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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97205\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/14/enviros-livid-as-brown-diverts-cap-and-trade-funds/p1000232/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-97205\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97205\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/05/P1000232-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Starting this year, many big industrial emitters in California are having to pay for the right to put greenhouse gases into the air. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Totally disappointed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was Kathryn Phillips' reaction when she read the fine print in Gov. Jerry Brown's revised budget. Phillips, state director for the Sierra Club, is one of a chorus of voices from the environmental community howling over Brown's \u003ca title=\"Capitol Weekly - post\" href=\"http://www.capitolweekly.net/article.php?_c=11fjrf8gisrl5pl&xid=11fjqnp52905zjj&done=.11fjrlyk06wf72h\">decision to divert revenue from the state's cap-and-trade program\u003c/a> into the general fund -- temporarily, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cash rolling in from sales of carbon pollution permits to industry will amount to something on the order of $500 million in this first year of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And what the governor has decided to do is not use that money to get us closer to where we need to be in our greenhouse gas reduction targets,\" Phillips said in a phone interview. \"And I think that's wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under state law, \u003ca title=\"Quest - cap & trade\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap-and-trade\u003c/a> proceeds are supposed to go toward programs that help reduce the state's carbon footprint. And Brown himself has touted the potential uses of those funds in furthering the goals of California's central climate strategy under the 2006 law known as AB32. But the administration now says many of those carbon-cutting programs aren't ready for prime time, and in the meantime the funds can help balance the state budget. According to the governor's staff, the diversion is a \"loan\" that will be paid back with interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The governor is playing a dangerous game that could wreck California’s push toward clean energy,” said Greenlining Institute legal counsel Ryan Young in a written statement Tuesday. Environmental justice groups are feeling especially burned, since a substantial slice of cap-and-trade fees were said to be headed for economically disadvantaged communities, where air quality suffers from nearby industrial facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the cap-and-trade program, which began in earnest this year, large emitters of carbon dioxide and other gases that promote global warming have to pay for the privilege. They do that by bidding for permits sold periodically in auctions held by the California Air Resources Board. The third auction is scheduled for Thursday of this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the program is phased in to include more types of facilities, it has the potential to raise billions in fees, some of which go back to utilities to offset potential hikes in electric rates caused by the regulation. The rest was earmarked to further the state's carbon reduction goals, which include a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020. Last year, Brown signed SB535, designed to ensure that carbon fees weren't waylaid for unrelated purposes. What a difference a year makes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": ""Totally disappointed." That was Kathryn Phillips' reaction when she read the fine print in Gov. Jerry Brown's revised budget. Phillips, state director for the Sierra Club, is one of a chorus of voices from the environmental community howling over Brown's decision to divert revenue from the state's cap-and-trade program into the general fund -- temporarily,",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97205\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/14/enviros-livid-as-brown-diverts-cap-and-trade-funds/p1000232/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-97205\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97205\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/05/P1000232-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Starting this year, many big industrial emitters in California are having to pay for the right to put greenhouse gases into the air. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Totally disappointed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was Kathryn Phillips' reaction when she read the fine print in Gov. Jerry Brown's revised budget. Phillips, state director for the Sierra Club, is one of a chorus of voices from the environmental community howling over Brown's \u003ca title=\"Capitol Weekly - post\" href=\"http://www.capitolweekly.net/article.php?_c=11fjrf8gisrl5pl&xid=11fjqnp52905zjj&done=.11fjrlyk06wf72h\">decision to divert revenue from the state's cap-and-trade program\u003c/a> into the general fund -- temporarily, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cash rolling in from sales of carbon pollution permits to industry will amount to something on the order of $500 million in this first year of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And what the governor has decided to do is not use that money to get us closer to where we need to be in our greenhouse gas reduction targets,\" Phillips said in a phone interview. \"And I think that's wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under state law, \u003ca title=\"Quest - cap & trade\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap-and-trade\u003c/a> proceeds are supposed to go toward programs that help reduce the state's carbon footprint. And Brown himself has touted the potential uses of those funds in furthering the goals of California's central climate strategy under the 2006 law known as AB32. But the administration now says many of those carbon-cutting programs aren't ready for prime time, and in the meantime the funds can help balance the state budget. According to the governor's staff, the diversion is a \"loan\" that will be paid back with interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The governor is playing a dangerous game that could wreck California’s push toward clean energy,” said Greenlining Institute legal counsel Ryan Young in a written statement Tuesday. Environmental justice groups are feeling especially burned, since a substantial slice of cap-and-trade fees were said to be headed for economically disadvantaged communities, where air quality suffers from nearby industrial facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the cap-and-trade program, which began in earnest this year, large emitters of carbon dioxide and other gases that promote global warming have to pay for the privilege. They do that by bidding for permits sold periodically in auctions held by the California Air Resources Board. The third auction is scheduled for Thursday of this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the program is phased in to include more types of facilities, it has the potential to raise billions in fees, some of which go back to utilities to offset potential hikes in electric rates caused by the regulation. The rest was earmarked to further the state's carbon reduction goals, which include a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020. Last year, Brown signed SB535, designed to ensure that carbon fees weren't waylaid for unrelated purposes. What a difference a year makes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientist Superheroes: The US Government's Crisis Science Team",
"title": "Scientist Superheroes: The US Government's Crisis Science Team",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/science-during-crisis-640-360/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54580\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Science-During-Crisis-640-360.jpg\" alt=\"Science During Crisis 640 360\" width=\"542\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54580\">\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your town were suddenly struck by an earthquake or hurricane, you could count on the arrival of police, firefighters, and medical technicians to aid in the emergency response. As of this past January, the US government has added a new team of responders to this list—scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Strategic Sciences Group was formed under Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar in order to help the department “act quickly, decisively and effectively when hurricanes, droughts, oil spills, wildfires or other crises strike.” The group was initially tested as a pilot program during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and is now a permanent part of the Department of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t expect to see people in lab coats rushing into burning buildings or diving into flooding rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Strategic Sciences Group’s mission,” says group co-leader Gary Machlis, “is to very quickly assemble a team of scientists to develop scenarios of what the cascading consequences of a crisis might be.” These scenarios are projections of all the different ways in which the disaster might play out. The projections are then delivered to the President and other national leaders to help inform real-time, emergency-response decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Deepwater Horizon, for example, calculations regarding oil flow rates helped decision-makers respond to obvious problems such as ecosystem contamination, as well as some subtler consequences: long-term displacement of oyster harvesters, disproportionate economic impacts upon cultural communities, and diminished hurricane resilience due to wetland stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/alg_oil_rig_explosion.jpeg\" alt=\"Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\u003cbr>(AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With such a breadth of potential consequences to examine, its clear that the Strategic Sciences Group’s task is not simple. What is surprising however, is that many of the group’s difficulties stem from the nature of the scientific process itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are very accustomed to being deliberate in their work,” says Marcia Mcnutt, who worked with the Strategic Sciences Group during her tenure as director of the United States Geological Survey. “The idea that they might get critical info on a Monday night and need to have their best guess of what that info means by six am Tuesday morning is just not the normal way science operates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Machlis adds, the rapidly determined results must also be communicated persuasively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It isn’t enough to do good science. You might have an extraordinary, complex scenario figured out that’s important for leaders to know, but if you can’t tell that story clearly and effectively, it’s of less value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These requirements—the ability to work with urgency, cope with uncertainty, and communicate well with non-scientists—separate crisis science from traditional scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When creating the Strategic Sciences Group, Machlis responded to these unique demands by borrowing ideas from an unusual agency: The Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, which was established during World War II to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machlis says he has learned four important lessons from the historic military-intelligence organization:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>1. Who You Hire Matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Donovan-Officers-Resize.jpg\" alt=\"OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS Operational Groups\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS\u003cbr>Photo Courtesy of the OSS Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The ideal candidate for the OSS were PhD’s that could win a bar fight,” says Machlis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While martial arts training is not an actual requirement, the Strategic Sciences Group does seek scientists with a certain mental and physical tenacity. “They‘ve got to be expert in their own discipline, able to transcend their own discipline and work well with other scientists, and they have to be able to work extremely hard under very intense conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>2. Expertise Not Representation\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“Our goal is to get the very best people in the field working on these science teams. It is less about do we need one person from this agency and one person from this agency to make sure it’s representative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From government scientists to graduate students, anyone with the necessary skills can be recruited and put onto Machlis’ lists, or “rosters”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>3. Be Flexible\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/strategic-sciences-working-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54584\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Strategic-Sciences-Working-Group.jpg\" alt=\"US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010.\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010. Photo Credit: Jason Newman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Machlis ensures that the rosters are highly interdisciplinary. The 30 scientists who have already been called to action include “an anthropologist with expertise in disaster response from Louisiana, a public health medical officer from Washington, DC, a coastal geomorphologist from California, an ecologist working with a major natural history museum, and a Forest Service social scientist with expertise in urban ecology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such diversity allows the Strategic Sciences Group to be highly adaptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each crisis that might happen, whether it’s an oil spill, whether it’s an earth quake, whether it’s a dam failure, there’s always going to be many elements of it that are unique. We need to be flexible enough to choose a team that has reliable expert scientists appropriate to that crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>4. Avoid Bureaucracy\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“We stay focused on the mission rather than developing a lot of complicated, time-consuming bureaucratic processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to avoid creating a large government agency, Machlis only activates the rostered scientists when a disaster occurs. At all other times, the Strategic Sciences Group is made up of only three people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This three person team, when there are no current crises, spends its time evaluating the consequences of potential crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By considering situations such as “a forest fire in the sierras during Yosemite’s tourist season, or a pandemic, or an arctic oil spill,” the group hopes to pre-emptively increase response preparedness. Ultimately, Machlis aims to have the capacity to address simultaneous, bi-coastal disasters. For example: an earthquake in California and a hurricane in New York on the same day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When will the group be ready for such a situation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would hope that we’re prepared for that within the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark that down as December 31st, 2013--the date when you can expect not only police and firefighters, but also scientists, to play a role in addressing the next major natural or man-made disaster.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/science-during-crisis-640-360/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54580\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Science-During-Crisis-640-360.jpg\" alt=\"Science During Crisis 640 360\" width=\"542\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54580\">\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your town were suddenly struck by an earthquake or hurricane, you could count on the arrival of police, firefighters, and medical technicians to aid in the emergency response. As of this past January, the US government has added a new team of responders to this list—scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Strategic Sciences Group was formed under Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar in order to help the department “act quickly, decisively and effectively when hurricanes, droughts, oil spills, wildfires or other crises strike.” The group was initially tested as a pilot program during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and is now a permanent part of the Department of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t expect to see people in lab coats rushing into burning buildings or diving into flooding rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Strategic Sciences Group’s mission,” says group co-leader Gary Machlis, “is to very quickly assemble a team of scientists to develop scenarios of what the cascading consequences of a crisis might be.” These scenarios are projections of all the different ways in which the disaster might play out. The projections are then delivered to the President and other national leaders to help inform real-time, emergency-response decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Deepwater Horizon, for example, calculations regarding oil flow rates helped decision-makers respond to obvious problems such as ecosystem contamination, as well as some subtler consequences: long-term displacement of oyster harvesters, disproportionate economic impacts upon cultural communities, and diminished hurricane resilience due to wetland stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/alg_oil_rig_explosion.jpeg\" alt=\"Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\u003cbr>(AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With such a breadth of potential consequences to examine, its clear that the Strategic Sciences Group’s task is not simple. What is surprising however, is that many of the group’s difficulties stem from the nature of the scientific process itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are very accustomed to being deliberate in their work,” says Marcia Mcnutt, who worked with the Strategic Sciences Group during her tenure as director of the United States Geological Survey. “The idea that they might get critical info on a Monday night and need to have their best guess of what that info means by six am Tuesday morning is just not the normal way science operates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Machlis adds, the rapidly determined results must also be communicated persuasively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It isn’t enough to do good science. You might have an extraordinary, complex scenario figured out that’s important for leaders to know, but if you can’t tell that story clearly and effectively, it’s of less value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These requirements—the ability to work with urgency, cope with uncertainty, and communicate well with non-scientists—separate crisis science from traditional scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When creating the Strategic Sciences Group, Machlis responded to these unique demands by borrowing ideas from an unusual agency: The Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, which was established during World War II to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machlis says he has learned four important lessons from the historic military-intelligence organization:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>1. Who You Hire Matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Donovan-Officers-Resize.jpg\" alt=\"OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS Operational Groups\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS\u003cbr>Photo Courtesy of the OSS Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The ideal candidate for the OSS were PhD’s that could win a bar fight,” says Machlis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While martial arts training is not an actual requirement, the Strategic Sciences Group does seek scientists with a certain mental and physical tenacity. “They‘ve got to be expert in their own discipline, able to transcend their own discipline and work well with other scientists, and they have to be able to work extremely hard under very intense conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>2. Expertise Not Representation\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“Our goal is to get the very best people in the field working on these science teams. It is less about do we need one person from this agency and one person from this agency to make sure it’s representative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From government scientists to graduate students, anyone with the necessary skills can be recruited and put onto Machlis’ lists, or “rosters”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>3. Be Flexible\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/strategic-sciences-working-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54584\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Strategic-Sciences-Working-Group.jpg\" alt=\"US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010.\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010. Photo Credit: Jason Newman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Machlis ensures that the rosters are highly interdisciplinary. The 30 scientists who have already been called to action include “an anthropologist with expertise in disaster response from Louisiana, a public health medical officer from Washington, DC, a coastal geomorphologist from California, an ecologist working with a major natural history museum, and a Forest Service social scientist with expertise in urban ecology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such diversity allows the Strategic Sciences Group to be highly adaptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each crisis that might happen, whether it’s an oil spill, whether it’s an earth quake, whether it’s a dam failure, there’s always going to be many elements of it that are unique. We need to be flexible enough to choose a team that has reliable expert scientists appropriate to that crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>4. Avoid Bureaucracy\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“We stay focused on the mission rather than developing a lot of complicated, time-consuming bureaucratic processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to avoid creating a large government agency, Machlis only activates the rostered scientists when a disaster occurs. At all other times, the Strategic Sciences Group is made up of only three people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This three person team, when there are no current crises, spends its time evaluating the consequences of potential crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By considering situations such as “a forest fire in the sierras during Yosemite’s tourist season, or a pandemic, or an arctic oil spill,” the group hopes to pre-emptively increase response preparedness. Ultimately, Machlis aims to have the capacity to address simultaneous, bi-coastal disasters. For example: an earthquake in California and a hurricane in New York on the same day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When will the group be ready for such a situation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would hope that we’re prepared for that within the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark that down as December 31st, 2013--the date when you can expect not only police and firefighters, but also scientists, to play a role in addressing the next major natural or man-made disaster.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere has reached 440 parts per million. It’s the first time it’s reached that number since scientists began tracking it. Actually, it’s the first time it’s reached that number in millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Richard Harris digs into why the number is important — it’s not the number itself that’s significant, but it is “a reminder of just how rapidly our atmosphere is changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2013/05/08/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s4.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/05/10/182029983/dangerous-territory-carbon-dioxide-levels-reach-iconic-high?ft=3&f=1003,1004,1007,1013,1014,1017,1019,1128\">‘Dangerous Territory:’ Carbon Dioxide Levels Reach Iconic High : NPR\u003c/a>The Earth’s atmosphere is entering a new era. A mountain-top research station that has been tracking carbon dioxide for more than 50 years says the level of that gas in our air has reached a milestone: 400 parts per million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Image credit: Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Npr\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere has reached 440 parts per million. It’s the first time it’s reached that number since scientists began tracking it. Actually, it’s the first time it’s reached that number in millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Richard Harris digs into why the number is important — it’s not the number itself that’s significant, but it is “a reminder of just how rapidly our atmosphere is changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2013/05/08/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s4.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/05/10/182029983/dangerous-territory-carbon-dioxide-levels-reach-iconic-high?ft=3&f=1003,1004,1007,1013,1014,1017,1019,1128\">‘Dangerous Territory:’ Carbon Dioxide Levels Reach Iconic High : NPR\u003c/a>The Earth’s atmosphere is entering a new era. A mountain-top research station that has been tracking carbon dioxide for more than 50 years says the level of that gas in our air has reached a milestone: 400 parts per million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Image credit: Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Npr\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Airborne Lasers Yield Better Measure of California's Water Supply",
"headTitle": "Airborne Lasers Yield Better Measure of California’s Water Supply | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-13-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>California has had one weird winter this year: lots of snow and rain early, and almost none since January. It’s in years like this that it’s especially crucial to know just how much water to expect from melting Sierra snows — runoff that provides about a third of the state’s water supply. Current estimates combine patchy measurements with a kind of sophisticated guesswork. But that may be about to change with new technology that’s currently being tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2527\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2527\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/swe-640x360-e1368218832481.jpg\" alt=\"Map generated with data from the ASO showing snow water equivalent on Mt. Lyell in Yosemite National Park in early April. Red areas have the most water. (Courtesy NASA.)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map generated with data from the ASO showing snow-water equivalent on Mt. Lyell in Yosemite National Park in early April. Red areas have the most water. (Image: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>The Limits of Statistics\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>A funny thing happened when I accompanied Frank Gehrke out on the regular Sierra snow survey this month. He and a group of reporters made their way out to one of the meadows near South Lake Tahoe where he conducts the monthly manual survey in the winter and spring. But this time, there was nothing to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“A reservoir operator has to be nimble and take action now.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There’s not even a patch of snow we can seek out and measure,” he said. It wasn’t a surprise — he knew it had all melted already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally he’d stick an aluminum tube into the snow and weigh it to calculate the amount of water in the snow, or the snow-water equivalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s been the procedure really since about 1910,” said Gehrke, who’s been doing it for years as the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/\">snow survey\u003c/a> chief for the California Department of Water Resources (DWR). But that’s a little difficult when, as on this day, spring had sprung at the survey site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR uses a combination of manual surveys and remote electronic sensors that feed a statistical model to project how much water there will be for cities and farms throughout the state when the snow melts each summer. But they never really know, exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can get nerve-wracking for water managers like Bruce McGurk, who used to run San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=92\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t quite call it chicken,” McGurk said. “But you sure are watching. You’re hedging; you’re always being aware. You can’t be too full too early.” That would put people downstream at risk if there were a big late-season storm. On the other hand, managers need to keep enough in storage, to get through the dry summer. “A reservoir operator has to be nimble and take action now,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-2544 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/IMG_5027-e1368221337628.jpg\" alt=\"ASO NASA DWR water snow twin otter\" width=\"384\" height=\"288\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Painter of NASA and Frank Gehrke of DWR in front of the Twin Otter. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Which is why McGurk is excited about the project he’s working on with NASA, DWR and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which runs Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Going Airborne\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It’s called the \u003ca href=\"http://aso.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>, or ASO: an airplane outfitted with instruments that give scientists a better understanding of the snowpack than they’ve ever had before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of like looking at your TV screen,” said Tom Painter of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory at CalTech, the principal investigator on the project. “Your TV screen is the mountain basin,” he explained. And the way we’re currently measuring the snow in the mountains is by just looking at a few points — ike a screen that’s blank except for a few illuminated pixels — and using statistics to complete the picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re doing,” said Painter, “is turning on the entire TV set. We’re allowing you to see every one of the pixels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end result is a set of more comprehensive maps showing how much water is really up there, in the mountains. This is the first month of the three-year, four million-dollar project, funded by NASA and DWR. Right now, they’re focusing on a watershed in the Rockies and the Tuolumne River in Yosemite, which feeds into Hetch Hetchy. It’s a test phase, to work out the kinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The Plane\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2553\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/twinotter640x360-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"lidar spectrometer twin otter\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Twin Otter used for the ASO is mounted with a spectrometer, a camera and lidar device. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The maps are created with two high-tech tools mounted in a DeHavilland Twin Otter, a Canadian-built aircraft frequently used for research flights. Painter offered a tour of the gear mounted inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lidar lets us know the snow depth,” he said. Lidar is a laser that measures distance — really accurately, and really quickly. (If you’ve ever been pulled over by a police officer using a “radar” gun, you’re familiar with the technology.) By multiplying snow depth and snow density — the density calculation comes from manual surveys — you get the all-important snow water equivalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The spectrometer here, the black box, this allows us to know how much \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/04/29/whats-an-albedo-and-why-you-should-care/\">sunlight is being absorbed\u003c/a> by the snow surface,” he said. That tells scientists when the snow will melt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(The maps) are really beautiful,” Painter says. “The spatial distribution of snow water equivalent is — maybe it’s an acquired taste — but I think it’s fascinating and quite beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2535\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2535\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Picture2-e1368219677597.jpg\" alt=\"Data from the spectrometer draped on snow-on digital elevation surface shows snow-covered areas and the granite of Mt. Lyell's peak. (Courtesy NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"408\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from the spectrometer draped over topographical information from the lidar shows snow-covered areas and the granite of Mt. Lyell’s peak. The storied Lyell Glacier is visible in the upper left portion of the image. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scenery from the plane isn’t bad, either. On a sample flight in the Lake Tahoe area, flight operator Cate Heneghan, who usually works on NASA space missions, marveled at the famously clear water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s greens and blues,” she said over the crackly headset. “You know, you see pictures, but you always wonder: is it color enhanced? But then you come here and see it in real life and you go, ‘Whoop, no, I guess it’s not color enhanced.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heneghan operates the scientific instruments and coordinates between the plane’s pilots and Gehrke and Painter, who work in the back. The plane crisscrosses the watershed, measuring the depth of the snow and how much light it’s reflecting, down to the half-meter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Big Snow Data\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>After the flight, a team from NASA works around the clock to process all that data. The goal is to run weekly flights, with a 24-hour turnaround time, so it’s relevant to reservoir managers. McGurk is a consultant on the project, coordinating between NASA and Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“People are going to start to think, ‘Wow, I don’t know how they operated before this.’”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Yeah we all get real excited when the images start to come back and everybody goes ‘Woah, cool look at that,’” he laughed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tools are becoming increasingly important. Painter says that statistical models rely on historical data. And with a changing climate, the future is going to look less and less like the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With these physical measurements, you don’t have to rely on what happened last year,” he explained. “What happened over last 10 years, what happened over the last 20 years, has no bearing on your ability to model the snow-melt in this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gehrke, elder statesman of California snow surveys, welcomed the change. He said this program, along with new stations that measure \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10151415328907449.1073741832.95205192448&type=1\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> and a program that supports better coordination between water managers is bringing in a next generation of water management in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, it’s sort of like the internet,” he said. “Initially, it’s like, ‘Yeah, whatever, who cares.’ And all of a sudden, it’s now like, people can hardly go anywhere without it. And I think that’s what we’re going to find, as all of this starts to build out, people are going to start to think, ‘Wow, I don’t know how they operated before this.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this new data, water managers will be better able to plan for water supply, flood control, hydropower and the environment. And scientists will be able to use this deluge of data, too, to learn more about the alpine environment, one of the places most threatened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Snow runoff from the Sierra Nevada provides about a third of the state's water supply. Current estimates of how much water is in the mountains combine patchy measurements with a kind of sophisticated guesswork. But that may be about to change with new technology that's currently being tested.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-13-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>California has had one weird winter this year: lots of snow and rain early, and almost none since January. It’s in years like this that it’s especially crucial to know just how much water to expect from melting Sierra snows — runoff that provides about a third of the state’s water supply. Current estimates combine patchy measurements with a kind of sophisticated guesswork. But that may be about to change with new technology that’s currently being tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2527\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2527\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/swe-640x360-e1368218832481.jpg\" alt=\"Map generated with data from the ASO showing snow water equivalent on Mt. Lyell in Yosemite National Park in early April. Red areas have the most water. (Courtesy NASA.)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map generated with data from the ASO showing snow-water equivalent on Mt. Lyell in Yosemite National Park in early April. Red areas have the most water. (Image: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>The Limits of Statistics\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>A funny thing happened when I accompanied Frank Gehrke out on the regular Sierra snow survey this month. He and a group of reporters made their way out to one of the meadows near South Lake Tahoe where he conducts the monthly manual survey in the winter and spring. But this time, there was nothing to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“A reservoir operator has to be nimble and take action now.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“There’s not even a patch of snow we can seek out and measure,” he said. It wasn’t a surprise — he knew it had all melted already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally he’d stick an aluminum tube into the snow and weigh it to calculate the amount of water in the snow, or the snow-water equivalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s been the procedure really since about 1910,” said Gehrke, who’s been doing it for years as the \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/\">snow survey\u003c/a> chief for the California Department of Water Resources (DWR). But that’s a little difficult when, as on this day, spring had sprung at the survey site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR uses a combination of manual surveys and remote electronic sensors that feed a statistical model to project how much water there will be for cities and farms throughout the state when the snow melts each summer. But they never really know, exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can get nerve-wracking for water managers like Bruce McGurk, who used to run San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=92\">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t quite call it chicken,” McGurk said. “But you sure are watching. You’re hedging; you’re always being aware. You can’t be too full too early.” That would put people downstream at risk if there were a big late-season storm. On the other hand, managers need to keep enough in storage, to get through the dry summer. “A reservoir operator has to be nimble and take action now,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-2544 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/IMG_5027-e1368221337628.jpg\" alt=\"ASO NASA DWR water snow twin otter\" width=\"384\" height=\"288\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Painter of NASA and Frank Gehrke of DWR in front of the Twin Otter. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Which is why McGurk is excited about the project he’s working on with NASA, DWR and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which runs Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Going Airborne\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It’s called the \u003ca href=\"http://aso.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>, or ASO: an airplane outfitted with instruments that give scientists a better understanding of the snowpack than they’ve ever had before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of like looking at your TV screen,” said Tom Painter of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory at CalTech, the principal investigator on the project. “Your TV screen is the mountain basin,” he explained. And the way we’re currently measuring the snow in the mountains is by just looking at a few points — ike a screen that’s blank except for a few illuminated pixels — and using statistics to complete the picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re doing,” said Painter, “is turning on the entire TV set. We’re allowing you to see every one of the pixels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end result is a set of more comprehensive maps showing how much water is really up there, in the mountains. This is the first month of the three-year, four million-dollar project, funded by NASA and DWR. Right now, they’re focusing on a watershed in the Rockies and the Tuolumne River in Yosemite, which feeds into Hetch Hetchy. It’s a test phase, to work out the kinks.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The Plane\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2553\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/twinotter640x360-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"lidar spectrometer twin otter\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Twin Otter used for the ASO is mounted with a spectrometer, a camera and lidar device. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The maps are created with two high-tech tools mounted in a DeHavilland Twin Otter, a Canadian-built aircraft frequently used for research flights. Painter offered a tour of the gear mounted inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lidar lets us know the snow depth,” he said. Lidar is a laser that measures distance — really accurately, and really quickly. (If you’ve ever been pulled over by a police officer using a “radar” gun, you’re familiar with the technology.) By multiplying snow depth and snow density — the density calculation comes from manual surveys — you get the all-important snow water equivalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The spectrometer here, the black box, this allows us to know how much \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/04/29/whats-an-albedo-and-why-you-should-care/\">sunlight is being absorbed\u003c/a> by the snow surface,” he said. That tells scientists when the snow will melt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(The maps) are really beautiful,” Painter says. “The spatial distribution of snow water equivalent is — maybe it’s an acquired taste — but I think it’s fascinating and quite beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2535\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2535\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Picture2-e1368219677597.jpg\" alt=\"Data from the spectrometer draped on snow-on digital elevation surface shows snow-covered areas and the granite of Mt. Lyell's peak. (Courtesy NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"408\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from the spectrometer draped over topographical information from the lidar shows snow-covered areas and the granite of Mt. Lyell’s peak. The storied Lyell Glacier is visible in the upper left portion of the image. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scenery from the plane isn’t bad, either. On a sample flight in the Lake Tahoe area, flight operator Cate Heneghan, who usually works on NASA space missions, marveled at the famously clear water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s greens and blues,” she said over the crackly headset. “You know, you see pictures, but you always wonder: is it color enhanced? But then you come here and see it in real life and you go, ‘Whoop, no, I guess it’s not color enhanced.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heneghan operates the scientific instruments and coordinates between the plane’s pilots and Gehrke and Painter, who work in the back. The plane crisscrosses the watershed, measuring the depth of the snow and how much light it’s reflecting, down to the half-meter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Big Snow Data\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>After the flight, a team from NASA works around the clock to process all that data. The goal is to run weekly flights, with a 24-hour turnaround time, so it’s relevant to reservoir managers. McGurk is a consultant on the project, coordinating between NASA and Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“People are going to start to think, ‘Wow, I don’t know how they operated before this.’”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Yeah we all get real excited when the images start to come back and everybody goes ‘Woah, cool look at that,’” he laughed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tools are becoming increasingly important. Painter says that statistical models rely on historical data. And with a changing climate, the future is going to look less and less like the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With these physical measurements, you don’t have to rely on what happened last year,” he explained. “What happened over last 10 years, what happened over the last 20 years, has no bearing on your ability to model the snow-melt in this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gehrke, elder statesman of California snow surveys, welcomed the change. He said this program, along with new stations that measure \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10151415328907449.1073741832.95205192448&type=1\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a> and a program that supports better coordination between water managers is bringing in a next generation of water management in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, it’s sort of like the internet,” he said. “Initially, it’s like, ‘Yeah, whatever, who cares.’ And all of a sudden, it’s now like, people can hardly go anywhere without it. And I think that’s what we’re going to find, as all of this starts to build out, people are going to start to think, ‘Wow, I don’t know how they operated before this.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this new data, water managers will be better able to plan for water supply, flood control, hydropower and the environment. And scientists will be able to use this deluge of data, too, to learn more about the alpine environment, one of the places most threatened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Grappling with Rising Tides",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53188\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-at-bay-farm-bridge-ebrpd-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53188\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-53188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg\" alt=\"Last December the King Tide brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last December, the King Tides brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall along the shore in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strolling along the Bay Trail at \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach, EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\" target=\"_blank\">Crown Memorial State Beach\u003c/a> in Alameda a few weekends ago with a group of naturalists and college students at a professional workshop, we looked for areas that were inundated by the \u003ca title=\"CA King Tides website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides\u003c/a> last winter. We stood on trails and turf that had been underwater during those extreme high tides and discussed scientists’ predictions that high tide events, like King Tides, are likely to become the normal high tides in coming years. As seawater warms, it will expand as well as increase due to polar ice cap melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In California, we are very likely to experience a sea level rise of 16 inches by 2050 and 55 inches (1.4 meters) by 2100, and much more after that.\" \u003ca title=\"SPUR website\" href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/report/sealevelrise_110109\" target=\"_blank\">Sea Level Rise and the Future of the Bay Area, SPUR \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edges of our shoreline “bathtub” won’t be able to contain the overflow as the moon and sun interact and tides edge up and over into shoreline parks, roadways, homes and businesses. You can explore the \u003ca title=\"NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer\" href=\"http://www.csc.noaa.gov/slr/viewer/#\" target=\"_blank\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration interactive model\u003c/a> of how the rising tides may impact our coastlines. Much of my hometown, with an elevation of 30 feet above sea level, may be underwater at the predicted high water level of 55 inches above current high-high tide. My house would be above water, but I wouldn't be able to get to work due to flooded roadways. Sea level rise predictions are evolving as more information is gathered and assessed. The models continue to be refined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53187\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-gos-pt-ebrpd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53187\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-53187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-GOS-Pt.-EBRPD-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The good news about sea level rise is that these are long-term predictions, allowing us time to prepare. As CAKE (Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website) states, \u003ca title=\"Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website\" href=\"http://www.cakex.org/community/don%27t-panic\" target=\"_blank\">“Don’t Panic.”\u003c/a> It’s a great site to learn more about climate change basics and sea level rise science, as well as access tools available to municipalities to plan for climate change mitigation measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many municipalities are working together on a regional approach. In the East Bay this regional working group is referred to as “Adapting to Rising Tides (ART).” It’s led by the Bay Conservation and Development Committee (BCDC) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Services Center with participation by two regional park agencies, East Bay Regional Park District and Hayward Area Recreation District, along with local, regional, state and federal agencies and organizations, as well as non-profit and private associations. ART is looking at potential climate change impacts and subsequent effects to be addressed in this \u003ca title=\"ART Climate Impacts Statment\" href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ClimateImpacts1pg20120112.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Impacts Statement\u003c/a>. For more photos of King Tides around the Bay Area and California, check out the \u003ca title=\"California King Tides.org website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/view-king-tide-images/low-tidehigh-tide-photos/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides Initiative website\u003c/a>. What steps is your area taking to prepare for future sea level rise?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Climate change and rising tides are predicted to take a toll on our shoreline areas in the Bay Area. Find out more about last winter's King Tides and what actions are underway to help plan for future sea level rise.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53188\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-at-bay-farm-bridge-ebrpd-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53188\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-53188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg\" alt=\"Last December the King Tide brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last December, the King Tides brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall along the shore in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strolling along the Bay Trail at \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach, EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\" target=\"_blank\">Crown Memorial State Beach\u003c/a> in Alameda a few weekends ago with a group of naturalists and college students at a professional workshop, we looked for areas that were inundated by the \u003ca title=\"CA King Tides website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides\u003c/a> last winter. We stood on trails and turf that had been underwater during those extreme high tides and discussed scientists’ predictions that high tide events, like King Tides, are likely to become the normal high tides in coming years. As seawater warms, it will expand as well as increase due to polar ice cap melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In California, we are very likely to experience a sea level rise of 16 inches by 2050 and 55 inches (1.4 meters) by 2100, and much more after that.\" \u003ca title=\"SPUR website\" href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/report/sealevelrise_110109\" target=\"_blank\">Sea Level Rise and the Future of the Bay Area, SPUR \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edges of our shoreline “bathtub” won’t be able to contain the overflow as the moon and sun interact and tides edge up and over into shoreline parks, roadways, homes and businesses. You can explore the \u003ca title=\"NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer\" href=\"http://www.csc.noaa.gov/slr/viewer/#\" target=\"_blank\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration interactive model\u003c/a> of how the rising tides may impact our coastlines. Much of my hometown, with an elevation of 30 feet above sea level, may be underwater at the predicted high water level of 55 inches above current high-high tide. My house would be above water, but I wouldn't be able to get to work due to flooded roadways. Sea level rise predictions are evolving as more information is gathered and assessed. The models continue to be refined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53187\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-gos-pt-ebrpd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53187\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-53187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-GOS-Pt.-EBRPD-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The good news about sea level rise is that these are long-term predictions, allowing us time to prepare. As CAKE (Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website) states, \u003ca title=\"Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website\" href=\"http://www.cakex.org/community/don%27t-panic\" target=\"_blank\">“Don’t Panic.”\u003c/a> It’s a great site to learn more about climate change basics and sea level rise science, as well as access tools available to municipalities to plan for climate change mitigation measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many municipalities are working together on a regional approach. In the East Bay this regional working group is referred to as “Adapting to Rising Tides (ART).” It’s led by the Bay Conservation and Development Committee (BCDC) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Services Center with participation by two regional park agencies, East Bay Regional Park District and Hayward Area Recreation District, along with local, regional, state and federal agencies and organizations, as well as non-profit and private associations. ART is looking at potential climate change impacts and subsequent effects to be addressed in this \u003ca title=\"ART Climate Impacts Statment\" href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ClimateImpacts1pg20120112.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Impacts Statement\u003c/a>. For more photos of King Tides around the Bay Area and California, check out the \u003ca title=\"California King Tides.org website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/view-king-tide-images/low-tidehigh-tide-photos/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides Initiative website\u003c/a>. What steps is your area taking to prepare for future sea level rise?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Aboard the Tugnacious With Dr. Doom",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130304science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of California residents rely on water pumped through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, as its delicate ecosystem teeters on the brink, and its aging levees crumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners have spent decades searching for a fix. But they'll have to finish the job without the advice of a man who’s played a central role in Delta science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/aboard-the-tugnacious-with-dr-doom/mountportrait_edit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50230\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-50230\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mountportrait_edit-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mount, the scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Delta, has retired from his post at University California, Davis. Science editor Craig Miller caught up with him – where else – on the river, aboard his 27-foot cruiser, “Tugnacious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited version of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The question of what to do about deteriorating conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has dogged Mount throughout his 33 years as a professor of geology, as co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\">Center for Watershed Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis and going back to Governor Brown’s first administration. I asked Mount – one of the Delta’s most plainspoken explainers, why it matters so much.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Miller: Eight in 10 Californians can’t even tell you where or what the Delta is. Why do they need to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Very few Californians get the notion that this is an interconnected system now, with water that comes all the way out of the Trinity River, piped over and into the Sacramento River and down through the Delta, run into canals and ends up in San Diego. I mean really, that’s extraordinary, all the way from the Klamath Basin to San Diego. This is an interconnected network, so 25 million people get some of their water out of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-37115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg\" alt=\"aerial view of the Delta\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You said in an interview that you thought we were down to our last shot with the Delta. What did you mean by that? And what do you think the real chance is that we'll have a long-term solution in hand by, say 2020?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Let me explain why I think we’re down to our last shot. We have deeply entrenched interests, and regrettably it’s not simple. You’ve got farmers fighting against farmers. You have urban interests fighting against urban interests. You have environmental groups fighting against environmental groups, and then they’re all fighting each other, and that makes it wickedly complicated. And instead of coming out of their foxholes, they seem to be digging deeper and deeper foxholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?attachment_id=37951\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37951\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37951\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail5.jpg\" alt=\"map\" width=\"170\" height=\"195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta network.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Events will eventually dictate how we manage the Delta and I have said many times, and nothing in the last seven or eight years has changed in this, that we’re dealing with a system that is unstable, and it will rearrange itself, whether from floods or earthquakes or rising sea level or changing human demands on the system or invasive species, it is unstable and it is changing and if we don’t get our hands around it now, it’s going to be doubly hard to get our hands around it in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Some believe one way to “get our hands around it” is to move southbound water around this fragile ecosystem – or in the case of the latest proposal, under it, with twin tunnels that would shuttle water from upstream on the Sacramento, more than 30 miles south to serve needs in the Central Valley and Southern California. Mount agrees, saying it’s the only way to comply with current laws that put water needs and the environment on equal footing.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: To meet the co-equal goals of the 2009 legislation, I think you’re going to have to have a tunnel or two. Don’t like it, go back and change the policy. You could say, \"We’re going to manage this ecosystem. We’re going to go for ecosystem health as the primary objective within it.\" If that’s the case, at best you want a tiny little pipe – a peripheral garden hose would be the best description of it. You want to dramatically reduce your withdrawals from the Delta, both in-Delta exports and then all those people upstream; all those people like San Francisco, let’s take them for example, they’re taking water from the Delta, they’re just taking it out upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: By upstream, you mean up in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Yeah, they’re just taking it out before it gets to Delta, that’s all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-36945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\" alt=\"A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: Give me your pithiest version of why a tunnel beats a canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Actually I don’t think there’s any difference between the two in terms of system performance, but there are major differences politically. Good luck building a peripheral canal across the Delta given the level of local resistance and changes in our practices of eminent domain. I can completely understand why they want to spend more money and go under the problem rather than over the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: We talked a little about this déjà vu aspect of it, this goes further back than Jerry Brown’s first term, this goes back to Pat Brown, doesn’t it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=left color=white]\u003cstrong>California's Deadlocked Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Video explainer: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">What is the Delta?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Interactive map: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Envisioning California’s Delta As it Was\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Feature story: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Can the Delta Be Fixed?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: That’s correct. When the state water project was developed, they knew all along that they had left a hole in it, and that is the Delta. They knew there was a problem even back in the 1950s that the Delta was going to be a major issue. From that point on, this intractable, difficult wicked problem has bedeviled governors, heads of the Department of Water Resources and water managers in California nonstop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: If they were so aware that this was a problem looming, why didn’t they address the problem head on the first time around?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: There’s a tendency in water supply to leave the most complicated and difficult problems to later. We are a society – and there’s no difference in the water supply community – that likes to pluck the low hanging fruit and put off the hard work until later. The Delta fix, if there is one, is not simple, it’s not cheap, it involves burning massive amounts of political capital to get it done, and it involves lots of angry people no matter what you do. I can easily understand why people kept putting that one off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>And yet, with all of the rancor that remains in the Delta water wars, Mount sees a light at end of this tunnel.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I can actually say that I think the state government and federal government are starting to paddle together, which has not been the case – it’s actually been one of the principal problems. They are actually starting to look like they’re much more in sync with each other, and that’s a glimmer of hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Does that mean you think we have a decent shot at a long-term solution?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I think it’s a 50-50 chance that we’ll get a long-term solution out of this. This is all of California’s problem. I mean this is 25 million people, also two-thirds of the population of California. It’s our problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mount still has some skin in the game. In his new career is as a consultant, he says he wants to help restore rivers, not just talk about restoring them. As for his nickname, “Dr. Doom,” Mount says it was coined a decade ago by then-KQED reporter Tamara Keith, now Capitol correspondent for NPR. It stuck – and Mount still embraces it, though no doubt he’d love to be proven wrong.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sean Greene contributed to this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two-thirds of California residents rely on water pumped through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, as its delicate ecosystem teeters on the brink, and its aging levees crumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners have spent decades searching for a fix. But they'll have to finish the job without the advice of a man who’s played a central role in Delta science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/aboard-the-tugnacious-with-dr-doom/mountportrait_edit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50230\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-50230\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mountportrait_edit-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mount, the scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Delta, has retired from his post at University California, Davis. Science editor Craig Miller caught up with him – where else – on the river, aboard his 27-foot cruiser, “Tugnacious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited version of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The question of what to do about deteriorating conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has dogged Mount throughout his 33 years as a professor of geology, as co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\">Center for Watershed Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis and going back to Governor Brown’s first administration. I asked Mount – one of the Delta’s most plainspoken explainers, why it matters so much.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Miller: Eight in 10 Californians can’t even tell you where or what the Delta is. Why do they need to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Very few Californians get the notion that this is an interconnected system now, with water that comes all the way out of the Trinity River, piped over and into the Sacramento River and down through the Delta, run into canals and ends up in San Diego. I mean really, that’s extraordinary, all the way from the Klamath Basin to San Diego. This is an interconnected network, so 25 million people get some of their water out of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-37115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg\" alt=\"aerial view of the Delta\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You said in an interview that you thought we were down to our last shot with the Delta. What did you mean by that? And what do you think the real chance is that we'll have a long-term solution in hand by, say 2020?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Let me explain why I think we’re down to our last shot. We have deeply entrenched interests, and regrettably it’s not simple. You’ve got farmers fighting against farmers. You have urban interests fighting against urban interests. You have environmental groups fighting against environmental groups, and then they’re all fighting each other, and that makes it wickedly complicated. And instead of coming out of their foxholes, they seem to be digging deeper and deeper foxholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?attachment_id=37951\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37951\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37951\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail5.jpg\" alt=\"map\" width=\"170\" height=\"195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta network.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Events will eventually dictate how we manage the Delta and I have said many times, and nothing in the last seven or eight years has changed in this, that we’re dealing with a system that is unstable, and it will rearrange itself, whether from floods or earthquakes or rising sea level or changing human demands on the system or invasive species, it is unstable and it is changing and if we don’t get our hands around it now, it’s going to be doubly hard to get our hands around it in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Some believe one way to “get our hands around it” is to move southbound water around this fragile ecosystem – or in the case of the latest proposal, under it, with twin tunnels that would shuttle water from upstream on the Sacramento, more than 30 miles south to serve needs in the Central Valley and Southern California. Mount agrees, saying it’s the only way to comply with current laws that put water needs and the environment on equal footing.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: To meet the co-equal goals of the 2009 legislation, I think you’re going to have to have a tunnel or two. Don’t like it, go back and change the policy. You could say, \"We’re going to manage this ecosystem. We’re going to go for ecosystem health as the primary objective within it.\" If that’s the case, at best you want a tiny little pipe – a peripheral garden hose would be the best description of it. You want to dramatically reduce your withdrawals from the Delta, both in-Delta exports and then all those people upstream; all those people like San Francisco, let’s take them for example, they’re taking water from the Delta, they’re just taking it out upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: By upstream, you mean up in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Yeah, they’re just taking it out before it gets to Delta, that’s all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-36945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\" alt=\"A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: Give me your pithiest version of why a tunnel beats a canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Actually I don’t think there’s any difference between the two in terms of system performance, but there are major differences politically. Good luck building a peripheral canal across the Delta given the level of local resistance and changes in our practices of eminent domain. I can completely understand why they want to spend more money and go under the problem rather than over the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: We talked a little about this déjà vu aspect of it, this goes further back than Jerry Brown’s first term, this goes back to Pat Brown, doesn’t it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=left color=white]\u003cstrong>California's Deadlocked Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Video explainer: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">What is the Delta?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Interactive map: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Envisioning California’s Delta As it Was\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Feature story: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Can the Delta Be Fixed?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: That’s correct. When the state water project was developed, they knew all along that they had left a hole in it, and that is the Delta. They knew there was a problem even back in the 1950s that the Delta was going to be a major issue. From that point on, this intractable, difficult wicked problem has bedeviled governors, heads of the Department of Water Resources and water managers in California nonstop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: If they were so aware that this was a problem looming, why didn’t they address the problem head on the first time around?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: There’s a tendency in water supply to leave the most complicated and difficult problems to later. We are a society – and there’s no difference in the water supply community – that likes to pluck the low hanging fruit and put off the hard work until later. The Delta fix, if there is one, is not simple, it’s not cheap, it involves burning massive amounts of political capital to get it done, and it involves lots of angry people no matter what you do. I can easily understand why people kept putting that one off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>And yet, with all of the rancor that remains in the Delta water wars, Mount sees a light at end of this tunnel.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I can actually say that I think the state government and federal government are starting to paddle together, which has not been the case – it’s actually been one of the principal problems. They are actually starting to look like they’re much more in sync with each other, and that’s a glimmer of hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Does that mean you think we have a decent shot at a long-term solution?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I think it’s a 50-50 chance that we’ll get a long-term solution out of this. This is all of California’s problem. I mean this is 25 million people, also two-thirds of the population of California. It’s our problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mount still has some skin in the game. In his new career is as a consultant, he says he wants to help restore rivers, not just talk about restoring them. As for his nickname, “Dr. Doom,” Mount says it was coined a decade ago by then-KQED reporter Tamara Keith, now Capitol correspondent for NPR. It stuck – and Mount still embraces it, though no doubt he’d love to be proven wrong.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49742\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2.jpg\" alt=\"S.F. Climate Rally\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49742\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/marquee2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">S.F. Climate Rally. Photo: Sean Greene\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thousands rallied in San Francisco on Sunday urging President Obama to take action on climate change. They demanded the president reject a controversial oil pipeline that would carry tar sands oil from Canada to Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holding signs that read, \"Stop the Pipeline\" and \"Forward on Climate,\" protesters gathered in front of the State Department Building. Becky Bond of Bay Area Based Credo Action was among those at the rally. \"If we don't defeat Keystone XL we know that means game over for the climate. And the only reason Keystone XL hasn't been built yet is because of activism like the people who are here today. If the president really cares about stopping climate change, he will reject the Keystone XL Pipeline. This is a watershed moment for the climate movement,\" Bond declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Police estimated the crowd to be more than 3,000 and said there were no arrests. The San Francisco rally was held at the same time more than 40,000 people marched on the National Mall in Washington DC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/02/20130218science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Julian Bond and Michael Brune protest against Keystone XL Pipeline at Lafayette Park on Feb 13, 2013 in Washington, DC. (Photo: Leigh Vogel/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the week leading up to Presidents' Day, Michael Brune, the national executive director of the Sierra Club, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/13/sierra-club-chief-arrested-at-keystone-xl-pipeline-protest/\">found himself in handcuffs\u003c/a>, after strapping himself to the White House gates. He and other protesters are hoping to spur President Obama toward bold action to combat climate change with what's being billed as the biggest rally ever for climate action in this country. The Presidents' Day events in several cities, including San Francisco, where the Sierra Club is headquartered, mark a new, more aggressive stance for the organization spawned by John Muir. Brune's arrest was the first of a Sierra Club chief in the club's 120-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brune's not just rattling the gates from the outside, though. He managed to get sprung in time for the Valentine's Day roll-out of a major climate bill by Democratic Senators Barbara Boxer and Bernie Sanders. It would tax carbon emissions, tighten regulations on fracking and provide investments for clean energy and energy efficiency upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller sat down with Brune before he left for Washington to talk with him about climate action, the Keystone XL pipeline, and fracking. This is an edited transcript of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> Many people were stunned when the president devoted a full paragraph to the climate issue in his inaugural address. Were you among those stunned people up there?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMichael Brune:\u003c/strong> I was certainly very pleased. The president gave more word space to climate change than any other issue during his inauguration. He articulated both the moral obligation we have to fight climate change and the fact that when we transition to clean energy, there will be great economic benefit brought to all Americans. So it was very encouraging.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Surprising talk, but on the action front how would you grade this president so far? Have you been a little disappointed?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Looking at his first term, you can simultaneously say that the president did more than any other president when it comes to climate change, particularly if you look at all the rules that the EPA put forward to improve public health that had an impact on fossil fuels. You could say he has done an insufficient job in that there’s a lot of things the president could do and should do that he hasn’t yet done. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire...or another super-storm hits.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> I think the reason a lot of people were surprised was the word climate just about disappeared from his vocabulary for an extended period of time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Yeah, you know that’s disappointing. There’s really no other way to put it other than the fact that the president has the opportunity to lead not just the American people, but to lead the world in an all-out, concerted, thoughtful, but relentless effort to move away from dirty fuels and to embrace clean energy. He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire, or a crippling drought, or another super-storm hits. We have to be able to connect these extreme weather events to the fact that our climate is destabilizing as we speak. This is not something that can be addressed through the occasional mention or even the occasional rule put forward by his administration.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Do you think there’s been a sort of – no pun intended – sea change, a shift? Are people, are policymakers ready to see and hear what’s happening in your opinion?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> I think so. I spend a fair amount of time on Capitol Hill and you can tell people’s opinions have shifted just in the last six months. The reason for that is the American public’s opinions have shifted. There was a poll put out last week by Duke University that said 84% of all Americans believe that climate change is real, it’s man-made, it’s happening and that the solutions to climate change are here. So you’re seeing that reflected in a thawing, let’s say, of some of the attitudes that we often see on Capitol Hill. The question remains is whether or not this will lead to meaningful action.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> So what’s the most important first step that the president and Congress could take right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Job one is to reject the Keystone XL pipeline. We should not be building out new fossil fuel infrastructure at the same time we want to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> This is the big pipeline that is designed to bring Canadian oil sands all the way down to the Gulf Coast for refining. There’s a lot of opposition to it, but here in California, it’s an issue that feels remote to a lot of people. Why does it matter to us out here?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> There are two reasons why it matters. First is that this would be the biggest pipeline coming down from the tar sands. The tar sands is the dirtiest oil on the planet, and this pipeline would take 830,000 barrels of oil from the tar sands every day, bring it all the way through this country, and then have most of it be exported outside the U.S. borders. This will, by itself, contribute to global warming. But it’s also a symbol of the fact that we cannot continue to invest in dirty fuel sources whether it’s drilling in the Arctic, mountaintop removal in Appalachia, this tar sands project, fracking that’s happening across the country. We can’t continue to put billions of dollars of infrastructure into fossil fuels when we need to start investing that money toward clean energy solutions instead.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> In fact, we’re waiting to hear from the president on (the Keystone XL project) issue. What if he approves it? What then?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> We’re actually waiting to hear from the president on all of these issues. We’re waiting to hear from the president on how drilling should take place in the Arctic when we’re trying to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. We’re waiting to see leadership from the president on the tar sands, as well. We’re waiting for a ruling that this pipeline should not be built. We’d like to see the president take on fracking as well as mountaintop removal. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge. We want to see the president reject the Keystone XL pipeline, but we want to see him go much farther than that. There’s an opportunity to regulate carbon pollution from smokestacks and refineries all across the country. There’s an opportunity to turn away from Arctic drilling and there’s an even bigger opportunity to invest in clean energy like solar and wind that will help to replace these dirty fuels. That creates more jobs and cuts air and water emissions at the same time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Let’s talk about fracking. This is short for hydraulic fracturing the tech used to extract oil and gas from underground rock formations, stuff that was tough to get at before new technology made it possible. They’ve been\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate/\"> fracking in California\u003c/a> for oil in different ways but now it seems like there’s this new boom on its way here with the Monterey shale formation in Central California. How concerned are you about that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> As a parent, I’m very concerned about the impacts of fracking on our air, our water and our climate particularly when there are much better solutions to meet our energy needs, particularly in California, where we’ve got solar that’s just growing by leaps and bounds and wind resources that are not fully utilized. We know that in the 21st century our economy will be based on energy that’s safe, secure and sustainable. We don’t need to be investing in fracking, or more oil drilling, mountaintop removal or more coal mining when we know that solar and wind can do a better job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> But you can’t just throw a switch and tomorrow morning everything’s clean and renewable. In 2012, for example, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions fell to their lowest point in 20 years, and a lot of the credit for that is going to fracking for gas – cheap natural gas – which is cleaner than burning coal. Don’t you need to do some of that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> Let’s be really clear here. Greenhouse gas emissions have fallen to 20 year lows and the reason for that is not because of fracking -- in no way, shape or form. The reason for that is we are replacing coal plants with a variety of clean energy sources. In most cases, wind and solar are taking up a bigger share of the energy mix than fracking ever is. Case in point, in 2012 there were more new wind resources brought online than natural gas. There was more solar and wind than all fossil fuel sources combined. What we are seeing right now is the United States slowly, but with increasing speed, is beginning to get off of fossil fuels -- at a much slower pace than we should, but it’s starting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Going back to the D.C. rally, this kind of street-level activism is kind of a new direction for the Sierra Club, and it’s pretty much your doing since you took over. You must be getting some push back from some members who still see the primary mission of the Sierra Club as conservation of public lands and restoration of natural resources. Are you hearing some of that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Not really. The mission of the Sierra Club is very simple. It’s to explore, enjoy and protect the planet. We have Sierra Club members who have been volunteering with us for decades, some members who have been volunteering for a couple weeks, but all of them are united around a very simple credo. We know that getting into the outdoors inspires further activism and we also know that there are solutions to some of our country’s biggest environmental problems. The demonstration on the National Mall over the weekend and the rallies we are holding across the country really does tap into a long-held tradition that Sierra Club members want to participate in bringing out solutions to our country’s problems, and they know there are a lot of ways to get there.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiler:\u003c/strong> We had Jim Hansen here in the same studio for an interview recently – a certified climate change legend from NASA – who says that California’s whole approach is half-baked. We’d be much better off with a straight-on carbon tax than this complicated market-based cap-and-trade system that we’re using.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Hansen has a point. Most economists that you talk to will view a carbon tax as a much more efficient and, thus, much more effective way of putting a price on carbon and hastening a tradition toward clean energy resources. But it’s also true that California is making more progress than any other state in de-carbonizing and transitioning to clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Speaking of presidential decisions, Sally Jewell is Mr. Obama’s choice for the new Secretary of the Interior, currently the CEO of REI, the outdoor clothing and gear company out of Seattle. What specifically does Jewell bring to the table?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> What Sally brings is potential for a sea change in terms of how the Department of Interior looks at natural resources. For the last century or more, most people who have been in her position have looked at the oil, or timber or gas as a resource to exploit. What Sally recognizes is that there’s more economic gain from protecting our public resources, but also there’s great opportunity to expand protection to benefit wildlife, landscapes and the communities that surround them. We’re very optimistic that when she assumes this position, we’ll have a great opportunity to get more people in the outdoors and then have those folks be active part in helping to protect our last remaining natural treasures.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Julian Bond and Michael Brune protest against Keystone XL Pipeline at Lafayette Park on Feb 13, 2013 in Washington, DC. (Photo: Leigh Vogel/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the week leading up to Presidents' Day, Michael Brune, the national executive director of the Sierra Club, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/13/sierra-club-chief-arrested-at-keystone-xl-pipeline-protest/\">found himself in handcuffs\u003c/a>, after strapping himself to the White House gates. He and other protesters are hoping to spur President Obama toward bold action to combat climate change with what's being billed as the biggest rally ever for climate action in this country. The Presidents' Day events in several cities, including San Francisco, where the Sierra Club is headquartered, mark a new, more aggressive stance for the organization spawned by John Muir. Brune's arrest was the first of a Sierra Club chief in the club's 120-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brune's not just rattling the gates from the outside, though. He managed to get sprung in time for the Valentine's Day roll-out of a major climate bill by Democratic Senators Barbara Boxer and Bernie Sanders. It would tax carbon emissions, tighten regulations on fracking and provide investments for clean energy and energy efficiency upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller sat down with Brune before he left for Washington to talk with him about climate action, the Keystone XL pipeline, and fracking. This is an edited transcript of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> Many people were stunned when the president devoted a full paragraph to the climate issue in his inaugural address. Were you among those stunned people up there?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMichael Brune:\u003c/strong> I was certainly very pleased. The president gave more word space to climate change than any other issue during his inauguration. He articulated both the moral obligation we have to fight climate change and the fact that when we transition to clean energy, there will be great economic benefit brought to all Americans. So it was very encouraging.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Surprising talk, but on the action front how would you grade this president so far? Have you been a little disappointed?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Looking at his first term, you can simultaneously say that the president did more than any other president when it comes to climate change, particularly if you look at all the rules that the EPA put forward to improve public health that had an impact on fossil fuels. You could say he has done an insufficient job in that there’s a lot of things the president could do and should do that he hasn’t yet done. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire...or another super-storm hits.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> I think the reason a lot of people were surprised was the word climate just about disappeared from his vocabulary for an extended period of time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Yeah, you know that’s disappointing. There’s really no other way to put it other than the fact that the president has the opportunity to lead not just the American people, but to lead the world in an all-out, concerted, thoughtful, but relentless effort to move away from dirty fuels and to embrace clean energy. He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire, or a crippling drought, or another super-storm hits. We have to be able to connect these extreme weather events to the fact that our climate is destabilizing as we speak. This is not something that can be addressed through the occasional mention or even the occasional rule put forward by his administration.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Do you think there’s been a sort of – no pun intended – sea change, a shift? Are people, are policymakers ready to see and hear what’s happening in your opinion?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> I think so. I spend a fair amount of time on Capitol Hill and you can tell people’s opinions have shifted just in the last six months. The reason for that is the American public’s opinions have shifted. There was a poll put out last week by Duke University that said 84% of all Americans believe that climate change is real, it’s man-made, it’s happening and that the solutions to climate change are here. So you’re seeing that reflected in a thawing, let’s say, of some of the attitudes that we often see on Capitol Hill. The question remains is whether or not this will lead to meaningful action.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> So what’s the most important first step that the president and Congress could take right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Job one is to reject the Keystone XL pipeline. We should not be building out new fossil fuel infrastructure at the same time we want to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> This is the big pipeline that is designed to bring Canadian oil sands all the way down to the Gulf Coast for refining. There’s a lot of opposition to it, but here in California, it’s an issue that feels remote to a lot of people. Why does it matter to us out here?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> There are two reasons why it matters. First is that this would be the biggest pipeline coming down from the tar sands. The tar sands is the dirtiest oil on the planet, and this pipeline would take 830,000 barrels of oil from the tar sands every day, bring it all the way through this country, and then have most of it be exported outside the U.S. borders. This will, by itself, contribute to global warming. But it’s also a symbol of the fact that we cannot continue to invest in dirty fuel sources whether it’s drilling in the Arctic, mountaintop removal in Appalachia, this tar sands project, fracking that’s happening across the country. We can’t continue to put billions of dollars of infrastructure into fossil fuels when we need to start investing that money toward clean energy solutions instead.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> In fact, we’re waiting to hear from the president on (the Keystone XL project) issue. What if he approves it? What then?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> We’re actually waiting to hear from the president on all of these issues. We’re waiting to hear from the president on how drilling should take place in the Arctic when we’re trying to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. We’re waiting to see leadership from the president on the tar sands, as well. We’re waiting for a ruling that this pipeline should not be built. We’d like to see the president take on fracking as well as mountaintop removal. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge. We want to see the president reject the Keystone XL pipeline, but we want to see him go much farther than that. There’s an opportunity to regulate carbon pollution from smokestacks and refineries all across the country. There’s an opportunity to turn away from Arctic drilling and there’s an even bigger opportunity to invest in clean energy like solar and wind that will help to replace these dirty fuels. That creates more jobs and cuts air and water emissions at the same time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Let’s talk about fracking. This is short for hydraulic fracturing the tech used to extract oil and gas from underground rock formations, stuff that was tough to get at before new technology made it possible. They’ve been\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate/\"> fracking in California\u003c/a> for oil in different ways but now it seems like there’s this new boom on its way here with the Monterey shale formation in Central California. How concerned are you about that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> As a parent, I’m very concerned about the impacts of fracking on our air, our water and our climate particularly when there are much better solutions to meet our energy needs, particularly in California, where we’ve got solar that’s just growing by leaps and bounds and wind resources that are not fully utilized. We know that in the 21st century our economy will be based on energy that’s safe, secure and sustainable. We don’t need to be investing in fracking, or more oil drilling, mountaintop removal or more coal mining when we know that solar and wind can do a better job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> But you can’t just throw a switch and tomorrow morning everything’s clean and renewable. In 2012, for example, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions fell to their lowest point in 20 years, and a lot of the credit for that is going to fracking for gas – cheap natural gas – which is cleaner than burning coal. Don’t you need to do some of that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> Let’s be really clear here. Greenhouse gas emissions have fallen to 20 year lows and the reason for that is not because of fracking -- in no way, shape or form. The reason for that is we are replacing coal plants with a variety of clean energy sources. In most cases, wind and solar are taking up a bigger share of the energy mix than fracking ever is. Case in point, in 2012 there were more new wind resources brought online than natural gas. There was more solar and wind than all fossil fuel sources combined. What we are seeing right now is the United States slowly, but with increasing speed, is beginning to get off of fossil fuels -- at a much slower pace than we should, but it’s starting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Going back to the D.C. rally, this kind of street-level activism is kind of a new direction for the Sierra Club, and it’s pretty much your doing since you took over. You must be getting some push back from some members who still see the primary mission of the Sierra Club as conservation of public lands and restoration of natural resources. Are you hearing some of that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Not really. The mission of the Sierra Club is very simple. It’s to explore, enjoy and protect the planet. We have Sierra Club members who have been volunteering with us for decades, some members who have been volunteering for a couple weeks, but all of them are united around a very simple credo. We know that getting into the outdoors inspires further activism and we also know that there are solutions to some of our country’s biggest environmental problems. The demonstration on the National Mall over the weekend and the rallies we are holding across the country really does tap into a long-held tradition that Sierra Club members want to participate in bringing out solutions to our country’s problems, and they know there are a lot of ways to get there.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiler:\u003c/strong> We had Jim Hansen here in the same studio for an interview recently – a certified climate change legend from NASA – who says that California’s whole approach is half-baked. We’d be much better off with a straight-on carbon tax than this complicated market-based cap-and-trade system that we’re using.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Hansen has a point. Most economists that you talk to will view a carbon tax as a much more efficient and, thus, much more effective way of putting a price on carbon and hastening a tradition toward clean energy resources. But it’s also true that California is making more progress than any other state in de-carbonizing and transitioning to clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Speaking of presidential decisions, Sally Jewell is Mr. Obama’s choice for the new Secretary of the Interior, currently the CEO of REI, the outdoor clothing and gear company out of Seattle. What specifically does Jewell bring to the table?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> What Sally brings is potential for a sea change in terms of how the Department of Interior looks at natural resources. For the last century or more, most people who have been in her position have looked at the oil, or timber or gas as a resource to exploit. What Sally recognizes is that there’s more economic gain from protecting our public resources, but also there’s great opportunity to expand protection to benefit wildlife, landscapes and the communities that surround them. We’re very optimistic that when she assumes this position, we’ll have a great opportunity to get more people in the outdoors and then have those folks be active part in helping to protect our last remaining natural treasures.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "San Francisco a Test Case for Coping with Rising Seas",
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"content": "\u003cp>Parts of New York and New Jersey are still reeling from Superstorm Sandy, an event that brought climate change and the threat of sea-level rise front-and-center. It's a looming problem for all coastal cities, and one that San Francisco has been pondering since long before Sandy struck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along San Francisco’s western shore, the \u003ca href=\"http://issuu.com/oceanbeachmasterplan/docs/obmp_document_full/11\">Ocean Beach Master Plan\u003c/a> is a kind of test case for sea-rise planning. It calls for big changes, including a strategy known as managed retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A taste of what's to come\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t need a crystal ball to see how encroaching seas will affect San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we’re walking on right now is the former southbound lane of the Great Highway in San Francisco,\" says Tom Prete, the founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanbeachbulletin.com/\">Ocean Beach Bulletin\u003c/a>, an online news site that covers the neighborhoods along San Francisco’s Pacific shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the winter of 2010, the city closed this portion of Great Highway because of erosion that was endangering the road,\" he explains. The side of the road closest to the beach is now blocked off by concrete barriers. Traffic has been rerouted onto what was once the median, to avoid the receding sandy bluffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was something that was sort of done in an emergency,\" Prete says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, rather than just reacting to what’s happening out here, San Francisco is planning ahead. The road map for this more proactive approach is the Ocean Beach Master Plan, a sweeping set of recommendations intended to be implemented over the next few decades as the ocean relentlessly carves away the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It wants this land back,\" Prete says. And it's taking it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Man-made problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year the \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=13389\">National Academy of Sciences projected\u003c/a> that in this part of California, sea level could rise nearly a foot by 2030. And by the end of the century, if current warming trends continue, it could be more than four feet higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49253\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/revetments-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"revetments\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piles of boulders and rubble left from past attempts by the city to protect the Great Highway from erosion. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here at Ocean Beach, no private homes are in immediate danger, but on the line is millions of dollars’ worth of infrastructure: the four-lane highway and a waste water treatment plant. And there’s the beach itself, part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, used by surfers, dog-walkers, joggers and bundled up beach-goers (this is not San Diego).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level rise is a looming threat, but erosion is nothing new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's at least partially -- I would argue, largely -- a man-made problem,\" says Bob Battalio, a coastal engineer at the consulting firm \u003ca href=\"http://www.pwa-ltd.com/index.html\">ESA PWA\u003c/a> who is working on the Master Plan. He says the Great Highway isn’t just a casualty here; it’s part of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It opened in 1929 to much \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist2/ghiway.html\">fanfare\u003c/a>. But it wasn’t exactly built on \u003cem>Terra Firma\u003c/em>: the city flattened coastal sand dunes and pushed the shoreline about 200 feet out into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was progress I guess at that point,\" reflects Battalio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ocean has been pushing back ever since and the Great Highway isn’t looking so great anymore, with pieces of parking lots crumbling onto the beach. The bluffs below it are strewn with sandbags, boulders and concrete: failed attempts by the city to stem erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change will make it all worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s kind of like trying to hold a pendulum, and it's going to try to go back to where it wants to be,\" says Battalio. \"Otherwise you have to hold it there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Retreating from the rising tide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most dramatic recommendation in the Ocean Beach Master Plan is to let go of the pendulum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49271\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49271 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small.jpg\" alt=\"Ocean Beach hasn't always been where it is now. Click on the map to see more information about past shorelines. (Map courtesy of Elena Vandebroek and Bob Battalio, ESA PWA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small-400x457.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ocean Beach hasn't always been where it is now. Click on the map to see more information about past shorelines. (Map courtesy of Elena Vandebroek and Bob Battalio, ESA PWA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Everything's easier if you move back,\" Battalio explains. \"So ultimately what we’re trying to do is what we call 'managed retreat.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, San Francisco would close one end of the Great Highway, reroute traffic about a half-mile inland, and let the ocean come back. Battalio says it comes down to engineering and economics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a surfer and somebody who’s studied waves and the like, I think it’s fine if people want to live on the coast,\" he says. \"But I don’t think it’s okay to take public money and build structures that adversely affect the beach. I don’t want my money going there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49262\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49262 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1.jpg\" alt=\"Surfers \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For years surfers have been asking San Francisco to manage the erosion problems at the south end of Ocean Beach. (Photo: Sean Greene/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Translating high-concept plans to work on the ground\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan would cut down on those kinds of costs, but it isn't cheap, either. Estimates for completing all the recommendations are just north of $350 million. Funding has come through for some initial studies, but the vast majority of that money has yet to be raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of the things we're recommending at Ocean Beach are very expensive,\" says Benjamin Grant, who manages the Ocean Beach Master Plan for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/\">San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association\u003c/a> (SPUR). \"But you have to set them against the costs of the band-aid measures already taking place.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>Dive into the plan and Explore SPUR's \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/featured-project/ocean-beach-master-plan\" target=\"_blank\">Ocean Beach website\u003c/a>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://issuu.com/oceanbeachmasterplan/docs/obmp_document_full/11\">Download the Ocean Beach Master Plan\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanbeachbulletin.com/tag/ocean-beach-master-plan/\">Read the Ocean Beach Bulletin's Master Plan coverage\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>SPUR is acting as a facilitator for the project, bringing together the myriad city, state, and federal organizations involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can't close our eyes to what’s coming and it’s definitely going to get worse and not better,\" Grant says. \"If we can find a way to work with those processes to achieve the kinds of outcomes and build the kinds of places we want to have in our city, then we’ll be ahead of the game.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other California cities, Pacifica and Ventura, have both undertaken smaller managed-retreat projects. And other places, including New York City and the states around Chesapeake Bay, are beginning to put together their own climate response plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For San Francisco, completing the big vision of the Ocean Beach Master Plan is just a first step. Some traffic and engineering studies are underway now, but they’re just the beginning of a decades-long process that will affect the shape of our coast and the lives along it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan also will be closely watched by other coastal cities around the United States, as the sea continues its slow but steady rise.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Parts of New York and New Jersey are still reeling from Superstorm Sandy, an event that brought climate change and the threat of sea-level rise front-and-center. It's a looming problem for all coastal cities, and one that San Francisco has been pondering since long before Sandy struck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along San Francisco’s western shore, the \u003ca href=\"http://issuu.com/oceanbeachmasterplan/docs/obmp_document_full/11\">Ocean Beach Master Plan\u003c/a> is a kind of test case for sea-rise planning. It calls for big changes, including a strategy known as managed retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A taste of what's to come\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t need a crystal ball to see how encroaching seas will affect San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we’re walking on right now is the former southbound lane of the Great Highway in San Francisco,\" says Tom Prete, the founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanbeachbulletin.com/\">Ocean Beach Bulletin\u003c/a>, an online news site that covers the neighborhoods along San Francisco’s Pacific shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the winter of 2010, the city closed this portion of Great Highway because of erosion that was endangering the road,\" he explains. The side of the road closest to the beach is now blocked off by concrete barriers. Traffic has been rerouted onto what was once the median, to avoid the receding sandy bluffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was something that was sort of done in an emergency,\" Prete says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, rather than just reacting to what’s happening out here, San Francisco is planning ahead. The road map for this more proactive approach is the Ocean Beach Master Plan, a sweeping set of recommendations intended to be implemented over the next few decades as the ocean relentlessly carves away the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It wants this land back,\" Prete says. And it's taking it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Man-made problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year the \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=13389\">National Academy of Sciences projected\u003c/a> that in this part of California, sea level could rise nearly a foot by 2030. And by the end of the century, if current warming trends continue, it could be more than four feet higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49253\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/revetments-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"revetments\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piles of boulders and rubble left from past attempts by the city to protect the Great Highway from erosion. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here at Ocean Beach, no private homes are in immediate danger, but on the line is millions of dollars’ worth of infrastructure: the four-lane highway and a waste water treatment plant. And there’s the beach itself, part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, used by surfers, dog-walkers, joggers and bundled up beach-goers (this is not San Diego).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level rise is a looming threat, but erosion is nothing new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's at least partially -- I would argue, largely -- a man-made problem,\" says Bob Battalio, a coastal engineer at the consulting firm \u003ca href=\"http://www.pwa-ltd.com/index.html\">ESA PWA\u003c/a> who is working on the Master Plan. He says the Great Highway isn’t just a casualty here; it’s part of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It opened in 1929 to much \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist2/ghiway.html\">fanfare\u003c/a>. But it wasn’t exactly built on \u003cem>Terra Firma\u003c/em>: the city flattened coastal sand dunes and pushed the shoreline about 200 feet out into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was progress I guess at that point,\" reflects Battalio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ocean has been pushing back ever since and the Great Highway isn’t looking so great anymore, with pieces of parking lots crumbling onto the beach. The bluffs below it are strewn with sandbags, boulders and concrete: failed attempts by the city to stem erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change will make it all worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s kind of like trying to hold a pendulum, and it's going to try to go back to where it wants to be,\" says Battalio. \"Otherwise you have to hold it there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Retreating from the rising tide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most dramatic recommendation in the Ocean Beach Master Plan is to let go of the pendulum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49271\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49271 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small.jpg\" alt=\"Ocean Beach hasn't always been where it is now. Click on the map to see more information about past shorelines. (Map courtesy of Elena Vandebroek and Bob Battalio, ESA PWA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small-400x457.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ocean Beach hasn't always been where it is now. Click on the map to see more information about past shorelines. (Map courtesy of Elena Vandebroek and Bob Battalio, ESA PWA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Everything's easier if you move back,\" Battalio explains. \"So ultimately what we’re trying to do is what we call 'managed retreat.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, San Francisco would close one end of the Great Highway, reroute traffic about a half-mile inland, and let the ocean come back. Battalio says it comes down to engineering and economics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a surfer and somebody who’s studied waves and the like, I think it’s fine if people want to live on the coast,\" he says. \"But I don’t think it’s okay to take public money and build structures that adversely affect the beach. I don’t want my money going there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49262\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49262 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1.jpg\" alt=\"Surfers \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For years surfers have been asking San Francisco to manage the erosion problems at the south end of Ocean Beach. (Photo: Sean Greene/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Translating high-concept plans to work on the ground\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan would cut down on those kinds of costs, but it isn't cheap, either. Estimates for completing all the recommendations are just north of $350 million. Funding has come through for some initial studies, but the vast majority of that money has yet to be raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of the things we're recommending at Ocean Beach are very expensive,\" says Benjamin Grant, who manages the Ocean Beach Master Plan for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/\">San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association\u003c/a> (SPUR). \"But you have to set them against the costs of the band-aid measures already taking place.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>Dive into the plan and Explore SPUR's \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/featured-project/ocean-beach-master-plan\" target=\"_blank\">Ocean Beach website\u003c/a>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://issuu.com/oceanbeachmasterplan/docs/obmp_document_full/11\">Download the Ocean Beach Master Plan\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanbeachbulletin.com/tag/ocean-beach-master-plan/\">Read the Ocean Beach Bulletin's Master Plan coverage\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>SPUR is acting as a facilitator for the project, bringing together the myriad city, state, and federal organizations involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can't close our eyes to what’s coming and it’s definitely going to get worse and not better,\" Grant says. \"If we can find a way to work with those processes to achieve the kinds of outcomes and build the kinds of places we want to have in our city, then we’ll be ahead of the game.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other California cities, Pacifica and Ventura, have both undertaken smaller managed-retreat projects. And other places, including New York City and the states around Chesapeake Bay, are beginning to put together their own climate response plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For San Francisco, completing the big vision of the Ocean Beach Master Plan is just a first step. Some traffic and engineering studies are underway now, but they’re just the beginning of a decades-long process that will affect the shape of our coast and the lives along it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Who Gets the Cash for Energy Upgrades from Prop 39?",
"title": "Who Gets the Cash for Energy Upgrades from Prop 39?",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/01/20130128science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49069\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-49069 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LHS_students-banner-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Green Engineering Academy students with the engineering teacher. (from left to right) Priya Sri-Tharan, County engineer Puck Ananta, Areli Hernandez, Laila Hassen and Natasha Moore. (Photo: Rachel Dornhelm/KQED)\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Green Engineering Academy students with the engineering teacher. (from left to right) Priya Sri-Tharan, County engineer Puck Ananta, Areli Hernandez, Laila Hassen and Natasha Moore. (Photo: Rachel Dornhelm/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Obama raised eyebrows earlier this month by elevating climate change to a top national priority in his inaugural address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has long been a policy leader on the issue. In the last election, voters overwhelmingly passed \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/California_Proposition_39,_Income_Tax_Increase_for_Multistate_Businesses_%282012%29\">Proposition 39\u003c/a>, which closed a corporate tax loophole and uses the cash to create the largest energy-efficiency initiative of any state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposition requires the money be spent on public buildings, however the details have been left to lawmakers. Now there’s the predictable debate over who will get the money and how it might be spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can I audit this class?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tour Livermore High School with some students from the Green Engineering Academy and you’ll hear plenty of suggestions for energy efficiency upgrades at their school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What would be nice is if they had skylights,” says senior Natasha Moore. “So more natural lighting can come in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior Laila Hassen says the benefits go beyond cost savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They've shown that when students are under hours of fluorescent lighting they can’t concentrate as well” she says. “It can actually hurt their eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and Hassen are part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acoe.org/acoe/BusServices/LEEP\">Leadership in Energy Efficiency Program\u003c/a>, or LEEP. The program is funded by Pacific Gas & Electric Corp. and administered by the Alameda County of Education. These students completed a district-wide energy audit with the help of an engineering firm, saving the school thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On tour, the students point out a new motion sensor attached to an old snack machine, that keeps the lights and cooler from running idly. But the students want to do better. They want the latest energy efficient machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Junior Priya Sri-Tharan says it would almost pay for itself the first year with $2,000 in energy savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you turn down the little stuff,” says Sri-Thran. “It’s going to eventually add up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Kinder, the chief business official for Livermore’s school district, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been saving between 15-and-20 percent of our electricity bills already,” says Kinder, “just with the small changes we’ve done so far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about $300,000 a year. Kinder says she’d like to do more. But in a tight funding environment where their current energy savings are going to keep basic programs afloat, where does one find the initial investment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is the huge hurdle,” says Kinder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A billion-dollar windfall\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter the windfall from Proposition 39, almost single-handedly bankrolled by San Francisco hedge fund billionaire Tom Steyer. California voters approved the November, 2012 initiative by a nearly two-thirds margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure will raise an estimated $1.1 billion a year from the closed tax loophole. Half will go directly into the state general fund. But for the first five years, the other half will be used to retrofit public schools or public office buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you come up with half of a billion in one year,” says Steyer, “a lot of people put out their hand and say, 'I have the exact solution for you.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steyer says one of the goals is to create tens of thousands of construction jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would also be an investment,” says Steyer. “So that in spending this money we would save money for the next 25 years because we would have reduced energy bills.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altogether, the measure is expected to generate $2.75 billion in new money by 2018 for energy efficiency projects. Experts project the money could fund efficiency upgrades at half of California’s public schools, shaving 20-to-40 percent off their monthly utility bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49076\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-49076 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/CCOE_P10005271-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"CCOE_P1000527\" width=\"288\" height=\"216\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some people want to spend the Prop 39 money on basic upgrades like new windows, others are advocating for renewable energy installations like solar panels. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Competing needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So who should get the grants? Governor Jerry Brown’s proposed budget has it spread around all public schools. But State Senator Kevin De Leon, a Los Angeles Democrat, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_39&sess=CUR&house=B&author=de_le%F3n\">introduced legislation\u003c/a> to distribute the money based on need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every school district is different,” says De Leon. “You have some districts that have brand new schools, and within the same district you have schools that are very old, schools that emit a lot of carbon and waste energy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Fremont High. The Alameda County school is slated for a rebuild. On a recent visit here, the school had been dealing with a broken boiler line. Space heaters dotted the hallways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just across the county, Albany High School stands in contrast. Eight years ago the district worked to do basic school retrofits like lighting, as well as investing in a technology uniquely suited for their high school: a co-generator. It creates electricity for the school while producing heat for the two pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albany Unified Superintendent Marla Stephenson says the carefully tailored investment paid off and the district has, “saved at least $100,000 a year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It started with cost,” says Stephenson, “and it’s now moved to what’s good for the environment and global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yvonne Tom oversees energy efficiency programs for the Alameda County Office of Education. She says in her years working on a variety of campuses, she's learned a few lessons she would pass on to lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need really good quality audits done by a real engineering firm,” says Tom, “who has not a vested interest in selling you a particular product.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom advocates spending some of the Prop 39 money to hire experts at a county level to help districts make the best use of funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others advocate spending on “the low hanging fruit,” basic energy efficiency upgrades, like new windows and lighting. Senator De Leon says these provide the most savings for the least cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam Browning, with the non-profit group \u003ca href=\"http://votesolar.org/\">Vote Solar\u003c/a>, argues for renewable energy systems like solar panels. Browning says the ballot measure explicitly included clean energy solutions in its language and that should guide implementation. Anything else, he says, “reeks of a bait and switch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t just show pictures of compact fluorescents,” says Browning. “There were plenty of solar panels that were used to sell this and voters expressed their preference for something. They had it before them. That should be honored.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Legislature is expected to pass a plan to distribute the money later this summer.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49069\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-49069 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LHS_students-banner-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Green Engineering Academy students with the engineering teacher. (from left to right) Priya Sri-Tharan, County engineer Puck Ananta, Areli Hernandez, Laila Hassen and Natasha Moore. (Photo: Rachel Dornhelm/KQED)\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Green Engineering Academy students with the engineering teacher. (from left to right) Priya Sri-Tharan, County engineer Puck Ananta, Areli Hernandez, Laila Hassen and Natasha Moore. (Photo: Rachel Dornhelm/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Obama raised eyebrows earlier this month by elevating climate change to a top national priority in his inaugural address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has long been a policy leader on the issue. In the last election, voters overwhelmingly passed \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/California_Proposition_39,_Income_Tax_Increase_for_Multistate_Businesses_%282012%29\">Proposition 39\u003c/a>, which closed a corporate tax loophole and uses the cash to create the largest energy-efficiency initiative of any state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposition requires the money be spent on public buildings, however the details have been left to lawmakers. Now there’s the predictable debate over who will get the money and how it might be spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can I audit this class?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tour Livermore High School with some students from the Green Engineering Academy and you’ll hear plenty of suggestions for energy efficiency upgrades at their school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What would be nice is if they had skylights,” says senior Natasha Moore. “So more natural lighting can come in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior Laila Hassen says the benefits go beyond cost savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They've shown that when students are under hours of fluorescent lighting they can’t concentrate as well” she says. “It can actually hurt their eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and Hassen are part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acoe.org/acoe/BusServices/LEEP\">Leadership in Energy Efficiency Program\u003c/a>, or LEEP. The program is funded by Pacific Gas & Electric Corp. and administered by the Alameda County of Education. These students completed a district-wide energy audit with the help of an engineering firm, saving the school thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On tour, the students point out a new motion sensor attached to an old snack machine, that keeps the lights and cooler from running idly. But the students want to do better. They want the latest energy efficient machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Junior Priya Sri-Tharan says it would almost pay for itself the first year with $2,000 in energy savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you turn down the little stuff,” says Sri-Thran. “It’s going to eventually add up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Kinder, the chief business official for Livermore’s school district, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been saving between 15-and-20 percent of our electricity bills already,” says Kinder, “just with the small changes we’ve done so far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about $300,000 a year. Kinder says she’d like to do more. But in a tight funding environment where their current energy savings are going to keep basic programs afloat, where does one find the initial investment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is the huge hurdle,” says Kinder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A billion-dollar windfall\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter the windfall from Proposition 39, almost single-handedly bankrolled by San Francisco hedge fund billionaire Tom Steyer. California voters approved the November, 2012 initiative by a nearly two-thirds margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure will raise an estimated $1.1 billion a year from the closed tax loophole. Half will go directly into the state general fund. But for the first five years, the other half will be used to retrofit public schools or public office buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you come up with half of a billion in one year,” says Steyer, “a lot of people put out their hand and say, 'I have the exact solution for you.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steyer says one of the goals is to create tens of thousands of construction jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would also be an investment,” says Steyer. “So that in spending this money we would save money for the next 25 years because we would have reduced energy bills.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altogether, the measure is expected to generate $2.75 billion in new money by 2018 for energy efficiency projects. Experts project the money could fund efficiency upgrades at half of California’s public schools, shaving 20-to-40 percent off their monthly utility bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49076\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-49076 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/CCOE_P10005271-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"CCOE_P1000527\" width=\"288\" height=\"216\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some people want to spend the Prop 39 money on basic upgrades like new windows, others are advocating for renewable energy installations like solar panels. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Competing needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So who should get the grants? Governor Jerry Brown’s proposed budget has it spread around all public schools. But State Senator Kevin De Leon, a Los Angeles Democrat, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_39&sess=CUR&house=B&author=de_le%F3n\">introduced legislation\u003c/a> to distribute the money based on need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every school district is different,” says De Leon. “You have some districts that have brand new schools, and within the same district you have schools that are very old, schools that emit a lot of carbon and waste energy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Fremont High. The Alameda County school is slated for a rebuild. On a recent visit here, the school had been dealing with a broken boiler line. Space heaters dotted the hallways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just across the county, Albany High School stands in contrast. Eight years ago the district worked to do basic school retrofits like lighting, as well as investing in a technology uniquely suited for their high school: a co-generator. It creates electricity for the school while producing heat for the two pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albany Unified Superintendent Marla Stephenson says the carefully tailored investment paid off and the district has, “saved at least $100,000 a year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It started with cost,” says Stephenson, “and it’s now moved to what’s good for the environment and global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yvonne Tom oversees energy efficiency programs for the Alameda County Office of Education. She says in her years working on a variety of campuses, she's learned a few lessons she would pass on to lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need really good quality audits done by a real engineering firm,” says Tom, “who has not a vested interest in selling you a particular product.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom advocates spending some of the Prop 39 money to hire experts at a county level to help districts make the best use of funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others advocate spending on “the low hanging fruit,” basic energy efficiency upgrades, like new windows and lighting. Senator De Leon says these provide the most savings for the least cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam Browning, with the non-profit group \u003ca href=\"http://votesolar.org/\">Vote Solar\u003c/a>, argues for renewable energy systems like solar panels. Browning says the ballot measure explicitly included clean energy solutions in its language and that should guide implementation. Anything else, he says, “reeks of a bait and switch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t just show pictures of compact fluorescents,” says Browning. “There were plenty of solar panels that were used to sell this and voters expressed their preference for something. They had it before them. That should be honored.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Climate Threat to Dams Overlooked by Regulators",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/01/20130114science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48609\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48609 \" title=\"NewBullards\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/NewBullards1-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Bullards Bar Dam in Yuba County is the fifth-highest dam in the United States. (Photo: Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">130 hydropower projects\u003c/a> in California. They take advantage of steep terrain and gushing mountain rivers to churn out about \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/renewables/hydro/index.html\">fourteen percent\u003c/a> of California's electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a delicate balance, dependent on heavy snow in the winter, and heavy runoff in the spring as the snow melts. But climate change threatens to throw that balance out of whack, a problem that federal regulators have chosen to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A High-Stakes Game\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Bullards Bar Dam stretches across a steep rocky canyon in the Sierra Nevada foothills, about fifty miles northeast of Sacramento. It's the fifth-highest dam in North America, towering more than sixty stories over the North Yuba River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I get to run around to all these glorious sites, and work on a multitude of issues,\" says Geoff Rabone. He works for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/\">Yuba County Water Agency\u003c/a>, which owns this and other smaller dams, plus a network of reservoirs, water diversion tunnels and hydroelectric facilities. Standing on top of the spillway, we can see vultures circling below us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rabone manages relicensing for the water agency. Every few decades, hydropower projects have to get a new license from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ferc.gov/\">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission\u003c/a>, or FERC. If you think going to the DMV is bad, be glad you're not a dam. Applying for a new \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/06/18/rethinking-hydropower/\">hydropower license\u003c/a> takes years and costs millions of dollars. It seems like everything gets considered, from how the dams affect water supply, to endangered species, to whitewater sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have 44 different studies going on right now,\" Rabone tells me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the new license will dictate how much electricity the project generates, and how much water it releases -- and when -- for the next thirty-to-fifty years. That's why there are so many studies, and why FERC relicensing is so important to water agencies, power companies and environmental groups, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's one looming issue that Rabone doesn't have to wrangle any studies for: climate change. FERC doesn't require those.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Water and Power\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore KQED's multimedia series, \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/\"> Water and Power\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Illustration: \u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/waterneedspower.jsp\">Water Needs Power\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Illustration: \u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/powerneedswater.jsp\">Power Needs Water\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Map:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">California's Hundreds of Dams (and Very Few Undammed Rivers)\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change and the \"New Normal\" \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an approach akin to the cliche of putting their heads in the sand,\" says Steve Rothert, the California director for the environmental organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanrivers.org/\">American Rivers\u003c/a>. Rothert says he has asked FERC to include climate change in the relicensing process, but they've turned him down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change projections for the Sierra Nevada vary. The region may get wetter; it may get drier. But scientists agree that it will get warmer, dramatically affecting the snow where most of the region’s water comes from-- and not just in the distant future. There’s evidence that we’re already seeing effects of climate change in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And yet the power companies and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission refuse to consider how climate change will affect these dams and these rivers for the next 50 years,\" says Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48657\" title=\"IMG_3672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/IMG_3672.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"330\" height=\"247\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E's Belden Powerhouse is part of the chain of hydro facilities on the Feather River, known as the \"Stairway of Power.\" (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Josh Viers, an ecologist at \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\">The University of California - Davis\u003c/a>, is similarly perplexed. He argues that FERC's decision to depend only on historic weather and water records doesn't make sense anymore, especially for licenses that won’t expire for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most of the projections for California in particular -- and these are multiple scientists using different models and different assumptions -- all converge on the same idea,\" explains Viers. \"The climate 35 years from now is not likely to be what we see today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/11/12/110882/climate_change_could_shrink_sierra_snowpack_dramatically?category=science\">recent study\u003c/a> suggests the emergence of a “new normal” within the next few decades, one in which eight-in-ten winters in the western U.S. will see snow accumulation below what we now consider normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viers says the way California manages water will have to change. Right now, the snowpack itself serves as a reservoir. If it melts earlier, or if more precipitation falls as rain, our man-made reservoirs may have to spill the extra runoff, which could mean more floods in the winter, and more water shortages in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have a lot at stake,\" says Viers. \"So it seems it would be in the public’s best interest if in fact FERC were looking out for the public.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the strategic planner for one Sierra utility says, when his agency included an entire section on climate effects in its relicensing application, FERC didn’t want it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Not Consider Climate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC officials acknowledge that climate change will have an impact on hydropower, but say the climate models scientists have developed just aren't specific enough to project local impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are not really any models yet that are granular enough that we would feel comfortable basing a decision on the impact of climate change on an individual facility,\" FERC commissioner John Norris told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC has also said that the focus of relicensing studies is on how hydropower operations affect resources, not how other things -- in this case, climate change -- affect them. Rothert of American Rivers says that's a red herring, though; the studies he's asked for would concern how hydropower projects affect resources in a changed climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If federal regulators are \"whistling in the dark,\" Rabone from the Yuba County Water Agency says climate change is very much on his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's going to be very interesting to see what happens, if climate change turns out the way it's theorized to work out,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it does, the job of water managers -- balancing the needs of fish, farmers and power plants -- will only get more complicated as the climate changes, whether or not regulators are paying attention.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Hydropower provides a good chunk of California's electricity. It relies on a balance of heavy snow in the winter and heavy runoff in the spring. Climate change threatens to throw that balance out of whack, a problem the government isn't examining.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48609\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48609 \" title=\"NewBullards\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/NewBullards1-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Bullards Bar Dam in Yuba County is the fifth-highest dam in the United States. (Photo: Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">130 hydropower projects\u003c/a> in California. They take advantage of steep terrain and gushing mountain rivers to churn out about \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/renewables/hydro/index.html\">fourteen percent\u003c/a> of California's electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a delicate balance, dependent on heavy snow in the winter, and heavy runoff in the spring as the snow melts. But climate change threatens to throw that balance out of whack, a problem that federal regulators have chosen to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A High-Stakes Game\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Bullards Bar Dam stretches across a steep rocky canyon in the Sierra Nevada foothills, about fifty miles northeast of Sacramento. It's the fifth-highest dam in North America, towering more than sixty stories over the North Yuba River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I get to run around to all these glorious sites, and work on a multitude of issues,\" says Geoff Rabone. He works for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/\">Yuba County Water Agency\u003c/a>, which owns this and other smaller dams, plus a network of reservoirs, water diversion tunnels and hydroelectric facilities. Standing on top of the spillway, we can see vultures circling below us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rabone manages relicensing for the water agency. Every few decades, hydropower projects have to get a new license from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ferc.gov/\">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission\u003c/a>, or FERC. If you think going to the DMV is bad, be glad you're not a dam. Applying for a new \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/06/18/rethinking-hydropower/\">hydropower license\u003c/a> takes years and costs millions of dollars. It seems like everything gets considered, from how the dams affect water supply, to endangered species, to whitewater sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have 44 different studies going on right now,\" Rabone tells me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the new license will dictate how much electricity the project generates, and how much water it releases -- and when -- for the next thirty-to-fifty years. That's why there are so many studies, and why FERC relicensing is so important to water agencies, power companies and environmental groups, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's one looming issue that Rabone doesn't have to wrangle any studies for: climate change. FERC doesn't require those.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Water and Power\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore KQED's multimedia series, \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/\"> Water and Power\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Illustration: \u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/waterneedspower.jsp\">Water Needs Power\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Illustration: \u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/powerneedswater.jsp\">Power Needs Water\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Map:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">California's Hundreds of Dams (and Very Few Undammed Rivers)\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change and the \"New Normal\" \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an approach akin to the cliche of putting their heads in the sand,\" says Steve Rothert, the California director for the environmental organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanrivers.org/\">American Rivers\u003c/a>. Rothert says he has asked FERC to include climate change in the relicensing process, but they've turned him down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change projections for the Sierra Nevada vary. The region may get wetter; it may get drier. But scientists agree that it will get warmer, dramatically affecting the snow where most of the region’s water comes from-- and not just in the distant future. There’s evidence that we’re already seeing effects of climate change in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And yet the power companies and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission refuse to consider how climate change will affect these dams and these rivers for the next 50 years,\" says Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48657\" title=\"IMG_3672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/IMG_3672.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"330\" height=\"247\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E's Belden Powerhouse is part of the chain of hydro facilities on the Feather River, known as the \"Stairway of Power.\" (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Josh Viers, an ecologist at \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\">The University of California - Davis\u003c/a>, is similarly perplexed. He argues that FERC's decision to depend only on historic weather and water records doesn't make sense anymore, especially for licenses that won’t expire for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most of the projections for California in particular -- and these are multiple scientists using different models and different assumptions -- all converge on the same idea,\" explains Viers. \"The climate 35 years from now is not likely to be what we see today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/11/12/110882/climate_change_could_shrink_sierra_snowpack_dramatically?category=science\">recent study\u003c/a> suggests the emergence of a “new normal” within the next few decades, one in which eight-in-ten winters in the western U.S. will see snow accumulation below what we now consider normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viers says the way California manages water will have to change. Right now, the snowpack itself serves as a reservoir. If it melts earlier, or if more precipitation falls as rain, our man-made reservoirs may have to spill the extra runoff, which could mean more floods in the winter, and more water shortages in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have a lot at stake,\" says Viers. \"So it seems it would be in the public’s best interest if in fact FERC were looking out for the public.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the strategic planner for one Sierra utility says, when his agency included an entire section on climate effects in its relicensing application, FERC didn’t want it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Not Consider Climate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC officials acknowledge that climate change will have an impact on hydropower, but say the climate models scientists have developed just aren't specific enough to project local impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are not really any models yet that are granular enough that we would feel comfortable basing a decision on the impact of climate change on an individual facility,\" FERC commissioner John Norris told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC has also said that the focus of relicensing studies is on how hydropower operations affect resources, not how other things -- in this case, climate change -- affect them. Rothert of American Rivers says that's a red herring, though; the studies he's asked for would concern how hydropower projects affect resources in a changed climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If federal regulators are \"whistling in the dark,\" Rabone from the Yuba County Water Agency says climate change is very much on his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's going to be very interesting to see what happens, if climate change turns out the way it's theorized to work out,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it does, the job of water managers -- balancing the needs of fish, farmers and power plants -- will only get more complicated as the climate changes, whether or not regulators are paying attention.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121224science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48186\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg\" alt=\"extreme weather\" title=\"extreme weather\" width=\"640\" height=\"386\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48186\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavy rains put several Northern California towns on flood watch at the end of November. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent extreme weather events, from the Midwestern drought to Hurricane Sandy, have \u003ca title=\"Guardian - story\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/dec/14/extreme-weather-climate-change-scientists\">people paying attention to climate change\u003c/a>. Post-Sandy polls have shown a spike in concern about the climate among Americans. Some \u003ca title=\"NPR - story\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/12/13/167075395/new-york-planners-prep-for-a-new-normal-of-powerful-storms\">scientists have been emboldened\u003c/a> to connect these events directly to human-caused global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of them, \u003ca title=\"NASA - Hansen\" href=\"http://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/jhansen.html\">NASA's James Hansen\u003c/a>, who heads NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York and is a climate science pioneer. He was in San Francisco this month to receive the \u003ca title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/12/05/nasas-hansen-californias-cap-trade-doomed-to-fail/\">Stephen Schneider award\u003c/a> for climate communications. As it happened, he had just written an \u003ca title=\"Guardian - op ed\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/nov/29/climate-change-carbon-price?INTCMP=SRCH\">opinion column\u003c/a> for The Guardian newspaper, which drew some pretty straight lines from global warming to Sandy:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The chances of getting a late October hurricane in New York without the help of global warming are extremely small. In that sense, you can blame Sandy on global warming.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Previously few scientists were willing to link any specific weather events to climate change. In a recent studio interview for KQED Science, I asked Hansen if that's changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hansen:\u003c/strong> Well, yes, it's changing in the sense that the climate dice are now noticeably loaded. But in the case of Sandy, the waters in the Atlantic Ocean were a few degrees warmer than normal, so it kept that storm amped up. And, of course, the warmer atmosphere also holds more water vapor, so you get more rainfall and therefore you've got heavier floods. But, in addition, sea level has gone up a measurable amount over the last several decades, and that contributes too. The climate dice are now loaded, and they're becoming more loaded. And it's reaching a level that the public should notice -- that the frequency of extreme events is greater than it used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> The public, I think is noticing. We've certainly noticed here in California. Just recently, we had one of these multi-day, multi-wave storms referred to as a \"Pineapple Express.\" Are there climate change fingerprints on that type of event, too?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> Well, there is a fingerprint on extreme rainfall. So if you look at the record rainfalls -- the extreme events -- those are affected by global warming, because the atmosphere holds more water when it's warmer. And the relationship is quite a strong one. So storms -- thunderstorms, hurricanes, tornadoes -- those storms that are driven by a latent heat of water vapor are going to be stronger. The extreme ones are going to be stronger and that's simple physics. But, you can't blame any single event [on warming], so the analogy that was recently drawn of a baseball player on steroids -- that's a good example. He'll hit more home runs, but you can't say that particular home run was because he was on steroids. But you can clearly see there's an impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen has also not minced words about California's newly-established \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - cap & trade\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/capandtrade/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>. At the Commonwealth Club, he drew surprised laughs from the audience when he paused briefly, apparently searching for words, and then blurted out, \"Because it's not -- it's half-assed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in our studios, he explained why he thinks so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48160\" title=\"JHansen_NASA\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/JHansen_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Jim Hansen: Cap-and-trade won't get the job done. (Photo: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> California is very useful in providing an example of how you can have a good economy, compared to the rest of the country, and still have low emissions and hopefully go still lower. But, frankly, Cap-and-Trade is not the way to do it. What you need is an honest, flat carbon fee across the board that covers coal, oil, and gas, is collected from the fossil fuel companies, and the money that's collected should be distributed to the public, so that the person who does better than average will actually get more in their dividend than they pay in increased prices. That way, the public would allow this price to go high enough to phase out fossil fuels. And that's what we have to do. But a cap-and-trade system--you have to go big. We tried that with the Kyoto protocol. Most countries just laughed. China and India just laughed at us when we asked them. They're not gonna put a cap-and-trade system on. But if we have this carbon fee, it can be made global.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> The oil and gas industry and others are still pushing back hard against even the market-based cap-and-trade system here in California. Of course a carbon fee--or tax--would be politically even more difficult to achieve. What do you think the chances of that would be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> Well, I don't think it is politically more difficult if it's explained to the public. It should be salable--but of course there's no salesman for it. Politicians have not yet been willing to recognize that we can't burn all the fossil fuels. They're allowing, and even encouraging, fossil fuel companies to go after every fossil fuel they can find. Tar sands, tar shale, fracking, mountaintop removal. It's crazy because our children are going to have to figure out a way to suck that CO2 back out of the atmosphere, or they're going to get problems that will be monumental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Hansen and I were talking, negotiators from 194 countries were wrapping up UN climate talks in Quatar. They made scant progress toward an agreement to cut carbon emissions that, if finalized, wouldn't be in place until 2020. Meanwhile, 2012 will likely go down as \u003ca title=\"Climate Central - post\" href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/book-it-2012-the-hottest-year-on-record-15350\">America's warmest year\u003c/a> on record, with worldwide \u003ca title=\"Telegraph - story\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/9717280/Doha-Latest-figures-show-global-CO2-emissions-are-rising.html\">carbon emissions reaching a record high\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy New Year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48186\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg\" alt=\"extreme weather\" title=\"extreme weather\" width=\"640\" height=\"386\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48186\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/weather-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heavy rains put several Northern California towns on flood watch at the end of November. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent extreme weather events, from the Midwestern drought to Hurricane Sandy, have \u003ca title=\"Guardian - story\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/dec/14/extreme-weather-climate-change-scientists\">people paying attention to climate change\u003c/a>. Post-Sandy polls have shown a spike in concern about the climate among Americans. Some \u003ca title=\"NPR - story\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/12/13/167075395/new-york-planners-prep-for-a-new-normal-of-powerful-storms\">scientists have been emboldened\u003c/a> to connect these events directly to human-caused global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of them, \u003ca title=\"NASA - Hansen\" href=\"http://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/jhansen.html\">NASA's James Hansen\u003c/a>, who heads NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York and is a climate science pioneer. He was in San Francisco this month to receive the \u003ca title=\"NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/12/05/nasas-hansen-californias-cap-trade-doomed-to-fail/\">Stephen Schneider award\u003c/a> for climate communications. As it happened, he had just written an \u003ca title=\"Guardian - op ed\" href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/nov/29/climate-change-carbon-price?INTCMP=SRCH\">opinion column\u003c/a> for The Guardian newspaper, which drew some pretty straight lines from global warming to Sandy:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The chances of getting a late October hurricane in New York without the help of global warming are extremely small. In that sense, you can blame Sandy on global warming.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Previously few scientists were willing to link any specific weather events to climate change. In a recent studio interview for KQED Science, I asked Hansen if that's changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hansen:\u003c/strong> Well, yes, it's changing in the sense that the climate dice are now noticeably loaded. But in the case of Sandy, the waters in the Atlantic Ocean were a few degrees warmer than normal, so it kept that storm amped up. And, of course, the warmer atmosphere also holds more water vapor, so you get more rainfall and therefore you've got heavier floods. But, in addition, sea level has gone up a measurable amount over the last several decades, and that contributes too. The climate dice are now loaded, and they're becoming more loaded. And it's reaching a level that the public should notice -- that the frequency of extreme events is greater than it used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> The public, I think is noticing. We've certainly noticed here in California. Just recently, we had one of these multi-day, multi-wave storms referred to as a \"Pineapple Express.\" Are there climate change fingerprints on that type of event, too?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> Well, there is a fingerprint on extreme rainfall. So if you look at the record rainfalls -- the extreme events -- those are affected by global warming, because the atmosphere holds more water when it's warmer. And the relationship is quite a strong one. So storms -- thunderstorms, hurricanes, tornadoes -- those storms that are driven by a latent heat of water vapor are going to be stronger. The extreme ones are going to be stronger and that's simple physics. But, you can't blame any single event [on warming], so the analogy that was recently drawn of a baseball player on steroids -- that's a good example. He'll hit more home runs, but you can't say that particular home run was because he was on steroids. But you can clearly see there's an impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hansen has also not minced words about California's newly-established \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - cap & trade\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/capandtrade/\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>. At the Commonwealth Club, he drew surprised laughs from the audience when he paused briefly, apparently searching for words, and then blurted out, \"Because it's not -- it's half-assed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in our studios, he explained why he thinks so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48160\" title=\"JHansen_NASA\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/JHansen_NASA.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Jim Hansen: Cap-and-trade won't get the job done. (Photo: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> California is very useful in providing an example of how you can have a good economy, compared to the rest of the country, and still have low emissions and hopefully go still lower. But, frankly, Cap-and-Trade is not the way to do it. What you need is an honest, flat carbon fee across the board that covers coal, oil, and gas, is collected from the fossil fuel companies, and the money that's collected should be distributed to the public, so that the person who does better than average will actually get more in their dividend than they pay in increased prices. That way, the public would allow this price to go high enough to phase out fossil fuels. And that's what we have to do. But a cap-and-trade system--you have to go big. We tried that with the Kyoto protocol. Most countries just laughed. China and India just laughed at us when we asked them. They're not gonna put a cap-and-trade system on. But if we have this carbon fee, it can be made global.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> The oil and gas industry and others are still pushing back hard against even the market-based cap-and-trade system here in California. Of course a carbon fee--or tax--would be politically even more difficult to achieve. What do you think the chances of that would be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JH:\u003c/strong> Well, I don't think it is politically more difficult if it's explained to the public. It should be salable--but of course there's no salesman for it. Politicians have not yet been willing to recognize that we can't burn all the fossil fuels. They're allowing, and even encouraging, fossil fuel companies to go after every fossil fuel they can find. Tar sands, tar shale, fracking, mountaintop removal. It's crazy because our children are going to have to figure out a way to suck that CO2 back out of the atmosphere, or they're going to get problems that will be monumental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Hansen and I were talking, negotiators from 194 countries were wrapping up UN climate talks in Quatar. They made scant progress toward an agreement to cut carbon emissions that, if finalized, wouldn't be in place until 2020. Meanwhile, 2012 will likely go down as \u003ca title=\"Climate Central - post\" href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/book-it-2012-the-hottest-year-on-record-15350\">America's warmest year\u003c/a> on record, with worldwide \u003ca title=\"Telegraph - story\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/9717280/Doha-Latest-figures-show-global-CO2-emissions-are-rising.html\">carbon emissions reaching a record high\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy New Year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
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