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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]On a sunny day near Martinez, California, a friendly-looking German shepherd named Zinka rushes down the crisscrossing trails of Briones Regional Park wearing a vest covered in sensors, batteries and wires. She’s followed by her trainer, Shay Cook, who keeps up at the end of a long leash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The duo trains to track people who have passed through an area — hours or even days later. Their search and rescue training allows them to find a single person across backcountry woods, neighborhoods or even a bustling university campus packed full of students. They also search for missing people lost in natural disasters like fires and earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, they’re in pursuit of something different: clues in a scientific experiment about how odors disperse over time, and how the brain deciphers information about the invisible world of smells that surround us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every dog owner knows that dogs are able to pick up scents that don’t seem to catch the attention of people. One study estimated that dogs can pick up odors up to 100,000 times better than humans can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a treat to go out and watch a search and rescue dog work a trail and see them find the person at the end,” said Judy Jinn, a graduate student in the \u003ca href=\"http://jacobs.berkeley.edu/\">lab of Dr. Lucia Jacobs\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley. “If you’ve never seen it before, it’s pretty amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jinn is wrapping up a study that seeks to shed some light on the surprisingly complex question of how dogs can track a target using tiny amounts of odor that people don’t even notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually hasn’t been studied very well in the past,” she said. “But it’s picking up now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_TrackingInGrass.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_TrackingInGrass.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1938259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Search and rescue dog Zinka and her trainer Shay Cook are able to track target hikers off trail \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The experiment is part of a collaboration between six universities across the country funded by the National Science Foundation’s Brain Initiative. It’s called the \u003ca href=\"https://odornavigation.org/\">Odor Navigation Project\u003c/a>. The collaborators come from disparate fields of study, including animal behavior, genetics, physiology and fluid mechanics, to study how animals use smell to understand their surroundings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The national project has a far-reaching goal: to help develop more effective devices — perhaps even a new generation of robots that seek specific odors — to detect explosives, drugs and other dangerous chemicals in airports, subways, factories and other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jinn’s contribution to the project, she set up an experiment in which a “target hiker” would walk a preset route along crisscrossing trails in the park. Then she used GPS and other sensors attached to the search dog’s harness to record how closely Zinka followed the hiker’s path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the experiment, the target hiker would get a one-hour head start — although Zinka can track people even days later. Even rain doesn’t stop her keen sense of smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By following the search team with a portable weather station, Jinn found that the dog was able to follow the target hiker’s trail more closely under humid conditions. She said she thinks the humidity might help trap scent particles on the ground and on vegetation instead of letting them be blown away by the wind. Jinn hopes to have her results published this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers haven’t fully come to an agreement on exactly what it is that dogs are smelling. Jinn thinks that dogs detect traces of vapors emitted from tiny amounts of dead skin cells, hair and sweat that people shed as they walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/lab/ecological-fluids/\">John Crimaldi\u003c/a>, who studies fluid mechanics at the University of Colorado Boulder, is looking at the structure of the odors themselves. He’s the lead principal investigator of the Odor Navigation Project. Crimaldi and his lab use special techniques to study the physics of how odors move around in air and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there are everyday examples of the way invisible odors disperse all around us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you see a plume of smoke coming out of a smokestack or what milk looks like when you pour it into your coffee, it has that very complex structure to it,” Crimaldi said. “They’re actually all using the same physics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Crimaldi’s studies involves using lasers to measure how a fluorescent dye spreads out in a large tank of water. Researchers use the data of how the dye dissipates unevenly over time to create computer models that replicate the motion of the chemicals swirling around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the researchers run different computer programs that inspect the model for the source of the plume. Crimaldi wants to know which algorithms do a better job of locating the source of the odor within the model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, we want to build a mechanistic model so that we can actually understand how the brain functions when searching for an odor source,” he said. “We want to find the optimal strategies that you might use to program a robot to do similar tasks like search and rescue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Crimaldi looks at the structure of smells, other labs participating in the Odor Navigation Project are focused on the tools animals use to detect odors by “reverse engineering a dog’s nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938282\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_OlfactoryRecessProfileCompositeLabeled-1.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1938282\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_OlfactoryRecessProfileCompositeLabeled-1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Profile shot of Zinka, a black German shepherd search dog, showing the location of the nasal passageway with the olfactory recess highlighted in yellow. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED and Brent Craven/Penn State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While working at Penn State University, Brent Craven and his colleagues looked at the anatomy of a dog’s nose, and how air moves through it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craven and his colleagues use scanning technologies like MRI to peer inside the skulls of different mammals. They’ve found that many of the animals that are considered to have a strong sense of smell, like dogs, tend to have a similar structure in the back of their noses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s called an olfactory recess,” Craven said. “It’s in a dead-end region like a cul-de-sac at the back of the nose. That’s where the sensors are located.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938284\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_OlfactoryRecessMRIScan.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1938284\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_OlfactoryRecessMRIScan.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MRI scan of the inside of a Labrador’s skull showing the curved turbinates. \u003ccite>((Brent Craven/Penn State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s full of delicate bones, known as turbinates, that are covered in mucus membranes. The bones twist and coil like a maze inside the dog’s skull. The turbinates are covered with sensory cells called olfactory neurons that feed information to the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dogs have about 600,00 olfactory neurons. That’s 15 times what humans have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans have olfactory neurons in a little patch at the top of the inside of their noses. Since there’s no special structure to house them, the air that people smell mixes with the rest of the air we breathe. Since all of our sensors are in the same area, they can get bombarded by smells, making it harder to distinguish individual odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Craven, dogs aren’t unique when it comes to their keen sense of smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the structures the scientists found in the MRI scans, many animals have a sense of smell comparable to dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They all have this similar olfactory recess,” Craven said. “Humans, and some other primates basically, are the ones that aren’t as good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Penn State University researchers used data from the scans to create a computer model that mimics the anatomy of the dog’s nose, inside and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They ran tests on the computer model to see how air moved through the delicate structures to find clues that could lead to new designs for trace chemical detectors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One advantage that dogs have over people is the shape of their nostrils. It has to do with those slits running along the sides of their nostrils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/matthew-e-staymates\">Matthew Staymates\u003c/a> is a mechanical engineer at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, a federal government lab in Gaithersburg, Maryland. He studies ways to improve detectors for explosives, drugs and toxic industrial chemicals. And to do that, Staymates is interested in how the shape of dog nostrils helps them detect smells so accurately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staymates, whose work is funded separately from the Odor Navigation Project, took the computer model of a dog’s nose developed at Penn State and printed it out using a 3-D printer to create an anatomically correct artificial dog nose, complete with the turbinates and olfactory recess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He fit the model nose with an air hose that mimics a dog’s natural sniffing speed. Dogs sniff in and out about five times per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sniffs like a real dog,” Staymates said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938287\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_ArtificialNose_StaymatesNIST.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1938287 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_ArtificialNose_StaymatesNIST.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An anatomically correct 3-D printed artificial dog nose made by Matthew Staymates at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Made using data from MRI scans of a Labrador’s skull, the shape of dog nostrils creates a low-pressure zone sucking in air from the front and exhaling the air to the rear. \u003ccite>(Matthew Staymates/National Institute of Standards and Technology)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By viewing the nose using a specialized filming technique called Schlieren imaging, Staymates was able to see how the shape of dog nostrils allows them to inhale from the front and then shunt the exhaled air out and back. That creates a momentary low-pressure area in front of the dog’s nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the artificial nose is inhaling and exhaling the same volume, air rushes in from the front to fill that area of low pressure. That allows dogs to get a fresh sample from the area in front of them with each sniff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938290\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_NostrilVentGraphics.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1938290 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_NostrilVentGraphics.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The slits on the side of a dog’s nostrils expand and contract to sniff in fresh air from the front and exhale air back and toward the rear, as shown with graphics representing odor. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By mimicking the shape of the nostrils, Staymates proposes that new detectors could not only sample the area directly adjacent to the devices, but could also pull in air from farther away, allowing them to extend their reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the current generation of detectors for drugs, or chemical and biological threats, basically just suck air through a hole and analyze it,” Staymates said. “But dogs have an active sampling system that interacts with its environment in a really unique way, a very sophisticated way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out more in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/inside-nose-rescue-dog\">PBS NewsHour Video\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>On a sunny day near Martinez, California, a friendly-looking German shepherd named Zinka rushes down the crisscrossing trails of Briones Regional Park wearing a vest covered in sensors, batteries and wires. She’s followed by her trainer, Shay Cook, who keeps up at the end of a long leash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The duo trains to track people who have passed through an area — hours or even days later. Their search and rescue training allows them to find a single person across backcountry woods, neighborhoods or even a bustling university campus packed full of students. They also search for missing people lost in natural disasters like fires and earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, they’re in pursuit of something different: clues in a scientific experiment about how odors disperse over time, and how the brain deciphers information about the invisible world of smells that surround us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every dog owner knows that dogs are able to pick up scents that don’t seem to catch the attention of people. One study estimated that dogs can pick up odors up to 100,000 times better than humans can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a treat to go out and watch a search and rescue dog work a trail and see them find the person at the end,” said Judy Jinn, a graduate student in the \u003ca href=\"http://jacobs.berkeley.edu/\">lab of Dr. Lucia Jacobs\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley. “If you’ve never seen it before, it’s pretty amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jinn is wrapping up a study that seeks to shed some light on the surprisingly complex question of how dogs can track a target using tiny amounts of odor that people don’t even notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually hasn’t been studied very well in the past,” she said. “But it’s picking up now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_TrackingInGrass.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_TrackingInGrass.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1938259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Search and rescue dog Zinka and her trainer Shay Cook are able to track target hikers off trail \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The experiment is part of a collaboration between six universities across the country funded by the National Science Foundation’s Brain Initiative. It’s called the \u003ca href=\"https://odornavigation.org/\">Odor Navigation Project\u003c/a>. The collaborators come from disparate fields of study, including animal behavior, genetics, physiology and fluid mechanics, to study how animals use smell to understand their surroundings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The national project has a far-reaching goal: to help develop more effective devices — perhaps even a new generation of robots that seek specific odors — to detect explosives, drugs and other dangerous chemicals in airports, subways, factories and other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jinn’s contribution to the project, she set up an experiment in which a “target hiker” would walk a preset route along crisscrossing trails in the park. Then she used GPS and other sensors attached to the search dog’s harness to record how closely Zinka followed the hiker’s path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the experiment, the target hiker would get a one-hour head start — although Zinka can track people even days later. Even rain doesn’t stop her keen sense of smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By following the search team with a portable weather station, Jinn found that the dog was able to follow the target hiker’s trail more closely under humid conditions. She said she thinks the humidity might help trap scent particles on the ground and on vegetation instead of letting them be blown away by the wind. Jinn hopes to have her results published this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers haven’t fully come to an agreement on exactly what it is that dogs are smelling. Jinn thinks that dogs detect traces of vapors emitted from tiny amounts of dead skin cells, hair and sweat that people shed as they walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/lab/ecological-fluids/\">John Crimaldi\u003c/a>, who studies fluid mechanics at the University of Colorado Boulder, is looking at the structure of the odors themselves. He’s the lead principal investigator of the Odor Navigation Project. Crimaldi and his lab use special techniques to study the physics of how odors move around in air and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there are everyday examples of the way invisible odors disperse all around us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you see a plume of smoke coming out of a smokestack or what milk looks like when you pour it into your coffee, it has that very complex structure to it,” Crimaldi said. “They’re actually all using the same physics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Crimaldi’s studies involves using lasers to measure how a fluorescent dye spreads out in a large tank of water. Researchers use the data of how the dye dissipates unevenly over time to create computer models that replicate the motion of the chemicals swirling around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the researchers run different computer programs that inspect the model for the source of the plume. Crimaldi wants to know which algorithms do a better job of locating the source of the odor within the model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, we want to build a mechanistic model so that we can actually understand how the brain functions when searching for an odor source,” he said. “We want to find the optimal strategies that you might use to program a robot to do similar tasks like search and rescue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Crimaldi looks at the structure of smells, other labs participating in the Odor Navigation Project are focused on the tools animals use to detect odors by “reverse engineering a dog’s nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938282\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_OlfactoryRecessProfileCompositeLabeled-1.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1938282\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_OlfactoryRecessProfileCompositeLabeled-1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Profile shot of Zinka, a black German shepherd search dog, showing the location of the nasal passageway with the olfactory recess highlighted in yellow. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED and Brent Craven/Penn State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While working at Penn State University, Brent Craven and his colleagues looked at the anatomy of a dog’s nose, and how air moves through it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craven and his colleagues use scanning technologies like MRI to peer inside the skulls of different mammals. They’ve found that many of the animals that are considered to have a strong sense of smell, like dogs, tend to have a similar structure in the back of their noses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s called an olfactory recess,” Craven said. “It’s in a dead-end region like a cul-de-sac at the back of the nose. That’s where the sensors are located.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938284\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_OlfactoryRecessMRIScan.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1938284\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_OlfactoryRecessMRIScan.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MRI scan of the inside of a Labrador’s skull showing the curved turbinates. \u003ccite>((Brent Craven/Penn State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s full of delicate bones, known as turbinates, that are covered in mucus membranes. The bones twist and coil like a maze inside the dog’s skull. The turbinates are covered with sensory cells called olfactory neurons that feed information to the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dogs have about 600,00 olfactory neurons. That’s 15 times what humans have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans have olfactory neurons in a little patch at the top of the inside of their noses. Since there’s no special structure to house them, the air that people smell mixes with the rest of the air we breathe. Since all of our sensors are in the same area, they can get bombarded by smells, making it harder to distinguish individual odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Craven, dogs aren’t unique when it comes to their keen sense of smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the structures the scientists found in the MRI scans, many animals have a sense of smell comparable to dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They all have this similar olfactory recess,” Craven said. “Humans, and some other primates basically, are the ones that aren’t as good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Penn State University researchers used data from the scans to create a computer model that mimics the anatomy of the dog’s nose, inside and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They ran tests on the computer model to see how air moved through the delicate structures to find clues that could lead to new designs for trace chemical detectors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One advantage that dogs have over people is the shape of their nostrils. It has to do with those slits running along the sides of their nostrils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nist.gov/people/matthew-e-staymates\">Matthew Staymates\u003c/a> is a mechanical engineer at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, a federal government lab in Gaithersburg, Maryland. He studies ways to improve detectors for explosives, drugs and toxic industrial chemicals. And to do that, Staymates is interested in how the shape of dog nostrils helps them detect smells so accurately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staymates, whose work is funded separately from the Odor Navigation Project, took the computer model of a dog’s nose developed at Penn State and printed it out using a 3-D printer to create an anatomically correct artificial dog nose, complete with the turbinates and olfactory recess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He fit the model nose with an air hose that mimics a dog’s natural sniffing speed. Dogs sniff in and out about five times per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sniffs like a real dog,” Staymates said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938287\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_ArtificialNose_StaymatesNIST.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1938287 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_ArtificialNose_StaymatesNIST.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An anatomically correct 3-D printed artificial dog nose made by Matthew Staymates at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Made using data from MRI scans of a Labrador’s skull, the shape of dog nostrils creates a low-pressure zone sucking in air from the front and exhaling the air to the rear. \u003ccite>(Matthew Staymates/National Institute of Standards and Technology)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By viewing the nose using a specialized filming technique called Schlieren imaging, Staymates was able to see how the shape of dog nostrils allows them to inhale from the front and then shunt the exhaled air out and back. That creates a momentary low-pressure area in front of the dog’s nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the artificial nose is inhaling and exhaling the same volume, air rushes in from the front to fill that area of low pressure. That allows dogs to get a fresh sample from the area in front of them with each sniff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938290\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_NostrilVentGraphics.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1938290 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL604_DogNoses_NostrilVentGraphics.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The slits on the side of a dog’s nostrils expand and contract to sniff in fresh air from the front and exhale air back and toward the rear, as shown with graphics representing odor. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By mimicking the shape of the nostrils, Staymates proposes that new detectors could not only sample the area directly adjacent to the devices, but could also pull in air from farther away, allowing them to extend their reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the current generation of detectors for drugs, or chemical and biological threats, basically just suck air through a hole and analyze it,” Staymates said. “But dogs have an active sampling system that interacts with its environment in a really unique way, a very sophisticated way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out more in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/inside-nose-rescue-dog\">PBS NewsHour Video\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]The rains in California bring out more than mushrooms and newts. If you’re looking down at the puddles this winter or spring, you might spot a long, brown spaghetti-shaped creature whipping around madly in a figure 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nematomorpha.net\">hairworm\u003c/a> — also known as a horsehair worm or Gordian worm. Good news: It isn’t interested in infecting or attacking humans. But if you had happened on the puddle a few hours earlier, you might have witnessed a gruesome spectacle — the hairworm wriggling out of a cricket’s body, pushing its way out like the baby monster in the movie “Alien.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937830\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HAIRWORMS_EMERGE_FM_CRICKET.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937830\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HAIRWORMS_EMERGE_FM_CRICKET.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three hairworms emerge from a cricket in the lab of biologist Ben Hanelt, at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. The darker-colored hairworm, a male, curls around the lighter-colored females in an attempt to mate. \u003ccite>(Ben Hanelt/University of New Mexico)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How a hairworm ends up in a puddle, or another water source such as a stream, hot tub or a pet’s water dish, is a complex story. A young hairworm finds its way into a cricket or similar insect like a beetle or grasshopper, and once it has grown into an adult, it takes over its host’s brain to hitch a ride to the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HAIRWORM_SWIMS_IN_PET_WATER_DISH_CLOSEUP2.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937817\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HAIRWORM_SWIMS_IN_PET_WATER_DISH_CLOSEUP2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pet owners sometimes find a hairworm swimming in their cat or dog’s water dish. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists are slowly unraveling the details of the hairworm’s and cricket’s relationship. What they learn could shed light on parasites that impact human health, such as toxoplasma, which is transmitted in the feces of cats and lodges in the human brain. That parasite can cause brain damage in the babies of infected mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Toxoplasma is one that gets into your brain and changes your behavior. And that’s really hard to study in humans,” said \u003ca href=\"https://biology.unm.edu/core-faculty/hanelt.shtml\">Ben Hanelt\u003c/a>, a biologist at the University of New Mexico who researches hairworms. “So we need models to study that, and we know that the horsehair worm system is one where the worm does manipulate the host to do certain things for the worm. And so it’s interesting to sort of look at exactly how this manipulation takes place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have described about 350 species of hairworms around the world. Different ones infect different hosts and have slightly different life cycles. But in general, a hairworm’s journey starts in a river or stream, as one of many eggs in a long, whitish egg string laid by a female hairworm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eggs grow into squiggly larvae, which get eaten by other developing insects at the bottom of the river, like mayflies. Once inside a mayfly larva, the hairworm larva burrows into the mayfly’s flesh. Then it curls up, grows a hard shell and waits. But the mayfly is just an intermediate host; the hairworm can’t grow inside it. It can develop only inside a cricket, its final host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937819\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_PARAGORDIUS_VARIUS_HAIRWORM_LARVA.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937819\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_PARAGORDIUS_VARIUS_HAIRWORM_LARVA.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hairworm larva uses this pointy part to burrow into the flesh of a host such as a mayfly, where it lies dormant until the mayfly is eaten by a cricket. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So the hairworm sits tight while the mayfly larva grows into an adult and heads to dry land. Crickets like to eat dead mayflies, and that’s how the hairworm gets inside the cricket, uncurls and starts feeding on fat inside the cricket’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re infected, the worm takes over and the worm grows, and those crickets are in a developmental hiatus,” said \u003ca href=\"http://canaya19.wixsite.com/hairwormproject\">Christina Anaya\u003c/a>, who is writing her doctoral dissertation on hairworms and crickets at Oklahoma State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1921px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937823\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1921\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920.jpg 1921w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920-1920x1079.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1921px) 100vw, 1921px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This hairworm, collected in a rain puddle in San Luis Obispo, measured 31 inches. \u003ccite>(Christina Anaya/Oklahoma State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anaya found that over the course of the month it took hairworms to grow inside crickets in the lab, the hairworms absorbed all of the crickets’ lipids, which are the insects’ source of energy. As a result of this deprivation, crickets stop growing and reproducing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male crickets infected by hairworms even lose their chirp, said Hanelt, who studied this phenomenon with a team at Texas A&M University-San Antonio. Chirping is the sound male crickets create by rubbing their wings together to keep the competition away and attract a mate. By preventing crickets from chirping, hairworms minimize the amount of energy the crickets need and also protect them both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the male chirps, he draws in predators, possibly,” Hanelt said. “The worm wants to just shut all that down and ensure the survival of the host.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_MALE_HOUSE_CRICKET_CHIRPS.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937818\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_MALE_HOUSE_CRICKET_CHIRPS.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male house cricket chirps by rubbing its wings together. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So even as the hairworm is hurting the cricket by absorbing all its energy stores, it’s also keeping it alive. In fact, Hanelt believes that the hairworm transfers its own immune system to the cricket to keep it healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hairworm needs to keep the cricket alive to hitch a ride to the water. Crickets usually avoid bodies of water — they’re not great swimmers and become an easy target for birds and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So after the hairworm has reached adulthood — growing from 1 to 2 feet long — it takes over, boosting chemicals in the cricket’s brain that make the cricket walk around mindlessly, until it happens to reach water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that the crickets can smell the water, or sense it from far away. Frédéric Thomas, of the IRD research institute in Montpellier, France, watched and performed experiments on crickets infected by hairworms in a forest in the south of France. After two summers, he and his colleagues concluded that infected crickets weren’t somehow detecting water from afar. Instead, the researchers believe that the hairworms made the crickets walk around erratically so that sooner or later they would arrive at a body of water. Once the crickets were close to the water — a thermal pool, in one experiment – then they jumped in. In video recordings, the hairworm bursts out almost immediately from the cricket and, after thrashing around to extract itself, swims away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HAIRWORM_WRIGGLES_OUT_OF_CRICKET_Credit_Yves_Elie_VB_Films.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937816\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HAIRWORM_WRIGGLES_OUT_OF_CRICKET_Credit_Yves_Elie_VB_Films.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"421\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hairworm finishes emerging from a cricket and swims away in a thermal pool in Avène, in the south of France. \u003ccite>(Film \"Toto le Némato,\" by Yves Elie/VB Films)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sometimes more than one hairworm is inside. And when several emerge from a single cricket, they don’t waste any time, curling around each other to mate, even before they’re fully outside the cricket. Then they lay egg strings and the cycle continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the crickets, if they end up in a stream, the current can carry them away and they’ll drown. Researchers believe that some hairworm hosts, like Jerusalem crickets, die when the hairworm emerges, regardless of whether they drown or not. But Anaya, at Oklahoma State University, has done research that shows that, in the lab at least, most crickets actually survive after the hairworm emerges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937820\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HOUSE_CRICKET_CLIMBS.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937820\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HOUSE_CRICKET_CLIMBS.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In lab experiments, biologist Christina Anaya, at Oklahoma State University, found that house crickets like this one can survive infection by hairworms. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anaya tested female house crickets — the kind that are commonly sold at pet stores and widely used in the lab by hairworm researchers. All but one of the 22 infected female crickets survived after a hairworm, or several hairworms, had grown inside them and emerged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once those worms emerge, then they can start being a cricket again and growing and living a daily life, so to speak,” Anaya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the male crickets ever get their chirps back remains an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Amanda Heidt contributed reporting. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "These Hairworms Eat a Cricket Alive and Control Its Mind | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The rains in California bring out more than mushrooms and newts. If you’re looking down at the puddles this winter or spring, you might spot a long, brown spaghetti-shaped creature whipping around madly in a figure 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nematomorpha.net\">hairworm\u003c/a> — also known as a horsehair worm or Gordian worm. Good news: It isn’t interested in infecting or attacking humans. But if you had happened on the puddle a few hours earlier, you might have witnessed a gruesome spectacle — the hairworm wriggling out of a cricket’s body, pushing its way out like the baby monster in the movie “Alien.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937830\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HAIRWORMS_EMERGE_FM_CRICKET.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937830\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HAIRWORMS_EMERGE_FM_CRICKET.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three hairworms emerge from a cricket in the lab of biologist Ben Hanelt, at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. The darker-colored hairworm, a male, curls around the lighter-colored females in an attempt to mate. \u003ccite>(Ben Hanelt/University of New Mexico)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How a hairworm ends up in a puddle, or another water source such as a stream, hot tub or a pet’s water dish, is a complex story. A young hairworm finds its way into a cricket or similar insect like a beetle or grasshopper, and once it has grown into an adult, it takes over its host’s brain to hitch a ride to the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HAIRWORM_SWIMS_IN_PET_WATER_DISH_CLOSEUP2.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937817\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HAIRWORM_SWIMS_IN_PET_WATER_DISH_CLOSEUP2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pet owners sometimes find a hairworm swimming in their cat or dog’s water dish. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists are slowly unraveling the details of the hairworm’s and cricket’s relationship. What they learn could shed light on parasites that impact human health, such as toxoplasma, which is transmitted in the feces of cats and lodges in the human brain. That parasite can cause brain damage in the babies of infected mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Toxoplasma is one that gets into your brain and changes your behavior. And that’s really hard to study in humans,” said \u003ca href=\"https://biology.unm.edu/core-faculty/hanelt.shtml\">Ben Hanelt\u003c/a>, a biologist at the University of New Mexico who researches hairworms. “So we need models to study that, and we know that the horsehair worm system is one where the worm does manipulate the host to do certain things for the worm. And so it’s interesting to sort of look at exactly how this manipulation takes place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have described about 350 species of hairworms around the world. Different ones infect different hosts and have slightly different life cycles. But in general, a hairworm’s journey starts in a river or stream, as one of many eggs in a long, whitish egg string laid by a female hairworm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eggs grow into squiggly larvae, which get eaten by other developing insects at the bottom of the river, like mayflies. Once inside a mayfly larva, the hairworm larva burrows into the mayfly’s flesh. Then it curls up, grows a hard shell and waits. But the mayfly is just an intermediate host; the hairworm can’t grow inside it. It can develop only inside a cricket, its final host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937819\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_PARAGORDIUS_VARIUS_HAIRWORM_LARVA.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937819\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_PARAGORDIUS_VARIUS_HAIRWORM_LARVA.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hairworm larva uses this pointy part to burrow into the flesh of a host such as a mayfly, where it lies dormant until the mayfly is eaten by a cricket. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So the hairworm sits tight while the mayfly larva grows into an adult and heads to dry land. Crickets like to eat dead mayflies, and that’s how the hairworm gets inside the cricket, uncurls and starts feeding on fat inside the cricket’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re infected, the worm takes over and the worm grows, and those crickets are in a developmental hiatus,” said \u003ca href=\"http://canaya19.wixsite.com/hairwormproject\">Christina Anaya\u003c/a>, who is writing her doctoral dissertation on hairworms and crickets at Oklahoma State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1921px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937823\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1921\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920.jpg 1921w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Anaya_hairworm_1920-1920x1079.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1921px) 100vw, 1921px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This hairworm, collected in a rain puddle in San Luis Obispo, measured 31 inches. \u003ccite>(Christina Anaya/Oklahoma State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anaya found that over the course of the month it took hairworms to grow inside crickets in the lab, the hairworms absorbed all of the crickets’ lipids, which are the insects’ source of energy. As a result of this deprivation, crickets stop growing and reproducing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male crickets infected by hairworms even lose their chirp, said Hanelt, who studied this phenomenon with a team at Texas A&M University-San Antonio. Chirping is the sound male crickets create by rubbing their wings together to keep the competition away and attract a mate. By preventing crickets from chirping, hairworms minimize the amount of energy the crickets need and also protect them both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the male chirps, he draws in predators, possibly,” Hanelt said. “The worm wants to just shut all that down and ensure the survival of the host.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_MALE_HOUSE_CRICKET_CHIRPS.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937818\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_MALE_HOUSE_CRICKET_CHIRPS.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male house cricket chirps by rubbing its wings together. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So even as the hairworm is hurting the cricket by absorbing all its energy stores, it’s also keeping it alive. In fact, Hanelt believes that the hairworm transfers its own immune system to the cricket to keep it healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hairworm needs to keep the cricket alive to hitch a ride to the water. Crickets usually avoid bodies of water — they’re not great swimmers and become an easy target for birds and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So after the hairworm has reached adulthood — growing from 1 to 2 feet long — it takes over, boosting chemicals in the cricket’s brain that make the cricket walk around mindlessly, until it happens to reach water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that the crickets can smell the water, or sense it from far away. Frédéric Thomas, of the IRD research institute in Montpellier, France, watched and performed experiments on crickets infected by hairworms in a forest in the south of France. After two summers, he and his colleagues concluded that infected crickets weren’t somehow detecting water from afar. Instead, the researchers believe that the hairworms made the crickets walk around erratically so that sooner or later they would arrive at a body of water. Once the crickets were close to the water — a thermal pool, in one experiment – then they jumped in. In video recordings, the hairworm bursts out almost immediately from the cricket and, after thrashing around to extract itself, swims away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HAIRWORM_WRIGGLES_OUT_OF_CRICKET_Credit_Yves_Elie_VB_Films.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937816\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HAIRWORM_WRIGGLES_OUT_OF_CRICKET_Credit_Yves_Elie_VB_Films.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"421\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hairworm finishes emerging from a cricket and swims away in a thermal pool in Avène, in the south of France. \u003ccite>(Film \"Toto le Némato,\" by Yves Elie/VB Films)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sometimes more than one hairworm is inside. And when several emerge from a single cricket, they don’t waste any time, curling around each other to mate, even before they’re fully outside the cricket. Then they lay egg strings and the cycle continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the crickets, if they end up in a stream, the current can carry them away and they’ll drown. Researchers believe that some hairworm hosts, like Jerusalem crickets, die when the hairworm emerges, regardless of whether they drown or not. But Anaya, at Oklahoma State University, has done research that shows that, in the lab at least, most crickets actually survive after the hairworm emerges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937820\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HOUSE_CRICKET_CLIMBS.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1937820\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/DL_603Hairworms_vs_Crickets_HOUSE_CRICKET_CLIMBS.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In lab experiments, biologist Christina Anaya, at Oklahoma State University, found that house crickets like this one can survive infection by hairworms. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anaya tested female house crickets — the kind that are commonly sold at pet stores and widely used in the lab by hairworm researchers. All but one of the 22 infected female crickets survived after a hairworm, or several hairworms, had grown inside them and emerged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once those worms emerge, then they can start being a cricket again and growing and living a daily life, so to speak,” Anaya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the male crickets ever get their chirps back remains an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Amanda Heidt contributed reporting. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Historic Sea Star Die-Off Tied To Global Warming",
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"content": "\u003cp>The skin lesions are the first sign that something is wrong. Then limbs fall off and the body disintegrates, collapsing in on itself as it liquefies. In the end, what was once a sea star is only a puddle on the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2013, sea star wasting disease has killed so many starfish along the \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Coast\u003c/a> that scientists say it’s the largest disease epidemic ever observed in wild marine animals. Where there used to be dozens of stars, scuba divers now report seeing none.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the epidemic itself is a naturally occurring (if particularly devastating) phenomenon, newly published research suggests that climate change may have exacerbated the disease’s deadliness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we think is that the warm water anomalies made these starfish more susceptible to the disease that was already out there,” says Joe Gaydos, the science director at the University of California, Davis’ SeaDoc Society and one author of a \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau7042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> out Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and co-authors analyzed data collected by scuba divers and found that divers were less likely to see living sea stars when the water temperatures were abnormally high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To think that warmer water temperature itself can cause animals to get disease quicker, or make them more susceptible, it’s kind of a like a one-two punch,” Gaydos says. “It’s a little nerve-wracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937469\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dying sunflower star afflicted with sea star wasting disease. \u003ccite>(Ed Gullekson/Science Advances)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, sea surface temperatures have been \u003ca href=\"https://cpo.noaa.gov/warmingworld/sea_surface_temperature.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">steadily rising\u003c/a> as the Earth warms due to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study did not examine why warmer water might make sea stars more susceptible to disease. The authors hypothesize that the animals’ relatively simple immune systems might be weaker when sea stars get hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the same scuba diver survey data also confirm a previous finding: that the mass die-off of sea stars is triggering a cascade of other ecosystem changes. The sea urchins that starfish usually eat are proliferating with abandon. Whole rocks that were once covered in sea stars are now covered in urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urchins eat kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see these big urchin barrens where the urchins have gone through and eaten all the kelp,” Gaydos says. Kelp forests, like tree forests, are a place lots of different species to live and feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have higher biodiversity when we have more kelp. So it’s setting off a cascade,” he adds. “If you looked on land, it would almost be akin to clear-cutting a forest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear whether sea star populations will recover en mass in the coming years. Research published last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/115/27/7069\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suggested\u003c/a> that some sea stars might be capable of surviving the disease, offering hope that the animals will bounce back over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The skin lesions are the first sign that something is wrong. Then limbs fall off and the body disintegrates, collapsing in on itself as it liquefies. In the end, what was once a sea star is only a puddle on the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2013, sea star wasting disease has killed so many starfish along the \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Coast\u003c/a> that scientists say it’s the largest disease epidemic ever observed in wild marine animals. Where there used to be dozens of stars, scuba divers now report seeing none.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the epidemic itself is a naturally occurring (if particularly devastating) phenomenon, newly published research suggests that climate change may have exacerbated the disease’s deadliness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we think is that the warm water anomalies made these starfish more susceptible to the disease that was already out there,” says Joe Gaydos, the science director at the University of California, Davis’ SeaDoc Society and one author of a \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau7042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> out Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and co-authors analyzed data collected by scuba divers and found that divers were less likely to see living sea stars when the water temperatures were abnormally high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To think that warmer water temperature itself can cause animals to get disease quicker, or make them more susceptible, it’s kind of a like a one-two punch,” Gaydos says. “It’s a little nerve-wracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937469\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937469\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/photo-1_harvell1hr-ef295009b2b670f41c915dba1b986c6efa5f6a24-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dying sunflower star afflicted with sea star wasting disease. \u003ccite>(Ed Gullekson/Science Advances)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, sea surface temperatures have been \u003ca href=\"https://cpo.noaa.gov/warmingworld/sea_surface_temperature.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">steadily rising\u003c/a> as the Earth warms due to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study did not examine why warmer water might make sea stars more susceptible to disease. The authors hypothesize that the animals’ relatively simple immune systems might be weaker when sea stars get hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the same scuba diver survey data also confirm a previous finding: that the mass die-off of sea stars is triggering a cascade of other ecosystem changes. The sea urchins that starfish usually eat are proliferating with abandon. Whole rocks that were once covered in sea stars are now covered in urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urchins eat kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see these big urchin barrens where the urchins have gone through and eaten all the kelp,” Gaydos says. Kelp forests, like tree forests, are a place lots of different species to live and feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have higher biodiversity when we have more kelp. So it’s setting off a cascade,” he adds. “If you looked on land, it would almost be akin to clear-cutting a forest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear whether sea star populations will recover en mass in the coming years. Research published last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/115/27/7069\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suggested\u003c/a> that some sea stars might be capable of surviving the disease, offering hope that the animals will bounce back over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Judge Rules Gray Wolves Can Stay in California",
"headTitle": "Judge Rules Gray Wolves Can Stay in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A California judge on Monday upheld protection for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925619/california-comeback-for-gray-wolf-hits-farthest-point-south\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gray wolves\u003c/a> under the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/CESA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>, rejecting a legal challenge from ranchers and farmers who fear the predators will threaten their livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”4c1NkWlYdcFNareS7hlPT6LnxRx1bUe0″]The judge in San Diego ruled that California was right to list the wolves as endangered in 2014. A lawsuit on behalf of the California Farm Bureau Federation and the California Cattlemen’s Association argued the listing was arbitrary because there are so few wolves in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://pacificlegal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Opening-Brief-Gray-Wolf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suit\u003c/a>, filed by the Pacific Legal Foundation in January of 2017, claimed the type of gray wolf recently observed in California is a “non-native subspecies,” and challenged whether it had sufficiently established a range in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Jim Houston, the Farm Bureau’s manager of legal and governmental affairs, the suit was filed to give ranchers “more flexibility in co-existing with wolves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Houston said in a statement that the group is committed to working with the state to reduce “the burdens of raising livestock in areas with wolves, but we do not expect it to be easy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial court ruling held on Monday that the claims presented in the lawsuit to challenge the species’ place on the endangered list were false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937369\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937369\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A gray wolf pup photographed by remote camera in Lassen National Forest in June 2017. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Amaroq Weiss is the West Coast Wolf Advocate with the Center for Biological Diversity, which joined the state in defending the gray wolf’s endangered status. She says this week’s ruling is a major victory for the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are so few opportunities in our lifetime to be able to recover a species that we once tried to wipe off the face of the Earth, Weiss says. “That all by itself is just a miracle to have wolves coming back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also an ecological value of having wolves back in the state, according to Weiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are key players in keeping wild nature healthy. And with our changing climate and changing habitat as a result of climate change and human development,” Weiss says, “It’s all the more important that we have players back on the ground like wolves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weiss says the state ruling is especially important as the Trump administration is expected to try to strip wolves of their existing federal protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a wolf known as OR-7 made headlines when it traveled south from Oregon — making it the first known wolf in California since 1924. One of OR-7’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/science/article/Wolf-family-sprouts-in-Lassen-National-Forest-11268765.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offspring\u003c/a> has become the breeding male of the only known wolf pack in California. Two of OR-7’s female pups also ventured into the Golden State, and one has traveled as far south as Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Fish and Game Commission granted the gray wolf protections under the state’s endangered species act, despite opposition from hunting and livestock groups who worry an unchecked population will kill deer and valuable cattle. Under California’s protections, gray wolves can’t be killed or hunted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR-7 eventually returned to Oregon in 2014 and the wolf has successfully reproduced each year since. It was so-named because he was the seventh wolf captured and collared in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific Legal Foundation didn’t respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/837292910fdc426eab1ad6171beabc41\">Associated Press\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A San Diego judge on Monday upheld protection for gray wolves under the California's Endangered Species Act, rejecting a legal challenge from ranchers and farmers who fear the predators will threaten their livestock.",
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"description": "A San Diego judge on Monday upheld protection for gray wolves under the California's Endangered Species Act, rejecting a legal challenge from ranchers and farmers who fear the predators will threaten their livestock.",
"title": "Judge Rules Gray Wolves Can Stay in California | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A California judge on Monday upheld protection for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925619/california-comeback-for-gray-wolf-hits-farthest-point-south\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gray wolves\u003c/a> under the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/CESA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>, rejecting a legal challenge from ranchers and farmers who fear the predators will threaten their livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The judge in San Diego ruled that California was right to list the wolves as endangered in 2014. A lawsuit on behalf of the California Farm Bureau Federation and the California Cattlemen’s Association argued the listing was arbitrary because there are so few wolves in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://pacificlegal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Opening-Brief-Gray-Wolf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suit\u003c/a>, filed by the Pacific Legal Foundation in January of 2017, claimed the type of gray wolf recently observed in California is a “non-native subspecies,” and challenged whether it had sufficiently established a range in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Jim Houston, the Farm Bureau’s manager of legal and governmental affairs, the suit was filed to give ranchers “more flexibility in co-existing with wolves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Houston said in a statement that the group is committed to working with the state to reduce “the burdens of raising livestock in areas with wolves, but we do not expect it to be easy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial court ruling held on Monday that the claims presented in the lawsuit to challenge the species’ place on the endangered list were false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937369\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1937369\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/RS25927_wolf-61-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A gray wolf pup photographed by remote camera in Lassen National Forest in June 2017. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Amaroq Weiss is the West Coast Wolf Advocate with the Center for Biological Diversity, which joined the state in defending the gray wolf’s endangered status. She says this week’s ruling is a major victory for the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are so few opportunities in our lifetime to be able to recover a species that we once tried to wipe off the face of the Earth, Weiss says. “That all by itself is just a miracle to have wolves coming back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also an ecological value of having wolves back in the state, according to Weiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are key players in keeping wild nature healthy. And with our changing climate and changing habitat as a result of climate change and human development,” Weiss says, “It’s all the more important that we have players back on the ground like wolves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weiss says the state ruling is especially important as the Trump administration is expected to try to strip wolves of their existing federal protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a wolf known as OR-7 made headlines when it traveled south from Oregon — making it the first known wolf in California since 1924. One of OR-7’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/science/article/Wolf-family-sprouts-in-Lassen-National-Forest-11268765.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offspring\u003c/a> has become the breeding male of the only known wolf pack in California. Two of OR-7’s female pups also ventured into the Golden State, and one has traveled as far south as Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Fish and Game Commission granted the gray wolf protections under the state’s endangered species act, despite opposition from hunting and livestock groups who worry an unchecked population will kill deer and valuable cattle. Under California’s protections, gray wolves can’t be killed or hunted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR-7 eventually returned to Oregon in 2014 and the wolf has successfully reproduced each year since. It was so-named because he was the seventh wolf captured and collared in Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific Legal Foundation didn’t respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/837292910fdc426eab1ad6171beabc41\">Associated Press\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Potato Bug. Child of the Earth. Old Bald-Headed Man. Skull Insects. Devil’s Baby. Spawn of Satan. There’s a fairly long list of imaginative nicknames that refer to Jerusalem crickets, those six-legged insects with eerily humanlike faces and prominent striped abdomens. And they can get quite large, too: Some measure over 3 inches long and weigh more than a mouse, so they can be quite unnerving if you see them crawling around in your backyard in summertime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935419\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1935419 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Jerusalem cricket\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The beady-eyed gaze of a male Jerusalem cricket. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One individual who finds them compelling, and not creepy, has been \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=CFItJVfOFDAC&pg=PR5&lpg=PR5&dq=North+and+Central+America+Jerusalem+crickets+(Orthoptera:+Stenopelmatidae):+taxonomy,+distribution,+life+cycle,+ecology+and+related+biology+of+the+American+species&source=bl&ots=z4nC#v=onepage&q=North%20and%20Central%20America%20Jerusalem%20crickets%20(Orthoptera%3A%20Stenopelmatidae)%3A%20taxonomy%2C%20distribution%2C%20life%20cycle%2C%20ecology%20and%20related%20biology%20of%20the%20American%20species&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studying Jerusalem crickets for over 40 years\u003c/a>: David Weissman, a research associate in entomology affiliated with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> in San Francisco. He’s now considered the world’s foremost expert, since no one else has been as captivated or singlemindedly devoted to learning more about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935368\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1935368\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/David_Weissman-e1544121188909.jpg\" alt=\"David Weissmann\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Weissman, research associate in entomology with the California Academy of Sciences \u003ccite>(Courtesy of David Weissman)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In the past, entomologists have focused on insects that are out in the daytime — beetles, butterflies — that are pretty and easier to collect,” Weissman says. “I think it’s great spending the night out collecting bugs, but most people don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Splitting his time between his career as an entomologist and anesthesiologist, which helped support his field work, he didn’t think it would be that difficult to catalog all the different species of Jerusalem crickets. But now he’s planning on publishing a paper in the next two years that will name and describe more than 60 species, which aren’t actually true crickets although they’re somewhat related. And they’re primarily found in the western United States, Mexico and Central America — not Jerusalem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have asked me, ‘Why don’t you go to the tropics for field work?’ ” says Weissman. “And I’ve been there. It’s wonderful, but it’s overwhelming, too. There’s so much there. And why go to tropics when you have such neat problems in your own backyard?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935627\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1935627\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL602_FEMALE_DRUM.gif\" alt=\"A female Jerusalem cricket drums to respond to a mate.\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female Jerusalem cricket drums in response to a potential mate. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While much of their general behavior is still not widely understood, Jerusalem crickets typically live solitary lives underground. They’ll emerge at night to scavenge for roots, tubers and smaller insects for their meals. And it’s also when they come out to serenade potential partners with a musical ritual: To attract a mate, adult crickets use their abdomens to drum the ground and generate low-frequency sound waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drumming makes sense in Jerusalem crickets,” says Weissman. “The adults are out at night wandering around. It’s dark. They don’t fly. They don’t have wings to sing with. How do they find each other?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a male begins drumming and a female senses the vibrations, she’ll respond with a longer drumming sequence so that he’ll have enough time to track her down. The drumming can vary between one beat every other second up to 40 beats per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nrx37y63ZCM&w=560&h=315]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This duet is actually quite rare among insects. With crickets and katydids, Weissman says, “the male sings and the female comes to the male.” But with Jerusalem crickets, both of them participate in this percussive courtship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have very keen vibratory sensors to help locate each other because they don’t have ears, so they’re actually feeling the vibrations,” says Weissman. These are located in all six of their legs and might be the most vibration-sensitive organs in the animal kingdom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Jerusalem cricket species have their own unique drum pattern; they only respond to the tune of their own kind. Some Jerusalem cricket species also produce “sex clarification drums,” a distinct drum rhythm where males indicate which sex they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJJi1W6SOsE&w=560&h=315]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they finally mate, they maneuver themselves into a position that would test the prowess of skilled gymnasts. And occasionally, the female will eat the male afterward. Weissman and other researchers aren’t sure why this happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Praying mantises and black widows are a little bit different than Jerusalem crickets. In those cases, the female eats the male either during mating or before they mate. In Jerusalem crickets, the female doesn’t eat the male until after they’re done mating. The question is: Why? The male just lies there. Why would he let himself get eaten after he’s already done his thing and could easily run away?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weissman theorizes that perhaps the female “only mates once. Therefore, by letting her eat him, he fertilizes all her eggs and gives her good nutrients for his offspring. But there’s a problem with that. She can mate repeatedly in the laboratory. And he can also mate repeatedly. I don’t know why he lets her do that. It doesn’t happen very often … around 5 percent of the time. We can come up with all kinds of theories, but these hypotheses could take a lifetime to prove.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Potato Bug. Child of the Earth. Old Bald-Headed Man. Skull Insects. Devil’s Baby. Spawn of Satan. There’s a fairly long list of imaginative nicknames that refer to Jerusalem crickets, those six-legged insects with eerily humanlike faces and prominent striped abdomens. And they can get quite large, too: Some measure over 3 inches long and weigh more than a mouse, so they can be quite unnerving if you see them crawling around in your backyard in summertime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935419\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1935419 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Jerusalem cricket\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL_602JerusalemCricket_CLOSEUP_FACE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The beady-eyed gaze of a male Jerusalem cricket. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One individual who finds them compelling, and not creepy, has been \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=CFItJVfOFDAC&pg=PR5&lpg=PR5&dq=North+and+Central+America+Jerusalem+crickets+(Orthoptera:+Stenopelmatidae):+taxonomy,+distribution,+life+cycle,+ecology+and+related+biology+of+the+American+species&source=bl&ots=z4nC#v=onepage&q=North%20and%20Central%20America%20Jerusalem%20crickets%20(Orthoptera%3A%20Stenopelmatidae)%3A%20taxonomy%2C%20distribution%2C%20life%20cycle%2C%20ecology%20and%20related%20biology%20of%20the%20American%20species&f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studying Jerusalem crickets for over 40 years\u003c/a>: David Weissman, a research associate in entomology affiliated with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> in San Francisco. He’s now considered the world’s foremost expert, since no one else has been as captivated or singlemindedly devoted to learning more about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935368\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1935368\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/David_Weissman-e1544121188909.jpg\" alt=\"David Weissmann\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Weissman, research associate in entomology with the California Academy of Sciences \u003ccite>(Courtesy of David Weissman)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In the past, entomologists have focused on insects that are out in the daytime — beetles, butterflies — that are pretty and easier to collect,” Weissman says. “I think it’s great spending the night out collecting bugs, but most people don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Splitting his time between his career as an entomologist and anesthesiologist, which helped support his field work, he didn’t think it would be that difficult to catalog all the different species of Jerusalem crickets. But now he’s planning on publishing a paper in the next two years that will name and describe more than 60 species, which aren’t actually true crickets although they’re somewhat related. And they’re primarily found in the western United States, Mexico and Central America — not Jerusalem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have asked me, ‘Why don’t you go to the tropics for field work?’ ” says Weissman. “And I’ve been there. It’s wonderful, but it’s overwhelming, too. There’s so much there. And why go to tropics when you have such neat problems in your own backyard?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935627\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1935627\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/DL602_FEMALE_DRUM.gif\" alt=\"A female Jerusalem cricket drums to respond to a mate.\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female Jerusalem cricket drums in response to a potential mate. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While much of their general behavior is still not widely understood, Jerusalem crickets typically live solitary lives underground. They’ll emerge at night to scavenge for roots, tubers and smaller insects for their meals. And it’s also when they come out to serenade potential partners with a musical ritual: To attract a mate, adult crickets use their abdomens to drum the ground and generate low-frequency sound waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drumming makes sense in Jerusalem crickets,” says Weissman. “The adults are out at night wandering around. It’s dark. They don’t fly. They don’t have wings to sing with. How do they find each other?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a male begins drumming and a female senses the vibrations, she’ll respond with a longer drumming sequence so that he’ll have enough time to track her down. The drumming can vary between one beat every other second up to 40 beats per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Nrx37y63ZCM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Nrx37y63ZCM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This duet is actually quite rare among insects. With crickets and katydids, Weissman says, “the male sings and the female comes to the male.” But with Jerusalem crickets, both of them participate in this percussive courtship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have very keen vibratory sensors to help locate each other because they don’t have ears, so they’re actually feeling the vibrations,” says Weissman. These are located in all six of their legs and might be the most vibration-sensitive organs in the animal kingdom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Jerusalem cricket species have their own unique drum pattern; they only respond to the tune of their own kind. Some Jerusalem cricket species also produce “sex clarification drums,” a distinct drum rhythm where males indicate which sex they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/IJJi1W6SOsE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/IJJi1W6SOsE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they finally mate, they maneuver themselves into a position that would test the prowess of skilled gymnasts. And occasionally, the female will eat the male afterward. Weissman and other researchers aren’t sure why this happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Praying mantises and black widows are a little bit different than Jerusalem crickets. In those cases, the female eats the male either during mating or before they mate. In Jerusalem crickets, the female doesn’t eat the male until after they’re done mating. The question is: Why? The male just lies there. Why would he let himself get eaten after he’s already done his thing and could easily run away?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weissman theorizes that perhaps the female “only mates once. Therefore, by letting her eat him, he fertilizes all her eggs and gives her good nutrients for his offspring. But there’s a problem with that. She can mate repeatedly in the laboratory. And he can also mate repeatedly. I don’t know why he lets her do that. It doesn’t happen very often … around 5 percent of the time. We can come up with all kinds of theories, but these hypotheses could take a lifetime to prove.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Most Bay Area hikers pass right by without ever noticing, but a careful eye can spot tiny towers rising up from the forest floor. These mysterious little tubes, barely an inch high, are the homes of a particularly sneaky predator — the California turret spider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me, the turrets look just like the rook in a chess set,” said Trent Pearce, a naturalist for the East Bay Regional Park District, as he scanned the terrain at Briones Regional Park in Martinez. “The spiders themselves are super-burly — like a tiny tarantula the size of your pinky nail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1936601\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Turret spiders are ambush hunters, remaining motionless while they wait for unsuspecting prey to approach within striking distance. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Turret spiders build their towers along creekbeds and under fallen trees in forested areas throughout Central and Northern California. They use whatever mud, moss, bark and leaves they can find nearby, making their turrets extremely well camouflaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They line the inside of their tiny castles with pearly white silk, which makes the structure supple and resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each turret leads down to a burrow that can extend 6 inches underground. The spiders spend their days down there in the dark, protected from the sun and predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1936603 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Turret spiders use their silk to line their turrets, giving the tower structure and flexibility. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As night falls, they climb up to the entrance of the turrets to wait for unsuspecting prey, like beetles, to happen by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turret spiders are ambush hunters. While remaining hidden inside their turrets, they’re able to sense the vibrations created by their prey’s footsteps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when the turret spider strikes, busting out of the hollow tower like an eight-legged jack-in-the-box. With lightning speed the spider swings its fangs down like daggers, injecting venom into its prey before dragging it down into the burrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like the scene in a horror movie where the monster appears out of nowhere — you can’t not jump,” Pearce said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But human footsteps and loud voices are enough to scare turret spiders into retreating down into their burrows. So it takes patience to get a glimpse of one in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936606\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_TurretSpiders_StrikeBeetle01.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936606\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_TurretSpiders_StrikeBeetle01.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Turret spiders are ambush hunters, bursting out from their camouflaged turrets to capture their prey before dragging it down into their underground burrows. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Turret spiders belong to a group called mygalomorphs, along with their more famous relatives, such as tarantulas. While most spiders build webs to ensnare their prey, mygalomorphs tend to live underground. They have large fangs that point down instead of pinching together from the sides, like most spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Different mygalomorph spiders can be found all over the world, but it turns out California is a bit of a hot spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936611\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1936611\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Like turret spiders, tarantulas also live underground and ambush prey from their homes at night. \u003ccite>(Craig Rosa/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While tarantulas and trapdoor spiders tend to get more attention, turret spiders have captured the interest of James Starrett, a researcher from UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starrett scours the state, comparing the genetics of different populations of turret spiders throughout their range. He works with his colleague, Marshal Hedin of San Diego State University, to better understand how the changing environment might have shaped how they evolved in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Geologic activity shaped the mountain ranges, which in turn affected the path of rivers,” Starrett said, “and the movement of those ranges influenced how the spider populations got to be isolated or come back into contact over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936615\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_TurretSpiders_LungeAtLeaf.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936615\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_TurretSpiders_LungeAtLeaf.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a leaf or blade of grass to gently tickle a spider’s turret at night can sometimes provoke a strike. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Starrett has become an expert in finding the well-hidden turrets. He explains that turret spiders are long-lived. Females may stay in the same burrow for up to 16 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall, mature male spiders venture out from their burrows in search of mates. It’s a risky endeavor to approach an agreeable female spider without falling victim to an ambush. Males typically die after mating. The females eventually lay eggs inside their burrows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the next few months, as winter and spring rains saturate California forests, the turret spiderlings will hatch and venture out from their mother’s turret. They usually dig their own individual burrows close by, so it’s common to find a large turret surrounded by several smaller ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That turns that little area into a minefield for a moth or bug that lands on the ground,” Starrett said. “It never really gets old seeing them jump out and grab their prey. It always makes you jump back.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Most Bay Area hikers pass right by without ever noticing, but a careful eye can spot tiny towers rising up from the forest floor. These mysterious little tubes, barely an inch high, are the homes of a particularly sneaky predator — the California turret spider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me, the turrets look just like the rook in a chess set,” said Trent Pearce, a naturalist for the East Bay Regional Park District, as he scanned the terrain at Briones Regional Park in Martinez. “The spiders themselves are super-burly — like a tiny tarantula the size of your pinky nail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1936601\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_hidden01b-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Turret spiders are ambush hunters, remaining motionless while they wait for unsuspecting prey to approach within striking distance. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Turret spiders build their towers along creekbeds and under fallen trees in forested areas throughout Central and Northern California. They use whatever mud, moss, bark and leaves they can find nearby, making their turrets extremely well camouflaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They line the inside of their tiny castles with pearly white silk, which makes the structure supple and resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each turret leads down to a burrow that can extend 6 inches underground. The spiders spend their days down there in the dark, protected from the sun and predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1936603 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_silk_turret-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Turret spiders use their silk to line their turrets, giving the tower structure and flexibility. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As night falls, they climb up to the entrance of the turrets to wait for unsuspecting prey, like beetles, to happen by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turret spiders are ambush hunters. While remaining hidden inside their turrets, they’re able to sense the vibrations created by their prey’s footsteps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when the turret spider strikes, busting out of the hollow tower like an eight-legged jack-in-the-box. With lightning speed the spider swings its fangs down like daggers, injecting venom into its prey before dragging it down into the burrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like the scene in a horror movie where the monster appears out of nowhere — you can’t not jump,” Pearce said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But human footsteps and loud voices are enough to scare turret spiders into retreating down into their burrows. So it takes patience to get a glimpse of one in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936606\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_TurretSpiders_StrikeBeetle01.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936606\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_TurretSpiders_StrikeBeetle01.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Turret spiders are ambush hunters, bursting out from their camouflaged turrets to capture their prey before dragging it down into their underground burrows. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Turret spiders belong to a group called mygalomorphs, along with their more famous relatives, such as tarantulas. While most spiders build webs to ensnare their prey, mygalomorphs tend to live underground. They have large fangs that point down instead of pinching together from the sides, like most spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Different mygalomorph spiders can be found all over the world, but it turns out California is a bit of a hot spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936611\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1936611\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_Turret_Spider_tarantula-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Like turret spiders, tarantulas also live underground and ambush prey from their homes at night. \u003ccite>(Craig Rosa/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While tarantulas and trapdoor spiders tend to get more attention, turret spiders have captured the interest of James Starrett, a researcher from UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starrett scours the state, comparing the genetics of different populations of turret spiders throughout their range. He works with his colleague, Marshal Hedin of San Diego State University, to better understand how the changing environment might have shaped how they evolved in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Geologic activity shaped the mountain ranges, which in turn affected the path of rivers,” Starrett said, “and the movement of those ranges influenced how the spider populations got to be isolated or come back into contact over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936615\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_TurretSpiders_LungeAtLeaf.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1936615\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/DL601_TurretSpiders_LungeAtLeaf.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a leaf or blade of grass to gently tickle a spider’s turret at night can sometimes provoke a strike. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Starrett has become an expert in finding the well-hidden turrets. He explains that turret spiders are long-lived. Females may stay in the same burrow for up to 16 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall, mature male spiders venture out from their burrows in search of mates. It’s a risky endeavor to approach an agreeable female spider without falling victim to an ambush. Males typically die after mating. The females eventually lay eggs inside their burrows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the next few months, as winter and spring rains saturate California forests, the turret spiderlings will hatch and venture out from their mother’s turret. They usually dig their own individual burrows close by, so it’s common to find a large turret surrounded by several smaller ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That turns that little area into a minefield for a moth or bug that lands on the ground,” Starrett said. “It never really gets old seeing them jump out and grab their prey. It always makes you jump back.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Big, important scientific breakthroughs are built of small, incremental experiments. And the partial government shutdown is already interfering with some of that research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists often depend on the government for grant funding, expertise and — in some cases — even regulatory approval. With the shutdown, some researchers are missing those key elements of scientific collaboration. Here’s how some scientists say the shutdown is affecting their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://plantandmicrobiology.berkeley.edu/profile/tuesday-b-simmons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Tuesday Simmons\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a graduate student in microbiology at the University of California, Berkeley, \u003c/strong>writes, “I’m a grad student at Berkeley, but my PI [principal investigator] works for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/topics/research-and-science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USDA\u003c/a> (like several PIs in my department). While the grad students continue to work, it is difficult for us without our advisers here.” She says this affects her in two primary ways. “I am trying to complete a manuscript with my adviser and I need to meet with him to discuss figures and text edits,” Simmons says. And she says she is “trying to plan a new experiment where I’m adding synthetic microbial communities to sorghum plants, and I need to iron out the details with him before starting the experiment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.’\u003ccite>Christopher Horvat, Brown University climate scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Simmons points out that it’s hard to hit the pause button on plant research. “The plants continue to grow and need care (such as water and maintained growth chambers). During this time, many plants are dying, time points for experiments aren’t being collected, and plants are maturing without people to collect their seeds. This can set experiments back weeks, months or, in some cases, up to a year. Honestly, the labs with grad students are the lucky ones, because we’re allowed in to take care of plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leiferlab.princeton.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Andrew Leifer\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a physicist at Princeton, \u003c/strong>says, “I’m a newer assistant professor and I’ve been trying hard to land my first federal grant, which is crucial for funding my research into how the neurons in a worm’s brain generate its behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In mid-December, he was on the cusp of hearing whether he was about to receive a grant from the NSF. He says they were going to let him know in the new year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then the shutdown happened and so for the past three weeks I have been anxiously waiting to hear if my research will get funded,” Leifer says. “It is my understanding that NSF employees are barred from even checking their email and are not allowed to discuss any NSF related business. So I will just wait. But not knowing impedes my ability to plan or to hire people, or even knowing whether I should be trying to recruit additional grad students. Admittedly, this is minor in the scheme of things, but I think it illustrates just how pervasive the negative consequences of the shutdown are for science, and it will only get worse with time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.mlml.calstate.edu_people_research-2Dfaculty_alison-2Dstimpert_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=0HyUrpwWxG39kWTmHtRQSIB3Ec6VYBySAWPG0Tjp0iw&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Alison Stimpert\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a marine biologist with California State University, \u003c/strong>writes, “Even though I am continuing to work, many of my collaborators (\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.usgs.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=i2HFJF-bNWuTGhsal1os8PCvyq0dAHgqsfwdClL8FTk&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USGS\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.noaa.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=jK8CaRolj7riqEo7-hd-CVop8JZ1kCPjGUcJ4v-4s9s&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA\u003c/a>) are furloughed and projects we are working on together cannot move forward.” She says that means “project planning meetings are being delayed, as well as permit applications for upcoming work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stimpert studies bioacoustics — “acoustic behavior and effects of noise on marine species,” she explains — in waters off of California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Alaska and Antarctica. She says that in some cases, the shutdown means she may have to reorganize some travel or wait to start a phase of research until collaborators can work. In other areas, it might have more serious implications: “We might miss an opportunity to deploy an instrument, which makes us miss collecting an entire season of data.” And Stimpert says that if she or her collaborators have future federal funding delays, it could mean that “I can’t purchase an instrument that I need, but might (and I am not alone in this) mean my other funding runs out and I can no longer fund my position, making me lose my benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chrv.at/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Christopher Horvat\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a climate scientist at Brown University, \u003c/strong>tells NPR, “I’m a postdoc, and while I am in a lucky position to have a reasonably-paying fellowship, the loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.” His funding comes from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration via a contractor, and NOAA is closed during the shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Already, the high relative cost of travel for research my means I must float significant amounts of money relative to my salary on credit cards,” he says. “With the shutdown, reimbursements for research and travel expenditures are not being paid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horvat researches the Arctic climate system –“aspects of its sea ice, ocean and ecology emerging as a result of the last century of rapid change, like massive under-ice phytoplankton blooms or rapid sea ice breakup events. I also do kayak-based field research in the high Arctic where we use drones to map changes to the sea ice in Arctic waterways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says his employer has provided two options: “(1) be furloughed, or (2) have subsequent pay periods at half our typical rates, with the hope that at the conclusion of the shutdown we will get back pay accounting for the drop in pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a contractor, in the case of a furlough I would not be paid for the time I did not work and so I would likely go on unemployment. I do not know how long option (2) will last, but I assume it is for at least the next few weeks before a forced furlough happens. While earning half rates seems like the best option, unemployment would pay a similar wage and have more certainty, while prolonging my appointment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Big, important scientific breakthroughs are built of small, incremental experiments. And the partial government shutdown is already interfering with some of that research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists often depend on the government for grant funding, expertise and — in some cases — even regulatory approval. With the shutdown, some researchers are missing those key elements of scientific collaboration. Here’s how some scientists say the shutdown is affecting their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://plantandmicrobiology.berkeley.edu/profile/tuesday-b-simmons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Tuesday Simmons\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a graduate student in microbiology at the University of California, Berkeley, \u003c/strong>writes, “I’m a grad student at Berkeley, but my PI [principal investigator] works for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/topics/research-and-science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USDA\u003c/a> (like several PIs in my department). While the grad students continue to work, it is difficult for us without our advisers here.” She says this affects her in two primary ways. “I am trying to complete a manuscript with my adviser and I need to meet with him to discuss figures and text edits,” Simmons says. And she says she is “trying to plan a new experiment where I’m adding synthetic microbial communities to sorghum plants, and I need to iron out the details with him before starting the experiment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.’\u003ccite>Christopher Horvat, Brown University climate scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Simmons points out that it’s hard to hit the pause button on plant research. “The plants continue to grow and need care (such as water and maintained growth chambers). During this time, many plants are dying, time points for experiments aren’t being collected, and plants are maturing without people to collect their seeds. This can set experiments back weeks, months or, in some cases, up to a year. Honestly, the labs with grad students are the lucky ones, because we’re allowed in to take care of plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leiferlab.princeton.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Andrew Leifer\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a physicist at Princeton, \u003c/strong>says, “I’m a newer assistant professor and I’ve been trying hard to land my first federal grant, which is crucial for funding my research into how the neurons in a worm’s brain generate its behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In mid-December, he was on the cusp of hearing whether he was about to receive a grant from the NSF. He says they were going to let him know in the new year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then the shutdown happened and so for the past three weeks I have been anxiously waiting to hear if my research will get funded,” Leifer says. “It is my understanding that NSF employees are barred from even checking their email and are not allowed to discuss any NSF related business. So I will just wait. But not knowing impedes my ability to plan or to hire people, or even knowing whether I should be trying to recruit additional grad students. Admittedly, this is minor in the scheme of things, but I think it illustrates just how pervasive the negative consequences of the shutdown are for science, and it will only get worse with time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.mlml.calstate.edu_people_research-2Dfaculty_alison-2Dstimpert_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=0HyUrpwWxG39kWTmHtRQSIB3Ec6VYBySAWPG0Tjp0iw&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Alison Stimpert\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a marine biologist with California State University, \u003c/strong>writes, “Even though I am continuing to work, many of my collaborators (\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.usgs.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=i2HFJF-bNWuTGhsal1os8PCvyq0dAHgqsfwdClL8FTk&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USGS\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.noaa.gov_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=xsHAhkZXy4VnIyVKWrbYEA&m=NY92TDSc8AyfcRwAqSmo-iR4SZ4b8ilzMT15jOJq2TU&s=jK8CaRolj7riqEo7-hd-CVop8JZ1kCPjGUcJ4v-4s9s&e=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA\u003c/a>) are furloughed and projects we are working on together cannot move forward.” She says that means “project planning meetings are being delayed, as well as permit applications for upcoming work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stimpert studies bioacoustics — “acoustic behavior and effects of noise on marine species,” she explains — in waters off of California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Alaska and Antarctica. She says that in some cases, the shutdown means she may have to reorganize some travel or wait to start a phase of research until collaborators can work. In other areas, it might have more serious implications: “We might miss an opportunity to deploy an instrument, which makes us miss collecting an entire season of data.” And Stimpert says that if she or her collaborators have future federal funding delays, it could mean that “I can’t purchase an instrument that I need, but might (and I am not alone in this) mean my other funding runs out and I can no longer fund my position, making me lose my benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chrv.at/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Christopher Horvat\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, a climate scientist at Brown University, \u003c/strong>tells NPR, “I’m a postdoc, and while I am in a lucky position to have a reasonably-paying fellowship, the loss of support sucks away my ability to continue research.” His funding comes from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration via a contractor, and NOAA is closed during the shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Already, the high relative cost of travel for research my means I must float significant amounts of money relative to my salary on credit cards,” he says. “With the shutdown, reimbursements for research and travel expenditures are not being paid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horvat researches the Arctic climate system –“aspects of its sea ice, ocean and ecology emerging as a result of the last century of rapid change, like massive under-ice phytoplankton blooms or rapid sea ice breakup events. I also do kayak-based field research in the high Arctic where we use drones to map changes to the sea ice in Arctic waterways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says his employer has provided two options: “(1) be furloughed, or (2) have subsequent pay periods at half our typical rates, with the hope that at the conclusion of the shutdown we will get back pay accounting for the drop in pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a contractor, in the case of a furlough I would not be paid for the time I did not work and so I would likely go on unemployment. I do not know how long option (2) will last, but I assume it is for at least the next few weeks before a forced furlough happens. While earning half rates seems like the best option, unemployment would pay a similar wage and have more certainty, while prolonging my appointment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Farming insects may be more sustainable than raising meat, but so far that hasn’t been quite enough to convince most Westerners to eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing them as delicious, exquisite delicacies, though? That might do the trick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global demand for meat drives environmental decline, from forest depletion and soil erosion to increased water use and the release of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect farming is easier on the environment, says Joost Van Itterbeeck, visiting scientist at Rikkyo University in Tokyo and co-author of the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e00.htm\">\u003cem>Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. And, he adds, “The nutritional benefits are very obvious in terms of proteins, minerals and vitamins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as nice as that all sounds, Westerners are just plain disgusted by bugs on the dinner plate. And save-the-planet discussions don’t seem to be changing their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current marketing tactics for eating insects tend to point out environmental and health benefits. But a \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2018.00088/full\">new study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Frontiers in Nutrition\u003c/em> suggests it might be better to focus on taste and experience, such as highlighting how much dragonflies taste like soft-shelled crabs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hiding crickets in cookies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t come as a surprise to Kathy Rolin, who knows something about getting people to try edible insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her husband, James, originally started their business, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cowboycrickets.com/\">Cowboy Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, to sell whole frozen crickets to food manufacturers. After finding that more first-time bug eaters opt for cookies baked with cricket flour instead of a whole cricket, they decided to expand their business to sell Chocolate Chirp Cookies directly to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said ‘no.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They found the Chocolate Chirps had better profit margins. “We mainly market the cookies, because who doesn’t like a chocolate cookie?” says Kathy Rolin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/05/27/410013224/bugs-its-not-whats-for-dinner-until-theyre-tastier-maybe\">calls to appeal to consumers’ tastes\u003c/a> before, but now there is evidence that appealing to the senses might actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study shows that a willingness to try edible insects — in this case, a chocolate-covered mealworm — depends on what advertisement a person reads before deciding whether to eat it. When the ad focused on taste and experience, rather than environmental or health claims, more people would try the worms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, 180 volunteers reviewed informational flyers on an edible insect start-up company. The wording differed only in one sentence: “Eating meat has never been so _______,” meat referring to the meaty part of the insect in this case. The sentence ended with either “good for the environment,” “good for the body,” “exotic” or “delicious.” The latter two were considered by the researchers as hedonic marketing that appealed to the senses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reflecting on the ad, participants were then given the option to try a chocolate mealworm truffle, which contained whole and visible worms. Participants who read the hedonic marketing claims were more likely to try the truffle, which the researchers attributed to higher-quality expectations suggested by the advertisements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fighting disgust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Promoting taste may convince more people to try insects because it veers our reaction away from disgust. “It’s not a rational response,” says Val Curtis, a professor at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and author of the book \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Dont-Look-Touch-Eat-Revulsion-ebook/dp/B00EYZQWOK\">Don’t Look, Don’t Touch, the Science Behind Revulsion\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. “We have an innate response to things that might make us sick by feeling disgusted and, therefore, don’t want to consume them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disgust can be easily generalized, and bugs on the dinner plate trigger the “ick” reaction because we associate them with the cockroach scurrying across the floor. The result? A ruined appetite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Saving the planet is not something we’ve evolved to do,” notes Curtis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the researchers suggest that hedonic advertising is a better way to entice would-be diners to eat bugs, because it helps prevent the disgust response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The cockroach rises\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can clear that hurdle, insects could potentially become as common as lobster — which was once referred to as the “cockroach of the sea” and fed to prisoners and servants. But when railways began to spread across America and lobster was served to unsuspecting travelers — who didn’t know that the crustaceans were considered “trash food” — the passengers took a liking to the taste, and lobster began to soar in popularity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A related story surrounds sushi, which didn’t start \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07409710.2017.1420353\">gaining widespread acceptance\u003c/a> in the U.S. until the mid-’60s. When high-end restaurants started serving raw fish, it went from unpalatable to popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, both lobster and sushi are considered delicacies, a trend that was propelled by another effective form of advertising: status appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolin thinks insects could follow the same trend. “We’ve noticed that there’s been quite a few celebrities that have endorsed the idea of [eating] insects.” Recently, actress Nicole Kidman revealed her “secret talent” of bug consumption in a \u003cem>Vanity Fair\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3UqLAtdZ04\">video\u003c/a> by eating a four-course insect meal complete with fried grasshopper dessert, and singer Justin Timberlake served up bug dishes at a recent album release party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing campaigns that focus on a favorable bug-eating \u003cem>experience\u003c/em>, perhaps by showing celebrities eating them, might be enough to distract people from the disgust response long enough to get them to try it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reframing the bug\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say if you’re going to market insects, you take them as far away from anything slimy or crawling or creepy or too leggy,” says Curtis. “Meat is sold as a tasty product, and all pictures of animals have been taken off the packaging. I would say just do exactly the same with insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to do this is by changing the name of the dish. We’ve done this with other foods: We eat pork, not pig; and beef, not cow. When serving ant larvae, it may be better to use their alternative food name: escamoles, a delicacy served in Mexico City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taste and experience may prove to be a good way to promote eating insects, that shouldn’t discount environmental claims. Eco-friendly campaigns do get people to think more about food sustainability; they’re just \u003ca href=\"http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/520272\">not quite enough\u003c/a> to get most people to put their money where their mouth is, so to speak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by advertising escamoles in garlic sauce with cilantro and chipotle? It just might.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+Hyping+Edible+Bugs+Focus+On+The+Experience+Instead+Of+The+Environment%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Berly McCoy is a freelance science writer living in Northwest Montana. Follow her on Twitter: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/travlinscientst\">@travlinscientst\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Farming insects may be more sustainable than raising meat, but so far that hasn’t been quite enough to convince most Westerners to eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing them as delicious, exquisite delicacies, though? That might do the trick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global demand for meat drives environmental decline, from forest depletion and soil erosion to increased water use and the release of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect farming is easier on the environment, says Joost Van Itterbeeck, visiting scientist at Rikkyo University in Tokyo and co-author of the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e00.htm\">\u003cem>Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. And, he adds, “The nutritional benefits are very obvious in terms of proteins, minerals and vitamins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as nice as that all sounds, Westerners are just plain disgusted by bugs on the dinner plate. And save-the-planet discussions don’t seem to be changing their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current marketing tactics for eating insects tend to point out environmental and health benefits. But a \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2018.00088/full\">new study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Frontiers in Nutrition\u003c/em> suggests it might be better to focus on taste and experience, such as highlighting how much dragonflies taste like soft-shelled crabs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hiding crickets in cookies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t come as a surprise to Kathy Rolin, who knows something about getting people to try edible insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her husband, James, originally started their business, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cowboycrickets.com/\">Cowboy Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, to sell whole frozen crickets to food manufacturers. After finding that more first-time bug eaters opt for cookies baked with cricket flour instead of a whole cricket, they decided to expand their business to sell Chocolate Chirp Cookies directly to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said ‘no.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They found the Chocolate Chirps had better profit margins. “We mainly market the cookies, because who doesn’t like a chocolate cookie?” says Kathy Rolin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/05/27/410013224/bugs-its-not-whats-for-dinner-until-theyre-tastier-maybe\">calls to appeal to consumers’ tastes\u003c/a> before, but now there is evidence that appealing to the senses might actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study shows that a willingness to try edible insects — in this case, a chocolate-covered mealworm — depends on what advertisement a person reads before deciding whether to eat it. When the ad focused on taste and experience, rather than environmental or health claims, more people would try the worms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, 180 volunteers reviewed informational flyers on an edible insect start-up company. The wording differed only in one sentence: “Eating meat has never been so _______,” meat referring to the meaty part of the insect in this case. The sentence ended with either “good for the environment,” “good for the body,” “exotic” or “delicious.” The latter two were considered by the researchers as hedonic marketing that appealed to the senses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reflecting on the ad, participants were then given the option to try a chocolate mealworm truffle, which contained whole and visible worms. Participants who read the hedonic marketing claims were more likely to try the truffle, which the researchers attributed to higher-quality expectations suggested by the advertisements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fighting disgust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Promoting taste may convince more people to try insects because it veers our reaction away from disgust. “It’s not a rational response,” says Val Curtis, a professor at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and author of the book \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Dont-Look-Touch-Eat-Revulsion-ebook/dp/B00EYZQWOK\">Don’t Look, Don’t Touch, the Science Behind Revulsion\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. “We have an innate response to things that might make us sick by feeling disgusted and, therefore, don’t want to consume them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disgust can be easily generalized, and bugs on the dinner plate trigger the “ick” reaction because we associate them with the cockroach scurrying across the floor. The result? A ruined appetite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telling people to eat insects for the sake of the planet, the researchers argue, won’t convince a stomach that has already said “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Saving the planet is not something we’ve evolved to do,” notes Curtis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the researchers suggest that hedonic advertising is a better way to entice would-be diners to eat bugs, because it helps prevent the disgust response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The cockroach rises\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can clear that hurdle, insects could potentially become as common as lobster — which was once referred to as the “cockroach of the sea” and fed to prisoners and servants. But when railways began to spread across America and lobster was served to unsuspecting travelers — who didn’t know that the crustaceans were considered “trash food” — the passengers took a liking to the taste, and lobster began to soar in popularity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A related story surrounds sushi, which didn’t start \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07409710.2017.1420353\">gaining widespread acceptance\u003c/a> in the U.S. until the mid-’60s. When high-end restaurants started serving raw fish, it went from unpalatable to popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, both lobster and sushi are considered delicacies, a trend that was propelled by another effective form of advertising: status appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolin thinks insects could follow the same trend. “We’ve noticed that there’s been quite a few celebrities that have endorsed the idea of [eating] insects.” Recently, actress Nicole Kidman revealed her “secret talent” of bug consumption in a \u003cem>Vanity Fair\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3UqLAtdZ04\">video\u003c/a> by eating a four-course insect meal complete with fried grasshopper dessert, and singer Justin Timberlake served up bug dishes at a recent album release party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marketing campaigns that focus on a favorable bug-eating \u003cem>experience\u003c/em>, perhaps by showing celebrities eating them, might be enough to distract people from the disgust response long enough to get them to try it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reframing the bug\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say if you’re going to market insects, you take them as far away from anything slimy or crawling or creepy or too leggy,” says Curtis. “Meat is sold as a tasty product, and all pictures of animals have been taken off the packaging. I would say just do exactly the same with insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to do this is by changing the name of the dish. We’ve done this with other foods: We eat pork, not pig; and beef, not cow. When serving ant larvae, it may be better to use their alternative food name: escamoles, a delicacy served in Mexico City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taste and experience may prove to be a good way to promote eating insects, that shouldn’t discount environmental claims. Eco-friendly campaigns do get people to think more about food sustainability; they’re just \u003ca href=\"http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/520272\">not quite enough\u003c/a> to get most people to put their money where their mouth is, so to speak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by advertising escamoles in garlic sauce with cilantro and chipotle? It just might.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Berly McCoy is a freelance science writer living in Northwest Montana. Follow her on Twitter: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/travlinscientst\">@travlinscientst\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Meet the Granary Weevil, the Tiny Bug Who Resides in Our Pantries",
"headTitle": "Meet the Granary Weevil, the Tiny Bug Who Resides in Our Pantries | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>If you store grains in your pantry, you’ve probably had the unfortunate experience of opening a package or jar to find tiny bugs living inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re not alone — there are more than 200 species of these pesky grain insects ruining dinner plans around the world on a daily basis. It’s no accident that they’ve made a home in your pantry — they’ve evolved along with humans. In a way, they contain a fascinating natural history of our own domestication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is particularly true of the granary weevil. A reddish-brown beetle that turns up in oats, rice, corn, dry pasta and more, it’s the only grain insect that has never been found outside of human food-storage situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most grain insects are equal opportunity pests — feasting on animals’ food supplies in addition to our own. But the granary weevil has outplayed the others with a special adaptation that at first appears to be a disadvantage: It can’t fly. Its wings have fused together, encasing it in a solid exoskeleton. (Imagine getting knocked around by grains the size of your own body — you’d definitely want a protective suit like the granary weevils’.) But that also makes it hard to get anywhere outside its pile of grain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, the granary weevil has managed to infest grains all over the world for thousands of years. It even slipped its way into an Egyptian tomb — eating the grain meant for a pharaoh’s afterlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We are being used\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This puzzled Rudy Plarre, a scientist who studies insect pests at Freie University in Berlin. “They need to deposit their eggs to new food sources for the next generation,” he said. “How is this done by a beetle that cannot fly?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had a suspicion: Granary weevils are using \u003cem>us\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out if he was right, Plarre decided to try to re-create the granary weevils’ natural and cultural history. He started with the idea that human trade was key to its survival. Roughly past the dawn of the Neolithic Revolution about 12,000 years ago, humans began to trade grains among settlements. Before then, Plarre said it would have been virtually impossible for granary weevils to find enough food to survive, much less spread globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beetles act like stowaways, hiding as larvae within the kernel of a grain while they develop. “People would have traded grain that was infested because they didn’t know it was infested,” Plarre said. In other words, granary weevils don’t find their way into your food \u003cem>after\u003c/em> you put it into your pantry — the larvae are already there. The weevils’ ability to remain undetected is more proof of their human-influenced natural selection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if granary weevils are entirely dependent on human trade to reproduce, that means they would have branched off from other species of its genus, \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em>, and evolved on an incredible timeline. Evolutionarily speaking, 12,000 years goes by in a flash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The granary weevil likely came from humble beginnings, on the southwestern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains. That’s where you can still find other species of \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> living off tree fruits. When nearby humans began to farm and amass sizable stores of food, some \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> populations saw an opportunity. “There are probably six to seven \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> species,” said Plarre. “Only three of them — \u003cem>sitophilius granarius\u003c/em>, the granary weevil; \u003cem>sitophilus oryzae\u003c/em>, the rice weevil; and \u003cem>sitophilius zeamais\u003c/em>, the maize weevil — were able to make the evolutionary step into human environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Cosmopolitan pests”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These weevils are now known as “cosmopolitan pests,” meaning they made it out of their small mountain habitat to spread across the world. But unlike the granary weevil, the maize and rice weevils can fly, and they’re still found roughing it outside human storage situations. Plarre believes that the granary weevil was the only insect pest to take it to the next level: Post-human contact, they lost their wings and hitched their destiny to ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs of the granary weevils’ success pop up throughout history. They were excavated from an Egyptian tomb dating back to 2300 B.C., as well as from stables in Amarna from mid-14th century B.C. Sumerian cuneiform tablets, one of the earliest forms of writing, mention grain-eating pests interpreted to be granary weevils. The beetles were found within volcanic ash and lava that preserved early Roman settlements in Santorini, as well as in other Roman settlements ranging from Italy up to York, England. As the Roman Empire spread throughout Europe, they unknowingly helped establish the granary weevils’ empire, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, granary weevils appeared in art and science. One specimen was depicted in a 1630 drawing by Italian scientist Francesco Stelluti, who was among the first to use a microscope to study nature. Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoeck, who is considered the first microbiologist, used granary weevils to help disprove spontaneous generation, the long-held theory that new organisms can come from dead things. People apparently thought that the grains themselves were breeding the insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The big bug battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite granary weevils’ contributions to science and their faithful (clingy) companionship to humans through history, they have been bugging us the whole time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, we’ve been doggedly trying to annihilate the pest of our own creation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a huge industry just built around managing these insects and keeping infestations from happening. It might be surprising just how much thought and effort goes into it all the way through the chain,” said Jim Campbell, an entomologist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Manhattan, Kan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans wage battles against grain insects from the fields, to silos, to packaging and shipping, even on the shelves of your local grocery store. For much of the history of our co-evolution, humans had only the tools of creating dry environments and tightly sealed storage to fight pests like the granary weevil. Today, we have insecticides, sophisticated packaging, and even an “Infestation Destroyer” that uses centrifugal force to fling insects to meet their high-impact deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort is worthwhile. Campbell said that grain insects cause the loss of 2 to 5 percent of harvested grains in developed countries. That number shoots up to 50 percent in less-developed countries. It’s difficult to quantify the economic effects, because they’re distributed so widely through the manufacturing chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While granary weevils have evolved at an extraordinary pace, human progress might be faster than even those hard-core adapters can catch up with. “It’s way more rare for people to find insects in their food than they did just a generation ago,” said Campbell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time you disgustedly dump an insect-infested supply of rice, oats or pasta in the trash, take a moment to reluctantly tip your hat to the tenacity and dedication of the humble granary weevil — and its extraordinary, millennia-long journey to ruin your dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lindsay Patterson is the producer and co-host of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.sciencepodcastforkids.com&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=Xtci2Fudeb2mFuRu4fVJZeBvP4ufVbP6taPEukEjs-s&m=WP7sw9aBa6lDn_O0wOrUc8CIKEqmSoK_6mlLrtssxOE&s=Iso5FsIFyFliZSPf8yb79tFUs--MLpKpqNLbYWnuF-4&e=\">\u003cem>Tumble\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a science podcast for kids. She lives in Barcelona with her husband and son. Follow her on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TumbleCast?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\">\u003cem>@tumblecast\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Meet+The+Granary+Weevil%2C+The+Pantry+Monster+Of+Our+Own+Creation&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Granary weevils are different from similar species: They can't fly. That's because they figured out how to use humans to get around the globe, and we are getting tired of this clingy relationship.",
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"description": "Granary weevils are different from similar species: They can't fly. That's because they figured out how to use humans to get around the globe, and we are getting tired of this clingy relationship.",
"title": "Meet the Granary Weevil, the Tiny Bug Who Resides in Our Pantries | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you store grains in your pantry, you’ve probably had the unfortunate experience of opening a package or jar to find tiny bugs living inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re not alone — there are more than 200 species of these pesky grain insects ruining dinner plans around the world on a daily basis. It’s no accident that they’ve made a home in your pantry — they’ve evolved along with humans. In a way, they contain a fascinating natural history of our own domestication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is particularly true of the granary weevil. A reddish-brown beetle that turns up in oats, rice, corn, dry pasta and more, it’s the only grain insect that has never been found outside of human food-storage situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most grain insects are equal opportunity pests — feasting on animals’ food supplies in addition to our own. But the granary weevil has outplayed the others with a special adaptation that at first appears to be a disadvantage: It can’t fly. Its wings have fused together, encasing it in a solid exoskeleton. (Imagine getting knocked around by grains the size of your own body — you’d definitely want a protective suit like the granary weevils’.) But that also makes it hard to get anywhere outside its pile of grain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, the granary weevil has managed to infest grains all over the world for thousands of years. It even slipped its way into an Egyptian tomb — eating the grain meant for a pharaoh’s afterlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We are being used\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This puzzled Rudy Plarre, a scientist who studies insect pests at Freie University in Berlin. “They need to deposit their eggs to new food sources for the next generation,” he said. “How is this done by a beetle that cannot fly?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had a suspicion: Granary weevils are using \u003cem>us\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out if he was right, Plarre decided to try to re-create the granary weevils’ natural and cultural history. He started with the idea that human trade was key to its survival. Roughly past the dawn of the Neolithic Revolution about 12,000 years ago, humans began to trade grains among settlements. Before then, Plarre said it would have been virtually impossible for granary weevils to find enough food to survive, much less spread globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beetles act like stowaways, hiding as larvae within the kernel of a grain while they develop. “People would have traded grain that was infested because they didn’t know it was infested,” Plarre said. In other words, granary weevils don’t find their way into your food \u003cem>after\u003c/em> you put it into your pantry — the larvae are already there. The weevils’ ability to remain undetected is more proof of their human-influenced natural selection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if granary weevils are entirely dependent on human trade to reproduce, that means they would have branched off from other species of its genus, \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em>, and evolved on an incredible timeline. Evolutionarily speaking, 12,000 years goes by in a flash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The granary weevil likely came from humble beginnings, on the southwestern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains. That’s where you can still find other species of \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> living off tree fruits. When nearby humans began to farm and amass sizable stores of food, some \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> populations saw an opportunity. “There are probably six to seven \u003cem>Sitophilius\u003c/em> species,” said Plarre. “Only three of them — \u003cem>sitophilius granarius\u003c/em>, the granary weevil; \u003cem>sitophilus oryzae\u003c/em>, the rice weevil; and \u003cem>sitophilius zeamais\u003c/em>, the maize weevil — were able to make the evolutionary step into human environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Cosmopolitan pests”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These weevils are now known as “cosmopolitan pests,” meaning they made it out of their small mountain habitat to spread across the world. But unlike the granary weevil, the maize and rice weevils can fly, and they’re still found roughing it outside human storage situations. Plarre believes that the granary weevil was the only insect pest to take it to the next level: Post-human contact, they lost their wings and hitched their destiny to ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs of the granary weevils’ success pop up throughout history. They were excavated from an Egyptian tomb dating back to 2300 B.C., as well as from stables in Amarna from mid-14th century B.C. Sumerian cuneiform tablets, one of the earliest forms of writing, mention grain-eating pests interpreted to be granary weevils. The beetles were found within volcanic ash and lava that preserved early Roman settlements in Santorini, as well as in other Roman settlements ranging from Italy up to York, England. As the Roman Empire spread throughout Europe, they unknowingly helped establish the granary weevils’ empire, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, granary weevils appeared in art and science. One specimen was depicted in a 1630 drawing by Italian scientist Francesco Stelluti, who was among the first to use a microscope to study nature. Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoeck, who is considered the first microbiologist, used granary weevils to help disprove spontaneous generation, the long-held theory that new organisms can come from dead things. People apparently thought that the grains themselves were breeding the insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The big bug battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite granary weevils’ contributions to science and their faithful (clingy) companionship to humans through history, they have been bugging us the whole time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, we’ve been doggedly trying to annihilate the pest of our own creation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a huge industry just built around managing these insects and keeping infestations from happening. It might be surprising just how much thought and effort goes into it all the way through the chain,” said Jim Campbell, an entomologist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Manhattan, Kan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans wage battles against grain insects from the fields, to silos, to packaging and shipping, even on the shelves of your local grocery store. For much of the history of our co-evolution, humans had only the tools of creating dry environments and tightly sealed storage to fight pests like the granary weevil. Today, we have insecticides, sophisticated packaging, and even an “Infestation Destroyer” that uses centrifugal force to fling insects to meet their high-impact deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort is worthwhile. Campbell said that grain insects cause the loss of 2 to 5 percent of harvested grains in developed countries. That number shoots up to 50 percent in less-developed countries. It’s difficult to quantify the economic effects, because they’re distributed so widely through the manufacturing chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While granary weevils have evolved at an extraordinary pace, human progress might be faster than even those hard-core adapters can catch up with. “It’s way more rare for people to find insects in their food than they did just a generation ago,” said Campbell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time you disgustedly dump an insect-infested supply of rice, oats or pasta in the trash, take a moment to reluctantly tip your hat to the tenacity and dedication of the humble granary weevil — and its extraordinary, millennia-long journey to ruin your dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lindsay Patterson is the producer and co-host of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.sciencepodcastforkids.com&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=Xtci2Fudeb2mFuRu4fVJZeBvP4ufVbP6taPEukEjs-s&m=WP7sw9aBa6lDn_O0wOrUc8CIKEqmSoK_6mlLrtssxOE&s=Iso5FsIFyFliZSPf8yb79tFUs--MLpKpqNLbYWnuF-4&e=\">\u003cem>Tumble\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a science podcast for kids. She lives in Barcelona with her husband and son. Follow her on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TumbleCast?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\">\u003cem>@tumblecast\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Meet+The+Granary+Weevil%2C+The+Pantry+Monster+Of+Our+Own+Creation&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "George, Reclusive Hawaiian Snail and Last of His Kind, Dies at 14",
"headTitle": "George, Reclusive Hawaiian Snail and Last of His Kind, Dies at 14 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>George, the last of his species of Hawaiian land snail, died on New Year’s Day. He was approximately 14 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His death was \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2019/01/04/nr18-249/\">confirmed\u003c/a> by Hawaii’s Department of Land and Natural Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George was born as part of a last-ditch effort to save his species. Back in 1997, the last 10 known \u003cem>Achatinella apexfulva \u003c/em>were brought into a University of Hawaii lab to try to increase their numbers. Some offspring resulted, but all of them died – except for George.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the last remaining \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>, George lived out his days alone in a cage at DLNR’s snail lab in Kailua, Oahu, alongside 30 other species close to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who knew George say he kept to himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a snail he was a little bit of a hermit,” David Sischo, a wildlife biologist with the Hawaii Invertebrate Program, tells NPR. “I very rarely saw him outside of his shell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sischo said George likely died of old age, as 14 is “up there in snail years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While those who knew George use male pronouns to talk about him, George was a hermaphrodite. With both male and female parts, some snails can reproduce without a partner. But seemingly not \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>: George leaves no survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while George (named for \u003ca href=\"https://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/about-galapagos/lonesome-george/\">the last surviving\u003c/a> Pinta Island Galapagos tortoise) was but one shy snail, his death takes place amid a crisis for native snails in the Hawaiian Islands, which have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/is-hawaii-the-extinction-capital-of-the-world-exhibit-a-the-alala-bird/2016/04/25/3f45c6ac-f210-11e5-89c3-a647fcce95e0_story.html?utm_term=.3b138cd45e44\">called\u003c/a> “the extinction capital of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Island flora and fauna in general are pretty susceptible to pressures that are brought in from outside areas, such as introduced species,” Sischo explains. “A lot of the animals that evolved here don’t have a lot of natural defenses to mammalian predators and diseases that are brought in from mainland areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936474\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936474\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hawaii’s Snail Extinction Prevention Program works to save rare and endangered snail species, like those seen here. These species, endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, occur nowhere else in the world. \u003ccite>(David Sischo/Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s native snail populations have been decimated by a series of invasive species arriving there, including \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/removerats/home/impacts-of-rodents-mongooses/\">rats\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/invasive-species-profiles/jacksons-chameleon/\">Jackson’s chameleons\u003c/a>, a native of Kenya brought to the islands as pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there is Snail Enemy Number One: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsusinvasives.org/home/database/euglandina-rosea\">rosy wolfsnail\u003c/a>. A predatory Florida snail introduced to Hawaii in the 1950s to control agricultural pests, it has an enormous appetite for other snails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately it hasn’t been a great bio control for what it was brought in for, and it’s just completely devouring our native snail fauna,” Sischo says. “That particular invasive species is probably the main driver of extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To try to save Hawaii’s imperiled snails, Sischo and his colleagues at the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ecosystems/hip/sep/\">Snail Extinction Prevention Program\u003c/a> will jump into action if they recognize that a species’ population is crashing or spot a very rare snail. They will bring members of the species into captivity, put up predator-proof fencing around small habitat areas, and then reintroduce species into those areas. Sischo calls these measures “manning the lifeboats” – a sort of stopgap against extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But time is running short: Sischo suspects most of the large tree snail species on the islands that are alive now will be extinct in the wild within the next five to 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have the tools to protect these species, it’s just a matter of if we can do it in enough time,” he says. “It’s hard to convey that timeframe to people because they don’t understand how quickly we’re losing these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the longer term, biotechnology like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05665-1\">CRISPR “gene drives”\u003c/a> may be able to eliminate predators. And in 2017, a couple millimeters from George’s foot were taken to San Diego’s \u003ca href=\"https://institute.sandiegozoo.org/resources/frozen-zoo%C2%AE\">Frozen Zoo\u003c/a>, where his cells live on in deep freeze, waiting for advances in snail cloning. But those technologies aren’t here yet, so for now, Sischo and his colleagues move as fast as they can, scooping up rare snails and installing fences.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter noborder\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/gIm16jdqlTM\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2017, Honolulu Magazine visited George at the snail lab. (HONOLULUMagazine YouTube)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Snails have major cultural importance in the Hawaiian Islands, where folklore often depicts snails as being able to sing. People who grew up in the islands have told Sischo about walking up the hill from their houses, shaking the trees and collecting snails by the bucketload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, “it’s a ghost town” if you’re looking for native snails, Sischo says. “We go to these areas and the host plants are there, and the conditions are right, and they’re just not there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sischo’s line of work, witnessing the last days of a species is common. He estimates that since he began working with snails in 2007, he’s been the last person to see 10 or 20 species in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, his heart sank a bit when he learned that George had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not so much that this one particular snail died, but it’s all of the history that goes with George,” he says, explaining that \u003cem>A. apexfulva \u003c/em>was the very first snail species in the Hawaiian Islands to be described by Western science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, he’s the last of his kind. … To have that last individual perish under your watch, it’s pretty depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=George%2C+Reclusive+Hawaiian+Snail+And+Last+Of+His+Kind%2C+Dies+At+14&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "While he was but one very lonely \u003cem>Achatinella apexfulva\u003c/em>, his death takes place amid a crisis for Hawaii's native snails, whose populations have been decimated by invasive species.",
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"description": "While he was but one very lonely Achatinella apexfulva, his death takes place amid a crisis for Hawaii's native snails, whose populations have been decimated by invasive species.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>George, the last of his species of Hawaiian land snail, died on New Year’s Day. He was approximately 14 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His death was \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/blog/2019/01/04/nr18-249/\">confirmed\u003c/a> by Hawaii’s Department of Land and Natural Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George was born as part of a last-ditch effort to save his species. Back in 1997, the last 10 known \u003cem>Achatinella apexfulva \u003c/em>were brought into a University of Hawaii lab to try to increase their numbers. Some offspring resulted, but all of them died – except for George.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the last remaining \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>, George lived out his days alone in a cage at DLNR’s snail lab in Kailua, Oahu, alongside 30 other species close to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who knew George say he kept to himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a snail he was a little bit of a hermit,” David Sischo, a wildlife biologist with the Hawaii Invertebrate Program, tells NPR. “I very rarely saw him outside of his shell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sischo said George likely died of old age, as 14 is “up there in snail years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While those who knew George use male pronouns to talk about him, George was a hermaphrodite. With both male and female parts, some snails can reproduce without a partner. But seemingly not \u003cem>A. apexfulva\u003c/em>: George leaves no survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while George (named for \u003ca href=\"https://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/about-galapagos/lonesome-george/\">the last surviving\u003c/a> Pinta Island Galapagos tortoise) was but one shy snail, his death takes place amid a crisis for native snails in the Hawaiian Islands, which have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/is-hawaii-the-extinction-capital-of-the-world-exhibit-a-the-alala-bird/2016/04/25/3f45c6ac-f210-11e5-89c3-a647fcce95e0_story.html?utm_term=.3b138cd45e44\">called\u003c/a> “the extinction capital of the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Island flora and fauna in general are pretty susceptible to pressures that are brought in from outside areas, such as introduced species,” Sischo explains. “A lot of the animals that evolved here don’t have a lot of natural defenses to mammalian predators and diseases that are brought in from mainland areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936474\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1936474\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/achatinellinae-subfamily-snail-collage__sq-fd712f7cc941324a6fb3b79145e79a046af00530-s800-c85-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hawaii’s Snail Extinction Prevention Program works to save rare and endangered snail species, like those seen here. These species, endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, occur nowhere else in the world. \u003ccite>(David Sischo/Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s native snail populations have been decimated by a series of invasive species arriving there, including \u003ca href=\"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/removerats/home/impacts-of-rodents-mongooses/\">rats\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/invasive-species-profiles/jacksons-chameleon/\">Jackson’s chameleons\u003c/a>, a native of Kenya brought to the islands as pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there is Snail Enemy Number One: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsusinvasives.org/home/database/euglandina-rosea\">rosy wolfsnail\u003c/a>. A predatory Florida snail introduced to Hawaii in the 1950s to control agricultural pests, it has an enormous appetite for other snails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately it hasn’t been a great bio control for what it was brought in for, and it’s just completely devouring our native snail fauna,” Sischo says. “That particular invasive species is probably the main driver of extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To try to save Hawaii’s imperiled snails, Sischo and his colleagues at the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ecosystems/hip/sep/\">Snail Extinction Prevention Program\u003c/a> will jump into action if they recognize that a species’ population is crashing or spot a very rare snail. They will bring members of the species into captivity, put up predator-proof fencing around small habitat areas, and then reintroduce species into those areas. Sischo calls these measures “manning the lifeboats” – a sort of stopgap against extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But time is running short: Sischo suspects most of the large tree snail species on the islands that are alive now will be extinct in the wild within the next five to 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have the tools to protect these species, it’s just a matter of if we can do it in enough time,” he says. “It’s hard to convey that timeframe to people because they don’t understand how quickly we’re losing these things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the longer term, biotechnology like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05665-1\">CRISPR “gene drives”\u003c/a> may be able to eliminate predators. And in 2017, a couple millimeters from George’s foot were taken to San Diego’s \u003ca href=\"https://institute.sandiegozoo.org/resources/frozen-zoo%C2%AE\">Frozen Zoo\u003c/a>, where his cells live on in deep freeze, waiting for advances in snail cloning. But those technologies aren’t here yet, so for now, Sischo and his colleagues move as fast as they can, scooping up rare snails and installing fences.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter noborder\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/gIm16jdqlTM\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2017, Honolulu Magazine visited George at the snail lab. (HONOLULUMagazine YouTube)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Snails have major cultural importance in the Hawaiian Islands, where folklore often depicts snails as being able to sing. People who grew up in the islands have told Sischo about walking up the hill from their houses, shaking the trees and collecting snails by the bucketload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, “it’s a ghost town” if you’re looking for native snails, Sischo says. “We go to these areas and the host plants are there, and the conditions are right, and they’re just not there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sischo’s line of work, witnessing the last days of a species is common. He estimates that since he began working with snails in 2007, he’s been the last person to see 10 or 20 species in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, his heart sank a bit when he learned that George had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not so much that this one particular snail died, but it’s all of the history that goes with George,” he says, explaining that \u003cem>A. apexfulva \u003c/em>was the very first snail species in the Hawaiian Islands to be described by Western science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, he’s the last of his kind. … To have that last individual perish under your watch, it’s pretty depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=George%2C+Reclusive+Hawaiian+Snail+And+Last+Of+His+Kind%2C+Dies+At+14&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bee Vaccine Targets Queen to Help Fight Off Deadly Disease",
"headTitle": "Bee Vaccine Targets Queen to Help Fight Off Deadly Disease | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Bees may soon get an ally in their fight against bacterial disease — one of the most serious threats the pollinators face — in the form of an edible vaccine. That’s the promise held out by researchers in Finland, who say they’ve made the first-ever vaccine for insects, aimed at helping struggling honeybee populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are targeting one of bees’ most deadly enemies: American foulbrood, or AFB, an infectious disease that devastates hives and can spread at a calamitous rate. Often introduced by nurse bees, the disease works by bacteria feeding on larvae — and then generating more spores, to spread further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of a potential new weapon to fight AFB has generated excitement in the beekeeping community, along with some skepticism about the claim of a vaccine — which remains in the testing phase. The news comes three years after the same researchers were hailed in \u003ca href=\"https://entomologytoday.org/2015/08/03/researchers-discover-key-to-bee-vaccination/\">Entomology Today\u003c/a> as discovering the “key to bee vaccination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists Dalial Freitak and Heli Salmela of the University of Helsinki \u003ca href=\"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/sustainability-news/the-first-ever-insect-vaccine-primebee-helps-bees-stay-healthy\">say their new vaccine\u003c/a> solves a vexing problem researchers have faced as they try to save bees from disease. Because insects’ immune systems don’t have antibodies, they essentially lack a “memory” for fighting diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a death sentence’ for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Freitak says she and her colleagues were able to get around that limitation, after she realized Salmela’s study of a protein called vitellogenin seemed to complement her own work, in which she found insects that were exposed to bacteria were able to impart an elevated immune response to their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the university’s news release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the queen bee eats something with pathogens in it, the pathogen signature molecules are bound by vitellogenin. Vitellogenin then carries these signature molecules into the queen’s eggs, where they work as inducers for future immune responses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we’ve discovered the mechanism to show that you can actually vaccinate them,” Freitak said in a news release. “You can transfer a signal from one generation to another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935740\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935740\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. Here, bees on a honeycomb in 2010. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researcher Dr. Michael Goblirsch, of the esteemed \u003ca href=\"https://www.beelab.umn.edu/\">Bee Lab\u003c/a> at the University of Minnesota, has proposed ways to test the vaccine on large bee colonies in field conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although our immune system and that of insects/invertebrates are different, they both store information about past experience with pathogens and use this information to potentially establish resistance upon subsequent exposure,” Goblirsch said. “With optimization dosage and the timing of delivery under field conditions, it is hoped that a vaccine for bees will increase a colony’s ability to fight infectious disease, making them more productive and healthy. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Finnish team calls their vaccine PrimeBEE, and they say it can be delivered to the queen via a sugar patty. Another plan would call for beekeepers to simply order a queen that’s already been vaccinated. While \u003ca href=\"https://primebee.org/\">a website has been created\u003c/a> for that product, it does not list a price — or say when the vaccine might be available commercially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. In the U.S., their pollination is vital for many foods we eat, from apples and almonds to watermelons and zucchini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When an American foulbrood infection sets in, each brood cell can host millions upon millions of spores. And because of bees’ tidy housekeeping practices, those spores are then spread even further when the bees clean the cell out. The disease can be treated with antibiotics, but no cure is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a death sentence” for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In D.C. and Maryland, Burnham says, “if a colony is diagnosed with AFB — regardless of the level of the infestation — it burns. Every bit of it burns; the bees are killed and the woodenware burns, and it’s gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns about American foulbrood are so serious, Burnham says, that it’s the main reason why her group recommends never buying used bee hives and other equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have pulled 100-year-old samples out of storage and have been able to reinoculate honeybee hives with American foulbrood spores,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to AFB, honeybees and other pollinators face a number of existential threats, from diseases and parasites to insecticides. The researchers in Finland say they plan to use the same approach to combat other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that we can also develop a vaccination against other infections, such as European foulbrood and fungal diseases,” Freitak said in a statement. “We have already started initial tests. The plan is to be able to vaccinate against any microbe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the vaccine works as the Finnish team expects, it would be a welcome bit of good news for beekeepers, farmers and advocates for pollinators, who have watched one of the world’s most important insects struggle in recent decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to help honeybees, absolutely,” Freitak said. “Even improving their life a little would have a big effect on the global scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While acknowledging the other problems bees face, she added, “If we can help honeybees to be healthier and if we can save even a small part of the bee population with this invention, I think we have done our good deed and saved the world a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "American foulbrood is an infectious disease that devastates honeybee hives. Scientists say they've created a vaccine for it despite a big hurdle: Bees don't have antibodies.",
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"description": "American foulbrood is an infectious disease that devastates honeybee hives. Scientists say they've created a vaccine for it despite a big hurdle: Bees don't have antibodies.",
"title": "Bee Vaccine Targets Queen to Help Fight Off Deadly Disease | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bees may soon get an ally in their fight against bacterial disease — one of the most serious threats the pollinators face — in the form of an edible vaccine. That’s the promise held out by researchers in Finland, who say they’ve made the first-ever vaccine for insects, aimed at helping struggling honeybee populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are targeting one of bees’ most deadly enemies: American foulbrood, or AFB, an infectious disease that devastates hives and can spread at a calamitous rate. Often introduced by nurse bees, the disease works by bacteria feeding on larvae — and then generating more spores, to spread further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of a potential new weapon to fight AFB has generated excitement in the beekeeping community, along with some skepticism about the claim of a vaccine — which remains in the testing phase. The news comes three years after the same researchers were hailed in \u003ca href=\"https://entomologytoday.org/2015/08/03/researchers-discover-key-to-bee-vaccination/\">Entomology Today\u003c/a> as discovering the “key to bee vaccination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists Dalial Freitak and Heli Salmela of the University of Helsinki \u003ca href=\"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/sustainability-news/the-first-ever-insect-vaccine-primebee-helps-bees-stay-healthy\">say their new vaccine\u003c/a> solves a vexing problem researchers have faced as they try to save bees from disease. Because insects’ immune systems don’t have antibodies, they essentially lack a “memory” for fighting diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a death sentence’ for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Freitak says she and her colleagues were able to get around that limitation, after she realized Salmela’s study of a protein called vitellogenin seemed to complement her own work, in which she found insects that were exposed to bacteria were able to impart an elevated immune response to their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the university’s news release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the queen bee eats something with pathogens in it, the pathogen signature molecules are bound by vitellogenin. Vitellogenin then carries these signature molecules into the queen’s eggs, where they work as inducers for future immune responses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we’ve discovered the mechanism to show that you can actually vaccinate them,” Freitak said in a news release. “You can transfer a signal from one generation to another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935740\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935740\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. Here, bees on a honeycomb in 2010. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researcher Dr. Michael Goblirsch, of the esteemed \u003ca href=\"https://www.beelab.umn.edu/\">Bee Lab\u003c/a> at the University of Minnesota, has proposed ways to test the vaccine on large bee colonies in field conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although our immune system and that of insects/invertebrates are different, they both store information about past experience with pathogens and use this information to potentially establish resistance upon subsequent exposure,” Goblirsch said. “With optimization dosage and the timing of delivery under field conditions, it is hoped that a vaccine for bees will increase a colony’s ability to fight infectious disease, making them more productive and healthy. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Finnish team calls their vaccine PrimeBEE, and they say it can be delivered to the queen via a sugar patty. Another plan would call for beekeepers to simply order a queen that’s already been vaccinated. While \u003ca href=\"https://primebee.org/\">a website has been created\u003c/a> for that product, it does not list a price — or say when the vaccine might be available commercially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. In the U.S., their pollination is vital for many foods we eat, from apples and almonds to watermelons and zucchini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When an American foulbrood infection sets in, each brood cell can host millions upon millions of spores. And because of bees’ tidy housekeeping practices, those spores are then spread even further when the bees clean the cell out. The disease can be treated with antibiotics, but no cure is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a death sentence” for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In D.C. and Maryland, Burnham says, “if a colony is diagnosed with AFB — regardless of the level of the infestation — it burns. Every bit of it burns; the bees are killed and the woodenware burns, and it’s gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns about American foulbrood are so serious, Burnham says, that it’s the main reason why her group recommends never buying used bee hives and other equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have pulled 100-year-old samples out of storage and have been able to reinoculate honeybee hives with American foulbrood spores,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to AFB, honeybees and other pollinators face a number of existential threats, from diseases and parasites to insecticides. The researchers in Finland say they plan to use the same approach to combat other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that we can also develop a vaccination against other infections, such as European foulbrood and fungal diseases,” Freitak said in a statement. “We have already started initial tests. The plan is to be able to vaccinate against any microbe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the vaccine works as the Finnish team expects, it would be a welcome bit of good news for beekeepers, farmers and advocates for pollinators, who have watched one of the world’s most important insects struggle in recent decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to help honeybees, absolutely,” Freitak said. “Even improving their life a little would have a big effect on the global scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While acknowledging the other problems bees face, she added, “If we can help honeybees to be healthier and if we can save even a small part of the bee population with this invention, I think we have done our good deed and saved the world a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Little Fish Mitten' Tilapia Skins Used to Treat Cats in Camp Fire",
"headTitle": "‘Little Fish Mitten’ Tilapia Skins Used to Treat Cats in Camp Fire | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Camp Fire in Butte County was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934332/the-largest-deadliest-and-most-destructive-fires-in-california-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deadliest and most destructive fire\u003c/a> in California history. Adding to the considerable misery are the cats, dogs and other pets badly burned in the blaze. A veterinary center in Chico, just east of the fire, has treated more than 500 injured animals, the vast majority of them cats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their paws have been badly burned,” said Dusty Spencer, a veterinary surgeon at the VCA Valley Oak Veterinary Center, in a press release. “Their whiskers are singed or gone. Some of them have had really bad burns on their eyelids and nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twelve of the animals — six dogs and six cats — have undergone a relatively new treatment of applying sterilized tilapia skins to their wounds. The fish skin contains collagen, a protein that can help prevent infection and restore burned skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Jamie Peyton, of the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, volunteered to treat the animals. She used the technique last year on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919050/bears-burned-in-california-wildfires-go-holistic-for-pain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two black bears and a 5-month old mountain lion \u003c/a>found in the Los Padres National Forest after the Thomas Fire. Tilapia skins are just one of the alternative treatments Peyton has used on animals; the others include acupuncture and chiropractic adjustments. She said today she was trying to “push the boundaries of veterinary burn care,” and she has also used tilapia skin to treat wounds on owls, pigs and horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oz3EB5AUpQA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Little Fish Mittens’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of using tilapia skins to treat burns \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/02/brazil-tilapia-skin-burns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first arose in Brazil\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got a great surprise when we saw that the amount of collagen proteins, types 1 and 3, which are very important for scarring, exist in large quantities in tilapia skin, even more than in human skin and other skins,” Edmar Maciel, a plastic surgeon and burn specialist, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/02/brazil-tilapia-skin-burns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told STAT\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peyton says a big advantage of tilapia skin is that it can be changed as infrequently as every two weeks; usually, new bandages have to be applied daily, which is painful for animals and is much more labor-intensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about treating a hundred cats and doing a hundred cat and dog bandage changes every day, it’s a lot of manpower,” Peyton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the animals treated in Chico was a 4-month old kitten with third-degree paw burns and the pads of his feet burned off. Peyton also treated an 8-year-old Boston terrier mix named Olivia, who showed up at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/UCDavis/videos/2169008480026935/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">press conference\u003c/a> today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the UC Davis \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/dogs-cats-rescued-california-camp-fire-heal-fish-skins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>She was found with multiple second-degree burns on her side and legs. Her owners, Curtis and Mindy Stark, were out of town when the Camp Fire started and thought their dog had perished when their home burned down. Fortunately, Olivia had been chipped and was reunited with her owners. VCA Valley Oak veterinarians cleaned Olivia’s wounds, and she was given traditional pain medications. The Starks also agreed to have Olivia treated with tilapia skins…New skin grew on Olivia’s leg burn within five days. Normally, it can take weeks for skin to grow over severe burns.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Mindy Stark, a former resident of Paradise, a town of 27,000 nearly erased by the fire, said that Olivia, sporting big sutures, gauze and wrapped legs, “started off kind of like a mummy” before the tilapia treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curtis Stark said the treatment has helped considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a day and night difference,” said Stark. “She got up on the bed and did a back flip. That is the first time we saw her acting like she was before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said Olivia likes the taste of the fish, which also helps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935326\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 713px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1935326 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"713\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 713px) 100vw, 713px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olivia, a dog that was burned in the Camp Fire in Butte County is held by her owner after receiving treatment. She was recovered six days after the start of the fire. \u003ccite>(Karin Higgins/UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Peyton and colleagues treated the bears and mountain lion last year, they stitched the tilapia skins to their burned paws, which were then wrapped in bandages of rice paper and corn husks; the fish skin eventually falls off when the wound is fully healed. But Peyton doesn’t always use that method on cats, she says, because anesthetizing them can be risky. Instead, she wraps a small strip of tilapia skin on their paws with a bandage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peyton calls the wrappings “little fish mittens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the cats and dogs, Peyton’s team is treating a bobcat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A UC Davis doctor has treated eight wounded cats and dogs with fish skins, which can help heal burned paws by transferring collagen.",
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"headline": "'Little Fish Mitten' Tilapia Skins Used to Treat Cats in Camp Fire",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Camp Fire in Butte County was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934332/the-largest-deadliest-and-most-destructive-fires-in-california-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deadliest and most destructive fire\u003c/a> in California history. Adding to the considerable misery are the cats, dogs and other pets badly burned in the blaze. A veterinary center in Chico, just east of the fire, has treated more than 500 injured animals, the vast majority of them cats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their paws have been badly burned,” said Dusty Spencer, a veterinary surgeon at the VCA Valley Oak Veterinary Center, in a press release. “Their whiskers are singed or gone. Some of them have had really bad burns on their eyelids and nose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twelve of the animals — six dogs and six cats — have undergone a relatively new treatment of applying sterilized tilapia skins to their wounds. The fish skin contains collagen, a protein that can help prevent infection and restore burned skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Jamie Peyton, of the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, volunteered to treat the animals. She used the technique last year on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919050/bears-burned-in-california-wildfires-go-holistic-for-pain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two black bears and a 5-month old mountain lion \u003c/a>found in the Los Padres National Forest after the Thomas Fire. Tilapia skins are just one of the alternative treatments Peyton has used on animals; the others include acupuncture and chiropractic adjustments. She said today she was trying to “push the boundaries of veterinary burn care,” and she has also used tilapia skin to treat wounds on owls, pigs and horses.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Oz3EB5AUpQA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Oz3EB5AUpQA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Little Fish Mittens’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of using tilapia skins to treat burns \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/02/brazil-tilapia-skin-burns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first arose in Brazil\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got a great surprise when we saw that the amount of collagen proteins, types 1 and 3, which are very important for scarring, exist in large quantities in tilapia skin, even more than in human skin and other skins,” Edmar Maciel, a plastic surgeon and burn specialist, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/02/brazil-tilapia-skin-burns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told STAT\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peyton says a big advantage of tilapia skin is that it can be changed as infrequently as every two weeks; usually, new bandages have to be applied daily, which is painful for animals and is much more labor-intensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about treating a hundred cats and doing a hundred cat and dog bandage changes every day, it’s a lot of manpower,” Peyton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the animals treated in Chico was a 4-month old kitten with third-degree paw burns and the pads of his feet burned off. Peyton also treated an 8-year-old Boston terrier mix named Olivia, who showed up at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/UCDavis/videos/2169008480026935/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">press conference\u003c/a> today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the UC Davis \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/dogs-cats-rescued-california-camp-fire-heal-fish-skins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>She was found with multiple second-degree burns on her side and legs. Her owners, Curtis and Mindy Stark, were out of town when the Camp Fire started and thought their dog had perished when their home burned down. Fortunately, Olivia had been chipped and was reunited with her owners. VCA Valley Oak veterinarians cleaned Olivia’s wounds, and she was given traditional pain medications. The Starks also agreed to have Olivia treated with tilapia skins…New skin grew on Olivia’s leg burn within five days. Normally, it can take weeks for skin to grow over severe burns.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Mindy Stark, a former resident of Paradise, a town of 27,000 nearly erased by the fire, said that Olivia, sporting big sutures, gauze and wrapped legs, “started off kind of like a mummy” before the tilapia treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curtis Stark said the treatment has helped considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a day and night difference,” said Stark. “She got up on the bed and did a back flip. That is the first time we saw her acting like she was before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said Olivia likes the taste of the fish, which also helps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935326\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 713px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1935326 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"713\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/oliviaowner.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 713px) 100vw, 713px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olivia, a dog that was burned in the Camp Fire in Butte County is held by her owner after receiving treatment. She was recovered six days after the start of the fire. \u003ccite>(Karin Higgins/UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Peyton and colleagues treated the bears and mountain lion last year, they stitched the tilapia skins to their burned paws, which were then wrapped in bandages of rice paper and corn husks; the fish skin eventually falls off when the wound is fully healed. But Peyton doesn’t always use that method on cats, she says, because anesthetizing them can be risky. Instead, she wraps a small strip of tilapia skin on their paws with a bandage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peyton calls the wrappings “little fish mittens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the cats and dogs, Peyton’s team is treating a bobcat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"order": 5
},
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
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