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"content": "\u003cp>The West continues to be an inferno at the start of September. Wildfires have exploded across the region in recent weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been at least 117 large wildfires to date including 70 that are still burning. Those fires along with thousands of smaller blazes have contributed to 7.8 million acres burned in the U.S., a record for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington has officially had its most destructive \u003ca href=\"http://www.columbian.com/news/2015/aug/26/washington-worst-wildfire-season/\">wildfire season on record\u003c/a>, including its \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/western-wildfires/okanogan-complex-washington-wildfire-now-largest-state-history-n414916\">largest wildfire\u003c/a> in state history. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/alaska-entering-new-era-for-wildfires-19146\">In Alaska\u003c/a>, 5.1 million acres have burned. Even if all the fires went out across the West tomorrow, this year would still rank as the seventh-most destructive wildfire season in terms of acres burned. But with the season set to continue for at least another month, 2015 will continue to climb the charts, though whether it displaces 2006 for the record remains to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-229508\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That puts it right in line with trends since the 1970s of more large fires and more acres burned by these large wildfires as the West dries out and heats up according to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/western-wildfire-trends\">updated Climate Central analysis\u003c/a>. Climate change is one of the key drivers helping set up these \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-bully-california-drought-19354\">dry and hot conditions\u003c/a> favorable for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring and summer — two key seasons for wildfires — have warmed 2.1°F across the West, on average. Some states, particularly those in the Southwest, have warmed even faster. Add in \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/rising-temperatures-expected-to-accelerate-western-snowpack-decline\">shrinking snowpack\u003c/a> that’s disappearing earlier, and you have a recipe for a wildfire season that’s now 75 days longer and more devastating than it was in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a notable increase in the large wildfires — defined as those 1,000 acres or bigger. A Climate Central analysis of U.S. Forest Service data through 2014 shows that large fires are three-and-a-half times more common now than they were in the ‘70s. They also burn seven times more acreage in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest changes are in the Northern Rockies. Large wildfires are now 10 times more common than they used to be and the area burned is up to 45 times greater in Idaho, Montana and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-229507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire is a natural part of most ecosystems but a century of fire suppression, the expansion of homes, roads and infrastructure, and climate change have altered the order of things. Now there’s more fuel in the woods and hotter and drier conditions that can help fires explode with dire consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality in downwind communities (some a thousand miles away) also \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-wildfires-and-air-pollution-a-hidden-hazard-16651\">suffer from the smoke\u003c/a>. At least twice in the past 12 years, cities like Los Angeles and San Diego were forced to deal with Beijing-level air pollution caused by southern California wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intense burns can leave soil barren and inhibit the regrowth of forest. They can also erode forests’ ability to store carbon and actually turn them into a source of carbon emissions. That’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-forests-climate-polluters-18941\">already occurring in California\u003c/a>, there are concerns that could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-alaska-wildfires-19181\">happen in Alaska\u003c/a> this year and it could be coming soon to a forest near you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story first appeared at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>, a content partner of KQED. Todd Sanford provided data analysis for this story.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The West continues to be an inferno at the start of September. Wildfires have exploded across the region in recent weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been at least 117 large wildfires to date including 70 that are still burning. Those fires along with thousands of smaller blazes have contributed to 7.8 million acres burned in the U.S., a record for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington has officially had its most destructive \u003ca href=\"http://www.columbian.com/news/2015/aug/26/washington-worst-wildfire-season/\">wildfire season on record\u003c/a>, including its \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/western-wildfires/okanogan-complex-washington-wildfire-now-largest-state-history-n414916\">largest wildfire\u003c/a> in state history. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/alaska-entering-new-era-for-wildfires-19146\">In Alaska\u003c/a>, 5.1 million acres have burned. Even if all the fires went out across the West tomorrow, this year would still rank as the seventh-most destructive wildfire season in terms of acres burned. But with the season set to continue for at least another month, 2015 will continue to climb the charts, though whether it displaces 2006 for the record remains to be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-229508\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_Acres_West-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That puts it right in line with trends since the 1970s of more large fires and more acres burned by these large wildfires as the West dries out and heats up according to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/western-wildfire-trends\">updated Climate Central analysis\u003c/a>. Climate change is one of the key drivers helping set up these \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-bully-california-drought-19354\">dry and hot conditions\u003c/a> favorable for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring and summer — two key seasons for wildfires — have warmed 2.1°F across the West, on average. Some states, particularly those in the Southwest, have warmed even faster. Add in \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/rising-temperatures-expected-to-accelerate-western-snowpack-decline\">shrinking snowpack\u003c/a> that’s disappearing earlier, and you have a recipe for a wildfire season that’s now 75 days longer and more devastating than it was in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a notable increase in the large wildfires — defined as those 1,000 acres or bigger. A Climate Central analysis of U.S. Forest Service data through 2014 shows that large fires are three-and-a-half times more common now than they were in the ‘70s. They also burn seven times more acreage in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest changes are in the Northern Rockies. Large wildfires are now 10 times more common than they used to be and the area burned is up to 45 times greater in Idaho, Montana and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-229507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/2015WildfiresWeb_NumberOfFires_TempTrend_West-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire is a natural part of most ecosystems but a century of fire suppression, the expansion of homes, roads and infrastructure, and climate change have altered the order of things. Now there’s more fuel in the woods and hotter and drier conditions that can help fires explode with dire consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality in downwind communities (some a thousand miles away) also \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-wildfires-and-air-pollution-a-hidden-hazard-16651\">suffer from the smoke\u003c/a>. At least twice in the past 12 years, cities like Los Angeles and San Diego were forced to deal with Beijing-level air pollution caused by southern California wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intense burns can leave soil barren and inhibit the regrowth of forest. They can also erode forests’ ability to store carbon and actually turn them into a source of carbon emissions. That’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-forests-climate-polluters-18941\">already occurring in California\u003c/a>, there are concerns that could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-alaska-wildfires-19181\">happen in Alaska\u003c/a> this year and it could be coming soon to a forest near you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story first appeared at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>, a content partner of KQED. Todd Sanford provided data analysis for this story.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Cities Squeezed Out More Water Savings Again in July",
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"content": "\u003cp>Urban Californians stepped up to the plate again in July, beating Governor Jerry Brown’s statewide mandate for 25 percent water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a lot of people hitting home runs,” said Felicia Marcus, who chairs the State Water Resources Control Board, and is sometimes referred to as California’s “water czar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the state, urban water agencies \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/fs082715_july_btn.pdf\">cut total water use\u003c/a> by 31.3 percent, compared to July in the benchmark year of 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials conceded that freak July rains probably helped the cause, as some homeowners turned off lawn and garden sprinklers, at least temporarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hover over the dots to see July conservation numbers:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/80cb94c6-4d1a-11e5-af2c-0e853d047bba/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Water Board staffers called out a few Bay Area cities for their standout performance, including Menlo Park, which has effectively halved its water use since May, and San Francisco, which has whittled its daily use down to an average of 40 gallons per person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip side:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a few people who are striking out or not able to find the ball park,” said Marcus, rolling with the baseball metaphor, “and we need to focus on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the laggards continue to be in the Southland, especially in more arid regions. But Water Board officials said only four agencies in the state missed their assigned savings quotas by more than 15 percentage points. The quotas, or “tiers,” range from 4 to 36 percent. No agencies have yet incurred fines for missing their marks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June was the first month in which water agencies had to meet their assigned conservation quotas and the numbers showed that most of them \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">stepped up to the challenge\u003c/a>. About four out of ten urban water suppliers cut their water use dramatically, by 30 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of water districts, 140 in all, fell short, mostly in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/221221727″ params=”auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true”/]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Californians saved 27.3 percent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">in June, compared to June of 2013\u003c/a>, exceeding the 25 percent statewide mandate issued by Governor Jerry Brown on April 1. A year prior to that, Brown had called for a 20 percent cut in water use through voluntary action and the results were hugely disappointing, yielding less than half that in savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Brown mandate applies only to urban water use, which includes most commercial and industrial applications. Urban water consumption accounts for about 10 percent of the total water used by Californians. Agriculture, which takes by far the biggest slice, is under a different system of restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Map produced by Lindsey Hoshaw.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Urban Californians stepped up to the plate again in July, beating Governor Jerry Brown’s statewide mandate for 25 percent water savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a lot of people hitting home runs,” said Felicia Marcus, who chairs the State Water Resources Control Board, and is sometimes referred to as California’s “water czar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the state, urban water agencies \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/fs082715_july_btn.pdf\">cut total water use\u003c/a> by 31.3 percent, compared to July in the benchmark year of 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials conceded that freak July rains probably helped the cause, as some homeowners turned off lawn and garden sprinklers, at least temporarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hover over the dots to see July conservation numbers:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/80cb94c6-4d1a-11e5-af2c-0e853d047bba/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Water Board staffers called out a few Bay Area cities for their standout performance, including Menlo Park, which has effectively halved its water use since May, and San Francisco, which has whittled its daily use down to an average of 40 gallons per person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip side:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a few people who are striking out or not able to find the ball park,” said Marcus, rolling with the baseball metaphor, “and we need to focus on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the laggards continue to be in the Southland, especially in more arid regions. But Water Board officials said only four agencies in the state missed their assigned savings quotas by more than 15 percentage points. The quotas, or “tiers,” range from 4 to 36 percent. No agencies have yet incurred fines for missing their marks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June was the first month in which water agencies had to meet their assigned conservation quotas and the numbers showed that most of them \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">stepped up to the challenge\u003c/a>. About four out of ten urban water suppliers cut their water use dramatically, by 30 percent or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of water districts, 140 in all, fell short, mostly in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/221221727″&visual=true&”auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/221221727″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Californians saved 27.3 percent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">in June, compared to June of 2013\u003c/a>, exceeding the 25 percent statewide mandate issued by Governor Jerry Brown on April 1. A year prior to that, Brown had called for a 20 percent cut in water use through voluntary action and the results were hugely disappointing, yielding less than half that in savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Brown mandate applies only to urban water use, which includes most commercial and industrial applications. Urban water consumption accounts for about 10 percent of the total water used by Californians. Agriculture, which takes by far the biggest slice, is under a different system of restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Map produced by Lindsey Hoshaw.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Coast Gives Clues to Changing Sea Level",
"headTitle": "California’s Coast Gives Clues to Changing Sea Level | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As you drive along the California coast on Highway 1, in many places you’ll see wide flat areas that are elevated above the sea. These are famous among geologists, who’ve mapped these marine terraces up and down the entire west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each marine terrace is a record of sea level during the past. Just as sea level rises today as the world’s glaciers melt, previous changes in the polar ice caps have raised and lowered the sea by hundreds of feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever the sea level remained steady for a few thousand years, the pounding surf had the leisure to cut into the shoreline. As the waves churned the sea cliffs into sand, they carved away the rocks as deep as they could reach and left a level surface behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_217485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 509px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-217485 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace.jpg\" alt=\"A visual representation of marine terrace formation.\" width=\"509\" height=\"421\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace.jpg 509w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace-400x331.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A visual representation of coastal marine terraces. \u003ccite>(University of Maryland)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea level is on scientists’ minds these days as we keep a nervous eye on global warming. A rising sea threatens many places with a slow-motion Katrina. But geologists have always paid attention to this fundamental piece of information in order to visualize the deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the landscape 120,000 years ago, during a warm interglacial period, when the ocean covered today’s coast some 40 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine later, during the Last Glacial Maximum around 20,000 years ago, when the seas were drawn down by more than 300 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coast was far to the west, and the area between must have been a wide grassland—a “California Serengeti”—roamed by mammoths, sabertooth cats and other Ice Age animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to those extremes, today’s inches-per-century changes in sea level may seem minor, but they matter a great deal. Consider the Delta, all of which is essentially at sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, many of the islands in the Delta are actually below sea level because their peaty soils, turned into farms, are shrinking from exposure to the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As seas rise and push against the levees protecting the Delta, inches matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”sVbHc2H4i4wJlImNXXYOHHZkTE8tG1l6”]Rising seas are partly caused by climate change and partly by the oceanic winds, which push water against the shore in some places and away from it in others. Geological forces also move the land up and down in different places, which—when combined with changing sea levels—leads to the creation of marine terraces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These vertical motions of the land are the topic of a new paper detailing how Ice Age changes affected California’s sea level during the last 120,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authors \u003ca href=\"http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/simms/Site/Welcome.html\">Alex Simms\u003c/a> of UC Santa Barbara, along with French scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipgp.fr/en/user/941\">Hélène Rouby\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://people.rses.anu.edu.au/lambeck_k/index.php\">Kurt Lambeck\u003c/a> of the Australian National University, \u003ca href=\"http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/early/2015/07/29/B31299.1.abstract\">published their findings last month\u003c/a> in the \u003ca href=\"http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/\">Geological Society of America Bulletin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data from marine terraces all over the world has been assembled into a \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png\">geological record of sea level\u003c/a>. And in places where these terraces vary from the global curve, the data also allows us to deduce vertical movements of the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, that’s important because our whole coastline is tectonically active. The coast north of Cape Mendocino is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The central coast is affected by pressures acting across the San Andreas fault system. And in southern California and Mexico, the coast responds to the forces opening up the Gulf of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_216658\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-216658 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Marine terrace at Shell Beach\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This well-developed marine terrace near Shell Beach in Sonoma County has two large rock pinnacles that were once “sea stacks” like those seen offshore today. \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A lot happens when an ice age starts or ends. Research tells us that when the last ice age ended about 12,000 years ago, the Earth’s crust was affected in several ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice caps no longer pushed the crust down, so it slowly sprang back over thousands of years (and continues today in far northern regions).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gravitational force of the ice no longer pulled the sea toward it. As the land rose, the gravity of the newly risen crust pulled the sea back again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extra water in the rising sea weighed down the crust along the coast and pushed down the seafloor globally. These and many more-subtle \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.colorado.edu/faq#n3113\">glacio-isostatic adjustments\u003c/a> are not simple to calculate, but in the last decade they have been adopted by all serious scientists working on sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simms’ team looked at three sets of marine terraces between Washington and Baja California with ages of 120,000, 105,000 and 84,000 years. They estimated the glacio-isostatic effects during those years, and found they made a difference of as much as 65 feet in sea level, depending on the time and location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Santa Cruz, the results appeared to show that the terraces were rising three times faster than the rest of California. Simms concluded that a study published in 2001 probably gave one of the terraces an incorrect age, and that other studies from 1968 and 2006 had gotten it right. Instead of rising 1.3 millimeters per year, it appears that Santa Cruz has been rising about as fast as its neighbors at 0.3 millimeter per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the deep details of working science, these results matter to the rest of us because everything affects what will happen to sea level in the next century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tide gauge at Fort Point in San Francisco has recorded about 8 inches of sea-level rise since 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simms says the rise appears to be a combination of ocean warming and glacial melting, as seen elsewhere in the world, but it also includes the effect of changes in Pacific wind patterns that have been piling up water against the west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simms’ paper shows that long-term uplift of the land is smaller than these changes. But all the numbers need to be as accurate as possible.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As you drive along the California coast on Highway 1, in many places you’ll see wide flat areas that are elevated above the sea. These are famous among geologists, who’ve mapped these marine terraces up and down the entire west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each marine terrace is a record of sea level during the past. Just as sea level rises today as the world’s glaciers melt, previous changes in the polar ice caps have raised and lowered the sea by hundreds of feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever the sea level remained steady for a few thousand years, the pounding surf had the leisure to cut into the shoreline. As the waves churned the sea cliffs into sand, they carved away the rocks as deep as they could reach and left a level surface behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_217485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 509px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-217485 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace.jpg\" alt=\"A visual representation of marine terrace formation.\" width=\"509\" height=\"421\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace.jpg 509w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace-400x331.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A visual representation of coastal marine terraces. \u003ccite>(University of Maryland)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea level is on scientists’ minds these days as we keep a nervous eye on global warming. A rising sea threatens many places with a slow-motion Katrina. But geologists have always paid attention to this fundamental piece of information in order to visualize the deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the landscape 120,000 years ago, during a warm interglacial period, when the ocean covered today’s coast some 40 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine later, during the Last Glacial Maximum around 20,000 years ago, when the seas were drawn down by more than 300 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coast was far to the west, and the area between must have been a wide grassland—a “California Serengeti”—roamed by mammoths, sabertooth cats and other Ice Age animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to those extremes, today’s inches-per-century changes in sea level may seem minor, but they matter a great deal. Consider the Delta, all of which is essentially at sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, many of the islands in the Delta are actually below sea level because their peaty soils, turned into farms, are shrinking from exposure to the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As seas rise and push against the levees protecting the Delta, inches matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Rising seas are partly caused by climate change and partly by the oceanic winds, which push water against the shore in some places and away from it in others. Geological forces also move the land up and down in different places, which—when combined with changing sea levels—leads to the creation of marine terraces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These vertical motions of the land are the topic of a new paper detailing how Ice Age changes affected California’s sea level during the last 120,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authors \u003ca href=\"http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/simms/Site/Welcome.html\">Alex Simms\u003c/a> of UC Santa Barbara, along with French scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipgp.fr/en/user/941\">Hélène Rouby\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://people.rses.anu.edu.au/lambeck_k/index.php\">Kurt Lambeck\u003c/a> of the Australian National University, \u003ca href=\"http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/early/2015/07/29/B31299.1.abstract\">published their findings last month\u003c/a> in the \u003ca href=\"http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/\">Geological Society of America Bulletin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data from marine terraces all over the world has been assembled into a \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png\">geological record of sea level\u003c/a>. And in places where these terraces vary from the global curve, the data also allows us to deduce vertical movements of the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, that’s important because our whole coastline is tectonically active. The coast north of Cape Mendocino is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The central coast is affected by pressures acting across the San Andreas fault system. And in southern California and Mexico, the coast responds to the forces opening up the Gulf of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_216658\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-216658 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Marine terrace at Shell Beach\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This well-developed marine terrace near Shell Beach in Sonoma County has two large rock pinnacles that were once “sea stacks” like those seen offshore today. \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A lot happens when an ice age starts or ends. Research tells us that when the last ice age ended about 12,000 years ago, the Earth’s crust was affected in several ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice caps no longer pushed the crust down, so it slowly sprang back over thousands of years (and continues today in far northern regions).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gravitational force of the ice no longer pulled the sea toward it. As the land rose, the gravity of the newly risen crust pulled the sea back again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extra water in the rising sea weighed down the crust along the coast and pushed down the seafloor globally. These and many more-subtle \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.colorado.edu/faq#n3113\">glacio-isostatic adjustments\u003c/a> are not simple to calculate, but in the last decade they have been adopted by all serious scientists working on sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simms’ team looked at three sets of marine terraces between Washington and Baja California with ages of 120,000, 105,000 and 84,000 years. They estimated the glacio-isostatic effects during those years, and found they made a difference of as much as 65 feet in sea level, depending on the time and location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Santa Cruz, the results appeared to show that the terraces were rising three times faster than the rest of California. Simms concluded that a study published in 2001 probably gave one of the terraces an incorrect age, and that other studies from 1968 and 2006 had gotten it right. Instead of rising 1.3 millimeters per year, it appears that Santa Cruz has been rising about as fast as its neighbors at 0.3 millimeter per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the deep details of working science, these results matter to the rest of us because everything affects what will happen to sea level in the next century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tide gauge at Fort Point in San Francisco has recorded about 8 inches of sea-level rise since 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simms says the rise appears to be a combination of ocean warming and glacial melting, as seen elsewhere in the world, but it also includes the effect of changes in Pacific wind patterns that have been piling up water against the west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simms’ paper shows that long-term uplift of the land is smaller than these changes. But all the numbers need to be as accurate as possible.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Rising Seas are about to become a bigger issue for the West Coast, according to scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using satellite and other data, NASA scientists have been tracking \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/warming-seas-and-melting-ice-sheets\">rising sea levels\u003c/a> around the world. They say that natural cycles in the Pacific have been masking effects of sea rise for about the last 20 years. But that’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next five or ten years, I think the west coast of the United States is going to catch up,” says Josh Willis, a climate scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. He says a major ocean phase known as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation is in the midst of a big shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For about the past two decades, the PDO, which Willis describes as “El Niño’s bigger, slower, brother,” was “piling up” warmer water on the far side of the ocean, exacerbating sea rise there. When water warms, it expands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we’ve actually seen a slight drop in sea levels off of our coastline because of the rearrangement of heat within the oceans,” Willis explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkCzae-FCek&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rearrangement could mean \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/15/new-climate-research-suggests-acceleration-of-sea-level-rise/\">an acceleration in the rate\u003c/a> that seas rise long the West Coast, eventually overtaking the pace of sea level rise on the East Coast and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could be looking at rates in the eastern Pacific two or three times as high as the global rates in the coming years,” says Willis. “So we could be in for wild ride over the next 20 years or so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As KQED and San Francisco Public Press have reported recently, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/07/30/major-s-f-bayfront-developments-advance-despite-sea-rise-warnings\">billions in shoreline development\u003c/a> in the Bay Area are in the planning stages or already begun, despite scientists’ warnings about rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/el-nino-update-californias-great-wet-hope-continues-to-build/\">brewing El Niño\u003c/a> will also pile up warm water along California, making coastal flooding that much more likely, very soon. The warm water along the Equator that largely defines El Niño is expected to rival or surpass the legendary “Godzilla” El Niño of 1997-98 in strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA says global sea levels have risen about eight inches since the beginning of the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century and more than two inches in the last 20 years. Though simple thermal expansion of the water accounts for about a third of the rise so far, climate scientists expect melting glaciers and ice sheets to play a much larger role in coming years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rising Seas are about to become a bigger issue for the West Coast, according to scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using satellite and other data, NASA scientists have been tracking \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/warming-seas-and-melting-ice-sheets\">rising sea levels\u003c/a> around the world. They say that natural cycles in the Pacific have been masking effects of sea rise for about the last 20 years. But that’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next five or ten years, I think the west coast of the United States is going to catch up,” says Josh Willis, a climate scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. He says a major ocean phase known as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation is in the midst of a big shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For about the past two decades, the PDO, which Willis describes as “El Niño’s bigger, slower, brother,” was “piling up” warmer water on the far side of the ocean, exacerbating sea rise there. When water warms, it expands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we’ve actually seen a slight drop in sea levels off of our coastline because of the rearrangement of heat within the oceans,” Willis explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/rkCzae-FCek'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/rkCzae-FCek'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rearrangement could mean \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/15/new-climate-research-suggests-acceleration-of-sea-level-rise/\">an acceleration in the rate\u003c/a> that seas rise long the West Coast, eventually overtaking the pace of sea level rise on the East Coast and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could be looking at rates in the eastern Pacific two or three times as high as the global rates in the coming years,” says Willis. “So we could be in for wild ride over the next 20 years or so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As KQED and San Francisco Public Press have reported recently, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/07/30/major-s-f-bayfront-developments-advance-despite-sea-rise-warnings\">billions in shoreline development\u003c/a> in the Bay Area are in the planning stages or already begun, despite scientists’ warnings about rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/el-nino-update-californias-great-wet-hope-continues-to-build/\">brewing El Niño\u003c/a> will also pile up warm water along California, making coastal flooding that much more likely, very soon. The warm water along the Equator that largely defines El Niño is expected to rival or surpass the legendary “Godzilla” El Niño of 1997-98 in strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA says global sea levels have risen about eight inches since the beginning of the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century and more than two inches in the last 20 years. Though simple thermal expansion of the water accounts for about a third of the rise so far, climate scientists expect melting glaciers and ice sheets to play a much larger role in coming years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>There’s a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-onslaught-of-californias-drought-in-1-chart-17355\">drought in California\u003c/a>. Perhaps you’ve heard a few things about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the fact that it’s cost the state \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/files/biblio/Final_Drought%20Report_08182015_Full_Report_WithAppendices.pdf\">$2.7 billion in agricultural losses\u003c/a>, helped \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-forests-climate-polluters-18941\">burn up\u003c/a> hundreds of thousands of acres so far this year and inspired Los Angeles to release a 96 million-strong armada of shade balls into reservoirs (though it was\u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/article/why-shade-balls-arent-such-a-great-idea-after-all/\"> apparently a PR stunt\u003c/a>). Oh, and the state is also short on rainfall by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/missing-california-rain-19299\">20 inches–a full year’s worth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question that’s lingered as long as the drought itself is just how much, if any, of the drought is due to human-caused global warming. New research has an answer: from 8 to 27 percent. It also has another important number: climate change has made the odds of severe droughts like this one twice as likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sobering numbers come from researchers at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, NASA and University of Idaho who analyzed temperature, precipitation, wind speed and other data to tease out the role climate change has played in the drought in a new study published on Thursday in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064924/full\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the latest in a string of studies that have examined this big question. The general consensus is that heat has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/heat-turbocharged-californias-epic-drought-18404\">played a role\u003c/a> in exacerbating the drought and that at least some of that heat is part of the larger pattern of global warming. Last year was a punctuation mark with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2014-will-be-hottest-in-california-history-18279\">record-setting heat baking\u003c/a> the Golden State to crispy golden brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”a9ydWQMpnGmi6zuuOJgSgvGZ2SGg0G5P”]The “\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2947\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>” — an atmospheric feature that’s deflected storms every which way but over California since 2012 — also might have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">some climate change ties\u003c/a>, though those are still somewhat murky. But the specific role climate change has played in the drought hasn’t been truly teased out until this new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study is the first to parse out the relative contribution of anthropogenic warming versus natural climate variability,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a tree ring researcher at Lamont, said. “From a method standpoint, it’s a big advancement. It’s the first time I know of that data has been parsed apart this way for any drought on the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams led the latest round of research that uses temperature, precipitation, wind and other drought data to break the state up into grid of 23,955 boxes. The data paint the sharpest picture yet of a state in severe drought. Averaged across the state, the findings show that this hasn’t been California’s worst drought on record, but it is the worst drought on record in the places that matter the most to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-206222 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\" alt=\"Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \" width=\"720\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams-400x132.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \u003ccite>(Williams, et al., 2015)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The epicenter of the drought is the Central Valley, the heart of California’s $46.4 billion agricultural industry. The Sierra Nevada mountains, where most of the state’s water comes from, and a large swath of the coast from \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/us-cities-hottest-year-18496\">San Diego to San Francisco\u003c/a>, where more than half the state’s population lives, have also experienced record-setting drought conditions since 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of rain is what obviously started the drought but heat has ensured its lasting impacts. By comparing different datasets and historical temperature trends, Williams and his colleagues were able to show that up to 27 percent of this drought can be ascribed to climate change-driven warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We needed to answer this question. Just knowing how much climate change has affected this drought is really important as a tool to help Californians understand that while natural climate variability is still important, but over the long term, we already have a trend underway,” Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That trend also means the odds of severe drought in California have doubled since the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://woods.stanford.edu/about/woods-faculty/noah-diffenbaugh\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, a senior fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University, said the new analysis represented a “valuable step” in attribution work, a field of climate science that’s developed in the past decade in an effort to understand the role of climate change in specific extreme events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do a nice job showing that exceptionally warm temperatures from 2012-2014 amplified drought conditions for California,” \u003ca href=\"https://swfsc.noaa.gov/staff.aspx?id=18679\">Nate Mantua\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center who has previously written about temperature variations in the region, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Mantua was critical of the paper’s attribution aspect. He said that while it’s possible human-driven global warming could have played a role in the region, the study’s modeling efforts didn’t convincingly replicate certain patterns and that he felt more confident that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">natural circulation patterns\u003c/a> played a more likely role in pushing temperatures up across the region since 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206192\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-206192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\" alt=\"Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Future projections paint a worrisome picture for California and the Southwest as a whole. Rising temperatures mean that California and other parts of the Southwest are basically guaranteed to deal with a serious drought lasting a decade and have an 80 percent chance of experiencing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/southwest-central-plains-unprecedented-drought-18657\">drought that lasts multiple decades\u003c/a> by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams likened the impacts of rising temperatures to a bully after your lunch money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we think of precipitation as an income for California, natural variations — evaporation, human water use — are expenses. Then we can think of global warming as a bully that comes by every year and tells you to give him a certain amount of your money. And every year, the bully asks for more and more,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, the bully isn’t going away anytime soon since human emissions to date have locked in climate change-fueled warming for decades if not centuries to come. The new findings give California a lunch money calculator to understand how much water the state can expect to give up and adjust its habits accordingly. It can also allow cities, farmers and others to take advantage of the good years and save for a rainy (or not so rainy) day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burgeoning El Niño could bring rains, particularly to southern California, that could help the state in drier times, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This really starts a new conversation,” Williams said. “It should allow us to plan for the future in a way that we weren’t capable of doing before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the results are specific to California’s current drought, Williams said they could replicated for any drought or any bully, anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "The Climate Change ‘Bully’ in California’s Drought | KQED",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/people/brian-kahn\">Brian Kahn\u003c/a>\u003cbr />Climate Central\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-onslaught-of-californias-drought-in-1-chart-17355\">drought in California\u003c/a>. Perhaps you’ve heard a few things about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the fact that it’s cost the state \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/files/biblio/Final_Drought%20Report_08182015_Full_Report_WithAppendices.pdf\">$2.7 billion in agricultural losses\u003c/a>, helped \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-forests-climate-polluters-18941\">burn up\u003c/a> hundreds of thousands of acres so far this year and inspired Los Angeles to release a 96 million-strong armada of shade balls into reservoirs (though it was\u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/article/why-shade-balls-arent-such-a-great-idea-after-all/\"> apparently a PR stunt\u003c/a>). Oh, and the state is also short on rainfall by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/missing-california-rain-19299\">20 inches–a full year’s worth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question that’s lingered as long as the drought itself is just how much, if any, of the drought is due to human-caused global warming. New research has an answer: from 8 to 27 percent. It also has another important number: climate change has made the odds of severe droughts like this one twice as likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sobering numbers come from researchers at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, NASA and University of Idaho who analyzed temperature, precipitation, wind speed and other data to tease out the role climate change has played in the drought in a new study published on Thursday in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064924/full\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the latest in a string of studies that have examined this big question. The general consensus is that heat has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/heat-turbocharged-californias-epic-drought-18404\">played a role\u003c/a> in exacerbating the drought and that at least some of that heat is part of the larger pattern of global warming. Last year was a punctuation mark with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2014-will-be-hottest-in-california-history-18279\">record-setting heat baking\u003c/a> the Golden State to crispy golden brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The “\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2947\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>” — an atmospheric feature that’s deflected storms every which way but over California since 2012 — also might have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">some climate change ties\u003c/a>, though those are still somewhat murky. But the specific role climate change has played in the drought hasn’t been truly teased out until this new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study is the first to parse out the relative contribution of anthropogenic warming versus natural climate variability,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a tree ring researcher at Lamont, said. “From a method standpoint, it’s a big advancement. It’s the first time I know of that data has been parsed apart this way for any drought on the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams led the latest round of research that uses temperature, precipitation, wind and other drought data to break the state up into grid of 23,955 boxes. The data paint the sharpest picture yet of a state in severe drought. Averaged across the state, the findings show that this hasn’t been California’s worst drought on record, but it is the worst drought on record in the places that matter the most to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-206222 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\" alt=\"Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \" width=\"720\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams-400x132.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \u003ccite>(Williams, et al., 2015)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The epicenter of the drought is the Central Valley, the heart of California’s $46.4 billion agricultural industry. The Sierra Nevada mountains, where most of the state’s water comes from, and a large swath of the coast from \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/us-cities-hottest-year-18496\">San Diego to San Francisco\u003c/a>, where more than half the state’s population lives, have also experienced record-setting drought conditions since 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of rain is what obviously started the drought but heat has ensured its lasting impacts. By comparing different datasets and historical temperature trends, Williams and his colleagues were able to show that up to 27 percent of this drought can be ascribed to climate change-driven warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We needed to answer this question. Just knowing how much climate change has affected this drought is really important as a tool to help Californians understand that while natural climate variability is still important, but over the long term, we already have a trend underway,” Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That trend also means the odds of severe drought in California have doubled since the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://woods.stanford.edu/about/woods-faculty/noah-diffenbaugh\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, a senior fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University, said the new analysis represented a “valuable step” in attribution work, a field of climate science that’s developed in the past decade in an effort to understand the role of climate change in specific extreme events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do a nice job showing that exceptionally warm temperatures from 2012-2014 amplified drought conditions for California,” \u003ca href=\"https://swfsc.noaa.gov/staff.aspx?id=18679\">Nate Mantua\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center who has previously written about temperature variations in the region, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Mantua was critical of the paper’s attribution aspect. He said that while it’s possible human-driven global warming could have played a role in the region, the study’s modeling efforts didn’t convincingly replicate certain patterns and that he felt more confident that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">natural circulation patterns\u003c/a> played a more likely role in pushing temperatures up across the region since 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206192\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-206192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\" alt=\"Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Future projections paint a worrisome picture for California and the Southwest as a whole. Rising temperatures mean that California and other parts of the Southwest are basically guaranteed to deal with a serious drought lasting a decade and have an 80 percent chance of experiencing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/southwest-central-plains-unprecedented-drought-18657\">drought that lasts multiple decades\u003c/a> by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams likened the impacts of rising temperatures to a bully after your lunch money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we think of precipitation as an income for California, natural variations — evaporation, human water use — are expenses. Then we can think of global warming as a bully that comes by every year and tells you to give him a certain amount of your money. And every year, the bully asks for more and more,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, the bully isn’t going away anytime soon since human emissions to date have locked in climate change-fueled warming for decades if not centuries to come. The new findings give California a lunch money calculator to understand how much water the state can expect to give up and adjust its habits accordingly. It can also allow cities, farmers and others to take advantage of the good years and save for a rainy (or not so rainy) day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burgeoning El Niño could bring rains, particularly to southern California, that could help the state in drier times, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This really starts a new conversation,” Williams said. “It should allow us to plan for the future in a way that we weren’t capable of doing before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the results are specific to California’s current drought, Williams said they could replicated for any drought or any bully, anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought Makes Being a Shorebird More Difficult",
"headTitle": "Drought Makes Being a Shorebird More Difficult | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>This is one of the riskiest times of life for migratory shorebirds like willets, dunlin, marbled godwits and others. As these birds migrate along the Pacific Flyway, they normally stop to rest and refuel at marshes, lakes and other waterways — after migrating thousands of miles from the north. Some come from as far as the Arctic circle with migration paths established for thousands of years, particular to their species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this year, birds migrating through northern California’s coast range and the Central Valley \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/1579-birds-snowpack-drought-flyway-wetlands-California/\">are finding dry areas\u003c/a> where they expected lush wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hopscotching on their migration from wetland to wetland, drought and development have decimated many of their historic refuges,” says Cindy Margulis, Executive Director of Golden Gate Audubon. “It requires birds to seek new resting and refueling areas, forcing them to fly further in search of food and water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shorebirds that fly along the coastline seeking refuge have arrived early to East Bay salt marshes; they normally aren’t here in large numbers until the end of August or even early September. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_186895\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/1024px-Western_Sandpipers_and_Dunlins.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/1024px-Western_Sandpipers_and_Dunlins-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Western sandpipers and dunlin flocks are of special concern as their numbers have fallen in the last few years. They are two focus species in the Shorebird Monitoring Project.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-186895\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/1024px-Western_Sandpipers_and_Dunlins-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/1024px-Western_Sandpipers_and_Dunlins-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/1024px-Western_Sandpipers_and_Dunlins-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/1024px-Western_Sandpipers_and_Dunlins.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Western sandpipers and dunlin flocks are of special concern as their numbers have fallen in the last few years. They are two focus species in the Shorebird Monitoring Project. \u003ccite>(David B. Ledig/Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s no evidence, though, that birds that normally migrate through California’s interior, down the Central Valley, have winged their way over to the Bay, says Melissa Pitkin, Director of Education and Outreach for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all birds are able to shift their migration patterns; they don’t have the ‘plasticity’ in their life history strategies to change in that way,” Pitkin says. “Some are very strict interior migrants who, in times of drought, will struggle with less water along the migration route.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://calrice.org/pdf/waterbirdhabitatbro_web.pdf\">One program underway\u003c/a> to assist these avian travelers teaches rice farmers how to manage farms in ways that benefit migratory waterbirds. The Natural Resources Conservation Service, working in partnership with Point Blue Conservation Science, Audubon California, The Nature Conservancy and the California Rice Commission, created and field-tested a set of practices, such as installing islands in flooded fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nature Conservancy has also developed \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/our-stories/all/7-spotlight/132-precision-conservation?\">BirdReturns\u003c/a>, a program that pays rice farmers to flood their fields after the last harvest, creating \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">“pop-up wetlands”\u003c/a> for the birds. The organization piloted the program last year. One of its innovations, Pitkin says, is the bidding process where farmers place bids on how much money they would take to flood fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dISqPa8g840&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These unique partnerships rely on data from the Citizen Science \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">eBird program\u003c/a>, a project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.birds.cornell.edu/Page.aspx?pid=1478\">Cornell Lab of Ornithology\u003c/a>. The data from eBird pinpoints the location and timing for the flooded fields and helps the partnership make the best use of their funds for these “popup wetlands.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right here in the South Bay, the ongoing conversion of salt-production ponds to tidal wetlands provided new habitat last winter when tens-of-thousands of birds flocked to the newly restored area, part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/fieldnotes/regmap.cfm?framesFlag=0&arskey=34083&callingKey=executive_summary&callingValue=don%20edwards\">Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to get involved in monitoring shorebird populations locally, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.migratoryshorebirdproject.org/index.php?page=home-en\">Migratory Shorebird Project\u003c/a>, coordinated by Point Blue Conservation Science, is recruiting volunteers to help with a 10-year population study, with a special focus on dunlin and sandpipers. You can also help shorebirds and all wildlife by, of course, conserving water.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Birds migrating through the Central Valley need to refuel and rest, but find dry areas instead of wetlands.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This is one of the riskiest times of life for migratory shorebirds like willets, dunlin, marbled godwits and others. As these birds migrate along the Pacific Flyway, they normally stop to rest and refuel at marshes, lakes and other waterways — after migrating thousands of miles from the north. Some come from as far as the Arctic circle with migration paths established for thousands of years, particular to their species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this year, birds migrating through northern California’s coast range and the Central Valley \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/1579-birds-snowpack-drought-flyway-wetlands-California/\">are finding dry areas\u003c/a> where they expected lush wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hopscotching on their migration from wetland to wetland, drought and development have decimated many of their historic refuges,” says Cindy Margulis, Executive Director of Golden Gate Audubon. “It requires birds to seek new resting and refueling areas, forcing them to fly further in search of food and water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shorebirds that fly along the coastline seeking refuge have arrived early to East Bay salt marshes; they normally aren’t here in large numbers until the end of August or even early September. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_186895\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/1024px-Western_Sandpipers_and_Dunlins.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/1024px-Western_Sandpipers_and_Dunlins-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Western sandpipers and dunlin flocks are of special concern as their numbers have fallen in the last few years. They are two focus species in the Shorebird Monitoring Project.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-186895\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/1024px-Western_Sandpipers_and_Dunlins-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/1024px-Western_Sandpipers_and_Dunlins-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/1024px-Western_Sandpipers_and_Dunlins-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/1024px-Western_Sandpipers_and_Dunlins.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Western sandpipers and dunlin flocks are of special concern as their numbers have fallen in the last few years. They are two focus species in the Shorebird Monitoring Project. \u003ccite>(David B. Ledig/Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s no evidence, though, that birds that normally migrate through California’s interior, down the Central Valley, have winged their way over to the Bay, says Melissa Pitkin, Director of Education and Outreach for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all birds are able to shift their migration patterns; they don’t have the ‘plasticity’ in their life history strategies to change in that way,” Pitkin says. “Some are very strict interior migrants who, in times of drought, will struggle with less water along the migration route.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://calrice.org/pdf/waterbirdhabitatbro_web.pdf\">One program underway\u003c/a> to assist these avian travelers teaches rice farmers how to manage farms in ways that benefit migratory waterbirds. The Natural Resources Conservation Service, working in partnership with Point Blue Conservation Science, Audubon California, The Nature Conservancy and the California Rice Commission, created and field-tested a set of practices, such as installing islands in flooded fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nature Conservancy has also developed \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/our-stories/all/7-spotlight/132-precision-conservation?\">BirdReturns\u003c/a>, a program that pays rice farmers to flood their fields after the last harvest, creating \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/\">“pop-up wetlands”\u003c/a> for the birds. The organization piloted the program last year. One of its innovations, Pitkin says, is the bidding process where farmers place bids on how much money they would take to flood fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/dISqPa8g840'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/dISqPa8g840'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These unique partnerships rely on data from the Citizen Science \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">eBird program\u003c/a>, a project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.birds.cornell.edu/Page.aspx?pid=1478\">Cornell Lab of Ornithology\u003c/a>. The data from eBird pinpoints the location and timing for the flooded fields and helps the partnership make the best use of their funds for these “popup wetlands.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right here in the South Bay, the ongoing conversion of salt-production ponds to tidal wetlands provided new habitat last winter when tens-of-thousands of birds flocked to the newly restored area, part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/fieldnotes/regmap.cfm?framesFlag=0&arskey=34083&callingKey=executive_summary&callingValue=don%20edwards\">Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to get involved in monitoring shorebird populations locally, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.migratoryshorebirdproject.org/index.php?page=home-en\">Migratory Shorebird Project\u003c/a>, coordinated by Point Blue Conservation Science, is recruiting volunteers to help with a 10-year population study, with a special focus on dunlin and sandpipers. You can also help shorebirds and all wildlife by, of course, conserving water.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Toxic Algae Is Killing Sea Lions, Shows No Sign of Diminishing",
"headTitle": "Toxic Algae Is Killing Sea Lions, Shows No Sign of Diminishing | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/08/150817ScienceAlgalBloom.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A toxic algae bloom that began off the West Coast this spring now stretches from California to Alaska. It’s poisoning marine life from shellfish to sardines to sea lions, and scientists say it’s one of the worst they’ve seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen a bloom this big before,” says Anthony Odell, a research analyst with the University of Washington’s harmful algae bloom monitoring program. “It’s also one of the most toxic blooms we’ve seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003ccite>Anthony Odell,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of Washington\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Odell is one of a rotating team of scientists who are studying the bloom aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a research vessel belonging to NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Equipped with state-of-the-art technology, the ship is traveling this summer up the west coast to British Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odell says he’s seen a lot of toxic blooms, but this one’s different, partly because it consists of several species of harmful algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s making a toxic plankton soup,” he says. “It’s pretty amazing to see all these things blooming together, because usually they prefer these different conditions so there’s definitely something unusual going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxic algae blooms are not uncommon in the Pacific Ocean—they’re called red tides and they come in summer’s warm waters and dissipate in the fall. But the current algae bloom isn’t likely to dissipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae are thriving in unusually warm waters—in fact, abnormally warm water that scientists are calling “the Blob.” The algae bloom itself is an estimated 40 miles wide and, in some places, \u003cem>could \u003c/em>reach a depth of more than two football fields, according to sonar readings. Scientists have been able to verify the presence of the algae bloom down to 45 feet by testing the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_191610\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 610px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-191610\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\" alt=\"Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \" width=\"610\" height=\"473\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg 610w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \u003ccite>(NOAA Climate.gov map based on Suomi NPP satellite data provided by NOAA View.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From a scientific standpoint it’s fascinating,” Odell says. “From a sea life and human health view point, it’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the toxins the algae are producing is domoic acid. It’s a neurotoxin that doesn’t have negative effects on shellfish and fish. But it can kill other marine life because the micro algae—or phytoplankton—are the base of the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything in the ocean eats phytoplankton or eats something that eats phytoplankton,” Odell says. “So when you have one of these species that starts producing toxin, it works its way up through the food chain really fast. It gets into shellfish, it gets into crabs, it gets into small fin fish like sardines and anchovies, which are then fed on by salmon and pelicans and seals and sea lions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA scientists say domoic acid from the algae bloom is responsible for the high number of seizures and deaths in California sea lions this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domoic acid can also poison humans, causing nausea and dizziness, or in worse cases, permanent short-term memory loss, and even death. That’s why fishery managers have shut down some crab fisheries in Oregon and Washington, and severely restricted fishery markets from California’s central coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re now unable to market anchovy,” says Diane Pleschner-Steele, executive director of the California Wetfish Producers Association. “And there’s a small, kind of an ethnic market for anchovy for human consumption. And also, anchovy used for bait and for animal food. So we’re now prohibited from selling to the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said after the anchovy market collapsed, fishermen moved on to squid, which feed on a different plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_190909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-190909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg\" alt=\"Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \" width=\"400\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-400x242.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1440x871.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-960x581.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg 1453w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, there’s little sign the algae bloom is going to slow down and give sea life a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still quite a bit of toxin production going on,” Odell says, “and a rather sizable bloom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the unusually warm ocean water is one suspect, scientists still don’t know for sure the cause of the algae bloom. Odell says they’re researching whether climate change is contributing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been an international consensus that climate change would affect harmful algal blooms in the fact that we would likely see more of them,” Odell says. “But there’s just not enough data to tie the two together yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are scheduled to arrive in British Columbia in September. Then, it could take a few months to compile data before they can say more about what’s causing the toxic algae bloom, and what it means for the changing ecosystem of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A toxic algae bloom that began off the West Coast this spring now stretches from California to Alaska. It’s poisoning marine life from shellfish to sardines to sea lions, and scientists say it’s one of the worst they’ve seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen a bloom this big before,” says Anthony Odell, a research analyst with the University of Washington’s harmful algae bloom monitoring program. “It’s also one of the most toxic blooms we’ve seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003ccite>Anthony Odell,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of Washington\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Odell is one of a rotating team of scientists who are studying the bloom aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a research vessel belonging to NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Equipped with state-of-the-art technology, the ship is traveling this summer up the west coast to British Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odell says he’s seen a lot of toxic blooms, but this one’s different, partly because it consists of several species of harmful algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s making a toxic plankton soup,” he says. “It’s pretty amazing to see all these things blooming together, because usually they prefer these different conditions so there’s definitely something unusual going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxic algae blooms are not uncommon in the Pacific Ocean—they’re called red tides and they come in summer’s warm waters and dissipate in the fall. But the current algae bloom isn’t likely to dissipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae are thriving in unusually warm waters—in fact, abnormally warm water that scientists are calling “the Blob.” The algae bloom itself is an estimated 40 miles wide and, in some places, \u003cem>could \u003c/em>reach a depth of more than two football fields, according to sonar readings. Scientists have been able to verify the presence of the algae bloom down to 45 feet by testing the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_191610\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 610px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-191610\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\" alt=\"Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \" width=\"610\" height=\"473\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg 610w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \u003ccite>(NOAA Climate.gov map based on Suomi NPP satellite data provided by NOAA View.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From a scientific standpoint it’s fascinating,” Odell says. “From a sea life and human health view point, it’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the toxins the algae are producing is domoic acid. It’s a neurotoxin that doesn’t have negative effects on shellfish and fish. But it can kill other marine life because the micro algae—or phytoplankton—are the base of the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything in the ocean eats phytoplankton or eats something that eats phytoplankton,” Odell says. “So when you have one of these species that starts producing toxin, it works its way up through the food chain really fast. It gets into shellfish, it gets into crabs, it gets into small fin fish like sardines and anchovies, which are then fed on by salmon and pelicans and seals and sea lions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA scientists say domoic acid from the algae bloom is responsible for the high number of seizures and deaths in California sea lions this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domoic acid can also poison humans, causing nausea and dizziness, or in worse cases, permanent short-term memory loss, and even death. That’s why fishery managers have shut down some crab fisheries in Oregon and Washington, and severely restricted fishery markets from California’s central coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re now unable to market anchovy,” says Diane Pleschner-Steele, executive director of the California Wetfish Producers Association. “And there’s a small, kind of an ethnic market for anchovy for human consumption. And also, anchovy used for bait and for animal food. So we’re now prohibited from selling to the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said after the anchovy market collapsed, fishermen moved on to squid, which feed on a different plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_190909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-190909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg\" alt=\"Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \" width=\"400\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-400x242.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1440x871.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-960x581.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg 1453w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, there’s little sign the algae bloom is going to slow down and give sea life a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still quite a bit of toxin production going on,” Odell says, “and a rather sizable bloom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the unusually warm ocean water is one suspect, scientists still don’t know for sure the cause of the algae bloom. Odell says they’re researching whether climate change is contributing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been an international consensus that climate change would affect harmful algal blooms in the fact that we would likely see more of them,” Odell says. “But there’s just not enough data to tie the two together yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are scheduled to arrive in British Columbia in September. Then, it could take a few months to compile data before they can say more about what’s causing the toxic algae bloom, and what it means for the changing ecosystem of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "It's Official: Don't Blame the Sun for Climate Change",
"headTitle": "It’s Official: Don’t Blame the Sun for Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>New information about the energy output of the sun appears to contradict the claim, made by climate skeptics, that the sun is responsible for global warming. That idea relied on apparent evidence showing a rise in solar activity since 1800. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.sidc.be/silso/\">newly revised data\u003c/a>, published in July, suggests instead that our yardstick of solar activity was warped. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today scientists observe the sun 24 hours a day using \u003ca href=\"http://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/spaceweather/\">satellites in deep space\u003c/a> and solar telescopes on the ground. However, for historical data from before the 1980s, our best information on the activity of the sun has come from counting sunspots, a paper-and-pencil statistic determined by human eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Sunspots and the Sunspot Number\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/sunspotssolar-cycle\">Sunspots\u003c/a> are peculiar magnetic storms on the sun’s surface that appear like dark spots in comparison to the blinding gas around them. Large sunspots can be seen with the naked eye (although that’s not advisable, since you could damage your eye). But scientific observations had to await the invention of the telescope in the early 1600s. Galileo, the first person to turn a telescope toward the sky, made many careful drawings of the sun with sunspots on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_186676\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot.jpg\" alt=\"Galileo sun drawing\" width=\"720\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-186676\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Galileo made this drawing of the sun on June 23, 1613, showing sunspots. \u003ccite>(The Galileo Project/M. Kornmesser)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sunspot counting was formalized in the 1840s by a Swiss astronomer named Rudolf Wolf, who began tracking them daily at the Zurich Observatory. Scientists had just discovered the sun’s 11-year cycle in which sunspot activity waxes and wanes. Wolf saw the need for a long and consistent record of them, and extended the record back in time using earlier sunspot reports. Counting groups of sunspots as ten and each individual spot as one, he devised a simple number that he could easily update every day the sun was out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Wolf Sunspot Number, determined every day since Wolf’s time by a worldwide group of astronomers, has become a fundamental tool of climate science. Extending from the first telescope observations in 1610 to today, it’s the longest set of solar data in science. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Still Relevant Today\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out sunspots are a fairly good index of the sun’s total energy output, and sunspot data are used for many purposes. Sunspot counts are a gauge of the sun’s long-term behavior, the speed of the solar wind in outer space and the strength of the sun’s magnetic field — a set of natural activities summed up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/communities/space-weather-enthusiasts\">space weather\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sun’s energy output also affects the height of the atmosphere. An active sun heats up and expands the uppermost atmosphere, affecting low-flying satellites. The U.S. Air Force, which manages a fleet of satellites, is among the federal agencies keenly interested in all these topics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_186677\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/SGN-record.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/SGN-record-800x340.png\" alt=\"Group Sunspot Number (not Wolf Sunspot Number)\" width=\"800\" height=\"340\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-186677\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/SGN-record-800x340.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/SGN-record-400x170.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/SGN-record-960x408.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/SGN-record.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunspot numbers for the last 400 years appear to show a recent rise in solar activity. The newly revised record eliminates this bulge. \u003ccite>(Global Warming Art Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In researching Earth’s climate, sunspot numbers are the best tool we have to help correlate modern satellite data with other forms of evidence from the ancient and geological past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some climate scientists have used different versions of the sunspot record to argue that the sun has been growing more active since around 1800, entering what they call a Solar Grand Maximum. Skeptics of climate change have seized on this idea to downplay the role of greenhouse gases in global warming, a stand contrary to the universal consensus of the scientific community. But what if the sunspot number is at fault? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, a set of solar researchers issued a corrected sunspot record that erases the very concept of a Solar Grand Maximum. Instead the sun appears to have had a steady procession of 11-year cycles, modulated by longer cycles of roughly a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Problems With the Wolf Number\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Wolf died in 1893, his successors at the Zurich Observatory continued counting the Wolf Sunspot Number. Today Sergio Cortesi, the fifth in line, carries on with this task at the Locarno Observatory, as he has since 1957. But like any observation that depends on human perceptions, the record collects subtle errors that must be detected and then corrected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the sunspot number is overseen by \u003ca href=\"http://sidc.be/silso/home\">Sunspot Index and Long-term Solar Observations\u003c/a> (SILSO), a group at the Royal Observatory of Belgium. SILSO relies on a network of about 60 observers whose observations are carefully compared to Cortesi’s at the Locarno Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_186678\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/ISN-record.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/ISN-record.png\" alt=\"Corrected Wolf Sunspot record\" width=\"600\" height=\"580\" class=\"size-full wp-image-186678\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/ISN-record.png 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/ISN-record-400x387.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/ISN-record-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new sunspot record shows no Grand Maximum since 1800. \u003ccite>(SILSO/Royal Observatory of Belgium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The push to clean up the record started when researchers revisited Wolf’s original data, adding thousands of observations that Wolf had not seen. For instance, Wolf had ignored much of the English-language literature. As they delved into the details, they uncovered enough errors and inconsistencies that it became clear a thorough housecleaning of the data was in order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Fixing a Warped Foundation\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research community gets nervous when someone tries to change one of its fundamental tools, like the \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00190-015-0844-y\">location of the Prime Meridian\u003c/a> or the \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/controversies/a/aa022005a.htm\">geological time scale\u003c/a>. Consensus can be slow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford University astrophysicist \u003ca href=\"http://www.leif.org/research/\">Leif Svalgaard\u003c/a> has been a steady force behind reforming the sunspot number, bringing a task force of his scientific peers together at annual conferences for the last five years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Svalgaard argues that the “daisy chain” of observers connecting Wolf to Cortesi is prone to accumulating error. For example, in a review of more than 1,000 solar drawings made by Johann Staudacher between 1749 and 1796, he found Wolf had undercounted the number of sunspot groups by 25 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In making a fresh sunspot record, SILSO established a set of the most trustworthy “backbone” observers, those with long records and consistent techniques. And in July, SILSO formally ended the original sunspot number series and issued what it calls \u003ca href=\"http://www.sidc.be/silso/datafiles\">Sunspot Number version 2.0\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A special issue of the journal Solar Physics is in the works that will include dozens of papers, all properly peer-reviewed, to cement this step in scientific concrete. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>New information about the energy output of the sun appears to contradict the claim, made by climate skeptics, that the sun is responsible for global warming. That idea relied on apparent evidence showing a rise in solar activity since 1800. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.sidc.be/silso/\">newly revised data\u003c/a>, published in July, suggests instead that our yardstick of solar activity was warped. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today scientists observe the sun 24 hours a day using \u003ca href=\"http://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/spaceweather/\">satellites in deep space\u003c/a> and solar telescopes on the ground. However, for historical data from before the 1980s, our best information on the activity of the sun has come from counting sunspots, a paper-and-pencil statistic determined by human eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Sunspots and the Sunspot Number\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/sunspotssolar-cycle\">Sunspots\u003c/a> are peculiar magnetic storms on the sun’s surface that appear like dark spots in comparison to the blinding gas around them. Large sunspots can be seen with the naked eye (although that’s not advisable, since you could damage your eye). But scientific observations had to await the invention of the telescope in the early 1600s. Galileo, the first person to turn a telescope toward the sky, made many careful drawings of the sun with sunspots on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_186676\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot.jpg\" alt=\"Galileo sun drawing\" width=\"720\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-186676\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Galileo-sunspot-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Galileo made this drawing of the sun on June 23, 1613, showing sunspots. \u003ccite>(The Galileo Project/M. Kornmesser)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sunspot counting was formalized in the 1840s by a Swiss astronomer named Rudolf Wolf, who began tracking them daily at the Zurich Observatory. Scientists had just discovered the sun’s 11-year cycle in which sunspot activity waxes and wanes. Wolf saw the need for a long and consistent record of them, and extended the record back in time using earlier sunspot reports. Counting groups of sunspots as ten and each individual spot as one, he devised a simple number that he could easily update every day the sun was out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Wolf Sunspot Number, determined every day since Wolf’s time by a worldwide group of astronomers, has become a fundamental tool of climate science. Extending from the first telescope observations in 1610 to today, it’s the longest set of solar data in science. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Still Relevant Today\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out sunspots are a fairly good index of the sun’s total energy output, and sunspot data are used for many purposes. Sunspot counts are a gauge of the sun’s long-term behavior, the speed of the solar wind in outer space and the strength of the sun’s magnetic field — a set of natural activities summed up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/communities/space-weather-enthusiasts\">space weather\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sun’s energy output also affects the height of the atmosphere. An active sun heats up and expands the uppermost atmosphere, affecting low-flying satellites. The U.S. Air Force, which manages a fleet of satellites, is among the federal agencies keenly interested in all these topics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_186677\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/SGN-record.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/SGN-record-800x340.png\" alt=\"Group Sunspot Number (not Wolf Sunspot Number)\" width=\"800\" height=\"340\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-186677\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/SGN-record-800x340.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/SGN-record-400x170.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/SGN-record-960x408.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/SGN-record.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunspot numbers for the last 400 years appear to show a recent rise in solar activity. The newly revised record eliminates this bulge. \u003ccite>(Global Warming Art Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In researching Earth’s climate, sunspot numbers are the best tool we have to help correlate modern satellite data with other forms of evidence from the ancient and geological past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some climate scientists have used different versions of the sunspot record to argue that the sun has been growing more active since around 1800, entering what they call a Solar Grand Maximum. Skeptics of climate change have seized on this idea to downplay the role of greenhouse gases in global warming, a stand contrary to the universal consensus of the scientific community. But what if the sunspot number is at fault? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, a set of solar researchers issued a corrected sunspot record that erases the very concept of a Solar Grand Maximum. Instead the sun appears to have had a steady procession of 11-year cycles, modulated by longer cycles of roughly a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Problems With the Wolf Number\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Wolf died in 1893, his successors at the Zurich Observatory continued counting the Wolf Sunspot Number. Today Sergio Cortesi, the fifth in line, carries on with this task at the Locarno Observatory, as he has since 1957. But like any observation that depends on human perceptions, the record collects subtle errors that must be detected and then corrected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the sunspot number is overseen by \u003ca href=\"http://sidc.be/silso/home\">Sunspot Index and Long-term Solar Observations\u003c/a> (SILSO), a group at the Royal Observatory of Belgium. SILSO relies on a network of about 60 observers whose observations are carefully compared to Cortesi’s at the Locarno Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_186678\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/ISN-record.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/ISN-record.png\" alt=\"Corrected Wolf Sunspot record\" width=\"600\" height=\"580\" class=\"size-full wp-image-186678\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/ISN-record.png 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/ISN-record-400x387.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/ISN-record-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new sunspot record shows no Grand Maximum since 1800. \u003ccite>(SILSO/Royal Observatory of Belgium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The push to clean up the record started when researchers revisited Wolf’s original data, adding thousands of observations that Wolf had not seen. For instance, Wolf had ignored much of the English-language literature. As they delved into the details, they uncovered enough errors and inconsistencies that it became clear a thorough housecleaning of the data was in order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Fixing a Warped Foundation\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research community gets nervous when someone tries to change one of its fundamental tools, like the \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00190-015-0844-y\">location of the Prime Meridian\u003c/a> or the \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/controversies/a/aa022005a.htm\">geological time scale\u003c/a>. Consensus can be slow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford University astrophysicist \u003ca href=\"http://www.leif.org/research/\">Leif Svalgaard\u003c/a> has been a steady force behind reforming the sunspot number, bringing a task force of his scientific peers together at annual conferences for the last five years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Svalgaard argues that the “daisy chain” of observers connecting Wolf to Cortesi is prone to accumulating error. For example, in a review of more than 1,000 solar drawings made by Johann Staudacher between 1749 and 1796, he found Wolf had undercounted the number of sunspot groups by 25 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In making a fresh sunspot record, SILSO established a set of the most trustworthy “backbone” observers, those with long records and consistent techniques. And in July, SILSO formally ended the original sunspot number series and issued what it calls \u003ca href=\"http://www.sidc.be/silso/datafiles\">Sunspot Number version 2.0\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A special issue of the journal Solar Physics is in the works that will include dozens of papers, all properly peer-reviewed, to cement this step in scientific concrete. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Forecasters are increasingly, cautiously optimistic about relief coming to ease California’s drought, thanks to the strengthening of the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">El Niño weather pattern\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an 85 percent chance of a strong El Niño sticking around through next spring, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.html\">according to forecasters\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. Its strength should peak in the late fall and early winter, just the right time to deliver soaking storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions.’\u003ccite> Michael Anderson, state climatologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/081315b.pdf\">California officials pushed back on Thursday\u003c/a>, warning that the strong forecast won’t guarantee the rainfall the state desperately needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions,” said state climatologist Michael Anderson in a statement. “Historical weather data shows us that at best, there is a 50/50 chance of having a wetter winter. Unfortunately, due to shifting climate patterns, we cannot even be that sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California saw extreme rainfall and flooding when conditions were similar in winter 1997-8. But look back to the previous seven strong El Niño events since 1950 and three actually produced dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some forecasters also point to the ridge of high pressure that has dominated recent winters and pushed incoming storms away from Northern California. It could be \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/09/possible-spoiler-for-el-nino-a-battle-of-the-blobs/\">a potential spoiler\u003c/a> for the rain an El Niño could bring.\u003cbr>\n[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XO8gXGCWjQQ&w=640&h=385]\u003cbr>\nWarmer temperatures this winter could also mean the precipitation would fall as rain, instead of snow. Snowpack in the Sierra Nevada is California’s “frozen reservoir,” normally producing a third of the state’s water supply as it melts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not saying I don’t want an El Niño, I just don’t want folks to think we don’t have to conserve because El Niño will save us,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/23/a-candid-conversation-with-californias-water-czar/\">Felicia Marcus\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. She says El Niño hype risks derailing the conservation efforts underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board is in the midst of enforcing mandatory water conservation standards, up to 36 percent, for water districts around the state. In June, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">about a third of districts failed\u003c/a> to meet those standards and could face fines from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists also say the state would have to get about double its normal precipitation to make up the rain and snow deficit built up during the drought.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Forecasters are increasingly, cautiously optimistic about relief coming to ease California’s drought, thanks to the strengthening of the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">El Niño weather pattern\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an 85 percent chance of a strong El Niño sticking around through next spring, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.html\">according to forecasters\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. Its strength should peak in the late fall and early winter, just the right time to deliver soaking storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions.’\u003ccite> Michael Anderson, state climatologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/081315b.pdf\">California officials pushed back on Thursday\u003c/a>, warning that the strong forecast won’t guarantee the rainfall the state desperately needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions,” said state climatologist Michael Anderson in a statement. “Historical weather data shows us that at best, there is a 50/50 chance of having a wetter winter. Unfortunately, due to shifting climate patterns, we cannot even be that sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California saw extreme rainfall and flooding when conditions were similar in winter 1997-8. But look back to the previous seven strong El Niño events since 1950 and three actually produced dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some forecasters also point to the ridge of high pressure that has dominated recent winters and pushed incoming storms away from Northern California. It could be \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/09/possible-spoiler-for-el-nino-a-battle-of-the-blobs/\">a potential spoiler\u003c/a> for the rain an El Niño could bring.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XO8gXGCWjQQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XO8gXGCWjQQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nWarmer temperatures this winter could also mean the precipitation would fall as rain, instead of snow. Snowpack in the Sierra Nevada is California’s “frozen reservoir,” normally producing a third of the state’s water supply as it melts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not saying I don’t want an El Niño, I just don’t want folks to think we don’t have to conserve because El Niño will save us,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/23/a-candid-conversation-with-californias-water-czar/\">Felicia Marcus\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. She says El Niño hype risks derailing the conservation efforts underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board is in the midst of enforcing mandatory water conservation standards, up to 36 percent, for water districts around the state. In June, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">about a third of districts failed\u003c/a> to meet those standards and could face fines from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists also say the state would have to get about double its normal precipitation to make up the rain and snow deficit built up during the drought.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It comes down to this: the next couple of months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately Northern California has captured national headlines with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/08/11/more-evacuations-as-lake-county-hit-with-second-blaze\">fast-moving blazes\u003c/a> such the Rocky and Jerusalem Fires in the coast ranges about 100 miles north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike many epic fires in the California record, which were largely driven by wind, in the fires burning north of the Bay Area, “There really is no signifcant wind,” says Cal Fire Director \u003ca href=\"http://calfire.ca.gov/about/about_executive_staff_Pimlott.php\">Ken Pimlott\u003c/a>. “It’s all being driven by the condition of the vegetation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is to say, not merely dry, but four-year-drought dry. Pimlott says Cal Fire measures the potential burn intensity of vegetation throughout the state, and is currently seeing “record levels” of that metric, known as the Energy Release Component.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just creating explosive growth rates,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1193\">Jerusalem Fire\u003c/a> went from 100 to 5,000 acres almost overnight. But the worst may be yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As summer gives way to fall, the winds typically shift and \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/12/01/santa-ana-wind-season-may-be-stretched-by-climate-change/\">dry winds from the east\u003c/a> sweep across California, turning an already sizzling fire season into a potential blast furnace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we get into late summer and early fall, not only are we still seeing the potential for extreme fire behavior in Northern California, and the potential for a large number of fires like we’re seeing now,” says Pimlott, but “we also get into that peak window for Southern California with Santa Ana winds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar winds known as Diablos kick up in the northern part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so the state, literally, is really primed right now to have multiple fires going on, north to south.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this interview with KQED, Pimlott talks about fire behavior, busting budgets, boots on the ground, and his confidence in the state’s ability to confront an ever-expanding fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We start with what crews on the fire lines are saying about these aggressive, fast-moving fires in the north state:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/218833610″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It comes down to this: the next couple of months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately Northern California has captured national headlines with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/08/11/more-evacuations-as-lake-county-hit-with-second-blaze\">fast-moving blazes\u003c/a> such the Rocky and Jerusalem Fires in the coast ranges about 100 miles north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike many epic fires in the California record, which were largely driven by wind, in the fires burning north of the Bay Area, “There really is no signifcant wind,” says Cal Fire Director \u003ca href=\"http://calfire.ca.gov/about/about_executive_staff_Pimlott.php\">Ken Pimlott\u003c/a>. “It’s all being driven by the condition of the vegetation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is to say, not merely dry, but four-year-drought dry. Pimlott says Cal Fire measures the potential burn intensity of vegetation throughout the state, and is currently seeing “record levels” of that metric, known as the Energy Release Component.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just creating explosive growth rates,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1193\">Jerusalem Fire\u003c/a> went from 100 to 5,000 acres almost overnight. But the worst may be yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As summer gives way to fall, the winds typically shift and \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/12/01/santa-ana-wind-season-may-be-stretched-by-climate-change/\">dry winds from the east\u003c/a> sweep across California, turning an already sizzling fire season into a potential blast furnace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we get into late summer and early fall, not only are we still seeing the potential for extreme fire behavior in Northern California, and the potential for a large number of fires like we’re seeing now,” says Pimlott, but “we also get into that peak window for Southern California with Santa Ana winds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar winds known as Diablos kick up in the northern part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so the state, literally, is really primed right now to have multiple fires going on, north to south.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this interview with KQED, Pimlott talks about fire behavior, busting budgets, boots on the ground, and his confidence in the state’s ability to confront an ever-expanding fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We start with what crews on the fire lines are saying about these aggressive, fast-moving fires in the north state:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/218833610″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/218833610″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Possible Spoiler for El Niño: A 'Battle of the Blobs'",
"headTitle": "Possible Spoiler for El Niño: A ‘Battle of the Blobs’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150810ScienceBattleoftheBlobs.mp3\u003cbr>\nHopeful Californians are looking to the Pacific this winter for an end to California’s most punishing drought on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason: what appears to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3323\">a monster El Niño in the making\u003c/a>. The abnormally warm waters along the equator \u003cem>could\u003c/em> mean a wet winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no guarantees, but there have been portents. On one Saturday in July, San Diego got more rain than it got the entire month of January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same month, ESPN broadcaster Dan Shulman broke the news to baseball fans from underneath a golf umbrella: “For the first time in 20 years, a game has been postponed because of rain here in Anaheim.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can thank Dolores for that, a hurricane that managed to make it farther north than normal. The intense Pacific hurricane season \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20150716/hurricane-dolores-el-nixf1o-bring-big-waves-to-southern-california-beaches\">bears the fingerprints\u003c/a> of El Niño, which is already getting hyped as a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/el-nino-update-californias-great-wet-hope-continues-to-build/\">potential drought-buster.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, and deservedly so,” says Kevin Trenberth, a Distinguished Senior Scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> in Boulder, Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For this time of year, the El Niño is as strong as it’s ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26565\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26565 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"629\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storms headed for the California coast run into the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, represented by the “H” in this graphic. (David Pierce/ KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strength in this case is measured by how much warmer surface temperatures are than normal, in the tropical Pacific. And this one looks to be about as strong as the legendary \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">El Niño of 1997-98\u003c/a>, which was the strongest on record, peaking at about 2.3 degrees Celsius above normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the ocean, a spike of more than two degrees is like sticking a hot poker into the climate system. Pacific storms sucked up moisture from extremely warm equatorial waters and pretty much dumped it on California. San Francisco got double its normal rainfall that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter the Blob\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time around, there are other things brewing in the Pacific: patches of freakishly warm water spread far and wide, up the California coast to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2015/07/blob.html\">persistently warm vortex\u003c/a>, hundreds of miles across, christened by climate scientists as “the Blob.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is definitely the wildcard with this El Niño,” warns Bill Patzert, a climatologist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab\u003c/a> in Pasadena and an advisor to federal El Niño forecasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says unlike in 1997, the Blob has been a fixture during the current drought. It’s essentially the sidekick of that “\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>,” the stubborn bubble of high-pressure that’s been parked off the north coast for the past couple of years, diverting winter storms up and around California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_172832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 580px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-172832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg\" alt='The \"Blob\" is associated with the persistent ridge of high pressure that has detoured the winter storm track around California.' width=\"580\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg 580w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753-400x440.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “Blob” is associated with the persistent ridge of high pressure that has detoured the winter storm track around California. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And so the question is, who wins in the battle of the Blob and the El Niño,” says Patzert, “and what impact that’ll have on rainfall on the West Coast of the U.S. this fall, into the winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert says if the Blob and its ridge dominate, we could wring less water out of this El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re having here is battling blobs!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone’s on the edge of their seat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t fit with my concept of how things work,” says Trenberth. On the contrary, he maintains, the presence of all this warm water — especially close to the coast — could mean heavier rains from the storms we do get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Mixed Blessing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential in California for rains to be torrential this winter is quite high because of the warm water,” Trenberth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because, as a general rule, the warmer the water, the more moisture gets picked up by the atmosphere and by any emerging storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_173701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-173701\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png\" alt=\"Ocean waters near California have warmed further in recent weeks, and remain far above normal. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-960x720.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ocean waters near California have warmed further in recent weeks, and remain far above normal. \u003ccite>(NOAA RTG)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Those storms are apt to pick up moisture from any warm water that’s lying around all along the West Coast,” says Trenberth, “and it just feeds those storms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be both good and bad news. While the reservoirs refill, the rivers could easily overfill, causing flooding and landslides — much like in 1997-98. Trenberth will take that glass as half-full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way things are shaping up it sure looks like an end to the drought to me,” he says, “depending on how you define the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert agrees the current El Niño is looking like a monster — “Godzilla,” to use his favorite moniker. But he’s concerned the Blob and its ridge could become at least partial spoilers, blocking out storms from the northern Pacific, leaving the door open only for El Niño-driven storms from the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean Southern California gets a soaking, but the northern part of the state — where most of the major reservoirs are — misses out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is almost certainly going to be a dividing line,” says Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain. “And it’s possible that dividing line could occur somewhere in Northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert hopes that isn’t the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that happens, I’m definitely going to have to go into witness protection,” he frets, “because ‘my’ El Niño, the Great Wet Hope, will only deliver half the package.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever we get, it’s a package that won’t be delivered for at least three months, when California’s long-awaited “rainy” season is due.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "One climate scientist postulates that the high pressure behind freakishly warm northern waters could put a flow restrictor on El Niño.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/08/20150810ScienceBattleoftheBlobs.mp3\u003cbr>\nHopeful Californians are looking to the Pacific this winter for an end to California’s most punishing drought on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason: what appears to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/3323\">a monster El Niño in the making\u003c/a>. The abnormally warm waters along the equator \u003cem>could\u003c/em> mean a wet winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no guarantees, but there have been portents. On one Saturday in July, San Diego got more rain than it got the entire month of January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same month, ESPN broadcaster Dan Shulman broke the news to baseball fans from underneath a golf umbrella: “For the first time in 20 years, a game has been postponed because of rain here in Anaheim.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can thank Dolores for that, a hurricane that managed to make it farther north than normal. The intense Pacific hurricane season \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20150716/hurricane-dolores-el-nixf1o-bring-big-waves-to-southern-california-beaches\">bears the fingerprints\u003c/a> of El Niño, which is already getting hyped as a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/el-nino-update-californias-great-wet-hope-continues-to-build/\">potential drought-buster.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, and deservedly so,” says Kevin Trenberth, a Distinguished Senior Scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://ncar.ucar.edu/\">National Center for Atmospheric Research\u003c/a> in Boulder, Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For this time of year, the El Niño is as strong as it’s ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26565\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26565 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"629\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storms headed for the California coast run into the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, represented by the “H” in this graphic. (David Pierce/ KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strength in this case is measured by how much warmer surface temperatures are than normal, in the tropical Pacific. And this one looks to be about as strong as the legendary \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/01/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">El Niño of 1997-98\u003c/a>, which was the strongest on record, peaking at about 2.3 degrees Celsius above normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the ocean, a spike of more than two degrees is like sticking a hot poker into the climate system. Pacific storms sucked up moisture from extremely warm equatorial waters and pretty much dumped it on California. San Francisco got double its normal rainfall that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter the Blob\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time around, there are other things brewing in the Pacific: patches of freakishly warm water spread far and wide, up the California coast to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2015/07/blob.html\">persistently warm vortex\u003c/a>, hundreds of miles across, christened by climate scientists as “the Blob.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is definitely the wildcard with this El Niño,” warns Bill Patzert, a climatologist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab\u003c/a> in Pasadena and an advisor to federal El Niño forecasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says unlike in 1997, the Blob has been a fixture during the current drought. It’s essentially the sidekick of that “\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>,” the stubborn bubble of high-pressure that’s been parked off the north coast for the past couple of years, diverting winter storms up and around California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_172832\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 580px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-172832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg\" alt='The \"Blob\" is associated with the persistent ridge of high pressure that has detoured the winter storm track around California.' width=\"580\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753.jpg 580w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/high-pressure-ridge-weather-patterns-e1431891275753-400x440.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “Blob” is associated with the persistent ridge of high pressure that has detoured the winter storm track around California. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And so the question is, who wins in the battle of the Blob and the El Niño,” says Patzert, “and what impact that’ll have on rainfall on the West Coast of the U.S. this fall, into the winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert says if the Blob and its ridge dominate, we could wring less water out of this El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re having here is battling blobs!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone’s on the edge of their seat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t fit with my concept of how things work,” says Trenberth. On the contrary, he maintains, the presence of all this warm water — especially close to the coast — could mean heavier rains from the storms we do get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Mixed Blessing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential in California for rains to be torrential this winter is quite high because of the warm water,” Trenberth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because, as a general rule, the warmer the water, the more moisture gets picked up by the atmosphere and by any emerging storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_173701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-173701\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png\" alt=\"Ocean waters near California have warmed further in recent weeks, and remain far above normal. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image.png 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-400x300.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Weather-west-image-960x720.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ocean waters near California have warmed further in recent weeks, and remain far above normal. \u003ccite>(NOAA RTG)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Those storms are apt to pick up moisture from any warm water that’s lying around all along the West Coast,” says Trenberth, “and it just feeds those storms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be both good and bad news. While the reservoirs refill, the rivers could easily overfill, causing flooding and landslides — much like in 1997-98. Trenberth will take that glass as half-full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way things are shaping up it sure looks like an end to the drought to me,” he says, “depending on how you define the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert agrees the current El Niño is looking like a monster — “Godzilla,” to use his favorite moniker. But he’s concerned the Blob and its ridge could become at least partial spoilers, blocking out storms from the northern Pacific, leaving the door open only for El Niño-driven storms from the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean Southern California gets a soaking, but the northern part of the state — where most of the major reservoirs are — misses out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is almost certainly going to be a dividing line,” says Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain. “And it’s possible that dividing line could occur somewhere in Northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patzert hopes that isn’t the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that happens, I’m definitely going to have to go into witness protection,” he frets, “because ‘my’ El Niño, the Great Wet Hope, will only deliver half the package.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever we get, it’s a package that won’t be delivered for at least three months, when California’s long-awaited “rainy” season is due.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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