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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-27-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, geologists in Yosemite Park came to the sad conclusion that one of California’s iconic glaciers, the Lyell, had ground to a halt, having lost too much mass to sustain its downward movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that California’s approximately 130 (depending on your definition) glaciers will not be around forever, author and naturalist Tim Palmer spent the summer of 2010 on a personal quest to climb and photograph as many of these frozen giants as he could manage. I spoke with him shortly after publication of his ensuing book, \u003cem>California Glaciers\u003c/em> (Heyday).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Palmer_JeffPflueger-e1369168994516.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3108\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Palmer_JeffPflueger-e1369168994516.jpg\" alt=\"Nature photographer Tim Palmer spent several months climbing and shooting California glaciers in 2010. (Photo: Jeff Pflueger/Heyday)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s mountain ranges harbor about 130 glaciers. In 2010, nature photographer Tim Palmer spent several months climbing and shooting them. (Photo: Jeff Pflueger/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: I know that a number of California’s glaciers have been re-surveyed, comparing them now with photographs taken a century ago. The shrinkage is starkly evident in some of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TP: What that shows – picture an aerial or planned view looking straight down – the area of ice gets smaller as the glacier shrinks, so we see that easily. But the glacier is also getting thinner, which we don’t see. This is not theoretical — the McLure Glacier is losing two feet of thickness per year. That could be typical of other Sierra glaciers. We could be down to almost the last year [and] it would look about the same size but it would only be two feet thick. And the next year: gone. So, the rate of loss is actually far faster than what we see by comparing those photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_1903_p96-e1369167735535.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3105\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_1903_p96-e1369167735535.jpg\" alt=\"The Lyell Glacier, as photographed by G. K. Gilbert in August of 1903 (Photo: USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"431\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lyell Glacier, as photographed by G. K. Gilbert in August of 1903 (Photo: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_2010_p96-e1369168344512.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3106\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3106\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_2010_p96-e1369168344512.jpg\" alt=\"The Lyell Glacier, shown from the same vantage point in September, 2010. (Photo: Tim Palmer/Heyday)\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lyell Glacier, shown from the same vantage point in September, 2010. (Photo: Tim Palmer/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: What makes this worrisome?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TP: The glaciers have been receding so long — except for Mount Shasta — they’re really not that big anymore. They do provide water to the rivers below them — no less than the Tuolumne which provides for San Francisco’s water and the Owens, which provides for Los Angeles’s water. They do provide water late in the season. Virtually all the other streams have almost completely dried up because the snow has melted by August-September. The glacial streams continue to run, nourishing the ecosystem below them, the fish, the riparian life and of course the people who use that water later on. But that’s not really the main point. The main point here is that the glaciers are simply the most visible sign that we have of climate change and global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their loss directly correlates to the diminishment of the Sierra snowpack and that is an enormous issue for California. Some of the best estimates I was able to uncover are that 52 percent of the early summer runoff will be gone in this century because of the snowpack shrinking. Twenty-five percent of farm supplies are likely to be gone, disappear, because of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3111\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Maclure_p20.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3111\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3111 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Maclure_p20.jpg\" alt=\"Inside the bergschrund, where the top of the Maclure Glacier curls away from the mountainside.\" width=\"269\" height=\"410\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside the bergschrund, where the top of the Maclure Glacier curls away from the mountainside. (Tim Palmer/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You describe a number of John Muir moments that you had when you were up there, in this kind of secret world where very few people go. I mean you’ve actually crawled inside some of these glaciers that have these natural pockets in them, almost womblike in a sense, if a little cold. Try to give us a sense of what you feel when you’re up there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TP: My fate 140 years later was to follow, in a sense, in [Muir’s] footsteps and report that these glaciers are disappearing very rapidly. I was in the same place on a very different mission. The connection was actually really fun in a lot of ways though because he went to many of the same places. When I climbed into that cave at the base of the McClure Glacier — it was an opening just about four feet high — I crawled in there and I could scoot back about 50 feet or so to where it tapered shut. It was very dark on the inside but light was coming in through the entrance. The ceiling was just like, if you can picture, a black wet mirror above you. That’s what the whole ceiling was like, just utterly smooth. There were rocks on the ground and water trickling here and there, but ice all around me. It was totally silent. One of the first things I thought was, “John Muir would have loved it in here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s something particularly poignant and powerful about connecting to a place that’s changing so rapidly, that’s actually being lost. I was just totally stoked to be up there doing this. But at the same time, I realized that this incredible beauty I was seeing, I would never see again and that people after me would never have the opportunity to see. Even in a few years, you won’t be able to see exactly what I saw. The next generation probably won’t be able to see most of these glaciers at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by being able to show this real manifestation of the changes we’re making, I am hopeful that people will get it and that people will become motivated to deal with the changes that are coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3116\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NPalisade_p106-e1369171449599.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3116\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3116\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NPalisade_p106-e1369171449599.jpg\" alt=\"The North Palisade Glacier, in the southern Sierra Nevada. (Tim Palmer/Heyday)\" width=\"640\" height=\"418\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The North Palisade is the largest Glacier in the Sierra Nevada and one of the most dramatic. It’s namesake mountain rises to more than 14,ooo feet. (Tim Palmer/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Earlier this year, geologists in Yosemite Park came to the sad conclusion that one of California's iconic glaciers, the Lyell, had ground to a halt, having lost too much mass to sustain its downward movement. Knowing that California's approximately 130 glaciers will not be around forever, Tim Palmer spent a summer on a personal quest to climb and photograph as many of these frozen giants as he could manage.",
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"title": "A Summer Communing With California's Glaciers | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-27-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, geologists in Yosemite Park came to the sad conclusion that one of California’s iconic glaciers, the Lyell, had ground to a halt, having lost too much mass to sustain its downward movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that California’s approximately 130 (depending on your definition) glaciers will not be around forever, author and naturalist Tim Palmer spent the summer of 2010 on a personal quest to climb and photograph as many of these frozen giants as he could manage. I spoke with him shortly after publication of his ensuing book, \u003cem>California Glaciers\u003c/em> (Heyday).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Palmer_JeffPflueger-e1369168994516.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3108\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Palmer_JeffPflueger-e1369168994516.jpg\" alt=\"Nature photographer Tim Palmer spent several months climbing and shooting California glaciers in 2010. (Photo: Jeff Pflueger/Heyday)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California’s mountain ranges harbor about 130 glaciers. In 2010, nature photographer Tim Palmer spent several months climbing and shooting them. (Photo: Jeff Pflueger/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: I know that a number of California’s glaciers have been re-surveyed, comparing them now with photographs taken a century ago. The shrinkage is starkly evident in some of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TP: What that shows – picture an aerial or planned view looking straight down – the area of ice gets smaller as the glacier shrinks, so we see that easily. But the glacier is also getting thinner, which we don’t see. This is not theoretical — the McLure Glacier is losing two feet of thickness per year. That could be typical of other Sierra glaciers. We could be down to almost the last year [and] it would look about the same size but it would only be two feet thick. And the next year: gone. So, the rate of loss is actually far faster than what we see by comparing those photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_1903_p96-e1369167735535.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3105\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_1903_p96-e1369167735535.jpg\" alt=\"The Lyell Glacier, as photographed by G. K. Gilbert in August of 1903 (Photo: USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"431\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lyell Glacier, as photographed by G. K. Gilbert in August of 1903 (Photo: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_2010_p96-e1369168344512.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3106\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3106\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Lyell_2010_p96-e1369168344512.jpg\" alt=\"The Lyell Glacier, shown from the same vantage point in September, 2010. (Photo: Tim Palmer/Heyday)\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lyell Glacier, shown from the same vantage point in September, 2010. (Photo: Tim Palmer/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: What makes this worrisome?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TP: The glaciers have been receding so long — except for Mount Shasta — they’re really not that big anymore. They do provide water to the rivers below them — no less than the Tuolumne which provides for San Francisco’s water and the Owens, which provides for Los Angeles’s water. They do provide water late in the season. Virtually all the other streams have almost completely dried up because the snow has melted by August-September. The glacial streams continue to run, nourishing the ecosystem below them, the fish, the riparian life and of course the people who use that water later on. But that’s not really the main point. The main point here is that the glaciers are simply the most visible sign that we have of climate change and global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their loss directly correlates to the diminishment of the Sierra snowpack and that is an enormous issue for California. Some of the best estimates I was able to uncover are that 52 percent of the early summer runoff will be gone in this century because of the snowpack shrinking. Twenty-five percent of farm supplies are likely to be gone, disappear, because of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3111\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Maclure_p20.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3111\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3111 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Maclure_p20.jpg\" alt=\"Inside the bergschrund, where the top of the Maclure Glacier curls away from the mountainside.\" width=\"269\" height=\"410\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside the bergschrund, where the top of the Maclure Glacier curls away from the mountainside. (Tim Palmer/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You describe a number of John Muir moments that you had when you were up there, in this kind of secret world where very few people go. I mean you’ve actually crawled inside some of these glaciers that have these natural pockets in them, almost womblike in a sense, if a little cold. Try to give us a sense of what you feel when you’re up there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TP: My fate 140 years later was to follow, in a sense, in [Muir’s] footsteps and report that these glaciers are disappearing very rapidly. I was in the same place on a very different mission. The connection was actually really fun in a lot of ways though because he went to many of the same places. When I climbed into that cave at the base of the McClure Glacier — it was an opening just about four feet high — I crawled in there and I could scoot back about 50 feet or so to where it tapered shut. It was very dark on the inside but light was coming in through the entrance. The ceiling was just like, if you can picture, a black wet mirror above you. That’s what the whole ceiling was like, just utterly smooth. There were rocks on the ground and water trickling here and there, but ice all around me. It was totally silent. One of the first things I thought was, “John Muir would have loved it in here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s something particularly poignant and powerful about connecting to a place that’s changing so rapidly, that’s actually being lost. I was just totally stoked to be up there doing this. But at the same time, I realized that this incredible beauty I was seeing, I would never see again and that people after me would never have the opportunity to see. Even in a few years, you won’t be able to see exactly what I saw. The next generation probably won’t be able to see most of these glaciers at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by being able to show this real manifestation of the changes we’re making, I am hopeful that people will get it and that people will become motivated to deal with the changes that are coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3116\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NPalisade_p106-e1369171449599.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3116\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3116\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NPalisade_p106-e1369171449599.jpg\" alt=\"The North Palisade Glacier, in the southern Sierra Nevada. (Tim Palmer/Heyday)\" width=\"640\" height=\"418\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The North Palisade is the largest Glacier in the Sierra Nevada and one of the most dramatic. It’s namesake mountain rises to more than 14,ooo feet. (Tim Palmer/Heyday)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries",
"title": "Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55023\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-55023\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55023\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg\" alt=\"The rings on an otolith Photo courtesy of Flickr user Eustatic Creative Commons license\" width=\"628\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg 628w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rings on an otolith: photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/eustatic/3067134212/\">Eustatic\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Cathy Britt, The Burke Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From salmon steaks and sushi, to fish nuggets and crab cakes, the world’s fisheries provide three billion people with nearly 15 percent of their average animal protein intake. The numerous fish, crab, shrimp, and shellfish that live in these cold, productive waters make Alaska and the Pacific Northwest essentially the biggest seafood market in the world. Pollock from the Bering Sea is a staple, found in fish sticks and fillets for fast-food sandwiches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure that future generations will continue to enjoy the benefits of these fisheries, they must be sustainably managed. This is where science and management come into play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As graduate researcher Jeremy Harris puts it, “We know what can happen to fish with too much fishing, but I want to learn if we can spot this when it’s first starting to happen and set limits and regulations that prevent it.” Harris, a University of Washington graduate researcher, is turning to a collection of pollock otoliths (A.K.A ear bones) at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/\">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture\u003c/a> for insights into how much fishing is too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding Answers in Unexpected Places\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyholdingotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54276\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-54276 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyHoldingOtolith-e1368141930563-292x253.jpg\" alt=\"JeremyHoldingOtolith\" width=\"182\" height=\"157\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people wonder why natural history museums hold onto \"all that old stuff\" in their research collections. Well sometimes, all that old stuff can hold information critical to understanding our world. It's just a question of waiting until science matures enough to decode the information they hold. The Burke Museum’s collection of pollock otoliths is a great example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Otoliths Archive Ocean Data\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65346\"]\u003cbr>\nSimilar to the rings in a tree, otolith layers form rings that can be counted and measured to determine the fish’s age and growth over the years of its life. Most fish have three otoliths, commonly referred to as ear bones, at the rear of their skull to aid in balance, orientation and hearing. Otoliths are actually stone-like composites that develop layers of proteins and calcium carbonate from the fish’s birth until its death – offering a record of age, growth rate and reproductive age, as well as information about water conditions and climate change the fish experienced. Some fish, like rockfish, can live more than 100 years, giving researchers a rare glimpse into environments from more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/oldestotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54481\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-54481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/OldestOtolith-e1368141494119-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Oldest Otolith\" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>Thomas Helser, program director at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/default.htm\">NOAA’s Alaska Fisheries Science Center\u003c/a> (AFSC) \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Age/\">Age and Growth Program\u003c/a>, leads a team of experts in accessing the data within these fish “flight recorders,” as he describes them. Helser and his staff are collaborating with numerous governmental and academic colleagues in the fields of ecology, geology, evolutionary biology and archeology to explore cutting edge technologies that shed light on critical issues like climate change and overfishing. The team processes some otolith samples intensively for geochemical data. Others they cut in half, polish and lightly burn to enhance the rings, then count the rings to estimate age. Annual growth widths are measured to examine changes in growth over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Man-made evolution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65350\"]\u003cbr>\nFor his research into sustainable fishing levels, Jeremy plans to sample more than 500 Alaska pollock otoliths collected as far back as the 1960s to look for changes in age, growth rate and reproductive age of the fish over time. Overfishing can cause fish to mature faster and reproduce at a younger age as a means to compensate for loss of reproductive capacity. This may eventually cause an evolutionary change through removing genetic traits associated with older, larger, more valuable fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy will pair what he learns from the otolith collection with population and environmental data collected by a range of people and organizations, to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the size and age of mature fish, and the volume of fishing happening at the time. “I hope to put this issue on the radar so people start thinking about longer-term evolutionary impacts of fishing,” says Jeremy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a grant from the National Science Foundation, Jeremy is also helping to transfer more than two million otoliths collected by NOAA over the past 50 years to their new, permanent home as part of the Burke Museum’s fish collection. There they will be held safely, until the day that science finds a new way to unlock their precious data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyincollection/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54277\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg\" alt=\"Jeremy In Collection\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55023\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-55023\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55023\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg\" alt=\"The rings on an otolith Photo courtesy of Flickr user Eustatic Creative Commons license\" width=\"628\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg 628w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rings on an otolith: photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/eustatic/3067134212/\">Eustatic\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Cathy Britt, The Burke Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From salmon steaks and sushi, to fish nuggets and crab cakes, the world’s fisheries provide three billion people with nearly 15 percent of their average animal protein intake. The numerous fish, crab, shrimp, and shellfish that live in these cold, productive waters make Alaska and the Pacific Northwest essentially the biggest seafood market in the world. Pollock from the Bering Sea is a staple, found in fish sticks and fillets for fast-food sandwiches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure that future generations will continue to enjoy the benefits of these fisheries, they must be sustainably managed. This is where science and management come into play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As graduate researcher Jeremy Harris puts it, “We know what can happen to fish with too much fishing, but I want to learn if we can spot this when it’s first starting to happen and set limits and regulations that prevent it.” Harris, a University of Washington graduate researcher, is turning to a collection of pollock otoliths (A.K.A ear bones) at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/\">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture\u003c/a> for insights into how much fishing is too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding Answers in Unexpected Places\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyholdingotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54276\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-54276 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyHoldingOtolith-e1368141930563-292x253.jpg\" alt=\"JeremyHoldingOtolith\" width=\"182\" height=\"157\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people wonder why natural history museums hold onto \"all that old stuff\" in their research collections. Well sometimes, all that old stuff can hold information critical to understanding our world. It's just a question of waiting until science matures enough to decode the information they hold. The Burke Museum’s collection of pollock otoliths is a great example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Otoliths Archive Ocean Data\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65346\"]\u003cbr>\nSimilar to the rings in a tree, otolith layers form rings that can be counted and measured to determine the fish’s age and growth over the years of its life. Most fish have three otoliths, commonly referred to as ear bones, at the rear of their skull to aid in balance, orientation and hearing. Otoliths are actually stone-like composites that develop layers of proteins and calcium carbonate from the fish’s birth until its death – offering a record of age, growth rate and reproductive age, as well as information about water conditions and climate change the fish experienced. Some fish, like rockfish, can live more than 100 years, giving researchers a rare glimpse into environments from more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/oldestotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54481\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-54481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/OldestOtolith-e1368141494119-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Oldest Otolith\" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>Thomas Helser, program director at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/default.htm\">NOAA’s Alaska Fisheries Science Center\u003c/a> (AFSC) \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Age/\">Age and Growth Program\u003c/a>, leads a team of experts in accessing the data within these fish “flight recorders,” as he describes them. Helser and his staff are collaborating with numerous governmental and academic colleagues in the fields of ecology, geology, evolutionary biology and archeology to explore cutting edge technologies that shed light on critical issues like climate change and overfishing. The team processes some otolith samples intensively for geochemical data. Others they cut in half, polish and lightly burn to enhance the rings, then count the rings to estimate age. Annual growth widths are measured to examine changes in growth over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Man-made evolution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65350\"]\u003cbr>\nFor his research into sustainable fishing levels, Jeremy plans to sample more than 500 Alaska pollock otoliths collected as far back as the 1960s to look for changes in age, growth rate and reproductive age of the fish over time. Overfishing can cause fish to mature faster and reproduce at a younger age as a means to compensate for loss of reproductive capacity. This may eventually cause an evolutionary change through removing genetic traits associated with older, larger, more valuable fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy will pair what he learns from the otolith collection with population and environmental data collected by a range of people and organizations, to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the size and age of mature fish, and the volume of fishing happening at the time. “I hope to put this issue on the radar so people start thinking about longer-term evolutionary impacts of fishing,” says Jeremy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a grant from the National Science Foundation, Jeremy is also helping to transfer more than two million otoliths collected by NOAA over the past 50 years to their new, permanent home as part of the Burke Museum’s fish collection. There they will be held safely, until the day that science finds a new way to unlock their precious data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyincollection/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54277\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg\" alt=\"Jeremy In Collection\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3243\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 246px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Heatwave_days2040-2070_720-246x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3243\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Heatwave_days2040-2070_720-246x162.jpg\" alt=\"Increase in total heat wave days per summer, comparing 1970-2000 and 2040-2070. (Image: NOAA)\" width=\"246\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3243\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Increase in total heat wave days per summer, comparing 1970-2000 and 2040-2070. (Image: NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is joining some of the nation’s leading scientists on Thursday to release a “call to action” on climate change — an unusual step for the scientific community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 500 scientists from around world signed a joint statement drafted by California scientists, in the hope of sending a unified message about the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the big points we’re trying to make is that there’s not debate about the reality of these issues,” says UC Berkeley paleontologist Anthony Barnosky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement came about after Barnosky \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/06/06/scientists-uncover-evidence-of-impending-tipping-point-for-earth/\">published a paper\u003c/a> on climate change last year and got a phone call from Governor Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the course of the conversation he said, ‘Well, if all this stuff is such a big deal, why aren’t scientists shouting about it?’” says Barnosky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 30-page statement says that within this century, the Earth could be warmer than the human species has ever experienced. An increase in extreme storms, droughts and heat waves could cost society billions of dollars in the next few decades. Biodiversity could also decline, with at least 20 to 40 percent of species at increased risk of going extinct by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists can only do so much. At some point, society has to decide whether they’re going to fix these problems or not,” Barnosky says. “The point we’re making is that now is decision time. Every day we wait makes the problem harder, so we need to start immediately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the political rhetoric around climate change, Barnosky hopes their statement will help policymakers take on tough decisions about how to cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3243\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 246px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Heatwave_days2040-2070_720-246x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3243\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Heatwave_days2040-2070_720-246x162.jpg\" alt=\"Increase in total heat wave days per summer, comparing 1970-2000 and 2040-2070. (Image: NOAA)\" width=\"246\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3243\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Increase in total heat wave days per summer, comparing 1970-2000 and 2040-2070. (Image: NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown is joining some of the nation’s leading scientists on Thursday to release a “call to action” on climate change — an unusual step for the scientific community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 500 scientists from around world signed a joint statement drafted by California scientists, in the hope of sending a unified message about the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the big points we’re trying to make is that there’s not debate about the reality of these issues,” says UC Berkeley paleontologist Anthony Barnosky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement came about after Barnosky \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/06/06/scientists-uncover-evidence-of-impending-tipping-point-for-earth/\">published a paper\u003c/a> on climate change last year and got a phone call from Governor Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the course of the conversation he said, ‘Well, if all this stuff is such a big deal, why aren’t scientists shouting about it?’” says Barnosky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 30-page statement says that within this century, the Earth could be warmer than the human species has ever experienced. An increase in extreme storms, droughts and heat waves could cost society billions of dollars in the next few decades. Biodiversity could also decline, with at least 20 to 40 percent of species at increased risk of going extinct by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists can only do so much. At some point, society has to decide whether they’re going to fix these problems or not,” Barnosky says. “The point we’re making is that now is decision time. Every day we wait makes the problem harder, so we need to start immediately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the political rhetoric around climate change, Barnosky hopes their statement will help policymakers take on tough decisions about how to cut carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97205\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/14/enviros-livid-as-brown-diverts-cap-and-trade-funds/p1000232/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-97205\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97205\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/05/P1000232-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Starting this year, many big industrial emitters in California are having to pay for the right to put greenhouse gases into the air. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Totally disappointed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was Kathryn Phillips' reaction when she read the fine print in Gov. Jerry Brown's revised budget. Phillips, state director for the Sierra Club, is one of a chorus of voices from the environmental community howling over Brown's \u003ca title=\"Capitol Weekly - post\" href=\"http://www.capitolweekly.net/article.php?_c=11fjrf8gisrl5pl&xid=11fjqnp52905zjj&done=.11fjrlyk06wf72h\">decision to divert revenue from the state's cap-and-trade program\u003c/a> into the general fund -- temporarily, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cash rolling in from sales of carbon pollution permits to industry will amount to something on the order of $500 million in this first year of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And what the governor has decided to do is not use that money to get us closer to where we need to be in our greenhouse gas reduction targets,\" Phillips said in a phone interview. \"And I think that's wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under state law, \u003ca title=\"Quest - cap & trade\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap-and-trade\u003c/a> proceeds are supposed to go toward programs that help reduce the state's carbon footprint. And Brown himself has touted the potential uses of those funds in furthering the goals of California's central climate strategy under the 2006 law known as AB32. But the administration now says many of those carbon-cutting programs aren't ready for prime time, and in the meantime the funds can help balance the state budget. According to the governor's staff, the diversion is a \"loan\" that will be paid back with interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The governor is playing a dangerous game that could wreck California’s push toward clean energy,” said Greenlining Institute legal counsel Ryan Young in a written statement Tuesday. Environmental justice groups are feeling especially burned, since a substantial slice of cap-and-trade fees were said to be headed for economically disadvantaged communities, where air quality suffers from nearby industrial facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the cap-and-trade program, which began in earnest this year, large emitters of carbon dioxide and other gases that promote global warming have to pay for the privilege. They do that by bidding for permits sold periodically in auctions held by the California Air Resources Board. The third auction is scheduled for Thursday of this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the program is phased in to include more types of facilities, it has the potential to raise billions in fees, some of which go back to utilities to offset potential hikes in electric rates caused by the regulation. The rest was earmarked to further the state's carbon reduction goals, which include a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020. Last year, Brown signed SB535, designed to ensure that carbon fees weren't waylaid for unrelated purposes. What a difference a year makes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": ""Totally disappointed." That was Kathryn Phillips' reaction when she read the fine print in Gov. Jerry Brown's revised budget. Phillips, state director for the Sierra Club, is one of a chorus of voices from the environmental community howling over Brown's decision to divert revenue from the state's cap-and-trade program into the general fund -- temporarily,",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97205\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/14/enviros-livid-as-brown-diverts-cap-and-trade-funds/p1000232/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-97205\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97205\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/05/P1000232-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Starting this year, many big industrial emitters in California are having to pay for the right to put greenhouse gases into the air. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Totally disappointed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was Kathryn Phillips' reaction when she read the fine print in Gov. Jerry Brown's revised budget. Phillips, state director for the Sierra Club, is one of a chorus of voices from the environmental community howling over Brown's \u003ca title=\"Capitol Weekly - post\" href=\"http://www.capitolweekly.net/article.php?_c=11fjrf8gisrl5pl&xid=11fjqnp52905zjj&done=.11fjrlyk06wf72h\">decision to divert revenue from the state's cap-and-trade program\u003c/a> into the general fund -- temporarily, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cash rolling in from sales of carbon pollution permits to industry will amount to something on the order of $500 million in this first year of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And what the governor has decided to do is not use that money to get us closer to where we need to be in our greenhouse gas reduction targets,\" Phillips said in a phone interview. \"And I think that's wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under state law, \u003ca title=\"Quest - cap & trade\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap-and-trade\u003c/a> proceeds are supposed to go toward programs that help reduce the state's carbon footprint. And Brown himself has touted the potential uses of those funds in furthering the goals of California's central climate strategy under the 2006 law known as AB32. But the administration now says many of those carbon-cutting programs aren't ready for prime time, and in the meantime the funds can help balance the state budget. According to the governor's staff, the diversion is a \"loan\" that will be paid back with interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The governor is playing a dangerous game that could wreck California’s push toward clean energy,” said Greenlining Institute legal counsel Ryan Young in a written statement Tuesday. Environmental justice groups are feeling especially burned, since a substantial slice of cap-and-trade fees were said to be headed for economically disadvantaged communities, where air quality suffers from nearby industrial facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the cap-and-trade program, which began in earnest this year, large emitters of carbon dioxide and other gases that promote global warming have to pay for the privilege. They do that by bidding for permits sold periodically in auctions held by the California Air Resources Board. The third auction is scheduled for Thursday of this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the program is phased in to include more types of facilities, it has the potential to raise billions in fees, some of which go back to utilities to offset potential hikes in electric rates caused by the regulation. The rest was earmarked to further the state's carbon reduction goals, which include a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020. Last year, Brown signed SB535, designed to ensure that carbon fees weren't waylaid for unrelated purposes. What a difference a year makes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientist Superheroes: The US Government's Crisis Science Team",
"title": "Scientist Superheroes: The US Government's Crisis Science Team",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/science-during-crisis-640-360/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54580\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Science-During-Crisis-640-360.jpg\" alt=\"Science During Crisis 640 360\" width=\"542\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54580\">\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your town were suddenly struck by an earthquake or hurricane, you could count on the arrival of police, firefighters, and medical technicians to aid in the emergency response. As of this past January, the US government has added a new team of responders to this list—scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Strategic Sciences Group was formed under Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar in order to help the department “act quickly, decisively and effectively when hurricanes, droughts, oil spills, wildfires or other crises strike.” The group was initially tested as a pilot program during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and is now a permanent part of the Department of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t expect to see people in lab coats rushing into burning buildings or diving into flooding rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Strategic Sciences Group’s mission,” says group co-leader Gary Machlis, “is to very quickly assemble a team of scientists to develop scenarios of what the cascading consequences of a crisis might be.” These scenarios are projections of all the different ways in which the disaster might play out. The projections are then delivered to the President and other national leaders to help inform real-time, emergency-response decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Deepwater Horizon, for example, calculations regarding oil flow rates helped decision-makers respond to obvious problems such as ecosystem contamination, as well as some subtler consequences: long-term displacement of oyster harvesters, disproportionate economic impacts upon cultural communities, and diminished hurricane resilience due to wetland stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/alg_oil_rig_explosion.jpeg\" alt=\"Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\u003cbr>(AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With such a breadth of potential consequences to examine, its clear that the Strategic Sciences Group’s task is not simple. What is surprising however, is that many of the group’s difficulties stem from the nature of the scientific process itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are very accustomed to being deliberate in their work,” says Marcia Mcnutt, who worked with the Strategic Sciences Group during her tenure as director of the United States Geological Survey. “The idea that they might get critical info on a Monday night and need to have their best guess of what that info means by six am Tuesday morning is just not the normal way science operates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Machlis adds, the rapidly determined results must also be communicated persuasively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It isn’t enough to do good science. You might have an extraordinary, complex scenario figured out that’s important for leaders to know, but if you can’t tell that story clearly and effectively, it’s of less value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These requirements—the ability to work with urgency, cope with uncertainty, and communicate well with non-scientists—separate crisis science from traditional scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When creating the Strategic Sciences Group, Machlis responded to these unique demands by borrowing ideas from an unusual agency: The Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, which was established during World War II to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machlis says he has learned four important lessons from the historic military-intelligence organization:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>1. Who You Hire Matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Donovan-Officers-Resize.jpg\" alt=\"OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS Operational Groups\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS\u003cbr>Photo Courtesy of the OSS Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The ideal candidate for the OSS were PhD’s that could win a bar fight,” says Machlis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While martial arts training is not an actual requirement, the Strategic Sciences Group does seek scientists with a certain mental and physical tenacity. “They‘ve got to be expert in their own discipline, able to transcend their own discipline and work well with other scientists, and they have to be able to work extremely hard under very intense conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>2. Expertise Not Representation\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“Our goal is to get the very best people in the field working on these science teams. It is less about do we need one person from this agency and one person from this agency to make sure it’s representative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From government scientists to graduate students, anyone with the necessary skills can be recruited and put onto Machlis’ lists, or “rosters”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>3. Be Flexible\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/strategic-sciences-working-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54584\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Strategic-Sciences-Working-Group.jpg\" alt=\"US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010.\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010. Photo Credit: Jason Newman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Machlis ensures that the rosters are highly interdisciplinary. The 30 scientists who have already been called to action include “an anthropologist with expertise in disaster response from Louisiana, a public health medical officer from Washington, DC, a coastal geomorphologist from California, an ecologist working with a major natural history museum, and a Forest Service social scientist with expertise in urban ecology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such diversity allows the Strategic Sciences Group to be highly adaptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each crisis that might happen, whether it’s an oil spill, whether it’s an earth quake, whether it’s a dam failure, there’s always going to be many elements of it that are unique. We need to be flexible enough to choose a team that has reliable expert scientists appropriate to that crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>4. Avoid Bureaucracy\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“We stay focused on the mission rather than developing a lot of complicated, time-consuming bureaucratic processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to avoid creating a large government agency, Machlis only activates the rostered scientists when a disaster occurs. At all other times, the Strategic Sciences Group is made up of only three people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This three person team, when there are no current crises, spends its time evaluating the consequences of potential crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By considering situations such as “a forest fire in the sierras during Yosemite’s tourist season, or a pandemic, or an arctic oil spill,” the group hopes to pre-emptively increase response preparedness. Ultimately, Machlis aims to have the capacity to address simultaneous, bi-coastal disasters. For example: an earthquake in California and a hurricane in New York on the same day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When will the group be ready for such a situation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would hope that we’re prepared for that within the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark that down as December 31st, 2013--the date when you can expect not only police and firefighters, but also scientists, to play a role in addressing the next major natural or man-made disaster.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/science-during-crisis-640-360/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54580\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Science-During-Crisis-640-360.jpg\" alt=\"Science During Crisis 640 360\" width=\"542\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54580\">\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your town were suddenly struck by an earthquake or hurricane, you could count on the arrival of police, firefighters, and medical technicians to aid in the emergency response. As of this past January, the US government has added a new team of responders to this list—scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Strategic Sciences Group was formed under Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar in order to help the department “act quickly, decisively and effectively when hurricanes, droughts, oil spills, wildfires or other crises strike.” The group was initially tested as a pilot program during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and is now a permanent part of the Department of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t expect to see people in lab coats rushing into burning buildings or diving into flooding rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Strategic Sciences Group’s mission,” says group co-leader Gary Machlis, “is to very quickly assemble a team of scientists to develop scenarios of what the cascading consequences of a crisis might be.” These scenarios are projections of all the different ways in which the disaster might play out. The projections are then delivered to the President and other national leaders to help inform real-time, emergency-response decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Deepwater Horizon, for example, calculations regarding oil flow rates helped decision-makers respond to obvious problems such as ecosystem contamination, as well as some subtler consequences: long-term displacement of oyster harvesters, disproportionate economic impacts upon cultural communities, and diminished hurricane resilience due to wetland stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/alg_oil_rig_explosion.jpeg\" alt=\"Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\u003cbr>(AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With such a breadth of potential consequences to examine, its clear that the Strategic Sciences Group’s task is not simple. What is surprising however, is that many of the group’s difficulties stem from the nature of the scientific process itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are very accustomed to being deliberate in their work,” says Marcia Mcnutt, who worked with the Strategic Sciences Group during her tenure as director of the United States Geological Survey. “The idea that they might get critical info on a Monday night and need to have their best guess of what that info means by six am Tuesday morning is just not the normal way science operates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Machlis adds, the rapidly determined results must also be communicated persuasively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It isn’t enough to do good science. You might have an extraordinary, complex scenario figured out that’s important for leaders to know, but if you can’t tell that story clearly and effectively, it’s of less value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These requirements—the ability to work with urgency, cope with uncertainty, and communicate well with non-scientists—separate crisis science from traditional scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When creating the Strategic Sciences Group, Machlis responded to these unique demands by borrowing ideas from an unusual agency: The Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, which was established during World War II to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machlis says he has learned four important lessons from the historic military-intelligence organization:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>1. Who You Hire Matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Donovan-Officers-Resize.jpg\" alt=\"OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS Operational Groups\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS\u003cbr>Photo Courtesy of the OSS Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The ideal candidate for the OSS were PhD’s that could win a bar fight,” says Machlis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While martial arts training is not an actual requirement, the Strategic Sciences Group does seek scientists with a certain mental and physical tenacity. “They‘ve got to be expert in their own discipline, able to transcend their own discipline and work well with other scientists, and they have to be able to work extremely hard under very intense conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>2. Expertise Not Representation\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“Our goal is to get the very best people in the field working on these science teams. It is less about do we need one person from this agency and one person from this agency to make sure it’s representative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From government scientists to graduate students, anyone with the necessary skills can be recruited and put onto Machlis’ lists, or “rosters”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>3. Be Flexible\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/strategic-sciences-working-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54584\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Strategic-Sciences-Working-Group.jpg\" alt=\"US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010.\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010. Photo Credit: Jason Newman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Machlis ensures that the rosters are highly interdisciplinary. The 30 scientists who have already been called to action include “an anthropologist with expertise in disaster response from Louisiana, a public health medical officer from Washington, DC, a coastal geomorphologist from California, an ecologist working with a major natural history museum, and a Forest Service social scientist with expertise in urban ecology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such diversity allows the Strategic Sciences Group to be highly adaptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each crisis that might happen, whether it’s an oil spill, whether it’s an earth quake, whether it’s a dam failure, there’s always going to be many elements of it that are unique. We need to be flexible enough to choose a team that has reliable expert scientists appropriate to that crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>4. Avoid Bureaucracy\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“We stay focused on the mission rather than developing a lot of complicated, time-consuming bureaucratic processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to avoid creating a large government agency, Machlis only activates the rostered scientists when a disaster occurs. At all other times, the Strategic Sciences Group is made up of only three people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This three person team, when there are no current crises, spends its time evaluating the consequences of potential crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By considering situations such as “a forest fire in the sierras during Yosemite’s tourist season, or a pandemic, or an arctic oil spill,” the group hopes to pre-emptively increase response preparedness. Ultimately, Machlis aims to have the capacity to address simultaneous, bi-coastal disasters. For example: an earthquake in California and a hurricane in New York on the same day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When will the group be ready for such a situation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would hope that we’re prepared for that within the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark that down as December 31st, 2013--the date when you can expect not only police and firefighters, but also scientists, to play a role in addressing the next major natural or man-made disaster.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere has reached 440 parts per million. It’s the first time it’s reached that number since scientists began tracking it. Actually, it’s the first time it’s reached that number in millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Richard Harris digs into why the number is important — it’s not the number itself that’s significant, but it is “a reminder of just how rapidly our atmosphere is changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2013/05/08/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s4.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/05/10/182029983/dangerous-territory-carbon-dioxide-levels-reach-iconic-high?ft=3&f=1003,1004,1007,1013,1014,1017,1019,1128\">‘Dangerous Territory:’ Carbon Dioxide Levels Reach Iconic High : NPR\u003c/a>The Earth’s atmosphere is entering a new era. A mountain-top research station that has been tracking carbon dioxide for more than 50 years says the level of that gas in our air has reached a milestone: 400 parts per million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Image credit: Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Npr\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere has reached 440 parts per million. It’s the first time it’s reached that number since scientists began tracking it. Actually, it’s the first time it’s reached that number in millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Richard Harris digs into why the number is important — it’s not the number itself that’s significant, but it is “a reminder of just how rapidly our atmosphere is changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2013/05/08/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s4.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/05/10/182029983/dangerous-territory-carbon-dioxide-levels-reach-iconic-high?ft=3&f=1003,1004,1007,1013,1014,1017,1019,1128\">‘Dangerous Territory:’ Carbon Dioxide Levels Reach Iconic High : NPR\u003c/a>The Earth’s atmosphere is entering a new era. A mountain-top research station that has been tracking carbon dioxide for more than 50 years says the level of that gas in our air has reached a milestone: 400 parts per million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Image credit: Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Npr\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Airborne Lasers Yield Better Measure of California's Water Supply",
"headTitle": "Airborne Lasers Yield Better Measure of California’s Water Supply | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-13-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>California has had one weird winter this year: lots of snow and rain early, and almost none since January. It’s in years like this that it’s especially crucial to know just how much water to expect from melting Sierra snows — runoff that provides about a third of the state’s water supply. Current estimates combine patchy measurements with a kind of sophisticated guesswork. But that may be about to change with new technology that’s currently being tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2527\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2527\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/swe-640x360-e1368218832481.jpg\" alt=\"Map generated with data from the ASO showing snow water equivalent on Mt. Lyell in Yosemite National Park in early April. Red areas have the most water. (Courtesy NASA.)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map generated with data from the ASO showing snow-water equivalent on Mt. Lyell in Yosemite National Park in early April. Red areas have the most water. (Image: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>The Limits of Statistics\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>A funny thing happened when I accompanied Frank Gehrke out on the regular Sierra snow survey this month. He and a group of reporters made their way out to one of the meadows near South Lake Tahoe where he conducts the monthly manual survey in the winter and spring. But this time, there was nothing to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“A reservoir operator has to be nimble and take action now.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There’s not even a patch of snow we can seek out and measure,” he said. It wasn’t a surprise — he knew it had all melted already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally he’d stick an aluminum tube into the snow and weigh it to calculate the amount of water in the snow, or the snow-water equivalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s been the procedure really since about 1910,” said Gehrke, who’s been doing it for years as the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/\">snow survey\u003c/a> chief for the California Department of Water Resources (DWR). But that’s a little difficult when, as on this day, spring had sprung at the survey site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR uses a combination of manual surveys and remote electronic sensors that feed a statistical model to project how much water there will be for cities and farms throughout the state when the snow melts each summer. But they never really know, exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can get nerve-wracking for water managers like Bruce McGurk, who used to run San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=92\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t quite call it chicken,” McGurk said. “But you sure are watching. You’re hedging; you’re always being aware. You can’t be too full too early.” That would put people downstream at risk if there were a big late-season storm. On the other hand, managers need to keep enough in storage, to get through the dry summer. “A reservoir operator has to be nimble and take action now,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-2544 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/IMG_5027-e1368221337628.jpg\" alt=\"ASO NASA DWR water snow twin otter\" width=\"384\" height=\"288\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Painter of NASA and Frank Gehrke of DWR in front of the Twin Otter. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Which is why McGurk is excited about the project he’s working on with NASA, DWR and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which runs Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Going Airborne\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It’s called the \u003ca href=\"http://aso.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>, or ASO: an airplane outfitted with instruments that give scientists a better understanding of the snowpack than they’ve ever had before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of like looking at your TV screen,” said Tom Painter of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory at CalTech, the principal investigator on the project. “Your TV screen is the mountain basin,” he explained. And the way we’re currently measuring the snow in the mountains is by just looking at a few points — ike a screen that’s blank except for a few illuminated pixels — and using statistics to complete the picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re doing,” said Painter, “is turning on the entire TV set. We’re allowing you to see every one of the pixels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end result is a set of more comprehensive maps showing how much water is really up there, in the mountains. This is the first month of the three-year, four million-dollar project, funded by NASA and DWR. Right now, they’re focusing on a watershed in the Rockies and the Tuolumne River in Yosemite, which feeds into Hetch Hetchy. It’s a test phase, to work out the kinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The Plane\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2553\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/twinotter640x360-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"lidar spectrometer twin otter\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Twin Otter used for the ASO is mounted with a spectrometer, a camera and lidar device. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The maps are created with two high-tech tools mounted in a DeHavilland Twin Otter, a Canadian-built aircraft frequently used for research flights. Painter offered a tour of the gear mounted inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lidar lets us know the snow depth,” he said. Lidar is a laser that measures distance — really accurately, and really quickly. (If you’ve ever been pulled over by a police officer using a “radar” gun, you’re familiar with the technology.) By multiplying snow depth and snow density — the density calculation comes from manual surveys — you get the all-important snow water equivalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The spectrometer here, the black box, this allows us to know how much \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/04/29/whats-an-albedo-and-why-you-should-care/\">sunlight is being absorbed\u003c/a> by the snow surface,” he said. That tells scientists when the snow will melt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(The maps) are really beautiful,” Painter says. “The spatial distribution of snow water equivalent is — maybe it’s an acquired taste — but I think it’s fascinating and quite beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2535\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2535\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Picture2-e1368219677597.jpg\" alt=\"Data from the spectrometer draped on snow-on digital elevation surface shows snow-covered areas and the granite of Mt. Lyell's peak. (Courtesy NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"408\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from the spectrometer draped over topographical information from the lidar shows snow-covered areas and the granite of Mt. Lyell’s peak. The storied Lyell Glacier is visible in the upper left portion of the image. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scenery from the plane isn’t bad, either. On a sample flight in the Lake Tahoe area, flight operator Cate Heneghan, who usually works on NASA space missions, marveled at the famously clear water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s greens and blues,” she said over the crackly headset. “You know, you see pictures, but you always wonder: is it color enhanced? But then you come here and see it in real life and you go, ‘Whoop, no, I guess it’s not color enhanced.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heneghan operates the scientific instruments and coordinates between the plane’s pilots and Gehrke and Painter, who work in the back. The plane crisscrosses the watershed, measuring the depth of the snow and how much light it’s reflecting, down to the half-meter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Big Snow Data\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>After the flight, a team from NASA works around the clock to process all that data. The goal is to run weekly flights, with a 24-hour turnaround time, so it’s relevant to reservoir managers. McGurk is a consultant on the project, coordinating between NASA and Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“People are going to start to think, ‘Wow, I don’t know how they operated before this.’”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Yeah we all get real excited when the images start to come back and everybody goes ‘Woah, cool look at that,’” he laughed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tools are becoming increasingly important. Painter says that statistical models rely on historical data. And with a changing climate, the future is going to look less and less like the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With these physical measurements, you don’t have to rely on what happened last year,” he explained. “What happened over last 10 years, what happened over the last 20 years, has no bearing on your ability to model the snow-melt in this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gehrke, elder statesman of California snow surveys, welcomed the change. He said this program, along with new stations that measure \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10151415328907449.1073741832.95205192448&type=1\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> and a program that supports better coordination between water managers is bringing in a next generation of water management in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, it’s sort of like the internet,” he said. “Initially, it’s like, ‘Yeah, whatever, who cares.’ And all of a sudden, it’s now like, people can hardly go anywhere without it. And I think that’s what we’re going to find, as all of this starts to build out, people are going to start to think, ‘Wow, I don’t know how they operated before this.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this new data, water managers will be better able to plan for water supply, flood control, hydropower and the environment. And scientists will be able to use this deluge of data, too, to learn more about the alpine environment, one of the places most threatened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Snow runoff from the Sierra Nevada provides about a third of the state's water supply. Current estimates of how much water is in the mountains combine patchy measurements with a kind of sophisticated guesswork. But that may be about to change with new technology that's currently being tested.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-13-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>California has had one weird winter this year: lots of snow and rain early, and almost none since January. It’s in years like this that it’s especially crucial to know just how much water to expect from melting Sierra snows — runoff that provides about a third of the state’s water supply. Current estimates combine patchy measurements with a kind of sophisticated guesswork. But that may be about to change with new technology that’s currently being tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2527\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2527\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/swe-640x360-e1368218832481.jpg\" alt=\"Map generated with data from the ASO showing snow water equivalent on Mt. Lyell in Yosemite National Park in early April. Red areas have the most water. (Courtesy NASA.)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map generated with data from the ASO showing snow-water equivalent on Mt. Lyell in Yosemite National Park in early April. Red areas have the most water. (Image: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>The Limits of Statistics\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>A funny thing happened when I accompanied Frank Gehrke out on the regular Sierra snow survey this month. He and a group of reporters made their way out to one of the meadows near South Lake Tahoe where he conducts the monthly manual survey in the winter and spring. But this time, there was nothing to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“A reservoir operator has to be nimble and take action now.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There’s not even a patch of snow we can seek out and measure,” he said. It wasn’t a surprise — he knew it had all melted already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally he’d stick an aluminum tube into the snow and weigh it to calculate the amount of water in the snow, or the snow-water equivalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s been the procedure really since about 1910,” said Gehrke, who’s been doing it for years as the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/\">snow survey\u003c/a> chief for the California Department of Water Resources (DWR). But that’s a little difficult when, as on this day, spring had sprung at the survey site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR uses a combination of manual surveys and remote electronic sensors that feed a statistical model to project how much water there will be for cities and farms throughout the state when the snow melts each summer. But they never really know, exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can get nerve-wracking for water managers like Bruce McGurk, who used to run San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=92\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t quite call it chicken,” McGurk said. “But you sure are watching. You’re hedging; you’re always being aware. You can’t be too full too early.” That would put people downstream at risk if there were a big late-season storm. On the other hand, managers need to keep enough in storage, to get through the dry summer. “A reservoir operator has to be nimble and take action now,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-2544 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/IMG_5027-e1368221337628.jpg\" alt=\"ASO NASA DWR water snow twin otter\" width=\"384\" height=\"288\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Painter of NASA and Frank Gehrke of DWR in front of the Twin Otter. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Which is why McGurk is excited about the project he’s working on with NASA, DWR and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which runs Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Going Airborne\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It’s called the \u003ca href=\"http://aso.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>, or ASO: an airplane outfitted with instruments that give scientists a better understanding of the snowpack than they’ve ever had before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of like looking at your TV screen,” said Tom Painter of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory at CalTech, the principal investigator on the project. “Your TV screen is the mountain basin,” he explained. And the way we’re currently measuring the snow in the mountains is by just looking at a few points — ike a screen that’s blank except for a few illuminated pixels — and using statistics to complete the picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re doing,” said Painter, “is turning on the entire TV set. We’re allowing you to see every one of the pixels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end result is a set of more comprehensive maps showing how much water is really up there, in the mountains. This is the first month of the three-year, four million-dollar project, funded by NASA and DWR. Right now, they’re focusing on a watershed in the Rockies and the Tuolumne River in Yosemite, which feeds into Hetch Hetchy. It’s a test phase, to work out the kinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The Plane\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2553\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/twinotter640x360-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"lidar spectrometer twin otter\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Twin Otter used for the ASO is mounted with a spectrometer, a camera and lidar device. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The maps are created with two high-tech tools mounted in a DeHavilland Twin Otter, a Canadian-built aircraft frequently used for research flights. Painter offered a tour of the gear mounted inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lidar lets us know the snow depth,” he said. Lidar is a laser that measures distance — really accurately, and really quickly. (If you’ve ever been pulled over by a police officer using a “radar” gun, you’re familiar with the technology.) By multiplying snow depth and snow density — the density calculation comes from manual surveys — you get the all-important snow water equivalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The spectrometer here, the black box, this allows us to know how much \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/04/29/whats-an-albedo-and-why-you-should-care/\">sunlight is being absorbed\u003c/a> by the snow surface,” he said. That tells scientists when the snow will melt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(The maps) are really beautiful,” Painter says. “The spatial distribution of snow water equivalent is — maybe it’s an acquired taste — but I think it’s fascinating and quite beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2535\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2535\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Picture2-e1368219677597.jpg\" alt=\"Data from the spectrometer draped on snow-on digital elevation surface shows snow-covered areas and the granite of Mt. Lyell's peak. (Courtesy NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"408\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from the spectrometer draped over topographical information from the lidar shows snow-covered areas and the granite of Mt. Lyell’s peak. The storied Lyell Glacier is visible in the upper left portion of the image. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scenery from the plane isn’t bad, either. On a sample flight in the Lake Tahoe area, flight operator Cate Heneghan, who usually works on NASA space missions, marveled at the famously clear water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s greens and blues,” she said over the crackly headset. “You know, you see pictures, but you always wonder: is it color enhanced? But then you come here and see it in real life and you go, ‘Whoop, no, I guess it’s not color enhanced.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heneghan operates the scientific instruments and coordinates between the plane’s pilots and Gehrke and Painter, who work in the back. The plane crisscrosses the watershed, measuring the depth of the snow and how much light it’s reflecting, down to the half-meter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Big Snow Data\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>After the flight, a team from NASA works around the clock to process all that data. The goal is to run weekly flights, with a 24-hour turnaround time, so it’s relevant to reservoir managers. McGurk is a consultant on the project, coordinating between NASA and Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“People are going to start to think, ‘Wow, I don’t know how they operated before this.’”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Yeah we all get real excited when the images start to come back and everybody goes ‘Woah, cool look at that,’” he laughed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tools are becoming increasingly important. Painter says that statistical models rely on historical data. And with a changing climate, the future is going to look less and less like the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With these physical measurements, you don’t have to rely on what happened last year,” he explained. “What happened over last 10 years, what happened over the last 20 years, has no bearing on your ability to model the snow-melt in this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gehrke, elder statesman of California snow surveys, welcomed the change. He said this program, along with new stations that measure \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10151415328907449.1073741832.95205192448&type=1\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> and a program that supports better coordination between water managers is bringing in a next generation of water management in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, it’s sort of like the internet,” he said. “Initially, it’s like, ‘Yeah, whatever, who cares.’ And all of a sudden, it’s now like, people can hardly go anywhere without it. And I think that’s what we’re going to find, as all of this starts to build out, people are going to start to think, ‘Wow, I don’t know how they operated before this.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this new data, water managers will be better able to plan for water supply, flood control, hydropower and the environment. And scientists will be able to use this deluge of data, too, to learn more about the alpine environment, one of the places most threatened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Grappling with Rising Tides",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53188\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-at-bay-farm-bridge-ebrpd-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53188\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-53188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg\" alt=\"Last December the King Tide brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last December, the King Tides brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall along the shore in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strolling along the Bay Trail at \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach, EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\" target=\"_blank\">Crown Memorial State Beach\u003c/a> in Alameda a few weekends ago with a group of naturalists and college students at a professional workshop, we looked for areas that were inundated by the \u003ca title=\"CA King Tides website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides\u003c/a> last winter. We stood on trails and turf that had been underwater during those extreme high tides and discussed scientists’ predictions that high tide events, like King Tides, are likely to become the normal high tides in coming years. As seawater warms, it will expand as well as increase due to polar ice cap melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In California, we are very likely to experience a sea level rise of 16 inches by 2050 and 55 inches (1.4 meters) by 2100, and much more after that.\" \u003ca title=\"SPUR website\" href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/report/sealevelrise_110109\" target=\"_blank\">Sea Level Rise and the Future of the Bay Area, SPUR \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edges of our shoreline “bathtub” won’t be able to contain the overflow as the moon and sun interact and tides edge up and over into shoreline parks, roadways, homes and businesses. You can explore the \u003ca title=\"NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer\" href=\"http://www.csc.noaa.gov/slr/viewer/#\" target=\"_blank\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration interactive model\u003c/a> of how the rising tides may impact our coastlines. Much of my hometown, with an elevation of 30 feet above sea level, may be underwater at the predicted high water level of 55 inches above current high-high tide. My house would be above water, but I wouldn't be able to get to work due to flooded roadways. Sea level rise predictions are evolving as more information is gathered and assessed. The models continue to be refined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53187\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-gos-pt-ebrpd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53187\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-53187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-GOS-Pt.-EBRPD-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The good news about sea level rise is that these are long-term predictions, allowing us time to prepare. As CAKE (Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website) states, \u003ca title=\"Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website\" href=\"http://www.cakex.org/community/don%27t-panic\" target=\"_blank\">“Don’t Panic.”\u003c/a> It’s a great site to learn more about climate change basics and sea level rise science, as well as access tools available to municipalities to plan for climate change mitigation measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many municipalities are working together on a regional approach. In the East Bay this regional working group is referred to as “Adapting to Rising Tides (ART).” It’s led by the Bay Conservation and Development Committee (BCDC) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Services Center with participation by two regional park agencies, East Bay Regional Park District and Hayward Area Recreation District, along with local, regional, state and federal agencies and organizations, as well as non-profit and private associations. ART is looking at potential climate change impacts and subsequent effects to be addressed in this \u003ca title=\"ART Climate Impacts Statment\" href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ClimateImpacts1pg20120112.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Impacts Statement\u003c/a>. For more photos of King Tides around the Bay Area and California, check out the \u003ca title=\"California King Tides.org website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/view-king-tide-images/low-tidehigh-tide-photos/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides Initiative website\u003c/a>. What steps is your area taking to prepare for future sea level rise?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Climate change and rising tides are predicted to take a toll on our shoreline areas in the Bay Area. Find out more about last winter's King Tides and what actions are underway to help plan for future sea level rise.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53188\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-at-bay-farm-bridge-ebrpd-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53188\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-53188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg\" alt=\"Last December the King Tide brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last December, the King Tides brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall along the shore in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strolling along the Bay Trail at \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach, EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\" target=\"_blank\">Crown Memorial State Beach\u003c/a> in Alameda a few weekends ago with a group of naturalists and college students at a professional workshop, we looked for areas that were inundated by the \u003ca title=\"CA King Tides website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides\u003c/a> last winter. We stood on trails and turf that had been underwater during those extreme high tides and discussed scientists’ predictions that high tide events, like King Tides, are likely to become the normal high tides in coming years. As seawater warms, it will expand as well as increase due to polar ice cap melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In California, we are very likely to experience a sea level rise of 16 inches by 2050 and 55 inches (1.4 meters) by 2100, and much more after that.\" \u003ca title=\"SPUR website\" href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/report/sealevelrise_110109\" target=\"_blank\">Sea Level Rise and the Future of the Bay Area, SPUR \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edges of our shoreline “bathtub” won’t be able to contain the overflow as the moon and sun interact and tides edge up and over into shoreline parks, roadways, homes and businesses. You can explore the \u003ca title=\"NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer\" href=\"http://www.csc.noaa.gov/slr/viewer/#\" target=\"_blank\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration interactive model\u003c/a> of how the rising tides may impact our coastlines. Much of my hometown, with an elevation of 30 feet above sea level, may be underwater at the predicted high water level of 55 inches above current high-high tide. My house would be above water, but I wouldn't be able to get to work due to flooded roadways. Sea level rise predictions are evolving as more information is gathered and assessed. The models continue to be refined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53187\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-gos-pt-ebrpd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53187\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-53187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-GOS-Pt.-EBRPD-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The good news about sea level rise is that these are long-term predictions, allowing us time to prepare. As CAKE (Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website) states, \u003ca title=\"Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website\" href=\"http://www.cakex.org/community/don%27t-panic\" target=\"_blank\">“Don’t Panic.”\u003c/a> It’s a great site to learn more about climate change basics and sea level rise science, as well as access tools available to municipalities to plan for climate change mitigation measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many municipalities are working together on a regional approach. In the East Bay this regional working group is referred to as “Adapting to Rising Tides (ART).” It’s led by the Bay Conservation and Development Committee (BCDC) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Services Center with participation by two regional park agencies, East Bay Regional Park District and Hayward Area Recreation District, along with local, regional, state and federal agencies and organizations, as well as non-profit and private associations. ART is looking at potential climate change impacts and subsequent effects to be addressed in this \u003ca title=\"ART Climate Impacts Statment\" href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ClimateImpacts1pg20120112.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Impacts Statement\u003c/a>. For more photos of King Tides around the Bay Area and California, check out the \u003ca title=\"California King Tides.org website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/view-king-tide-images/low-tidehigh-tide-photos/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides Initiative website\u003c/a>. What steps is your area taking to prepare for future sea level rise?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Aboard the Tugnacious With Dr. Doom",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130304science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of California residents rely on water pumped through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, as its delicate ecosystem teeters on the brink, and its aging levees crumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners have spent decades searching for a fix. But they'll have to finish the job without the advice of a man who’s played a central role in Delta science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/aboard-the-tugnacious-with-dr-doom/mountportrait_edit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50230\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-50230\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mountportrait_edit-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mount, the scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Delta, has retired from his post at University California, Davis. Science editor Craig Miller caught up with him – where else – on the river, aboard his 27-foot cruiser, “Tugnacious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited version of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The question of what to do about deteriorating conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has dogged Mount throughout his 33 years as a professor of geology, as co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\">Center for Watershed Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis and going back to Governor Brown’s first administration. I asked Mount – one of the Delta’s most plainspoken explainers, why it matters so much.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Miller: Eight in 10 Californians can’t even tell you where or what the Delta is. Why do they need to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Very few Californians get the notion that this is an interconnected system now, with water that comes all the way out of the Trinity River, piped over and into the Sacramento River and down through the Delta, run into canals and ends up in San Diego. I mean really, that’s extraordinary, all the way from the Klamath Basin to San Diego. This is an interconnected network, so 25 million people get some of their water out of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-37115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg\" alt=\"aerial view of the Delta\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You said in an interview that you thought we were down to our last shot with the Delta. What did you mean by that? And what do you think the real chance is that we'll have a long-term solution in hand by, say 2020?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Let me explain why I think we’re down to our last shot. We have deeply entrenched interests, and regrettably it’s not simple. You’ve got farmers fighting against farmers. You have urban interests fighting against urban interests. You have environmental groups fighting against environmental groups, and then they’re all fighting each other, and that makes it wickedly complicated. And instead of coming out of their foxholes, they seem to be digging deeper and deeper foxholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?attachment_id=37951\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37951\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37951\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail5.jpg\" alt=\"map\" width=\"170\" height=\"195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta network.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Events will eventually dictate how we manage the Delta and I have said many times, and nothing in the last seven or eight years has changed in this, that we’re dealing with a system that is unstable, and it will rearrange itself, whether from floods or earthquakes or rising sea level or changing human demands on the system or invasive species, it is unstable and it is changing and if we don’t get our hands around it now, it’s going to be doubly hard to get our hands around it in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Some believe one way to “get our hands around it” is to move southbound water around this fragile ecosystem – or in the case of the latest proposal, under it, with twin tunnels that would shuttle water from upstream on the Sacramento, more than 30 miles south to serve needs in the Central Valley and Southern California. Mount agrees, saying it’s the only way to comply with current laws that put water needs and the environment on equal footing.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: To meet the co-equal goals of the 2009 legislation, I think you’re going to have to have a tunnel or two. Don’t like it, go back and change the policy. You could say, \"We’re going to manage this ecosystem. We’re going to go for ecosystem health as the primary objective within it.\" If that’s the case, at best you want a tiny little pipe – a peripheral garden hose would be the best description of it. You want to dramatically reduce your withdrawals from the Delta, both in-Delta exports and then all those people upstream; all those people like San Francisco, let’s take them for example, they’re taking water from the Delta, they’re just taking it out upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: By upstream, you mean up in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Yeah, they’re just taking it out before it gets to Delta, that’s all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-36945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\" alt=\"A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: Give me your pithiest version of why a tunnel beats a canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Actually I don’t think there’s any difference between the two in terms of system performance, but there are major differences politically. Good luck building a peripheral canal across the Delta given the level of local resistance and changes in our practices of eminent domain. I can completely understand why they want to spend more money and go under the problem rather than over the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: We talked a little about this déjà vu aspect of it, this goes further back than Jerry Brown’s first term, this goes back to Pat Brown, doesn’t it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=left color=white]\u003cstrong>California's Deadlocked Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Video explainer: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">What is the Delta?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Interactive map: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Envisioning California’s Delta As it Was\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Feature story: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Can the Delta Be Fixed?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: That’s correct. When the state water project was developed, they knew all along that they had left a hole in it, and that is the Delta. They knew there was a problem even back in the 1950s that the Delta was going to be a major issue. From that point on, this intractable, difficult wicked problem has bedeviled governors, heads of the Department of Water Resources and water managers in California nonstop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: If they were so aware that this was a problem looming, why didn’t they address the problem head on the first time around?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: There’s a tendency in water supply to leave the most complicated and difficult problems to later. We are a society – and there’s no difference in the water supply community – that likes to pluck the low hanging fruit and put off the hard work until later. The Delta fix, if there is one, is not simple, it’s not cheap, it involves burning massive amounts of political capital to get it done, and it involves lots of angry people no matter what you do. I can easily understand why people kept putting that one off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>And yet, with all of the rancor that remains in the Delta water wars, Mount sees a light at end of this tunnel.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I can actually say that I think the state government and federal government are starting to paddle together, which has not been the case – it’s actually been one of the principal problems. They are actually starting to look like they’re much more in sync with each other, and that’s a glimmer of hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Does that mean you think we have a decent shot at a long-term solution?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I think it’s a 50-50 chance that we’ll get a long-term solution out of this. This is all of California’s problem. I mean this is 25 million people, also two-thirds of the population of California. It’s our problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mount still has some skin in the game. In his new career is as a consultant, he says he wants to help restore rivers, not just talk about restoring them. As for his nickname, “Dr. Doom,” Mount says it was coined a decade ago by then-KQED reporter Tamara Keith, now Capitol correspondent for NPR. It stuck – and Mount still embraces it, though no doubt he’d love to be proven wrong.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sean Greene contributed to this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two-thirds of California residents rely on water pumped through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, as its delicate ecosystem teeters on the brink, and its aging levees crumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners have spent decades searching for a fix. But they'll have to finish the job without the advice of a man who’s played a central role in Delta science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/aboard-the-tugnacious-with-dr-doom/mountportrait_edit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50230\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-50230\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mountportrait_edit-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mount, the scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Delta, has retired from his post at University California, Davis. Science editor Craig Miller caught up with him – where else – on the river, aboard his 27-foot cruiser, “Tugnacious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited version of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The question of what to do about deteriorating conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has dogged Mount throughout his 33 years as a professor of geology, as co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\">Center for Watershed Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis and going back to Governor Brown’s first administration. I asked Mount – one of the Delta’s most plainspoken explainers, why it matters so much.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Miller: Eight in 10 Californians can’t even tell you where or what the Delta is. Why do they need to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Very few Californians get the notion that this is an interconnected system now, with water that comes all the way out of the Trinity River, piped over and into the Sacramento River and down through the Delta, run into canals and ends up in San Diego. I mean really, that’s extraordinary, all the way from the Klamath Basin to San Diego. This is an interconnected network, so 25 million people get some of their water out of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-37115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg\" alt=\"aerial view of the Delta\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You said in an interview that you thought we were down to our last shot with the Delta. What did you mean by that? And what do you think the real chance is that we'll have a long-term solution in hand by, say 2020?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Let me explain why I think we’re down to our last shot. We have deeply entrenched interests, and regrettably it’s not simple. You’ve got farmers fighting against farmers. You have urban interests fighting against urban interests. You have environmental groups fighting against environmental groups, and then they’re all fighting each other, and that makes it wickedly complicated. And instead of coming out of their foxholes, they seem to be digging deeper and deeper foxholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?attachment_id=37951\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37951\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37951\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail5.jpg\" alt=\"map\" width=\"170\" height=\"195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta network.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Events will eventually dictate how we manage the Delta and I have said many times, and nothing in the last seven or eight years has changed in this, that we’re dealing with a system that is unstable, and it will rearrange itself, whether from floods or earthquakes or rising sea level or changing human demands on the system or invasive species, it is unstable and it is changing and if we don’t get our hands around it now, it’s going to be doubly hard to get our hands around it in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Some believe one way to “get our hands around it” is to move southbound water around this fragile ecosystem – or in the case of the latest proposal, under it, with twin tunnels that would shuttle water from upstream on the Sacramento, more than 30 miles south to serve needs in the Central Valley and Southern California. Mount agrees, saying it’s the only way to comply with current laws that put water needs and the environment on equal footing.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: To meet the co-equal goals of the 2009 legislation, I think you’re going to have to have a tunnel or two. Don’t like it, go back and change the policy. You could say, \"We’re going to manage this ecosystem. We’re going to go for ecosystem health as the primary objective within it.\" If that’s the case, at best you want a tiny little pipe – a peripheral garden hose would be the best description of it. You want to dramatically reduce your withdrawals from the Delta, both in-Delta exports and then all those people upstream; all those people like San Francisco, let’s take them for example, they’re taking water from the Delta, they’re just taking it out upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: By upstream, you mean up in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Yeah, they’re just taking it out before it gets to Delta, that’s all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-36945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\" alt=\"A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: Give me your pithiest version of why a tunnel beats a canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Actually I don’t think there’s any difference between the two in terms of system performance, but there are major differences politically. Good luck building a peripheral canal across the Delta given the level of local resistance and changes in our practices of eminent domain. I can completely understand why they want to spend more money and go under the problem rather than over the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: We talked a little about this déjà vu aspect of it, this goes further back than Jerry Brown’s first term, this goes back to Pat Brown, doesn’t it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=left color=white]\u003cstrong>California's Deadlocked Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Video explainer: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">What is the Delta?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Interactive map: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Envisioning California’s Delta As it Was\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Feature story: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Can the Delta Be Fixed?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: That’s correct. When the state water project was developed, they knew all along that they had left a hole in it, and that is the Delta. They knew there was a problem even back in the 1950s that the Delta was going to be a major issue. From that point on, this intractable, difficult wicked problem has bedeviled governors, heads of the Department of Water Resources and water managers in California nonstop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: If they were so aware that this was a problem looming, why didn’t they address the problem head on the first time around?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: There’s a tendency in water supply to leave the most complicated and difficult problems to later. We are a society – and there’s no difference in the water supply community – that likes to pluck the low hanging fruit and put off the hard work until later. The Delta fix, if there is one, is not simple, it’s not cheap, it involves burning massive amounts of political capital to get it done, and it involves lots of angry people no matter what you do. I can easily understand why people kept putting that one off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>And yet, with all of the rancor that remains in the Delta water wars, Mount sees a light at end of this tunnel.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I can actually say that I think the state government and federal government are starting to paddle together, which has not been the case – it’s actually been one of the principal problems. They are actually starting to look like they’re much more in sync with each other, and that’s a glimmer of hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Does that mean you think we have a decent shot at a long-term solution?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I think it’s a 50-50 chance that we’ll get a long-term solution out of this. This is all of California’s problem. I mean this is 25 million people, also two-thirds of the population of California. It’s our problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mount still has some skin in the game. In his new career is as a consultant, he says he wants to help restore rivers, not just talk about restoring them. As for his nickname, “Dr. Doom,” Mount says it was coined a decade ago by then-KQED reporter Tamara Keith, now Capitol correspondent for NPR. It stuck – and Mount still embraces it, though no doubt he’d love to be proven wrong.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49742\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2.jpg\" alt=\"S.F. Climate Rally\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49742\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">S.F. Climate Rally. Photo: Sean Greene\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thousands rallied in San Francisco on Sunday urging President Obama to take action on climate change. They demanded the president reject a controversial oil pipeline that would carry tar sands oil from Canada to Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holding signs that read, \"Stop the Pipeline\" and \"Forward on Climate,\" protesters gathered in front of the State Department Building. Becky Bond of Bay Area Based Credo Action was among those at the rally. \"If we don't defeat Keystone XL we know that means game over for the climate. And the only reason Keystone XL hasn't been built yet is because of activism like the people who are here today. If the president really cares about stopping climate change, he will reject the Keystone XL Pipeline. This is a watershed moment for the climate movement,\" Bond declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Police estimated the crowd to be more than 3,000 and said there were no arrests. The San Francisco rally was held at the same time more than 40,000 people marched on the National Mall in Washington DC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/02/20130218science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Julian Bond and Michael Brune protest against Keystone XL Pipeline at Lafayette Park on Feb 13, 2013 in Washington, DC. (Photo: Leigh Vogel/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the week leading up to Presidents' Day, Michael Brune, the national executive director of the Sierra Club, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/13/sierra-club-chief-arrested-at-keystone-xl-pipeline-protest/\">found himself in handcuffs\u003c/a>, after strapping himself to the White House gates. He and other protesters are hoping to spur President Obama toward bold action to combat climate change with what's being billed as the biggest rally ever for climate action in this country. The Presidents' Day events in several cities, including San Francisco, where the Sierra Club is headquartered, mark a new, more aggressive stance for the organization spawned by John Muir. Brune's arrest was the first of a Sierra Club chief in the club's 120-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brune's not just rattling the gates from the outside, though. He managed to get sprung in time for the Valentine's Day roll-out of a major climate bill by Democratic Senators Barbara Boxer and Bernie Sanders. It would tax carbon emissions, tighten regulations on fracking and provide investments for clean energy and energy efficiency upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller sat down with Brune before he left for Washington to talk with him about climate action, the Keystone XL pipeline, and fracking. This is an edited transcript of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> Many people were stunned when the president devoted a full paragraph to the climate issue in his inaugural address. Were you among those stunned people up there?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMichael Brune:\u003c/strong> I was certainly very pleased. The president gave more word space to climate change than any other issue during his inauguration. He articulated both the moral obligation we have to fight climate change and the fact that when we transition to clean energy, there will be great economic benefit brought to all Americans. So it was very encouraging.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Surprising talk, but on the action front how would you grade this president so far? Have you been a little disappointed?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Looking at his first term, you can simultaneously say that the president did more than any other president when it comes to climate change, particularly if you look at all the rules that the EPA put forward to improve public health that had an impact on fossil fuels. You could say he has done an insufficient job in that there’s a lot of things the president could do and should do that he hasn’t yet done. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire...or another super-storm hits.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> I think the reason a lot of people were surprised was the word climate just about disappeared from his vocabulary for an extended period of time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Yeah, you know that’s disappointing. There’s really no other way to put it other than the fact that the president has the opportunity to lead not just the American people, but to lead the world in an all-out, concerted, thoughtful, but relentless effort to move away from dirty fuels and to embrace clean energy. He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire, or a crippling drought, or another super-storm hits. We have to be able to connect these extreme weather events to the fact that our climate is destabilizing as we speak. This is not something that can be addressed through the occasional mention or even the occasional rule put forward by his administration.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Do you think there’s been a sort of – no pun intended – sea change, a shift? Are people, are policymakers ready to see and hear what’s happening in your opinion?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> I think so. I spend a fair amount of time on Capitol Hill and you can tell people’s opinions have shifted just in the last six months. The reason for that is the American public’s opinions have shifted. There was a poll put out last week by Duke University that said 84% of all Americans believe that climate change is real, it’s man-made, it’s happening and that the solutions to climate change are here. So you’re seeing that reflected in a thawing, let’s say, of some of the attitudes that we often see on Capitol Hill. The question remains is whether or not this will lead to meaningful action.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> So what’s the most important first step that the president and Congress could take right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Job one is to reject the Keystone XL pipeline. We should not be building out new fossil fuel infrastructure at the same time we want to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> This is the big pipeline that is designed to bring Canadian oil sands all the way down to the Gulf Coast for refining. There’s a lot of opposition to it, but here in California, it’s an issue that feels remote to a lot of people. Why does it matter to us out here?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> There are two reasons why it matters. First is that this would be the biggest pipeline coming down from the tar sands. The tar sands is the dirtiest oil on the planet, and this pipeline would take 830,000 barrels of oil from the tar sands every day, bring it all the way through this country, and then have most of it be exported outside the U.S. borders. This will, by itself, contribute to global warming. But it’s also a symbol of the fact that we cannot continue to invest in dirty fuel sources whether it’s drilling in the Arctic, mountaintop removal in Appalachia, this tar sands project, fracking that’s happening across the country. We can’t continue to put billions of dollars of infrastructure into fossil fuels when we need to start investing that money toward clean energy solutions instead.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> In fact, we’re waiting to hear from the president on (the Keystone XL project) issue. What if he approves it? What then?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> We’re actually waiting to hear from the president on all of these issues. We’re waiting to hear from the president on how drilling should take place in the Arctic when we’re trying to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. We’re waiting to see leadership from the president on the tar sands, as well. We’re waiting for a ruling that this pipeline should not be built. We’d like to see the president take on fracking as well as mountaintop removal. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge. We want to see the president reject the Keystone XL pipeline, but we want to see him go much farther than that. There’s an opportunity to regulate carbon pollution from smokestacks and refineries all across the country. There’s an opportunity to turn away from Arctic drilling and there’s an even bigger opportunity to invest in clean energy like solar and wind that will help to replace these dirty fuels. That creates more jobs and cuts air and water emissions at the same time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Let’s talk about fracking. This is short for hydraulic fracturing the tech used to extract oil and gas from underground rock formations, stuff that was tough to get at before new technology made it possible. They’ve been\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate/\"> fracking in California\u003c/a> for oil in different ways but now it seems like there’s this new boom on its way here with the Monterey shale formation in Central California. How concerned are you about that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> As a parent, I’m very concerned about the impacts of fracking on our air, our water and our climate particularly when there are much better solutions to meet our energy needs, particularly in California, where we’ve got solar that’s just growing by leaps and bounds and wind resources that are not fully utilized. We know that in the 21st century our economy will be based on energy that’s safe, secure and sustainable. We don’t need to be investing in fracking, or more oil drilling, mountaintop removal or more coal mining when we know that solar and wind can do a better job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> But you can’t just throw a switch and tomorrow morning everything’s clean and renewable. In 2012, for example, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions fell to their lowest point in 20 years, and a lot of the credit for that is going to fracking for gas – cheap natural gas – which is cleaner than burning coal. Don’t you need to do some of that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> Let’s be really clear here. Greenhouse gas emissions have fallen to 20 year lows and the reason for that is not because of fracking -- in no way, shape or form. The reason for that is we are replacing coal plants with a variety of clean energy sources. In most cases, wind and solar are taking up a bigger share of the energy mix than fracking ever is. Case in point, in 2012 there were more new wind resources brought online than natural gas. There was more solar and wind than all fossil fuel sources combined. What we are seeing right now is the United States slowly, but with increasing speed, is beginning to get off of fossil fuels -- at a much slower pace than we should, but it’s starting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Going back to the D.C. rally, this kind of street-level activism is kind of a new direction for the Sierra Club, and it’s pretty much your doing since you took over. You must be getting some push back from some members who still see the primary mission of the Sierra Club as conservation of public lands and restoration of natural resources. Are you hearing some of that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Not really. The mission of the Sierra Club is very simple. It’s to explore, enjoy and protect the planet. We have Sierra Club members who have been volunteering with us for decades, some members who have been volunteering for a couple weeks, but all of them are united around a very simple credo. We know that getting into the outdoors inspires further activism and we also know that there are solutions to some of our country’s biggest environmental problems. The demonstration on the National Mall over the weekend and the rallies we are holding across the country really does tap into a long-held tradition that Sierra Club members want to participate in bringing out solutions to our country’s problems, and they know there are a lot of ways to get there.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiler:\u003c/strong> We had Jim Hansen here in the same studio for an interview recently – a certified climate change legend from NASA – who says that California’s whole approach is half-baked. We’d be much better off with a straight-on carbon tax than this complicated market-based cap-and-trade system that we’re using.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Hansen has a point. Most economists that you talk to will view a carbon tax as a much more efficient and, thus, much more effective way of putting a price on carbon and hastening a tradition toward clean energy resources. But it’s also true that California is making more progress than any other state in de-carbonizing and transitioning to clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Speaking of presidential decisions, Sally Jewell is Mr. Obama’s choice for the new Secretary of the Interior, currently the CEO of REI, the outdoor clothing and gear company out of Seattle. What specifically does Jewell bring to the table?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> What Sally brings is potential for a sea change in terms of how the Department of Interior looks at natural resources. For the last century or more, most people who have been in her position have looked at the oil, or timber or gas as a resource to exploit. What Sally recognizes is that there’s more economic gain from protecting our public resources, but also there’s great opportunity to expand protection to benefit wildlife, landscapes and the communities that surround them. We’re very optimistic that when she assumes this position, we’ll have a great opportunity to get more people in the outdoors and then have those folks be active part in helping to protect our last remaining natural treasures.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Julian Bond and Michael Brune protest against Keystone XL Pipeline at Lafayette Park on Feb 13, 2013 in Washington, DC. (Photo: Leigh Vogel/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the week leading up to Presidents' Day, Michael Brune, the national executive director of the Sierra Club, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/13/sierra-club-chief-arrested-at-keystone-xl-pipeline-protest/\">found himself in handcuffs\u003c/a>, after strapping himself to the White House gates. He and other protesters are hoping to spur President Obama toward bold action to combat climate change with what's being billed as the biggest rally ever for climate action in this country. The Presidents' Day events in several cities, including San Francisco, where the Sierra Club is headquartered, mark a new, more aggressive stance for the organization spawned by John Muir. Brune's arrest was the first of a Sierra Club chief in the club's 120-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brune's not just rattling the gates from the outside, though. He managed to get sprung in time for the Valentine's Day roll-out of a major climate bill by Democratic Senators Barbara Boxer and Bernie Sanders. It would tax carbon emissions, tighten regulations on fracking and provide investments for clean energy and energy efficiency upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller sat down with Brune before he left for Washington to talk with him about climate action, the Keystone XL pipeline, and fracking. This is an edited transcript of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> Many people were stunned when the president devoted a full paragraph to the climate issue in his inaugural address. Were you among those stunned people up there?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMichael Brune:\u003c/strong> I was certainly very pleased. The president gave more word space to climate change than any other issue during his inauguration. He articulated both the moral obligation we have to fight climate change and the fact that when we transition to clean energy, there will be great economic benefit brought to all Americans. So it was very encouraging.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Surprising talk, but on the action front how would you grade this president so far? Have you been a little disappointed?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Looking at his first term, you can simultaneously say that the president did more than any other president when it comes to climate change, particularly if you look at all the rules that the EPA put forward to improve public health that had an impact on fossil fuels. You could say he has done an insufficient job in that there’s a lot of things the president could do and should do that he hasn’t yet done. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire...or another super-storm hits.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> I think the reason a lot of people were surprised was the word climate just about disappeared from his vocabulary for an extended period of time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Yeah, you know that’s disappointing. There’s really no other way to put it other than the fact that the president has the opportunity to lead not just the American people, but to lead the world in an all-out, concerted, thoughtful, but relentless effort to move away from dirty fuels and to embrace clean energy. He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire, or a crippling drought, or another super-storm hits. We have to be able to connect these extreme weather events to the fact that our climate is destabilizing as we speak. This is not something that can be addressed through the occasional mention or even the occasional rule put forward by his administration.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Do you think there’s been a sort of – no pun intended – sea change, a shift? Are people, are policymakers ready to see and hear what’s happening in your opinion?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> I think so. I spend a fair amount of time on Capitol Hill and you can tell people’s opinions have shifted just in the last six months. The reason for that is the American public’s opinions have shifted. There was a poll put out last week by Duke University that said 84% of all Americans believe that climate change is real, it’s man-made, it’s happening and that the solutions to climate change are here. So you’re seeing that reflected in a thawing, let’s say, of some of the attitudes that we often see on Capitol Hill. The question remains is whether or not this will lead to meaningful action.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> So what’s the most important first step that the president and Congress could take right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Job one is to reject the Keystone XL pipeline. We should not be building out new fossil fuel infrastructure at the same time we want to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> This is the big pipeline that is designed to bring Canadian oil sands all the way down to the Gulf Coast for refining. There’s a lot of opposition to it, but here in California, it’s an issue that feels remote to a lot of people. Why does it matter to us out here?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> There are two reasons why it matters. First is that this would be the biggest pipeline coming down from the tar sands. The tar sands is the dirtiest oil on the planet, and this pipeline would take 830,000 barrels of oil from the tar sands every day, bring it all the way through this country, and then have most of it be exported outside the U.S. borders. This will, by itself, contribute to global warming. But it’s also a symbol of the fact that we cannot continue to invest in dirty fuel sources whether it’s drilling in the Arctic, mountaintop removal in Appalachia, this tar sands project, fracking that’s happening across the country. We can’t continue to put billions of dollars of infrastructure into fossil fuels when we need to start investing that money toward clean energy solutions instead.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> In fact, we’re waiting to hear from the president on (the Keystone XL project) issue. What if he approves it? What then?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> We’re actually waiting to hear from the president on all of these issues. We’re waiting to hear from the president on how drilling should take place in the Arctic when we’re trying to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. We’re waiting to see leadership from the president on the tar sands, as well. We’re waiting for a ruling that this pipeline should not be built. We’d like to see the president take on fracking as well as mountaintop removal. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge. We want to see the president reject the Keystone XL pipeline, but we want to see him go much farther than that. There’s an opportunity to regulate carbon pollution from smokestacks and refineries all across the country. There’s an opportunity to turn away from Arctic drilling and there’s an even bigger opportunity to invest in clean energy like solar and wind that will help to replace these dirty fuels. That creates more jobs and cuts air and water emissions at the same time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Let’s talk about fracking. This is short for hydraulic fracturing the tech used to extract oil and gas from underground rock formations, stuff that was tough to get at before new technology made it possible. They’ve been\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate/\"> fracking in California\u003c/a> for oil in different ways but now it seems like there’s this new boom on its way here with the Monterey shale formation in Central California. How concerned are you about that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> As a parent, I’m very concerned about the impacts of fracking on our air, our water and our climate particularly when there are much better solutions to meet our energy needs, particularly in California, where we’ve got solar that’s just growing by leaps and bounds and wind resources that are not fully utilized. We know that in the 21st century our economy will be based on energy that’s safe, secure and sustainable. We don’t need to be investing in fracking, or more oil drilling, mountaintop removal or more coal mining when we know that solar and wind can do a better job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> But you can’t just throw a switch and tomorrow morning everything’s clean and renewable. In 2012, for example, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions fell to their lowest point in 20 years, and a lot of the credit for that is going to fracking for gas – cheap natural gas – which is cleaner than burning coal. Don’t you need to do some of that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> Let’s be really clear here. Greenhouse gas emissions have fallen to 20 year lows and the reason for that is not because of fracking -- in no way, shape or form. The reason for that is we are replacing coal plants with a variety of clean energy sources. In most cases, wind and solar are taking up a bigger share of the energy mix than fracking ever is. Case in point, in 2012 there were more new wind resources brought online than natural gas. There was more solar and wind than all fossil fuel sources combined. What we are seeing right now is the United States slowly, but with increasing speed, is beginning to get off of fossil fuels -- at a much slower pace than we should, but it’s starting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Going back to the D.C. rally, this kind of street-level activism is kind of a new direction for the Sierra Club, and it’s pretty much your doing since you took over. You must be getting some push back from some members who still see the primary mission of the Sierra Club as conservation of public lands and restoration of natural resources. Are you hearing some of that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Not really. The mission of the Sierra Club is very simple. It’s to explore, enjoy and protect the planet. We have Sierra Club members who have been volunteering with us for decades, some members who have been volunteering for a couple weeks, but all of them are united around a very simple credo. We know that getting into the outdoors inspires further activism and we also know that there are solutions to some of our country’s biggest environmental problems. The demonstration on the National Mall over the weekend and the rallies we are holding across the country really does tap into a long-held tradition that Sierra Club members want to participate in bringing out solutions to our country’s problems, and they know there are a lot of ways to get there.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiler:\u003c/strong> We had Jim Hansen here in the same studio for an interview recently – a certified climate change legend from NASA – who says that California’s whole approach is half-baked. We’d be much better off with a straight-on carbon tax than this complicated market-based cap-and-trade system that we’re using.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Hansen has a point. Most economists that you talk to will view a carbon tax as a much more efficient and, thus, much more effective way of putting a price on carbon and hastening a tradition toward clean energy resources. But it’s also true that California is making more progress than any other state in de-carbonizing and transitioning to clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Speaking of presidential decisions, Sally Jewell is Mr. Obama’s choice for the new Secretary of the Interior, currently the CEO of REI, the outdoor clothing and gear company out of Seattle. What specifically does Jewell bring to the table?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> What Sally brings is potential for a sea change in terms of how the Department of Interior looks at natural resources. For the last century or more, most people who have been in her position have looked at the oil, or timber or gas as a resource to exploit. What Sally recognizes is that there’s more economic gain from protecting our public resources, but also there’s great opportunity to expand protection to benefit wildlife, landscapes and the communities that surround them. We’re very optimistic that when she assumes this position, we’ll have a great opportunity to get more people in the outdoors and then have those folks be active part in helping to protect our last remaining natural treasures.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"order": 14
},
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "PRI"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pri-the-world",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
"rss": "http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
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