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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To try to get rid of them, I don’t think it’s possible,” he says. Instead, James and his colleagues want to try a different approach: making mosquitoes themselves into malaria-fighting warriors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how it works, it helps to understand \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html\">the life cycle of malaria\u003c/a>. The malaria pathogen is a parasite that grows inside humans. It’s transmitted via mosquitoes that flit from person to person, sucking blood (the parasites also reproduce inside the guts of skeeters).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can make the mosquitoes inhospitable to the pathogens, you know, we can eliminate the threat of getting the disease,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But making mosquitoes uninviting to malaria is a tough job. The malaria parasite doesn’t make mosquitoes sick, so mosquito immune systems don’t fight it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get around the problem, the team used a gene-editing technique called CRISPR. They started with genes from mice, whose immune systems do fight human malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we did then was engineer those [genes], and give them to the mosquitos,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results were \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2221118120\">published this month\u003c/a> in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Sure enough, the gene-edited mosquitos produced malaria-fighting antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those antibodies “worked very well,” says James. “They reduce the number of parasites in the mosquito, most importantly in the salivary gland, which is where they would be before they were transmitted to a human host.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technique also allows the researchers to make the genes spread quickly. That means, rather than having to release swarms of gene-edited mosquitos, they could put out a smaller number. The engineered mosquitoes mate, pass on their genetic code, and that code rapidly fans out across the wild population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But genetically altering wild animals does not sit well with environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no need to engineer a mosquito,” says Dana Perls, senior program manager for the emerging technology program at the non-profit Friends of the Earth. Perls points out that naturally occurring methods for reducing malaria appear to be showing promise, as does a new vaccine against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why take unnecessary risks and release a manipulated species that can’t be recalled once it’s released into the wild?” she asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthony James believes the risks would be very low. The mosquitoes are already part of the ecosystem, and the gene alterations wouldn’t affect much other than their response to malaria, he says. Moreover, it’s better than sprays and treatments that control mosquitoes temporarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is potentially a much more sustainable technology,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lab is now working on planning a field trial, which he hopes could be conducted on an island or in another isolated location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Mosquitoes+spread+malaria.+These+researchers+want+them+to+fight+it+instead&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Trash from humans is constantly spilling into the ocean — so much so that there are five gigantic garbage patches in the seas. They hang out at the nexus of the world’s ocean currents, changing shape with the waves. The largest is the North Pacific Garbage Patch, known colloquially as the \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/garbagepatch.html\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas were long thought to have been uninhabited, the plastics and fishing gear too harmful to marine life. But researchers have recently uncovered a whole ecosystem of life in this largest collection of trash. “This research has shown me that there is more life than we expected there … a whole ecosystem that are in the middle of the patch,” says marine biologist Fiona Chong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n\u003cp lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">OMG it literally took someone SWIMMING FROM HAWAII TO CALIFORNIA to discover this, but wow did we find something shocking in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch... [a thread 🧵]…\u003cbr>New study: \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/kcbKyYJbXv\">https://t.co/kcbKyYJbXv\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1hVL0YFbDp\">pic.twitter.com/1hVL0YFbDp\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Open Ocean Exploration (@RebeccaRHelm) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RebeccaRHelm/status/1654536756493156357?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">May 5, 2023\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Fiona is part of a team of researchers that \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001646#\">published a paper in \u003cem>PLOS Biology\u003c/em>\u003c/a> documenting the inhabitants of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch earlier this year. Their most common inhabitants include: \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02sab/logs/aug15/media/porpida_post.html\">\u003cem>Porpita\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (also called “blue button”), a small disc-like animal with “tentacles” radiating outward, closely related to jellyfish; \u003ca href=\"https://sio-legacy.ucsd.edu/zooplanktonguide/species/velella-velella\">\u003cem>Velella \u003c/em>\u003c/a>(also called the “by-the-wind-sailor”), which looks like a flat disc with a kind of “sail” running across the top; and \u003ca href=\"http://sio-legacy.ucsd.edu/zooplanktonguide/species/janthina-janthina\">\u003cem>Janthina\u003c/em>\u003c/a> a violet sea snail that traps bubbles to stay afloat. These and other organisms that float freely atop the water are called \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001046\">neuston\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuston form an \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/science/ecosystem\">ecosystem\u003c/a> and food web amongst themselves. \u003cem>Janthina\u003c/em> are known to eat both \u003cem>Velella \u003c/em>and \u003cem>Porpita. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140022\">\u003cem>Glaucus atlanticus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, \u003c/em>another neuston observed in very small quantities in the patch, is another predator. Known as the “blue sea dragon,” it prefers to snack on the Portuguese man o’war but has been known to chomp on both \u003cem>Porpita \u003c/em>and \u003cem>Velella\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These marine animals are also are part of a larger ecosystem. Fiona notes that \u003cem>Porpita\u003c/em> are known to sometimes form symbiotic partnerships with small, juvenile fish that are stressed when removed from their individual \u003cem>Porpita\u003c/em>. Plus, animals like the ocean sunfish, seabirds and sea turtles are known to munch on neuston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shame that us humans have such large impacts in the ocean that, you know, our footprint is so far out,” she laments. “Plastic being in the patch could be harmful for other marine organisms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Fiona, the realization that animals call the Great Pacific Garbage Patch home has made her reconsider efforts aim at indiscriminately cleaning up the trash. She also hopes that the findings will make people and the fishing industry more aware of their footprint and lead to better waste management systems. That’s because for her, one of the most ideal solutions to the ocean debris problem is curbing plastic use. If less is used in the first place, less will eventually make its way to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is probably quite difficult, but we should try it,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read Fiona and her collaborators’ paper, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001646#\">\u003cem>High concentrations of floating neustonic life in the plastic-rich North Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to Short Wave on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/show/2rTT1klKUoQNuaW2Ah19Pa?si=71edcf9163d848f7&nd=1\">\u003cem>Spotify\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1MS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA?utm_campaign=Digital+to+Shortwave&utm_medium=bitly&utm_source=NPRorg+Story+Page\">\u003cem>Apple Podcasts\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/short-wave/id1482575855\">\u003cem>Google Podcasts\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This episode was produced by Carly Rubin and Berly McCoy. It was edited by Rebecca Ramirez. The audio engineer was Maggie Luthar.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Meet+the+floating+animals+that+call+the+Great+Pacific+Garbage+Patch+home&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Trash from humans is constantly spilling into the ocean — so much so that there are five gigantic garbage patches in the seas. They hang out at the nexus of the world’s ocean currents, changing shape with the waves. The largest is the North Pacific Garbage Patch, known colloquially as the \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/garbagepatch.html\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas were long thought to have been uninhabited, the plastics and fishing gear too harmful to marine life. But researchers have recently uncovered a whole ecosystem of life in this largest collection of trash. “This research has shown me that there is more life than we expected there … a whole ecosystem that are in the middle of the patch,” says marine biologist Fiona Chong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n\u003cp lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">OMG it literally took someone SWIMMING FROM HAWAII TO CALIFORNIA to discover this, but wow did we find something shocking in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch... [a thread 🧵]…\u003cbr>New study: \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/kcbKyYJbXv\">https://t.co/kcbKyYJbXv\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/1hVL0YFbDp\">pic.twitter.com/1hVL0YFbDp\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Open Ocean Exploration (@RebeccaRHelm) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RebeccaRHelm/status/1654536756493156357?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">May 5, 2023\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Fiona is part of a team of researchers that \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001646#\">published a paper in \u003cem>PLOS Biology\u003c/em>\u003c/a> documenting the inhabitants of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch earlier this year. Their most common inhabitants include: \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02sab/logs/aug15/media/porpida_post.html\">\u003cem>Porpita\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (also called “blue button”), a small disc-like animal with “tentacles” radiating outward, closely related to jellyfish; \u003ca href=\"https://sio-legacy.ucsd.edu/zooplanktonguide/species/velella-velella\">\u003cem>Velella \u003c/em>\u003c/a>(also called the “by-the-wind-sailor”), which looks like a flat disc with a kind of “sail” running across the top; and \u003ca href=\"http://sio-legacy.ucsd.edu/zooplanktonguide/species/janthina-janthina\">\u003cem>Janthina\u003c/em>\u003c/a> a violet sea snail that traps bubbles to stay afloat. These and other organisms that float freely atop the water are called \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001046\">neuston\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuston form an \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/science/ecosystem\">ecosystem\u003c/a> and food web amongst themselves. \u003cem>Janthina\u003c/em> are known to eat both \u003cem>Velella \u003c/em>and \u003cem>Porpita. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140022\">\u003cem>Glaucus atlanticus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, \u003c/em>another neuston observed in very small quantities in the patch, is another predator. Known as the “blue sea dragon,” it prefers to snack on the Portuguese man o’war but has been known to chomp on both \u003cem>Porpita \u003c/em>and \u003cem>Velella\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These marine animals are also are part of a larger ecosystem. Fiona notes that \u003cem>Porpita\u003c/em> are known to sometimes form symbiotic partnerships with small, juvenile fish that are stressed when removed from their individual \u003cem>Porpita\u003c/em>. Plus, animals like the ocean sunfish, seabirds and sea turtles are known to munch on neuston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shame that us humans have such large impacts in the ocean that, you know, our footprint is so far out,” she laments. “Plastic being in the patch could be harmful for other marine organisms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Fiona, the realization that animals call the Great Pacific Garbage Patch home has made her reconsider efforts aim at indiscriminately cleaning up the trash. She also hopes that the findings will make people and the fishing industry more aware of their footprint and lead to better waste management systems. That’s because for her, one of the most ideal solutions to the ocean debris problem is curbing plastic use. If less is used in the first place, less will eventually make its way to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is probably quite difficult, but we should try it,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read Fiona and her collaborators’ paper, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001646#\">\u003cem>High concentrations of floating neustonic life in the plastic-rich North Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to Short Wave on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://open.spotify.com/show/2rTT1klKUoQNuaW2Ah19Pa?si=71edcf9163d848f7&nd=1\">\u003cem>Spotify\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1MS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA?utm_campaign=Digital+to+Shortwave&utm_medium=bitly&utm_source=NPRorg+Story+Page\">\u003cem>Apple Podcasts\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/short-wave/id1482575855\">\u003cem>Google Podcasts\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This episode was produced by Carly Rubin and Berly McCoy. It was edited by Rebecca Ramirez. The audio engineer was Maggie Luthar.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Meet+the+floating+animals+that+call+the+Great+Pacific+Garbage+Patch+home&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Go clamber around the tide pools at Asilomar State Beach this summer and you might notice something odd: Some of the rocks look like someone haphazardly glued twisty scraps of old macaroni to them. \u003cem>Nature enrolled in a kindergarten art class\u003c/em>, you might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_shell_tower.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_shell_tower.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983395\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A scaled wormsnail retracts into its tower-like shell to avoid drying out when exposed to the air during low tide. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But if you watch one of those noodle-like tubes closely, after a few seconds a squishy, speckled, black-and-orange creature may peep out from the opening. You’ve just found a scaled wormsnail — a curious marine animal that built this tube out of calcium carbonate secreted from its body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might look tiny and fragile, but looks can deceive: As climate change fuels marine heat waves that threaten countless ocean species, this odd little mollusk could prove to be a survivor. Its strength may stem, at least in part, from an adaptable diet of marine detritus, which it plucks from the current with a net made of its own mucus.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>A Fishing Net ‘Like Snot in Seawater’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scaled wormsnail is a snail, not a worm. It gets its confounding name because it resembles marine worms that also live in tubes. But while other snails carry their houses around on their backs, this one doesn’t move at all. It anchors itself to a rock and never leaves, its tube home protecting it from the crashing surf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wormsnail’s cloistered lifestyle brings with it a major drawback, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can’t do the normal thing other gastropods would do, which is crawl around and search for food,” says Peter Macht, aquarium curator at the Seymour Marine Discovery Center at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how can it find anything to eat?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a process that Macht sees every day at the Seymour Center’s aquarium, wormsnails fish for their dinner by casting a net. But instead of fashioning it from rope or thread like human fishers, they use something all snails have plenty of: mucus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to look like snot in seawater,” Macht says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983393\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_hauling_in.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_hauling_in.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983393\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One big pull at a time, a scaled wormsnail hauls in its mucus net, which has bits of food attached to it. In the wild, the snail’s diet typically includes tiny plankton, little bits of seaweed, and detritus churned up by the waves. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The snail releases mucus from a gland just below its mouth. But, unlike its more mobile relatives, which leave a trail of the slimy substance, the wormsnail sends mucus down the tentacles on either side of its head, forming it into strings like some invertebrate Spiderman slinging a web. The mucus strands ride the tides, spreading out into the water to create a miniature fishing net. It can cover more than 7 square inches in a matter of minutes, an impressive feat for a snail living in a tube the width of a pencil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reeling in the Catch With a Monstrous Mouth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it casts its net, the snail simply sits and waits for goodies to drift by and get caught — a tiny crustacean here, a savory mote of algae there. As it gathers particles, the net gradually becomes visible to the human eye, like a fresh spiderweb gathering dust. And by snatching random organic detritus from the water, the snail acts as a recycler, similar to a hungry earthworm breaking down meal scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s time to eat, the wormsnail uses its radula — an undulating conveyor belt of jagged teeth — to snag and pull the mucus net down the hatch. Seen up close, a feeding wormsnail looks a bit like the Sarlacc, the tentacled desert monster from “Return of the Jedi,” as it drags struggling prey down its gaping maw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983390\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_radula.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_radula.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983390\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wormsnail hauls in its mucus net using a belt of hooked teeth called the radula. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With no way of disentangling its catch from the net, the wormsnail swallows the entire bundle, mucus and all. This way, it recoups the calories it spent to make the net in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a wormsnail has to stay alert if it wants to keep all that phlegmy goodness for itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Often, their mucus nets fuse,” says biologist Michael Hadfield, who has studied wormsnails extensively at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa. “When one of them starts to pull it in, the others sense it, and they all pull in to make sure they get their share.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scourge of the Aquarium\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Indian and Pacific oceans, the scaled wormsnail’s cousins antagonize other creatures, too. Tropical species of wormsnail sometimes coat corals with their mucus nets, making it harder for those corals to \u003ca href=\"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0291\">grow and survive\u003c/a>. Researchers aren’t sure why, but some suggest wormsnails’ nets hog food particles or alter the balance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258391779_Detection_of_Bioactive_Compounds_in_the_Mucus_Nets_of_Dendropoma_maxima_Sowerby_1825_Prosobranch_Gastropod_Vermetidae_Mollusca\">chemicals \u003c/a>around the surfaces of corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always this death zone around the vermetids,” says Rüdiger Bieler of Chicago’s Field Museum, referring to the name given to the family of wormsnail species around the world. This can make them a pest to saltwater aquarium keepers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_Wormsnail_in_private_aquarium_Brock_Leonard.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_Wormsnail_in_private_aquarium_Brock_Leonard.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983403\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wormsnail has cast a long net inside a private aquarium tank in Shreveport, Louisiana. \u003ccite>(Brock Leonard)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’ve talked to a lot of aquarium folks,” Bieler says, “and it took me a while to realize how much they hate these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In Warming Waters, a Varied Menu Goes a Long Way\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the California coast, the scaled wormsnail may be gaining a competitive advantage over its neighbors, as climate change heats up ocean habitats. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists at UC Santa Barbara found that the 2014-15 marine heat wave known as the “Blob” gave a boost to scaled wormsnails living along the coast near the university’s campus. By contrast, invertebrates like sea stars, which eat wormsnails, perished during the event. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That freed up a lot of space that the wormsnail could colonize,” says marine ecologist Bob Miller, senior author on the 2022 study. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, wormsnails spread to occupy over 80 times more space than before the Blob — from less than one-fifth of a square foot at each study site to over 16 square feet per site, on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller believes the scaled wormsnail may be able to withstand heat waves along the California coast because it has evolved within a range that extends south to Baja California, Mexico, where waters are already warmer to begin with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not being a picky eater may help, too, the researchers noted. When a heat wave makes nutritious plankton hard to come by, for instance, shreds of kelp and other floating food bits can fill the snails’ phlegmy nets instead. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983401\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_tangled_nets.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_tangled_nets.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983401\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wormsnail’s net can cover over 7 square inches in a few minutes. When multiple snails cluster together, their combined nets can span an even broader area. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whatever may end up in their nets, wormsnails will continue to perform an important job: As their nets filter the water, they keep coastal habitats clean for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re doing their part in recycling dead plant material,” biologist Hadfield says. “If there were no recyclers except bacteria and fungi in the sea, there would be huge piles of decaying detritus.” Those piles would suck oxygen from the environment as they decomposed, potentially harming other marine animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So next time you’re exploring the tide pools, peering through clean, clear water at anemones, crabs and nudibranchs, just remember — among many other creatures, you’ve got a sedentary little snail and its mucus to thank.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Most of the sea snails in a tide pool cruise around searching for food. But not the scaled wormsnail. It cements its shell to a rock and snags its meals using the one thing a snail has plenty of: mucus. Researchers have found that warming ocean waters might actually give these sea snails a boost.",
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"title": "This Snail Goes Fishing With a Net Made of Slime | KQED",
"description": "Most of the sea snails in a tide pool cruise around searching for food. But not the scaled wormsnail. It cements its shell to a rock and snags its meals using the one thing a snail has plenty of: mucus. Researchers have found that warming ocean waters might actually give these sea snails a boost.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Go clamber around the tide pools at Asilomar State Beach this summer and you might notice something odd: Some of the rocks look like someone haphazardly glued twisty scraps of old macaroni to them. \u003cem>Nature enrolled in a kindergarten art class\u003c/em>, you might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_shell_tower.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_shell_tower.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983395\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A scaled wormsnail retracts into its tower-like shell to avoid drying out when exposed to the air during low tide. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But if you watch one of those noodle-like tubes closely, after a few seconds a squishy, speckled, black-and-orange creature may peep out from the opening. You’ve just found a scaled wormsnail — a curious marine animal that built this tube out of calcium carbonate secreted from its body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might look tiny and fragile, but looks can deceive: As climate change fuels marine heat waves that threaten countless ocean species, this odd little mollusk could prove to be a survivor. Its strength may stem, at least in part, from an adaptable diet of marine detritus, which it plucks from the current with a net made of its own mucus.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>A Fishing Net ‘Like Snot in Seawater’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scaled wormsnail is a snail, not a worm. It gets its confounding name because it resembles marine worms that also live in tubes. But while other snails carry their houses around on their backs, this one doesn’t move at all. It anchors itself to a rock and never leaves, its tube home protecting it from the crashing surf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wormsnail’s cloistered lifestyle brings with it a major drawback, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can’t do the normal thing other gastropods would do, which is crawl around and search for food,” says Peter Macht, aquarium curator at the Seymour Marine Discovery Center at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how can it find anything to eat?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a process that Macht sees every day at the Seymour Center’s aquarium, wormsnails fish for their dinner by casting a net. But instead of fashioning it from rope or thread like human fishers, they use something all snails have plenty of: mucus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to look like snot in seawater,” Macht says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983393\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_hauling_in.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_hauling_in.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983393\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One big pull at a time, a scaled wormsnail hauls in its mucus net, which has bits of food attached to it. In the wild, the snail’s diet typically includes tiny plankton, little bits of seaweed, and detritus churned up by the waves. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The snail releases mucus from a gland just below its mouth. But, unlike its more mobile relatives, which leave a trail of the slimy substance, the wormsnail sends mucus down the tentacles on either side of its head, forming it into strings like some invertebrate Spiderman slinging a web. The mucus strands ride the tides, spreading out into the water to create a miniature fishing net. It can cover more than 7 square inches in a matter of minutes, an impressive feat for a snail living in a tube the width of a pencil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reeling in the Catch With a Monstrous Mouth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it casts its net, the snail simply sits and waits for goodies to drift by and get caught — a tiny crustacean here, a savory mote of algae there. As it gathers particles, the net gradually becomes visible to the human eye, like a fresh spiderweb gathering dust. And by snatching random organic detritus from the water, the snail acts as a recycler, similar to a hungry earthworm breaking down meal scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s time to eat, the wormsnail uses its radula — an undulating conveyor belt of jagged teeth — to snag and pull the mucus net down the hatch. Seen up close, a feeding wormsnail looks a bit like the Sarlacc, the tentacled desert monster from “Return of the Jedi,” as it drags struggling prey down its gaping maw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983390\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_radula.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_radula.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983390\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wormsnail hauls in its mucus net using a belt of hooked teeth called the radula. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With no way of disentangling its catch from the net, the wormsnail swallows the entire bundle, mucus and all. This way, it recoups the calories it spent to make the net in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a wormsnail has to stay alert if it wants to keep all that phlegmy goodness for itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Often, their mucus nets fuse,” says biologist Michael Hadfield, who has studied wormsnails extensively at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa. “When one of them starts to pull it in, the others sense it, and they all pull in to make sure they get their share.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scourge of the Aquarium\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Indian and Pacific oceans, the scaled wormsnail’s cousins antagonize other creatures, too. Tropical species of wormsnail sometimes coat corals with their mucus nets, making it harder for those corals to \u003ca href=\"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0291\">grow and survive\u003c/a>. Researchers aren’t sure why, but some suggest wormsnails’ nets hog food particles or alter the balance of \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258391779_Detection_of_Bioactive_Compounds_in_the_Mucus_Nets_of_Dendropoma_maxima_Sowerby_1825_Prosobranch_Gastropod_Vermetidae_Mollusca\">chemicals \u003c/a>around the surfaces of corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always this death zone around the vermetids,” says Rüdiger Bieler of Chicago’s Field Museum, referring to the name given to the family of wormsnail species around the world. This can make them a pest to saltwater aquarium keepers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_Wormsnail_in_private_aquarium_Brock_Leonard.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_Wormsnail_in_private_aquarium_Brock_Leonard.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983403\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wormsnail has cast a long net inside a private aquarium tank in Shreveport, Louisiana. \u003ccite>(Brock Leonard)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’ve talked to a lot of aquarium folks,” Bieler says, “and it took me a while to realize how much they hate these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In Warming Waters, a Varied Menu Goes a Long Way\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the California coast, the scaled wormsnail may be gaining a competitive advantage over its neighbors, as climate change heats up ocean habitats. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists at UC Santa Barbara found that the 2014-15 marine heat wave known as the “Blob” gave a boost to scaled wormsnails living along the coast near the university’s campus. By contrast, invertebrates like sea stars, which eat wormsnails, perished during the event. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That freed up a lot of space that the wormsnail could colonize,” says marine ecologist Bob Miller, senior author on the 2022 study. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, wormsnails spread to occupy over 80 times more space than before the Blob — from less than one-fifth of a square foot at each study site to over 16 square feet per site, on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller believes the scaled wormsnail may be able to withstand heat waves along the California coast because it has evolved within a range that extends south to Baja California, Mexico, where waters are already warmer to begin with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not being a picky eater may help, too, the researchers noted. When a heat wave makes nutritious plankton hard to come by, for instance, shreds of kelp and other floating food bits can fill the snails’ phlegmy nets instead. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983401\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_tangled_nets.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/DL1009_wormsnail_tangled_nets.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983401\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wormsnail’s net can cover over 7 square inches in a few minutes. When multiple snails cluster together, their combined nets can span an even broader area. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whatever may end up in their nets, wormsnails will continue to perform an important job: As their nets filter the water, they keep coastal habitats clean for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re doing their part in recycling dead plant material,” biologist Hadfield says. “If there were no recyclers except bacteria and fungi in the sea, there would be huge piles of decaying detritus.” Those piles would suck oxygen from the environment as they decomposed, potentially harming other marine animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So next time you’re exploring the tide pools, peering through clean, clear water at anemones, crabs and nudibranchs, just remember — among many other creatures, you’ve got a sedentary little snail and its mucus to thank.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Rare Devils Hole Pupfish Offers Inspiring Story of Survival in Death Valley",
"headTitle": "Rare Devils Hole Pupfish Offers Inspiring Story of Survival in Death Valley | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Have you ever felt stuck in a bad situation that you couldn’t get out of, through no fault of your own, and all you could do is just make the best of it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such is the life of the Devils Hole pupfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This small, iridescent blue-or-green fish swims in the hot waters of an inhospitable fishbowl made of rock in a Nevada section of Death Valley National Park, where it somehow got trapped thousands of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deep cavern that is this fish’s only home is surrounded by a chain-link fence, razor wire, and other security measures designed to protect this incredibly rare endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, its population hit a low of only 35 fish. But over the last couple of years, the Devils Hole pupfish has bounced back, thrilling and somewhat baffling wildlife managers who still are trying to figure out how this tough little fish manages to make a go of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, in the spring, they counted 175 observable fish. This spring, the count was the same, which means that the population has been holding steady.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983286\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983286\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/f6ca782c-7d40-4426-8926-dc06ef0d54d8original-b4059656b9c178f2224e8c099a46cbde2ee3b125-s1600-c85-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Small blue fish in greenish water.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/f6ca782c-7d40-4426-8926-dc06ef0d54d8original-b4059656b9c178f2224e8c099a46cbde2ee3b125-s1600-c85-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/f6ca782c-7d40-4426-8926-dc06ef0d54d8original-b4059656b9c178f2224e8c099a46cbde2ee3b125-s1600-c85-copy-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/f6ca782c-7d40-4426-8926-dc06ef0d54d8original-b4059656b9c178f2224e8c099a46cbde2ee3b125-s1600-c85-copy-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/f6ca782c-7d40-4426-8926-dc06ef0d54d8original-b4059656b9c178f2224e8c099a46cbde2ee3b125-s1600-c85-copy-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/f6ca782c-7d40-4426-8926-dc06ef0d54d8original-b4059656b9c178f2224e8c099a46cbde2ee3b125-s1600-c85-copy-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/f6ca782c-7d40-4426-8926-dc06ef0d54d8original-b4059656b9c178f2224e8c099a46cbde2ee3b125-s1600-c85-copy-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Devils Hole pupfish are about an inch long. \u003ccite>(Olin Feuerbacher/NPS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A wild population of just 175 fish doesn’t sound like a lot. But this is the best the Devils Hole pupfish has been doing in about two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Times are good now with Devils Hole pupfish, compared to how they’ve been in the past,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.gummlab.org/\">Jenny Gumm\u003c/a>, a fish biologist with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how the pupfish have recovered to this point is a bit of a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question that I receive and my colleagues receive is, ‘Why?’ And you know, we’re trying to answer that,” says Kevin Wilson, an aquatic ecologist at the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A fish that’s able to cope\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Wilson first learned of this iconic fish as a kid back in the 1970s, when he tagged along with his geologist mom on a field trip that stopped by Devils Hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just remember as a young lad just laying down on this wooden observation deck, looking down into this immense hole in the ground and was fascinated,” says Wilson.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Steve Beissinger, conservation biologist, UC Berkeley\"]‘You’ve got to admire that, something that can cling on and adapt to such a difficult environment — with nowhere to go.’[/pullquote]At the bottom of the hole is the pool where the fish swim. No one knows how deep it is — scuba divers have explored to a depth of over 400 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pupfish, which are only about an inch long, have no natural predators. Without fear, they’ll curiously swim up to inspect divers or anything else that enters their isolated world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish tend to hang out near the top of the pool, swimming around in the shallow water that covers a rocky ledge. There, they feed on algae and spawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water isn’t exactly cozy. “It’s 93 degrees fahrenheit all the time,” says Wilson, and its oxygen levels are low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, for about four months in winter, the pool remains entirely in shadow, which is not good for the tiny plants that the fish eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a great place to live if you’re a fish, that’s for sure,” says Gumm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reduced amount of food in winter is thought to be why spring counts of this fish have historically been lower than counts done in the fall. Last fall, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/learn/news/devils-hole-fall-2022.htm\">observed\u003c/a> 263 fish. The next count will come in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m hoping that we cross the threshold of 300,” says Wilson.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Earthquakes and flash floods\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Part of this fish’s recent revival may be due to some dramatic events that have shaken up life in Devils Hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July of 2021, a rare flash flood poured in an enormous amount of muddy water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The volume of water that went into the habitat was just so much,” says Gumm, who worried the fish would die from a change in water chemistry — or even just the sheer violence of the flood and its churning debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the first time Gumm felt like these fish really might go extinct on her watch. She recalls going to the hole just after the flood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Walking into it, we just weren’t sure what was going to be there,” she recalls. “And the water looked like chocolate milk. You couldn’t see any fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She mentally prepared for the worst. But then she saw a few fish, and then a few more the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the flood may ultimately have helped the species, by bringing new nutrients into their environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a couple of days after that flood, the fish got hit by another unusual whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A magnitude 8.2 earthquake struck Alaska. Even though the epicenter was more than 2,000 miles away, it created a mini-tsunami inside Devils Hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video cameras \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/media/video/view.htm?id=1c1d516b-b49c-474e-83d6-0a4b9cac5479\">caught\u003c/a> the water sloshing around. All that sloshing may have helpfully redistributed materials brought in by the flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another mini-tsunami \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/learn/news/9-19-2022.htm\">happened\u003c/a> last year, when a magnitude 7.6 earthquake in Mexico caused 4-foot waves inside Devils Hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983285\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1018px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983285\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/ap871232091047_custom-5c4f1c435df84409cda59da136e4918f6d7fc4c0-s1600-c85-copy.jpg\" alt=\"A man stands above a water hole surrounded by rocks with a woman by the water's edge looking up at him.\" width=\"1018\" height=\"692\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/ap871232091047_custom-5c4f1c435df84409cda59da136e4918f6d7fc4c0-s1600-c85-copy.jpg 1018w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/ap871232091047_custom-5c4f1c435df84409cda59da136e4918f6d7fc4c0-s1600-c85-copy-800x544.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/ap871232091047_custom-5c4f1c435df84409cda59da136e4918f6d7fc4c0-s1600-c85-copy-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/ap871232091047_custom-5c4f1c435df84409cda59da136e4918f6d7fc4c0-s1600-c85-copy-768x522.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1018px) 100vw, 1018px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 2006 photo shows biologist Mike Bower, left, with the National Park Service, and Fish and Wildlife Service field supervisor Cynthia Martinez, as they peer down into Devils Hole. \u003ccite>(JAE C. HONG/The Associated Press)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wilson says that these kinds of disturbance events can clean off the precious rocky shelf that the fish depend on, benefiting the fish by basically hitting the reset button for the whole system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video from one earthquake shows pupfish streaming past the camera, as if the fish knew what was happening and where to go to be safe, says Gumm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve been living here for a lot longer than we really comprehend,” she says, with the best estimates suggesting they’ve been in the hole for about ten thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are used to it. And they know what to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘It’s had a huge impact’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The fish have gotten some help from humans. Wilson says they’re now fed supplemental food, since at one point they looked emaciated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was somewhat controversial to start feeding the fish,” says Wilson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pupfish also enjoy the extra shelter of some plant material that wildlife managers attached to their rocky ledge, to give them increased shade and more options for hiding — because the older fish aren’t above eating the young’uns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think society has a duty to protect species that humankind has negatively impacted,” says Wilson. He points out that groundwater pumping lowered the water level in Devils Hole, and the top of the pool is about six or eight inches below the historical pre-pumping level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Devils Hole pupfish is famous in conservation circles. It was one of the first species to be listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. After nearby development threatened to siphon water away from its lonely refuge, lawsuits aimed at saving it went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983287\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1065px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983287\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/usfws-public-domain-image-captive-dh-pupfish_custom-78ec476fa00ab80e0d3ad3f1f7764bc27e55d564-s1600-c85-copy.jpg\" alt=\"A man observes a fish in a bowl in a lab.\" width=\"1065\" height=\"713\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/usfws-public-domain-image-captive-dh-pupfish_custom-78ec476fa00ab80e0d3ad3f1f7764bc27e55d564-s1600-c85-copy.jpg 1065w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/usfws-public-domain-image-captive-dh-pupfish_custom-78ec476fa00ab80e0d3ad3f1f7764bc27e55d564-s1600-c85-copy-800x536.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/usfws-public-domain-image-captive-dh-pupfish_custom-78ec476fa00ab80e0d3ad3f1f7764bc27e55d564-s1600-c85-copy-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/usfws-public-domain-image-captive-dh-pupfish_custom-78ec476fa00ab80e0d3ad3f1f7764bc27e55d564-s1600-c85-copy-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/usfws-public-domain-image-captive-dh-pupfish_custom-78ec476fa00ab80e0d3ad3f1f7764bc27e55d564-s1600-c85-copy-768x514.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1065px) 100vw, 1065px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A biologist with the US Fish and Wildlife Service observes captive Devils Hole pupfish. \u003ccite>(Ryan Hagerty/USFWS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s had a huge impact on water conservation and water rights throughout the western United States,” says \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/steven-beissinger\">Steve Beissinger\u003c/a>, a conservation biologist with the University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the decades, several efforts have been made to set up a captive population of these fish in a separate tank, as a back-up insurance policy in case the wild fish met an untimely end. Past attempts all failed for various reasons, such as mechanical issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The approach that we take now for the refuge population is a much larger scale,” says Gumm, who manages a fish conservation \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/learn/nature/devils-hole.htm\">facility\u003c/a> located near Devils Hole. There, its unique ecosystem has essentially been recreated in a 100,000-gallon tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of it is actually underground, simulating that cave environment of Devils Hole,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish’s all-important rocky shelf was faithfully copied by the tank’s designers. “They actually went out and 3-D scanned the shallow shelf of Devils Hole and carved it out of styrofoam,” she says. “It is an exact replica of the habitat at Devils Hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refuge tank has a population of about 300, created from eggs taken from the wild. An additional 100 or so fish live in smaller tanks that are kept for breeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change could make Devils Hole even hotter, and that’s a concern for the future. Still, Beissinger thinks the fish could keep on keeping on, as long as they continue to get help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can never relax with a small population like that,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone thinks that so much time and money should go into safeguarding these fish. Once someone told Wilson that “they should just drown those fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drown the fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had to shake my head,” he recalls. “You know, it’s tough, and it’s about water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But love them or hate them, Beissinger thinks everyone should at least respect the tenacity of these beleaguered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly, in many ways, an inspiring story of survival,” says Beissinger. “You’ve got to admire that, something that can cling on and adapt to such a difficult environment — with nowhere to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Estimated to have inhabited Devils Hole in Death Valley for the last 10,000 years, the Devils Hole pupfish is an endangered species that has proven incredibly resilient.",
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"description": "Estimated to have inhabited Devils Hole in Death Valley for the last 10,000 years, the Devils Hole pupfish is an endangered species that has proven incredibly resilient.",
"title": "Rare Devils Hole Pupfish Offers Inspiring Story of Survival in Death Valley | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Have you ever felt stuck in a bad situation that you couldn’t get out of, through no fault of your own, and all you could do is just make the best of it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such is the life of the Devils Hole pupfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This small, iridescent blue-or-green fish swims in the hot waters of an inhospitable fishbowl made of rock in a Nevada section of Death Valley National Park, where it somehow got trapped thousands of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deep cavern that is this fish’s only home is surrounded by a chain-link fence, razor wire, and other security measures designed to protect this incredibly rare endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, its population hit a low of only 35 fish. But over the last couple of years, the Devils Hole pupfish has bounced back, thrilling and somewhat baffling wildlife managers who still are trying to figure out how this tough little fish manages to make a go of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, in the spring, they counted 175 observable fish. This spring, the count was the same, which means that the population has been holding steady.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983286\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983286\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/f6ca782c-7d40-4426-8926-dc06ef0d54d8original-b4059656b9c178f2224e8c099a46cbde2ee3b125-s1600-c85-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Small blue fish in greenish water.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/f6ca782c-7d40-4426-8926-dc06ef0d54d8original-b4059656b9c178f2224e8c099a46cbde2ee3b125-s1600-c85-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/f6ca782c-7d40-4426-8926-dc06ef0d54d8original-b4059656b9c178f2224e8c099a46cbde2ee3b125-s1600-c85-copy-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/f6ca782c-7d40-4426-8926-dc06ef0d54d8original-b4059656b9c178f2224e8c099a46cbde2ee3b125-s1600-c85-copy-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/f6ca782c-7d40-4426-8926-dc06ef0d54d8original-b4059656b9c178f2224e8c099a46cbde2ee3b125-s1600-c85-copy-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/f6ca782c-7d40-4426-8926-dc06ef0d54d8original-b4059656b9c178f2224e8c099a46cbde2ee3b125-s1600-c85-copy-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/f6ca782c-7d40-4426-8926-dc06ef0d54d8original-b4059656b9c178f2224e8c099a46cbde2ee3b125-s1600-c85-copy-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Devils Hole pupfish are about an inch long. \u003ccite>(Olin Feuerbacher/NPS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A wild population of just 175 fish doesn’t sound like a lot. But this is the best the Devils Hole pupfish has been doing in about two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Times are good now with Devils Hole pupfish, compared to how they’ve been in the past,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.gummlab.org/\">Jenny Gumm\u003c/a>, a fish biologist with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how the pupfish have recovered to this point is a bit of a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question that I receive and my colleagues receive is, ‘Why?’ And you know, we’re trying to answer that,” says Kevin Wilson, an aquatic ecologist at the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A fish that’s able to cope\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Wilson first learned of this iconic fish as a kid back in the 1970s, when he tagged along with his geologist mom on a field trip that stopped by Devils Hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just remember as a young lad just laying down on this wooden observation deck, looking down into this immense hole in the ground and was fascinated,” says Wilson.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>At the bottom of the hole is the pool where the fish swim. No one knows how deep it is — scuba divers have explored to a depth of over 400 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pupfish, which are only about an inch long, have no natural predators. Without fear, they’ll curiously swim up to inspect divers or anything else that enters their isolated world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish tend to hang out near the top of the pool, swimming around in the shallow water that covers a rocky ledge. There, they feed on algae and spawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water isn’t exactly cozy. “It’s 93 degrees fahrenheit all the time,” says Wilson, and its oxygen levels are low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, for about four months in winter, the pool remains entirely in shadow, which is not good for the tiny plants that the fish eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a great place to live if you’re a fish, that’s for sure,” says Gumm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reduced amount of food in winter is thought to be why spring counts of this fish have historically been lower than counts done in the fall. Last fall, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/learn/news/devils-hole-fall-2022.htm\">observed\u003c/a> 263 fish. The next count will come in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m hoping that we cross the threshold of 300,” says Wilson.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Earthquakes and flash floods\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Part of this fish’s recent revival may be due to some dramatic events that have shaken up life in Devils Hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July of 2021, a rare flash flood poured in an enormous amount of muddy water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The volume of water that went into the habitat was just so much,” says Gumm, who worried the fish would die from a change in water chemistry — or even just the sheer violence of the flood and its churning debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the first time Gumm felt like these fish really might go extinct on her watch. She recalls going to the hole just after the flood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Walking into it, we just weren’t sure what was going to be there,” she recalls. “And the water looked like chocolate milk. You couldn’t see any fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She mentally prepared for the worst. But then she saw a few fish, and then a few more the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the flood may ultimately have helped the species, by bringing new nutrients into their environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a couple of days after that flood, the fish got hit by another unusual whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A magnitude 8.2 earthquake struck Alaska. Even though the epicenter was more than 2,000 miles away, it created a mini-tsunami inside Devils Hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video cameras \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/media/video/view.htm?id=1c1d516b-b49c-474e-83d6-0a4b9cac5479\">caught\u003c/a> the water sloshing around. All that sloshing may have helpfully redistributed materials brought in by the flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another mini-tsunami \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/learn/news/9-19-2022.htm\">happened\u003c/a> last year, when a magnitude 7.6 earthquake in Mexico caused 4-foot waves inside Devils Hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983285\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1018px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983285\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/ap871232091047_custom-5c4f1c435df84409cda59da136e4918f6d7fc4c0-s1600-c85-copy.jpg\" alt=\"A man stands above a water hole surrounded by rocks with a woman by the water's edge looking up at him.\" width=\"1018\" height=\"692\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/ap871232091047_custom-5c4f1c435df84409cda59da136e4918f6d7fc4c0-s1600-c85-copy.jpg 1018w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/ap871232091047_custom-5c4f1c435df84409cda59da136e4918f6d7fc4c0-s1600-c85-copy-800x544.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/ap871232091047_custom-5c4f1c435df84409cda59da136e4918f6d7fc4c0-s1600-c85-copy-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/ap871232091047_custom-5c4f1c435df84409cda59da136e4918f6d7fc4c0-s1600-c85-copy-768x522.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1018px) 100vw, 1018px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 2006 photo shows biologist Mike Bower, left, with the National Park Service, and Fish and Wildlife Service field supervisor Cynthia Martinez, as they peer down into Devils Hole. \u003ccite>(JAE C. HONG/The Associated Press)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wilson says that these kinds of disturbance events can clean off the precious rocky shelf that the fish depend on, benefiting the fish by basically hitting the reset button for the whole system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video from one earthquake shows pupfish streaming past the camera, as if the fish knew what was happening and where to go to be safe, says Gumm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve been living here for a lot longer than we really comprehend,” she says, with the best estimates suggesting they’ve been in the hole for about ten thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are used to it. And they know what to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘It’s had a huge impact’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The fish have gotten some help from humans. Wilson says they’re now fed supplemental food, since at one point they looked emaciated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was somewhat controversial to start feeding the fish,” says Wilson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pupfish also enjoy the extra shelter of some plant material that wildlife managers attached to their rocky ledge, to give them increased shade and more options for hiding — because the older fish aren’t above eating the young’uns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think society has a duty to protect species that humankind has negatively impacted,” says Wilson. He points out that groundwater pumping lowered the water level in Devils Hole, and the top of the pool is about six or eight inches below the historical pre-pumping level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Devils Hole pupfish is famous in conservation circles. It was one of the first species to be listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. After nearby development threatened to siphon water away from its lonely refuge, lawsuits aimed at saving it went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983287\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1065px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1983287\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/usfws-public-domain-image-captive-dh-pupfish_custom-78ec476fa00ab80e0d3ad3f1f7764bc27e55d564-s1600-c85-copy.jpg\" alt=\"A man observes a fish in a bowl in a lab.\" width=\"1065\" height=\"713\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/usfws-public-domain-image-captive-dh-pupfish_custom-78ec476fa00ab80e0d3ad3f1f7764bc27e55d564-s1600-c85-copy.jpg 1065w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/usfws-public-domain-image-captive-dh-pupfish_custom-78ec476fa00ab80e0d3ad3f1f7764bc27e55d564-s1600-c85-copy-800x536.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/usfws-public-domain-image-captive-dh-pupfish_custom-78ec476fa00ab80e0d3ad3f1f7764bc27e55d564-s1600-c85-copy-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/usfws-public-domain-image-captive-dh-pupfish_custom-78ec476fa00ab80e0d3ad3f1f7764bc27e55d564-s1600-c85-copy-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/07/usfws-public-domain-image-captive-dh-pupfish_custom-78ec476fa00ab80e0d3ad3f1f7764bc27e55d564-s1600-c85-copy-768x514.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1065px) 100vw, 1065px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A biologist with the US Fish and Wildlife Service observes captive Devils Hole pupfish. \u003ccite>(Ryan Hagerty/USFWS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s had a huge impact on water conservation and water rights throughout the western United States,” says \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/steven-beissinger\">Steve Beissinger\u003c/a>, a conservation biologist with the University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the decades, several efforts have been made to set up a captive population of these fish in a separate tank, as a back-up insurance policy in case the wild fish met an untimely end. Past attempts all failed for various reasons, such as mechanical issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The approach that we take now for the refuge population is a much larger scale,” says Gumm, who manages a fish conservation \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/learn/nature/devils-hole.htm\">facility\u003c/a> located near Devils Hole. There, its unique ecosystem has essentially been recreated in a 100,000-gallon tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of it is actually underground, simulating that cave environment of Devils Hole,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish’s all-important rocky shelf was faithfully copied by the tank’s designers. “They actually went out and 3-D scanned the shallow shelf of Devils Hole and carved it out of styrofoam,” she says. “It is an exact replica of the habitat at Devils Hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refuge tank has a population of about 300, created from eggs taken from the wild. An additional 100 or so fish live in smaller tanks that are kept for breeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change could make Devils Hole even hotter, and that’s a concern for the future. Still, Beissinger thinks the fish could keep on keeping on, as long as they continue to get help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can never relax with a small population like that,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone thinks that so much time and money should go into safeguarding these fish. Once someone told Wilson that “they should just drown those fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drown the fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had to shake my head,” he recalls. “You know, it’s tough, and it’s about water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But love them or hate them, Beissinger thinks everyone should at least respect the tenacity of these beleaguered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly, in many ways, an inspiring story of survival,” says Beissinger. “You’ve got to admire that, something that can cling on and adapt to such a difficult environment — with nowhere to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Step right up to see tiny springtails spin through the air with the greatest of ease! In ponds and streams, they skyrocket out of the reach of hungry insects like water striders by slapping a tail-like appendage against the water. And you won’t believe how they stick the landing.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Now presenting: the springtail!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It jumps … right off the water! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explosive! 150 times faster than a blink!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here at the water’s edge, where these springtails live, it’s a tiny circus that never stops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, they can also walk … and glide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the spring in springtail is for escaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you’re the size of a poppy seed, lots of things want to eat you. Like this young water strider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nope!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not today, kid!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey, hold my beer!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To power these lifesaving leaps, a springtail deploys … the furcula! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It just pushes down this lever and in two milliseconds it’s defying gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It vaults up to what would be a sixth floor for you and me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what goes up must come down, and hopefully you land right side up … so you’re ready to dart off again when the water strider catches up. Yeah, water striders jump too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how does the springtail stick that landing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It all starts up in the air. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Georgia Tech put springtails in a wind tunnel, blowing air up from below. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they hover, they spin like wild trapeze artists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By curving its body into a U shape, a springtail stops spinning and rights itself midair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And see that little circle on its belly? That’s a teeny tiny drop of water clinging to a tube called the collophore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That droplet makes all the difference. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It lowers the springtail’s center of gravity and stabilizes it. When it lands, the drop glues the springtail in place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s really helpful during a bumpy landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It even works on dry land. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without that drop, oh … ooh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of the time they fly through the air with the greatest of ease, the daring young springtails on the flying trapeze.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here at the water’s edge, where these springtails live, it’s a tiny circus that never stops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, they can also walk … and glide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the spring in springtail is for escaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you’re the size of a poppy seed, lots of things want to eat you. Like this young water strider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nope!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not today, kid!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey, hold my beer!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To power these lifesaving leaps, a springtail deploys … the furcula! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It just pushes down this lever and in two milliseconds it’s defying gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It vaults up to what would be a sixth floor for you and me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what goes up must come down, and hopefully you land right side up … so you’re ready to dart off again when the water strider catches up. Yeah, water striders jump too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how does the springtail stick that landing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It all starts up in the air. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Georgia Tech put springtails in a wind tunnel, blowing air up from below. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they hover, they spin like wild trapeze artists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By curving its body into a U shape, a springtail stops spinning and rights itself midair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And see that little circle on its belly? That’s a teeny tiny drop of water clinging to a tube called the collophore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That droplet makes all the difference. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It lowers the springtail’s center of gravity and stabilizes it. When it lands, the drop glues the springtail in place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s really helpful during a bumpy landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It even works on dry land. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without that drop, oh … ooh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of the time they fly through the air with the greatest of ease, the daring young springtails on the flying trapeze.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Octopus Can Tweak Its RNA to Adjust to Warmer and Cooler Waters",
"headTitle": "California Octopus Can Tweak Its RNA to Adjust to Warmer and Cooler Waters | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Octopuses are curious and clever. They can solve mazes and puzzles, use tools, and are masters of camouflage. These complex abilities are powered by their sophisticated and giant brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(23)00523-8\">\u003cem>Cell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, researchers report that octopuses are able to edit genetic information to quickly resculpt those brains when confronted with changes in their environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings cast new light on the incredible adaptability of these shape-shifting creatures and may help scientists design therapeutics for problematic mutations in our own bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Octopuses are considered one of the smartest invertebrate animals on the planet, with sophisticated brains and complex nervous systems. In other animals, such big brains typically need to be treated with care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just think about your own fragile brain. It’s encased in a skull, bathed in oxygen, and tuned to work at a relatively stable body temperature. “We spend a ton of energy maintaining a constant temperature,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbl.edu/research/research-centers/eugene-bell-center/bell-center-faculty-and-staff/rosenthal-lab\">Josh Rosenthal\u003c/a>, a neurobiologist at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. “And a lot of that is so that our nervous system can operate more efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Too hot (with a fever) or too cold (with hypothermia) and our brains sputter and begin to fail — and that’s just several degrees off the norm. So our bodies keep everything at a steady temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Octopuses don’t have that luxury. Their brains require just as much safekeeping as ours, but they’re in squishy bodies swimming in water whose temperature can fluctuate by some 20 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to maintain a complex nervous system in the face of changing temperature,” says Rosenthal. “And that presents challenges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tweaking genetic recipes on the fly\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Octopuses have overcome that challenge with a unique trick hidden inside their cells. It has to do with a molecule called RNA, which is used to help translate DNA into the proteins that make up our bodies. To use an analogy, let’s say you want to make a loaf of bread and you walk into a library filled with cookbooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That cookbook itself, it’s already printed and I can’t change the book,” says \u003ca href=\"https://matthewabirk.weebly.com/\">Matthew Birk\u003c/a>, a biologist at Saint Francis University. “But what I can do is make a copy, take it home to my kitchen,” and bake the bread there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, the cookbooks are the DNA, which is hard-coded and doesn’t change, the bread is the protein your body wants to make, and the RNA is the copy of the recipe that explains how to do it. RNA doesn’t tend to change all that much. It’s just the messenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if you’re missing an ingredient — like butter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If those are the instructions you have, you’re kinda sunk,” says Rosenthal. “But if you know that oil would work just as well — if you could edit that recipe and put that in, then that gives you flexibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the brains of most animals — from fish to birds to bees to people — only a few percent of the RNAs get edited. But inside the brains of octopuses and their relatives, it’s happening on a massive scale, affecting more than 60%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers wondered if something in these animals’ environment might be driving all this tweaking, like temperature. Birk decided to run an experiment with help from the California two-spot octopus, which, when scrunched up, is about the size of a football.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look very much like your typical octopus,” says Birk, “although it does have two iridescent blue spots to try and scare a predator away.” He says they’re mischievous and good at camouflaging. And their coastal habitat in southern California and northern Mexico swings between warm summers and cool winters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the lab, Birk placed half his octopuses in cooler water and half in warmer water. After a few weeks, he collected RNA from their brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that there were over 20,000 different locations on various different proteins that were edited,” says Birk, with more tweaking in the cooler conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is, in response to changing temperatures, the octopuses remodeled their brains, presumably to keep them functioning properly. The same thing was true in the wild, where Birk collected individuals in the summer and winter by flushing them from their underwater dens with squirts of vinegar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The octopuses are capable of making these edits in less than a day. Compare that to DNA, which takes generations to change. RNA provides a more flexible alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tweaking RNAs — editing the temporary copies of the recipes — leads to alterations in the proteins that they instruct the cell to make. For octopuses, there’s no single, preferred version of a protein. Rather, there are multiple versions of numerous proteins in the animal’s brain, each one suited to a different scenario.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study shows for the first time that in the same organism, under different conditions, it expresses different proteins from the same gene,” says \u003ca href=\"https://english.tau.ac.il/profile/elieis\">Eli Eisenberg\u003c/a>, a physicist at Tel Aviv University. “And they have different functional behavior that is presumably suited to the external temperature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The inner life of an octopus\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s still not clear how these changes might impact an octopus in its daily life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What would be nice to see in future is what types of behaviors are affected by these different types of changes — their reaction speeds, their ability to camouflage,” says \u003ca href=\"https://crooklab.org/\">Robyn Crook\u003c/a>, a neurobiologist at San Francisco State University who wasn’t involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the octopuses do more editing in cooler temperatures, Crook also points out the strategy may not help them in the face of a changing climate and warming oceans. Though these octopuses can operate across a range of temperatures, she says it may not be “a viable mechanism for escaping environmental change as a result of human activity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite octopuses living such different lives than we do, their unique brains may one day prove useful to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to figure out how to capture this ability to use it towards therapeutics,” explains Birk, like pain reduction or repairing harmful mutations that cause disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Octopuses, he says, have a lot to teach us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are fascinating and interesting, not just on the outside, where we can all see,” Birk says. “But also on the inside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Octopuses+tweak+the+RNA+in+their+brains+to+adjust+to+warmer+and+cooler+waters&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Octopuses are curious and clever. They can solve mazes and puzzles, use tools, and are masters of camouflage. These complex abilities are powered by their sophisticated and giant brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(23)00523-8\">\u003cem>Cell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, researchers report that octopuses are able to edit genetic information to quickly resculpt those brains when confronted with changes in their environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings cast new light on the incredible adaptability of these shape-shifting creatures and may help scientists design therapeutics for problematic mutations in our own bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Octopuses are considered one of the smartest invertebrate animals on the planet, with sophisticated brains and complex nervous systems. In other animals, such big brains typically need to be treated with care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just think about your own fragile brain. It’s encased in a skull, bathed in oxygen, and tuned to work at a relatively stable body temperature. “We spend a ton of energy maintaining a constant temperature,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbl.edu/research/research-centers/eugene-bell-center/bell-center-faculty-and-staff/rosenthal-lab\">Josh Rosenthal\u003c/a>, a neurobiologist at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. “And a lot of that is so that our nervous system can operate more efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Too hot (with a fever) or too cold (with hypothermia) and our brains sputter and begin to fail — and that’s just several degrees off the norm. So our bodies keep everything at a steady temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Octopuses don’t have that luxury. Their brains require just as much safekeeping as ours, but they’re in squishy bodies swimming in water whose temperature can fluctuate by some 20 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to maintain a complex nervous system in the face of changing temperature,” says Rosenthal. “And that presents challenges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tweaking genetic recipes on the fly\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Octopuses have overcome that challenge with a unique trick hidden inside their cells. It has to do with a molecule called RNA, which is used to help translate DNA into the proteins that make up our bodies. To use an analogy, let’s say you want to make a loaf of bread and you walk into a library filled with cookbooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That cookbook itself, it’s already printed and I can’t change the book,” says \u003ca href=\"https://matthewabirk.weebly.com/\">Matthew Birk\u003c/a>, a biologist at Saint Francis University. “But what I can do is make a copy, take it home to my kitchen,” and bake the bread there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, the cookbooks are the DNA, which is hard-coded and doesn’t change, the bread is the protein your body wants to make, and the RNA is the copy of the recipe that explains how to do it. RNA doesn’t tend to change all that much. It’s just the messenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if you’re missing an ingredient — like butter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If those are the instructions you have, you’re kinda sunk,” says Rosenthal. “But if you know that oil would work just as well — if you could edit that recipe and put that in, then that gives you flexibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the brains of most animals — from fish to birds to bees to people — only a few percent of the RNAs get edited. But inside the brains of octopuses and their relatives, it’s happening on a massive scale, affecting more than 60%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers wondered if something in these animals’ environment might be driving all this tweaking, like temperature. Birk decided to run an experiment with help from the California two-spot octopus, which, when scrunched up, is about the size of a football.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look very much like your typical octopus,” says Birk, “although it does have two iridescent blue spots to try and scare a predator away.” He says they’re mischievous and good at camouflaging. And their coastal habitat in southern California and northern Mexico swings between warm summers and cool winters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the lab, Birk placed half his octopuses in cooler water and half in warmer water. After a few weeks, he collected RNA from their brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that there were over 20,000 different locations on various different proteins that were edited,” says Birk, with more tweaking in the cooler conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is, in response to changing temperatures, the octopuses remodeled their brains, presumably to keep them functioning properly. 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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>No suction cups, no Velcro, no glue. Geckos navigate nearly any surface with something far cooler: an electron dance at the atomic scale.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>You know you’ve dreamed of it – scaling walls with your bare hands and feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most geckos, that dream is reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geckos can navigate nearly any surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speeding along to score a meal, flee an enemy, or just take in the scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s the trick to its stick?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gecko feet aren’t covered in suction cups or velcro. They don’t squirt glue, or leave any footprints for that matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gecko’s secret is a herculean amount of grip – at the atomic scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/about-us/major-initiatives/islands-2030\">Learn more about the California Academy of Sciences’ research on geckos, frogs and more as part of their Islands 2030 initiative here\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\">\u003cbr>\nSee these geckos up close and personal at California Academy of Sciences, and celebrate 100 years of the Steinhart Aquarium and its sticky, slimy, wonderful creatures\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091839\">Lewis & Clark College Professor Kellar Autumn has been taking a very close look at gecko feet for decades. Learn more about his work in this paper\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out its fabulous toes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These ridges – called lamellae – are blanketed in hairs called setae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the setae branch out further – into millions of spatula-shaped pads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spatulae, if you will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the stick happens even closer in – check out these spatulae atoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They don’t have an electric charge, and neither do the atoms of the surfaces the gecko moves on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the gecko pulls its foot at just the right angle – those spatulae get so close to the surfaces’ atoms that the electrons start to sync up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That shimmy is called Van der Waals force, and it’s what keeps the gecko attached to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a gecko used all of its millions of setae at once, that force could hold you up – and a friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans have been trying to mimic gecko adhesion for years, and they’re finally getting close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Stanford University created a sort of gecko-inspired tape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a microscope, you can see it has tiny wedges, much like the gecko’s spatulae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you pull the tape parallel to a surface, like an apple, the wedges flatten and connect to a larger area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That close contact creates – you guessed it – Van der Waals force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To release it, simply reverse the pull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how does the gecko do it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it curls up its toes, changing the angle of its spatulae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which keeps them light on their feet, and ready to set out on more snack-robatic adventures.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/about-us/major-initiatives/islands-2030\">Learn more about the California Academy of Sciences’ research on geckos, frogs and more as part of their Islands 2030 initiative here\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\">\u003cbr>\nSee these geckos up close and personal at California Academy of Sciences, and celebrate 100 years of the Steinhart Aquarium and its sticky, slimy, wonderful creatures\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091839\">Lewis & Clark College Professor Kellar Autumn has been taking a very close look at gecko feet for decades. Learn more about his work in this paper\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n",
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"title": "A Seabird Comeback: How Restoration Efforts Can Combat Climate Change",
"headTitle": "A Seabird Comeback: How Restoration Efforts Can Combat Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Seabirds evolved about 60 million years ago, as Earth’s continents drifted toward their current positions and modern oceans took shape. They spread across thousands of undisturbed islands in the widening seas. And as flying dinosaurs and giant omnivorous sea reptiles died out, seabirds also started filling an ecological niche as ecosystem engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They distribute nutrients, in the form of guano, that’s beneficial to plankton, seagrass and coral reefs, which, in turn, nurtures fish populations that are eaten by seabirds and marine mammals in a cycle that forms a biological carbon pump. The stronger the pump, the more carbon dioxide it pushes into seabed sediment storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seabird colonies of almost unimaginable size likely persisted through eons of profound climate shifts and the geological upheavals of colliding continents, playing a profound role in the ocean carbon cycle. But even in their most far-flung island realms, they were quickly decimated by humans who colonized and industrialized the planet during the past 200 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By some estimates, the overall global seabird population has dropped by as much as 90% during that time, with \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0129342\">a decline of 70% just since 1950\u003c/a>. Seabirds are \u003ca href=\"https://www.iucn.org/\">the most threatened group of birds and one of the most endangered groups of species\u003c/a>, according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Of 346 seabird species, 97 are globally threatened, and another 35 are listed as near-threatened. Almost half of all seabird species are known or suspected to be experiencing population declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the damage has been from invasive predators — humans themselves, and the rats, cats, dogs and pigs they brought along as they exploited island after island. After millions of years of predator-free evolution, the birds didn’t recognize the new species as threats. They were particularly vulnerable because they don’t breed as prolifically as many terrestrial birds, and spend a long time nurturing their flightless young on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also direct human predation on an industrial scale, with the harvest of seabird eggs for food, their guano as fertilizer and the birds themselves to render for oil, along with seals, sea lions and whales, or as the unwanted bycatch of commercial fishing boats. On the Farallon Islands near San Francisco, home to the largest single seabird nesting colony in the United States, the murre population dropped from 400,000 to 60,000 in just a few decades during the gold rush, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/when-california-went-war-over-eggs-180971960/\">people harvested up to half a million eggs per year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982712\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1982712 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/SeabirdRestorationWorld1000px-800x514.png\" alt='An infographic showing three different seabird species, with a background of a map. The text on the infographic says: \"A Seabird Comeback: New research tracked the implementation and success of 851 active seabird restoration projects around the world between 1954 and 2021, finding that a high percentage of them are showing signs of success. In some cases, birds are returning on their own to nesting sites where invasive predators have been eliminated. In other cases, young birds that were relocated from one place to another later returned on their own after spending several years at sea.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"514\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/SeabirdRestorationWorld1000px-800x514.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/SeabirdRestorationWorld1000px-160x103.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/SeabirdRestorationWorld1000px-768x494.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/SeabirdRestorationWorld1000px.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New research tracked the implementation and success of 851 active seabird restoration projects around the world between 1954 and 2021, finding that a high percentage of them are showing signs of success. In some cases, birds are returning on their own to nesting sites where invasive predators have been eliminated. In other cases, young birds that were relocated from one place to another later returned on their own after spending several years at sea.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today the Farallon Islands are protected as part of a marine sanctuary and the nesting seabird colonies are recovering, helping to sustain the surrounding marine ecosystem, including great white sharks, apex predators that sometimes feed on the population of northern fur seals that have returned to the islands since they were protected. Rhinoceros auklets, related to puffins, have also returned and more than \u003ca href=\"https://farallones.org/sanctuary-wildlife/\">20 endangered and threatened species — birds, reptiles, insects, marine mammals and even sea turtles — live on and and around the islands\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The comeback has already started\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>And there are hundreds of other seabird restoration projects around the world showing signs of success, said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Dena_Spatz\">Dena Spatz\u003c/a>, a scientist with \u003ca href=\"https://pacificrimconservation.org/\">Pacific Rim Conservation\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that focuses on ecosystem repairs. Spatz was lead author of an April 10 \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2214574120\">study\u003c/a> in the Proceedings National Academy of Sciences that \u003ca href=\"http://seabirddatabase.org/\">compiled data from 851 restoration projects in 36 countries targeting 138 species of seabirds over the past 70 years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study focused on efforts to actively bring back bird populations, including social attraction methods, like using decoys, as well as direct translocation of young birds to new sites free of invasive predators. In more than 75% of the restorations, targeted species visited the sites and started breeding within two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982713\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1982713 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/birdcolony_guano2-1536x1062-1-800x553.jpeg\" alt=\"A bird rookery is seen in the ocean.\" width=\"800\" height=\"553\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/birdcolony_guano2-1536x1062-1-800x553.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/birdcolony_guano2-1536x1062-1-1020x705.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/birdcolony_guano2-1536x1062-1-160x111.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/birdcolony_guano2-1536x1062-1-768x531.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/birdcolony_guano2-1536x1062-1.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guano-covered bird rookery in the Pacific Ocean near Mazunte, Oaxaca, Mexico. The guano gets rinsed into the ocean, which nurtures the ocean food web. \u003ccite>(Bob Berwyn/Inside Climate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s an incredible success story,” she said. “A lot of seabirds come back without any intervention … But that’s not always the case all the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some populations of seabirds are tiny and widely dispersed across distant islands, and a few of them have blinked out, she said. That makes it hard for the bird populations to get back to historic breeding levels without help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s where active restoration, moving things from one place to another, becomes super critical,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restoring seabirds could bolster ocean ecosystems and their ability to draw down carbon dioxide, said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/poertner_hans\">Hans-Otto Pörtner\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany, who recently co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl4881\">research paper in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that spells out the connections between biodiversity, ecosystem protection and climate stabilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to direct CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels and other industrial processes, the disruption of ecosystems and biodiversity declines have also significantly contributed to rising atmospheric greenhouse concentrations that are heating up the planet, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biodiversity loss contributes to climate change through loss of wild species and biomass,” the paper concluded. “This reduces carbon stocks and sink capacity in natural and managed ecosystems, increasing emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting warming disturbs ecosystems in a vicious circle that worsens “the unprecedented loss of biodiversity already caused by human-induced habitat degradation, overexploitation of natural resources, and pollution,” he and his co-authors wrote in the \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding continued biodiversity loss and habitat decline with projections for greenhouse gas emissions, Earth is on a path to heat up to near 3 degrees Celsius by 2100, and that won’t change unless humans proceed on the planet in a way that “allows biodiversity to thrive, and which incorporates a strengthening of the natural pathways of carbon binding and storage,” Pörtner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Can assisted migration help?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The new seabird restoration study is part of a growing canon that documents thousands of various nature restoration projects on every continent, according to \u003ca href=\"https://restor.eco/?lat=26&lng=14.23&zoom=3\">Restor\u003c/a>, a nonprofit network building a global restoration database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restoring seabirds can help turnaround the declines in biodiversity and carbon sequestration, Spatz said, describing some of the translocation research pioneered by scientists in New Zealand that will help similar efforts elsewhere. The idea of moving birds physically from one place to another to restore populations is part of a growing effort of \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=assisted+migration+in+climate+change+research&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart\">assisted migration\u003c/a>, which some scientists think will be critical as climate change impacts intensify. For seabirds, it’s done most with species that have evolved to return to the place they are born, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s this amazing biological response in birds like petrels, shearwaters, albatross and some puffins,” she said. “They’re born on an island, they fledge, they go to sea from anywhere between one and eight years, depending on the species and then go back to the place where they were born.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982714\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1982714 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/petrel-800x601.jpeg\" alt=\"A seabird is seen soaring above the ocean. \" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/petrel-800x601.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/petrel-1020x766.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/petrel-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/petrel-768x577.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/petrel.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seabirds include many pelagic species like petrels that spend nearly their entire lives at sea, returning to land only for a few months each year to breed. \u003ccite>(Bob Berwyn/Inside Climate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Relocation of the chicks is timed so they imprint on their new home in the way they normally would at the site where they hatched, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge endeavor to do this stuff. But it works when you do it, right,” she said. “What’s amazing is, once these birds come as fluffy chicks to a restoration site, they’re raised by people, but they don’t imprint on us. That’s just the way seabirds are, so that’s not a worry. Then they get feathers, and they fly on their own out to sea. And when it’s time to breed, they go to the restoration site instead of the place they were born.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Hawai’i, she said, scientists have been relocating albatross and petrel chicks from some of the low-lying Northwest Hawaiian Islands, where there are huge bird colonies, but some nesting grounds are already being swamped by rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a future threat,” she said. “It’s a current threat. Those chicks probably wouldn’t have survived anyway if we hadn’t taken them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Let ecosystems flourish to benefit the climate\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scaling up nature restoration and conservation efforts, including with seabirds, is absolutely critical to preventing a worst-case global warming outcome, said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BernieTershy\">Bernie Tershy\u003c/a>, an ecology and evolutionary biology researcher at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A key part of that is pulling pollutants out of the atmosphere, right? So if you’re going to do that, one could argue that the best way to do that is to plant a whole bunch of the fastest growing trees over the most area possible,” said Tershy, who was not an author of the new seabird study but has worked on similar research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that would be like putting all your climate eggs in one basket, he said, describing risks, like wildfires and insect infestations that could quickly wipe out such monocultures before they have any climate benefits. A better approach is a diversified investment spread across ecosystems that suck carbon out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s also totally the cheapest way because it’s a passive thing,” he said. “All you have to do is protect these natural areas and manage them well. They’ll soak up a ton of carbon and they’ll do it in a way that is incredibly resilient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you can’t just focus on a single species, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need a bunch of different plant species,” he said. “And you need insect grazers and fertilizer-producing species. You need small mammal seed dispersers and you need the birds that disperse seeds and the fertilizers they produce that nurture the seeds. You need all that biodiversity to maintain resilient ecosystems that pull carbon out of the atmosphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">Sign up for the ICN newsletter here.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The number of seabirds has declined 70% since the 1950s. New research shows how restoration projects can also bolster ocean ecosystems that sequester carbon.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seabirds evolved about 60 million years ago, as Earth’s continents drifted toward their current positions and modern oceans took shape. They spread across thousands of undisturbed islands in the widening seas. And as flying dinosaurs and giant omnivorous sea reptiles died out, seabirds also started filling an ecological niche as ecosystem engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They distribute nutrients, in the form of guano, that’s beneficial to plankton, seagrass and coral reefs, which, in turn, nurtures fish populations that are eaten by seabirds and marine mammals in a cycle that forms a biological carbon pump. The stronger the pump, the more carbon dioxide it pushes into seabed sediment storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seabird colonies of almost unimaginable size likely persisted through eons of profound climate shifts and the geological upheavals of colliding continents, playing a profound role in the ocean carbon cycle. But even in their most far-flung island realms, they were quickly decimated by humans who colonized and industrialized the planet during the past 200 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By some estimates, the overall global seabird population has dropped by as much as 90% during that time, with \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0129342\">a decline of 70% just since 1950\u003c/a>. Seabirds are \u003ca href=\"https://www.iucn.org/\">the most threatened group of birds and one of the most endangered groups of species\u003c/a>, according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Of 346 seabird species, 97 are globally threatened, and another 35 are listed as near-threatened. Almost half of all seabird species are known or suspected to be experiencing population declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the damage has been from invasive predators — humans themselves, and the rats, cats, dogs and pigs they brought along as they exploited island after island. After millions of years of predator-free evolution, the birds didn’t recognize the new species as threats. They were particularly vulnerable because they don’t breed as prolifically as many terrestrial birds, and spend a long time nurturing their flightless young on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also direct human predation on an industrial scale, with the harvest of seabird eggs for food, their guano as fertilizer and the birds themselves to render for oil, along with seals, sea lions and whales, or as the unwanted bycatch of commercial fishing boats. On the Farallon Islands near San Francisco, home to the largest single seabird nesting colony in the United States, the murre population dropped from 400,000 to 60,000 in just a few decades during the gold rush, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/when-california-went-war-over-eggs-180971960/\">people harvested up to half a million eggs per year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982712\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1982712 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/SeabirdRestorationWorld1000px-800x514.png\" alt='An infographic showing three different seabird species, with a background of a map. The text on the infographic says: \"A Seabird Comeback: New research tracked the implementation and success of 851 active seabird restoration projects around the world between 1954 and 2021, finding that a high percentage of them are showing signs of success. In some cases, birds are returning on their own to nesting sites where invasive predators have been eliminated. In other cases, young birds that were relocated from one place to another later returned on their own after spending several years at sea.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"514\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/SeabirdRestorationWorld1000px-800x514.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/SeabirdRestorationWorld1000px-160x103.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/SeabirdRestorationWorld1000px-768x494.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/SeabirdRestorationWorld1000px.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New research tracked the implementation and success of 851 active seabird restoration projects around the world between 1954 and 2021, finding that a high percentage of them are showing signs of success. In some cases, birds are returning on their own to nesting sites where invasive predators have been eliminated. In other cases, young birds that were relocated from one place to another later returned on their own after spending several years at sea.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today the Farallon Islands are protected as part of a marine sanctuary and the nesting seabird colonies are recovering, helping to sustain the surrounding marine ecosystem, including great white sharks, apex predators that sometimes feed on the population of northern fur seals that have returned to the islands since they were protected. Rhinoceros auklets, related to puffins, have also returned and more than \u003ca href=\"https://farallones.org/sanctuary-wildlife/\">20 endangered and threatened species — birds, reptiles, insects, marine mammals and even sea turtles — live on and and around the islands\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The comeback has already started\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>And there are hundreds of other seabird restoration projects around the world showing signs of success, said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Dena_Spatz\">Dena Spatz\u003c/a>, a scientist with \u003ca href=\"https://pacificrimconservation.org/\">Pacific Rim Conservation\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that focuses on ecosystem repairs. Spatz was lead author of an April 10 \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2214574120\">study\u003c/a> in the Proceedings National Academy of Sciences that \u003ca href=\"http://seabirddatabase.org/\">compiled data from 851 restoration projects in 36 countries targeting 138 species of seabirds over the past 70 years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study focused on efforts to actively bring back bird populations, including social attraction methods, like using decoys, as well as direct translocation of young birds to new sites free of invasive predators. In more than 75% of the restorations, targeted species visited the sites and started breeding within two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982713\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1982713 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/birdcolony_guano2-1536x1062-1-800x553.jpeg\" alt=\"A bird rookery is seen in the ocean.\" width=\"800\" height=\"553\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/birdcolony_guano2-1536x1062-1-800x553.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/birdcolony_guano2-1536x1062-1-1020x705.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/birdcolony_guano2-1536x1062-1-160x111.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/birdcolony_guano2-1536x1062-1-768x531.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/birdcolony_guano2-1536x1062-1.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guano-covered bird rookery in the Pacific Ocean near Mazunte, Oaxaca, Mexico. The guano gets rinsed into the ocean, which nurtures the ocean food web. \u003ccite>(Bob Berwyn/Inside Climate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s an incredible success story,” she said. “A lot of seabirds come back without any intervention … But that’s not always the case all the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some populations of seabirds are tiny and widely dispersed across distant islands, and a few of them have blinked out, she said. That makes it hard for the bird populations to get back to historic breeding levels without help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s where active restoration, moving things from one place to another, becomes super critical,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restoring seabirds could bolster ocean ecosystems and their ability to draw down carbon dioxide, said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/poertner_hans\">Hans-Otto Pörtner\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany, who recently co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl4881\">research paper in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that spells out the connections between biodiversity, ecosystem protection and climate stabilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to direct CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels and other industrial processes, the disruption of ecosystems and biodiversity declines have also significantly contributed to rising atmospheric greenhouse concentrations that are heating up the planet, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biodiversity loss contributes to climate change through loss of wild species and biomass,” the paper concluded. “This reduces carbon stocks and sink capacity in natural and managed ecosystems, increasing emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting warming disturbs ecosystems in a vicious circle that worsens “the unprecedented loss of biodiversity already caused by human-induced habitat degradation, overexploitation of natural resources, and pollution,” he and his co-authors wrote in the \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding continued biodiversity loss and habitat decline with projections for greenhouse gas emissions, Earth is on a path to heat up to near 3 degrees Celsius by 2100, and that won’t change unless humans proceed on the planet in a way that “allows biodiversity to thrive, and which incorporates a strengthening of the natural pathways of carbon binding and storage,” Pörtner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Can assisted migration help?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The new seabird restoration study is part of a growing canon that documents thousands of various nature restoration projects on every continent, according to \u003ca href=\"https://restor.eco/?lat=26&lng=14.23&zoom=3\">Restor\u003c/a>, a nonprofit network building a global restoration database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restoring seabirds can help turnaround the declines in biodiversity and carbon sequestration, Spatz said, describing some of the translocation research pioneered by scientists in New Zealand that will help similar efforts elsewhere. The idea of moving birds physically from one place to another to restore populations is part of a growing effort of \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=assisted+migration+in+climate+change+research&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart\">assisted migration\u003c/a>, which some scientists think will be critical as climate change impacts intensify. For seabirds, it’s done most with species that have evolved to return to the place they are born, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s this amazing biological response in birds like petrels, shearwaters, albatross and some puffins,” she said. “They’re born on an island, they fledge, they go to sea from anywhere between one and eight years, depending on the species and then go back to the place where they were born.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982714\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1982714 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/petrel-800x601.jpeg\" alt=\"A seabird is seen soaring above the ocean. \" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/petrel-800x601.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/petrel-1020x766.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/petrel-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/petrel-768x577.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/05/petrel.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seabirds include many pelagic species like petrels that spend nearly their entire lives at sea, returning to land only for a few months each year to breed. \u003ccite>(Bob Berwyn/Inside Climate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Relocation of the chicks is timed so they imprint on their new home in the way they normally would at the site where they hatched, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge endeavor to do this stuff. But it works when you do it, right,” she said. “What’s amazing is, once these birds come as fluffy chicks to a restoration site, they’re raised by people, but they don’t imprint on us. That’s just the way seabirds are, so that’s not a worry. Then they get feathers, and they fly on their own out to sea. And when it’s time to breed, they go to the restoration site instead of the place they were born.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Hawai’i, she said, scientists have been relocating albatross and petrel chicks from some of the low-lying Northwest Hawaiian Islands, where there are huge bird colonies, but some nesting grounds are already being swamped by rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a future threat,” she said. “It’s a current threat. Those chicks probably wouldn’t have survived anyway if we hadn’t taken them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Let ecosystems flourish to benefit the climate\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scaling up nature restoration and conservation efforts, including with seabirds, is absolutely critical to preventing a worst-case global warming outcome, said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BernieTershy\">Bernie Tershy\u003c/a>, an ecology and evolutionary biology researcher at UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A key part of that is pulling pollutants out of the atmosphere, right? So if you’re going to do that, one could argue that the best way to do that is to plant a whole bunch of the fastest growing trees over the most area possible,” said Tershy, who was not an author of the new seabird study but has worked on similar research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that would be like putting all your climate eggs in one basket, he said, describing risks, like wildfires and insect infestations that could quickly wipe out such monocultures before they have any climate benefits. A better approach is a diversified investment spread across ecosystems that suck carbon out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s also totally the cheapest way because it’s a passive thing,” he said. “All you have to do is protect these natural areas and manage them well. They’ll soak up a ton of carbon and they’ll do it in a way that is incredibly resilient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you can’t just focus on a single species, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need a bunch of different plant species,” he said. “And you need insect grazers and fertilizer-producing species. You need small mammal seed dispersers and you need the birds that disperse seeds and the fertilizers they produce that nurture the seeds. You need all that biodiversity to maintain resilient ecosystems that pull carbon out of the atmosphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">Sign up for the ICN newsletter here.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Condors Confront Bird Flu in Flight From Extinction",
"headTitle": "California Condors Confront Bird Flu in Flight From Extinction | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The California condor is facing the deadliest strain of avian influenza in U.S. history, and the outbreak could jeopardize the iconic vulture with its 10-foot wingspan decades after \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/north-america-condors-us-news-ut-state-wire-az-state-wire-d1425cf1e17249f088a00b2f14a319b9\">conservationists saved the species from extinction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nine newly hatched chicks, covered in downy white feathers, give condor-keepers at the Los Angeles Zoo hope that the endangered population of North America’s largest soaring land birds will once again thrive after 40 years of aggressive efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With fewer than 350 condors in the wild — in flocks that span from the Pacific Northwest to Baja California, Mexico — the historic outbreak means ongoing breeding-in-captivity and rewilding programs like the LA Zoo’s remain essential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past year and a half, millions of birds across the U.S. have died from avian flu, including \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/health-business-minnesota-environment-0ec6d3f11b09ddd023d7d5d50ab7f8c1\">more than 430 bald eagles\u003c/a> and some 58 million turkeys and commercial chickens \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/disease-outbreaks-iowa-business-health-bird-flu-2c9ca4b3d04f3c0269a1fee233daa3a6\">that were euthanized to prevent the spread of the disease\u003c/a>. Bird flu is further suspected in the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/health-maine-flu-seals-national-oceanic-and-atmospheric-administration-66939e32ca206ab0c150953e55d22434\">deaths of dozens of seals\u003c/a> off the coast of Maine last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, the strain is believed to have caused \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/california-condor-deaths-arizona-utah-avian-flu-cc83480a4979a235c44e27d1890ab340\">the deaths of at least 22 California condors in Arizona\u003c/a>, which were part of a flock in the Southwest that typically accounts for a third of the species’ entire wild population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts are now concerned the strain could further affect condors by rapidly spreading across state lines through the spring migration. More than two dozen environmental advocates this week urged the federal government to expedite approvals for a vaccine that would be given to both condors in the wild and in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advocates, which include the Center for Biological Diversity, warned in a letter that the flu strain is “jeopardizing the existence” of the famed bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Endangered condor chicks hatch at LA Zoo\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/OFw1_T8Cixg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California condor is at risk of extinction once again, and once again, an emergency vaccination campaign is required to stave off a deadly infection and possible extinction,” they wrote, referencing the success of the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/hub/west-nile-virus\">West Nile virus\u003c/a> vaccine for condors in the early 2000s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the 50th anniversary of the Endangered Species Act approaches, wildlife officials say the species still cannot sustain itself without human intervention — even though humans are also to blame for much of its losses outside the avian flu, including deaths from lead ammunition poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s going to take some changes in behavior from the humans on the planet so that we can really address the threats to the species,” said Ashleigh Blackford, California condor coordinator for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a California law banning lead ammunition for hunting, it is still readily used. The condors scavenge meat from dead animals, felled by the lead ammunition, and fall ill — often fatally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really hard to watch a bird you raised come back and die in your arms,” said Los Angeles Zoo condor-keeper Chandra David, who has tended to \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/2e9f542f808ec2ee54daf612651422bc\">lead-poisoned condors\u003c/a> brought back to the zoo for treatment. “And there’s nothing we can do about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, spring is a time for hope. At breeding programs in the U.S. and Mexico, chicks are hatching and online “condor cams” provide live feeds for fans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a funny species in that it really is not your typical charismatic species, right? They are a little bit on the ugly side. Most people are not endeared to vultures, but this one in particular (is different),” Blackford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, the condor looms large in California culture — even if it’s not the official state bird (that’s the California quail). The mascot for the Los Angeles Clippers is Chuck the Condor and one of the birds in flight is featured prominently on the state quarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The population was nearly wiped out by hunting during the California Gold Rush, as well as poisoning from toxic pesticide DDT and lead ammunition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1980s, all 22 California condors left in the wild were \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/85dbcded1311eb38156766664cec55b1\">controversially captured\u003c/a> and put into captive breeding programs to save the species. Zoo-bred birds were first released into the wild in 1992 and in the years since have been reintroduced into habitats they’d disappeared from — including the Yurok Tribe’s ancestral lands in Northern California. The ongoing rewilding efforts are considered a conservation success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It took decades to drive species toward extinction and it’s, in many cases, going to take decades to bring them back,” said Noah Greenwald, endangered species director for the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The condor is intrinsically tied to several Native American tribes in the West. The Havasupai people, for example, say the condor flew their ancestors from the bottom of the Grand Canyon to the top — its wings creating the famous striations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Yurok Tribe, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/travel-california-wildlife-parks-national-fefbd6b9ed15698c0b6507fa6f60317d\">the work to bring the condors back\u003c/a> highlights how Native Americans are reclaiming their traditional roles as stewards of the land — “which was a role that was taken from us forcibly post-contact,” said Tiana Williams-Claussen, director of the tribe’s wildlife department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as prey-go-neesh in Yurok, the revered condor disappeared from the region in the late 1800s. In 2021, Williams-Claussen and her team, building on a promise made by tribal leaders in 2003, watched as captive-bred condors took flight over Yurok lands for the first time in more than a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe hopes to release four to six captive-bred birds into the wild annually over the next two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately our goal, of course, is to have birds without tags, without transmitters, that can just reintegrate into our ecosystem,” Williams-Claussen said, “into our cultural lifeways again.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California condor is facing the deadliest strain of avian influenza in U.S. history, and the outbreak could jeopardize the iconic vulture with its 10-foot wingspan decades after \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/north-america-condors-us-news-ut-state-wire-az-state-wire-d1425cf1e17249f088a00b2f14a319b9\">conservationists saved the species from extinction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nine newly hatched chicks, covered in downy white feathers, give condor-keepers at the Los Angeles Zoo hope that the endangered population of North America’s largest soaring land birds will once again thrive after 40 years of aggressive efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With fewer than 350 condors in the wild — in flocks that span from the Pacific Northwest to Baja California, Mexico — the historic outbreak means ongoing breeding-in-captivity and rewilding programs like the LA Zoo’s remain essential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past year and a half, millions of birds across the U.S. have died from avian flu, including \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/health-business-minnesota-environment-0ec6d3f11b09ddd023d7d5d50ab7f8c1\">more than 430 bald eagles\u003c/a> and some 58 million turkeys and commercial chickens \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/disease-outbreaks-iowa-business-health-bird-flu-2c9ca4b3d04f3c0269a1fee233daa3a6\">that were euthanized to prevent the spread of the disease\u003c/a>. Bird flu is further suspected in the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/health-maine-flu-seals-national-oceanic-and-atmospheric-administration-66939e32ca206ab0c150953e55d22434\">deaths of dozens of seals\u003c/a> off the coast of Maine last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, the strain is believed to have caused \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/california-condor-deaths-arizona-utah-avian-flu-cc83480a4979a235c44e27d1890ab340\">the deaths of at least 22 California condors in Arizona\u003c/a>, which were part of a flock in the Southwest that typically accounts for a third of the species’ entire wild population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts are now concerned the strain could further affect condors by rapidly spreading across state lines through the spring migration. More than two dozen environmental advocates this week urged the federal government to expedite approvals for a vaccine that would be given to both condors in the wild and in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advocates, which include the Center for Biological Diversity, warned in a letter that the flu strain is “jeopardizing the existence” of the famed bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Endangered condor chicks hatch at LA Zoo\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/OFw1_T8Cixg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California condor is at risk of extinction once again, and once again, an emergency vaccination campaign is required to stave off a deadly infection and possible extinction,” they wrote, referencing the success of the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/hub/west-nile-virus\">West Nile virus\u003c/a> vaccine for condors in the early 2000s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the 50th anniversary of the Endangered Species Act approaches, wildlife officials say the species still cannot sustain itself without human intervention — even though humans are also to blame for much of its losses outside the avian flu, including deaths from lead ammunition poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s going to take some changes in behavior from the humans on the planet so that we can really address the threats to the species,” said Ashleigh Blackford, California condor coordinator for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a California law banning lead ammunition for hunting, it is still readily used. The condors scavenge meat from dead animals, felled by the lead ammunition, and fall ill — often fatally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really hard to watch a bird you raised come back and die in your arms,” said Los Angeles Zoo condor-keeper Chandra David, who has tended to \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/2e9f542f808ec2ee54daf612651422bc\">lead-poisoned condors\u003c/a> brought back to the zoo for treatment. “And there’s nothing we can do about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, spring is a time for hope. At breeding programs in the U.S. and Mexico, chicks are hatching and online “condor cams” provide live feeds for fans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a funny species in that it really is not your typical charismatic species, right? They are a little bit on the ugly side. Most people are not endeared to vultures, but this one in particular (is different),” Blackford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, the condor looms large in California culture — even if it’s not the official state bird (that’s the California quail). The mascot for the Los Angeles Clippers is Chuck the Condor and one of the birds in flight is featured prominently on the state quarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The population was nearly wiped out by hunting during the California Gold Rush, as well as poisoning from toxic pesticide DDT and lead ammunition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1980s, all 22 California condors left in the wild were \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/85dbcded1311eb38156766664cec55b1\">controversially captured\u003c/a> and put into captive breeding programs to save the species. Zoo-bred birds were first released into the wild in 1992 and in the years since have been reintroduced into habitats they’d disappeared from — including the Yurok Tribe’s ancestral lands in Northern California. The ongoing rewilding efforts are considered a conservation success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It took decades to drive species toward extinction and it’s, in many cases, going to take decades to bring them back,” said Noah Greenwald, endangered species director for the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The condor is intrinsically tied to several Native American tribes in the West. The Havasupai people, for example, say the condor flew their ancestors from the bottom of the Grand Canyon to the top — its wings creating the famous striations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Yurok Tribe, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/travel-california-wildlife-parks-national-fefbd6b9ed15698c0b6507fa6f60317d\">the work to bring the condors back\u003c/a> highlights how Native Americans are reclaiming their traditional roles as stewards of the land — “which was a role that was taken from us forcibly post-contact,” said Tiana Williams-Claussen, director of the tribe’s wildlife department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as prey-go-neesh in Yurok, the revered condor disappeared from the region in the late 1800s. In 2021, Williams-Claussen and her team, building on a promise made by tribal leaders in 2003, watched as captive-bred condors took flight over Yurok lands for the first time in more than a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe hopes to release four to six captive-bred birds into the wild annually over the next two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately our goal, of course, is to have birds without tags, without transmitters, that can just reintegrate into our ecosystem,” Williams-Claussen said, “into our cultural lifeways again.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To us, a snake’s forked tongue evokes danger and deceit. But the tongue’s two sensitive tips, called tines, actually help the snake smell in stereo. That’s bad news if you’re a mouse … \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It’s the most infamous tongue in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To us, the snake’s forked tongue means danger and deceit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to a snake, all that flicking lets it paint a picture of the world around it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We mostly rely on sight and sound, but snakes live in a world of smell. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like us, they use their nose for some basic sniffing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See its nostrils there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s their tongue that takes their senses to the next level — helping them skirt danger, find a mate and hunt for prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mouse might be quick and quiet, but it can’t help leaving a trail of clues behind … perfect for a hungry snake to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snake flicks its tongue in a blur of up and down motion, collecting scents from the air and ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might’ve heard that snakes taste the air with their tongue, but that’s not quite right. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snakes don’t actually have taste buds on their tongues at all\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tongue’s whole job is to collect samples in the saliva and bring them back into the snake’s mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its forked tongue ends in two delicate tips called tines. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They allow the snake to sweep a wider area and pick up odor molecules from two different spots at the same time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it retracts, the forked tongue fits perfectly into this tongue-shaped groove in the roof of the mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saliva from the tines flows through these two tiny holes, one on each side — up into the vomeronasal organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re full of sensory cells, ready to pick up the tiniest trace of that appetizing mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snake’s brain compares cues from the left and right to instantly figure out which side is stronger. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yup, snakes smell in stereo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s bad news for the mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the University of Connecticut set up high-speed cameras to take a closer look at that forked tongue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a single, one-second flick, they captured how a snake waves its tongue up and down, up to 15 times. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compare that to their lizard cousins that usually just pop their tongues out and down to the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the lizards are mostly picking up odors from surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers set up lasers and found that the snake’s lightning-fast tongue rips through the air, creating vortexes …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>… which suck in air and concentrate odor molecules in the saliva. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a mammal tries to find the source of a scent, it points its nose in the air and sniffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That also works to concentrate scents, but the snake can still smell circles around the mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With such a finely tuned sensory system, it isn’t long before that tongue leads the snake right to its prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A tongue that tastes dinner is good, but a tongue that finds it for you is even better.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We mostly rely on sight and sound, but snakes live in a world of smell. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like us, they use their nose for some basic sniffing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See its nostrils there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s their tongue that takes their senses to the next level — helping them skirt danger, find a mate and hunt for prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mouse might be quick and quiet, but it can’t help leaving a trail of clues behind … perfect for a hungry snake to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snake flicks its tongue in a blur of up and down motion, collecting scents from the air and ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might’ve heard that snakes taste the air with their tongue, but that’s not quite right. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snakes don’t actually have taste buds on their tongues at all\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tongue’s whole job is to collect samples in the saliva and bring them back into the snake’s mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its forked tongue ends in two delicate tips called tines. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They allow the snake to sweep a wider area and pick up odor molecules from two different spots at the same time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it retracts, the forked tongue fits perfectly into this tongue-shaped groove in the roof of the mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saliva from the tines flows through these two tiny holes, one on each side — up into the vomeronasal organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re full of sensory cells, ready to pick up the tiniest trace of that appetizing mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snake’s brain compares cues from the left and right to instantly figure out which side is stronger. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yup, snakes smell in stereo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s bad news for the mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the University of Connecticut set up high-speed cameras to take a closer look at that forked tongue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a single, one-second flick, they captured how a snake waves its tongue up and down, up to 15 times. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compare that to their lizard cousins that usually just pop their tongues out and down to the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the lizards are mostly picking up odors from surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers set up lasers and found that the snake’s lightning-fast tongue rips through the air, creating vortexes …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>… which suck in air and concentrate odor molecules in the saliva. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a mammal tries to find the source of a scent, it points its nose in the air and sniffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That also works to concentrate scents, but the snake can still smell circles around the mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With such a finely tuned sensory system, it isn’t long before that tongue leads the snake right to its prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A tongue that tastes dinner is good, but a tongue that finds it for you is even better.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Big Wildfires Can Devastate California’s Fish. But They Thrive With Frequent, Small Burns",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s ingrained in the minds of many fish biologists and conservationists — and many more members of the public — that fire is a destructive force. When fire burns an area, that will be bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a burgeoning area of research shows that wildfires can stimulate growth and abundance in freshwater creeks and rivers — particularly low- to moderate-severity fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t have a good grasp of what’s going on with fire, there’s no way we can manage for things like fish, for people, for communities or anything, really,” said Lenya Quinn-Davidson, director of the University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources’ Fire Network, addressing a crowd gathered for a healthy fire and fish workshop at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.calsalmon.org/conferences/40th-annual-salmonid-restoration-conference\">40th Annual Salmonid Restoration Conference\u003c/a> last week in Fortuna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crowd, composed primarily of fish devotees from nonprofits, regulatory agencies and universities, had gathered to spend the day discussing how the fates of fire and California’s beloved charismatic aquafauna are intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The future of fire is the future of fish,” said Quinn-Davidson.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Frequent burning and abundant life\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fires can help fish by killing off some trees, leaving fewer straws in the ground and thus more water to flow in streams and rivers. Fires can also improve the quality of fish habitat by providing a little disturbance in the watershed: A little turbidity can make it easier for small fish to hide from other fish or birds that want to eat them; more erosion can mean more rocks and gravel in the stream, useful for spawning; and bigger rocks and downed logs in the water can help create pools and riffles, which help with feeding and hiding. And smoke can dramatically cool down land and water temperatures, a benefit as most California native river fish like cold water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most frequently burned watersheds in the Sierra Nevada (likely because they are remote and hard to access) have something in common: The fish seem to thrive with the fire. That was a striking finding from a study commissioned by Congress involving several research teams in the 1990s to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/6664\">evaluate the health of the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carl Skinner, retired research geographer with the U.S. Forest Service, was part of that research group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What was interesting is that there were aquatic biologists that were studying these creeks also, independent of us,” he said, referring to Deer Creek and Mill Creek, “and they determined that these watersheds contained an intact native fish and amphibian fauna.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the life in these streams were doing great. They were operating naturally, as they would have prior to the colonization of California by Europeans and the rapid development of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112705000599\">2005 study of fish and fire\u003c/a> in Idaho by Bureau of Land Management researcher Timothy Burton found that “even in the most severely impacted streams, habitat conditions and trout populations improved dramatically within 5-10 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Floods that followed fires “rejuvenated stream habits” by delivering fine sediments and large amounts of gravel, cobble, woody debris and nutrients that resulted in “higher fish productivities than before the fire,” the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Severe fire prompts a devastating fish kill\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The link between fish and fire is not always beneficial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe fires, especially with the big debris flows that can follow when rains come, can kill large numbers of fish. Last August the McKinney Fire prompted a devastating fish kill along 50 miles of the Klamath River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982489\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1982489\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Image shows the conditions of the Klamath River post McKinney fire, which promoted a large fish kill\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-1920x1281.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Klamath River runs brown with mud after flash floods hit the McKinney Fire in the Klamath National Forest near Yreka. \u003ccite>(David McNew/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It was kind of a combo of worst-case scenarios,” said Toz Soto, fisheries program manager for the Karuk Tribe. “I’ve lived in the Klamath my entire life, and I’ve seen a lot of fires and I’ve seen a lot of debris flows and flood effects and things of this sort. But we’ve never experienced anything quite like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The McKinney Fire, which took the lives of four people, broke out in steep territory in a dry area of the mid-Klamath mountains and burned fast and hot, driven by winds. Within days, isolated heavy rains dumped over the burn scar, releasing enormous amounts of mud and rock into the river. The flow of the Klamath River, as measured by a stream gauge, doubled within a matter of hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soto said he first noticed a change in the sound of the river. “The rapids weren’t making any noise — they were gurgling, but they weren’t roaring,” he said. “The white water wasn’t white. Things were different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extremely muddy, “eerily quiet” water saw big drops in its oxygen content, “pretty much down to zero,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s that low, Soto said, “you might as well just throw the fish up on the bank.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soto worries that as climate change accelerates the intensity of wildfires and rainstorms, these sorts of events will become more common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982490\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1982490 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-800x525.jpg\" alt=\"A man with orange bibs hangs over the side of a boat collecting large dead fish from the river. \" width=\"800\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-800x525.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-1020x669.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-768x504.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-1536x1008.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-2048x1344.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-1920x1260.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yurok tribe member Thomas Willson of Weitchpec fishes on the Klamath River within Yurok tribal lands in this 2008 photograph. \u003ccite>(Michael Macor/The San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there are solutions. Traditional Indigenous knowledge points to the value of using fire to stave off the worst wildfires and to promote health in the forests and aquatic ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we want healthy water for salmon or for drinking or for planting fruits and vegetables, we need to take care of our forest,” said Margo Robbins, Yurok tribal member and executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.culturalfire.org/\">Cultural Fire Management Council\u003c/a>, “and the most efficient, most cost-effective way to take care of the forest is with fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s critical for us as Native people to restore those things back into a healthy state,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, she stressed, everyone has a role: “It’s critical for non-Native people to also take their part in restoring the land to a healthy state, too.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s ingrained in the minds of many fish biologists and conservationists — and many more members of the public — that fire is a destructive force. When fire burns an area, that will be bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a burgeoning area of research shows that wildfires can stimulate growth and abundance in freshwater creeks and rivers — particularly low- to moderate-severity fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t have a good grasp of what’s going on with fire, there’s no way we can manage for things like fish, for people, for communities or anything, really,” said Lenya Quinn-Davidson, director of the University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources’ Fire Network, addressing a crowd gathered for a healthy fire and fish workshop at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.calsalmon.org/conferences/40th-annual-salmonid-restoration-conference\">40th Annual Salmonid Restoration Conference\u003c/a> last week in Fortuna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crowd, composed primarily of fish devotees from nonprofits, regulatory agencies and universities, had gathered to spend the day discussing how the fates of fire and California’s beloved charismatic aquafauna are intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The future of fire is the future of fish,” said Quinn-Davidson.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Frequent burning and abundant life\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fires can help fish by killing off some trees, leaving fewer straws in the ground and thus more water to flow in streams and rivers. Fires can also improve the quality of fish habitat by providing a little disturbance in the watershed: A little turbidity can make it easier for small fish to hide from other fish or birds that want to eat them; more erosion can mean more rocks and gravel in the stream, useful for spawning; and bigger rocks and downed logs in the water can help create pools and riffles, which help with feeding and hiding. And smoke can dramatically cool down land and water temperatures, a benefit as most California native river fish like cold water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most frequently burned watersheds in the Sierra Nevada (likely because they are remote and hard to access) have something in common: The fish seem to thrive with the fire. That was a striking finding from a study commissioned by Congress involving several research teams in the 1990s to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/6664\">evaluate the health of the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carl Skinner, retired research geographer with the U.S. Forest Service, was part of that research group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What was interesting is that there were aquatic biologists that were studying these creeks also, independent of us,” he said, referring to Deer Creek and Mill Creek, “and they determined that these watersheds contained an intact native fish and amphibian fauna.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the life in these streams were doing great. They were operating naturally, as they would have prior to the colonization of California by Europeans and the rapid development of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112705000599\">2005 study of fish and fire\u003c/a> in Idaho by Bureau of Land Management researcher Timothy Burton found that “even in the most severely impacted streams, habitat conditions and trout populations improved dramatically within 5-10 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Floods that followed fires “rejuvenated stream habits” by delivering fine sediments and large amounts of gravel, cobble, woody debris and nutrients that resulted in “higher fish productivities than before the fire,” the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Severe fire prompts a devastating fish kill\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The link between fish and fire is not always beneficial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe fires, especially with the big debris flows that can follow when rains come, can kill large numbers of fish. Last August the McKinney Fire prompted a devastating fish kill along 50 miles of the Klamath River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982489\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1982489\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Image shows the conditions of the Klamath River post McKinney fire, which promoted a large fish kill\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1242292458-1920x1281.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Klamath River runs brown with mud after flash floods hit the McKinney Fire in the Klamath National Forest near Yreka. \u003ccite>(David McNew/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It was kind of a combo of worst-case scenarios,” said Toz Soto, fisheries program manager for the Karuk Tribe. “I’ve lived in the Klamath my entire life, and I’ve seen a lot of fires and I’ve seen a lot of debris flows and flood effects and things of this sort. But we’ve never experienced anything quite like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The McKinney Fire, which took the lives of four people, broke out in steep territory in a dry area of the mid-Klamath mountains and burned fast and hot, driven by winds. Within days, isolated heavy rains dumped over the burn scar, releasing enormous amounts of mud and rock into the river. The flow of the Klamath River, as measured by a stream gauge, doubled within a matter of hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soto said he first noticed a change in the sound of the river. “The rapids weren’t making any noise — they were gurgling, but they weren’t roaring,” he said. “The white water wasn’t white. Things were different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extremely muddy, “eerily quiet” water saw big drops in its oxygen content, “pretty much down to zero,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it’s that low, Soto said, “you might as well just throw the fish up on the bank.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soto worries that as climate change accelerates the intensity of wildfires and rainstorms, these sorts of events will become more common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1982490\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1982490 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-800x525.jpg\" alt=\"A man with orange bibs hangs over the side of a boat collecting large dead fish from the river. \" width=\"800\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-800x525.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-1020x669.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-768x504.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-1536x1008.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-2048x1344.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1321913919-1920x1260.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yurok tribe member Thomas Willson of Weitchpec fishes on the Klamath River within Yurok tribal lands in this 2008 photograph. \u003ccite>(Michael Macor/The San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there are solutions. Traditional Indigenous knowledge points to the value of using fire to stave off the worst wildfires and to promote health in the forests and aquatic ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we want healthy water for salmon or for drinking or for planting fruits and vegetables, we need to take care of our forest,” said Margo Robbins, Yurok tribal member and executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.culturalfire.org/\">Cultural Fire Management Council\u003c/a>, “and the most efficient, most cost-effective way to take care of the forest is with fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s critical for us as Native people to restore those things back into a healthy state,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, she stressed, everyone has a role: “It’s critical for non-Native people to also take their part in restoring the land to a healthy state, too.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Wet Winter Means More Ticks — and Diseases Like Lyme. Here's How to Keep Yourself (and Pets) Safer",
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"content": "\u003cp>Ticks love moist, wet weather, which means they’re out in droves all across California this spring after historic storms saturated the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1982256/best-bay-area-hikes-for-spring-where-to-see-waterfalls-wildflowers-and-mushrooms-after-all-that-rain\">It’s beautiful outside\u003c/a>,” said Linda Giampa, executive director of the Bay Area Lyme Foundation. “Everyone wants to get out and hike. We just want to make sure that people understand what to do and how to be safe out there, because it is going to be a massive tick season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giampa said early studies suggest 30% to 40% more ticks are out this year compared to dry years, and this season is likely to last much longer than usual.[aside postID=science_1982256 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/04/GettyImages-1134614436-1020x681.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forests in Marin, Sonoma and Mendocino counties are hot spots; China Camp State Park is a place to be especially careful. But ticks can be found all across California, including at the beach, hiding in seagrasses. Most years, ticks are found mostly in Northern California, but this year they are likely to show up further south because the entire state was drenched in soaking rain for several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tick season is year round, but the prime time is early spring when the nymphs are out. They’re only the size of a poppy seed, but they carry more bacteria than adult ticks — so they’re more likely to transmit illnesses like Lyme disease. Tick-borne illnesses have increased on the West Coast in recent years, and the best way to stay healthy is to prevent getting bitten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ticks do not fly, and they can’t jump, so the pesky bloodsuckers “quest” by sitting on grasses and bushes stealthily waiting for a mammal to come by. They reach out their front legs and then pounce onto the ankles or legs of humans and animals who come close enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you get back from a hike or a run, it’s a good idea to strip down and put all your clothing and shoes in a hot dryer for 20 minutes. Then jump in a hot shower and check your body carefully — especially behind the ears, legs and knees. Ticks tend to grab onto ankles and then crawl upward. If you have a dog, you want to check their armpits, eyes and ears — any area that’s moist.[aside postID=science_1981882 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456-1920x1280.jpg']If you find an embedded tick, use clean tweezers to pull the tick out by its mouth parts. You want to avoid pulling the tick apart or squishing it because that’s how pathogens can potentially spread. Then, Giampa suggests, toss it in a plastic bag and send it to a place like \u003ca href=\"https://www.tickreport.com/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwxYOiBhC9ARIsANiEIfbXREIFSxV2bFdbDWa31_I6VY8IGJU7RWV62_mTFOiIr8ZLAuGPt3UaAldGEALw_wcB\">TickReport \u003c/a>or \u003ca href=\"https://www.ticknology.org/\">Ticknology\u003c/a>, which will test it for disease-causing microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wash your hands and the bite area with soap and water after the tick is removed. Then monitor yourself for symptoms. If you develop a rash or flu-like symptoms within 30 days of a bite, you should see your doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A few resources:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/CDPH%20Document%20Library/CommonCATicks.pdf\">California Department of Health wallet card for tick identification (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"www.bayarealyme.org\">Bay Area Lyme Foundation\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents\">EPA-registered tick repellants\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ticks love moist, wet weather, which means they’re out in droves all across California this spring after historic storms saturated the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1982256/best-bay-area-hikes-for-spring-where-to-see-waterfalls-wildflowers-and-mushrooms-after-all-that-rain\">It’s beautiful outside\u003c/a>,” said Linda Giampa, executive director of the Bay Area Lyme Foundation. “Everyone wants to get out and hike. We just want to make sure that people understand what to do and how to be safe out there, because it is going to be a massive tick season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giampa said early studies suggest 30% to 40% more ticks are out this year compared to dry years, and this season is likely to last much longer than usual.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forests in Marin, Sonoma and Mendocino counties are hot spots; China Camp State Park is a place to be especially careful. But ticks can be found all across California, including at the beach, hiding in seagrasses. Most years, ticks are found mostly in Northern California, but this year they are likely to show up further south because the entire state was drenched in soaking rain for several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tick season is year round, but the prime time is early spring when the nymphs are out. They’re only the size of a poppy seed, but they carry more bacteria than adult ticks — so they’re more likely to transmit illnesses like Lyme disease. Tick-borne illnesses have increased on the West Coast in recent years, and the best way to stay healthy is to prevent getting bitten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>If you find an embedded tick, use clean tweezers to pull the tick out by its mouth parts. You want to avoid pulling the tick apart or squishing it because that’s how pathogens can potentially spread. Then, Giampa suggests, toss it in a plastic bag and send it to a place like \u003ca href=\"https://www.tickreport.com/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwxYOiBhC9ARIsANiEIfbXREIFSxV2bFdbDWa31_I6VY8IGJU7RWV62_mTFOiIr8ZLAuGPt3UaAldGEALw_wcB\">TickReport \u003c/a>or \u003ca href=\"https://www.ticknology.org/\">Ticknology\u003c/a>, which will test it for disease-causing microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wash your hands and the bite area with soap and water after the tick is removed. Then monitor yourself for symptoms. If you develop a rash or flu-like symptoms within 30 days of a bite, you should see your doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A few resources:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/CDPH%20Document%20Library/CommonCATicks.pdf\">California Department of Health wallet card for tick identification (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"www.bayarealyme.org\">Bay Area Lyme Foundation\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents\">EPA-registered tick repellants\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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},
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"order": 10
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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