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"content": "\u003cp>Parts of New York and New Jersey are still reeling from Superstorm Sandy, an event that brought climate change and the threat of sea-level rise front-and-center. It's a looming problem for all coastal cities, and one that San Francisco has been pondering since long before Sandy struck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along San Francisco’s western shore, the \u003ca href=\"http://issuu.com/oceanbeachmasterplan/docs/obmp_document_full/11\">Ocean Beach Master Plan\u003c/a> is a kind of test case for sea-rise planning. It calls for big changes, including a strategy known as managed retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A taste of what's to come\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t need a crystal ball to see how encroaching seas will affect San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we’re walking on right now is the former southbound lane of the Great Highway in San Francisco,\" says Tom Prete, the founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanbeachbulletin.com/\">Ocean Beach Bulletin\u003c/a>, an online news site that covers the neighborhoods along San Francisco’s Pacific shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the winter of 2010, the city closed this portion of Great Highway because of erosion that was endangering the road,\" he explains. The side of the road closest to the beach is now blocked off by concrete barriers. Traffic has been rerouted onto what was once the median, to avoid the receding sandy bluffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was something that was sort of done in an emergency,\" Prete says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, rather than just reacting to what’s happening out here, San Francisco is planning ahead. The road map for this more proactive approach is the Ocean Beach Master Plan, a sweeping set of recommendations intended to be implemented over the next few decades as the ocean relentlessly carves away the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It wants this land back,\" Prete says. And it's taking it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Man-made problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year the \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=13389\">National Academy of Sciences projected\u003c/a> that in this part of California, sea level could rise nearly a foot by 2030. And by the end of the century, if current warming trends continue, it could be more than four feet higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49253\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/revetments-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"revetments\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piles of boulders and rubble left from past attempts by the city to protect the Great Highway from erosion. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here at Ocean Beach, no private homes are in immediate danger, but on the line is millions of dollars’ worth of infrastructure: the four-lane highway and a waste water treatment plant. And there’s the beach itself, part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, used by surfers, dog-walkers, joggers and bundled up beach-goers (this is not San Diego).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level rise is a looming threat, but erosion is nothing new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's at least partially -- I would argue, largely -- a man-made problem,\" says Bob Battalio, a coastal engineer at the consulting firm \u003ca href=\"http://www.pwa-ltd.com/index.html\">ESA PWA\u003c/a> who is working on the Master Plan. He says the Great Highway isn’t just a casualty here; it’s part of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It opened in 1929 to much \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist2/ghiway.html\">fanfare\u003c/a>. But it wasn’t exactly built on \u003cem>Terra Firma\u003c/em>: the city flattened coastal sand dunes and pushed the shoreline about 200 feet out into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was progress I guess at that point,\" reflects Battalio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ocean has been pushing back ever since and the Great Highway isn’t looking so great anymore, with pieces of parking lots crumbling onto the beach. The bluffs below it are strewn with sandbags, boulders and concrete: failed attempts by the city to stem erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change will make it all worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s kind of like trying to hold a pendulum, and it's going to try to go back to where it wants to be,\" says Battalio. \"Otherwise you have to hold it there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Retreating from the rising tide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most dramatic recommendation in the Ocean Beach Master Plan is to let go of the pendulum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49271\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49271 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small.jpg\" alt=\"Ocean Beach hasn't always been where it is now. Click on the map to see more information about past shorelines. (Map courtesy of Elena Vandebroek and Bob Battalio, ESA PWA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small-400x457.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ocean Beach hasn't always been where it is now. Click on the map to see more information about past shorelines. (Map courtesy of Elena Vandebroek and Bob Battalio, ESA PWA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Everything's easier if you move back,\" Battalio explains. \"So ultimately what we’re trying to do is what we call 'managed retreat.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, San Francisco would close one end of the Great Highway, reroute traffic about a half-mile inland, and let the ocean come back. Battalio says it comes down to engineering and economics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a surfer and somebody who’s studied waves and the like, I think it’s fine if people want to live on the coast,\" he says. \"But I don’t think it’s okay to take public money and build structures that adversely affect the beach. I don’t want my money going there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49262\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49262 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1.jpg\" alt=\"Surfers \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For years surfers have been asking San Francisco to manage the erosion problems at the south end of Ocean Beach. (Photo: Sean Greene/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Translating high-concept plans to work on the ground\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan would cut down on those kinds of costs, but it isn't cheap, either. Estimates for completing all the recommendations are just north of $350 million. Funding has come through for some initial studies, but the vast majority of that money has yet to be raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of the things we're recommending at Ocean Beach are very expensive,\" says Benjamin Grant, who manages the Ocean Beach Master Plan for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/\">San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association\u003c/a> (SPUR). \"But you have to set them against the costs of the band-aid measures already taking place.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>Dive into the plan and Explore SPUR's \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/featured-project/ocean-beach-master-plan\" target=\"_blank\">Ocean Beach website\u003c/a>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://issuu.com/oceanbeachmasterplan/docs/obmp_document_full/11\">Download the Ocean Beach Master Plan\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanbeachbulletin.com/tag/ocean-beach-master-plan/\">Read the Ocean Beach Bulletin's Master Plan coverage\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>SPUR is acting as a facilitator for the project, bringing together the myriad city, state, and federal organizations involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can't close our eyes to what’s coming and it’s definitely going to get worse and not better,\" Grant says. \"If we can find a way to work with those processes to achieve the kinds of outcomes and build the kinds of places we want to have in our city, then we’ll be ahead of the game.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other California cities, Pacifica and Ventura, have both undertaken smaller managed-retreat projects. And other places, including New York City and the states around Chesapeake Bay, are beginning to put together their own climate response plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For San Francisco, completing the big vision of the Ocean Beach Master Plan is just a first step. Some traffic and engineering studies are underway now, but they’re just the beginning of a decades-long process that will affect the shape of our coast and the lives along it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan also will be closely watched by other coastal cities around the United States, as the sea continues its slow but steady rise.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Parts of New York and New Jersey are still reeling from Superstorm Sandy, an event that brought climate change and the threat of sea-level rise front-and-center. It's a looming problem for all coastal cities, and one that San Francisco has been pondering since long before Sandy struck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along San Francisco’s western shore, the \u003ca href=\"http://issuu.com/oceanbeachmasterplan/docs/obmp_document_full/11\">Ocean Beach Master Plan\u003c/a> is a kind of test case for sea-rise planning. It calls for big changes, including a strategy known as managed retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A taste of what's to come\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t need a crystal ball to see how encroaching seas will affect San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we’re walking on right now is the former southbound lane of the Great Highway in San Francisco,\" says Tom Prete, the founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanbeachbulletin.com/\">Ocean Beach Bulletin\u003c/a>, an online news site that covers the neighborhoods along San Francisco’s Pacific shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the winter of 2010, the city closed this portion of Great Highway because of erosion that was endangering the road,\" he explains. The side of the road closest to the beach is now blocked off by concrete barriers. Traffic has been rerouted onto what was once the median, to avoid the receding sandy bluffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was something that was sort of done in an emergency,\" Prete says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, rather than just reacting to what’s happening out here, San Francisco is planning ahead. The road map for this more proactive approach is the Ocean Beach Master Plan, a sweeping set of recommendations intended to be implemented over the next few decades as the ocean relentlessly carves away the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It wants this land back,\" Prete says. And it's taking it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Man-made problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year the \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=13389\">National Academy of Sciences projected\u003c/a> that in this part of California, sea level could rise nearly a foot by 2030. And by the end of the century, if current warming trends continue, it could be more than four feet higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49253\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/revetments-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"revetments\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piles of boulders and rubble left from past attempts by the city to protect the Great Highway from erosion. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here at Ocean Beach, no private homes are in immediate danger, but on the line is millions of dollars’ worth of infrastructure: the four-lane highway and a waste water treatment plant. And there’s the beach itself, part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, used by surfers, dog-walkers, joggers and bundled up beach-goers (this is not San Diego).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level rise is a looming threat, but erosion is nothing new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's at least partially -- I would argue, largely -- a man-made problem,\" says Bob Battalio, a coastal engineer at the consulting firm \u003ca href=\"http://www.pwa-ltd.com/index.html\">ESA PWA\u003c/a> who is working on the Master Plan. He says the Great Highway isn’t just a casualty here; it’s part of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It opened in 1929 to much \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist2/ghiway.html\">fanfare\u003c/a>. But it wasn’t exactly built on \u003cem>Terra Firma\u003c/em>: the city flattened coastal sand dunes and pushed the shoreline about 200 feet out into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was progress I guess at that point,\" reflects Battalio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ocean has been pushing back ever since and the Great Highway isn’t looking so great anymore, with pieces of parking lots crumbling onto the beach. The bluffs below it are strewn with sandbags, boulders and concrete: failed attempts by the city to stem erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change will make it all worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s kind of like trying to hold a pendulum, and it's going to try to go back to where it wants to be,\" says Battalio. \"Otherwise you have to hold it there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Retreating from the rising tide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most dramatic recommendation in the Ocean Beach Master Plan is to let go of the pendulum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49271\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49271 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small.jpg\" alt=\"Ocean Beach hasn't always been where it is now. Click on the map to see more information about past shorelines. (Map courtesy of Elena Vandebroek and Bob Battalio, ESA PWA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small-400x457.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ocean Beach hasn't always been where it is now. Click on the map to see more information about past shorelines. (Map courtesy of Elena Vandebroek and Bob Battalio, ESA PWA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Everything's easier if you move back,\" Battalio explains. \"So ultimately what we’re trying to do is what we call 'managed retreat.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, San Francisco would close one end of the Great Highway, reroute traffic about a half-mile inland, and let the ocean come back. Battalio says it comes down to engineering and economics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a surfer and somebody who’s studied waves and the like, I think it’s fine if people want to live on the coast,\" he says. \"But I don’t think it’s okay to take public money and build structures that adversely affect the beach. I don’t want my money going there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49262\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49262 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1.jpg\" alt=\"Surfers \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For years surfers have been asking San Francisco to manage the erosion problems at the south end of Ocean Beach. (Photo: Sean Greene/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Translating high-concept plans to work on the ground\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan would cut down on those kinds of costs, but it isn't cheap, either. Estimates for completing all the recommendations are just north of $350 million. Funding has come through for some initial studies, but the vast majority of that money has yet to be raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of the things we're recommending at Ocean Beach are very expensive,\" says Benjamin Grant, who manages the Ocean Beach Master Plan for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/\">San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association\u003c/a> (SPUR). \"But you have to set them against the costs of the band-aid measures already taking place.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>Dive into the plan and Explore SPUR's \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/featured-project/ocean-beach-master-plan\" target=\"_blank\">Ocean Beach website\u003c/a>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://issuu.com/oceanbeachmasterplan/docs/obmp_document_full/11\">Download the Ocean Beach Master Plan\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanbeachbulletin.com/tag/ocean-beach-master-plan/\">Read the Ocean Beach Bulletin's Master Plan coverage\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>SPUR is acting as a facilitator for the project, bringing together the myriad city, state, and federal organizations involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can't close our eyes to what’s coming and it’s definitely going to get worse and not better,\" Grant says. \"If we can find a way to work with those processes to achieve the kinds of outcomes and build the kinds of places we want to have in our city, then we’ll be ahead of the game.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other California cities, Pacifica and Ventura, have both undertaken smaller managed-retreat projects. And other places, including New York City and the states around Chesapeake Bay, are beginning to put together their own climate response plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For San Francisco, completing the big vision of the Ocean Beach Master Plan is just a first step. Some traffic and engineering studies are underway now, but they’re just the beginning of a decades-long process that will affect the shape of our coast and the lives along it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Who Gets the Cash for Energy Upgrades from Prop 39?",
"title": "Who Gets the Cash for Energy Upgrades from Prop 39?",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/01/20130128science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49069\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-49069 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LHS_students-banner-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Green Engineering Academy students with the engineering teacher. (from left to right) Priya Sri-Tharan, County engineer Puck Ananta, Areli Hernandez, Laila Hassen and Natasha Moore. (Photo: Rachel Dornhelm/KQED)\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Green Engineering Academy students with the engineering teacher. (from left to right) Priya Sri-Tharan, County engineer Puck Ananta, Areli Hernandez, Laila Hassen and Natasha Moore. (Photo: Rachel Dornhelm/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Obama raised eyebrows earlier this month by elevating climate change to a top national priority in his inaugural address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has long been a policy leader on the issue. In the last election, voters overwhelmingly passed \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/California_Proposition_39,_Income_Tax_Increase_for_Multistate_Businesses_%282012%29\">Proposition 39\u003c/a>, which closed a corporate tax loophole and uses the cash to create the largest energy-efficiency initiative of any state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposition requires the money be spent on public buildings, however the details have been left to lawmakers. Now there’s the predictable debate over who will get the money and how it might be spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can I audit this class?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tour Livermore High School with some students from the Green Engineering Academy and you’ll hear plenty of suggestions for energy efficiency upgrades at their school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What would be nice is if they had skylights,” says senior Natasha Moore. “So more natural lighting can come in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior Laila Hassen says the benefits go beyond cost savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They've shown that when students are under hours of fluorescent lighting they can’t concentrate as well” she says. “It can actually hurt their eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and Hassen are part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acoe.org/acoe/BusServices/LEEP\">Leadership in Energy Efficiency Program\u003c/a>, or LEEP. The program is funded by Pacific Gas & Electric Corp. and administered by the Alameda County of Education. These students completed a district-wide energy audit with the help of an engineering firm, saving the school thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On tour, the students point out a new motion sensor attached to an old snack machine, that keeps the lights and cooler from running idly. But the students want to do better. They want the latest energy efficient machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Junior Priya Sri-Tharan says it would almost pay for itself the first year with $2,000 in energy savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you turn down the little stuff,” says Sri-Thran. “It’s going to eventually add up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Kinder, the chief business official for Livermore’s school district, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been saving between 15-and-20 percent of our electricity bills already,” says Kinder, “just with the small changes we’ve done so far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about $300,000 a year. Kinder says she’d like to do more. But in a tight funding environment where their current energy savings are going to keep basic programs afloat, where does one find the initial investment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is the huge hurdle,” says Kinder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A billion-dollar windfall\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter the windfall from Proposition 39, almost single-handedly bankrolled by San Francisco hedge fund billionaire Tom Steyer. California voters approved the November, 2012 initiative by a nearly two-thirds margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure will raise an estimated $1.1 billion a year from the closed tax loophole. Half will go directly into the state general fund. But for the first five years, the other half will be used to retrofit public schools or public office buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you come up with half of a billion in one year,” says Steyer, “a lot of people put out their hand and say, 'I have the exact solution for you.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steyer says one of the goals is to create tens of thousands of construction jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would also be an investment,” says Steyer. “So that in spending this money we would save money for the next 25 years because we would have reduced energy bills.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altogether, the measure is expected to generate $2.75 billion in new money by 2018 for energy efficiency projects. Experts project the money could fund efficiency upgrades at half of California’s public schools, shaving 20-to-40 percent off their monthly utility bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49076\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-49076 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/CCOE_P10005271-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"CCOE_P1000527\" width=\"288\" height=\"216\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some people want to spend the Prop 39 money on basic upgrades like new windows, others are advocating for renewable energy installations like solar panels. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Competing needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So who should get the grants? Governor Jerry Brown’s proposed budget has it spread around all public schools. But State Senator Kevin De Leon, a Los Angeles Democrat, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_39&sess=CUR&house=B&author=de_le%F3n\">introduced legislation\u003c/a> to distribute the money based on need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every school district is different,” says De Leon. “You have some districts that have brand new schools, and within the same district you have schools that are very old, schools that emit a lot of carbon and waste energy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Fremont High. The Alameda County school is slated for a rebuild. On a recent visit here, the school had been dealing with a broken boiler line. Space heaters dotted the hallways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just across the county, Albany High School stands in contrast. Eight years ago the district worked to do basic school retrofits like lighting, as well as investing in a technology uniquely suited for their high school: a co-generator. It creates electricity for the school while producing heat for the two pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albany Unified Superintendent Marla Stephenson says the carefully tailored investment paid off and the district has, “saved at least $100,000 a year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It started with cost,” says Stephenson, “and it’s now moved to what’s good for the environment and global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yvonne Tom oversees energy efficiency programs for the Alameda County Office of Education. She says in her years working on a variety of campuses, she's learned a few lessons she would pass on to lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need really good quality audits done by a real engineering firm,” says Tom, “who has not a vested interest in selling you a particular product.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom advocates spending some of the Prop 39 money to hire experts at a county level to help districts make the best use of funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others advocate spending on “the low hanging fruit,” basic energy efficiency upgrades, like new windows and lighting. Senator De Leon says these provide the most savings for the least cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam Browning, with the non-profit group \u003ca href=\"http://votesolar.org/\">Vote Solar\u003c/a>, argues for renewable energy systems like solar panels. Browning says the ballot measure explicitly included clean energy solutions in its language and that should guide implementation. Anything else, he says, “reeks of a bait and switch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t just show pictures of compact fluorescents,” says Browning. “There were plenty of solar panels that were used to sell this and voters expressed their preference for something. They had it before them. That should be honored.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Legislature is expected to pass a plan to distribute the money later this summer.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In November, California voters overwhelmingly passed Proposition 39, closing a corporate tax loophole and using the savings to create the largest state energy efficiency initiative in the country. Now the debate over how to use the money begins. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49069\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-49069 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LHS_students-banner-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Green Engineering Academy students with the engineering teacher. (from left to right) Priya Sri-Tharan, County engineer Puck Ananta, Areli Hernandez, Laila Hassen and Natasha Moore. (Photo: Rachel Dornhelm/KQED)\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Green Engineering Academy students with the engineering teacher. (from left to right) Priya Sri-Tharan, County engineer Puck Ananta, Areli Hernandez, Laila Hassen and Natasha Moore. (Photo: Rachel Dornhelm/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Obama raised eyebrows earlier this month by elevating climate change to a top national priority in his inaugural address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has long been a policy leader on the issue. In the last election, voters overwhelmingly passed \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/California_Proposition_39,_Income_Tax_Increase_for_Multistate_Businesses_%282012%29\">Proposition 39\u003c/a>, which closed a corporate tax loophole and uses the cash to create the largest energy-efficiency initiative of any state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposition requires the money be spent on public buildings, however the details have been left to lawmakers. Now there’s the predictable debate over who will get the money and how it might be spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can I audit this class?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tour Livermore High School with some students from the Green Engineering Academy and you’ll hear plenty of suggestions for energy efficiency upgrades at their school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What would be nice is if they had skylights,” says senior Natasha Moore. “So more natural lighting can come in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior Laila Hassen says the benefits go beyond cost savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They've shown that when students are under hours of fluorescent lighting they can’t concentrate as well” she says. “It can actually hurt their eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and Hassen are part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acoe.org/acoe/BusServices/LEEP\">Leadership in Energy Efficiency Program\u003c/a>, or LEEP. The program is funded by Pacific Gas & Electric Corp. and administered by the Alameda County of Education. These students completed a district-wide energy audit with the help of an engineering firm, saving the school thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On tour, the students point out a new motion sensor attached to an old snack machine, that keeps the lights and cooler from running idly. But the students want to do better. They want the latest energy efficient machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Junior Priya Sri-Tharan says it would almost pay for itself the first year with $2,000 in energy savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you turn down the little stuff,” says Sri-Thran. “It’s going to eventually add up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Kinder, the chief business official for Livermore’s school district, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been saving between 15-and-20 percent of our electricity bills already,” says Kinder, “just with the small changes we’ve done so far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about $300,000 a year. Kinder says she’d like to do more. But in a tight funding environment where their current energy savings are going to keep basic programs afloat, where does one find the initial investment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is the huge hurdle,” says Kinder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A billion-dollar windfall\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter the windfall from Proposition 39, almost single-handedly bankrolled by San Francisco hedge fund billionaire Tom Steyer. California voters approved the November, 2012 initiative by a nearly two-thirds margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure will raise an estimated $1.1 billion a year from the closed tax loophole. Half will go directly into the state general fund. But for the first five years, the other half will be used to retrofit public schools or public office buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you come up with half of a billion in one year,” says Steyer, “a lot of people put out their hand and say, 'I have the exact solution for you.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steyer says one of the goals is to create tens of thousands of construction jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would also be an investment,” says Steyer. “So that in spending this money we would save money for the next 25 years because we would have reduced energy bills.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altogether, the measure is expected to generate $2.75 billion in new money by 2018 for energy efficiency projects. Experts project the money could fund efficiency upgrades at half of California’s public schools, shaving 20-to-40 percent off their monthly utility bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49076\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-49076 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/CCOE_P10005271-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"CCOE_P1000527\" width=\"288\" height=\"216\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some people want to spend the Prop 39 money on basic upgrades like new windows, others are advocating for renewable energy installations like solar panels. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Competing needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So who should get the grants? Governor Jerry Brown’s proposed budget has it spread around all public schools. But State Senator Kevin De Leon, a Los Angeles Democrat, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_39&sess=CUR&house=B&author=de_le%F3n\">introduced legislation\u003c/a> to distribute the money based on need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every school district is different,” says De Leon. “You have some districts that have brand new schools, and within the same district you have schools that are very old, schools that emit a lot of carbon and waste energy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Fremont High. The Alameda County school is slated for a rebuild. On a recent visit here, the school had been dealing with a broken boiler line. Space heaters dotted the hallways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just across the county, Albany High School stands in contrast. Eight years ago the district worked to do basic school retrofits like lighting, as well as investing in a technology uniquely suited for their high school: a co-generator. It creates electricity for the school while producing heat for the two pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albany Unified Superintendent Marla Stephenson says the carefully tailored investment paid off and the district has, “saved at least $100,000 a year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It started with cost,” says Stephenson, “and it’s now moved to what’s good for the environment and global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yvonne Tom oversees energy efficiency programs for the Alameda County Office of Education. She says in her years working on a variety of campuses, she's learned a few lessons she would pass on to lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need really good quality audits done by a real engineering firm,” says Tom, “who has not a vested interest in selling you a particular product.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom advocates spending some of the Prop 39 money to hire experts at a county level to help districts make the best use of funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others advocate spending on “the low hanging fruit,” basic energy efficiency upgrades, like new windows and lighting. Senator De Leon says these provide the most savings for the least cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam Browning, with the non-profit group \u003ca href=\"http://votesolar.org/\">Vote Solar\u003c/a>, argues for renewable energy systems like solar panels. Browning says the ballot measure explicitly included clean energy solutions in its language and that should guide implementation. Anything else, he says, “reeks of a bait and switch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t just show pictures of compact fluorescents,” says Browning. “There were plenty of solar panels that were used to sell this and voters expressed their preference for something. They had it before them. That should be honored.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Legislature is expected to pass a plan to distribute the money later this summer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Climate Threat to Dams Overlooked by Regulators",
"title": "Climate Threat to Dams Overlooked by Regulators",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/01/20130114science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48609\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48609 \" title=\"NewBullards\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/NewBullards1-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Bullards Bar Dam in Yuba County is the fifth-highest dam in the United States. (Photo: Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">130 hydropower projects\u003c/a> in California. They take advantage of steep terrain and gushing mountain rivers to churn out about \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/renewables/hydro/index.html\">fourteen percent\u003c/a> of California's electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a delicate balance, dependent on heavy snow in the winter, and heavy runoff in the spring as the snow melts. But climate change threatens to throw that balance out of whack, a problem that federal regulators have chosen to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A High-Stakes Game\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Bullards Bar Dam stretches across a steep rocky canyon in the Sierra Nevada foothills, about fifty miles northeast of Sacramento. It's the fifth-highest dam in North America, towering more than sixty stories over the North Yuba River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I get to run around to all these glorious sites, and work on a multitude of issues,\" says Geoff Rabone. He works for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/\">Yuba County Water Agency\u003c/a>, which owns this and other smaller dams, plus a network of reservoirs, water diversion tunnels and hydroelectric facilities. Standing on top of the spillway, we can see vultures circling below us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rabone manages relicensing for the water agency. Every few decades, hydropower projects have to get a new license from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ferc.gov/\">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission\u003c/a>, or FERC. If you think going to the DMV is bad, be glad you're not a dam. Applying for a new \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/06/18/rethinking-hydropower/\">hydropower license\u003c/a> takes years and costs millions of dollars. It seems like everything gets considered, from how the dams affect water supply, to endangered species, to whitewater sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have 44 different studies going on right now,\" Rabone tells me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the new license will dictate how much electricity the project generates, and how much water it releases -- and when -- for the next thirty-to-fifty years. That's why there are so many studies, and why FERC relicensing is so important to water agencies, power companies and environmental groups, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's one looming issue that Rabone doesn't have to wrangle any studies for: climate change. FERC doesn't require those.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Water and Power\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore KQED's multimedia series, \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/\"> Water and Power\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Illustration: \u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/waterneedspower.jsp\">Water Needs Power\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Illustration: \u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/powerneedswater.jsp\">Power Needs Water\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Map:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">California's Hundreds of Dams (and Very Few Undammed Rivers)\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change and the \"New Normal\" \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an approach akin to the cliche of putting their heads in the sand,\" says Steve Rothert, the California director for the environmental organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanrivers.org/\">American Rivers\u003c/a>. Rothert says he has asked FERC to include climate change in the relicensing process, but they've turned him down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change projections for the Sierra Nevada vary. The region may get wetter; it may get drier. But scientists agree that it will get warmer, dramatically affecting the snow where most of the region’s water comes from-- and not just in the distant future. There’s evidence that we’re already seeing effects of climate change in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And yet the power companies and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission refuse to consider how climate change will affect these dams and these rivers for the next 50 years,\" says Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48657\" title=\"IMG_3672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/IMG_3672.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"330\" height=\"247\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E's Belden Powerhouse is part of the chain of hydro facilities on the Feather River, known as the \"Stairway of Power.\" (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Josh Viers, an ecologist at \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\">The University of California - Davis\u003c/a>, is similarly perplexed. He argues that FERC's decision to depend only on historic weather and water records doesn't make sense anymore, especially for licenses that won’t expire for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most of the projections for California in particular -- and these are multiple scientists using different models and different assumptions -- all converge on the same idea,\" explains Viers. \"The climate 35 years from now is not likely to be what we see today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/11/12/110882/climate_change_could_shrink_sierra_snowpack_dramatically?category=science\">recent study\u003c/a> suggests the emergence of a “new normal” within the next few decades, one in which eight-in-ten winters in the western U.S. will see snow accumulation below what we now consider normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viers says the way California manages water will have to change. Right now, the snowpack itself serves as a reservoir. If it melts earlier, or if more precipitation falls as rain, our man-made reservoirs may have to spill the extra runoff, which could mean more floods in the winter, and more water shortages in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have a lot at stake,\" says Viers. \"So it seems it would be in the public’s best interest if in fact FERC were looking out for the public.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the strategic planner for one Sierra utility says, when his agency included an entire section on climate effects in its relicensing application, FERC didn’t want it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Not Consider Climate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC officials acknowledge that climate change will have an impact on hydropower, but say the climate models scientists have developed just aren't specific enough to project local impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are not really any models yet that are granular enough that we would feel comfortable basing a decision on the impact of climate change on an individual facility,\" FERC commissioner John Norris told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC has also said that the focus of relicensing studies is on how hydropower operations affect resources, not how other things -- in this case, climate change -- affect them. Rothert of American Rivers says that's a red herring, though; the studies he's asked for would concern how hydropower projects affect resources in a changed climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If federal regulators are \"whistling in the dark,\" Rabone from the Yuba County Water Agency says climate change is very much on his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's going to be very interesting to see what happens, if climate change turns out the way it's theorized to work out,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it does, the job of water managers -- balancing the needs of fish, farmers and power plants -- will only get more complicated as the climate changes, whether or not regulators are paying attention.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Hydropower provides a good chunk of California's electricity. It relies on a balance of heavy snow in the winter and heavy runoff in the spring. Climate change threatens to throw that balance out of whack, a problem the government isn't examining.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48609\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48609 \" title=\"NewBullards\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/NewBullards1-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Bullards Bar Dam in Yuba County is the fifth-highest dam in the United States. (Photo: Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">130 hydropower projects\u003c/a> in California. They take advantage of steep terrain and gushing mountain rivers to churn out about \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/renewables/hydro/index.html\">fourteen percent\u003c/a> of California's electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a delicate balance, dependent on heavy snow in the winter, and heavy runoff in the spring as the snow melts. But climate change threatens to throw that balance out of whack, a problem that federal regulators have chosen to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A High-Stakes Game\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Bullards Bar Dam stretches across a steep rocky canyon in the Sierra Nevada foothills, about fifty miles northeast of Sacramento. It's the fifth-highest dam in North America, towering more than sixty stories over the North Yuba River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I get to run around to all these glorious sites, and work on a multitude of issues,\" says Geoff Rabone. He works for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/\">Yuba County Water Agency\u003c/a>, which owns this and other smaller dams, plus a network of reservoirs, water diversion tunnels and hydroelectric facilities. Standing on top of the spillway, we can see vultures circling below us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rabone manages relicensing for the water agency. Every few decades, hydropower projects have to get a new license from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ferc.gov/\">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission\u003c/a>, or FERC. If you think going to the DMV is bad, be glad you're not a dam. Applying for a new \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/06/18/rethinking-hydropower/\">hydropower license\u003c/a> takes years and costs millions of dollars. It seems like everything gets considered, from how the dams affect water supply, to endangered species, to whitewater sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have 44 different studies going on right now,\" Rabone tells me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the new license will dictate how much electricity the project generates, and how much water it releases -- and when -- for the next thirty-to-fifty years. That's why there are so many studies, and why FERC relicensing is so important to water agencies, power companies and environmental groups, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's one looming issue that Rabone doesn't have to wrangle any studies for: climate change. FERC doesn't require those.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Water and Power\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore KQED's multimedia series, \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/\"> Water and Power\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Illustration: \u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/waterneedspower.jsp\">Water Needs Power\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Illustration: \u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/powerneedswater.jsp\">Power Needs Water\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Map:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">California's Hundreds of Dams (and Very Few Undammed Rivers)\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change and the \"New Normal\" \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an approach akin to the cliche of putting their heads in the sand,\" says Steve Rothert, the California director for the environmental organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanrivers.org/\">American Rivers\u003c/a>. Rothert says he has asked FERC to include climate change in the relicensing process, but they've turned him down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change projections for the Sierra Nevada vary. The region may get wetter; it may get drier. But scientists agree that it will get warmer, dramatically affecting the snow where most of the region’s water comes from-- and not just in the distant future. There’s evidence that we’re already seeing effects of climate change in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And yet the power companies and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission refuse to consider how climate change will affect these dams and these rivers for the next 50 years,\" says Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48657\" title=\"IMG_3672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/IMG_3672.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"330\" height=\"247\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E's Belden Powerhouse is part of the chain of hydro facilities on the Feather River, known as the \"Stairway of Power.\" (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Josh Viers, an ecologist at \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\">The University of California - Davis\u003c/a>, is similarly perplexed. He argues that FERC's decision to depend only on historic weather and water records doesn't make sense anymore, especially for licenses that won’t expire for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most of the projections for California in particular -- and these are multiple scientists using different models and different assumptions -- all converge on the same idea,\" explains Viers. \"The climate 35 years from now is not likely to be what we see today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/11/12/110882/climate_change_could_shrink_sierra_snowpack_dramatically?category=science\">recent study\u003c/a> suggests the emergence of a “new normal” within the next few decades, one in which eight-in-ten winters in the western U.S. will see snow accumulation below what we now consider normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viers says the way California manages water will have to change. Right now, the snowpack itself serves as a reservoir. If it melts earlier, or if more precipitation falls as rain, our man-made reservoirs may have to spill the extra runoff, which could mean more floods in the winter, and more water shortages in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have a lot at stake,\" says Viers. \"So it seems it would be in the public’s best interest if in fact FERC were looking out for the public.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the strategic planner for one Sierra utility says, when his agency included an entire section on climate effects in its relicensing application, FERC didn’t want it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Not Consider Climate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC officials acknowledge that climate change will have an impact on hydropower, but say the climate models scientists have developed just aren't specific enough to project local impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are not really any models yet that are granular enough that we would feel comfortable basing a decision on the impact of climate change on an individual facility,\" FERC commissioner John Norris told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC has also said that the focus of relicensing studies is on how hydropower operations affect resources, not how other things -- in this case, climate change -- affect them. Rothert of American Rivers says that's a red herring, though; the studies he's asked for would concern how hydropower projects affect resources in a changed climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If federal regulators are \"whistling in the dark,\" Rabone from the Yuba County Water Agency says climate change is very much on his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's going to be very interesting to see what happens, if climate change turns out the way it's theorized to work out,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it does, the job of water managers -- balancing the needs of fish, farmers and power plants -- will only get more complicated as the climate changes, whether or not regulators are paying attention.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists More Outspoken on Exteme Weather-Climate Links",
"title": "Scientists More Outspoken on Exteme Weather-Climate Links",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121224science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48186\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg\" alt=\"extreme weather\" title=\"extreme weather\" width=\"640\" height=\"386\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48186\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavy rains put several Northern California towns on flood watch at the end of November. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent extreme weather events, from the Midwestern drought to Hurricane Sandy, have \u003ca title=\"Guardian - story\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/dec/14/extreme-weather-climate-change-scientists\">people paying attention to climate change\u003c/a>. Post-Sandy polls have shown a spike in concern about the climate among Americans. Some \u003ca title=\"NPR - story\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/12/13/167075395/new-york-planners-prep-for-a-new-normal-of-powerful-storms\">scientists have been emboldened\u003c/a> to connect these events directly to human-caused global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of them, \u003ca title=\"NASA - Hansen\" href=\"http://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/jhansen.html\">NASA's James Hansen\u003c/a>, who heads NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York and is a climate science pioneer. He was in San Francisco this month to receive the \u003ca title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/12/05/nasas-hansen-californias-cap-trade-doomed-to-fail/\">Stephen Schneider award\u003c/a> for climate communications. As it happened, he had just written an \u003ca title=\"Guardian - op ed\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/nov/29/climate-change-carbon-price?INTCMP=SRCH\">opinion column\u003c/a> for The Guardian newspaper, which drew some pretty straight lines from global warming to Sandy:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The chances of getting a late October hurricane in New York without the help of global warming are extremely small. In that sense, you can blame Sandy on global warming.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Previously few scientists were willing to link any specific weather events to climate change. In a recent studio interview for KQED Science, I asked Hansen if that's changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hansen:\u003c/strong> Well, yes, it's changing in the sense that the climate dice are now noticeably loaded. But in the case of Sandy, the waters in the Atlantic Ocean were a few degrees warmer than normal, so it kept that storm amped up. And, of course, the warmer atmosphere also holds more water vapor, so you get more rainfall and therefore you've got heavier floods. But, in addition, sea level has gone up a measurable amount over the last several decades, and that contributes too. The climate dice are now loaded, and they're becoming more loaded. And it's reaching a level that the public should notice -- that the frequency of extreme events is greater than it used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> The public, I think is noticing. We've certainly noticed here in California. Just recently, we had one of these multi-day, multi-wave storms referred to as a \"Pineapple Express.\" Are there climate change fingerprints on that type of event, too?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> Well, there is a fingerprint on extreme rainfall. So if you look at the record rainfalls -- the extreme events -- those are affected by global warming, because the atmosphere holds more water when it's warmer. And the relationship is quite a strong one. So storms -- thunderstorms, hurricanes, tornadoes -- those storms that are driven by a latent heat of water vapor are going to be stronger. The extreme ones are going to be stronger and that's simple physics. But, you can't blame any single event [on warming], so the analogy that was recently drawn of a baseball player on steroids -- that's a good example. He'll hit more home runs, but you can't say that particular home run was because he was on steroids. But you can clearly see there's an impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen has also not minced words about California's newly-established \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - cap & trade\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/capandtrade/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>. At the Commonwealth Club, he drew surprised laughs from the audience when he paused briefly, apparently searching for words, and then blurted out, \"Because it's not -- it's half-assed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in our studios, he explained why he thinks so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48160\" title=\"JHansen_NASA\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/JHansen_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Jim Hansen: Cap-and-trade won't get the job done. (Photo: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> California is very useful in providing an example of how you can have a good economy, compared to the rest of the country, and still have low emissions and hopefully go still lower. But, frankly, Cap-and-Trade is not the way to do it. What you need is an honest, flat carbon fee across the board that covers coal, oil, and gas, is collected from the fossil fuel companies, and the money that's collected should be distributed to the public, so that the person who does better than average will actually get more in their dividend than they pay in increased prices. That way, the public would allow this price to go high enough to phase out fossil fuels. And that's what we have to do. But a cap-and-trade system--you have to go big. We tried that with the Kyoto protocol. Most countries just laughed. China and India just laughed at us when we asked them. They're not gonna put a cap-and-trade system on. But if we have this carbon fee, it can be made global.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> The oil and gas industry and others are still pushing back hard against even the market-based cap-and-trade system here in California. Of course a carbon fee--or tax--would be politically even more difficult to achieve. What do you think the chances of that would be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> Well, I don't think it is politically more difficult if it's explained to the public. It should be salable--but of course there's no salesman for it. Politicians have not yet been willing to recognize that we can't burn all the fossil fuels. They're allowing, and even encouraging, fossil fuel companies to go after every fossil fuel they can find. Tar sands, tar shale, fracking, mountaintop removal. It's crazy because our children are going to have to figure out a way to suck that CO2 back out of the atmosphere, or they're going to get problems that will be monumental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Hansen and I were talking, negotiators from 194 countries were wrapping up UN climate talks in Quatar. They made scant progress toward an agreement to cut carbon emissions that, if finalized, wouldn't be in place until 2020. Meanwhile, 2012 will likely go down as \u003ca title=\"Climate Central - post\" href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/book-it-2012-the-hottest-year-on-record-15350\">America's warmest year\u003c/a> on record, with worldwide \u003ca title=\"Telegraph - story\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/9717280/Doha-Latest-figures-show-global-CO2-emissions-are-rising.html\">carbon emissions reaching a record high\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy New Year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "One of the giants of climate science talks about extreme weather...and trashes California's plan to cut emissions.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48186\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg\" alt=\"extreme weather\" title=\"extreme weather\" width=\"640\" height=\"386\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48186\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavy rains put several Northern California towns on flood watch at the end of November. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent extreme weather events, from the Midwestern drought to Hurricane Sandy, have \u003ca title=\"Guardian - story\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/dec/14/extreme-weather-climate-change-scientists\">people paying attention to climate change\u003c/a>. Post-Sandy polls have shown a spike in concern about the climate among Americans. Some \u003ca title=\"NPR - story\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/12/13/167075395/new-york-planners-prep-for-a-new-normal-of-powerful-storms\">scientists have been emboldened\u003c/a> to connect these events directly to human-caused global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of them, \u003ca title=\"NASA - Hansen\" href=\"http://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/jhansen.html\">NASA's James Hansen\u003c/a>, who heads NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York and is a climate science pioneer. He was in San Francisco this month to receive the \u003ca title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/12/05/nasas-hansen-californias-cap-trade-doomed-to-fail/\">Stephen Schneider award\u003c/a> for climate communications. As it happened, he had just written an \u003ca title=\"Guardian - op ed\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/nov/29/climate-change-carbon-price?INTCMP=SRCH\">opinion column\u003c/a> for The Guardian newspaper, which drew some pretty straight lines from global warming to Sandy:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The chances of getting a late October hurricane in New York without the help of global warming are extremely small. In that sense, you can blame Sandy on global warming.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Previously few scientists were willing to link any specific weather events to climate change. In a recent studio interview for KQED Science, I asked Hansen if that's changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hansen:\u003c/strong> Well, yes, it's changing in the sense that the climate dice are now noticeably loaded. But in the case of Sandy, the waters in the Atlantic Ocean were a few degrees warmer than normal, so it kept that storm amped up. And, of course, the warmer atmosphere also holds more water vapor, so you get more rainfall and therefore you've got heavier floods. But, in addition, sea level has gone up a measurable amount over the last several decades, and that contributes too. The climate dice are now loaded, and they're becoming more loaded. And it's reaching a level that the public should notice -- that the frequency of extreme events is greater than it used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> The public, I think is noticing. We've certainly noticed here in California. Just recently, we had one of these multi-day, multi-wave storms referred to as a \"Pineapple Express.\" Are there climate change fingerprints on that type of event, too?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> Well, there is a fingerprint on extreme rainfall. So if you look at the record rainfalls -- the extreme events -- those are affected by global warming, because the atmosphere holds more water when it's warmer. And the relationship is quite a strong one. So storms -- thunderstorms, hurricanes, tornadoes -- those storms that are driven by a latent heat of water vapor are going to be stronger. The extreme ones are going to be stronger and that's simple physics. But, you can't blame any single event [on warming], so the analogy that was recently drawn of a baseball player on steroids -- that's a good example. He'll hit more home runs, but you can't say that particular home run was because he was on steroids. But you can clearly see there's an impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen has also not minced words about California's newly-established \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - cap & trade\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/capandtrade/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>. At the Commonwealth Club, he drew surprised laughs from the audience when he paused briefly, apparently searching for words, and then blurted out, \"Because it's not -- it's half-assed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in our studios, he explained why he thinks so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48160\" title=\"JHansen_NASA\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/JHansen_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Jim Hansen: Cap-and-trade won't get the job done. (Photo: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> California is very useful in providing an example of how you can have a good economy, compared to the rest of the country, and still have low emissions and hopefully go still lower. But, frankly, Cap-and-Trade is not the way to do it. What you need is an honest, flat carbon fee across the board that covers coal, oil, and gas, is collected from the fossil fuel companies, and the money that's collected should be distributed to the public, so that the person who does better than average will actually get more in their dividend than they pay in increased prices. That way, the public would allow this price to go high enough to phase out fossil fuels. And that's what we have to do. But a cap-and-trade system--you have to go big. We tried that with the Kyoto protocol. Most countries just laughed. China and India just laughed at us when we asked them. They're not gonna put a cap-and-trade system on. But if we have this carbon fee, it can be made global.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> The oil and gas industry and others are still pushing back hard against even the market-based cap-and-trade system here in California. Of course a carbon fee--or tax--would be politically even more difficult to achieve. What do you think the chances of that would be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> Well, I don't think it is politically more difficult if it's explained to the public. It should be salable--but of course there's no salesman for it. Politicians have not yet been willing to recognize that we can't burn all the fossil fuels. They're allowing, and even encouraging, fossil fuel companies to go after every fossil fuel they can find. Tar sands, tar shale, fracking, mountaintop removal. It's crazy because our children are going to have to figure out a way to suck that CO2 back out of the atmosphere, or they're going to get problems that will be monumental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Hansen and I were talking, negotiators from 194 countries were wrapping up UN climate talks in Quatar. They made scant progress toward an agreement to cut carbon emissions that, if finalized, wouldn't be in place until 2020. Meanwhile, 2012 will likely go down as \u003ca title=\"Climate Central - post\" href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/book-it-2012-the-hottest-year-on-record-15350\">America's warmest year\u003c/a> on record, with worldwide \u003ca title=\"Telegraph - story\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/9717280/Doha-Latest-figures-show-global-CO2-emissions-are-rising.html\">carbon emissions reaching a record high\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy New Year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Growing Pains for California's Electric Car Charging Network",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121203science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47607\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 636px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47607\" title=\"Bishop Ranch, San Ramon Fast Charger\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch.jpg\" alt=\"Bishop Ranch, San Ramon Fast Charger\" width=\"636\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch.jpg 636w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bishop Ranch, San Ramon Fast Charger\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine pulling up to a gas station and finding out that the pumps aren’t working or that you have to be a subscriber to fill up. Those are just a couple of the challenges that drivers of electric cars face as public charging stations slowly roll out. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/alisonvandiggelen/\">Alison van Diggelen\u003c/a>, herself an early adopter, explores the growing pains of building an electric car charging network and the fledgling new industry rising up to meet the challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>________ \u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Range Anxiety - A Short Leash\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47412\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47412 \" style=\"margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 7px\" title=\"KQED's Alison van Diggelen gets a fast charge with Ecotality's Blink network, at Intuit Campus, Menlo Park\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Ali-charging-at-blink-fastcharger-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alison van Diggelen gets a fast charge with Ecotality's Blink network, Intuit Campus, Menlo Park\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Electric vehicles are a popular and \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/11/electric-cars_n_2115124.html\">growing trend\u003c/a> in California. But it can take hours to charge them, and there are \u003cem>only a handful\u003c/em> of fast chargers in the whole state. I recently visited one of California’s fast chargers at a Silicon Valley software company’s parking lot in Menlo Park, eager to get a charge for my all-electric Nissan Leaf. I’d traveled over 35 miles (that’s 70 round trip) from my home charger, and range anxiety had kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, I did make it home, but only after bypassing another fast charger that required I swipe a membership card which I don’t have. I used \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/plugshare/id421788217?mt=8\">an app\u003c/a> on my phone to find the charger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John O'Dell, Senior Editor \u003ca href=\"http://www.edmunds.com/about/authors/john-odell.html\">at Edmunds.com\u003c/a> says for electric cars to catch on it's vital to have a reliable charging network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Public charging infrastructure is critical to the widespread acceptance of plug-in and particularly battery electric vehicles. Because without public chargers you basically have a fairly short leash on your vehicle and you are not going to be willing to drive it long distances.”\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most driving and charging takes place within 40 miles of home, the lack of freedom to go much further has become a roadblock to purchasing electric cars for many Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Loosening the Leash\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry O’Day, with New Jersey-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/about/index.html\">energy company NRG\u003c/a>, is hoping to loosen the leash on electric cars. I caught up with him at a charger at a San Francisco parking garage. As part of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/11/cpuc-20121106.html\">settlement\u003c/a> over claims stemming from California’s energy crisis, NRG will install 200 fast-chargers and wiring for 10,000 standard chargers statewide by 2016. NRG is calling its fast chargers, “Freedom stations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re not tethered to a radius…this is much more like a gasoline fueling infrastructure where you can fast fill anywhere you need to go,” says O’Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47423\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 274px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47423\" title=\"Terry O'Day heads NRG's California charger roll out\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Terry-ODay-heads-NRGs-CA-charger-rollout1-274x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"274\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry O'Day heads NRG's California charger roll out\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fast chargers can give fifty miles of driving range in fifteen minutes. But because there are only a few, drivers usually opt for a standard charger, which can take more than three hours to get the same driving range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fast Charger Challenges\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking for a well distributed network, like a cell phone network. It’s a small “d” democratic network that provides freedom to move within a region,” says O’Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, a multitude of challenges face NRG and other charging companies, like Bay Area-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.chargepoint.com/\">ChargePoint\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecotality.com/\">Ecotality\u003c/a>. Fast chargers produce very high voltage. They require complicated permitting. And they cost upward of $40,000 each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the financials don’t add up says NRG’s Terry O’Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public charging infrastructure is extraordinarily expensive and there aren’t enough cars right now so there isn’t an effective business model to make the investment work,” he says.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how many companies does it take to install a comprehensive network of electric vehicle chargers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as simple as changing a light bulb,”\u003cem> \u003c/em>says\u003cem> \u003c/em>Ravi Brar, CEO of Ecotality, in San Francisco. \u003cem> \u003c/em>“It takes some effort, cooperation and coordination. It’s a sea change… a revolution in transportation. The biggest challenge might be that there are a hundred little challenges.”\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to date, there hasn’t been much coordination. There are \u003ca href=\"http://green.autoblog.com/2012/10/17/sae-sets-standards-for-dc-combo-fast-charging/\">two different standards\u003c/a> for fast chargers: one US-European, one Japanese. It’s much like the format war between VHS and Betamax. One of them will likely lose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47417\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47417\" title=\"Japanese CHAdeMO fast charger and standard port on Nissan Leaf\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Japanese-CHAdeMO-fastcharger-and-standard-port-on-Nissan-Leaf-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Japanese CHAdeMO fast charger and standard port on a Nissan Leaf\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to complicate matters, Tesla Motors, a leading electric car company, is building a \u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/supercharger\">proprietary network \u003c/a>of fast chargers, which won’t work with either standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pat Romano, CEO of ChargePoint in Silicon Valley, describes the current state of electric car charging as “somewhat of a mess,” but he’s optimistic the fast charger standards will get sorted out in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Second Inning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romano takes a long view and uses a baseball analogy, describing 2009 as the “first inning,” when modern chargers were first going in and electric cars were just being announced by car makers. Today, he says we are solidly in the second inning.\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nTo date, about 50,000 plug-in cars have been sold in the U.S. About one third of those sales were made in California, thanks to \u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/state_summary/CA\">pioneering state rules\u003c/a> that include rebates and carpool privileges for drivers of electric cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are over 1000 public chargers in California today. Romano predicts a tipping point by the end of 2014, when he expects to see hundreds of thousands of electric cars on the road and lots more chargers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we hit about the 5th or 6th inning the mass market is really taking it up,” says Romano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For early adopters like Terry O’Day, of NRG, it’s not surprising the demand is growing for electric vehicles.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quick off the line, unexpectedly fast, it’s quiet. You feel like you’re part of a revolution when you’re in the seat of an EV,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many enthusiasts, he believes more chargers will help boost electric car sales. Under the NRG mandate, fast chargers alone are set to quadruple in California in the next year. And just as all eyes were on California as the state launched its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">Cap-and-Trade program\u003c/a>, the world will be watching to see if this public charger roll out helps jump start electric car sales in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>____\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More resources on Electric Driving and Charging\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">Clean Car Diaries\u003c/a> - over 25 stories from the Quest team on driving electric cars\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity.html\">Alternative Fuels Data Center\u003c/a> - Dept. of Energy Resource for EV Charging, locations and incentives\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://drivingelectric.org/\">Driving Electric\u003c/a> - Online community for plug-in drivers\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/groups/BayLeafs/\">San Francisco BayLEAFs\u003c/a> - Facebook community for Nissan Leaf drivers\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plugshare.com/\">Map of Charger Locations \u003c/a>- Locations and reviews of all charger types, public and private, nationwide\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47607\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 636px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47607\" title=\"Bishop Ranch, San Ramon Fast Charger\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch.jpg\" alt=\"Bishop Ranch, San Ramon Fast Charger\" width=\"636\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch.jpg 636w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/bishop-ranch-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bishop Ranch, San Ramon Fast Charger\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine pulling up to a gas station and finding out that the pumps aren’t working or that you have to be a subscriber to fill up. Those are just a couple of the challenges that drivers of electric cars face as public charging stations slowly roll out. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/alisonvandiggelen/\">Alison van Diggelen\u003c/a>, herself an early adopter, explores the growing pains of building an electric car charging network and the fledgling new industry rising up to meet the challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>________ \u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Range Anxiety - A Short Leash\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47412\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47412 \" style=\"margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 7px\" title=\"KQED's Alison van Diggelen gets a fast charge with Ecotality's Blink network, at Intuit Campus, Menlo Park\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Ali-charging-at-blink-fastcharger-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alison van Diggelen gets a fast charge with Ecotality's Blink network, Intuit Campus, Menlo Park\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Electric vehicles are a popular and \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/11/electric-cars_n_2115124.html\">growing trend\u003c/a> in California. But it can take hours to charge them, and there are \u003cem>only a handful\u003c/em> of fast chargers in the whole state. I recently visited one of California’s fast chargers at a Silicon Valley software company’s parking lot in Menlo Park, eager to get a charge for my all-electric Nissan Leaf. I’d traveled over 35 miles (that’s 70 round trip) from my home charger, and range anxiety had kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, I did make it home, but only after bypassing another fast charger that required I swipe a membership card which I don’t have. I used \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/plugshare/id421788217?mt=8\">an app\u003c/a> on my phone to find the charger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John O'Dell, Senior Editor \u003ca href=\"http://www.edmunds.com/about/authors/john-odell.html\">at Edmunds.com\u003c/a> says for electric cars to catch on it's vital to have a reliable charging network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Public charging infrastructure is critical to the widespread acceptance of plug-in and particularly battery electric vehicles. Because without public chargers you basically have a fairly short leash on your vehicle and you are not going to be willing to drive it long distances.”\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most driving and charging takes place within 40 miles of home, the lack of freedom to go much further has become a roadblock to purchasing electric cars for many Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Loosening the Leash\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry O’Day, with New Jersey-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/about/index.html\">energy company NRG\u003c/a>, is hoping to loosen the leash on electric cars. I caught up with him at a charger at a San Francisco parking garage. As part of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/11/cpuc-20121106.html\">settlement\u003c/a> over claims stemming from California’s energy crisis, NRG will install 200 fast-chargers and wiring for 10,000 standard chargers statewide by 2016. NRG is calling its fast chargers, “Freedom stations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re not tethered to a radius…this is much more like a gasoline fueling infrastructure where you can fast fill anywhere you need to go,” says O’Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47423\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 274px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47423\" title=\"Terry O'Day heads NRG's California charger roll out\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Terry-ODay-heads-NRGs-CA-charger-rollout1-274x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"274\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry O'Day heads NRG's California charger roll out\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fast chargers can give fifty miles of driving range in fifteen minutes. But because there are only a few, drivers usually opt for a standard charger, which can take more than three hours to get the same driving range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fast Charger Challenges\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking for a well distributed network, like a cell phone network. It’s a small “d” democratic network that provides freedom to move within a region,” says O’Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, a multitude of challenges face NRG and other charging companies, like Bay Area-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.chargepoint.com/\">ChargePoint\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecotality.com/\">Ecotality\u003c/a>. Fast chargers produce very high voltage. They require complicated permitting. And they cost upward of $40,000 each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the financials don’t add up says NRG’s Terry O’Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public charging infrastructure is extraordinarily expensive and there aren’t enough cars right now so there isn’t an effective business model to make the investment work,” he says.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how many companies does it take to install a comprehensive network of electric vehicle chargers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as simple as changing a light bulb,”\u003cem> \u003c/em>says\u003cem> \u003c/em>Ravi Brar, CEO of Ecotality, in San Francisco. \u003cem> \u003c/em>“It takes some effort, cooperation and coordination. It’s a sea change… a revolution in transportation. The biggest challenge might be that there are a hundred little challenges.”\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to date, there hasn’t been much coordination. There are \u003ca href=\"http://green.autoblog.com/2012/10/17/sae-sets-standards-for-dc-combo-fast-charging/\">two different standards\u003c/a> for fast chargers: one US-European, one Japanese. It’s much like the format war between VHS and Betamax. One of them will likely lose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47417\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47417\" title=\"Japanese CHAdeMO fast charger and standard port on Nissan Leaf\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Japanese-CHAdeMO-fastcharger-and-standard-port-on-Nissan-Leaf-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Japanese CHAdeMO fast charger and standard port on a Nissan Leaf\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to complicate matters, Tesla Motors, a leading electric car company, is building a \u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/supercharger\">proprietary network \u003c/a>of fast chargers, which won’t work with either standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pat Romano, CEO of ChargePoint in Silicon Valley, describes the current state of electric car charging as “somewhat of a mess,” but he’s optimistic the fast charger standards will get sorted out in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Second Inning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romano takes a long view and uses a baseball analogy, describing 2009 as the “first inning,” when modern chargers were first going in and electric cars were just being announced by car makers. Today, he says we are solidly in the second inning.\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nTo date, about 50,000 plug-in cars have been sold in the U.S. About one third of those sales were made in California, thanks to \u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/state_summary/CA\">pioneering state rules\u003c/a> that include rebates and carpool privileges for drivers of electric cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are over 1000 public chargers in California today. Romano predicts a tipping point by the end of 2014, when he expects to see hundreds of thousands of electric cars on the road and lots more chargers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we hit about the 5th or 6th inning the mass market is really taking it up,” says Romano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For early adopters like Terry O’Day, of NRG, it’s not surprising the demand is growing for electric vehicles.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quick off the line, unexpectedly fast, it’s quiet. You feel like you’re part of a revolution when you’re in the seat of an EV,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many enthusiasts, he believes more chargers will help boost electric car sales. Under the NRG mandate, fast chargers alone are set to quadruple in California in the next year. And just as all eyes were on California as the state launched its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">Cap-and-Trade program\u003c/a>, the world will be watching to see if this public charger roll out helps jump start electric car sales in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>____\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More resources on Electric Driving and Charging\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">Clean Car Diaries\u003c/a> - over 25 stories from the Quest team on driving electric cars\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity.html\">Alternative Fuels Data Center\u003c/a> - Dept. of Energy Resource for EV Charging, locations and incentives\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://drivingelectric.org/\">Driving Electric\u003c/a> - Online community for plug-in drivers\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/groups/BayLeafs/\">San Francisco BayLEAFs\u003c/a> - Facebook community for Nissan Leaf drivers\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plugshare.com/\">Map of Charger Locations \u003c/a>- Locations and reviews of all charger types, public and private, nationwide\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47257\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/19/so-how-much-does-carbon-cost/losangelessmog092111/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47257\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47257 \" title=\"LosAngelesSmog092111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/LosAngelesSmog092111.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"384\" height=\"216\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/LosAngelesSmog092111.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/LosAngelesSmog092111-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smog in LA (GABRIEL BOUYS/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tara Siler talked with KQED Science Editor Craig Miller about the results of the auction for KQED News. This is an extended version of their interview. The transcript has been edited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we have a first glimpse of how California's experiment in carbon trading is working out. The state's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">first auction\u003c/a> of industrial permits for greenhouse gases actually happened last week--but \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auction/november_2012/auction1_results_2012q4nov.pdf\">results\u003c/a> [PDF] were released on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tara Siler:\u003c/strong> This was the opening bell of sorts for a stock market of carbon emissions in California. If the bell rang last week, why are we now finding out what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> It actually happened last Wednesday, but it was done under extremely tight wraps. The state would not even reveal who exactly would be participating in the auction and no one was allowed to see it in progress except officials, participants and some consultants. They wanted to avoid any chance that anybody would try to engage in some kind of manipulation. And then after the fact they wanted to go back over all the results with a fine-toothed comb and actually have it looked at again and certified by the state before they released the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for this is because years ago, when they first started doing this in Europe there was some manipulation in the early going. That's been since fixed, but they didn't want to duplicate those mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So how did this experiment go?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> According to state regulators, it went pretty well. In fact, Mary Nichols, who runs the agency, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, responsible for this regulation would go beyond that:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mary Nichols:\u003c/strong> We're delighted by this. Our goal here is to reduce Carbon at a good price, in a way that is flexible for the companies that are covered, and we feel like we're showing, as we'd hoped and intended, that that is actually going to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MIller:\u003c/strong> I think that's relief, is what you're hearing. It does seem like a system that's going to work. And at the end of the day, there was actually -- for the first time ever -- a price for Carbon established in California, which was just a hair over ten dollars a metric ton. So if you've got ten bucks, you can go out and buy a ton of Carbon on the market in California now. That's just a little bit above the minimum that regulators set for the auction, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> And what's the significance of that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: \u003c/strong>It's relatively low compared to what it could have been. Some would argue you want the price of Carbon to be very high, because you want to create a disincentive -- that's the whole idea here -- a disincentive for companies to be spewing it into the atmosphere. So you want to make it expensive for them to do that. But others would argue that in order to keep jobs and companies from potentially leaving California, rather than have to pay these fees, and to create a smooth transition to the program, it's not bad to have it relatively low, at least to start with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> Now right before this auction happened, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calchamber.com/Pages/Default.aspx\">California Chamber of Commerce\u003c/a> filed a lawsuit trying to invalidate the auction. Where is that at this point?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> It's sitting there waiting for the courts to act. They make it very clear, they weren't trying to stop the auction. But ultimately they don't like the idea that the state is withholding allowances for itself and making companies buy them. They want those allowances to be given away for free to make it as easy as possible for companies to make this transition, and that's what they're hoping eventually the court will rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So where do we go from here? Are these auctions going to be a regular event and are they going to be so top-secret?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> They are going to be a regular event. They probably will continue to be pretty confidential, too. The next one is in February. And then over time the market will decide what a ton of Carbon is worth. But yes, these will be regular events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So the big question for Californians is, what's it going to cost us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Kind of hard to say right now. Some of the pieces of that puzzle are coming together. On Friday the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/puc/\">California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> came out with a plan that will actually pay what they call a \"climate dividend.\" If there's an increase in your electric rates as a result of cap-and-trade and the fees that companies are having to pay, you will get that money back in the form of a couple dividends every year, and might even make some money on the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also speculation that in 2015 when this program expands to transportation fuels and other things beyond what it's covering now, it might increase the price of gasoline by about 18 cents, but that's not until 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So this cap-and-trade program has been cited as an example of California's leadership on environmental policies. Is anybody following us at this point?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> I talked with Mary Nichols a couple of years ago and asked her very specifically about this, and she said, \"California will not go it alone on cap-and-trade.\" But we are right now. There are other states that were kind of lined up in this thing they call the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/\">Western Climate Initiative\u003c/a> with intent to eventually consider joining, but right now there is nobody. The next one inline seems to be a Canadian province, Quebec.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47257\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/19/so-how-much-does-carbon-cost/losangelessmog092111/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47257\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47257 \" title=\"LosAngelesSmog092111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/LosAngelesSmog092111.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"384\" height=\"216\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/LosAngelesSmog092111.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/LosAngelesSmog092111-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smog in LA (GABRIEL BOUYS/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tara Siler talked with KQED Science Editor Craig Miller about the results of the auction for KQED News. This is an extended version of their interview. The transcript has been edited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we have a first glimpse of how California's experiment in carbon trading is working out. The state's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">first auction\u003c/a> of industrial permits for greenhouse gases actually happened last week--but \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auction/november_2012/auction1_results_2012q4nov.pdf\">results\u003c/a> [PDF] were released on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tara Siler:\u003c/strong> This was the opening bell of sorts for a stock market of carbon emissions in California. If the bell rang last week, why are we now finding out what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> It actually happened last Wednesday, but it was done under extremely tight wraps. The state would not even reveal who exactly would be participating in the auction and no one was allowed to see it in progress except officials, participants and some consultants. They wanted to avoid any chance that anybody would try to engage in some kind of manipulation. And then after the fact they wanted to go back over all the results with a fine-toothed comb and actually have it looked at again and certified by the state before they released the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for this is because years ago, when they first started doing this in Europe there was some manipulation in the early going. That's been since fixed, but they didn't want to duplicate those mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So how did this experiment go?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> According to state regulators, it went pretty well. In fact, Mary Nichols, who runs the agency, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, responsible for this regulation would go beyond that:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mary Nichols:\u003c/strong> We're delighted by this. Our goal here is to reduce Carbon at a good price, in a way that is flexible for the companies that are covered, and we feel like we're showing, as we'd hoped and intended, that that is actually going to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MIller:\u003c/strong> I think that's relief, is what you're hearing. It does seem like a system that's going to work. And at the end of the day, there was actually -- for the first time ever -- a price for Carbon established in California, which was just a hair over ten dollars a metric ton. So if you've got ten bucks, you can go out and buy a ton of Carbon on the market in California now. That's just a little bit above the minimum that regulators set for the auction, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> And what's the significance of that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: \u003c/strong>It's relatively low compared to what it could have been. Some would argue you want the price of Carbon to be very high, because you want to create a disincentive -- that's the whole idea here -- a disincentive for companies to be spewing it into the atmosphere. So you want to make it expensive for them to do that. But others would argue that in order to keep jobs and companies from potentially leaving California, rather than have to pay these fees, and to create a smooth transition to the program, it's not bad to have it relatively low, at least to start with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> Now right before this auction happened, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calchamber.com/Pages/Default.aspx\">California Chamber of Commerce\u003c/a> filed a lawsuit trying to invalidate the auction. Where is that at this point?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> It's sitting there waiting for the courts to act. They make it very clear, they weren't trying to stop the auction. But ultimately they don't like the idea that the state is withholding allowances for itself and making companies buy them. They want those allowances to be given away for free to make it as easy as possible for companies to make this transition, and that's what they're hoping eventually the court will rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So where do we go from here? Are these auctions going to be a regular event and are they going to be so top-secret?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> They are going to be a regular event. They probably will continue to be pretty confidential, too. The next one is in February. And then over time the market will decide what a ton of Carbon is worth. But yes, these will be regular events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So the big question for Californians is, what's it going to cost us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Kind of hard to say right now. Some of the pieces of that puzzle are coming together. On Friday the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/puc/\">California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> came out with a plan that will actually pay what they call a \"climate dividend.\" If there's an increase in your electric rates as a result of cap-and-trade and the fees that companies are having to pay, you will get that money back in the form of a couple dividends every year, and might even make some money on the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also speculation that in 2015 when this program expands to transportation fuels and other things beyond what it's covering now, it might increase the price of gasoline by about 18 cents, but that's not until 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So this cap-and-trade program has been cited as an example of California's leadership on environmental policies. Is anybody following us at this point?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> I talked with Mary Nichols a couple of years ago and asked her very specifically about this, and she said, \"California will not go it alone on cap-and-trade.\" But we are right now. There are other states that were kind of lined up in this thing they call the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/\">Western Climate Initiative\u003c/a> with intent to eventually consider joining, but right now there is nobody. The next one inline seems to be a Canadian province, Quebec.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47221\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/16/solar-powers-chinas-march-toward-sustainability/china_solar_sm/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47221\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47221\" title=\"China_Solar_sm\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/China_Solar_sm-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most of China's solar panels are made for export markets. That balance could be shifting. (Photo: Marjorie Sun)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aggressive price competition helps consumers, stymies California industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a trade war brewing with China over solar panels and California is right in the middle. Just this month, federal trade officials authorized sanctions against China for “dumping” solar components onto the U-S market below cost. China is the world’s biggest producer of solar panels, and yet very few are installed there domestically. Many end up on rooftops here in California. “Cheap solar” has been good for California consumers but bad for the state’s own makers of solar energy hardware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China Jumpstarts Domestic Solar Capacity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 80 miles west of Shanghai, intern Cheng Yiyang shows me a production line where machines pirouette and fabricate black wafers packed with photovoltaic cells. We’re in the headquarters of the world’s largest maker of solar panels, Suntech Power, in the city of Wuxi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They print the material onto the pieces and when they come out they can send the electricity,” Cheng explains. “You see this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suntech has similar operations at a new plant in Arizona. Until last year, Suntech and other Chinese solar companies shipped virtually all their products overseas. The influx of cheap solar panels has been blamed for troubles in the U.S. industry. In fact, Suntech is one of three Chinese panel makers being sued by the failed Fremont company, Solyndra, for unfair competition. But now China’s central government has launched a major initiative to jumpstart its own use of solar energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the central government began subsidizing solar power projects. This year alone, China will have installed about 5 gigawatts of capacity, producing enough electricity to supply two million Chinese. That’s about a third more capacity than the U.S. is set to install this year. Although China’s build-out barely puts a dent in its carbon footprint -- the biggest in the world -- Chinese solar companies and environmentalists are encouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It took China a while to bring its solar program up to speed,” says Andrew Beebe, a Suntech executive based in San Francisco. “And now that it's really up to speed, it’s cranking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Magic of the Feed-in Tariff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be thanks to a subsidy known as a feed-in tariff. It’s a subsidy for renewable energy that guarantees developers of these projects a reasonable return on their investments. The government pays developers a certain price per kilowatt-hour to entice them to install solar.\u003cbr>\nChina’s feed-in tariff is actually mimicking similar programs in Europe and the U.S. to promote wind and solar power. Alvin Lin is with the Beijing office of the American environmental group, NRDC. He says, “The feed-in tariffs are really pretty amazing policy tool for incentivizing renewable projects. “\u003cbr>\nThe Chinese program, like the European model, promotes large, utility-scale solar projects. Rooftop installations are still relatively rare in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Timing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why the subsidy now? There are a host of reasons. As one of China’s numerous new bullet trains blows into a station, I’m reminded of a big one. This one whisked me from Beijing to Shanghai -- like going the full length of the California coast -- in just 5 hours. China needs electricity to power its transportation needs. The nation also needs electricity for new factories and appliances bought by its growing middle class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China still gets about 70 percent of its power from coal, virtually all of it mined domestically until recently. The growing demand for electricity has outpaced even this country’s coal production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When China became net importer coal, “That surprised everybody,” says Yang Fuqiang, an energy expert in NRDC’s Beijing office. Yang says to offset this dependence on coal, both domestic and foreign, China wants to diversify its energy mix. “So the Chinese government says we have to save our resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And save its environment from the effects of burning all this coal, including prodigious carbon emissions. China is now the world’s biggest contributor to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China’s Ambitious Plans for Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the central government has set an ambitious goal: to produce more than 11 percent of China’s energy from non-fossil fuels by the end of the decade. That’s slightly less than what renewables now account for in U.S. electricity production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, “You know, pain for companies is inevitable in a market that is about 60 percent oversupplied this year,” says Nathaniel Bullard, an analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance in San Francisco. Suntech’s share price, for instance, has plummeted from a high of about $90 four years ago, to less than a buck now. Bullard will be watching whether the China Development Bank bails out some solar companies. If so, he says, “It would start to look like the kind of issue that could inflame this trade case even further.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However that shakes out, China’s solar sector will still provide strong competition for firms in California and across the U.S. Beijing has already declared that by 2015, it will quadruple this year’s solar installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But watching Chinese throng a gigantic, glittering shopping center in downtown Shanghai, one sees a microcosm of an enormous challenge: thirteen floors filled with the latest fashions and trendy restaurants. No matter how ambitious China’s solar program, it’s up against hundreds of millions of people striving for a more “Western” lifestyle, and that will create the need for ever-more megawatts to power the trappings of middle-class living. The race for power is on.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suntech has similar operations at a new plant in Arizona. Until last year, Suntech and other Chinese solar companies shipped virtually all their products overseas. The influx of cheap solar panels has been blamed for troubles in the U.S. industry. In fact, Suntech is one of three Chinese panel makers being sued by the failed Fremont company, Solyndra, for unfair competition. But now China’s central government has launched a major initiative to jumpstart its own use of solar energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the central government began subsidizing solar power projects. This year alone, China will have installed about 5 gigawatts of capacity, producing enough electricity to supply two million Chinese. That’s about a third more capacity than the U.S. is set to install this year. Although China’s build-out barely puts a dent in its carbon footprint -- the biggest in the world -- Chinese solar companies and environmentalists are encouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It took China a while to bring its solar program up to speed,” says Andrew Beebe, a Suntech executive based in San Francisco. “And now that it's really up to speed, it’s cranking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Magic of the Feed-in Tariff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be thanks to a subsidy known as a feed-in tariff. It’s a subsidy for renewable energy that guarantees developers of these projects a reasonable return on their investments. The government pays developers a certain price per kilowatt-hour to entice them to install solar.\u003cbr>\nChina’s feed-in tariff is actually mimicking similar programs in Europe and the U.S. to promote wind and solar power. Alvin Lin is with the Beijing office of the American environmental group, NRDC. He says, “The feed-in tariffs are really pretty amazing policy tool for incentivizing renewable projects. “\u003cbr>\nThe Chinese program, like the European model, promotes large, utility-scale solar projects. Rooftop installations are still relatively rare in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Timing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why the subsidy now? There are a host of reasons. As one of China’s numerous new bullet trains blows into a station, I’m reminded of a big one. This one whisked me from Beijing to Shanghai -- like going the full length of the California coast -- in just 5 hours. China needs electricity to power its transportation needs. The nation also needs electricity for new factories and appliances bought by its growing middle class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China still gets about 70 percent of its power from coal, virtually all of it mined domestically until recently. The growing demand for electricity has outpaced even this country’s coal production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When China became net importer coal, “That surprised everybody,” says Yang Fuqiang, an energy expert in NRDC’s Beijing office. Yang says to offset this dependence on coal, both domestic and foreign, China wants to diversify its energy mix. “So the Chinese government says we have to save our resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And save its environment from the effects of burning all this coal, including prodigious carbon emissions. China is now the world’s biggest contributor to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China’s Ambitious Plans for Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the central government has set an ambitious goal: to produce more than 11 percent of China’s energy from non-fossil fuels by the end of the decade. That’s slightly less than what renewables now account for in U.S. electricity production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, “You know, pain for companies is inevitable in a market that is about 60 percent oversupplied this year,” says Nathaniel Bullard, an analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance in San Francisco. Suntech’s share price, for instance, has plummeted from a high of about $90 four years ago, to less than a buck now. Bullard will be watching whether the China Development Bank bails out some solar companies. If so, he says, “It would start to look like the kind of issue that could inflame this trade case even further.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However that shakes out, China’s solar sector will still provide strong competition for firms in California and across the U.S. Beijing has already declared that by 2015, it will quadruple this year’s solar installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But watching Chinese throng a gigantic, glittering shopping center in downtown Shanghai, one sees a microcosm of an enormous challenge: thirteen floors filled with the latest fashions and trendy restaurants. No matter how ambitious China’s solar program, it’s up against hundreds of millions of people striving for a more “Western” lifestyle, and that will create the need for ever-more megawatts to power the trappings of middle-class living. The race for power is on.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Cap-and-trade will initially regulate the industrial sector and utilities. Eventually, fuels will be phased into the program, too. It's all part of AB 32, the law that requires California to bring greenhouse gas emissions back to 1990 levels by 2020. Here's a breakdown of where the emissions come from. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/where-do-californias-carbon-emissions-come-from/cap-and-trade-infographic_final/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47009\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47009\" title=\"Cap-and-Trade-InfoGraphic_final\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Cap-and-Trade-InfoGraphic_final.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"1003\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Cap-and-Trade-InfoGraphic_final.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Cap-and-Trade-InfoGraphic_final-400x627.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>This week, California rolls out the heavy artillery in its attack on climate change with a program called “cap-and-trade.” It’s like a stock exchange for carbon emissions, where the state’s biggest polluters have to buy the right to emit greenhouse gases. It’s the most ambitious climate change policy in the country, but not everyone is happy with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So how does it work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Check out the radio story above for an explanation involving poker chips, musical chairs and Monopoly money.) \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first part is the cap. Until now, businesses haven’t had to worry about how much carbon they emit from burning fossil fuels. Now, there’s going to be a cap on total emissions. At first, they can emit about as much carbon as they have been. But then, the cap on emissions begins to come down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 300 businesses, from power companies and oil refiners, to glass makers and food processors, are required to participate in the cap-and-trade program.\u003cstrong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>The government could tell each company how much it’s allowed to pollute, or set a tax on carbon. But California’s doing it differently by creating a market. That’s where the “trade” part of cap and trade comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to keep up with the lowering emissions cap, businesses have three choices. The first is pretty straightforward: reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second option is to buy permits to pollute. The state will give companies allowances -- each allowance grants a company permission to emit one ton of carbon dioxide. Companies can buy and sell allowances on the carbon market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the third option is known as \"carbon offsets.\" Companies can essentially pay other organizations to reduce greenhouse gases, for instance, by protecting forests. Each offset counts toward the firm's compliance obligation, though companies are limited in how many offsets they can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-46942\" title=\"Merc-illustration\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Merc-illustration2-560x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"560\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But \u003cem>will\u003c/em> it work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has been preparing for this moment for a long time. When Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed AB 32, the state’s landmark global warming bill in 2006, he set an ambitious goal: to cut California’s greenhouse gas emissions 30 percent by 2020. Cap-and-trade is supposed to help accomplish a big part of that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to reduce the amount of pollution, but we want to do it in a way that isn’t too costly to the economy,\" says UC Berkeley economist and energy analyst Severin Borenstein at UC Berkeley. He says the market will create some flexibility for businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some businesses aren't so sure about it.\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am very very worried about this program,\"\u003cstrong>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> says Dorothy Rothrock from the California Manufacturers and Technology Association, which represents about 700 companies. Her members are concerned that cap-and-trade will put them at a disadvantage to companies outside of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Rothrock says the costs will eventually be passed on to consumers. For instance, the price of gas may go up. \"It’s not like they’re suddenly gonna see a big bill in their mailbox the next day, but the costs will be coming and there won’t be a lot we can do to stop it,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has taken steps to minimize this impact. At first, nearly all of the allowances are free for businesses, and some of the proceeds from the carbon market will go to communities hardest hit by pollution. Regulators also argue that the gains in energy efficiency spurred by the program will outweigh any higher costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And environmental advocates point out, if we don’t cut emissions now, the impacts of climate change will be even more expensive in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emily Reyna with the Environmental Defense Fund says it’s important for California to take the lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If it’s done right here in California, which I believe it will be, then it can be a real model for the rest of the country, the rest of the world,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, all eyes will be on California, when the state's carbon market opens for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-the-glossary/heat20120904-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46926\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-46926\" title=\"heat20120904\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/heat201209041-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"176\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>You can’t navigate the new world of carbon trading unless you know the lingo. Here are some key terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AB 32\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm\">Global Warming Solutions Act\u003c/a>, passed by the California legislature and signed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2006, is the authorizing legislation for cap and trade. It seeks to reduce total carbon emissions in the state to 1990 levels, by 2020. That's about 30% below where emissions would likely be absent substantial reduction efforts. A separate executive order requires a further 80% reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additionality\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe principle, often applied to carbon offsets, that a project should only be able to earn credits if the greenhouse gas emission reductions produced by the project exceed what would have happened in the absence of the carbon credit component. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allocation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUnder an emissions trading scheme, permits to emit can initially either be purchased by emitters or given to them for free. In California's program, 90% will be given away initially. The rest will be sold at auction in an initial market offering. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate Energy and Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allowance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegally defined unit that entitles the holder to emit one metric ton of CO2-equivalent or another quantity of greenhouses gases. Also known as emission allowance or emission permit. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Atmosphere\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The dry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93% volume mixing ratio), helium, radiatively active greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (0.035% volume mixing ratio) and ozone. In addition the atmosphere contains water vapor, whose amount is highly variable but typically 1% volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and aerosols (particles). \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Auction\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCommon term used for the sale of allowances, as opposed to allocating them for free. California officials scheduled their first official auction for November 14, 2012. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Base Year\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTargets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions are often defined in relation to a base year. 1990 is the base year in California's program, as well as for most nations in the Kyoto Protocol. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions) \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Air Resources Board (ARB or CARB)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">regulatory agency\u003c/a> charged with implementation of AB 32 and managing California’s cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.calepa.ca.gov/\">Parent agency\u003c/a> of the Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cap-and-Trade\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA flexible environmental regulation mechanism that sets an overall limit on the emission of a certain pollutant, but allows companies that can easily reduce emissions to sell credits to other companies for which such reduction would be difficult. The cap ensures that emissions will not exceed a desired amount. California’s program rolls out in two phases: power plants and large industrial facilities in 2013, expanding to distributors of oil, natural gas and transportation fuels in 2015. \u003ca href=\"http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/envecon/gloss.php\">(Source: CSA)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide (CO2)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA naturally occurring gas, and also a by-product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, as well as land-use changes and other industrial processes. It is the principal human-caused greenhouse gas that affects the Earth's radiative balance, and the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured and therefore has a Global Warming Potential of 1. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMeasurement unit used to indicate the global warming potential (GWP) of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Footprint\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe total amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere each year by a person, family, building, organization or company. A person's carbon footprint includes greenhouse gas emissions from fuel that an individual burns directly, such as by heating a home or riding in a car. It also includes greenhouse gases that come from producing the goods or services that the individual uses, including emissions from power plants that make electricity, factories that make products and landfills where trash gets sent. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Action Reserve (CAR)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFormerly the California Climate Action Registry, a non-profit voluntary and compliance registry for offsets. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateactionreserve.org/\">The Reserve\u003c/a> is focused on developing standardized greenhouse gas reduction protocols, tracking offsets through a public database and serving as a project registry for voluntary as well as offsets eligible for compliance under AB 32. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compliance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1) The act, specific to cap-and-trade schemes, of surrendering the required amount of allowances, or some combination of allowances and offsets, to cover an entity’s emissions. 2) Achievement by an entity in meeting its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under the applicable law or treaty. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Covered Entity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAny organization subject to the cap & trade regulation. California’s program covers 360 businesses. The complete list is available as a PDF download from the CARB website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deforestation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThose practices or processes that result in the conversion of forested lands for non-forest uses. Deforestation contributes to increasing carbon dioxide concentrations for two reasons: 1) the burning or decomposition of the wood releases carbon dioxide; and 2) trees that once removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the process of photosynthesis are no longer present. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emissions Cap\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA mandated restraint in a scheduled timeframe that puts a “ceiling” on the total amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions that can be released into the atmosphere. This can be measured as gross emissions or as net emissions (emissions minus gases that are sequestered). California's cap will increase in 2015, when its cap-and-trade program expands to include more sources, then will decline about 3% each year until 2020, when the cap is expected to be 15% below the 2012 level.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fluorinated Gases\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA group of greenhouse gases regulated under California’s cap-and-trade program. Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and halons). These gases are typically emitted in smaller quantities, but because they are potent greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred to as High Global Warming Potential gases (\"High-GWP gases\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fossil Fuel\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA general term for organic materials formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Effect\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe insulating effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) that keeps the Earth's temperature about 60“F warmer than it would be otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreenhouse gases (GHGs) are trace gases that control energy flows in the Earth's atmosphere by absorbing infrared radiation. Some GHGs occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Those \u003ca href=\"http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases.html\">recognized by the U.S. EPA \u003c/a>include: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and \"fluorinated gases.\" CO2 is the most important GHG released by human activities. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leakage\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTerm applied to businesses that leave the state rather than submit to cap-and-trade regulation. Sometimes called \"carbon leakage\" because emissions of the relocated industry are no longer regulated by the home state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm\">LCFS\u003c/a> requires fuel providers to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell in the market meets, on average, a declining target for greenhouse gas emissions measured in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per unit of fuel energy sold. California's LCFS mandates a 10% reduction in the carbon intensity of fuel production and use within California, by 2020. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane (CH4)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCH4 is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. Atmospheric CH4 is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as landfills, livestock and livestock wastes, natural gas and petroleum systems, coal mines, rice fields and wastewater treatment. CH4 has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime of approximately 10 years, but its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be approximately 23 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nitrous Oxide (N2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nN2O is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. N2O is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as agriculture and fossil fuel combustion. The atmospheric lifetime of N2O is approximately 100 years, and its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be 296 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Offsets\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEmission reduction credits from project-based activities that can be used to meet compliance or corporate objectives as a supplement or alternative to reducing one’s own emissions. In a cap-and-trade scheme, offsets may be used instead of allowances, sometimes up to a limit. California allows the use of offsets to satisfy up to 8% of a company's compliance requirement. Initially four types of offset programs were allowed: expansion of forests and urban forests, methane capture on farms and ranches and reduction of ozone-depleting substances. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Prop 23\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAn unsuccessful statewide ballot measure in 2011, largely financed by oil and gas interests, that sought to suspend California's regulations under AB 32.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA regional cap-and-trade system that currently includes Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont. The District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, the Eastern Canadian Provinces and New Brunswick are observers in the process. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rggi.org/\">RGGI\u003c/a> covers CO2 emissions from electric power plants in the region, and requires a 10% reduction in these emissions by 2018. The first three-year compliance period started in January 2009. In 2011, the states commenced a review process in order to determine whether to tighten the emissions cap so that emitters would be incentivized to reduce internal emissions further. The review process should be completed in 2013. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Vapor (H2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWater vapor is the primary gas responsible for the greenhouse effect. It is believed that increases in temperature caused by anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions of greenhouse gases will increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, resulting in additional warming. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Western Climate Initiative (WCI)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRegional initiative launched in February 2007 by states and provinces, mostly along the western rim of the United States, Canada and Mexico. \u003ca href=\"http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/\">WCI\u003c/a> is a collaboration of independent jurisdictions working together to identify, evaluate and implement emissions trading policies to tackle climate change at a regional level. Nominally, WCI partners are: California, Quebec, Manitoba, British Columbia and Ontario, but only California and Quebec have passed regulations which aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source info: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-the-glossary/heat20120904-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46926\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-46926\" title=\"heat20120904\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/heat201209041-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"176\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>You can’t navigate the new world of carbon trading unless you know the lingo. Here are some key terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AB 32\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm\">Global Warming Solutions Act\u003c/a>, passed by the California legislature and signed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2006, is the authorizing legislation for cap and trade. It seeks to reduce total carbon emissions in the state to 1990 levels, by 2020. That's about 30% below where emissions would likely be absent substantial reduction efforts. A separate executive order requires a further 80% reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additionality\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe principle, often applied to carbon offsets, that a project should only be able to earn credits if the greenhouse gas emission reductions produced by the project exceed what would have happened in the absence of the carbon credit component. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allocation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUnder an emissions trading scheme, permits to emit can initially either be purchased by emitters or given to them for free. In California's program, 90% will be given away initially. The rest will be sold at auction in an initial market offering. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate Energy and Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allowance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegally defined unit that entitles the holder to emit one metric ton of CO2-equivalent or another quantity of greenhouses gases. Also known as emission allowance or emission permit. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Atmosphere\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The dry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93% volume mixing ratio), helium, radiatively active greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (0.035% volume mixing ratio) and ozone. In addition the atmosphere contains water vapor, whose amount is highly variable but typically 1% volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and aerosols (particles). \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Auction\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCommon term used for the sale of allowances, as opposed to allocating them for free. California officials scheduled their first official auction for November 14, 2012. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Base Year\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTargets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions are often defined in relation to a base year. 1990 is the base year in California's program, as well as for most nations in the Kyoto Protocol. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions) \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Air Resources Board (ARB or CARB)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">regulatory agency\u003c/a> charged with implementation of AB 32 and managing California’s cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.calepa.ca.gov/\">Parent agency\u003c/a> of the Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cap-and-Trade\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA flexible environmental regulation mechanism that sets an overall limit on the emission of a certain pollutant, but allows companies that can easily reduce emissions to sell credits to other companies for which such reduction would be difficult. The cap ensures that emissions will not exceed a desired amount. California’s program rolls out in two phases: power plants and large industrial facilities in 2013, expanding to distributors of oil, natural gas and transportation fuels in 2015. \u003ca href=\"http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/envecon/gloss.php\">(Source: CSA)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide (CO2)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA naturally occurring gas, and also a by-product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, as well as land-use changes and other industrial processes. It is the principal human-caused greenhouse gas that affects the Earth's radiative balance, and the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured and therefore has a Global Warming Potential of 1. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMeasurement unit used to indicate the global warming potential (GWP) of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Footprint\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe total amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere each year by a person, family, building, organization or company. A person's carbon footprint includes greenhouse gas emissions from fuel that an individual burns directly, such as by heating a home or riding in a car. It also includes greenhouse gases that come from producing the goods or services that the individual uses, including emissions from power plants that make electricity, factories that make products and landfills where trash gets sent. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Action Reserve (CAR)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFormerly the California Climate Action Registry, a non-profit voluntary and compliance registry for offsets. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateactionreserve.org/\">The Reserve\u003c/a> is focused on developing standardized greenhouse gas reduction protocols, tracking offsets through a public database and serving as a project registry for voluntary as well as offsets eligible for compliance under AB 32. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compliance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1) The act, specific to cap-and-trade schemes, of surrendering the required amount of allowances, or some combination of allowances and offsets, to cover an entity’s emissions. 2) Achievement by an entity in meeting its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under the applicable law or treaty. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Covered Entity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAny organization subject to the cap & trade regulation. California’s program covers 360 businesses. The complete list is available as a PDF download from the CARB website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deforestation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThose practices or processes that result in the conversion of forested lands for non-forest uses. Deforestation contributes to increasing carbon dioxide concentrations for two reasons: 1) the burning or decomposition of the wood releases carbon dioxide; and 2) trees that once removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the process of photosynthesis are no longer present. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emissions Cap\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA mandated restraint in a scheduled timeframe that puts a “ceiling” on the total amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions that can be released into the atmosphere. This can be measured as gross emissions or as net emissions (emissions minus gases that are sequestered). California's cap will increase in 2015, when its cap-and-trade program expands to include more sources, then will decline about 3% each year until 2020, when the cap is expected to be 15% below the 2012 level.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fluorinated Gases\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA group of greenhouse gases regulated under California’s cap-and-trade program. Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and halons). These gases are typically emitted in smaller quantities, but because they are potent greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred to as High Global Warming Potential gases (\"High-GWP gases\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fossil Fuel\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA general term for organic materials formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Effect\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe insulating effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) that keeps the Earth's temperature about 60“F warmer than it would be otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreenhouse gases (GHGs) are trace gases that control energy flows in the Earth's atmosphere by absorbing infrared radiation. Some GHGs occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Those \u003ca href=\"http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases.html\">recognized by the U.S. EPA \u003c/a>include: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and \"fluorinated gases.\" CO2 is the most important GHG released by human activities. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leakage\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTerm applied to businesses that leave the state rather than submit to cap-and-trade regulation. Sometimes called \"carbon leakage\" because emissions of the relocated industry are no longer regulated by the home state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm\">LCFS\u003c/a> requires fuel providers to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell in the market meets, on average, a declining target for greenhouse gas emissions measured in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per unit of fuel energy sold. California's LCFS mandates a 10% reduction in the carbon intensity of fuel production and use within California, by 2020. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane (CH4)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCH4 is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. Atmospheric CH4 is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as landfills, livestock and livestock wastes, natural gas and petroleum systems, coal mines, rice fields and wastewater treatment. CH4 has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime of approximately 10 years, but its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be approximately 23 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nitrous Oxide (N2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nN2O is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. N2O is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as agriculture and fossil fuel combustion. The atmospheric lifetime of N2O is approximately 100 years, and its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be 296 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Offsets\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEmission reduction credits from project-based activities that can be used to meet compliance or corporate objectives as a supplement or alternative to reducing one’s own emissions. In a cap-and-trade scheme, offsets may be used instead of allowances, sometimes up to a limit. California allows the use of offsets to satisfy up to 8% of a company's compliance requirement. Initially four types of offset programs were allowed: expansion of forests and urban forests, methane capture on farms and ranches and reduction of ozone-depleting substances. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Prop 23\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAn unsuccessful statewide ballot measure in 2011, largely financed by oil and gas interests, that sought to suspend California's regulations under AB 32.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA regional cap-and-trade system that currently includes Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont. The District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, the Eastern Canadian Provinces and New Brunswick are observers in the process. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rggi.org/\">RGGI\u003c/a> covers CO2 emissions from electric power plants in the region, and requires a 10% reduction in these emissions by 2018. The first three-year compliance period started in January 2009. In 2011, the states commenced a review process in order to determine whether to tighten the emissions cap so that emitters would be incentivized to reduce internal emissions further. The review process should be completed in 2013. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Vapor (H2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWater vapor is the primary gas responsible for the greenhouse effect. It is believed that increases in temperature caused by anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions of greenhouse gases will increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, resulting in additional warming. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Western Climate Initiative (WCI)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRegional initiative launched in February 2007 by states and provinces, mostly along the western rim of the United States, Canada and Mexico. \u003ca href=\"http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/\">WCI\u003c/a> is a collaboration of independent jurisdictions working together to identify, evaluate and implement emissions trading policies to tackle climate change at a regional level. Nominally, WCI partners are: California, Quebec, Manitoba, British Columbia and Ontario, but only California and Quebec have passed regulations which aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source info: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Watching the Atmospheric Rivers Flow",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46689\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/atmoriver-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46689\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"atmoriver\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46689\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Atmospheric river of October 13, 2009. NOAA images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are a 21st-century weather threat that first got their name in 1998, after satellites capable of measuring water vapor in the air began producing images like this one. It shows the chronically humid tropical ocean at the bottom, and long, thin streamers of water vapor threading away from the tropics. It was soon estimated that these streamers—atmospheric rivers or ARs—are responsible for essentially all of the moisture transported out of the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basic connection between ARs and major precipitation events was obvious. In California, our 20th-century name for these is the Pineapple Express: a huge influx of warm, water-heavy air from the tropical Pacific that overfills the rivers and piles snow on the mountains. Smaller ARs may not cause major floods, but they can bump up river flows by 10 times in a day or two. They deliver to California about one-third of its total water. Clearly ARs are important research topics for both scientific and practical reasons. How do they interact with El Niño/La Niña cycles? How will climate change affect them? How can we better protect ourselves from them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America has just finished going through Hurricane Sandy. Hurricanes are important events, but ARs affect both coasts. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\">AR site\u003c/a> points to the notorious \"Snowmageddon\" blizzard of February 2010 as an East Coast example, when a river of Pacific moisture crossed Central America and the Caribbean before drenching the Atlantic states. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/atmoriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46688\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"atmoriver\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-46688\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norway got a large AR in the late summer of 2005, and many others are sure to be found in the global weather records. But California seems to be the current champion, maybe because the data is better here. Between 1997 and 2006 there were 42 AR events touching California, of which seven caused major flooding of the type requiring evacuations and triggering large-scale power outages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even without knowing their cause, California has had epic floods during its history, and recently emergency planners have begun to take the \"\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geologyandculture/qt/The-Deep-Present.htm\">deep present\u003c/a>\" approach to them. What if the worst example we know, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1862\">great flood of 1862\u003c/a>, were to recur today? That had the earmarks of an unusually large AR event or a rapid series of them. As the planning agencies contemplated that question, they prepared a scenario in 2010 with the Noachian name \u003ca href=\"http://urbanearth.gps.caltech.edu/winter-storm-2/\">ARkStorm\u003c/a> (for \"AR thousand-year storm\") clearly demonstrating that ARs are our other \"Big One\" beside earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since ARkStorm was completed, several agencies have carried its findings forward. In particular, a new Atmospheric River Observatory is nearing completion at Bodega Bay that will conduct crucial ground-based observations of ARs that pass over the Bay Area. The satellite water-vapor data is not enough, because everything else matters too: the elevation where the moisture sits, the winds at different levels, the temperature profile of the lower atmosphere and much more that meteorologists need for the best modeling. After that, the flood predicters add the model's results to their own knowledge of river levels and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes ARs so potent is that they bring in air saturated with tropical moisture, the closer to sea level the wetter. Such air will turn its water to rain almost instantly when lifted up by the Coast Range, and again when it hits the Sierra Nevada. The new AR Observatory at Bodega Bay, like others being built along the west coast, will interrogate the air with radar at various wavelengths, measure rainfall with standard gauges and drop-size distribution with disdrometers, and derive water-vapor content from GPS data (an unforeseen benefit of the universal navigation system). More instruments in the mountains near Cazadero will complement it. The promise is that we will be able to accurately forecast these 21st-century events, and their effects in our neighborhoods, a week or more in advance.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46689\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/atmoriver-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46689\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"atmoriver\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46689\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Atmospheric river of October 13, 2009. NOAA images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are a 21st-century weather threat that first got their name in 1998, after satellites capable of measuring water vapor in the air began producing images like this one. It shows the chronically humid tropical ocean at the bottom, and long, thin streamers of water vapor threading away from the tropics. It was soon estimated that these streamers—atmospheric rivers or ARs—are responsible for essentially all of the moisture transported out of the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basic connection between ARs and major precipitation events was obvious. In California, our 20th-century name for these is the Pineapple Express: a huge influx of warm, water-heavy air from the tropical Pacific that overfills the rivers and piles snow on the mountains. Smaller ARs may not cause major floods, but they can bump up river flows by 10 times in a day or two. They deliver to California about one-third of its total water. Clearly ARs are important research topics for both scientific and practical reasons. How do they interact with El Niño/La Niña cycles? How will climate change affect them? How can we better protect ourselves from them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America has just finished going through Hurricane Sandy. Hurricanes are important events, but ARs affect both coasts. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\">AR site\u003c/a> points to the notorious \"Snowmageddon\" blizzard of February 2010 as an East Coast example, when a river of Pacific moisture crossed Central America and the Caribbean before drenching the Atlantic states. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/atmoriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46688\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/atmoriver.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"atmoriver\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-46688\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norway got a large AR in the late summer of 2005, and many others are sure to be found in the global weather records. But California seems to be the current champion, maybe because the data is better here. Between 1997 and 2006 there were 42 AR events touching California, of which seven caused major flooding of the type requiring evacuations and triggering large-scale power outages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even without knowing their cause, California has had epic floods during its history, and recently emergency planners have begun to take the \"\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geologyandculture/qt/The-Deep-Present.htm\">deep present\u003c/a>\" approach to them. What if the worst example we know, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1862\">great flood of 1862\u003c/a>, were to recur today? That had the earmarks of an unusually large AR event or a rapid series of them. As the planning agencies contemplated that question, they prepared a scenario in 2010 with the Noachian name \u003ca href=\"http://urbanearth.gps.caltech.edu/winter-storm-2/\">ARkStorm\u003c/a> (for \"AR thousand-year storm\") clearly demonstrating that ARs are our other \"Big One\" beside earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since ARkStorm was completed, several agencies have carried its findings forward. In particular, a new Atmospheric River Observatory is nearing completion at Bodega Bay that will conduct crucial ground-based observations of ARs that pass over the Bay Area. The satellite water-vapor data is not enough, because everything else matters too: the elevation where the moisture sits, the winds at different levels, the temperature profile of the lower atmosphere and much more that meteorologists need for the best modeling. After that, the flood predicters add the model's results to their own knowledge of river levels and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes ARs so potent is that they bring in air saturated with tropical moisture, the closer to sea level the wetter. Such air will turn its water to rain almost instantly when lifted up by the Coast Range, and again when it hits the Sierra Nevada. The new AR Observatory at Bodega Bay, like others being built along the west coast, will interrogate the air with radar at various wavelengths, measure rainfall with standard gauges and drop-size distribution with disdrometers, and derive water-vapor content from GPS data (an unforeseen benefit of the universal navigation system). More instruments in the mountains near Cazadero will complement it. The promise is that we will be able to accurately forecast these 21st-century events, and their effects in our neighborhoods, a week or more in advance.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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