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"bio": "Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7566\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/1_mobile_ynp_1-1344_rimfire-e1377565966237.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7566\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7566\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/1_mobile_ynp_1-1344_rimfire-e1377565966237.jpeg\" alt=\"Smoke plume from the Rim Fire, as it intensified last week. Photo: USFS\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke plume from the Rim Fire, as it intensified last week. Photo: USFS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Where there’s fire, there’s smoke. And when the fire is more than 200 square miles and growing like California’s Rim Fire, \u003ca title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/23/rim-fire-update-smoke-spreads-from/\">there’s a lot of it\u003c/a>. And in that smoke is quite the witch’s brew of air pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"NCAR - Pfister\" href=\"https://www2.ucar.edu/news/experts/gabriele-pfister\">Gabriele Pfister\u003c/a> runs down just some of the list: “You have carbon monoxide, you have mercury, you have nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide.” Pfister studies the air quality impacts of wildfires, at the \u003ca title=\"NCAR - main\" href=\"http://ncar.ucar.edu/\">National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)\u003c/a>. And then of course, you have all kinds of particulate matter, which is what we tend to notice — the large particles that we see and smell and commonly think of as smoke. But Pfister says, “Size matters.” The human body is fairly efficient at filtering the big stuff, by coughing or sneezing it out. It’s the smaller stuff that’s more insidious.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is not just a local issue.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The smaller they get, the more likely you breathe them in,” says Pfister, “deeper into our lungs and all the way into the bloodstream they can go.” That, she says, can contribute to respiratory and heart ailments later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca title=\"NCAR - post\" href=\"http://www.ucar.edu/news/releases/2005/wildfires.shtml\">these things get around\u003c/a>. Pfister says the pollutants can rise six miles into the air and there, driven by high winds in the upper atmosphere, can end up contributing to air pollution hundreds of miles away. “It’s not infrequent that we here in Colorado see smoke from wildfires in California,” she noted. “This is not just a local issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the contrary, it’s “global” in the literal sense when you account for the greenhouse gases, which include carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and black carbon, though fires remain a relatively small contributor to global warming, compared to the more intentional burning of fossil fuels. And Pfister notes, perhaps searching for something positive in all this, that at least when the forest grows back, it will resume siphoning CO2 out of the atmosphere and storing it again. And she adds that some of the particle emissions, or aerosols, tend to “scatter sunlight” and create at least a short-term cooling effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the generally accepted forecast of more intense fires driven by climate disruption, however, Pfister expects wildfires to become a larger share of the overall air pollution problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for calculating exactly how much gunk is going up there, Pfister says that gets complicated. She says part of the problem is in how you define “smoke,” and when it’s heavy enough to constitute a plume. “Then it depends on how big the fire is, how much biomass is burned, how active is the fire (is it flaming and strongly convective, is it laying down and smoldering), how fast and slow the winds move the smoke,” and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larger “fallout” can cause different types of problems. Early this week, officials were grappling with how to respond to the ash raining down on San Francisco’s Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, near the fire’s eastern front in Yosemite. The fast-growing blaze posed potential problems for both the water supply and hydropower output. Monday, city power officials had idled two of the dam’s three hydropower units as the fire advanced.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7566\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/1_mobile_ynp_1-1344_rimfire-e1377565966237.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7566\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7566\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/1_mobile_ynp_1-1344_rimfire-e1377565966237.jpeg\" alt=\"Smoke plume from the Rim Fire, as it intensified last week. Photo: USFS\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke plume from the Rim Fire, as it intensified last week. Photo: USFS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Where there’s fire, there’s smoke. And when the fire is more than 200 square miles and growing like California’s Rim Fire, \u003ca title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/23/rim-fire-update-smoke-spreads-from/\">there’s a lot of it\u003c/a>. And in that smoke is quite the witch’s brew of air pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"NCAR - Pfister\" href=\"https://www2.ucar.edu/news/experts/gabriele-pfister\">Gabriele Pfister\u003c/a> runs down just some of the list: “You have carbon monoxide, you have mercury, you have nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide.” Pfister studies the air quality impacts of wildfires, at the \u003ca title=\"NCAR - main\" href=\"http://ncar.ucar.edu/\">National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)\u003c/a>. And then of course, you have all kinds of particulate matter, which is what we tend to notice — the large particles that we see and smell and commonly think of as smoke. But Pfister says, “Size matters.” The human body is fairly efficient at filtering the big stuff, by coughing or sneezing it out. It’s the smaller stuff that’s more insidious.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is not just a local issue.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The smaller they get, the more likely you breathe them in,” says Pfister, “deeper into our lungs and all the way into the bloodstream they can go.” That, she says, can contribute to respiratory and heart ailments later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca title=\"NCAR - post\" href=\"http://www.ucar.edu/news/releases/2005/wildfires.shtml\">these things get around\u003c/a>. Pfister says the pollutants can rise six miles into the air and there, driven by high winds in the upper atmosphere, can end up contributing to air pollution hundreds of miles away. “It’s not infrequent that we here in Colorado see smoke from wildfires in California,” she noted. “This is not just a local issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the contrary, it’s “global” in the literal sense when you account for the greenhouse gases, which include carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and black carbon, though fires remain a relatively small contributor to global warming, compared to the more intentional burning of fossil fuels. And Pfister notes, perhaps searching for something positive in all this, that at least when the forest grows back, it will resume siphoning CO2 out of the atmosphere and storing it again. And she adds that some of the particle emissions, or aerosols, tend to “scatter sunlight” and create at least a short-term cooling effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the generally accepted forecast of more intense fires driven by climate disruption, however, Pfister expects wildfires to become a larger share of the overall air pollution problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for calculating exactly how much gunk is going up there, Pfister says that gets complicated. She says part of the problem is in how you define “smoke,” and when it’s heavy enough to constitute a plume. “Then it depends on how big the fire is, how much biomass is burned, how active is the fire (is it flaming and strongly convective, is it laying down and smoldering), how fast and slow the winds move the smoke,” and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larger “fallout” can cause different types of problems. Early this week, officials were grappling with how to respond to the ash raining down on San Francisco’s Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, near the fire’s eastern front in Yosemite. The fast-growing blaze posed potential problems for both the water supply and hydropower output. Monday, city power officials had idled two of the dam’s three hydropower units as the fire advanced.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Scientist to Politicians: It’s Time to Face the Facts",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-26-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As wildland fires continue to rage around Northern California, they’re charring the landscape, forcing evacuations and straining firefighting budgets, but extreme events like this may also be driving public opinion toward more action on climate change. And Anthony Barnosky hopes to catch that wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He heads the \u003ca title=\"UCB - Barnosky Lab\" href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/a-d-barnosky-publications.html\">Barnosky Lab\u003c/a> at the University of California Berkeley, which studies “global change.” He’s the author of \u003cem>Heatstroke\u003c/em> and two other books about the climate challenge (one forthcoming in the spring).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7523\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7523 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_5570-170x162.jpeg\" alt=\"IMG_5570\" width=\"170\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Barnosky studies the effects climate change will have on the environment at UC Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">Recent polling\u003c/a> shows that Californians are not just taking climate change seriously, but two-out-of-three believe that they’re already seeing the impacts. Barnosky agrees — and he senses (if you’ll forgive the pun) a sea change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the general public has finally tipped over the hump,” Barnosky told me in a recent interview at KQED. “Over the past few years, we’ve been seeing and living climate change,” he said, referring to extreme weather events and encroaching seas. “We’ve seen water pouring into the New York subway system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky also cited the 24,000 wildfires so far this year in the western U.S., along with heat waves and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s experienced some climate change in the past few years,” he said. “What hasn’t happened yet is for that majority feeling, if you will, to percolate up to our political leaders. So I think we’re on the cusp of that being able to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it’s been happening in California. In May, Barnosky and more than 500 scientists joined Governor Brown in signing a “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">consensus statement\u003c/a>” affirming the climate crisis and calling for more action. And Brown continues to fret publicly about the lack of urgency in many quarters of government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a complete disproportion between the knowledge about and the magnitude of climate change and what it’s gonna do to our way of life, and our response,” Brown told an audience at the July Intersolar conference in San Francisco. “The response is feeble compared to the challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus PDF\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Consensus-Statement-For-Web-6-02-13.pdf\">Scientific Consensus on Maintaining Humanity’s Life Support Systems in the 21st Century\u003c/a>” (temporarily hosted by a related website at Stanford), written by Barnosky and 15 other scientists, is the centerpiece of a new push by scientists to advance the climate policy agenda and other sustainability issues. Since its May unveiling with the governor, the number of scientists endorsing it worldwide has about doubled, and it’s now \u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">open for anyone to sign\u003c/a> on.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re tired of talking just to other scientists.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s scientists trying to bridge that gap,” Barnosky explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"AGU - climate position\" href=\"http://www.agu.org/sci_pol/pdf/position_statements/AGU_Climate_Statement_new.pdf\">recent statement\u003c/a> from the 61,000-member American Geophysical Union amped up its position on climate change, saying flatly that, “humanity” is the major cause, and that ”rapid societal responses can significantly lessen negative outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Barnosky laments,”We’re tired of talking just to other scientists. Somehow the message has not made it out in a way that has resulted in meaningful action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossing the great divide from science to “activism” is a leap that many scientists just aren’t comfortable making and I was wondering how Barnosky reconciles that with projects like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is say, ‘Here is the sound science. Do with it what you will but know that this [increasingly severe climate impacts] is going to happen if you don’t act on it.’ So it’s all about making the conscious choice and knowing what the risks are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some surveys suggest that Barnosky has his work cut out for him. A \u003ca title=\"Gallup - poll\" href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/161645/americans-concerns-global-warming-rise.aspx\">national Gallup poll\u003c/a> in March showed almost the mirror image of California, with nearly two-out-of-three respondents saying they didn’t see climate change as a threat in their lifetimes — about the same number as ten years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes about a generation to change these things,” said Barnosky. “I would hope that we are on the cusp of that change, if we keep the pressure on, so to speak.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky says that “pressure” will include a major web presence and outreach through social media, starting this fall, and adds that while there is still time to act, “decision time is now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.scribd.com/embeds/162562526/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-26-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As wildland fires continue to rage around Northern California, they’re charring the landscape, forcing evacuations and straining firefighting budgets, but extreme events like this may also be driving public opinion toward more action on climate change. And Anthony Barnosky hopes to catch that wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He heads the \u003ca title=\"UCB - Barnosky Lab\" href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/a-d-barnosky-publications.html\">Barnosky Lab\u003c/a> at the University of California Berkeley, which studies “global change.” He’s the author of \u003cem>Heatstroke\u003c/em> and two other books about the climate challenge (one forthcoming in the spring).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7523\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7523 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_5570-170x162.jpeg\" alt=\"IMG_5570\" width=\"170\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Barnosky studies the effects climate change will have on the environment at UC Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">Recent polling\u003c/a> shows that Californians are not just taking climate change seriously, but two-out-of-three believe that they’re already seeing the impacts. Barnosky agrees — and he senses (if you’ll forgive the pun) a sea change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the general public has finally tipped over the hump,” Barnosky told me in a recent interview at KQED. “Over the past few years, we’ve been seeing and living climate change,” he said, referring to extreme weather events and encroaching seas. “We’ve seen water pouring into the New York subway system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky also cited the 24,000 wildfires so far this year in the western U.S., along with heat waves and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s experienced some climate change in the past few years,” he said. “What hasn’t happened yet is for that majority feeling, if you will, to percolate up to our political leaders. So I think we’re on the cusp of that being able to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it’s been happening in California. In May, Barnosky and more than 500 scientists joined Governor Brown in signing a “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">consensus statement\u003c/a>” affirming the climate crisis and calling for more action. And Brown continues to fret publicly about the lack of urgency in many quarters of government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a complete disproportion between the knowledge about and the magnitude of climate change and what it’s gonna do to our way of life, and our response,” Brown told an audience at the July Intersolar conference in San Francisco. “The response is feeble compared to the challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus PDF\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Consensus-Statement-For-Web-6-02-13.pdf\">Scientific Consensus on Maintaining Humanity’s Life Support Systems in the 21st Century\u003c/a>” (temporarily hosted by a related website at Stanford), written by Barnosky and 15 other scientists, is the centerpiece of a new push by scientists to advance the climate policy agenda and other sustainability issues. Since its May unveiling with the governor, the number of scientists endorsing it worldwide has about doubled, and it’s now \u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">open for anyone to sign\u003c/a> on.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re tired of talking just to other scientists.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s scientists trying to bridge that gap,” Barnosky explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"AGU - climate position\" href=\"http://www.agu.org/sci_pol/pdf/position_statements/AGU_Climate_Statement_new.pdf\">recent statement\u003c/a> from the 61,000-member American Geophysical Union amped up its position on climate change, saying flatly that, “humanity” is the major cause, and that ”rapid societal responses can significantly lessen negative outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Barnosky laments,”We’re tired of talking just to other scientists. Somehow the message has not made it out in a way that has resulted in meaningful action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossing the great divide from science to “activism” is a leap that many scientists just aren’t comfortable making and I was wondering how Barnosky reconciles that with projects like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is say, ‘Here is the sound science. Do with it what you will but know that this [increasingly severe climate impacts] is going to happen if you don’t act on it.’ So it’s all about making the conscious choice and knowing what the risks are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some surveys suggest that Barnosky has his work cut out for him. A \u003ca title=\"Gallup - poll\" href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/161645/americans-concerns-global-warming-rise.aspx\">national Gallup poll\u003c/a> in March showed almost the mirror image of California, with nearly two-out-of-three respondents saying they didn’t see climate change as a threat in their lifetimes — about the same number as ten years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes about a generation to change these things,” said Barnosky. “I would hope that we are on the cusp of that change, if we keep the pressure on, so to speak.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky says that “pressure” will include a major web presence and outreach through social media, starting this fall, and adds that while there is still time to act, “decision time is now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.scribd.com/embeds/162562526/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Is Raising Shasta Dam the Best Bet for California’s Water Supply?",
"headTitle": "Is Raising Shasta Dam the Best Bet for California’s Water Supply? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-19-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audio report by KQED Science Editor Craig Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7208\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-featured-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7208\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-featured-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Shasta is the largest reservoir in California (Craig Miller)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shasta Lake is the largest reservoir in California (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just north of Redding sits the imposing Shasta Dam, and behind it, the largest single reservoir in California, accounting for about 17 percent of the state’s total water storage capacity. Government officials are now completing plans to make Shasta Lake even larger by raising the height of the dam. The proposed dam expansion is motivated by California’s projected population growth and increasingly limited water storage options. The estimated cost of adding 18 1/2 feet to the 600-foot edifice is over $1 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unsurprisingly, the expansion proposal has sparked intense debates among local residents, Central Valley farmers, environmentalists, tribal groups and developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Same War, New Battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s tempting to say, “Welcome to the newest chapter in California’s never-ending battles over water” — though it’s not really new. The idea dates back at least a decade, to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calwater.ca.gov/\">CALFED Bay-Delta water planning initiative\u003c/a>. But the proposal is getting fresh buzz now that the federal Bureau of Reclamation has issued a draft \u003ca title=\"USBOR - Shasta\" href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/nepa/nepa_projdetails.cfm?Project_ID=1915\">environmental impact report\u003c/a> on the plan recommending the extra 18 1/2 feet, and political pressure for more water storage is mounting in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you want to change anything in California water, it’s a big deal” said Jay Lund, who directs the \u003ca title=\"UCD - CWS\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a> at the University of California Davis. “There’s always 500 different interests lined up on 500 different sides. There’s always going to be someone who’s unhappy, and they all have lawyers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-map05.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-7220\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-map05-640.jpg\" alt=\"shasta-map05\" width=\"1200\" height=\"868\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand the Shasta Dam proposal, a bit of historical perspective is helpful. When the dam was originally conceived in the 1930s, it was designed to be about 800 feet high. But the dam construction coincided with the outbreak of World War II, so limited manpower and scarce resources forced planners to scale back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Shasta Dam currently stands at 602 feet, or about 200 feet lower than originally envisaged. So while it’s therefore possible (from a purely engineering standpoint) to raise the dam by an additional 200 feet, no one is seriously considering that. Federal engineers say the proposed 18 1/2 feet of additional concrete would add about 14 percent to the lake’s existing capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for adding capacity is to have a bigger bank for stockpiling water in wet years, which could then be tapped during dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious, immediate consequence of an 18 1/2 foot raise is that several homes and businesses along the shoreline would be inundated, forcing the government to compensate property owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water’s going to come up, so it’s going to take 11 of my 15 cabins out,” said Harold Jones, unrolling an aerial photo of his property. He and his wife have owned the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shasta-cabins.com/\">Sugarloaf Cottages\u003c/a> on the Sacramento River arm of Lake Shasta for 20 years. He said a government buyout of his property will push him into early retirement, with few alternate job prospects. “If they send us on our way and I lose my income, how am I going to support my family?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7238\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Jones-640.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7238\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Jones-640.jpg\" alt=\"Jones\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harold Jones owns Sugarloaf Cottages, which would be inundated if the lake level rose. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jones and others believe that raising the lake will be the death knell for the resort town of Lakehead, which is a tiny town whose year-round population of about 500 balloons with the influx of boaters during the summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.winnememwintu.us/\">Winnemem Wintu\u003c/a> tribe of Native Americans have been railing against the raise. When the dam was first constructed in 1945, they lost lands they claim as part of their heritage. They argue that the proposed expansion would lead to the further demise of their cultural legacy, including the inundation of 60-to-80 of their remaining sacred sites, many still used for tribal rituals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side of the debate is \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd/default2.asp?cwide=1920\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a>, a politically powerful agency that supplies water mostly to farmers in the San Joaquin Valley. Westlands is a major beneficiary of Shasta water and would pay approximately 20 percent — or $200 million — of the estimated construction costs. Westlands general manager, Tom Birmingham, talks like it’s a bargain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about creating surface storage in the state of California, this is the best project in terms of bang for your buck from the perspective of providing water for fisheries, providing water for human uses and providing hydroelectric generation,” Birmingham told us in a recent interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kl3e4__IIA4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Three Big Ideas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other surface storage proposals of comparable cost and magnitude include \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/storage/docs/NODOS%20Project%20Docs/Sites_FAQ.pdf\">Sites Reservoir\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/storage/docs/USJ%20Project%20Docs/Temperance_FAQ.pdf\">Temperance Flat\u003c/a>. These projects have larger potential storage capacity, but also come with greater costs. Spokespeople for the Bureau of Reclamation expect draft environmental impact statements for both Sites Reservoir and Temperance Flat to be released in late-2013 or early-2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birmingham and the Bureau of Reclamation claim that the deeper pool of water behind Shasta Dam would allow more frequent releases of cold water to benefit \u003ca title=\"NMFS - salmon - steelhead\" href=\"http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/recovery/Steelhead_NCS.htm\">threatened salmon and other fish\u003c/a> downstream. Several environmental and fish advocacy groups beg to differ, saying there are more effective and cost-efficient ways to protect Central Valley salmon than a billion-dollar dam project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although theoretically there could be additional cold water — and there’s no doubt more of that is always better — it’s not guaranteed,” said John McManus, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>. “Add to that the certainty that more water would be channeled north to south across the Delta, which will almost certainly entrain more salmon in the pumps or pull them off their natural migration path to their death in the interior delta, and this is a bad idea for salmon,” McManus wrote in an email to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A crucial point is that raising Shasta dam would not \u003cem>create\u003c/em> water, it would only add storage potential. All in all, Lund is skeptical that spending over $1 billion is the best strategy for ensuring a healthy water supply, let alone water for fish. “I think it depends on what you want to accomplish,” says Lund. “If you’re going to add a large amount of surface storage to the system, Shasta is probably one of the better places to put it. But it does cost you money, and my question is ‘Is that the best investment of that money?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"CA Water Blog - Lund\" href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2012/02/22/expanding-water-storage-capacity-in-california/\">Lund has argued for a more “holistic” approach\u003c/a> to California’s water conundrum, assessing the combined benefits of conservation and integrated management of surface and groundwater, rather than looking at big, individual engineering projects. “That’s the big fallacy around much of the discussion about storage in California,” says Lund. “We have a water shortage, not necessarily a storage shortage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal to raise Shasta requires Congressional approval. The next step will be for the Bureau of Reclamation to submit a final recommendation to the Department of Interior. If Congress approves funding for raising Shasta, it’s expected that the issue will wind up before the courts. After all, this is California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Shasta Lake is the largest reservoir in California, and government officials are completing plans to make it even larger by raising the height of the dam. But the expansion has sparked intense debates among local residents, Central Valley farmers, environmentalists, tribal groups and developers.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-19-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audio report by KQED Science Editor Craig Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7208\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-featured-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7208\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-featured-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Shasta is the largest reservoir in California (Craig Miller)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shasta Lake is the largest reservoir in California (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just north of Redding sits the imposing Shasta Dam, and behind it, the largest single reservoir in California, accounting for about 17 percent of the state’s total water storage capacity. Government officials are now completing plans to make Shasta Lake even larger by raising the height of the dam. The proposed dam expansion is motivated by California’s projected population growth and increasingly limited water storage options. The estimated cost of adding 18 1/2 feet to the 600-foot edifice is over $1 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unsurprisingly, the expansion proposal has sparked intense debates among local residents, Central Valley farmers, environmentalists, tribal groups and developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Same War, New Battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s tempting to say, “Welcome to the newest chapter in California’s never-ending battles over water” — though it’s not really new. The idea dates back at least a decade, to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calwater.ca.gov/\">CALFED Bay-Delta water planning initiative\u003c/a>. But the proposal is getting fresh buzz now that the federal Bureau of Reclamation has issued a draft \u003ca title=\"USBOR - Shasta\" href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/nepa/nepa_projdetails.cfm?Project_ID=1915\">environmental impact report\u003c/a> on the plan recommending the extra 18 1/2 feet, and political pressure for more water storage is mounting in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you want to change anything in California water, it’s a big deal” said Jay Lund, who directs the \u003ca title=\"UCD - CWS\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a> at the University of California Davis. “There’s always 500 different interests lined up on 500 different sides. There’s always going to be someone who’s unhappy, and they all have lawyers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-map05.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-7220\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-map05-640.jpg\" alt=\"shasta-map05\" width=\"1200\" height=\"868\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand the Shasta Dam proposal, a bit of historical perspective is helpful. When the dam was originally conceived in the 1930s, it was designed to be about 800 feet high. But the dam construction coincided with the outbreak of World War II, so limited manpower and scarce resources forced planners to scale back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Shasta Dam currently stands at 602 feet, or about 200 feet lower than originally envisaged. So while it’s therefore possible (from a purely engineering standpoint) to raise the dam by an additional 200 feet, no one is seriously considering that. Federal engineers say the proposed 18 1/2 feet of additional concrete would add about 14 percent to the lake’s existing capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for adding capacity is to have a bigger bank for stockpiling water in wet years, which could then be tapped during dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious, immediate consequence of an 18 1/2 foot raise is that several homes and businesses along the shoreline would be inundated, forcing the government to compensate property owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water’s going to come up, so it’s going to take 11 of my 15 cabins out,” said Harold Jones, unrolling an aerial photo of his property. He and his wife have owned the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shasta-cabins.com/\">Sugarloaf Cottages\u003c/a> on the Sacramento River arm of Lake Shasta for 20 years. He said a government buyout of his property will push him into early retirement, with few alternate job prospects. “If they send us on our way and I lose my income, how am I going to support my family?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7238\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Jones-640.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7238\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Jones-640.jpg\" alt=\"Jones\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harold Jones owns Sugarloaf Cottages, which would be inundated if the lake level rose. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jones and others believe that raising the lake will be the death knell for the resort town of Lakehead, which is a tiny town whose year-round population of about 500 balloons with the influx of boaters during the summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.winnememwintu.us/\">Winnemem Wintu\u003c/a> tribe of Native Americans have been railing against the raise. When the dam was first constructed in 1945, they lost lands they claim as part of their heritage. They argue that the proposed expansion would lead to the further demise of their cultural legacy, including the inundation of 60-to-80 of their remaining sacred sites, many still used for tribal rituals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side of the debate is \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd/default2.asp?cwide=1920\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a>, a politically powerful agency that supplies water mostly to farmers in the San Joaquin Valley. Westlands is a major beneficiary of Shasta water and would pay approximately 20 percent — or $200 million — of the estimated construction costs. Westlands general manager, Tom Birmingham, talks like it’s a bargain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about creating surface storage in the state of California, this is the best project in terms of bang for your buck from the perspective of providing water for fisheries, providing water for human uses and providing hydroelectric generation,” Birmingham told us in a recent interview.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/kl3e4__IIA4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/kl3e4__IIA4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Three Big Ideas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other surface storage proposals of comparable cost and magnitude include \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/storage/docs/NODOS%20Project%20Docs/Sites_FAQ.pdf\">Sites Reservoir\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/storage/docs/USJ%20Project%20Docs/Temperance_FAQ.pdf\">Temperance Flat\u003c/a>. These projects have larger potential storage capacity, but also come with greater costs. Spokespeople for the Bureau of Reclamation expect draft environmental impact statements for both Sites Reservoir and Temperance Flat to be released in late-2013 or early-2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birmingham and the Bureau of Reclamation claim that the deeper pool of water behind Shasta Dam would allow more frequent releases of cold water to benefit \u003ca title=\"NMFS - salmon - steelhead\" href=\"http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/recovery/Steelhead_NCS.htm\">threatened salmon and other fish\u003c/a> downstream. Several environmental and fish advocacy groups beg to differ, saying there are more effective and cost-efficient ways to protect Central Valley salmon than a billion-dollar dam project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although theoretically there could be additional cold water — and there’s no doubt more of that is always better — it’s not guaranteed,” said John McManus, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>. “Add to that the certainty that more water would be channeled north to south across the Delta, which will almost certainly entrain more salmon in the pumps or pull them off their natural migration path to their death in the interior delta, and this is a bad idea for salmon,” McManus wrote in an email to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A crucial point is that raising Shasta dam would not \u003cem>create\u003c/em> water, it would only add storage potential. All in all, Lund is skeptical that spending over $1 billion is the best strategy for ensuring a healthy water supply, let alone water for fish. “I think it depends on what you want to accomplish,” says Lund. “If you’re going to add a large amount of surface storage to the system, Shasta is probably one of the better places to put it. But it does cost you money, and my question is ‘Is that the best investment of that money?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"CA Water Blog - Lund\" href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2012/02/22/expanding-water-storage-capacity-in-california/\">Lund has argued for a more “holistic” approach\u003c/a> to California’s water conundrum, assessing the combined benefits of conservation and integrated management of surface and groundwater, rather than looking at big, individual engineering projects. “That’s the big fallacy around much of the discussion about storage in California,” says Lund. “We have a water shortage, not necessarily a storage shortage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal to raise Shasta requires Congressional approval. The next step will be for the Bureau of Reclamation to submit a final recommendation to the Department of Interior. If Congress approves funding for raising Shasta, it’s expected that the issue will wind up before the courts. After all, this is California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Redwoods May be Benefiting From Climate Change",
"headTitle": "California’s Redwoods May be Benefiting From Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The world’s biggest trees are experiencing a growth spurt. Coast redwoods and giant sequoias have grown faster in the past few decades than they have in a millennium. Scientists think climate change is at play, causing longer growing seasons in the Sierra Nevada, which benefit the sequoias, and less fog on the coast, which means more sun for the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7022\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7022\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\" alt=\"Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins giant sequoias are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins, the giant sequoias, are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fastest-growing tree the researchers found is putting on 1.6 cubic meters of wood a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the equivalent of this tree making 3.2 million pencils every year for the last decade. Which, over a decade, is enough to give everyone in California a pencil. And that’s one tree,” explained Emily Burns, the director of science at Save the Redwoods League, which leads the \u003ca href=\"http://rcci.savetheredwoods.org/index.shtml\">Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative\u003c/a> (RCCI), a research project that also includes scientists from University of California, Berkeley and Humboldt State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s iconic coast redwoods and giant sequoias live only along the Northern California coast and in the Sierra, respectively. With such a limited range, scientists wondered, how would old-growth forests handle change? Four years into the research, the answer seems to be, they’re loving it, which is hardly what the scientists expected to find. For years, scientists have been warning of the toll that climate change was likely to take on coast redwoods, partly because of reduced fog, which provides them with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think when we hear about climate change, and especially warming, I equate warming with dry. We know that is hard on the trees and other plants,” said Burns. “What we are realizing is that when the redwoods have enough access to water, even if it does warm up, under the current amount of warming, it’s a great condition for redwoods. That’s a wonderful happy surprise for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that makes research so wonderful to do is surprises,” added William Libby, a professor of forestry and genetics at Berkeley and an adviser to the project. “If we just found what we thought we were going to find, that would be pretty dull work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though one might add, climbing to the tops of some of the tallest trees on Earth for work (see video) could hardly be construed as dull, no matter the outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative is looking at trees in 16 plots of old-growth forest in California, and has created a coast redwood tree ring record dating back to the year 328 (no, that’s not missing a 1 in front). What can you learn from such an old record? Well, the year 1580 was a rough one for redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t grow very much,” said Burns. “And that was a year that Sir Francis Drake reported having ice on his sails as he sailed along the coast of California. So we’re beginning to tease apart what conditions lead to tremendous growing conditions for redwoods and which ones are more detrimental.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7057\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-7057 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\" alt=\"Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Courtesy Save the Redwoods League)\" width=\"309\" height=\"352\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">RCCI’s research plots. Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Map: Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to figuring out just how big these trees are and how fast they’re growing, other members of the team are studying how seedlings respond to drought, how the climate where the trees live will continue to change and how redwoods have weathered previous climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re really wondering is, how long can (the growth surge) be sustained?” said \u003ca href=\"http://dawsonlab.synthasite.com/\">Todd Dawson of UC Berkeley\u003c/a>, another member of the RCCI team. He studies how the climate has changed in the past and how the trees responded then. That could help forecast what the future holds for the big trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climates get warmer and potentially as snowpack declines and precipitation changes, are we going to hit some sort of a tipping point where all of a sudden new growth begins to decline and trees begin to decline?” he wonders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other questions still out there. The trees that are growing like gangbusters are the big ones, but the scientists hope to look at younger forests, too, and at the edges of forests, where these trees come into competition with other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burns said, the team will continue to monitor the trees for the next ten years to establish a baseline and look for change over time. Though with such long-lived species, Libby said, they should think in longer increments. “One hundred years, minimum,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, what’s a decade to something that hits a growth spurt during its second millennium of life?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The world’s biggest trees are experiencing a growth spurt. Coast redwoods and giant sequoias have grown faster in the past few decades than they have in a millennium. Scientists think climate change is at play, causing longer growing seasons in the Sierra Nevada, which benefit the sequoias, and less fog on the coast, which means more sun for the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7022\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7022\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\" alt=\"Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins giant sequoias are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins, the giant sequoias, are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fastest-growing tree the researchers found is putting on 1.6 cubic meters of wood a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the equivalent of this tree making 3.2 million pencils every year for the last decade. Which, over a decade, is enough to give everyone in California a pencil. And that’s one tree,” explained Emily Burns, the director of science at Save the Redwoods League, which leads the \u003ca href=\"http://rcci.savetheredwoods.org/index.shtml\">Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative\u003c/a> (RCCI), a research project that also includes scientists from University of California, Berkeley and Humboldt State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s iconic coast redwoods and giant sequoias live only along the Northern California coast and in the Sierra, respectively. With such a limited range, scientists wondered, how would old-growth forests handle change? Four years into the research, the answer seems to be, they’re loving it, which is hardly what the scientists expected to find. For years, scientists have been warning of the toll that climate change was likely to take on coast redwoods, partly because of reduced fog, which provides them with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think when we hear about climate change, and especially warming, I equate warming with dry. We know that is hard on the trees and other plants,” said Burns. “What we are realizing is that when the redwoods have enough access to water, even if it does warm up, under the current amount of warming, it’s a great condition for redwoods. That’s a wonderful happy surprise for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that makes research so wonderful to do is surprises,” added William Libby, a professor of forestry and genetics at Berkeley and an adviser to the project. “If we just found what we thought we were going to find, that would be pretty dull work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though one might add, climbing to the tops of some of the tallest trees on Earth for work (see video) could hardly be construed as dull, no matter the outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative is looking at trees in 16 plots of old-growth forest in California, and has created a coast redwood tree ring record dating back to the year 328 (no, that’s not missing a 1 in front). What can you learn from such an old record? Well, the year 1580 was a rough one for redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t grow very much,” said Burns. “And that was a year that Sir Francis Drake reported having ice on his sails as he sailed along the coast of California. So we’re beginning to tease apart what conditions lead to tremendous growing conditions for redwoods and which ones are more detrimental.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7057\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-7057 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\" alt=\"Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Courtesy Save the Redwoods League)\" width=\"309\" height=\"352\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">RCCI’s research plots. Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Map: Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to figuring out just how big these trees are and how fast they’re growing, other members of the team are studying how seedlings respond to drought, how the climate where the trees live will continue to change and how redwoods have weathered previous climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re really wondering is, how long can (the growth surge) be sustained?” said \u003ca href=\"http://dawsonlab.synthasite.com/\">Todd Dawson of UC Berkeley\u003c/a>, another member of the RCCI team. He studies how the climate has changed in the past and how the trees responded then. That could help forecast what the future holds for the big trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climates get warmer and potentially as snowpack declines and precipitation changes, are we going to hit some sort of a tipping point where all of a sudden new growth begins to decline and trees begin to decline?” he wonders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other questions still out there. The trees that are growing like gangbusters are the big ones, but the scientists hope to look at younger forests, too, and at the edges of forests, where these trees come into competition with other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burns said, the team will continue to monitor the trees for the next ten years to establish a baseline and look for change over time. Though with such long-lived species, Libby said, they should think in longer increments. “One hundred years, minimum,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, what’s a decade to something that hits a growth spurt during its second millennium of life?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Valero Rail Project Fuels Tar Sands Speculation in Bay Area",
"headTitle": "Valero Rail Project Fuels Tar Sands Speculation in Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-12-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Valero, the nation’s largest oil refiner, wants to start using trains to bring crude oil to its \u003ca href=\"http://www.valero.com/ourbusiness/ourlocations/refineries/pages/benicia.aspx\">Bay Area refinery\u003c/a>. But the project is raising concerns about congestion, safety and air pollution in the East Bay city of Benicia – and the connection it may have to Canada’s controversial tar sands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6923\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6923\" title=\"Marilyn Bardet \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero's crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero’s crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Small City, Big Industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia sits near the mouth of the Sacramento River, in the northeastern corner of San Francisco Bay. It has a small-town vibe: antique stores, a pretty marina, nice views of the water. But it’s no stranger to heavy industry. Freight trains rumble past on the outskirts, and there’s a big industrial park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruszelwoodworks.com/\">Ruszel Woodworks\u003c/a> has been in the industrial park for more than 30 years. Brothers Ed and Jack Ruszel manage the company, which builds custom retail displays, among other specialty items. Their shop is just down the road from the refinery. They say Valero’s been a generally good neighbor, but they’re not happy with its latest proposed project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero wants to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/Sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Valero_CBR_Project_Description.pdf\">build a rail terminal\u003c/a> on its property — currently it gets crude oil from pipelines and tanker ships. The $70 million rail project would allow it to source crude from the Midwest and Canada. The plan includes equipment to unload up to 70,000 barrels of crude oil a day. That’s almost half the daily capacity of the refinery. Two 50-car trains a day would deliver the oil, which would replace some of the crude that currently arrives by ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Benicia residents support the project. Valero is a big employer. It gives to local charities, and its taxes represent a fifth of the city’s general fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Ruszels are concerned about the impacts on traffic, because the tracks are on either side of their building, and cross their driveway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6937\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And it doesn’t just affect me,” adds Jack. “It affects all the businesses up and down here, and all the people along the rail lines all the way back to the source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another local business got a cease-and-desist order stalling upgrades to the nearby Union Pacific tracks, which would support the project. Caltrans has weighed in too, with fears that the long, slow-moving trains crossing near off-ramps could back traffic up onto Interstate-680.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But traffic is just one of the issues locals have raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marilyn Bardet is the founder of the Good Neighbor Steering Committee, a Valero watchdog as she describes it. She sits on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7B77A312F2-B156-4443-98A9-3857BBF7BC47%7D&DE=%7B7432AB46-421A-4AB9-A22B-0DC25F451E77%7D\">Valero’s community advisory panel\u003c/a>. She’s among those who have been pushing for a more thorough review of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have an accident where you spill this stuff, how are you going to clean it up?” she asks. “Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tracks go through \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/suisun/\">Suisun Marsh\u003c/a>, the largest brackish marsh on the West Coast, and a delicate wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are safety concerns. Last month in Quebec, a train carrying crude oil derailed and exploded, killing 47 people. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-08/rail-agency-probes-possible-safety-flaws-in-crude-transit.html\">Federal Railroad Administration has set rules\u003c/a> to help prevent that type of accident from happening here, but Bardet says it’s been on her mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s perhaps the biggest question of all: what kind of crude will be coming in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6951\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Crude From the Tar Sands Come to the Bay Area?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All crudes are not created equal,” claims Brant Olson, a campaigner with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> in San Francisco. He says Valero has hinted to its investors that it wants to start bringing in crude from Canada’s tar sands, also known as oil sands. That oil is heavy, and environmentalists say, exceedingly “dirty” – it contains heavy metals, and the chemicals used to dilute it for shipment can be toxic, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re taking in dirty oil from Canada on the front end, you’re going to have more pollution in Benicia out the back end, and that’s really our concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olson says it also takes more energy to refine tar sands crude, which creates more greenhouse gas emissions. Environmentalists hope to stifle the refining opportunities for tar sands crude, because of the climate change implications. Groups including the NRDC have been fighting the extension of the Keystone pipeline, which would pump crude from the Alberta tar sands to refineries in Texas. (NRDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Report_by_Dr._Phyllis_Fox.pdf\">commissioned a report\u003c/a> explaining why they think the crude could be coming from Canada, and what the air quality implications could be.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline,” Olson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Oil companies, on the other hand, are eager to find a way to get that low-cost crude to refineries in the United States, including here on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s in Texas, up in Canada, in the Northeast, in the Marcellus Shale, up in the Dakotas in the Bakken Shale, that’s where the new crude oil is coming from, and there are huge amounts of it,” says Bill Day, a spokesman for the San Antonio-based Valero. “There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil, I want to be very clear about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Day won’t get more specific than to say that the crude would be coming by rail from “North America.” He says that no oil from the tar sands is currently being processed at the Benicia refinery. The plant is however, designed to be able to process “a variety of crudes,” from heavy to light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Concerns About Air Pollution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District is reviewing Valero’s permit application for the project. Jim Karas, director of engineering for the Air District, says Valero is already close to the limit of what it can put in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On a conceptual basis, I don’t see how those emissions can possibly increase,” he says. “Our rules don’t allow it. Our conditions don’t allow it. Our monitoring will verify it. So I don’t see how that could happen.” And if it did happen? “We would absolutely catch it, and there would be significant consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air District has installed monitors in and around the refinery, Karas says, and inspectors go out and do tests. But Bardet is worried that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/07/31/124051/a_year_after_richmond_refinery_fire_community_air_monitors?category=science\">coverage is spotty\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do not have other monitors in town,” she says. “They have a monitor at Tuolumne Street in Vallejo and one in Concord, and that’s supposed to give us some sense, triangulated, what our ambient air is like.” \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She also claims that the Air District measures pollution over time, focusing on averages and missing the impacts of emissions spikes or accidents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crude-by-Rail and the Future of Oil\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be the first major crude-by-rail project in the Bay Area. Of the other four refineries here, Tesoro Corporation is the only one using rail to import crude, and on a scale far below what Valero would be capable of, should its rail expansion go through. Valero’s Day says, he wouldn’t be surprised if others are looking into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6942\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing,” he says. “This is a phenomenon that we’re seeing across the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/CBR_Notice_of_Preparation.pdf\">City of Benicia is studying\u003c/a> the impacts of the project. Its planning commission is expected to make a decision on it in December or January.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Valero wants to start using trains to bring crude oil to its Bay Area refinery. But the project is raising concerns about congestion, safety and air pollution in the East Bay city of Benicia – and the connection it may have to Canada’s controversial tar sands.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-12-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Valero, the nation’s largest oil refiner, wants to start using trains to bring crude oil to its \u003ca href=\"http://www.valero.com/ourbusiness/ourlocations/refineries/pages/benicia.aspx\">Bay Area refinery\u003c/a>. But the project is raising concerns about congestion, safety and air pollution in the East Bay city of Benicia – and the connection it may have to Canada’s controversial tar sands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6923\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6923\" title=\"Marilyn Bardet \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero's crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero’s crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Small City, Big Industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia sits near the mouth of the Sacramento River, in the northeastern corner of San Francisco Bay. It has a small-town vibe: antique stores, a pretty marina, nice views of the water. But it’s no stranger to heavy industry. Freight trains rumble past on the outskirts, and there’s a big industrial park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruszelwoodworks.com/\">Ruszel Woodworks\u003c/a> has been in the industrial park for more than 30 years. Brothers Ed and Jack Ruszel manage the company, which builds custom retail displays, among other specialty items. Their shop is just down the road from the refinery. They say Valero’s been a generally good neighbor, but they’re not happy with its latest proposed project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero wants to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/Sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Valero_CBR_Project_Description.pdf\">build a rail terminal\u003c/a> on its property — currently it gets crude oil from pipelines and tanker ships. The $70 million rail project would allow it to source crude from the Midwest and Canada. The plan includes equipment to unload up to 70,000 barrels of crude oil a day. That’s almost half the daily capacity of the refinery. Two 50-car trains a day would deliver the oil, which would replace some of the crude that currently arrives by ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Benicia residents support the project. Valero is a big employer. It gives to local charities, and its taxes represent a fifth of the city’s general fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Ruszels are concerned about the impacts on traffic, because the tracks are on either side of their building, and cross their driveway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6937\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And it doesn’t just affect me,” adds Jack. “It affects all the businesses up and down here, and all the people along the rail lines all the way back to the source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another local business got a cease-and-desist order stalling upgrades to the nearby Union Pacific tracks, which would support the project. Caltrans has weighed in too, with fears that the long, slow-moving trains crossing near off-ramps could back traffic up onto Interstate-680.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But traffic is just one of the issues locals have raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marilyn Bardet is the founder of the Good Neighbor Steering Committee, a Valero watchdog as she describes it. She sits on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7B77A312F2-B156-4443-98A9-3857BBF7BC47%7D&DE=%7B7432AB46-421A-4AB9-A22B-0DC25F451E77%7D\">Valero’s community advisory panel\u003c/a>. She’s among those who have been pushing for a more thorough review of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have an accident where you spill this stuff, how are you going to clean it up?” she asks. “Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tracks go through \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/suisun/\">Suisun Marsh\u003c/a>, the largest brackish marsh on the West Coast, and a delicate wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are safety concerns. Last month in Quebec, a train carrying crude oil derailed and exploded, killing 47 people. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-08/rail-agency-probes-possible-safety-flaws-in-crude-transit.html\">Federal Railroad Administration has set rules\u003c/a> to help prevent that type of accident from happening here, but Bardet says it’s been on her mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s perhaps the biggest question of all: what kind of crude will be coming in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6951\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Crude From the Tar Sands Come to the Bay Area?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All crudes are not created equal,” claims Brant Olson, a campaigner with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> in San Francisco. He says Valero has hinted to its investors that it wants to start bringing in crude from Canada’s tar sands, also known as oil sands. That oil is heavy, and environmentalists say, exceedingly “dirty” – it contains heavy metals, and the chemicals used to dilute it for shipment can be toxic, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re taking in dirty oil from Canada on the front end, you’re going to have more pollution in Benicia out the back end, and that’s really our concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olson says it also takes more energy to refine tar sands crude, which creates more greenhouse gas emissions. Environmentalists hope to stifle the refining opportunities for tar sands crude, because of the climate change implications. Groups including the NRDC have been fighting the extension of the Keystone pipeline, which would pump crude from the Alberta tar sands to refineries in Texas. (NRDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Report_by_Dr._Phyllis_Fox.pdf\">commissioned a report\u003c/a> explaining why they think the crude could be coming from Canada, and what the air quality implications could be.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline,” Olson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Oil companies, on the other hand, are eager to find a way to get that low-cost crude to refineries in the United States, including here on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s in Texas, up in Canada, in the Northeast, in the Marcellus Shale, up in the Dakotas in the Bakken Shale, that’s where the new crude oil is coming from, and there are huge amounts of it,” says Bill Day, a spokesman for the San Antonio-based Valero. “There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil, I want to be very clear about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Day won’t get more specific than to say that the crude would be coming by rail from “North America.” He says that no oil from the tar sands is currently being processed at the Benicia refinery. The plant is however, designed to be able to process “a variety of crudes,” from heavy to light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Concerns About Air Pollution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District is reviewing Valero’s permit application for the project. Jim Karas, director of engineering for the Air District, says Valero is already close to the limit of what it can put in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On a conceptual basis, I don’t see how those emissions can possibly increase,” he says. “Our rules don’t allow it. Our conditions don’t allow it. Our monitoring will verify it. So I don’t see how that could happen.” And if it did happen? “We would absolutely catch it, and there would be significant consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air District has installed monitors in and around the refinery, Karas says, and inspectors go out and do tests. But Bardet is worried that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/07/31/124051/a_year_after_richmond_refinery_fire_community_air_monitors?category=science\">coverage is spotty\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do not have other monitors in town,” she says. “They have a monitor at Tuolumne Street in Vallejo and one in Concord, and that’s supposed to give us some sense, triangulated, what our ambient air is like.” \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She also claims that the Air District measures pollution over time, focusing on averages and missing the impacts of emissions spikes or accidents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crude-by-Rail and the Future of Oil\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be the first major crude-by-rail project in the Bay Area. Of the other four refineries here, Tesoro Corporation is the only one using rail to import crude, and on a scale far below what Valero would be capable of, should its rail expansion go through. Valero’s Day says, he wouldn’t be surprised if others are looking into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6942\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing,” he says. “This is a phenomenon that we’re seeing across the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/CBR_Notice_of_Preparation.pdf\">City of Benicia is studying\u003c/a> the impacts of the project. Its planning commission is expected to make a decision on it in December or January.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_3146.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6879\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_3146.jpg\" alt='Daytime heat waves have been increasing in some unlikely parts of California, such as the \"Coastal North.\" (Photo: Craig Miller)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daytime heat waves have been increasing in some unlikely parts of California, such as the “Coastal North.” (Photo: Craig Miller) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“An immediate and growing threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how California’s lead environmental agency — and the Governor’s office — describe climate change in the latest in a series of periodic reports on the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report cites “already discernible impacts of climate change” and attempts to pinpoint the main drivers — no pun intended. In California, nearly 40 percent of greenhouse gas emissions come from the transportation sector — trains, planes and automobiles, and the last in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/epic/pdf/ClimateChangeIndicatorsSummaryAugust2013.pdf\">the report\u003c/a> from the state Environmental Protection Agency, the annual average temperature in California has risen about 1.5 degrees (F) — but the state isn’t warming up uniformly. Parts of the Central Valley and Southern California are heating up faster; the hot are getting hotter. And a particularly insidious aspect of warming: overnight low temperatures are rising twice as fast as daytime highs. This has clear \u003ca title=\"KQED - Heat & Harvest\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\">implications for agriculture\u003c/a>, as many important cash crops, like stone fruits, need a certain amount of “chill time” to produce bountiful, quality fruit. Warmer nights put more pressure on the electric grid as air conditioners run longer, and also limit recovery time during hot spells, worsening the effects of heat waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yes, those are increasing, the Cal/EPA report finds, and in some surprising places, such as the North Coast (bear in mind that what passes for a “heat wave” in Mendocino is a little different from the Mojave threshold).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water picture is a little bit murkier, in that the report finds no clear change in the amount of precipitation that California is getting, but where and when that rain and snow falls is changing and proving to be just as important. For example, the Sacramento River — the main artery of California’s water system — has seen a nine percent drop in runoff coming into it over the past century. And the surface area of \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Glaciers\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/27/californias-vanishing-glaciers-a-defining-moment/\">glaciers in the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a> has receded anywhere from 20-to-70 percent in the same time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “good” news is that global warming emissions have tapered off in the state in recent years. The bad news is that’s largely due to slowing industrial activity in the recent recession. The long-term trend still has emissions rising overall but the state’s economy is becoming more carbon-efficient, so emissions per unit of industrial output are falling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cal/EPA report is just the latest in a flurry of sobering climate reports to hit the streets in recent days. Federal climate watchers issued their \u003ca title=\"NOAA - State of the Climate 2012\" href=\"http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/state-climate-2012-highlights\">State of the Climate\u003c/a> report on August 6, with confirmation that 2012 was among the hottest years on record, among other cheery pronouncements. And the \u003ca title=\"TERC - State of the Lake\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">latest environmental scorecard for Lake Tahoe\u003c/a> reveals gains in water clarity but mounting threats from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steady drumbeat of climate data may be having an effect on public attitudes. In its most recent \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">statewide poll\u003c/a>, the California Public Policy Institute found that nearly 8-in-10 Californians consider warming at least a “somewhat serious” threat, and a record proportion favor immediate action to counter climate change impacts.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_3146.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6879\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_3146.jpg\" alt='Daytime heat waves have been increasing in some unlikely parts of California, such as the \"Coastal North.\" (Photo: Craig Miller)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daytime heat waves have been increasing in some unlikely parts of California, such as the “Coastal North.” (Photo: Craig Miller) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“An immediate and growing threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how California’s lead environmental agency — and the Governor’s office — describe climate change in the latest in a series of periodic reports on the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report cites “already discernible impacts of climate change” and attempts to pinpoint the main drivers — no pun intended. In California, nearly 40 percent of greenhouse gas emissions come from the transportation sector — trains, planes and automobiles, and the last in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/epic/pdf/ClimateChangeIndicatorsSummaryAugust2013.pdf\">the report\u003c/a> from the state Environmental Protection Agency, the annual average temperature in California has risen about 1.5 degrees (F) — but the state isn’t warming up uniformly. Parts of the Central Valley and Southern California are heating up faster; the hot are getting hotter. And a particularly insidious aspect of warming: overnight low temperatures are rising twice as fast as daytime highs. This has clear \u003ca title=\"KQED - Heat & Harvest\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\">implications for agriculture\u003c/a>, as many important cash crops, like stone fruits, need a certain amount of “chill time” to produce bountiful, quality fruit. Warmer nights put more pressure on the electric grid as air conditioners run longer, and also limit recovery time during hot spells, worsening the effects of heat waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yes, those are increasing, the Cal/EPA report finds, and in some surprising places, such as the North Coast (bear in mind that what passes for a “heat wave” in Mendocino is a little different from the Mojave threshold).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water picture is a little bit murkier, in that the report finds no clear change in the amount of precipitation that California is getting, but where and when that rain and snow falls is changing and proving to be just as important. For example, the Sacramento River — the main artery of California’s water system — has seen a nine percent drop in runoff coming into it over the past century. And the surface area of \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Glaciers\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/27/californias-vanishing-glaciers-a-defining-moment/\">glaciers in the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a> has receded anywhere from 20-to-70 percent in the same time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “good” news is that global warming emissions have tapered off in the state in recent years. The bad news is that’s largely due to slowing industrial activity in the recent recession. The long-term trend still has emissions rising overall but the state’s economy is becoming more carbon-efficient, so emissions per unit of industrial output are falling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cal/EPA report is just the latest in a flurry of sobering climate reports to hit the streets in recent days. Federal climate watchers issued their \u003ca title=\"NOAA - State of the Climate 2012\" href=\"http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/state-climate-2012-highlights\">State of the Climate\u003c/a> report on August 6, with confirmation that 2012 was among the hottest years on record, among other cheery pronouncements. And the \u003ca title=\"TERC - State of the Lake\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">latest environmental scorecard for Lake Tahoe\u003c/a> reveals gains in water clarity but mounting threats from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steady drumbeat of climate data may be having an effect on public attitudes. In its most recent \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">statewide poll\u003c/a>, the California Public Policy Institute found that nearly 8-in-10 Californians consider warming at least a “somewhat serious” threat, and a record proportion favor immediate action to counter climate change impacts.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.html\">new report\u003c/a> by Stanford University scientists finds that the earth is warming ten times faster than it has at any time since the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago. If the current pace of greenhouse gas emissions continues, the researchers say, temperatures in North America, Europe and much of Asia could increase 4 degrees by 2050 and 9 degrees by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6519 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/texasdrought-e1375401033324.jpg\" alt=\"(Ken Slade/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/texaseagle/6450000391/sizes/z/in/photostream/)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate change will increase extreme weather events like the Texas drought. (Ken Slade/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extreme weather events, including heat waves and heavy rainfall, are expected to become more severe and more frequent. Although we can’t stop some of the changes from happening, the researchers say how different the climate looks by 2100 will depend a lot on how we respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work, a comprehensive study of climate models by scientists at Stanford’s Woods Institute for the Environment, was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6145/486\">Science.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.html\">new report\u003c/a> by Stanford University scientists finds that the earth is warming ten times faster than it has at any time since the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago. If the current pace of greenhouse gas emissions continues, the researchers say, temperatures in North America, Europe and much of Asia could increase 4 degrees by 2050 and 9 degrees by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6519\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6519 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/texasdrought-e1375401033324.jpg\" alt=\"(Ken Slade/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/texaseagle/6450000391/sizes/z/in/photostream/)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Climate change will increase extreme weather events like the Texas drought. (Ken Slade/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extreme weather events, including heat waves and heavy rainfall, are expected to become more severe and more frequent. Although we can’t stop some of the changes from happening, the researchers say how different the climate looks by 2100 will depend a lot on how we respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work, a comprehensive study of climate models by scientists at Stanford’s Woods Institute for the Environment, was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6145/486\">Science.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Poll: Strongest Support Yet for Climate Action in California",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6425\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0985-e1375304079662.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6425\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6425\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0985-e1375304079662.jpg\" alt=\"Californians have generally led the nation in support for climate action. (Photo: Craig Miller)\" width=\"350\" height=\"263\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Californians have generally led the nation in support for climate action. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Californians have long been ahead of the pack in their support of climate policies, but in new polling, a “record-high majority” of California voters support immediate action by state and federal governments to arrest global warming and prepare for climate impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"PPIC - poll\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1065\">According to the poll\u003c/a> by the Public Policy Institute of California, most respondents (63 percent) believe those impacts are already being felt, and three-in-four (75 percent) support taking “steps to counter the effects of global warming right away.” PPIC analysts say that represents a spike of nine percentage points since its 2012 survey. About the same proportion consider the threat of global warming to be at least “somewhat serious.” Support for immediate climate action continues to track significantly higher among Democrats than Republicans, though the gap may be narrowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/GW_chart_1_PPIC.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6423\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/GW_chart_1_PPIC.jpeg\" alt=\"Partisan differences over goverment climate action may be narrowing somewhat. (Graph: PPIC)\" width=\"480\" height=\"335\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Partisan differences over government climate action may be narrowing somewhat but support among independent voters has tapered off. (Graph: PPIC Statewide Survey, July, 2013)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California already has some of the nation’s most aggressive climate policies, with the legislated goal of cutting greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, and a mandate that utilities draw one-third of their electrical power from renewable sources by the same year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the rest of the nation has generally lagged behind California in its enthusiasm for climate action, most results from the PPIC poll would appear to reflect a general gathering of momentum toward policies to cope with climate change. President Obama, who had gone silent on climate for most of his first term, has vowed to sidestep Congress if that’s what it takes to tackle the climate problem. And this week, the new head of the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca title=\"WaPo - post\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/as-new-epa-head-gina-mccarthy-vows-to-act-on-climate-change/2013/07/30/dea868e0-f86b-11e2-8e84-c56731a202fb_story.html\">kicked off a road show\u003c/a> to stump for climate action, by saying that carbon-cutting policies will gun the nation’s economic engine, rather than stall it. Surprisingly, in the PPIC poll, less than half of Californians appear to agree (see “Economy,” below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the perceived threats from climate change, some loom larger than others in the minds of Californians. According to the PPIC survey, 57 percent are “very concerned” about more voracious wildfires, and 78 percent are at least “somewhat concerned” that droughts will become more severe. There seemed to be more confusion over a changing climate’s effects on flooding and storms, where responses were more evenly distributed from “very concerned” to “not at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the poll shows support for California’s drive toward more renewable energy, that support drops from nearly 8-in-10, to about one-in-three (35 percent) if it would mean higher electric bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some potential eyebrow-raisers:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air pollution\u003c/strong>: Despite the Central Valley’s reputation for wretched air quality, much higher proportions of residents of Los Angeles and the Inland Empire describe air pollution as a big problem, 40 and 44 percent, respectively, versus 31 percent of Valley respondents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Transit\u003c/strong>: Most (67 percent) still drive to work solo — but about half of Californians claim that they’re ready to look seriously at a hybrid or all-electric car. Latinos and Asians are most likely to lean this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economy\u003c/strong>: Despite all of the hype about “clean tech” in California, fewer than half the respondents (45 percent) agreed that state’s actions to slow global warming would create more jobs. An equal number said it would mean fewer jobs or no change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surveys were conducted in mid-July and have a margin of error of plus-or-minus three percentage points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6425\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0985-e1375304079662.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6425\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6425\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/IMG_0985-e1375304079662.jpg\" alt=\"Californians have generally led the nation in support for climate action. (Photo: Craig Miller)\" width=\"350\" height=\"263\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Californians have generally led the nation in support for climate action. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Californians have long been ahead of the pack in their support of climate policies, but in new polling, a “record-high majority” of California voters support immediate action by state and federal governments to arrest global warming and prepare for climate impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"PPIC - poll\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1065\">According to the poll\u003c/a> by the Public Policy Institute of California, most respondents (63 percent) believe those impacts are already being felt, and three-in-four (75 percent) support taking “steps to counter the effects of global warming right away.” PPIC analysts say that represents a spike of nine percentage points since its 2012 survey. About the same proportion consider the threat of global warming to be at least “somewhat serious.” Support for immediate climate action continues to track significantly higher among Democrats than Republicans, though the gap may be narrowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6423\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/GW_chart_1_PPIC.jpeg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6423\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6423\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/GW_chart_1_PPIC.jpeg\" alt=\"Partisan differences over goverment climate action may be narrowing somewhat. (Graph: PPIC)\" width=\"480\" height=\"335\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Partisan differences over government climate action may be narrowing somewhat but support among independent voters has tapered off. (Graph: PPIC Statewide Survey, July, 2013)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California already has some of the nation’s most aggressive climate policies, with the legislated goal of cutting greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, and a mandate that utilities draw one-third of their electrical power from renewable sources by the same year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the rest of the nation has generally lagged behind California in its enthusiasm for climate action, most results from the PPIC poll would appear to reflect a general gathering of momentum toward policies to cope with climate change. President Obama, who had gone silent on climate for most of his first term, has vowed to sidestep Congress if that’s what it takes to tackle the climate problem. And this week, the new head of the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca title=\"WaPo - post\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/as-new-epa-head-gina-mccarthy-vows-to-act-on-climate-change/2013/07/30/dea868e0-f86b-11e2-8e84-c56731a202fb_story.html\">kicked off a road show\u003c/a> to stump for climate action, by saying that carbon-cutting policies will gun the nation’s economic engine, rather than stall it. Surprisingly, in the PPIC poll, less than half of Californians appear to agree (see “Economy,” below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the perceived threats from climate change, some loom larger than others in the minds of Californians. According to the PPIC survey, 57 percent are “very concerned” about more voracious wildfires, and 78 percent are at least “somewhat concerned” that droughts will become more severe. There seemed to be more confusion over a changing climate’s effects on flooding and storms, where responses were more evenly distributed from “very concerned” to “not at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the poll shows support for California’s drive toward more renewable energy, that support drops from nearly 8-in-10, to about one-in-three (35 percent) if it would mean higher electric bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some potential eyebrow-raisers:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air pollution\u003c/strong>: Despite the Central Valley’s reputation for wretched air quality, much higher proportions of residents of Los Angeles and the Inland Empire describe air pollution as a big problem, 40 and 44 percent, respectively, versus 31 percent of Valley respondents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Transit\u003c/strong>: Most (67 percent) still drive to work solo — but about half of Californians claim that they’re ready to look seriously at a hybrid or all-electric car. Latinos and Asians are most likely to lean this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economy\u003c/strong>: Despite all of the hype about “clean tech” in California, fewer than half the respondents (45 percent) agreed that state’s actions to slow global warming would create more jobs. An equal number said it would mean fewer jobs or no change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surveys were conducted in mid-July and have a margin of error of plus-or-minus three percentage points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How the Bay's Natural Buffers Can Help Defend Us From Sea Level Rise",
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"content": "\u003cp>When it comes to protecting people and property from rising sea levels and catastrophic storms, it turns out that Mother Nature can often provide a better solution than an expensive engineering project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Stephanie Martin spoke with Stanford ecologist Katie Arkema, who published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate1944.html\">national map today\u003c/a> showing where coastal reefs and wetlands are keeping communities safe, and which areas may need more preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited transcript of the interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5618\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 299px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Arkema_Fig.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5618 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Arkema_Fig.jpg\" alt=\"(Natural Capital Project)\" width=\"299\" height=\"283\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Natural Capital Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ms. Arkema, you’re describing this map as a first-of-its-kind. What does it show that we haven’t seen before?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It shows where coastal ecosystems can play an important role in helping to protect people and property from coastal hazards. It does this by looking not only at where do ecosystems like wetlands and dunes reduce risk to sea level rise and storms, but also by overlaying this with information on populations living along the coastline and residential property value data that we got through a relationship with \u003ca href=\"http://www.zillow.com/\">Zillow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So what’s an example of a place here in the Bay Area where people and property have some good natural protection already?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of good spots that provide protection. One example would be around Stinson Beach where there’s high dunes along the shoreline in front of coastal properties. Another example would be in Corte Madera where there’s wetlands that can help to reduce storm waves and erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When your study looked at coastal geography you also took into account vulnerable populations, such as areas where there were more elderly or low-income people and that’s part of how you assessed which areas are most at risk. What’s an example of this in Northern California?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We looked around the Bay Area, and we saw that there were places around Richmond and around Vallejo, for example, in the northern part and eastern part of the Bay where there are disadvantaged populations living along the coastline, but also in some cases where there are coastal ecosystems intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5625\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/RS399_IMG_4392-scr-e1373937783821.jpg\" alt=\"Salt marshes along San Francisco Bay can help absorb rising seas, (Molly Samuel/KQED , with aerial support from LightHawk) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5625\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salt marshes along San Francisco Bay can help absorb rising seas, (Molly Samuel/KQED , with aerial support from LightHawk)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So these places are showing up as being more at-risk due to low elevation, for example, or softer shoreline types like mudflat areas or sandy beaches, but they also have some coastal ecosystems intact. For example up near San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge, there’s an extensive wetland there which could help to provide protection from storms and sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How would you recommend restoring habitat or working with the natural coastline to better protect these vulnerable populations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a number of local efforts going on in the San Francisco area. For example the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/\">San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission\u003c/a> has led up a number of different projects identifying places that are at-risk and then using high resolution data and precise models, for example in the Marin County area, to look at the availability of habitats to attenuate waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would recommend that we leave space where possible for these ecosystems to accumulate sediments and to migrate inland as climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What prompted you to conduct this analysis to begin with?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past year in the U.S. there was an effort to develop a \u003ca href=\"http://www.globalchange.gov/what-we-do/assessment\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, and I was part of a working group looking at the role of ecosystems in providing nature’s benefits to humans and to the future. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to protecting people and property from rising sea levels and catastrophic storms, it turns out that Mother Nature can often provide a better solution than an expensive engineering project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Stephanie Martin spoke with Stanford ecologist Katie Arkema, who published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate1944.html\">national map today\u003c/a> showing where coastal reefs and wetlands are keeping communities safe, and which areas may need more preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited transcript of the interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5618\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 299px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Arkema_Fig.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5618 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Arkema_Fig.jpg\" alt=\"(Natural Capital Project)\" width=\"299\" height=\"283\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Natural Capital Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ms. Arkema, you’re describing this map as a first-of-its-kind. What does it show that we haven’t seen before?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It shows where coastal ecosystems can play an important role in helping to protect people and property from coastal hazards. It does this by looking not only at where do ecosystems like wetlands and dunes reduce risk to sea level rise and storms, but also by overlaying this with information on populations living along the coastline and residential property value data that we got through a relationship with \u003ca href=\"http://www.zillow.com/\">Zillow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So what’s an example of a place here in the Bay Area where people and property have some good natural protection already?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of good spots that provide protection. One example would be around Stinson Beach where there’s high dunes along the shoreline in front of coastal properties. Another example would be in Corte Madera where there’s wetlands that can help to reduce storm waves and erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When your study looked at coastal geography you also took into account vulnerable populations, such as areas where there were more elderly or low-income people and that’s part of how you assessed which areas are most at risk. What’s an example of this in Northern California?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We looked around the Bay Area, and we saw that there were places around Richmond and around Vallejo, for example, in the northern part and eastern part of the Bay where there are disadvantaged populations living along the coastline, but also in some cases where there are coastal ecosystems intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5625\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/RS399_IMG_4392-scr-e1373937783821.jpg\" alt=\"Salt marshes along San Francisco Bay can help absorb rising seas, (Molly Samuel/KQED , with aerial support from LightHawk) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5625\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salt marshes along San Francisco Bay can help absorb rising seas, (Molly Samuel/KQED , with aerial support from LightHawk)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So these places are showing up as being more at-risk due to low elevation, for example, or softer shoreline types like mudflat areas or sandy beaches, but they also have some coastal ecosystems intact. For example up near San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge, there’s an extensive wetland there which could help to provide protection from storms and sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How would you recommend restoring habitat or working with the natural coastline to better protect these vulnerable populations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a number of local efforts going on in the San Francisco area. For example the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/\">San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission\u003c/a> has led up a number of different projects identifying places that are at-risk and then using high resolution data and precise models, for example in the Marin County area, to look at the availability of habitats to attenuate waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would recommend that we leave space where possible for these ecosystems to accumulate sediments and to migrate inland as climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What prompted you to conduct this analysis to begin with?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past year in the U.S. there was an effort to develop a \u003ca href=\"http://www.globalchange.gov/what-we-do/assessment\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, and I was part of a working group looking at the role of ecosystems in providing nature’s benefits to humans and to the future. And there was very little information that linked coastal ecosystems and habitats with climate change scenarios, with hazards and with the distribution of people: vulnerable populations and poor families. So we realized there was a need, first on the national level, but then certainly and most importantly on regional and local levels to understand where dunes, oysteries, wetlands can play a role in our defense planning.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Temperatures in parts of the Bay Area topped a hundred degrees Monday, with more hot weather expected this week. The National Weather Service has issued an excessive heat warning for Northern California effective through the July 4\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> holiday. Cities including \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2013/07/01/5536125/sacramento-opens-cooling-centers.htmlhttp://www.sacbee.com/2013/07/01/5536125/sacramento-opens-cooling-centers.html\">Sacramento\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/san-jose-neighborhoods/ci_23579185/cambrian-residents-offered-cooling-off-center\">San Jose\u003c/a> are running cooling centers for residents seeking relief from the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are seeing triple-digit temperatures all the way from south of Mount Shasta to Bakersfield and inland California,” said meteorologist Drew Peterson of the National Weather Service. “And we are expecting triple-digit temperatures to continue throughout most of the Valley through Friday.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern Californians aren’t sweating it out alone. The high pressure system causing this heat wave extends from Arizona and Nevada all the way into Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4987\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/deathvalley-e1372724869280.jpg\" alt=\"Bust it Away Photography/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/bustitaway/8123665726/in/photostream/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Death Valley may break its own record for hottest place on Earth. (Bust it Away Photography/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while prolonged triple-digit temperatures are unusual for Northern California, periods of extreme heat have occurred in the recent past. “The last time we had something like this was in 2006,” said Peterson. “There were about 163 deaths here in California, and anywhere from 250,000 to a million livestock were lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile tourists in Death Valley are watching the thermometer, hoping to witness the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/06/death-valley-furnace-creek-heat-record-temperature/66693/\">highest temperature\u003c/a> ever recorded on Earth. Temperatures on Sunday tied the Death Valley record for the month of June. Death Valley holds the current world record at 134 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat wave will reach a peak on Tuesday or Wednesday, and meteorologists expect it to subside by the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Temperatures in parts of the Bay Area topped a hundred degrees Monday, with more hot weather expected this week. The National Weather Service has issued an excessive heat warning for Northern California effective through the July 4\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> holiday. Cities including \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2013/07/01/5536125/sacramento-opens-cooling-centers.htmlhttp://www.sacbee.com/2013/07/01/5536125/sacramento-opens-cooling-centers.html\">Sacramento\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/san-jose-neighborhoods/ci_23579185/cambrian-residents-offered-cooling-off-center\">San Jose\u003c/a> are running cooling centers for residents seeking relief from the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are seeing triple-digit temperatures all the way from south of Mount Shasta to Bakersfield and inland California,” said meteorologist Drew Peterson of the National Weather Service. “And we are expecting triple-digit temperatures to continue throughout most of the Valley through Friday.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern Californians aren’t sweating it out alone. The high pressure system causing this heat wave extends from Arizona and Nevada all the way into Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4987\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/deathvalley-e1372724869280.jpg\" alt=\"Bust it Away Photography/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/bustitaway/8123665726/in/photostream/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Death Valley may break its own record for hottest place on Earth. (Bust it Away Photography/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while prolonged triple-digit temperatures are unusual for Northern California, periods of extreme heat have occurred in the recent past. “The last time we had something like this was in 2006,” said Peterson. “There were about 163 deaths here in California, and anywhere from 250,000 to a million livestock were lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile tourists in Death Valley are watching the thermometer, hoping to witness the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/06/death-valley-furnace-creek-heat-record-temperature/66693/\">highest temperature\u003c/a> ever recorded on Earth. Temperatures on Sunday tied the Death Valley record for the month of June. Death Valley holds the current world record at 134 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat wave will reach a peak on Tuesday or Wednesday, and meteorologists expect it to subside by the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Australia's \"Angry Summer\" May Indicate About California's Future Climate",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new study of climate models concludes that the record-breaking Australian summer of 2012–13 could not have happened without the human disturbances—greenhouse gases, aerosols and ozone—that underlie global warming. \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50673/abstract\">The paper\u003c/a>, accepted for publication by the journal \u003ci>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/i> or \u003ci>GRL\u003c/i>, suggests that Australia’s experience is a leading indicator for dry continental areas like our own American West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a wine drinker, I think of the southern hemisphere as a leading hemisphere because the latest vintages come out of Australia six months before California’s. Similarly, Australia is ahead of California in its vulnerability to global warming. Sustained high temperatures, not just record-setting heat for a day or so, have far-reaching effects: putting forests into extreme fire danger, punishing crops, raising the demand for water and electricity, changing storm tracks and rainfall and just getting on people’s nerves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that respect the period from December 2012 to February 2013 was truly “\u003ca href=\"http://climatecommission.gov.au/report/the-angry-summer/\">the Angry Summer\u003c/a>,” as documented in an official government report. On January 7, the average high temperature \u003ci>for the whole country\u003c/i> hit a record 40.30°C, or 104.5°F. That was in the middle of an entire week when this figure exceeded 39°C. Deadly bushfires erupted across Australia and burned for months, while deadly flooding occurred in the northern tropics where the hotter air carried more water vapor. Weather records stretching back to 1911 were broken in hundreds of places. Compared with the steady baseline of Australian climate from 1911 to 1940, the \u003ci>GRL\u003c/i> authors said, the Angry Summer was 1.32°C warmer (2.4°F), on average for the whole country and season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4797\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/angrysummer.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4797\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/angrysummer.png\" alt=\"Australia climate map\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4797\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From “\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50673/abstract\">Anthropogenic contributions to Australia’s record summer temperatures of 2013\u003c/a>“\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ci>GRL\u003c/i> paper tested the Angry Summer against a set of computer models from \u003ca href=\"http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/index.html\">CMIP5\u003c/a>, the latest generation of standardized climate models. These were first fed Australian climate data (monthly averages) from 1850 to 2005; nine models did well in reproducing the actual range of climatic conditions both with and without human influences. Then the models were used to see just how excessive the 2012–13 summer was. The authors’ modeling showed, with 90 percent confidence, that human influence strongly increased the likelihood of that record-setting summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Australian summers are strongly influenced by the El Niño cycle—the oscillation in the tropical Pacific that sends rain and heat to California as well as Australia and many points between. The \u003ci>GRL\u003c/i> study stated that, in fact, El Niño was in a neutral state, which typically brings cool summers. That made the Angry Summer doubly unexpected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without human influences, the authors concluded, the Angry Summer would be some five times less likely. Put another way, the atmosphere of today makes an Angry Summer, the worst on record, five times more likely than a century ago. \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-012-0570-x/fulltext.html\">Another study using CMIP5 models\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/global/pdf/pep/Peters_2012_TheChallengeToKeepGlobalWarmingBelow2C.NatureCC.pdf\">the most current database on human emissions\u003c/a> has stated that by 2080, within the lifetimes of today’s children, such extreme summers may occur two years out of three. Keep that in mind as the American summer sets in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another highlight of the study was the speed at which it was conducted, with high-quality models and data at the ready and a straightforward relationship established between observations and the risk of an abnormal season. The authors found that with their methods, “an assessment of risk could potentially occur in near-real time.” The next Angry Summer, then, may not come as such a surprise.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new study of climate models concludes that the record-breaking Australian summer of 2012–13 could not have happened without the human disturbances—greenhouse gases, aerosols and ozone—that underlie global warming. \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50673/abstract\">The paper\u003c/a>, accepted for publication by the journal \u003ci>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/i> or \u003ci>GRL\u003c/i>, suggests that Australia’s experience is a leading indicator for dry continental areas like our own American West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a wine drinker, I think of the southern hemisphere as a leading hemisphere because the latest vintages come out of Australia six months before California’s. Similarly, Australia is ahead of California in its vulnerability to global warming. Sustained high temperatures, not just record-setting heat for a day or so, have far-reaching effects: putting forests into extreme fire danger, punishing crops, raising the demand for water and electricity, changing storm tracks and rainfall and just getting on people’s nerves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that respect the period from December 2012 to February 2013 was truly “\u003ca href=\"http://climatecommission.gov.au/report/the-angry-summer/\">the Angry Summer\u003c/a>,” as documented in an official government report. On January 7, the average high temperature \u003ci>for the whole country\u003c/i> hit a record 40.30°C, or 104.5°F. That was in the middle of an entire week when this figure exceeded 39°C. Deadly bushfires erupted across Australia and burned for months, while deadly flooding occurred in the northern tropics where the hotter air carried more water vapor. Weather records stretching back to 1911 were broken in hundreds of places. Compared with the steady baseline of Australian climate from 1911 to 1940, the \u003ci>GRL\u003c/i> authors said, the Angry Summer was 1.32°C warmer (2.4°F), on average for the whole country and season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4797\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/angrysummer.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4797\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/angrysummer.png\" alt=\"Australia climate map\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4797\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From “\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50673/abstract\">Anthropogenic contributions to Australia’s record summer temperatures of 2013\u003c/a>“\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ci>GRL\u003c/i> paper tested the Angry Summer against a set of computer models from \u003ca href=\"http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/index.html\">CMIP5\u003c/a>, the latest generation of standardized climate models. These were first fed Australian climate data (monthly averages) from 1850 to 2005; nine models did well in reproducing the actual range of climatic conditions both with and without human influences. Then the models were used to see just how excessive the 2012–13 summer was. The authors’ modeling showed, with 90 percent confidence, that human influence strongly increased the likelihood of that record-setting summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Australian summers are strongly influenced by the El Niño cycle—the oscillation in the tropical Pacific that sends rain and heat to California as well as Australia and many points between. The \u003ci>GRL\u003c/i> study stated that, in fact, El Niño was in a neutral state, which typically brings cool summers. That made the Angry Summer doubly unexpected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without human influences, the authors concluded, the Angry Summer would be some five times less likely. Put another way, the atmosphere of today makes an Angry Summer, the worst on record, five times more likely than a century ago. \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-012-0570-x/fulltext.html\">Another study using CMIP5 models\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/global/pdf/pep/Peters_2012_TheChallengeToKeepGlobalWarmingBelow2C.NatureCC.pdf\">the most current database on human emissions\u003c/a> has stated that by 2080, within the lifetimes of today’s children, such extreme summers may occur two years out of three. Keep that in mind as the American summer sets in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another highlight of the study was the speed at which it was conducted, with high-quality models and data at the ready and a straightforward relationship established between observations and the risk of an abnormal season. The authors found that with their methods, “an assessment of risk could potentially occur in near-real time.” The next Angry Summer, then, may not come as such a surprise.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Official Welcomes Obama's Climate Program",
"headTitle": "California Official Welcomes Obama’s Climate Program | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4727\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/smokestack-4x3-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4727\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Obama introduced his long-awaited \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/149882710/President%E2%80%99s-Climate-Action-Plan\">plan to combat climate change\u003c/a> in a speech today at Georgetown. He’s directing the EPA to limit greenhouse gas emissions from new and existing power plants, supporting more renewable energy development and expanding efficiency standards for appliances. He’s also funding local initiatives to build more resilient infrastructure and calling for an end to public financing for new overseas coal plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials are welcoming the plan. Mary Nichols, who heads the California Air Resources Board, the agency that regulates pollution, said it’s a good fit with the state’s efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California benefits enormously from having the federal government step up with a climate program,” she said. “It can only enhance our activities if we have a strong federal partner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>, which is managed by the Air Board, already limits carbon emissions from power plants in the state. Nichols says she expects Obama’s plan will provide more federal funding for state projects, including one to reduce pollution from \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/onroadhd/onroadhd.htm\">diesel trucks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science managing editor Paul Rogers writes for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/politics-government/ci_23532865/obama-announces-sweeping-new-global-warming-plan\">Mercury News\u003c/a> on the impacts the plan will have in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://extras.mercurynews.com/mercurynews-fb.png\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/politics-government/ci_23532865/obama-announces-sweeping-new-global-warming-plan\">Obama announces sweeping new global warming plan\u003c/a>In the largest environmental initiative of his presidency, President Obama will announce this morning the nation’s first mandatory restrictions on greenhouse gases from new and existing power plants. The rules, which be drafted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, are set to be unveiled at a mid-morning speech Obama is scheduled to deliver at Georgetown University.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mercurynews\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/06/25/195466923/obama-to-lay-out-broad-plan-to-address-climate-change\">NPR has a national perspective\u003c/a> on the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2013/06/25/climate_custom-8d5e9d46bcd08378e49a7871931d62c58cea5d98.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/06/25/195466923/obama-to-lay-out-broad-plan-to-address-climate-change\">Obama To Lay Out Broad Plan To Address Climate Change\u003c/a>President Obama is expected to announce a sweeping plan to address climate change this afternoon. Read the plan and a White House fact sheet. The president has framed this issue as a moral responsibility, to leave the Earth in good shape for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Npr\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4727\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/smokestack-4x3-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4727\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Obama introduced his long-awaited \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/149882710/President%E2%80%99s-Climate-Action-Plan\">plan to combat climate change\u003c/a> in a speech today at Georgetown. He’s directing the EPA to limit greenhouse gas emissions from new and existing power plants, supporting more renewable energy development and expanding efficiency standards for appliances. He’s also funding local initiatives to build more resilient infrastructure and calling for an end to public financing for new overseas coal plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials are welcoming the plan. Mary Nichols, who heads the California Air Resources Board, the agency that regulates pollution, said it’s a good fit with the state’s efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California benefits enormously from having the federal government step up with a climate program,” she said. “It can only enhance our activities if we have a strong federal partner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>, which is managed by the Air Board, already limits carbon emissions from power plants in the state. Nichols says she expects Obama’s plan will provide more federal funding for state projects, including one to reduce pollution from \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/onroadhd/onroadhd.htm\">diesel trucks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science managing editor Paul Rogers writes for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/politics-government/ci_23532865/obama-announces-sweeping-new-global-warming-plan\">Mercury News\u003c/a> on the impacts the plan will have in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://extras.mercurynews.com/mercurynews-fb.png\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/politics-government/ci_23532865/obama-announces-sweeping-new-global-warming-plan\">Obama announces sweeping new global warming plan\u003c/a>In the largest environmental initiative of his presidency, President Obama will announce this morning the nation’s first mandatory restrictions on greenhouse gases from new and existing power plants. The rules, which be drafted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, are set to be unveiled at a mid-morning speech Obama is scheduled to deliver at Georgetown University.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mercurynews\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/06/25/195466923/obama-to-lay-out-broad-plan-to-address-climate-change\">NPR has a national perspective\u003c/a> on the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2013/06/25/climate_custom-8d5e9d46bcd08378e49a7871931d62c58cea5d98.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/06/25/195466923/obama-to-lay-out-broad-plan-to-address-climate-change\">Obama To Lay Out Broad Plan To Address Climate Change\u003c/a>President Obama is expected to announce a sweeping plan to address climate change this afternoon. Read the plan and a White House fact sheet. The president has framed this issue as a moral responsibility, to leave the Earth in good shape for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Npr\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"on-the-media": {
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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