+To+Dramatic+Expansion+Of+Offshore+Energy+Leases&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration is proposing dramatic changes to policies on offshore leasing for oil and gas, opening the door to radically expand drilling in waters that were protected by the Obama administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the “largest number of lease sales ever proposed, ” Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke told reporters. The proposed plan to sell offshore drilling leases in the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic over a five-year period was detailed Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan would determine the size, timing and location of leasing activities, and would replace Obama’s 2017-2022 program. It includes all but one of 26 “planning areas” in federal waters off U.S. coastlines, comprising about 90 percent of the outer continental shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke emphasized that “this is a draft program.” The plan has a comment period of 60 days, in which authorities will hear from states, the public and other stakeholders. It would take effect in 2019\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed change is welcomed by the oil and gas industry. In a statement, the National Ocean Industries Association praised Zinke “for offering the broadest possible acreage for potential inclusion in our nation’s next offshore leasing program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, environmental organizations are alarmed and stress that it could place wildlife and coastal communities at risk of a spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The proposal would expose the Arctic waters — our last undeveloped ocean —to drilling, put the Atlantic coast on the chopping block for the first time since 1983, open the Pacific coast — which has not seen federal drilling for decades, and further threaten the debilitated Gulf of Mexico,” said a statement signed by 64 organizations and environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last April, Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/27/525959808/trump-to-sign-executive-order-on-offshore-drilling-and-marine-sanctuaries\">directed Zinke\u003c/a> to review the Obama administration’s five-year plan. The areas reviewed included portions of the Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic oceans where the previous administration had not allowed drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has touted the change as an “America-first offshore energy strategy.” Before signing the order, Trump said “renewed offshore energy production will reduce the cost of energy, create countless new jobs, and make America more secure and far more energy independent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal experts have raised questions about whether the Trump administration actually has the power to change portions of Obama’s policies, such as reversing the Arctic leasing ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly before Obama left office he “used an obscure provision of the 1953 \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/Outer-Continental-Shelf-Lands-Act/\">Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act\u003c/a> to issue what he called a permanent ban on offshore drilling in large parts of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans,” as NPR has reported. The Obama administration said it could not be reversed, because there is no provision to do so in that law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s executive order explicitly mentions the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act and says it is simply modifying the text of the Obama memorandum. Interior’s Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary Kate MacGregor told reporters Thursday that she believes previous protections were “overturned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as NPR previously reported, it’s also not clear how much new drilling would actually happen even if it is allowed. The current price of oil is about $60 a barrel — fairly low — and “offshore drilling is an expensive endeavor, especially in places like the Arctic,” as NPR has said. MacGregor said she is expecting companies to be “very interested” in new lease offerings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separately, the Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2017-12-29/pdf/2017-27309.pdf\">seeking to relax a rule\u003c/a> requiring equipment used by oil and gas companies in offshore drilling to be certified by third-party inspectors\u003cstrong>. “\u003c/strong>Now they’re going to use some industry-set recommendations — recommended practices instead of these third-party inspectors,” Inside Energy executive editor Alisa Barba \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/01/01/574932180/trump-reexamines-regulations-regarding-fracking-oil-drilling\">told NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is time for a paradigm shift in the way we regulate the [outer continental shelf],” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.bsee.gov/newsroom/latest-news/statements-and-releases/press-releases/bsee-proposes-revisions-to-production\">Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement Director Scott Angelle\u003c/a>. “There was an assumption made previously that only more rules would increase safety, but ultimately it is not an either/or proposition. We can actually increase domestic energy production \u003cem>and\u003c/em> increase safety and environmental protection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That proposed rule appeared in the Federal Register last Friday and is open to public comment until Jan. 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BSEE, the federal regulator of the offshore energy industry, was set up in response to 2010’s Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which dumped millions of gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico and killed 11 people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Opens+Door+To+Dramatic+Expansion+Of+Offshore+Energy+Leases&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sierra Snow Season Bogged Down by Warm Storms, Dry December",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s that time of year, when state water managers begin their series of monthly snow surveys — and the initial news is bleak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snow that’s presently sitting on the Sierra Nevada range is packing only \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/DLYSWEQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 percent of the water content\u003c/a> considered normal for this date. That’s worrisome as the Sierra’s “frozen reservoir” of snow typically holds about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra.’\u003ccite>Nina Oakley, climatologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra,” laments Nina Oakley, a climatologist with the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two main culprits: first a stubborn bubble of high-pressure that was parked along the California coast for most of December, diverting potential storms around the state, into the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. That put a pinch on total precipitation for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“November was a fairly good month,” recalls Cory Mueller, a forecaster in Sacramento. “We were running about normal, but then as we went into December we had that ridge build in and that really cut off the precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>December is historically California’s wettest month, counted on to deliver about 20 percent of the total precipitation in any given year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secondly, the wet systems that have managed to sneak in from the Pacific Ocean have been on the warm side, dropping snow at only the highest elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918603\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\" alt=\"Mostly-barren winter meadow in the Sierra.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s been another winter of scant snow in the Sierra, so far. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The picture is even more grim in Southern California, much of which has yet to see any significant precipitation this season. Santa Barbara, which should be closing in on six inches of rain by now, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has logged\u003c/a> just .07 inches for the season — that’s 1 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it might be too soon to starting dropping the “D-word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just coming out of a multi-year drought with the wet year of 2016-2017 and then looking at the potential for going back into drought, it is concerning,” says Oakley. “But we live in an area where precipitation is highly variable from year to year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And from month to month. Extended dry periods are common during the California winter, though they’re more likely to occur in January, giving rise to the skiers’ snarky appellation of “June-uary.” And just as abruptly as the tap can shut off, it can open up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as we have that ridge break down and open the storm corridor, and if we can get several big storms into the region, we can recover what we lost in previous months,” says Oakley hopefully. “So it can certainly turn around.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s that time of year, when state water managers begin their series of monthly snow surveys — and the initial news is bleak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snow that’s presently sitting on the Sierra Nevada range is packing only \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/DLYSWEQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 percent of the water content\u003c/a> considered normal for this date. That’s worrisome as the Sierra’s “frozen reservoir” of snow typically holds about a third of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra.’\u003ccite>Nina Oakley, climatologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The snowpack is just not really building in the Sierra,” laments Nina Oakley, a climatologist with the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two main culprits: first a stubborn bubble of high-pressure that was parked along the California coast for most of December, diverting potential storms around the state, into the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. That put a pinch on total precipitation for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“November was a fairly good month,” recalls Cory Mueller, a forecaster in Sacramento. “We were running about normal, but then as we went into December we had that ridge build in and that really cut off the precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>December is historically California’s wettest month, counted on to deliver about 20 percent of the total precipitation in any given year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secondly, the wet systems that have managed to sneak in from the Pacific Ocean have been on the warm side, dropping snow at only the highest elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918603\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg\" alt=\"Mostly-barren winter meadow in the Sierra.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/DSouUWPVAAAllq2.jpg_large-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s been another winter of scant snow in the Sierra, so far. \u003ccite>(Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The picture is even more grim in Southern California, much of which has yet to see any significant precipitation this season. Santa Barbara, which should be closing in on six inches of rain by now, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has logged\u003c/a> just .07 inches for the season — that’s 1 percent of normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it might be too soon to starting dropping the “D-word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just coming out of a multi-year drought with the wet year of 2016-2017 and then looking at the potential for going back into drought, it is concerning,” says Oakley. “But we live in an area where precipitation is highly variable from year to year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And from month to month. Extended dry periods are common during the California winter, though they’re more likely to occur in January, giving rise to the skiers’ snarky appellation of “June-uary.” And just as abruptly as the tap can shut off, it can open up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as we have that ridge break down and open the storm corridor, and if we can get several big storms into the region, we can recover what we lost in previous months,” says Oakley hopefully. “So it can certainly turn around.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Our 10 Most Read Science Stories of 2017",
"headTitle": "Our 10 Most Read Science Stories of 2017 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From drought, to floods, to getting liquefied when you die, we look back at the most read KQED science stories of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/25/before-and-after-the-rains-impact-on-three-california-reservoirs/\">Before and After: The Rain’s Impact on Three California Reservoirs\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352123\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1352123\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Folsom Lake on Oct. 26, 2015. Right: Folsom Lake on Jan. 14, 2017. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seeing is believing. Our readers really enjoyed viewing the differences in California’s largest reservoirs after the drought-busting rains of last winter, as captured by satellite images from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/15/california-third-gender-nonbinary/\">California Now Recognizes a Third Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_334581\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-334581\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/Max-e1493051858120-800x708.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"708\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Max, a 13-year-old Californian who identifies as agender, one of multiple gender identities that fall into the umbrella of ‘nonbinary.’ The state will allow residents to choose nonbinary as an official gender on drivers licenses and birth certificates starting in 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gender is no longer either male or female, according to the state of California. In October Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation into law requiring a third gender option for driver’s licenses and birth certificates. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/10/heres-what-californias-wildflower-super-bloom-looks-like-from-space/\">Here’s What California’s Wildflower ‘Super Bloom’ Looks Like From Space\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1540495\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1540495\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-520x292.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web.png 1892w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildflowers north of Los Padres National Forest in early December 2016 (before the winter rains) and in late March during the wildflower super bloom. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What is better than a wildflower super bloom? Seeing it from space. It was a fantastic spring for wildflower lovers, who flocked to fields of poppies, lupine and golden brush. In another collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>, high resolution satellite imagery reveals dense and colorful wildflower fields in Southern California following the epic winter rains. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/24/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender/\">Boy? Girl? Both? Neither? A New Generation Overthrows Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329386\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-e1486745816629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-329386\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. (Jon Brooks/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a story that captured both our attention and our readers, we explored the lives of several young people who do not identify as male or female. Expect to hear more about this topic, as recent studies and polls suggest we are in the midst of a gender revolution, both in terms of expression and identity. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/22/daddy-longlegs-risk-life-and-especially-limb-to-survive/\">Daddy Longlegs Risk Life…and Especially Limb…to Survive\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/tjDmH8zhp6o\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not pulling your leg here: When attacked, daddy longlegs deliberately release their limbs to escape. Watch to see autotomy, the voluntary release of a body part, in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/20/want-to-cut-your-carbon-footprint-get-liquefied-when-youre-dead/\">Governor Signs Law Allowing Californians to Choose to Liquefy Their Remains\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-428960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Picture-of-bone-fragments.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bones left over after a water cremation. The fragments will be pulverized into a powder, which can be memorialized in an urn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year Gov. Jerry Brown signed into law the bill that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called ‘water cremation’. The process doesn’t actually use water, but a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/13/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont/\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353891\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-353891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/BacteriaImage_Blue_Mills-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"543\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bifidobacteria are found naturally in the intestines of humans and are also common in probiotic foods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What if your psychiatrist prescribed yogurt and vegetables as an antidepressant? Researchers at the intersection of psychiatry and biochemistry think adding beneficial bacteria to our diet could be a treatment for anxiety and depression. But there are still many unknowns about which foods can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/14/photos-your-pics-of-californias-super-bloom/\">PHOTOS: Your Pics of California’s ‘Super Bloom’\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1555936\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1555936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carrizo Plain \u003ccite>(From @elliotmcgucken, via Instagram)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We asked our social media fans for your photos of California’s wildflower ‘Super Bloom” spectacle, and you delivered! Here’s a sampling of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/casuperbloom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#CASuperBloom.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/25/food-as-medicine-its-not-just-a-fringe-idea-anymore/\">Food as Medicine is No Longer a Fringe Idea\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_310908\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/shop-with-doc-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph's Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\" width=\"800\" height=\"460\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph’s Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What we put in our bodies can be medicine. Literally. Food wisdom now finds its way into hospitals and even medical schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/02/suicides-push-medical-schools-to-finally-address-student-mental-health/\">Medical Student Suicides Prompt Schools to Finally Take Action\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_381345\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-381345\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/IMG_1536.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sean Petro, at age 24, one year before his suicide while attending the USC Keck School of Medicine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After aspiring doctors receive a prized acceptance letter to medical school, they face a daunting reality. Suicides in medical schools, as well as studies showing an alarming number of medical students consider ending their lives, have prompted schools and residency programs to provide more support for mental health.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "From drought to flooding in one season to getting liquefied when you die, we look back at the science stories that made a splash in 2017.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From drought, to floods, to getting liquefied when you die, we look back at the most read KQED science stories of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/25/before-and-after-the-rains-impact-on-three-california-reservoirs/\">Before and After: The Rain’s Impact on Three California Reservoirs\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1352123\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1352123\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Header_Folsom_V02-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Folsom Lake on Oct. 26, 2015. Right: Folsom Lake on Jan. 14, 2017. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seeing is believing. Our readers really enjoyed viewing the differences in California’s largest reservoirs after the drought-busting rains of last winter, as captured by satellite images from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/15/california-third-gender-nonbinary/\">California Now Recognizes a Third Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_334581\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-334581\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/Max-e1493051858120-800x708.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"708\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Max, a 13-year-old Californian who identifies as agender, one of multiple gender identities that fall into the umbrella of ‘nonbinary.’ The state will allow residents to choose nonbinary as an official gender on drivers licenses and birth certificates starting in 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gender is no longer either male or female, according to the state of California. In October Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation into law requiring a third gender option for driver’s licenses and birth certificates. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/10/heres-what-californias-wildflower-super-bloom-looks-like-from-space/\">Here’s What California’s Wildflower ‘Super Bloom’ Looks Like From Space\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1540495\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1540495\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-240x135.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-375x211.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web-520x292.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/Main_feature_sized_for_web.png 1892w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildflowers north of Los Padres National Forest in early December 2016 (before the winter rains) and in late March during the wildflower super bloom. \u003ccite>(Images provided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What is better than a wildflower super bloom? Seeing it from space. It was a fantastic spring for wildflower lovers, who flocked to fields of poppies, lupine and golden brush. In another collaboration with \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a>, high resolution satellite imagery reveals dense and colorful wildflower fields in Southern California following the epic winter rains. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/24/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender/\">Boy? Girl? Both? Neither? A New Generation Overthrows Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329386\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-e1486745816629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-329386\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. (Jon Brooks/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a story that captured both our attention and our readers, we explored the lives of several young people who do not identify as male or female. Expect to hear more about this topic, as recent studies and polls suggest we are in the midst of a gender revolution, both in terms of expression and identity. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/22/daddy-longlegs-risk-life-and-especially-limb-to-survive/\">Daddy Longlegs Risk Life…and Especially Limb…to Survive\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/tjDmH8zhp6o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/tjDmH8zhp6o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not pulling your leg here: When attacked, daddy longlegs deliberately release their limbs to escape. Watch to see autotomy, the voluntary release of a body part, in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/20/want-to-cut-your-carbon-footprint-get-liquefied-when-youre-dead/\">Governor Signs Law Allowing Californians to Choose to Liquefy Their Remains\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_428960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 641px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-428960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/Picture-of-bone-fragments.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bones left over after a water cremation. The fragments will be pulverized into a powder, which can be memorialized in an urn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year Gov. Jerry Brown signed into law the bill that legalizes a method of disposing of human remains commonly called ‘water cremation’. The process doesn’t actually use water, but a chemical that speeds up decomposition of bodies and leaves behind only sterile water, bones, and medical implants or devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/13/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont/\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_353891\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-353891\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/BacteriaImage_Blue_Mills-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"543\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bifidobacteria are found naturally in the intestines of humans and are also common in probiotic foods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What if your psychiatrist prescribed yogurt and vegetables as an antidepressant? Researchers at the intersection of psychiatry and biochemistry think adding beneficial bacteria to our diet could be a treatment for anxiety and depression. But there are still many unknowns about which foods can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/14/photos-your-pics-of-californias-super-bloom/\">PHOTOS: Your Pics of California’s ‘Super Bloom’\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1555936\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1555936\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/elliotmcgucken-at-Carrizo-Plain-3.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carrizo Plain \u003ccite>(From @elliotmcgucken, via Instagram)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We asked our social media fans for your photos of California’s wildflower ‘Super Bloom” spectacle, and you delivered! Here’s a sampling of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/casuperbloom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#CASuperBloom.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/25/food-as-medicine-its-not-just-a-fringe-idea-anymore/\">Food as Medicine is No Longer a Fringe Idea\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_310908\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/shop-with-doc-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph's Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\" width=\"800\" height=\"460\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Daniel Nadeau gives Allison Scott a few tips on getting kids to eat healthy, at Ralph’s Supermarket in Huntington Beach.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What we put in our bodies can be medicine. Literally. Food wisdom now finds its way into hospitals and even medical schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/02/suicides-push-medical-schools-to-finally-address-student-mental-health/\">Medical Student Suicides Prompt Schools to Finally Take Action\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_381345\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-381345\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/IMG_1536.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sean Petro, at age 24, one year before his suicide while attending the USC Keck School of Medicine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After aspiring doctors receive a prized acceptance letter to medical school, they face a daunting reality. Suicides in medical schools, as well as studies showing an alarming number of medical students consider ending their lives, have prompted schools and residency programs to provide more support for mental health.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Climate change is increasing the trend in weather and climate extremes in the U.S. A NOAA/NCEI report indicates that through September, the U.S. has had 15 individual billion-dollar weather disasters in 2017. Only 2011 had more billion-dollar disasters with 16, and that was through the entire year. Even without the final calculations from Harvey, Irma and Maria, the total cost is for 2017 about $25 billion, which is far behind the costliest year, 2005 ($215 billion).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igx_CLQkWac\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than one type of event focused on one part of the country, this year’s disasters were spread over several regions. Climate change may have worsened some of the events this year, including drought in the northern Plains and wildfires in the West. In a warming world, soils dry out more from evaporation, making droughts worse and further drying out vegetation, which is susceptible to wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher evaporation rates also provide more fuel for hurricanes, allowing them to produce heavier rain. The warming oceans and glacial melt cause the sea level to rise, which translates into a storm surge that is higher and pushes farther inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>METHODOLOGY:\u003c/strong> Data is provided by NOAA NCEI. Methodology developed by NOAA NCEI with input from economic experts and consultants to remove biases. More details about the specific events included in NOAA’s analysis can be found at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/overview\">https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/overview\u003c/a>. Cost of the disasters have been adjusted for inflation. Additional review of the methodology can be found from \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-content/billions/docs/smith-and-katz-2013.pdf\">Smith and Katz, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Climate change is increasing the trend in weather and climate extremes in the U.S. A NOAA/NCEI report indicates that through September, the U.S. has had 15 individual billion-dollar weather disasters in 2017. Only 2011 had more billion-dollar disasters with 16, and that was through the entire year. Even without the final calculations from Harvey, Irma and Maria, the total cost is for 2017 about $25 billion, which is far behind the costliest year, 2005 ($215 billion).\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/igx_CLQkWac'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/igx_CLQkWac'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Rather than one type of event focused on one part of the country, this year’s disasters were spread over several regions. Climate change may have worsened some of the events this year, including drought in the northern Plains and wildfires in the West. In a warming world, soils dry out more from evaporation, making droughts worse and further drying out vegetation, which is susceptible to wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher evaporation rates also provide more fuel for hurricanes, allowing them to produce heavier rain. The warming oceans and glacial melt cause the sea level to rise, which translates into a storm surge that is higher and pushes farther inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>METHODOLOGY:\u003c/strong> Data is provided by NOAA NCEI. Methodology developed by NOAA NCEI with input from economic experts and consultants to remove biases. More details about the specific events included in NOAA’s analysis can be found at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/overview\">https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/overview\u003c/a>. Cost of the disasters have been adjusted for inflation. Additional review of the methodology can be found from \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-content/billions/docs/smith-and-katz-2013.pdf\">Smith and Katz, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A warming planet due to human-induced climate change will likely contribute to an increase in volcanic activity, according to \u003ca href=\"https://gsw.silverchair-cdn.com/gsw/Content_public/Journal/geology/46/1/10.1130_G39633.1/3/47.pdf?Expires=1514031066&Signature=R3GABkkKn-4EZiMlnFsnC6BvsALit07m1zwvOxbkYpMeLyQZn64tYjC7XsYzkvPONNnbaXSRSrEqi-l194T3ODpY7FmNLPy9-uHdBkdIxZqhBFApDsEfZAvwbe4DBvP6Ag8j4Pc047fH7dVkrMCzxCI1iKmLjviMqJOR7t2rcfLzU2rCtu8dnbOuRuIYE~ZfWHZo~1ZMu9L~kg25U9S-ETV6FdbBJWXrVJ-VZSykcGRkBeDUAde3lKk2Wtq0dgJnSmW0qdfHuLmp9LBiWgyQ7dXeU2B~bMYwldPFde3smA0pyxgrPTp5lzZ3jbXblHTIMRZI36DJM4uFwPxFpp6ggA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIUCZBIA4LVPAVW3Q\">a recent study\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Geology.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a relationship between climate and volcanism might seem counter-intuitive, it turns out that pressure exerted by thick glaciers on the Earth’s crust — what geologists call “surface loading” – has an impact on the flow of magma below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”6XIyyeNMKtC3CGQjT34G4GXgo9lznIui”]The correlation affects “magma flow and the voids and gaps in the Earth where magma flows to the surface as well as how much magma the crust can actually hold,” the study’s lead author Graeme T. Swindles, an associate professor of Earth system dynamics at the University of Leeds, wrote in an email to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/get-ready-for-more-volcanic-eruptions-as-the-planet-warms/\">Scientific American. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study published last month, Swindles’ team examined the geologic record of eruptions of Icelandic volcanoes 5,500 to 4,500 years ago – a period in Earth’s history when the climate was cooler, but still not a full-blown ice age. The level of volcanic activity was discerned by looking at the record of ash that settled on the peat bogs and lakes that fell over Europe, Swindles says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comparing the volcanic record with glacial coverage, the team found that the number of eruptions dropped significantly as the climate cooled and ice cover increased. The eruptions that did occur also tended to be smaller in magnitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a big change in the record in the mid-\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/holocene.php\">Holocene\u003c/a> [epoch], where we see no volcanic ash in Europe and very little in Iceland,” says Swindles. “This seems to overlap with a time where there’s cold climate conditions, which would have favored glacial advance in Iceland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swindles says his team found about a 600-year lag between advancing glaciers and diminished volcanic activity. “That’s because it takes a long time to grow ice masses,” he told the magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reverse, the team found that as the climate warmed and glaciers melted, there were more and bigger eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After glaciers are removed the surface pressure decreases, and the magmas more easily propagate to the surface and thus erupt,” Swindles says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also a lag between retreating glaciers and increased volcanic activity, but it was shorter, the team found — although the study cautions there could be other climate-related factors that contributed to the compressed lag time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A warming planet due to human-induced climate change will likely contribute to an increase in volcanic activity, according to \u003ca href=\"https://gsw.silverchair-cdn.com/gsw/Content_public/Journal/geology/46/1/10.1130_G39633.1/3/47.pdf?Expires=1514031066&Signature=R3GABkkKn-4EZiMlnFsnC6BvsALit07m1zwvOxbkYpMeLyQZn64tYjC7XsYzkvPONNnbaXSRSrEqi-l194T3ODpY7FmNLPy9-uHdBkdIxZqhBFApDsEfZAvwbe4DBvP6Ag8j4Pc047fH7dVkrMCzxCI1iKmLjviMqJOR7t2rcfLzU2rCtu8dnbOuRuIYE~ZfWHZo~1ZMu9L~kg25U9S-ETV6FdbBJWXrVJ-VZSykcGRkBeDUAde3lKk2Wtq0dgJnSmW0qdfHuLmp9LBiWgyQ7dXeU2B~bMYwldPFde3smA0pyxgrPTp5lzZ3jbXblHTIMRZI36DJM4uFwPxFpp6ggA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIUCZBIA4LVPAVW3Q\">a recent study\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Geology.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a relationship between climate and volcanism might seem counter-intuitive, it turns out that pressure exerted by thick glaciers on the Earth’s crust — what geologists call “surface loading” – has an impact on the flow of magma below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The correlation affects “magma flow and the voids and gaps in the Earth where magma flows to the surface as well as how much magma the crust can actually hold,” the study’s lead author Graeme T. Swindles, an associate professor of Earth system dynamics at the University of Leeds, wrote in an email to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/get-ready-for-more-volcanic-eruptions-as-the-planet-warms/\">Scientific American. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study published last month, Swindles’ team examined the geologic record of eruptions of Icelandic volcanoes 5,500 to 4,500 years ago – a period in Earth’s history when the climate was cooler, but still not a full-blown ice age. The level of volcanic activity was discerned by looking at the record of ash that settled on the peat bogs and lakes that fell over Europe, Swindles says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comparing the volcanic record with glacial coverage, the team found that the number of eruptions dropped significantly as the climate cooled and ice cover increased. The eruptions that did occur also tended to be smaller in magnitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a big change in the record in the mid-\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/holocene.php\">Holocene\u003c/a> [epoch], where we see no volcanic ash in Europe and very little in Iceland,” says Swindles. “This seems to overlap with a time where there’s cold climate conditions, which would have favored glacial advance in Iceland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swindles says his team found about a 600-year lag between advancing glaciers and diminished volcanic activity. “That’s because it takes a long time to grow ice masses,” he told the magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reverse, the team found that as the climate warmed and glaciers melted, there were more and bigger eruptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After glaciers are removed the surface pressure decreases, and the magmas more easily propagate to the surface and thus erupt,” Swindles says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also a lag between retreating glaciers and increased volcanic activity, but it was shorter, the team found — although the study cautions there could be other climate-related factors that contributed to the compressed lag time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why California Wildfires Threaten the State's Climate Goals",
"headTitle": "Why California Wildfires Threaten the State’s Climate Goals | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Beyond the devastation and personal tragedy of the fires that have ravaged California in recent months, another disaster looms: an alarming uptick in unhealthy air and the sudden release of the carbon dioxide that drives climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As millions of acres burn in a cycle of longer and more intense fire seasons, the extensive efforts of industry and regulators to protect the environment can be partly undone in one firestorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Dead trees don’t sequester carbon.’\u003ccite>Jim Branham, Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In particular, as raging blazes pump more carbon into the atmosphere, state officials are grappling with the potential effect on California’s ability to adequately reduce \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/12/what-are-greenhouse-gases-and-where-do-they-come-from/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s environmental regulations are known to be stringent, but they have limits: They apply only to human-caused emissions. Carbon and other pollution generated by wildfires is outside the grasp of state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kinds of fires we’re seeing now generate millions of tons of GHG emissions. This is significant,” said Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/homepage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, a regulatory body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In less than one week, for example, October’s wine-country fires discharged harmful emissions equal to that of every car, truck and big rig on the state’s roads in a year. The calculations from the subsequent fires in Southern California are not yet available, but given the duration and scope of the multiple blazes, the more recent complex of fires could well exceed that level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”FCDzfDY4M9NyiAbQSwmYSWobyhtIRKSo”]The greenhouse gases released when forests burn not only do immediate harm, discharging carbon dioxide and other planet-warming gases, but also continue to inflict damage long after the fires are put out. In a state where emissions from nearly every industry are tightly regulated, if wildfires were treated like other carbon emitters, Mother Nature would be castigated, fined and shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air board estimates that between 2001 and 2010, wildfires generated approximately 120million tons of carbon. But Clegern said a direct comparison with regulated emissions is difficult, in part because of limited monitoring data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature doesn’t follow the rules very well,” said Jim Branham, Executive Officer at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency that has created a plan to better harness California’s forests in reducing carbon in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is so often the case in environmental catastrophes, one thing leads to another, creating what Branham calls the double whammy: Burning trees not only release powerful pollutants known as black carbon, but once a forest is gone, its prodigious ability to absorb carbon from the atmosphere and store it is lost, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists estimate that in severely burned areas, only a fraction of a scorched tree’s emissions are released during the fire, perhaps as little as 15 percent. The bulk of greenhouse gases are released over months and years as the plant dies and decomposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1918371\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1537\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png 1537w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-160x213.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-800x1066.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-768x1023.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-1020x1359.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-1180x1572.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-960x1279.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-240x320.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-375x500.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-520x693.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1537px) 100vw, 1537px\">\u003c/a>And if a burned-out forest is replaced by chaparral or brush, that landscape loses more than 90 percent of its capacity to take in and retain carbon, according to the Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe fires have the capacity to inflict profound damage in a short span. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> estimates that the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/27/rim-fire-ecosystem-damage-estimated-at-800-million/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2013 Rim Fire\u003c/a> in central California spewed out the equivalent of the carbon dioxide emissions from 3 million cars. That is a setback to the state’s effort to get cars off the road, another critical tool for reducing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The role of wildfire as a major source of pollution was identified a decade ago, when a study conducted by the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> concluded that “a severe fire season lasting only one or two months can release as much carbon as the annual emissions from the entire transportation or energy sector of an individual state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>”It’s a measure of the dramatic ramping up of fires in the West that today a single fire can meet that threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entire equation has been made worse by the state’s epidemic of tree death, caused by drought, disease and insect infestation. The U.S. Forest Service this week updated its estimate of dead trees across California to 129 million. That loss alone could be a blow to the state’s vision of a low-carbon future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dead trees don’t sequester carbon,” Branham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forests as carbon-chewers are part of the state’s strategy for cutting greenhouse-gas emissions significantly by 2020 and beyond—a goal that could be undermined by nature’s caprice. The air board will direct state agencies to determine more precisely how much carbon can be absorbed by California’s variety of landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality, too, is subject to state, as well as local and federal, regulations. But those standards go out the window in large fires, when soot and ash blanketing entire regions can be seen from space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>, which sets air pollution standards nationally, has an “exceptional events” rule that exempts states from fines under certain extraordinary conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has invoked the rule during wildfires at least once before, in 2008, for fires in the Sacramento area. The request was accepted, according to the air board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, Sean Raffuse, an analyst at the \u003ca href=\"https://aqrc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Air Quality Research Center at UC Davis\u003c/a>, came up with the “back of the envelope” calculations for October’s Sonoma County fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raffuse said he used federal emissions inventories from fires and calculated that five days of ashy spew from the northern California blazes equated to the annual air pollution from every vehicle in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those kinds of computations are seldom replicated, largely for lack of the necessary instruments present at fire sites. But things are changing. Researchers have been attempting to better understand the full range of environmental damage wrought by wildfires. One tool is drones that can be flown through smoke plumes to collect samples for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have the means to measure emissions from a wildfire like we do from a tailpipe,” Branham said. “We are lagging well behind in understanding and having hard data of the effects of these fires. And most of the data are chasing reality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters.org\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Beyond the personal tragedy of the Southern California fires, another disaster looms: the sudden release of carbon dioxide that drives climate change.",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/author/julie-cart/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CALmatters\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beyond the devastation and personal tragedy of the fires that have ravaged California in recent months, another disaster looms: an alarming uptick in unhealthy air and the sudden release of the carbon dioxide that drives climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As millions of acres burn in a cycle of longer and more intense fire seasons, the extensive efforts of industry and regulators to protect the environment can be partly undone in one firestorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Dead trees don’t sequester carbon.’\u003ccite>Jim Branham, Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In particular, as raging blazes pump more carbon into the atmosphere, state officials are grappling with the potential effect on California’s ability to adequately reduce \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/12/what-are-greenhouse-gases-and-where-do-they-come-from/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s environmental regulations are known to be stringent, but they have limits: They apply only to human-caused emissions. Carbon and other pollution generated by wildfires is outside the grasp of state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kinds of fires we’re seeing now generate millions of tons of GHG emissions. This is significant,” said Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/homepage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, a regulatory body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In less than one week, for example, October’s wine-country fires discharged harmful emissions equal to that of every car, truck and big rig on the state’s roads in a year. The calculations from the subsequent fires in Southern California are not yet available, but given the duration and scope of the multiple blazes, the more recent complex of fires could well exceed that level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The greenhouse gases released when forests burn not only do immediate harm, discharging carbon dioxide and other planet-warming gases, but also continue to inflict damage long after the fires are put out. In a state where emissions from nearly every industry are tightly regulated, if wildfires were treated like other carbon emitters, Mother Nature would be castigated, fined and shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air board estimates that between 2001 and 2010, wildfires generated approximately 120million tons of carbon. But Clegern said a direct comparison with regulated emissions is difficult, in part because of limited monitoring data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature doesn’t follow the rules very well,” said Jim Branham, Executive Officer at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency that has created a plan to better harness California’s forests in reducing carbon in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is so often the case in environmental catastrophes, one thing leads to another, creating what Branham calls the double whammy: Burning trees not only release powerful pollutants known as black carbon, but once a forest is gone, its prodigious ability to absorb carbon from the atmosphere and store it is lost, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists estimate that in severely burned areas, only a fraction of a scorched tree’s emissions are released during the fire, perhaps as little as 15 percent. The bulk of greenhouse gases are released over months and years as the plant dies and decomposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1918371\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1537\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic.png 1537w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-160x213.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-800x1066.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-768x1023.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-1020x1359.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-1180x1572.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-960x1279.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-240x320.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-375x500.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/graphic-520x693.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1537px) 100vw, 1537px\">\u003c/a>And if a burned-out forest is replaced by chaparral or brush, that landscape loses more than 90 percent of its capacity to take in and retain carbon, according to the Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe fires have the capacity to inflict profound damage in a short span. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> estimates that the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/27/rim-fire-ecosystem-damage-estimated-at-800-million/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2013 Rim Fire\u003c/a> in central California spewed out the equivalent of the carbon dioxide emissions from 3 million cars. That is a setback to the state’s effort to get cars off the road, another critical tool for reducing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The role of wildfire as a major source of pollution was identified a decade ago, when a study conducted by the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> concluded that “a severe fire season lasting only one or two months can release as much carbon as the annual emissions from the entire transportation or energy sector of an individual state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>”It’s a measure of the dramatic ramping up of fires in the West that today a single fire can meet that threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entire equation has been made worse by the state’s epidemic of tree death, caused by drought, disease and insect infestation. The U.S. Forest Service this week updated its estimate of dead trees across California to 129 million. That loss alone could be a blow to the state’s vision of a low-carbon future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dead trees don’t sequester carbon,” Branham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forests as carbon-chewers are part of the state’s strategy for cutting greenhouse-gas emissions significantly by 2020 and beyond—a goal that could be undermined by nature’s caprice. The air board will direct state agencies to determine more precisely how much carbon can be absorbed by California’s variety of landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality, too, is subject to state, as well as local and federal, regulations. But those standards go out the window in large fires, when soot and ash blanketing entire regions can be seen from space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>, which sets air pollution standards nationally, has an “exceptional events” rule that exempts states from fines under certain extraordinary conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has invoked the rule during wildfires at least once before, in 2008, for fires in the Sacramento area. The request was accepted, according to the air board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, Sean Raffuse, an analyst at the \u003ca href=\"https://aqrc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Air Quality Research Center at UC Davis\u003c/a>, came up with the “back of the envelope” calculations for October’s Sonoma County fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raffuse said he used federal emissions inventories from fires and calculated that five days of ashy spew from the northern California blazes equated to the annual air pollution from every vehicle in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those kinds of computations are seldom replicated, largely for lack of the necessary instruments present at fire sites. But things are changing. Researchers have been attempting to better understand the full range of environmental damage wrought by wildfires. One tool is drones that can be flown through smoke plumes to collect samples for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have the means to measure emissions from a wildfire like we do from a tailpipe,” Branham said. “We are lagging well behind in understanding and having hard data of the effects of these fires. And most of the data are chasing reality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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