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That’s why I love to tell them to read Cloud Atlas. Its dazzling structure includes six nested stories-within-stories, each from a different genre. The whole novel takes in different lengths of time: the span of a relationship, or a human life, of a country or a civilization, of the planet itself. By the end of the last story, almost the entire planet is uninhabitable, and that’s what makes it a novel concerned with environmental damage and changing climate. What I take away from it is a feeling of possibility: that even if violence, greed, and barbarism are always present, our ability to reject those things is, continually, renewed. — \u003cem>Molly Peterson, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9781101947883\">Exhalation\u003c/a> By Ted Chiang\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do humans have free will? How can we, if we are just a collection of atoms? If we are subject to the forces of nature, not one of them? In his second collection of stories, Ted Chiang, giant of science fiction, isn’t interested in answering the question about will. Like some physicists and \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/finding-free-will/\">determinists\u003c/a>, he assumes that humans can’t choose. His characters set out to live within this constraint and still experience joy, curiosity, love, and – of course – science. 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She weaves together chapters about the life cycle of trees and plants with her own self-discovery as a scientist — a woman scientist, and a colleague to what New Orleanians would call her “running partner,” Bill. In one review of Lab Girl, the Washington Post wrote, “It’s hard to tell the truth about another person in their presence.” That’s the essence of the best stories, and Jahren accomplishes it. (Relatedly, she also wrote the best obituary I’ve read of the poet W.S. Merwin, and it’s all in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/19/opinion/w-s-merwin-poet-trees.html\">the last five sentences\u003c/a> of her visit with him.) — \u003cem>Molly Peterson, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/book/9780306825507\">Poached: Inside the Dark World of Wildlife Poaching\u003c/a> By Rachel Nuwer\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This book reads like an adventure story that brings you along on a journey into the illegal wildlife trade. You accompany the author as she joins a Vietnamese hunter setting traps in the jungle. You visit shops selling illegal ivory and pangolin scales. You observe a remote outpost rumored to be a center of black market trade. It’s an engrossing read that paints a nuanced view of the forces driving the global supply chain of illegal wildlife products — from hunter to consumer. (Disclaimer: The author is a personal friend. You should still read her book.) — \u003cem>Danielle Venton, editor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.indiebound.org/search/book?keys=Rising+Elizabeth+Rush\">Rising: Dispatches from the New American Shore\u003c/a> By Elizabeth Rush\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of sea level rise draws you in. The luminous writing keeps you reading this book-length sorrow song about climate crisis and the species at risk — including ours. 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"title": "Weed For Pain? Public Confidence Is High But Evidence Is Slim",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most Americans say they’re interested in using pot products to relieve pain, but they may underestimate the risks. A new online \u003ca href=\"https://www.asahq.org/about-asa/newsroom/news-releases/2019/08/survey-reveals-skyrocketing-interest-in-marijuana-and-cannabinoids-for-pain<https://www.asahq.org/about-asa/newsroom/news-releases/2019/08/survey-reveals-skyrocketing-interest-in-marijuana-and-cannabinoids-for-pain>\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> from the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) suggests that many people hold false ideas about marijuana and pain management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the more than 1,000 adults aged 18 and older, more than two-thirds have tried – or are open to – either of the primary components in the marijuana plant, cannabidiol (CBD) or terahydrocannabinol (THC) to relieve pain. Of these respondents, three-quarters believe these chemicals are safer than opioids or other pain medications. That worries \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/christopher.abrecht\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Christopher Abrecht\u003c/a>, a UCSF anesthesiologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell patients, ‘Know that if you take this [CBD], it is unknown what is going to happen as a result,'” he says. “It may be something that we discover in a few years is superbly helpful, or we may discover that it triggers schizophrenia for certain people or age groups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Safety Testing \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not regulate marijuana compounds because the drug is still federally illegal – a surprise to many consumers. Forty percent of survey respondents falsely believe there’s routine safety testing for marijuana products sold at supermarkets, health food stores and dispensaries. The only \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/08/06/632469743/how-one-familys-fight-with-epilepsy-led-to-the-first-marijuana-based-pharmaceuti\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exception\u003c/a> is one pharmaceutical form of CBD the FDA approved last year for epilepsy patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirty-three states and Washington, D.C. do allow marijuana for recreational or medical use, but the regulations vary widely within each jurisdiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cannabinoids are a big bucket,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/edward-mariano\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Edward Mariano, \u003c/a>Stanford University anesthesiologist and chair of ASA’s Committee on Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine. “There are over 100 chemicals in the marijuana plant, and because they’re not federally regulated, we don’t always know what goes into the different substances that people are using.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Wild West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research shows the ingredients in pot products may differ wildly from label descriptions. A recent \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2661569\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed 70 percent of online products made from CBD had concentrations that differed from the amounts on their labels. The ASA also says pot products can contain dangerous synthetic compounds, pesticides and other impurities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little wild, wild west even in highly regulated California,” Abrecht says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients may also underestimate the potential side effects of pot. They can include liver damage, dizziness, difficulty concentrating, confusion and disorientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could even have psychosis,” Mariano says. “Plus, the number of people who actually get pain relief is probably only one in five.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why he encourages patients to have frank conversations with their doctors about all the available pain relief options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The good news is that until the research is completed and we fully understand the risks and potential benefits, physician anesthesiologists today can develop a personalized plan for patients’ pain drawing from effective alternatives such as non-opioid medications and other therapies, including injections, nerve blocks, physical therapy, radio waves and spinal cord stimulation,” says ASA president Dr. Linda J. Mason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most Americans say they’re interested in using pot products to relieve pain, but they may underestimate the risks. A new online \u003ca href=\"https://www.asahq.org/about-asa/newsroom/news-releases/2019/08/survey-reveals-skyrocketing-interest-in-marijuana-and-cannabinoids-for-pain<https://www.asahq.org/about-asa/newsroom/news-releases/2019/08/survey-reveals-skyrocketing-interest-in-marijuana-and-cannabinoids-for-pain>\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> from the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) suggests that many people hold false ideas about marijuana and pain management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the more than 1,000 adults aged 18 and older, more than two-thirds have tried – or are open to – either of the primary components in the marijuana plant, cannabidiol (CBD) or terahydrocannabinol (THC) to relieve pain. Of these respondents, three-quarters believe these chemicals are safer than opioids or other pain medications. That worries \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/christopher.abrecht\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Christopher Abrecht\u003c/a>, a UCSF anesthesiologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell patients, ‘Know that if you take this [CBD], it is unknown what is going to happen as a result,'” he says. “It may be something that we discover in a few years is superbly helpful, or we may discover that it triggers schizophrenia for certain people or age groups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Safety Testing \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not regulate marijuana compounds because the drug is still federally illegal – a surprise to many consumers. Forty percent of survey respondents falsely believe there’s routine safety testing for marijuana products sold at supermarkets, health food stores and dispensaries. The only \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/08/06/632469743/how-one-familys-fight-with-epilepsy-led-to-the-first-marijuana-based-pharmaceuti\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exception\u003c/a> is one pharmaceutical form of CBD the FDA approved last year for epilepsy patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirty-three states and Washington, D.C. do allow marijuana for recreational or medical use, but the regulations vary widely within each jurisdiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cannabinoids are a big bucket,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/edward-mariano\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Edward Mariano, \u003c/a>Stanford University anesthesiologist and chair of ASA’s Committee on Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine. “There are over 100 chemicals in the marijuana plant, and because they’re not federally regulated, we don’t always know what goes into the different substances that people are using.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Wild West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research shows the ingredients in pot products may differ wildly from label descriptions. A recent \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2661569\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed 70 percent of online products made from CBD had concentrations that differed from the amounts on their labels. The ASA also says pot products can contain dangerous synthetic compounds, pesticides and other impurities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little wild, wild west even in highly regulated California,” Abrecht says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients may also underestimate the potential side effects of pot. They can include liver damage, dizziness, difficulty concentrating, confusion and disorientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could even have psychosis,” Mariano says. “Plus, the number of people who actually get pain relief is probably only one in five.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why he encourages patients to have frank conversations with their doctors about all the available pain relief options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The good news is that until the research is completed and we fully understand the risks and potential benefits, physician anesthesiologists today can develop a personalized plan for patients’ pain drawing from effective alternatives such as non-opioid medications and other therapies, including injections, nerve blocks, physical therapy, radio waves and spinal cord stimulation,” says ASA president Dr. Linda J. Mason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "This Saturday Is Free Fishing Day Throughout California",
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"content": "\u003cp>Slather on the sunscreen, line up some some bait, and bring your tackle box – Saturday, August 31st is Free Fishing Day across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You won’t need a sport-fishing license to cast a line that day at dozens of lakes, reservoirs and creeks throughout the state. The Department of Fish and Wildlife waives the usual fees – $16.20 for a day, $49.94 for annual licenses – two days a year. July 4th is the other, so this’ll be your last chance in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a free-for-all, you can’t just go fish for anything and however many you want anywhere,” says Jennifer Benedet with the department. People will have to obey the same rules that apply the rest of the year. You can read up on those regulations online at \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov\">wildlife.ca.gov\u003c/a> . The site also includes a Fishing Guide to the best spots to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New anglers can join \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Fishing-in-the-City\">Fishing in the City\u003c/a>, a program that offers free fishing clinics in Sacramento, the San Francisco Bay Area, the South Bay, Los Angeles, and other urban areas. Participants can reel in their catch and learn how to prepare it for dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re hooked after your first fishing expedition, you can join the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Fishing/Passport\">California Fishing Passport\u003c/a>. That interactive program challenges you to fish 150 different species in the state’s waters. It even awards a certificate for catching your very first fish!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Slather on the sunscreen, line up some some bait, and bring your tackle box – Saturday, August 31st is Free Fishing Day across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You won’t need a sport-fishing license to cast a line that day at dozens of lakes, reservoirs and creeks throughout the state. The Department of Fish and Wildlife waives the usual fees – $16.20 for a day, $49.94 for annual licenses – two days a year. July 4th is the other, so this’ll be your last chance in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a free-for-all, you can’t just go fish for anything and however many you want anywhere,” says Jennifer Benedet with the department. People will have to obey the same rules that apply the rest of the year. You can read up on those regulations online at \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov\">wildlife.ca.gov\u003c/a> . The site also includes a Fishing Guide to the best spots to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New anglers can join \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Fishing-in-the-City\">Fishing in the City\u003c/a>, a program that offers free fishing clinics in Sacramento, the San Francisco Bay Area, the South Bay, Los Angeles, and other urban areas. Participants can reel in their catch and learn how to prepare it for dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re hooked after your first fishing expedition, you can join the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Fishing/Passport\">California Fishing Passport\u003c/a>. That interactive program challenges you to fish 150 different species in the state’s waters. It even awards a certificate for catching your very first fish!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Hey Siri,\"How Do I Foster a Science-Minded Household?\"",
"headTitle": "Hey Siri,”How Do I Foster a Science-Minded Household?” | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>An unusual glow lights Charlize and Dayleen Sánchez’s faces. They brighten from cyan blue to red to green, and back again. Big sister Charlize, 12, and Dayleen, 9, are turning knobs to brighten or dim the lights, trying to create the color brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re mixing primary colors inside a light cube at San Francisco’s bayside science museum, the Exploratorium. As they experiment, they come up with a new shade – a brilliant magenta. Their mother, Brenda Tovar, gives her daughters’ luminous creation a smile of approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s refreshing to get them to be excited about learning,” Tovar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The girls’ grandmother Julia Jimenez, stands next to \u003cem>her\u003c/em> mother, Virginia Sayes, explaining in Spanish what the girls are doing. Sayes sits in her wheelchair looking cozy and happy, like Mama Coco from the Disney film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spirit of inquiry illuminates four generations of this family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Science-Minded Household\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Catherine Lee']‘Watching the toilet flush- that is science.’[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tovar – like other parents I spoke with during a summer weekday at the Exploratorium – hopes her children will continue to nurture this spirit. Kids are born to wonder. Parents who wish to foster curiosity and exploration in their children can do plenty to encourage their kids to think critically, explain their reasoning, and solve problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visiting museums like the Exploratorium is a step in that direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science in the Toilet?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nate Miller, 8, can’t believe what he is seeing. With one eye, he looks straight at his hand. With the other eye, he sees his 11-year-old brother, Sam, who sits in front of him. As Nate moves his hand to reveal a cat on the wall, he sees a cat’s face with his brother’s smile. Their mom Catherine Lee watches this experiment in sight perception at the Exploratorium. She explains to Nate that his eyes saw two very different views, so his brain combined the two views to create a single image.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946639\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946639\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Sam_Miller_Exploratorium-800x565.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"565\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Sam_Miller_Exploratorium-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Sam_Miller_Exploratorium-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Sam_Miller_Exploratorium-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Sam_Miller_Exploratorium-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Sam_Miller_Exploratorium-1200x848.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Sam_Miller_Exploratorium.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sam, 11, smiles at his brother, Nate, 8, while he looks through a mirror at him while in the Exploratorium on Thursday August 1, 2019. (Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At home, Lee looks for opportunities to talk about science with her sons. “Watching the toilet flush- that is science,” Lee says, adding that she’d ask her kids about where the water ends up. “How does it swirl as it goes down the bowl?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(In theory, the Coriolis Effect would cause water to spin on a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. In practice, the direction depends on the design of the toilet bowl.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee calls this an example of science in basic things we often ignore. Her son Sam agrees. He plays the violin and seems as drawn to the math of music as to the melody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My teacher,” he says, “is doing this math science thing with the violin, with sound waves and scales.” To encourage his interests, Sam’s parents hired a music teacher who incorporates science into his lessons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paint a Picture of What’s Possible\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellen Ochoa’s journey to nearly 1,000 hours in space began with her realization that she could push beyond limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a child she wanted to be a lawyer or the President of the United States, because those were the only careers she knew about. “I didn’t really know about what careers were really like in [science] subjects, I did not know anybody to talk to,” Ochoa says. “I just couldn’t picture it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only after she enrolled at San Diego State did she express interest in a math-related degree. Ochoa spoke with a physics professor who encouraged her to pursue a degree and a career in that field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, she earned graduate degrees at Stanford, became the first Latina astronaut and eventually ran NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside label='Create science exhibits at home using the Exploratorium’s Science Snacks ' link1='https://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/']\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her example is a reminder that children can’t imagine what they can’t see around them. Parents can arrange for their children to meet or job-shadow local science professionals. Ochoa, who’s also a research engineer, continues to encourage young people to study science, technology, engineering and math. “STEM fields are about solving problems and making new discoveries,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julia Jimenez – Charlize and Dayleen Sánchez’s grandmother – was inspired to become a nurse after a group of nurses visited her classroom to talk about their careers. After that talk, she recalls,“I said ‘I am going to apply and see if I qualify,’ I did and I liked it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engage with your Child’s School Culture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jimenez’ daughter Brenda Tovar doesn’t leave her daughters’ education to chance. “Being active and participating in their school work, going to their open houses and having them show me their projects, the things that they are learning,” she says, is key to encouraging children to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946643\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946643\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Exploratorium_016_Liam_Gorgie-800x589.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"589\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Exploratorium_016_Liam_Gorgie-800x589.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Exploratorium_016_Liam_Gorgie-160x118.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Exploratorium_016_Liam_Gorgie-768x565.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Exploratorium_016_Liam_Gorgie-1020x751.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Exploratorium_016_Liam_Gorgie-1200x883.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Exploratorium_016_Liam_Gorgie.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liam Boucher, 5, and Georgie Harvey, 5, play with the fog used in an exhibit that creates a small scale tornado at the Exploratorium in San Francisco on Thursday August 1, 2019. (Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Britany Boucher, another parent at the Exploratorium, says the question, “How was your day at school?” can shut down a conversation with her 5 year-old son Liam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was hard last year, in kindergarten, because he didn’t talk a lot about what was going on in school. It was really hard to get things out of him,” Boucher says, as she watches her son play in the museum’s tornado exhibit. “But his teacher gave us a piece of paper of what they were doing for the week or for the month that was a good way for me to bring up ideas that he would then talk to me about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be Science Confident\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amanda Sadie and her children visit the museum so often they have a favorite exhibit – Morse Code. The interactive game trains your brain to communicate with a partner using dots and dashes. Sadie loves science, and when her kids ask about something she doesn’t know, she turns it into a learning opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can always ask Siri together or we go to Google together,” she says. “It’s a chance for us to read on the spot, learn in the moment, and then try to piece it together,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even better than using artificial intelligence or online searches is allowing children to investigate, hypothesize, and experiment first, says Jessica Parker, Director of Teaching and Learning at the Exploratorium – an institution designed to encourage those activities in a safe, supervised setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation='Ellen Ochoa']‘STEM fields are about solving problems and making new discoveries.’[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boucher’s son Liam calls science “kind of hard, because I am in first grade now.” Then he scrambles up a staircase and turns himself into a gravity experiment, grabbing the handrail and hanging upside down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Science Minded Adventure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlize and Dayleen’s light experiment may or may not spark their interest in science careers. Beyond the museum, Tovar and other parents look for ways to encourage their kids’ curiosity and problem-solving skills through cooking, outdoor hikes, and science fair projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making science so fun, they don’t even realize they’re learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An unusual glow lights Charlize and Dayleen Sánchez’s faces. They brighten from cyan blue to red to green, and back again. Big sister Charlize, 12, and Dayleen, 9, are turning knobs to brighten or dim the lights, trying to create the color brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re mixing primary colors inside a light cube at San Francisco’s bayside science museum, the Exploratorium. As they experiment, they come up with a new shade – a brilliant magenta. Their mother, Brenda Tovar, gives her daughters’ luminous creation a smile of approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s refreshing to get them to be excited about learning,” Tovar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The girls’ grandmother Julia Jimenez, stands next to \u003cem>her\u003c/em> mother, Virginia Sayes, explaining in Spanish what the girls are doing. Sayes sits in her wheelchair looking cozy and happy, like Mama Coco from the Disney film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spirit of inquiry illuminates four generations of this family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tovar – like other parents I spoke with during a summer weekday at the Exploratorium – hopes her children will continue to nurture this spirit. Kids are born to wonder. Parents who wish to foster curiosity and exploration in their children can do plenty to encourage their kids to think critically, explain their reasoning, and solve problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visiting museums like the Exploratorium is a step in that direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science in the Toilet?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nate Miller, 8, can’t believe what he is seeing. With one eye, he looks straight at his hand. With the other eye, he sees his 11-year-old brother, Sam, who sits in front of him. As Nate moves his hand to reveal a cat on the wall, he sees a cat’s face with his brother’s smile. Their mom Catherine Lee watches this experiment in sight perception at the Exploratorium. She explains to Nate that his eyes saw two very different views, so his brain combined the two views to create a single image.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946639\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946639\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Sam_Miller_Exploratorium-800x565.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"565\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Sam_Miller_Exploratorium-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Sam_Miller_Exploratorium-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Sam_Miller_Exploratorium-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Sam_Miller_Exploratorium-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Sam_Miller_Exploratorium-1200x848.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Sam_Miller_Exploratorium.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sam, 11, smiles at his brother, Nate, 8, while he looks through a mirror at him while in the Exploratorium on Thursday August 1, 2019. (Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At home, Lee looks for opportunities to talk about science with her sons. “Watching the toilet flush- that is science,” Lee says, adding that she’d ask her kids about where the water ends up. “How does it swirl as it goes down the bowl?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(In theory, the Coriolis Effect would cause water to spin on a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. In practice, the direction depends on the design of the toilet bowl.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee calls this an example of science in basic things we often ignore. Her son Sam agrees. He plays the violin and seems as drawn to the math of music as to the melody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My teacher,” he says, “is doing this math science thing with the violin, with sound waves and scales.” To encourage his interests, Sam’s parents hired a music teacher who incorporates science into his lessons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paint a Picture of What’s Possible\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellen Ochoa’s journey to nearly 1,000 hours in space began with her realization that she could push beyond limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a child she wanted to be a lawyer or the President of the United States, because those were the only careers she knew about. “I didn’t really know about what careers were really like in [science] subjects, I did not know anybody to talk to,” Ochoa says. “I just couldn’t picture it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only after she enrolled at San Diego State did she express interest in a math-related degree. Ochoa spoke with a physics professor who encouraged her to pursue a degree and a career in that field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, she earned graduate degrees at Stanford, became the first Latina astronaut and eventually ran NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her example is a reminder that children can’t imagine what they can’t see around them. Parents can arrange for their children to meet or job-shadow local science professionals. Ochoa, who’s also a research engineer, continues to encourage young people to study science, technology, engineering and math. “STEM fields are about solving problems and making new discoveries,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julia Jimenez – Charlize and Dayleen Sánchez’s grandmother – was inspired to become a nurse after a group of nurses visited her classroom to talk about their careers. After that talk, she recalls,“I said ‘I am going to apply and see if I qualify,’ I did and I liked it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engage with your Child’s School Culture\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jimenez’ daughter Brenda Tovar doesn’t leave her daughters’ education to chance. “Being active and participating in their school work, going to their open houses and having them show me their projects, the things that they are learning,” she says, is key to encouraging children to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946643\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946643\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Exploratorium_016_Liam_Gorgie-800x589.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"589\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Exploratorium_016_Liam_Gorgie-800x589.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Exploratorium_016_Liam_Gorgie-160x118.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Exploratorium_016_Liam_Gorgie-768x565.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Exploratorium_016_Liam_Gorgie-1020x751.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Exploratorium_016_Liam_Gorgie-1200x883.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Exploratorium_016_Liam_Gorgie.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liam Boucher, 5, and Georgie Harvey, 5, play with the fog used in an exhibit that creates a small scale tornado at the Exploratorium in San Francisco on Thursday August 1, 2019. (Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Britany Boucher, another parent at the Exploratorium, says the question, “How was your day at school?” can shut down a conversation with her 5 year-old son Liam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was hard last year, in kindergarten, because he didn’t talk a lot about what was going on in school. It was really hard to get things out of him,” Boucher says, as she watches her son play in the museum’s tornado exhibit. “But his teacher gave us a piece of paper of what they were doing for the week or for the month that was a good way for me to bring up ideas that he would then talk to me about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be Science Confident\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amanda Sadie and her children visit the museum so often they have a favorite exhibit – Morse Code. The interactive game trains your brain to communicate with a partner using dots and dashes. Sadie loves science, and when her kids ask about something she doesn’t know, she turns it into a learning opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can always ask Siri together or we go to Google together,” she says. “It’s a chance for us to read on the spot, learn in the moment, and then try to piece it together,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even better than using artificial intelligence or online searches is allowing children to investigate, hypothesize, and experiment first, says Jessica Parker, Director of Teaching and Learning at the Exploratorium – an institution designed to encourage those activities in a safe, supervised setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "UCSF Gets New Money to Study the 'Galaxies' Within You (Your Microbes)",
"headTitle": "UCSF Gets New Money to Study the ‘Galaxies’ Within You (Your Microbes) | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Trillions of tiny organisms live in and on the human body. In our guts, on our skin, and in our noses. Scientists are finding that bacteria and other microbes that colonize us don’t just make us sick, they might make us well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month two Bay Area universities received a huge financial boost to study them. Salesforce CEO Marc Benioff and his wife have given \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/2019/08/13/stanford-launches-major-effort-harness-microbiome-treat-disease/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$10 million\u003c/a> to Stanford University, and another \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2019/06/414781/gift-launches-new-ucsf-benioff-center-microbiome-medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$25 million\u003c/a> to the University of California at San Francisco for research about the human microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]Different microbial galaxies exist in your mouth, lower gastrointestinal tract, and on your skin.[/pullquote]Susan Lynch will direct the \u003ca href=\"https://microbiome.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine\u003c/a> at UCSF. She spoke with KQED’s Michelle Wiley about advancements in the field and what the new funding will mean for her work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Microbes — what are they, and why are they important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microbes are among the oldest living life forms on the planet, and they’re incredibly successful. They populate every niche you can imagine across this planet, including humans. And we are, essentially, a super organism. We house a whole range and diversity of microbes within the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could think of us like a microbial universe. There’s different microbial galaxies that exist in the mouth, in the lower gastrointestinal tract, and on the skin. And these microbes are not quiescent. They interact with each other, and they interact with the host. And they produce a range of bio-active molecules that shape how our cells actually function. And this is why, we’re now beginning to understand, they influence human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This field didn’t really exist a couple of decades ago. How has research about the microbiome evolved since you joined the field?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally we plucked individual microbes out of a sample, and studied them under feast conditions in media — where they could eat as much as they liked — in the lab. And that is not necessarily how these microbes exist in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are highly social, they interact with each other, they compete with each other, they collaborate with each other. It’s really with the advent of sequencing technologies in the field over the last 10 years that we now have the capacity to examine them, using DNA and genes, and with other platforms like mass spectrometry, to understand the types and diversity of microbes that exist in the human host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What kinds of illnesses could be helped by understanding microbes better?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list keeps expanding. But diseases that we can definitively link to perturbations and molecular productivity of microbes, are \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31404299\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">autism\u003c/a> spectrum disorder, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31332384\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allergies and asthma\u003c/a> for example, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6314516/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">inflammatory\u003c/a> bowel disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speaking of asthma and allergies, some \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-019-0498-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent work\u003c/a> you did looked at gut bacteria and babies a month old. You found that what’s in a baby’s gut can predict whether they are vulnerable to asthma and allergies as they grow up.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/352304/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We examined a very large cohort of one-month-old babies, and we set out with the idea that they’re not all the same, microbiologically. And different gut microbiomes in distinct subsets of babies may give rise to different types of immune development. And that’s exactly what we found. We found one small group of babies that had a very distinct gut microbiome that were at significantly higher risk of developing allergies and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We dug down a little deeper, and we now understand some of the microbial products and mechanisms by which these children are at higher risk of developing disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you need to do to make this promising early research even more useful to the public?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']We need definitive data that allows us to get at the mechanisms by which microbes shape, for example, immune function in early life in, a manner that relates to disease development. Good experimentation, and particularly observations in humans, are very large and complex studies that will require quite a lot of time, and quite a lot of expertise. So translating findings may take a little time, but I agree that there’s incredible promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the most important work that a gift of this size lets you do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microbiome field specifically requires that you collaborate. We cannot examine microbes by themselves, we need to understand how they interact with the immune system, how they act across large human populations, so it simply requires integration of a number of different disciplines. This allows us to bring together the incredible community of microbiome researchers across the UCSF campus to accelerate discovery and translation of our findings into real world solutions for the diseases that our patients suffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Trillions of tiny organisms live in and on the human body. In our guts, on our skin, and in our noses. Scientists are finding that bacteria and other microbes that colonize us don’t just make us sick, they might make us well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month two Bay Area universities received a huge financial boost to study them. Salesforce CEO Marc Benioff and his wife have given \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/2019/08/13/stanford-launches-major-effort-harness-microbiome-treat-disease/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$10 million\u003c/a> to Stanford University, and another \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2019/06/414781/gift-launches-new-ucsf-benioff-center-microbiome-medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$25 million\u003c/a> to the University of California at San Francisco for research about the human microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Susan Lynch will direct the \u003ca href=\"https://microbiome.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine\u003c/a> at UCSF. She spoke with KQED’s Michelle Wiley about advancements in the field and what the new funding will mean for her work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Microbes — what are they, and why are they important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microbes are among the oldest living life forms on the planet, and they’re incredibly successful. They populate every niche you can imagine across this planet, including humans. And we are, essentially, a super organism. We house a whole range and diversity of microbes within the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could think of us like a microbial universe. There’s different microbial galaxies that exist in the mouth, in the lower gastrointestinal tract, and on the skin. And these microbes are not quiescent. They interact with each other, and they interact with the host. And they produce a range of bio-active molecules that shape how our cells actually function. And this is why, we’re now beginning to understand, they influence human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This field didn’t really exist a couple of decades ago. How has research about the microbiome evolved since you joined the field?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally we plucked individual microbes out of a sample, and studied them under feast conditions in media — where they could eat as much as they liked — in the lab. And that is not necessarily how these microbes exist in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are highly social, they interact with each other, they compete with each other, they collaborate with each other. It’s really with the advent of sequencing technologies in the field over the last 10 years that we now have the capacity to examine them, using DNA and genes, and with other platforms like mass spectrometry, to understand the types and diversity of microbes that exist in the human host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What kinds of illnesses could be helped by understanding microbes better?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list keeps expanding. But diseases that we can definitively link to perturbations and molecular productivity of microbes, are \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31404299\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">autism\u003c/a> spectrum disorder, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31332384\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allergies and asthma\u003c/a> for example, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6314516/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">inflammatory\u003c/a> bowel disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speaking of asthma and allergies, some \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-019-0498-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent work\u003c/a> you did looked at gut bacteria and babies a month old. You found that what’s in a baby’s gut can predict whether they are vulnerable to asthma and allergies as they grow up.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/352304/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We examined a very large cohort of one-month-old babies, and we set out with the idea that they’re not all the same, microbiologically. And different gut microbiomes in distinct subsets of babies may give rise to different types of immune development. And that’s exactly what we found. We found one small group of babies that had a very distinct gut microbiome that were at significantly higher risk of developing allergies and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We dug down a little deeper, and we now understand some of the microbial products and mechanisms by which these children are at higher risk of developing disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you need to do to make this promising early research even more useful to the public?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>We need definitive data that allows us to get at the mechanisms by which microbes shape, for example, immune function in early life in, a manner that relates to disease development. Good experimentation, and particularly observations in humans, are very large and complex studies that will require quite a lot of time, and quite a lot of expertise. So translating findings may take a little time, but I agree that there’s incredible promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the most important work that a gift of this size lets you do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microbiome field specifically requires that you collaborate. We cannot examine microbes by themselves, we need to understand how they interact with the immune system, how they act across large human populations, so it simply requires integration of a number of different disciplines. This allows us to bring together the incredible community of microbiome researchers across the UCSF campus to accelerate discovery and translation of our findings into real world solutions for the diseases that our patients suffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>People who donate their bodies to science might never have dreamed what information lies deep within their brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when that information has to do with sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists used to believe that people who napped a lot were at risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease. But Lea Grinberg with the UCSF Memory and Aging Center started to wonder if “risk” was too light a term — what if, instead, napping indicated an early stage of Alzheimer’s?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a decade ago, Grinberg — a neuropathologist and associate professor — was working with her team to map a protein called tau in donated brains. Some of their data, published \u003ca href=\"https://www.alzheimersanddementia.com/article/S1552-5260(19)34081-6/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">last week\u003c/a>, revealed drastic differences between healthy brains and those from Alzheimer’s patients in the parts of the brain responsible for wakefulness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946582\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946582\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_006-800x560.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_006-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_006-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_006-768x538.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_006-1020x715.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_006-1200x841.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_006.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lea Grinberg uses a program that takes a microscope’s magnification of brain tissue on a slide and projects it on a computer screen on August 15, 2019. The different colors represent different biological features in the brain tissue sample, including neurons and tau protein. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wakefulness centers in the brain showed the buildup of tau — a protein that clogs neurons, Grinberg says, and lets debris accumulate. Gradually, these clogged neurons die. Some areas of the diseased brains had lost as much as 75% of their neurons. That may have led to the excessive napping scientists had observed before. Although the team only studied brains from 13 Alzheimer’s patients and 7 healthy individuals, Grinberg says that the degeneration caused by Alzheimer’s was so profound they were sure of its significance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are kind of changing our understanding of what Alzheimer’s disease is,” she says. “It’s not only a memory problem, but it’s a problem in the brain that causes many other symptoms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although these symptoms aren’t as severe as complete loss of memory or motor functions, Grinberg says they can still hold real consequences for a person’s quality of life. “Because if you don’t sleep well every day and if you… are not in the mood to do things like you were before, it’s very disappointing, right? My grandparents were like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grinberg says it’s important to know whether napping could be an early sign of Alzheimer’s, for treating symptoms and developing drugs that could slow the progression of the disease. Although there are no prescription drugs available to treat tau buildup, she says, a few are in clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946586\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946586\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_002-800x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"359\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_002-800x574.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_002-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_002-768x551.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_002-1020x732.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_002-1200x861.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_002.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lea Grinberg holds boxes filled with samples of brain tissue for study on August 15, 2019. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A public health professor and neuroscientist at UC Berkeley says the new information offers hope to researchers. William Jagust, who has studied Alzheimer’s for over 30 years, says the results could help select patients for clinical trials of new drugs that require early treatment. “It’s also just very important for understanding the evolution of Alzheimer’s disease with the hope that we eventually \u003cem>will\u003c/em> have a drug,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll be awhile before doctors can diagnose anyone with Alzheimer’s based on how often they doze off. “There’s no practical application of this to clinical medicine as of today,” Jagust says, “but I think it’s on the cutting edge of the very, very important questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>People who donate their bodies to science might never have dreamed what information lies deep within their brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when that information has to do with sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists used to believe that people who napped a lot were at risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease. But Lea Grinberg with the UCSF Memory and Aging Center started to wonder if “risk” was too light a term — what if, instead, napping indicated an early stage of Alzheimer’s?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a decade ago, Grinberg — a neuropathologist and associate professor — was working with her team to map a protein called tau in donated brains. Some of their data, published \u003ca href=\"https://www.alzheimersanddementia.com/article/S1552-5260(19)34081-6/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">last week\u003c/a>, revealed drastic differences between healthy brains and those from Alzheimer’s patients in the parts of the brain responsible for wakefulness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946582\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946582\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_006-800x560.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_006-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_006-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_006-768x538.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_006-1020x715.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_006-1200x841.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_006.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lea Grinberg uses a program that takes a microscope’s magnification of brain tissue on a slide and projects it on a computer screen on August 15, 2019. The different colors represent different biological features in the brain tissue sample, including neurons and tau protein. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wakefulness centers in the brain showed the buildup of tau — a protein that clogs neurons, Grinberg says, and lets debris accumulate. Gradually, these clogged neurons die. Some areas of the diseased brains had lost as much as 75% of their neurons. That may have led to the excessive napping scientists had observed before. Although the team only studied brains from 13 Alzheimer’s patients and 7 healthy individuals, Grinberg says that the degeneration caused by Alzheimer’s was so profound they were sure of its significance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are kind of changing our understanding of what Alzheimer’s disease is,” she says. “It’s not only a memory problem, but it’s a problem in the brain that causes many other symptoms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although these symptoms aren’t as severe as complete loss of memory or motor functions, Grinberg says they can still hold real consequences for a person’s quality of life. “Because if you don’t sleep well every day and if you… are not in the mood to do things like you were before, it’s very disappointing, right? My grandparents were like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grinberg says it’s important to know whether napping could be an early sign of Alzheimer’s, for treating symptoms and developing drugs that could slow the progression of the disease. Although there are no prescription drugs available to treat tau buildup, she says, a few are in clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946586\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946586\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_002-800x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"359\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_002-800x574.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_002-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_002-768x551.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_002-1020x732.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_002-1200x861.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Brains_002.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lea Grinberg holds boxes filled with samples of brain tissue for study on August 15, 2019. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A public health professor and neuroscientist at UC Berkeley says the new information offers hope to researchers. William Jagust, who has studied Alzheimer’s for over 30 years, says the results could help select patients for clinical trials of new drugs that require early treatment. “It’s also just very important for understanding the evolution of Alzheimer’s disease with the hope that we eventually \u003cem>will\u003c/em> have a drug,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll be awhile before doctors can diagnose anyone with Alzheimer’s based on how often they doze off. “There’s no practical application of this to clinical medicine as of today,” Jagust says, “but I think it’s on the cutting edge of the very, very important questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">UC Berkeley is known for a lot of things, from Nobel Prizes to football games at Memorial Stadium and top-flight students.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But lately, two campus residents have been getting a lot of attention: A pair of peregrine falcons have been wintering on the school’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://visit.berkeley.edu/campus-tourscampanile-tour/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">iconic Campanile clock tower\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The two raptors, named Annie and Grinnell — after \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Annie.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the founder\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">first director\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of UC Berkeley’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Museum of Vertebrate Zoology — \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">laid eggs and hatched chicks atop the famous campus landmark for the first time in 2017.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944039\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons-800x452.png\" alt=\"peregrine falcons\" width=\"800\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons-800x452.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons-768x434.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons-1020x576.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons-1200x678.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cade and Carson, two peregrine falcons who recently hatched on UC Berkeley’s famed clock tower. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the third time, they became proud parents this spring. Two male chicks, Carson and Cade, hatched on April 24 and flew for the first time on June 3. They’ve now graduated from the 307-foot-tall landmark into the wider world, experts say.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “In early July, they were still in the nest area, flying on and off the Campanile, and fed by their parents as they learned to hunt and fend for themselves,” said Mary Malec, a volunteer with the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">East Bay Regional Park District\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parksconservancy.org/programs/golden-gate-raptor-observatory\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Golden Gate Raptor Observatory\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Sausalito. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They’ve now dispersed and will eventually establish their own nesting territories.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A team of six people from the park district, raptor observatory, UC’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Museum of Vertebrate Zoology\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.iws.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Institute for Wildlife Studies\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has been working closely to monitor the birds over the years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They’ve helped to improve the falcons’ nesting site and arranged to band them for tracking. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Through their ongoing efforts to study the peregrines, researchers now know that one of Annie and Grinnell’s chicks, Lawrencium, has been spotted miles away in the Marin Headlands and on Alcatraz Island. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This team also organized a fundraising campaign to purchase web cameras, which they later installed and continue to oversee, sharing live videos and photos with the public through several \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/cal_falcons/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">social media channels\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. And the falcons, nicknamed the “Cal Falcons,” have social media accounts on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CalFalconCam/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Facebook\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaJuC-rxVAQ\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">YouTube\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaJuC-rxVAQ\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instagram\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944040\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Sean_Peterson_Lynn_Schofield-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"sean peterson and lynn schofield\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Sean_Peterson_Lynn_Schofield-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Sean_Peterson_Lynn_Schofield-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Sean_Peterson_Lynn_Schofield-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Sean_Peterson_Lynn_Schofield-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Sean_Peterson_Lynn_Schofield-1200x900.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Sean_Peterson_Lynn_Schofield.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sean Peterson and Lynn Schofield with a Cooper’s hawk that they trapped while volunteering with the Golden Gate Raptor Observatory. \u003ccite>(Sean Peterson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The excitement of all the Cal Falcons fans experiencing every moment together was truly rewarding,” said Sean Peterson, a Ph.D. student at UC and volunteer with the raptor observatory. “We had an employee from a vulnerable women’s/children’s shelter telling us that they had the stream playing at the shelter and multiple elementary school classrooms writing in with their name suggestions. It was so much fun to see how engaged the community was.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The researchers also are documenting other types of data, such as cataloging prey remains found on the nest ledge and seen via camera, which provides researchers with an idea of their hunting range. And the cameras allow them to observe and record the falcons’ behavior. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This entire nesting season has been so much fun,” said Peterson. “There was this constant sense of discovery this year because we’d never been able to see anything at the nest before. Being able to watch the chicks practice flying on the balcony and how attentive the parents were was really amazing. As a biologist, I was riveted all spring.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While known for being the world’s fastest bird — peregrines have been clocked at diving more than 200 mph — these majestic birds were at risk for going extinct 50 years ago. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Widespread use of pesticides such as \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">DDT\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> decimated native populations of peregrine falcons. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">By 1970, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California’s peregrine population had dwindled to only two known nesting pairs statewide. The federal government banned DDT in 1972. And successful restoration efforts spearheaded by organizations like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.peregrinefund.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Peregrine Fund\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> helped revive their numbers. By 1999, they were removed from the federal \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/endangered/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Endangered Species List\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Recent surveys estimate that there are now 300 to 350 nesting pairs in California and more than 2,400 pairs nationwide.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944038\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons_3-800x450.png\" alt=\"peregrine falcons\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons_3-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons_3-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons_3-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons_3-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons_3-1200x675.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons_3.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cade and Carson playfully engaging with each other as siblings do. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think one of the most important things that Cal Falcons has done is bring a sense of the wild back to everyday life,” said Peterson. “It’s very easy to get lost in our own human world and forget that we’re still a part of a complex web of nature all around us, even in the largest cities. I think these falcons really helped people take notice of the wildlife living in their own backyards. Every single person I’ve talked to about the falcons has been incredibly excited about them. It has been a tremendous gift to play a part in sharing that excitement with everyone.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Peregrine falcons catch other birds mid-flight by diving at more than 200 mph. To do it, they need some high-precision gear: special eyesight, talons and aerodynamics that can't be beat.",
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"title": "Here's Why Peregrine Falcons Are the Top Guns of the Sky | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">UC Berkeley is known for a lot of things, from Nobel Prizes to football games at Memorial Stadium and top-flight students.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But lately, two campus residents have been getting a lot of attention: A pair of peregrine falcons have been wintering on the school’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://visit.berkeley.edu/campus-tourscampanile-tour/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">iconic Campanile clock tower\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The two raptors, named Annie and Grinnell — after \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Annie.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the founder\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">first director\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of UC Berkeley’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Museum of Vertebrate Zoology — \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">laid eggs and hatched chicks atop the famous campus landmark for the first time in 2017.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944039\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons-800x452.png\" alt=\"peregrine falcons\" width=\"800\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons-800x452.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons-768x434.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons-1020x576.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons-1200x678.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cade and Carson, two peregrine falcons who recently hatched on UC Berkeley’s famed clock tower. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the third time, they became proud parents this spring. Two male chicks, Carson and Cade, hatched on April 24 and flew for the first time on June 3. They’ve now graduated from the 307-foot-tall landmark into the wider world, experts say.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “In early July, they were still in the nest area, flying on and off the Campanile, and fed by their parents as they learned to hunt and fend for themselves,” said Mary Malec, a volunteer with the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">East Bay Regional Park District\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parksconservancy.org/programs/golden-gate-raptor-observatory\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Golden Gate Raptor Observatory\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Sausalito. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They’ve now dispersed and will eventually establish their own nesting territories.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A team of six people from the park district, raptor observatory, UC’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Museum of Vertebrate Zoology\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.iws.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Institute for Wildlife Studies\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has been working closely to monitor the birds over the years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They’ve helped to improve the falcons’ nesting site and arranged to band them for tracking. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Through their ongoing efforts to study the peregrines, researchers now know that one of Annie and Grinnell’s chicks, Lawrencium, has been spotted miles away in the Marin Headlands and on Alcatraz Island. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This team also organized a fundraising campaign to purchase web cameras, which they later installed and continue to oversee, sharing live videos and photos with the public through several \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/cal_falcons/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">social media channels\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. And the falcons, nicknamed the “Cal Falcons,” have social media accounts on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CalFalconCam/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Facebook\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaJuC-rxVAQ\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">YouTube\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaJuC-rxVAQ\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instagram\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944040\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Sean_Peterson_Lynn_Schofield-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"sean peterson and lynn schofield\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Sean_Peterson_Lynn_Schofield-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Sean_Peterson_Lynn_Schofield-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Sean_Peterson_Lynn_Schofield-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Sean_Peterson_Lynn_Schofield-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Sean_Peterson_Lynn_Schofield-1200x900.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Sean_Peterson_Lynn_Schofield.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sean Peterson and Lynn Schofield with a Cooper’s hawk that they trapped while volunteering with the Golden Gate Raptor Observatory. \u003ccite>(Sean Peterson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The excitement of all the Cal Falcons fans experiencing every moment together was truly rewarding,” said Sean Peterson, a Ph.D. student at UC and volunteer with the raptor observatory. “We had an employee from a vulnerable women’s/children’s shelter telling us that they had the stream playing at the shelter and multiple elementary school classrooms writing in with their name suggestions. It was so much fun to see how engaged the community was.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The researchers also are documenting other types of data, such as cataloging prey remains found on the nest ledge and seen via camera, which provides researchers with an idea of their hunting range. And the cameras allow them to observe and record the falcons’ behavior. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This entire nesting season has been so much fun,” said Peterson. “There was this constant sense of discovery this year because we’d never been able to see anything at the nest before. Being able to watch the chicks practice flying on the balcony and how attentive the parents were was really amazing. As a biologist, I was riveted all spring.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While known for being the world’s fastest bird — peregrines have been clocked at diving more than 200 mph — these majestic birds were at risk for going extinct 50 years ago. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Widespread use of pesticides such as \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">DDT\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> decimated native populations of peregrine falcons. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">By 1970, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California’s peregrine population had dwindled to only two known nesting pairs statewide. The federal government banned DDT in 1972. And successful restoration efforts spearheaded by organizations like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.peregrinefund.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Peregrine Fund\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> helped revive their numbers. By 1999, they were removed from the federal \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/endangered/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Endangered Species List\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Recent surveys estimate that there are now 300 to 350 nesting pairs in California and more than 2,400 pairs nationwide.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944038\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons_3-800x450.png\" alt=\"peregrine falcons\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons_3-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons_3-160x90.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons_3-768x432.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons_3-1020x574.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons_3-1200x675.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Cade_Carson_Peregrine_Falcons_3.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cade and Carson playfully engaging with each other as siblings do. \u003ccite>(Cal Falcons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think one of the most important things that Cal Falcons has done is bring a sense of the wild back to everyday life,” said Peterson. “It’s very easy to get lost in our own human world and forget that we’re still a part of a complex web of nature all around us, even in the largest cities. I think these falcons really helped people take notice of the wildlife living in their own backyards. Every single person I’ve talked to about the falcons has been incredibly excited about them. It has been a tremendous gift to play a part in sharing that excitement with everyone.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fear of Human Voices Can Shape an Ecosystem",
"headTitle": "Fear of Human Voices Can Shape an Ecosystem | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In the mountains near Santa Cruz, there’s an area where nature’s rules don’t seem to apply. Everything \u003cem>looks\u003c/em> normal — there’s a stream, oak trees, redwoods, bobcats, skunks and the occasional opossum. Pacific tree frogs croak all day and into the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only those who listen carefully would notice that something in this remote spot sounds unusual. Human voices have joined the mix — and they’re reading, sometimes a short story written by Paul Bowles, at other times, poetry by Gwendolyn Brooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These voices, and only these, have dramatically affected the way life moves through the area. Mountain lions avoid their old paths, and bobcats emerge almost exclusively at night. Rodents, meanwhile, have gotten bolder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creatures are responding to virtual voices — recordings that UC Santa Cruz researchers are playing through loudspeakers they’ve placed in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have used these sounds to \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucsc.edu/2019/07/landscape-of-fear.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, for the first time, how entire ecosystems react to the fear of humans in their midst. These studies begin to quantify a painful truth: that humans alter any landscape in which we live, often in ways we can’t anticipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phantom Voices\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Santa Cruz wildlife ecologist Justin Suraci says it’s hard for humans to fully understand how fear plays out in wild animals. Humans can’t really say that an animal feels fearful emotions, so Suraci and other researchers chose to monitor fear by observing how animal behavior changes when predators may be near.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1020x816.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1200x960.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1920x1536.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In response to human voices, bobcats emerged almost exclusively at night. \u003ccite>(Barry Rowan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci and his research adviser, Chris Wilmers, wanted to find out whether just the fear of humans — without a road or other physical markers nearby — would be enough to change animals’ behavior. To test their hypothesis, they chose the easiest sense to control: sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers staked out two separate square kilometers in the Santa Cruz Mountains. For five weeks, the team broadcast recordings of their voices, meant to mimic what animals might hear in a wildlife-urban interface, from 25 speakers in each region. The voices spoke infrequently, but creatures could hear them occasionally from any point in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By simultaneously studying the behavior of mountain lions, smaller carnivores such as bobcats, and prey such as deer mice, the team was able to isolate the effects of fear rippling through an ecosystem. Each species responded a little differently. Mountain lions avoided the area and moved more cautiously when they heard the voices, and bobcats started hunting mostly at night. Skunks moved around less than before; opossums took, on average, almost two days longer than usual to find food. Deer mice, by contrast, reveled in the absence of the large carnivores. They became bolder and foraged for food more thoroughly and in larger areas than they’d covered before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous experiments have suggested the influence of sound on a single species. Songbirds avoided a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/112/39/12105\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phantom road\u003c/a>” in Idaho, where researchers played the sounds of passing cars. Mule deer in Colorado differentiated between predators based on \u003ca href=\"http://sci-hub.tw/10.1111/eth.12219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their calls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these experiments become much more complicated when they consider how fear moves through an entire landscape. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone has sparked a debate about whether the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/z01-094#.XVSB-JNKgWp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fear of wolves\u003c/a> or their actual \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180622104544.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killing behavior\u003c/a> changed elk habits enough to produce a cascade of effects that ultimately changed the shape of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rZzHkpyPkc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946514\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer mice took advantage of their predators’ absence to forage for food more intensely and in a wider range. \u003ccite>(Aria Crabb)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci says it’s a challenge to prove just why these changes happen, because it can be nearly impossible to divorce the fear of a predator from the predator’s actions. “So this has ended up being one of the first large landscape-scale experiments,” he says, “demonstrating this ‘landscape of fear’ — that just the fear of a predator can affect species,” even across an entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ancient Principle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bold critters might not seem extraordinary to people who live in cities, or who’ve watched the popular video of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPXUG8q4jKU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pizza Rat\u003c/a>” brazenly dragging an entire slice of pizza down the stairs of a subway station. But researchers say they’re impressed that Suraci and Wilmers have been able to link rodents’ behavior in a wild habitat to the rest of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Young, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/054400230X/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=054400230X&linkCode=as2&tag=birdlang-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What the Robin Knows\u003c/a>,” leads classes on bird language and animal tracking. He says it hadn’t occurred to him that sound, not a predator’s scent or physical presence, would set off fear in an ecosystem. But, he adds, he’s familiar with the idea that fear trickles down through a food web. Finding a predator by observing the behavior of its prey is an ancient tracking principle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young recalls how he once tried to photograph a mountain lion, but couldn’t find any footprints. What he did find was that deer clustered near a house with a dog, an animal that usually made them uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that the deer were up close to the house on a consistent basis told us that they were using human presence as a safety barrier,” Young remembers. “So then we said, ‘Well, what are the deer afraid of?’” Sure enough, when he and his colleagues set up cameras near where deer were avoiding their favorite foods, within a few days the team had their mountain lion photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Striking a Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young pays particular attention to birds. He believes that observing other species returns humans to an ideal, pre-smartphone state of awareness. Studies have shown that birds use different warning calls for different predators, based even on potential attackers’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.washington.edu/news/2005/06/23/chickadees-alarm-calls-carry-information-about-size-threat-of-predator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">size and speed.\u003c/a> Once you notice that the birds around your house, for example, are “talking” about all the other animals, Young says, “you start to wonder, ‘what are they saying about me?’” [pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation='Jon Young']‘By going too often into these tender places, we love them to death.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once you realize that the chickadees and robins and towhees are gossiping about you, he thinks you might just change how you behave. He asserts that awareness of other species is key to preserving wild spaces like national parks. “Maybe if we’re gentle on the birds, and we learn that in our own backyards,” Young says, that can change the way humans move through the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the knowledge that our voices, even separated from our habitat-stomping, foreign-smelling, weapon-toting bodies, send fear ricocheting through an ecosystem, we can begin to consider how best to visit these wild areas. Suraci says we could even think about designing parks and hiking trails in ways that concentrate human visitation in certain areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By going too often into these tender places,” Young said, “we love them to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People need to figure out how to experience the natural world more gently than we do, agrees Daniel Blumstein, who studies ecotourism at UCLA and led the mule deer experiment. He notes that in 2015, scientists reported that the world’s protected areas receive an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002074&type=printable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">8 billion\u003c/a> human visits a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people going into nature and experiencing nature,” Blumstein says. He maintains that “the more people get outside, the more they protect … and value nature.” And yet studies like Suraci’s and Wilmers’ indicate that our very presence may profoundly affect other species, right down to what they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the mountains near Santa Cruz, there’s an area where nature’s rules don’t seem to apply. Everything \u003cem>looks\u003c/em> normal — there’s a stream, oak trees, redwoods, bobcats, skunks and the occasional opossum. Pacific tree frogs croak all day and into the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only those who listen carefully would notice that something in this remote spot sounds unusual. Human voices have joined the mix — and they’re reading, sometimes a short story written by Paul Bowles, at other times, poetry by Gwendolyn Brooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These voices, and only these, have dramatically affected the way life moves through the area. Mountain lions avoid their old paths, and bobcats emerge almost exclusively at night. Rodents, meanwhile, have gotten bolder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creatures are responding to virtual voices — recordings that UC Santa Cruz researchers are playing through loudspeakers they’ve placed in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have used these sounds to \u003ca href=\"https://news.ucsc.edu/2019/07/landscape-of-fear.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, for the first time, how entire ecosystems react to the fear of humans in their midst. These studies begin to quantify a painful truth: that humans alter any landscape in which we live, often in ways we can’t anticipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Phantom Voices\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Santa Cruz wildlife ecologist Justin Suraci says it’s hard for humans to fully understand how fear plays out in wild animals. Humans can’t really say that an animal feels fearful emotions, so Suraci and other researchers chose to monitor fear by observing how animal behavior changes when predators may be near.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1020x816.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1200x960.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan-1920x1536.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/5_Bobcat_Rowan.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In response to human voices, bobcats emerged almost exclusively at night. \u003ccite>(Barry Rowan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci and his research adviser, Chris Wilmers, wanted to find out whether just the fear of humans — without a road or other physical markers nearby — would be enough to change animals’ behavior. To test their hypothesis, they chose the easiest sense to control: sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers staked out two separate square kilometers in the Santa Cruz Mountains. For five weeks, the team broadcast recordings of their voices, meant to mimic what animals might hear in a wildlife-urban interface, from 25 speakers in each region. The voices spoke infrequently, but creatures could hear them occasionally from any point in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By simultaneously studying the behavior of mountain lions, smaller carnivores such as bobcats, and prey such as deer mice, the team was able to isolate the effects of fear rippling through an ecosystem. Each species responded a little differently. Mountain lions avoided the area and moved more cautiously when they heard the voices, and bobcats started hunting mostly at night. Skunks moved around less than before; opossums took, on average, almost two days longer than usual to find food. Deer mice, by contrast, reveled in the absence of the large carnivores. They became bolder and foraged for food more thoroughly and in larger areas than they’d covered before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous experiments have suggested the influence of sound on a single species. Songbirds avoided a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/112/39/12105\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phantom road\u003c/a>” in Idaho, where researchers played the sounds of passing cars. Mule deer in Colorado differentiated between predators based on \u003ca href=\"http://sci-hub.tw/10.1111/eth.12219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their calls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these experiments become much more complicated when they consider how fear moves through an entire landscape. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone has sparked a debate about whether the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/z01-094#.XVSB-JNKgWp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fear of wolves\u003c/a> or their actual \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180622104544.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killing behavior\u003c/a> changed elk habits enough to produce a cascade of effects that ultimately changed the shape of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rZzHkpyPkc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946514\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/6_DeerMouse_Crabb.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer mice took advantage of their predators’ absence to forage for food more intensely and in a wider range. \u003ccite>(Aria Crabb)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Suraci says it’s a challenge to prove just why these changes happen, because it can be nearly impossible to divorce the fear of a predator from the predator’s actions. “So this has ended up being one of the first large landscape-scale experiments,” he says, “demonstrating this ‘landscape of fear’ — that just the fear of a predator can affect species,” even across an entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ancient Principle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bold critters might not seem extraordinary to people who live in cities, or who’ve watched the popular video of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPXUG8q4jKU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pizza Rat\u003c/a>” brazenly dragging an entire slice of pizza down the stairs of a subway station. But researchers say they’re impressed that Suraci and Wilmers have been able to link rodents’ behavior in a wild habitat to the rest of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Young, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/054400230X/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=054400230X&linkCode=as2&tag=birdlang-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What the Robin Knows\u003c/a>,” leads classes on bird language and animal tracking. He says it hadn’t occurred to him that sound, not a predator’s scent or physical presence, would set off fear in an ecosystem. But, he adds, he’s familiar with the idea that fear trickles down through a food web. Finding a predator by observing the behavior of its prey is an ancient tracking principle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young recalls how he once tried to photograph a mountain lion, but couldn’t find any footprints. What he did find was that deer clustered near a house with a dog, an animal that usually made them uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that the deer were up close to the house on a consistent basis told us that they were using human presence as a safety barrier,” Young remembers. “So then we said, ‘Well, what are the deer afraid of?’” Sure enough, when he and his colleagues set up cameras near where deer were avoiding their favorite foods, within a few days the team had their mountain lion photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Striking a Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young pays particular attention to birds. He believes that observing other species returns humans to an ideal, pre-smartphone state of awareness. Studies have shown that birds use different warning calls for different predators, based even on potential attackers’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.washington.edu/news/2005/06/23/chickadees-alarm-calls-carry-information-about-size-threat-of-predator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">size and speed.\u003c/a> Once you notice that the birds around your house, for example, are “talking” about all the other animals, Young says, “you start to wonder, ‘what are they saying about me?’” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once you realize that the chickadees and robins and towhees are gossiping about you, he thinks you might just change how you behave. He asserts that awareness of other species is key to preserving wild spaces like national parks. “Maybe if we’re gentle on the birds, and we learn that in our own backyards,” Young says, that can change the way humans move through the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the knowledge that our voices, even separated from our habitat-stomping, foreign-smelling, weapon-toting bodies, send fear ricocheting through an ecosystem, we can begin to consider how best to visit these wild areas. Suraci says we could even think about designing parks and hiking trails in ways that concentrate human visitation in certain areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By going too often into these tender places,” Young said, “we love them to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People need to figure out how to experience the natural world more gently than we do, agrees Daniel Blumstein, who studies ecotourism at UCLA and led the mule deer experiment. He notes that in 2015, scientists reported that the world’s protected areas receive an estimated \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002074&type=printable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">8 billion\u003c/a> human visits a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people going into nature and experiencing nature,” Blumstein says. He maintains that “the more people get outside, the more they protect … and value nature.” And yet studies like Suraci’s and Wilmers’ indicate that our very presence may profoundly affect other species, right down to what they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new study focusing on mothers who breathe soot-laden air adds to a growing body of research into how air pollution affects cognitive development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particles of pollution, small enough to breathe deep into lungs, come from coal plants, burning fuel in cars and trucks, and airborne dust. Pregnant women exposed to more of this pollution had children with lower IQs compared to women who breathed cleaner air, according to new analysis \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935119302944?via%3Dihub\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Prenatal nutrition may help buffer against the damaging effects of air pollution.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study focused on a group of Tennessee mothers who researchers began to monitor while they were pregnant. As their children grew, researchers gave the kids IQ an test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very long battery that poor small children have to sit through,” says Kaja LeWinn, one of ten research team members and professor of psychiatry at UCSF. “It’s a long time to have a four-to-five year old sitting still.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children of mothers exposed to the worst soot pollution scored lower on IQ tests by about two-and-a-half points compared to mothers in cleaner neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Fine particulate] pollution is less well-studied as a neurodevelopment toxicant, so I think that makes it particularly interesting to have these results,” says Catherine Karr, a study author and pediatric environmental medicine doctor at the University of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-1020x645.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors gather on a path in Los Angeles’ Griffith Park in July 2019 on a day of high air pollution. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike many cities in California, Memphis tends to meet federal pollution standards for most days of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nutrition vs. Air Pollution?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this work really highlights that low-level exposure might be important and that we need to do more work to know what a safe level is,” says Megan Herting, a neuroscientist at USC who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herting says the work does a good job controlling for other factors that might influence cognitive development, like family economics. “It really narrows down and says there’s something about air quality that seems to be driving this decrease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team also has found something novel: evidence that nutrition buffers the impacts of air pollution. Pregnant women are told to eat foods rich in folate like leafy greens and citrus, or take prenatal vitamins, like folic acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women with the lowest folate levels, for their children the association between our measure of air pollution and IQ was much stronger,” LeWinn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children of mothers who breathed dirtier air and carried less folate in their bodies scored about seven points lower on IQ tests than children in the top cohort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The effect there was about twice as strong as what we saw in the full sample,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeWinn and other authors acknowledge the folate results haven’t been replicated. But they say that their work can help identify groups of mothers more vulnerable to pollution’s ill effects. Though doctors already recommend folate as a preventative measure against birth defects, among the cohort of mothers in Tennessee, researchers saw that not all pregnant women took enough of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as individuals might have ways to better our own outcomes of ourselves and our children,” Herting says. “This suggests that’s going to really help offset some of these other things we might not be able to control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933748/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization\">More than 9 out of 10 children in the world are exposed to unsafe levels of air pollution, according to the World Health Organization, which calls it a ‘silent public health emergency.’\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers in this area stress they don’t yet know the exact way air pollution might affect the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/air-pollution-and-brain\">points out\u003c/a> that air pollution may affect brains directly and indirectly, but also says that associations between air pollution and the brain are “just beginning to emerge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have been amassing evidence connecting air pollution to neurodevelopmental impacts. Last summer, research focused on China \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1809474115\">found\u003c/a> that polluted air is linked to lower intelligence in adults, and worsens with age. A study published in \u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32399-6/fulltext\">found\u003c/a> that people living near busy roads in Ontario, Canada were more likely to be diagnosed with dementia, though whether that’s a consequence of respiratory and cardiac problems remains unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new study focusing on mothers who breathe soot-laden air adds to a growing body of research into how air pollution affects cognitive development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particles of pollution, small enough to breathe deep into lungs, come from coal plants, burning fuel in cars and trucks, and airborne dust. Pregnant women exposed to more of this pollution had children with lower IQs compared to women who breathed cleaner air, according to new analysis \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935119302944?via%3Dihub\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Prenatal nutrition may help buffer against the damaging effects of air pollution.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study focused on a group of Tennessee mothers who researchers began to monitor while they were pregnant. As their children grew, researchers gave the kids IQ an test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very long battery that poor small children have to sit through,” says Kaja LeWinn, one of ten research team members and professor of psychiatry at UCSF. “It’s a long time to have a four-to-five year old sitting still.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children of mothers exposed to the worst soot pollution scored lower on IQ tests by about two-and-a-half points compared to mothers in cleaner neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Fine particulate] pollution is less well-studied as a neurodevelopment toxicant, so I think that makes it particularly interesting to have these results,” says Catherine Karr, a study author and pediatric environmental medicine doctor at the University of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946439\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879-1020x645.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/GettyImages-1160305879.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors gather on a path in Los Angeles’ Griffith Park in July 2019 on a day of high air pollution. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike many cities in California, Memphis tends to meet federal pollution standards for most days of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nutrition vs. Air Pollution?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this work really highlights that low-level exposure might be important and that we need to do more work to know what a safe level is,” says Megan Herting, a neuroscientist at USC who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herting says the work does a good job controlling for other factors that might influence cognitive development, like family economics. “It really narrows down and says there’s something about air quality that seems to be driving this decrease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team also has found something novel: evidence that nutrition buffers the impacts of air pollution. Pregnant women are told to eat foods rich in folate like leafy greens and citrus, or take prenatal vitamins, like folic acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women with the lowest folate levels, for their children the association between our measure of air pollution and IQ was much stronger,” LeWinn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children of mothers who breathed dirtier air and carried less folate in their bodies scored about seven points lower on IQ tests than children in the top cohort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The effect there was about twice as strong as what we saw in the full sample,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeWinn and other authors acknowledge the folate results haven’t been replicated. But they say that their work can help identify groups of mothers more vulnerable to pollution’s ill effects. Though doctors already recommend folate as a preventative measure against birth defects, among the cohort of mothers in Tennessee, researchers saw that not all pregnant women took enough of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as individuals might have ways to better our own outcomes of ourselves and our children,” Herting says. “This suggests that’s going to really help offset some of these other things we might not be able to control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933748/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-world-health-organization\">More than 9 out of 10 children in the world are exposed to unsafe levels of air pollution, according to the World Health Organization, which calls it a ‘silent public health emergency.’\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers in this area stress they don’t yet know the exact way air pollution might affect the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/air-pollution-and-brain\">points out\u003c/a> that air pollution may affect brains directly and indirectly, but also says that associations between air pollution and the brain are “just beginning to emerge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have been amassing evidence connecting air pollution to neurodevelopmental impacts. Last summer, research focused on China \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1809474115\">found\u003c/a> that polluted air is linked to lower intelligence in adults, and worsens with age. A study published in \u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32399-6/fulltext\">found\u003c/a> that people living near busy roads in Ontario, Canada were more likely to be diagnosed with dementia, though whether that’s a consequence of respiratory and cardiac problems remains unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Jumbo Squid Are Missing From Monterey Bay. Will They Ever Return?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Jumbo squid live up to their name. They can grow up to six feet long and can weigh 100 pounds. They’re deep red, muscular, and just plain mean. Mexican fisherman call them \u003cem>diablo rojo\u003c/em> — red devil — because they eat each other and anything they can. When the squid invaded Monterey Bay in 2002, they devoured over 50 kinds of fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After eight years of feasting, the jumbo squid suddenly \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">disappeared\u003c/a>; they haven’t come back to Monterey. With the proper bait and skill, jumbo squid are usually so voraciously hungry that, although they live deep in the ocean, they’re not hard for humans to catch. But when researchers asked fishermen along the coast, from Southern California to Washington State, no one had seen the squid. Now, scientists might finally have an explanation for their mysterious disappearance — and it could affect your local seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Detective\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the life of the jumbo squid is a mystery, then the lead detective on its trail is \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/jumbo-squid-have-left/\">Bill Gilly\u003c/a>. He’s spent 20 years studying the jumbo squid with funding, and another decade before that learning about them while fishing, all while teaching biology at Stanford. “They’re just an amazing species,” he says. “They never cease to amaze me at how adaptable they are, and how resilient they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946173\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly wrestles with a large Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From his laboratory at the Hopkins Marine Station to his \u003ca href=\"https://gillylab.stanford.edu/squids-4-kids\">Squids4Kids\u003c/a> program that supplies frozen squid and dissection tools to schools, Gilly dedicates most of his waking hours to the animal. He once gave a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPmxYOL78KE\">TEDx Talk\u003c/a> on the jumbo squid to a packed audience. This dedication has earned him the respect of ecologists like Bruce Robison, who also studies deep-sea animals at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He uses his considerable intellect,” Robison says, to “interpret behavior of animals that most of us would throw up our hands at.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people throw up their hands over the jumbo squid. From up and down the coast, people send Gilly photos of squid they think might qualify as jumbo. Each year, he says, about eight documentary film crews phone him, hoping to find shoals of the jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Wreak Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, jumbo squid, also known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQKs1-fwTgU\">Humboldt squid\u003c/a>, lived off coastal Chile, Peru and Mexico. Sporadically they migrated farther north. Since the 1930s, people have reported sightings off the coast of California, but no one in Monterey Bay really paid them much attention until 2002, when so many showed up, Gilly says, people freaked out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven hundred miles south, where the squid normally lived in the Gulf of California, they ate three species of fish. Amid the bounty of Monterey Bay, they began eating 50. Salmon fishermen complained that the squid ate all their catch, along with sardines, flatfish, rockfish, and market squid. For the next eight years, the squid migrated to Monterey Bay in the fall and winter, sampled its all-you-can-eat buffet, and returned south in the spring. Starting in 2010, they never came back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly attaches a GPS satellite tag to a Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The year the squid vanished from Monterey Bay, Gilly and his biology students were looking for them in the Gulf of California, where the squid had been part of a robust export trade with Asia. When he’d visited less than a year before, the squid were the same massive predators he’d always seen. But when he returned with his students, all the squid he could find were just ten inches long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The students actually, as part of their projects for that course, realized it was an El Niño year,” he remembers. “That’s where we originally discovered that these squid change their size at maturity in response to El Niño.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only after Timothy Frawley, one of Gilly’s graduate students, visited the Gulf of California and saw the full extent of the fishery there did the team have enough information to begin solving the mystery of what set off that change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fishery Collapses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley first visited Santa Rosalía, a fishing town off the Gulf of California, in 2014. He immediately noticed the sheer scale of the squid fishery there. The bay was jammed with pangas, small fiberglass boats fishermen used to catch jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946170\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 422px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946170 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"422\" height=\"316\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png 422w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2-160x120.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Rosalía fishery in 2016, after its collapse. \u003ccite>(Tim Frawley/Stanford)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frawley recalls that the bay looked so full of pangas, you could almost walk across boats from one end of the bay to the other without touching the water. As the sun set, the pangas would leave the bay for deeper waters and jumbo squid, about three feet long and deep red, would rise from the ocean depths toward the surface of the water. After dusk, fishermen would suspend lightbulbs from their boats to attract the squid, illuminating the area with bobbing lights as their catch thrashed below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Frawley found out that the mass of pangas jamming the bay in 2014 was down to 250 from nearly 1500 in 2008. Today, there are only 30. The jumbo squid have vanished, he says, and the fishery has not recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny Jumbo Squid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success of the fishery had long been tied to \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-frequently-asked-questions\">El Niño\u003c/a>, the warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean that occurs every three to seven years. Usually, cooler conditions known as La Niña follow. After the 1997-1998 El Niño, for instance, the squid \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070723/full/070723-2.html\">disappeared\u003c/a> from the Gulf of California but turned up off the central California, where waters were cooler. They’ve even been sighted among icebergs in Alaska. In the years immediately after that, the squid reappeared in the Gulf of California and disappeared farther north, as Monterey Bay fishermen noticed in the early 2000s. The 2009-2010 El Niño seems to have sent them away from the Gulf for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley and Gilly began collecting oceanographic data and reports from fisheries, as well as squid length measurements from studies published between 1996 and 2007. Through 2017, the two researchers began catching squid and taking measurements from over 1000 squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190718085314.htm\">recorded\u003c/a> some striking trends. As Gilly’s students had suspected in 2010, Frawley’s data showed that the squid changed their life cycles based on the cyclical water temperatures El Niño had triggered. The squid were getting much smaller. The average squid’s mantle — everything behind its head — now measures about eight inches compared with 31 inches decades ago. Squid weight scales exponentially with length, so fishermen would have to catch 100 tiny jumbo squid to yield the same mass as one full-sized jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946267\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946267 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1200x836.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly holds a large and small Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These incredible shrinking squid live further offshore. That makes fishing them less practical than when the full size squid inhabited the coastal environment near fishing boats. Catching one tiny squid can take twice as long as it would to catch a large one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of all that, Frawley says, the Santa Rosalía fishery didn’t stand a chance. He realizes now that what he saw on the bustling bay five years ago had been “the last gasp, the last hurrah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In hindsight, he adds, “that wasn’t really evident to me until I looked at all the data and was able to put my personal observation into this bigger context.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sentinels of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Squid adapt quickly to climate conditions. They also have relatively short life cycles — just one or two years — so changes in the ocean affect squid sooner than, for example, tuna that live 10 years or more. Frawley says these factors make the jumbo squid a species to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946150\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946150\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"266\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-160x241.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-768x1155.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-798x1200.jpg 798w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529.jpg 851w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tentacles of the Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and other scientists hesitate to link the disappearance of the jumbo squid directly to climate change. Frawley says the dramatic shift in average size may also have to do with a natural multi-decade warming cycle. No matter the cause, the mystery of the shrinking, disappearing and relocating squid suggests an unpredictable future. Bruce Robison, who also studies squid, says the study means humans should prepare for profound, unexpected changes in other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re finding is that communities of organisms… that have lived together and interacted for thousands of years, are being fragmented,” Robison says. As some species leave their traditional ecological niches, he adds, others may take their place, with consequences that we simply can’t predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and Gilly say it’s possible that jumbo squid may return to Monterey Bay. If the conditions in the Gulf of California improve, and the jumbo squid return to fisheries there, Gilly suggests the squid may migrate to Monterey Bay, where food is plentiful, and return to the Gulf to spawn. Or, he says, the squid might stay small until the ocean’s temperature heats up a few degrees. That would make Southern California an ideal spawning destination, Gilly says. From there, they could easily swim the 300 miles north to Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be astounding to me if they didn’t rediscover that,” Gilly says. “And I would guess that if they were really spawning in Southern California, they would even be more abundant and more problematic” — because they eat so much — “than they were before 2010.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he eagerly awaits your squid photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Jumbo Squid Are Missing From Monterey Bay. Will They Ever Return? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Jumbo squid live up to their name. They can grow up to six feet long and can weigh 100 pounds. They’re deep red, muscular, and just plain mean. Mexican fisherman call them \u003cem>diablo rojo\u003c/em> — red devil — because they eat each other and anything they can. When the squid invaded Monterey Bay in 2002, they devoured over 50 kinds of fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After eight years of feasting, the jumbo squid suddenly \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">disappeared\u003c/a>; they haven’t come back to Monterey. With the proper bait and skill, jumbo squid are usually so voraciously hungry that, although they live deep in the ocean, they’re not hard for humans to catch. But when researchers asked fishermen along the coast, from Southern California to Washington State, no one had seen the squid. Now, scientists might finally have an explanation for their mysterious disappearance — and it could affect your local seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Detective\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the life of the jumbo squid is a mystery, then the lead detective on its trail is \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/jumbo-squid-have-left/\">Bill Gilly\u003c/a>. He’s spent 20 years studying the jumbo squid with funding, and another decade before that learning about them while fishing, all while teaching biology at Stanford. “They’re just an amazing species,” he says. “They never cease to amaze me at how adaptable they are, and how resilient they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946173\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly wrestles with a large Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From his laboratory at the Hopkins Marine Station to his \u003ca href=\"https://gillylab.stanford.edu/squids-4-kids\">Squids4Kids\u003c/a> program that supplies frozen squid and dissection tools to schools, Gilly dedicates most of his waking hours to the animal. He once gave a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPmxYOL78KE\">TEDx Talk\u003c/a> on the jumbo squid to a packed audience. This dedication has earned him the respect of ecologists like Bruce Robison, who also studies deep-sea animals at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He uses his considerable intellect,” Robison says, to “interpret behavior of animals that most of us would throw up our hands at.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people throw up their hands over the jumbo squid. From up and down the coast, people send Gilly photos of squid they think might qualify as jumbo. Each year, he says, about eight documentary film crews phone him, hoping to find shoals of the jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Wreak Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, jumbo squid, also known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQKs1-fwTgU\">Humboldt squid\u003c/a>, lived off coastal Chile, Peru and Mexico. Sporadically they migrated farther north. Since the 1930s, people have reported sightings off the coast of California, but no one in Monterey Bay really paid them much attention until 2002, when so many showed up, Gilly says, people freaked out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven hundred miles south, where the squid normally lived in the Gulf of California, they ate three species of fish. Amid the bounty of Monterey Bay, they began eating 50. Salmon fishermen complained that the squid ate all their catch, along with sardines, flatfish, rockfish, and market squid. For the next eight years, the squid migrated to Monterey Bay in the fall and winter, sampled its all-you-can-eat buffet, and returned south in the spring. Starting in 2010, they never came back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly attaches a GPS satellite tag to a Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The year the squid vanished from Monterey Bay, Gilly and his biology students were looking for them in the Gulf of California, where the squid had been part of a robust export trade with Asia. When he’d visited less than a year before, the squid were the same massive predators he’d always seen. But when he returned with his students, all the squid he could find were just ten inches long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The students actually, as part of their projects for that course, realized it was an El Niño year,” he remembers. “That’s where we originally discovered that these squid change their size at maturity in response to El Niño.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only after Timothy Frawley, one of Gilly’s graduate students, visited the Gulf of California and saw the full extent of the fishery there did the team have enough information to begin solving the mystery of what set off that change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fishery Collapses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley first visited Santa Rosalía, a fishing town off the Gulf of California, in 2014. He immediately noticed the sheer scale of the squid fishery there. The bay was jammed with pangas, small fiberglass boats fishermen used to catch jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946170\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 422px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946170 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"422\" height=\"316\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png 422w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2-160x120.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Rosalía fishery in 2016, after its collapse. \u003ccite>(Tim Frawley/Stanford)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frawley recalls that the bay looked so full of pangas, you could almost walk across boats from one end of the bay to the other without touching the water. As the sun set, the pangas would leave the bay for deeper waters and jumbo squid, about three feet long and deep red, would rise from the ocean depths toward the surface of the water. After dusk, fishermen would suspend lightbulbs from their boats to attract the squid, illuminating the area with bobbing lights as their catch thrashed below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Frawley found out that the mass of pangas jamming the bay in 2014 was down to 250 from nearly 1500 in 2008. Today, there are only 30. The jumbo squid have vanished, he says, and the fishery has not recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny Jumbo Squid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success of the fishery had long been tied to \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-frequently-asked-questions\">El Niño\u003c/a>, the warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean that occurs every three to seven years. Usually, cooler conditions known as La Niña follow. After the 1997-1998 El Niño, for instance, the squid \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070723/full/070723-2.html\">disappeared\u003c/a> from the Gulf of California but turned up off the central California, where waters were cooler. They’ve even been sighted among icebergs in Alaska. In the years immediately after that, the squid reappeared in the Gulf of California and disappeared farther north, as Monterey Bay fishermen noticed in the early 2000s. The 2009-2010 El Niño seems to have sent them away from the Gulf for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley and Gilly began collecting oceanographic data and reports from fisheries, as well as squid length measurements from studies published between 1996 and 2007. Through 2017, the two researchers began catching squid and taking measurements from over 1000 squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190718085314.htm\">recorded\u003c/a> some striking trends. As Gilly’s students had suspected in 2010, Frawley’s data showed that the squid changed their life cycles based on the cyclical water temperatures El Niño had triggered. The squid were getting much smaller. The average squid’s mantle — everything behind its head — now measures about eight inches compared with 31 inches decades ago. Squid weight scales exponentially with length, so fishermen would have to catch 100 tiny jumbo squid to yield the same mass as one full-sized jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946267\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946267 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1200x836.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly holds a large and small Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These incredible shrinking squid live further offshore. That makes fishing them less practical than when the full size squid inhabited the coastal environment near fishing boats. Catching one tiny squid can take twice as long as it would to catch a large one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of all that, Frawley says, the Santa Rosalía fishery didn’t stand a chance. He realizes now that what he saw on the bustling bay five years ago had been “the last gasp, the last hurrah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In hindsight, he adds, “that wasn’t really evident to me until I looked at all the data and was able to put my personal observation into this bigger context.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sentinels of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Squid adapt quickly to climate conditions. They also have relatively short life cycles — just one or two years — so changes in the ocean affect squid sooner than, for example, tuna that live 10 years or more. Frawley says these factors make the jumbo squid a species to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946150\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946150\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"266\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-160x241.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-768x1155.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-798x1200.jpg 798w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529.jpg 851w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tentacles of the Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and other scientists hesitate to link the disappearance of the jumbo squid directly to climate change. Frawley says the dramatic shift in average size may also have to do with a natural multi-decade warming cycle. No matter the cause, the mystery of the shrinking, disappearing and relocating squid suggests an unpredictable future. Bruce Robison, who also studies squid, says the study means humans should prepare for profound, unexpected changes in other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re finding is that communities of organisms… that have lived together and interacted for thousands of years, are being fragmented,” Robison says. As some species leave their traditional ecological niches, he adds, others may take their place, with consequences that we simply can’t predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and Gilly say it’s possible that jumbo squid may return to Monterey Bay. If the conditions in the Gulf of California improve, and the jumbo squid return to fisheries there, Gilly suggests the squid may migrate to Monterey Bay, where food is plentiful, and return to the Gulf to spawn. Or, he says, the squid might stay small until the ocean’s temperature heats up a few degrees. That would make Southern California an ideal spawning destination, Gilly says. From there, they could easily swim the 300 miles north to Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be astounding to me if they didn’t rediscover that,” Gilly says. “And I would guess that if they were really spawning in Southern California, they would even be more abundant and more problematic” — because they eat so much — “than they were before 2010.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he eagerly awaits your squid photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Removing Invasive Shrimp May Clear Lake Tahoe's Waters",
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"content": "\u003cp>Removing a species of tiny shrimp may be the key to returning Lake Tahoe’s waters to the clear cerulean shade extolled in vacation guides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the latest State of the Lake \u003ca href=\"https://ucdavis.app.box.com/s/pldqpvx6a4sbidrtoru6cw55hffyepat/file/500238625979?sb=/details\">report\u003c/a> from UC Davis scientists, the approach could restore Tahoe to what Mark Twain called “the fairest picture the whole world affords.” Halfway through a two-year pilot project, the team is even hopeful that it will preserve the lake’s clarity in a warming climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers announced in May that clarity had improved “dramatically” in 2018 to 70.9 feet, a 10.5-feet increase over 2017, due to “better weather and streamflow conditions.” But the report notes this level “is still far short” of the 97.4-feet clarity-restoration target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beauty Meets Biology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shrimp, \u003cem>Mysis relicta\u003c/em>, haven’t always resided in Lake Tahoe. The invasive species was first introduced by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife in the 1960s in an effort to feed the local trout population, a move that quickly spiraled out of control. In the clear waters of Lake Tahoe, \u003cem>Mysis\u003c/em> flourished and ate most of the lake’s zooplankton, but the average trout size decreased. Billions of shrimp now live in the lake, but it wasn’t until recently that the scientists established the link between \u003cem>Mysis\u003c/em> and the lake’s cloudy waters in summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946067\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946067\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Mysis-Shrimp-Closeup-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Mysis-Shrimp-Closeup-.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Mysis-Shrimp-Closeup--160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Mysis shrimp is an invasive species, released by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife in the 1960s to feed the local trout population. \u003ccite>(UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They first had to think smaller — much smaller. \u003cem>Cyclotella\u003c/em> are drum-shaped single-celled algae, 20 times smaller than the width of a human hair, with opalescent glassy skeletons that scatter light. Due to their small size, \u003cem>Cyclotella\u003c/em> also float in the upper levels of the lake, reducing the sunlight that reaches organisms on the lake floor, clouding and reducing oxygen levels in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tahoe’s native zooplankton eat these diatoms and remove them from the water, excreting them in larger clumps. One year, when the shrimp, which feed on zooplankton, were absent from the lake during a natural fluctuation in population, the zooplankton populations expanded. The water’s clarity increased dramatically, nearly doubling in 18 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists wondered if they could engineer this clarity by removing the shrimp themselves. They tested the approach in Emerald Bay, a cove in the lake, by tracking the shrimp with sonar and removing them with large cone-shaped nets. The result? There’s still a year left in the pilot project, but waters are clearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clarity in a Changing Climate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new strategy might come just in time. According to the report, which surveys the general state of the lake every year, summer clarity has been declining in Lake Tahoe, and will continue to worsen as temperatures and waters warm, mixing and oxygenation decrease, and runoff from streams occurs earlier in the year. (The worst clarity on record occurred just \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925689/record-low-clarity-in-lake-tahoe-blamed-on-unusual-weather-events\">last year\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other parts of the Tahoe Basin are threatened by climate change, too. Last year’s surface water temperature was the second warmest since 1968, when scientists began taking regular measurements. Scientists project that air temperatures in the Tahoe Basin will rise by nine degrees by the end of the century, which would heighten wildfire risk and affect when fish spawn, among other changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But because removing \u003cem>Mysis\u003c/em> allows zooplankton to flourish, and zooplankton help remove \u003cem>Cyclotella\u003c/em> from lakewater, scientists think their approach may not only “restore clarity to levels not seen in decades,” as a Davis press release speculated, but might also be a long-term solution to the health of the lake as an ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although scaling up these efforts for the entire lake would be expensive, Brant Allen, who directed the Emerald Bay study for the Tahoe Environmental Research Center, said that they wouldn’t exceed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/local/cost-for-tahoe-clarity-could-be-2-billion/\">$2 billion\u003c/a> already spent on general restoration efforts in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Tahoe] is known for its water clarity, and it is spectacular,” says Allen. “Preserving that and trying to return it to what it was before we built up the Tahoe Basin seems like a worthy goal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Removing a species of tiny shrimp may be the key to returning Lake Tahoe’s waters to the clear cerulean shade extolled in vacation guides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the latest State of the Lake \u003ca href=\"https://ucdavis.app.box.com/s/pldqpvx6a4sbidrtoru6cw55hffyepat/file/500238625979?sb=/details\">report\u003c/a> from UC Davis scientists, the approach could restore Tahoe to what Mark Twain called “the fairest picture the whole world affords.” Halfway through a two-year pilot project, the team is even hopeful that it will preserve the lake’s clarity in a warming climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers announced in May that clarity had improved “dramatically” in 2018 to 70.9 feet, a 10.5-feet increase over 2017, due to “better weather and streamflow conditions.” But the report notes this level “is still far short” of the 97.4-feet clarity-restoration target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beauty Meets Biology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shrimp, \u003cem>Mysis relicta\u003c/em>, haven’t always resided in Lake Tahoe. The invasive species was first introduced by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife in the 1960s in an effort to feed the local trout population, a move that quickly spiraled out of control. In the clear waters of Lake Tahoe, \u003cem>Mysis\u003c/em> flourished and ate most of the lake’s zooplankton, but the average trout size decreased. Billions of shrimp now live in the lake, but it wasn’t until recently that the scientists established the link between \u003cem>Mysis\u003c/em> and the lake’s cloudy waters in summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946067\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946067\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Mysis-Shrimp-Closeup-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Mysis-Shrimp-Closeup-.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Mysis-Shrimp-Closeup--160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Mysis shrimp is an invasive species, released by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife in the 1960s to feed the local trout population. \u003ccite>(UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They first had to think smaller — much smaller. \u003cem>Cyclotella\u003c/em> are drum-shaped single-celled algae, 20 times smaller than the width of a human hair, with opalescent glassy skeletons that scatter light. Due to their small size, \u003cem>Cyclotella\u003c/em> also float in the upper levels of the lake, reducing the sunlight that reaches organisms on the lake floor, clouding and reducing oxygen levels in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tahoe’s native zooplankton eat these diatoms and remove them from the water, excreting them in larger clumps. One year, when the shrimp, which feed on zooplankton, were absent from the lake during a natural fluctuation in population, the zooplankton populations expanded. The water’s clarity increased dramatically, nearly doubling in 18 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists wondered if they could engineer this clarity by removing the shrimp themselves. They tested the approach in Emerald Bay, a cove in the lake, by tracking the shrimp with sonar and removing them with large cone-shaped nets. The result? There’s still a year left in the pilot project, but waters are clearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clarity in a Changing Climate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new strategy might come just in time. According to the report, which surveys the general state of the lake every year, summer clarity has been declining in Lake Tahoe, and will continue to worsen as temperatures and waters warm, mixing and oxygenation decrease, and runoff from streams occurs earlier in the year. (The worst clarity on record occurred just \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925689/record-low-clarity-in-lake-tahoe-blamed-on-unusual-weather-events\">last year\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other parts of the Tahoe Basin are threatened by climate change, too. Last year’s surface water temperature was the second warmest since 1968, when scientists began taking regular measurements. Scientists project that air temperatures in the Tahoe Basin will rise by nine degrees by the end of the century, which would heighten wildfire risk and affect when fish spawn, among other changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But because removing \u003cem>Mysis\u003c/em> allows zooplankton to flourish, and zooplankton help remove \u003cem>Cyclotella\u003c/em> from lakewater, scientists think their approach may not only “restore clarity to levels not seen in decades,” as a Davis press release speculated, but might also be a long-term solution to the health of the lake as an ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although scaling up these efforts for the entire lake would be expensive, Brant Allen, who directed the Emerald Bay study for the Tahoe Environmental Research Center, said that they wouldn’t exceed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/local/cost-for-tahoe-clarity-could-be-2-billion/\">$2 billion\u003c/a> already spent on general restoration efforts in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Tahoe] is known for its water clarity, and it is spectacular,” says Allen. “Preserving that and trying to return it to what it was before we built up the Tahoe Basin seems like a worthy goal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Look Inside a Rattlesnake's Rattle",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]It’s summertime. The season for hiking and adventures outdoors. You might see a rattlesnake out on the trail. Don’t freak out. Most of what we think we know about rattlesnakes is off base. Here are a few of the most common misconceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Rattlesnakes are aggressive animals that are looking for trouble.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s no surprise that people and snakes end up having more interactions as the temperatures rise during the summer. The warm weather that brings out hikers also brings out coldblooded rattlesnakes eager to sun themselves. But even though they crave the sun, rattlesnakes do their best to avoid the spotlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes are ambush predators, relying on staying hidden to get close to their prey. Their patterns and coloration help them blend into their surroundings. They don’t sport the bright colors that some venomous snakes use as a warning to predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means that many people don’t realize they’re approaching a hidden rattlesnake until it’s too late. They’d rather avoid a fight if possible. Fortunately, rattlesnakes have an unmistakable warning, a loud buzz made to startle any aggressor and hopefully avoid having to bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you hear the rattlesnake’s distinctive rattle, here’s what to do: First, stop moving! You want to figure out which direction the sound is coming from. Once you do, slowly back away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DO NOT APPROACH OR TRY TO TOUCH A RATTLESNAKE!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you do get bitten, immobilize the area and avoid overly exerting yourself. Immediately seek medical attention. You may need to be treated with antivenom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DO NOT try to suck the venom out using your mouth or a suction device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DO NOT try to capture the snake and stay clear of dead rattlesnakes, especially the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_step.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945695\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_step.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rattlesnakes may strike even without rattling first. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Rattlesnake rattles work like a maraca with little bits shaking around inside.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rattlesnake’s rattle is actually made up of loosely interlocking segments made of keratin, the same strong fibrous protein in your fingernails. Each segment is held in place by the one in front and behind it, but the individual segments can move a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945700\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1945700\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross section of a rattlesnake rattle with a single segment highlighted to show how it interlocks with its neighboring segments. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The snake uses special high-performance muscles to shake its tail, sending undulating waves down the length of the rattle. The segments are loose, so they click against each other. It happens so fast that all you hear is a buzz and all you see is a blur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://userweb.ucs.louisiana.edu/~brm2286/research.htm\">Brad Moon\u003c/a>, a biologist at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, studies those shaker muscles. Using high-speed cameras, Moon recorded rattlesnakes shaking their tails 50 to 100 times every second. Since they’re coldblooded, rattlesnakes shake their rattles faster at higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These rattling muscles, they’re just super-athletic,” Moon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the fastest sustained muscular contractions in the natural world — right up there with a hummingbird’s beating wings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus those specialized muscles allow the rattle to shake for up to two hours without stopping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945702\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_shake.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945702\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_shake.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The segments that make up a rattlesnake’s rattle click against each other, seen here using high-speed video. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. It’s better to be bitten by a juvenile rattlesnake than a full-grown adult.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be true that juvenile rattlesnakes can be more likely to strike and less able to control how much venom they release in a single bite. Their venom also can be, drop for drop, more dangerous because of the different prey that juvenile snakes eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s still more dangerous to receive a bite from an adult rattlesnake. Adults possess much more venom, making the bites more dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnake venom is a cocktail of different toxins, including chemicals that disrupt nerve signals and digestive enzymes that liquefy flesh. Antivenom is able to counteract those toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945704\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_tongue_label.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945704\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_tongue_label.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snakes flick their tongues to sample chemicals from their surroundings. When a rattlesnake retracts its tongue, it brings those samples to a special organ in the top of its mouth called the vomeronasal organ, or Jacobson’s organ. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. You can tell how old a rattlesnake is by the number of segments on its rattle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes get a new segment each time they shed their skin. Unlike the rest of the skin, the section that covers the very end of the rattle doesn’t fall off. Because of its grooved shape, it doesn’t release from the new segment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1945707\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Individual segments from a rattlesnake’s rattle, separated to show the grooved shape, which allows them to interlock loosely. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You can tell a lot about a rattlesnake’s life from looking at its rattle,” said \u003ca href=\"https://perl.calpoly.edu/research\">Emily Taylor\u003c/a>, a biologist at California Polytechnic State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How often a rattlesnake sheds, she explained, depends more on how much it’s had to eat, rather than how old it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, rattlesnakes often shed about twice a year when they’re young. But that can rise to three or four times if there is plenty of prey available. That number typically slows down to once or twice a year when they reach adulthood\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, you can’t tell its age,” Taylor said, “because you don’t know how many times it shed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, rattles often break off in the wild, sometimes after attacks by other predators or other times when they are damaged by a life of slithering over harsh, often rocky terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattles that have been broken in the past often appear thick at the end, while rattles that have gone undamaged will taper to a point. It’s more common to see long tapered rattles in captive rattlesnakes than in wild ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945709\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1945709\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rattlesnake rattles that taper to a point usually mean that the rattle has never lost a segment due to damage. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Rattlesnakes are solitary killers.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people think of rattlesnakes as hunters out on their own with only a single impulse in life — to kill. But rattlesnakes can be very social with each other, and can actually be caring parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So they all hang out by themselves,” Taylor said. “But they’ll get together during mating season. We noticed that female rattlesnakes tend to hang out with one another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor has observed males and females spending time together in the time leading up to the mating season, which she thinks may be related to mate guarding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more surprising is that female rattlesnakes tend to hang out together when they are pregnant, and potentially give birth together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes don’t lay eggs. Instead they give birth to live young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes we call them danger noodles, affectionately,” Taylor said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mother rattlesnakes look after their young for a period after their birth until their first shed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor has even seen several mother rattlesnakes share a den together with their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rattlesnakes are good mothers,” she said. “They stay with their babies, and they protect them, and they care for them, and they defend them.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A rattlesnake's rattle isn't like a maraca, with little bits shaking around inside. So how exactly does it make that sound?",
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"title": "Look Inside a Rattlesnake's Rattle | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>It’s summertime. The season for hiking and adventures outdoors. You might see a rattlesnake out on the trail. Don’t freak out. Most of what we think we know about rattlesnakes is off base. Here are a few of the most common misconceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Rattlesnakes are aggressive animals that are looking for trouble.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s no surprise that people and snakes end up having more interactions as the temperatures rise during the summer. The warm weather that brings out hikers also brings out coldblooded rattlesnakes eager to sun themselves. But even though they crave the sun, rattlesnakes do their best to avoid the spotlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes are ambush predators, relying on staying hidden to get close to their prey. Their patterns and coloration help them blend into their surroundings. They don’t sport the bright colors that some venomous snakes use as a warning to predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means that many people don’t realize they’re approaching a hidden rattlesnake until it’s too late. They’d rather avoid a fight if possible. Fortunately, rattlesnakes have an unmistakable warning, a loud buzz made to startle any aggressor and hopefully avoid having to bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you hear the rattlesnake’s distinctive rattle, here’s what to do: First, stop moving! You want to figure out which direction the sound is coming from. Once you do, slowly back away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DO NOT APPROACH OR TRY TO TOUCH A RATTLESNAKE!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you do get bitten, immobilize the area and avoid overly exerting yourself. Immediately seek medical attention. You may need to be treated with antivenom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DO NOT try to suck the venom out using your mouth or a suction device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DO NOT try to capture the snake and stay clear of dead rattlesnakes, especially the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_step.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945695\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_step.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rattlesnakes may strike even without rattling first. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Rattlesnake rattles work like a maraca with little bits shaking around inside.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rattlesnake’s rattle is actually made up of loosely interlocking segments made of keratin, the same strong fibrous protein in your fingernails. Each segment is held in place by the one in front and behind it, but the individual segments can move a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945700\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1945700\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross section of a rattlesnake rattle with a single segment highlighted to show how it interlocks with its neighboring segments. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The snake uses special high-performance muscles to shake its tail, sending undulating waves down the length of the rattle. The segments are loose, so they click against each other. It happens so fast that all you hear is a buzz and all you see is a blur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://userweb.ucs.louisiana.edu/~brm2286/research.htm\">Brad Moon\u003c/a>, a biologist at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, studies those shaker muscles. Using high-speed cameras, Moon recorded rattlesnakes shaking their tails 50 to 100 times every second. Since they’re coldblooded, rattlesnakes shake their rattles faster at higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These rattling muscles, they’re just super-athletic,” Moon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the fastest sustained muscular contractions in the natural world — right up there with a hummingbird’s beating wings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus those specialized muscles allow the rattle to shake for up to two hours without stopping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945702\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_shake.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945702\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_shake.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The segments that make up a rattlesnake’s rattle click against each other, seen here using high-speed video. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. It’s better to be bitten by a juvenile rattlesnake than a full-grown adult.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be true that juvenile rattlesnakes can be more likely to strike and less able to control how much venom they release in a single bite. Their venom also can be, drop for drop, more dangerous because of the different prey that juvenile snakes eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s still more dangerous to receive a bite from an adult rattlesnake. Adults possess much more venom, making the bites more dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnake venom is a cocktail of different toxins, including chemicals that disrupt nerve signals and digestive enzymes that liquefy flesh. Antivenom is able to counteract those toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945704\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_tongue_label.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945704\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_tongue_label.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snakes flick their tongues to sample chemicals from their surroundings. When a rattlesnake retracts its tongue, it brings those samples to a special organ in the top of its mouth called the vomeronasal organ, or Jacobson’s organ. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. You can tell how old a rattlesnake is by the number of segments on its rattle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes get a new segment each time they shed their skin. Unlike the rest of the skin, the section that covers the very end of the rattle doesn’t fall off. Because of its grooved shape, it doesn’t release from the new segment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1945707\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Individual segments from a rattlesnake’s rattle, separated to show the grooved shape, which allows them to interlock loosely. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You can tell a lot about a rattlesnake’s life from looking at its rattle,” said \u003ca href=\"https://perl.calpoly.edu/research\">Emily Taylor\u003c/a>, a biologist at California Polytechnic State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How often a rattlesnake sheds, she explained, depends more on how much it’s had to eat, rather than how old it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, rattlesnakes often shed about twice a year when they’re young. But that can rise to three or four times if there is plenty of prey available. That number typically slows down to once or twice a year when they reach adulthood\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, you can’t tell its age,” Taylor said, “because you don’t know how many times it shed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, rattles often break off in the wild, sometimes after attacks by other predators or other times when they are damaged by a life of slithering over harsh, often rocky terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattles that have been broken in the past often appear thick at the end, while rattles that have gone undamaged will taper to a point. It’s more common to see long tapered rattles in captive rattlesnakes than in wild ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945709\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1945709\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rattlesnake rattles that taper to a point usually mean that the rattle has never lost a segment due to damage. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Rattlesnakes are solitary killers.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people think of rattlesnakes as hunters out on their own with only a single impulse in life — to kill. But rattlesnakes can be very social with each other, and can actually be caring parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So they all hang out by themselves,” Taylor said. “But they’ll get together during mating season. We noticed that female rattlesnakes tend to hang out with one another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor has observed males and females spending time together in the time leading up to the mating season, which she thinks may be related to mate guarding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more surprising is that female rattlesnakes tend to hang out together when they are pregnant, and potentially give birth together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes don’t lay eggs. Instead they give birth to live young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes we call them danger noodles, affectionately,” Taylor said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mother rattlesnakes look after their young for a period after their birth until their first shed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor has even seen several mother rattlesnakes share a den together with their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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