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"content": "\u003cp>UC Berkeley has two new residents, and they aren’t students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two peregrine falcon chicks hatched atop the campus’s iconic bell and clock tower this week, and you can watch their every flap and roll in a live streaming video:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaJuC-rxVAQ\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaJuC-rxVAQ\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third chick didn’t make it out of its egg. From the Cal Falcons Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CalFalconCam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">page\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: none; overflow: hidden;\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FCalFalconCam%2Fposts%2F298573711065228&width=500\" width=\"500\" height=\"289\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Campanile has been home for Annie and Grinnell, the chick’s parents, since 2017. The falcons hatched two chicks that year and three more in 2018, subsequently named Berkelium, Californium and Lawrencium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the university installed cameras in the nest after raising $14,500 from a crowdfunding campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940914\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1940914 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/peregrinechicks750.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/peregrinechicks750.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/peregrinechicks750-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Berkelium, Lawrencium and Californium, three peregrine falcon chicks that hatched atop UC Berkeley’s Campanile in 2018. \u003ccite>(UC Berkeley photo by Maria Garcia Alvarez)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Per the university, here’s what you can expect by way of the live stream: Falcon parents sit on their chicks for about 10 days after they first hatch to keep them warm. But soon the chicks will be running around and learning to fly; in about six weeks, they’ll be hunting on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City falcons eat a plentiful supply of pigeons, but they will also hunt doves, crows and other birds. A baby falcon eats about 5 ounces of food every day. Falcons dive, an action also called stooping, at speeds faster than 200 miles per hour. They are the fastest animal in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peregrine falcons have recovered spectacularly in North America thanks to the Endangered Species Act. While only two peregrine pairs were known to nest in California in 1970, which was the population low, more than 400 pairs are estimated to flourish in the state today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can follow the falcons on Twitter (@CalFalconCam) and Instagram (@cal_falcons). UC Berkeley has more info on peregrine falcons in its \u003ca href=\"https://news.berkeley.edu/2019/04/26/falcon-chicks-make-their-big-screen-debut/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bay City News contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction:\u003c/em> This post originally said that three chicks were hatched, not two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Two peregrine falcon chicks hatched atop the campus's iconic bell and clock tower this week, and you can watch their every flap and roll in a live streaming video.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>UC Berkeley has two new residents, and they aren’t students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two peregrine falcon chicks hatched atop the campus’s iconic bell and clock tower this week, and you can watch their every flap and roll in a live streaming video:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaJuC-rxVAQ\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaJuC-rxVAQ\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third chick didn’t make it out of its egg. From the Cal Falcons Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CalFalconCam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">page\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: none; overflow: hidden;\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FCalFalconCam%2Fposts%2F298573711065228&width=500\" width=\"500\" height=\"289\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Campanile has been home for Annie and Grinnell, the chick’s parents, since 2017. The falcons hatched two chicks that year and three more in 2018, subsequently named Berkelium, Californium and Lawrencium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the university installed cameras in the nest after raising $14,500 from a crowdfunding campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940914\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1940914 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/peregrinechicks750.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/peregrinechicks750.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/peregrinechicks750-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Berkelium, Lawrencium and Californium, three peregrine falcon chicks that hatched atop UC Berkeley’s Campanile in 2018. \u003ccite>(UC Berkeley photo by Maria Garcia Alvarez)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Per the university, here’s what you can expect by way of the live stream: Falcon parents sit on their chicks for about 10 days after they first hatch to keep them warm. But soon the chicks will be running around and learning to fly; in about six weeks, they’ll be hunting on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City falcons eat a plentiful supply of pigeons, but they will also hunt doves, crows and other birds. A baby falcon eats about 5 ounces of food every day. Falcons dive, an action also called stooping, at speeds faster than 200 miles per hour. They are the fastest animal in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peregrine falcons have recovered spectacularly in North America thanks to the Endangered Species Act. While only two peregrine pairs were known to nest in California in 1970, which was the population low, more than 400 pairs are estimated to flourish in the state today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can follow the falcons on Twitter (@CalFalconCam) and Instagram (@cal_falcons). UC Berkeley has more info on peregrine falcons in its \u003ca href=\"https://news.berkeley.edu/2019/04/26/falcon-chicks-make-their-big-screen-debut/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bay City News contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction:\u003c/em> This post originally said that three chicks were hatched, not two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>What can humans learn about ourselves from studying chimpanzees? Primatologist Frans de Waal has spent almost three decades studying the behavior and intelligence of chimpanzees. Now, he’s focused on their emotional lives–and he’s found primates and people aren’t so different in how they react to circumstances and each other. Jeffrey Brown talks to de Waal about the implications of his findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Judy Woodruff:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You often hear about studies of animal intelligence and behavior. But tonight, we explore a different question — what can we learn about ourselves from studying the inner lives of chimpanzees?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Brown talked to primatologist Frans de Waal about his new book exploring the emotions of primates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You see the rain face? I always see disgust in their faces when it rains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Call it the “rain face” — a look of disgust, in the midst of a downpour. It’s an expression of emotional life in animals as well as people, according to primatologist Frans de Waal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they’re venturing out, huh?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mud, in the rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it is because of food —\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all had our “rain faces” on during a recent wet visit to the Yerkes National Primate Research Center, part of Emory University, outside Atlanta, Georgia, where de Waal has worked for nearly three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They don’t like to get their hands wet, you know? You see that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And helped change the way we think about animals and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, you don’t buy the idea that we could say disgust is only a human emotion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No. I’m not sure that there are any uniquely human emotions. We may have a wider applicability of these emotions, and they may be more sophisticated, but they are not fundamentally different. I haven’t seen anything of a fundamental difference in the emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have known many alpha males in life, chimpanzee alpha males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De Waal is renowned for his work on animal intelligence — experiments that show the ability to use tools, plan, cooperate, and more. He’s author of a dozen books, the last titled, “Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he’s focused on their emotional life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All my work has always dealt with emotions, even though I’m trained as a biologist not to talk explicitly about emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whoa, whoa, whoa, why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, I was trained by my professors that emotions were taboo as a topic. You could talk about the “motivation” of animals and the “attention to things,” but the “emotions” was a sort of taboo topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in thinking over the last two decades is reflected in de Waal’s new book “Mama’s Last Hug.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama was an elderly chimp, nearing death. In 2016, Jan van Hooff, a mentor of de Waals who’d spent years studying and bonding with Mama, came to pay a final visit. Mama locks her old friend in her arms — a rare, physical display of affection between the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is almost as if she’s calming him down. I think seeing Jan, who was my professor so I know him very well, I think he must have hesitated, because we never go into a cage with a chimp. It’s dangerous. It’s just not done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to go in there, he must have been a bit nervous. And it’s almost as if she has sensed that and she calmed him down, instead of him calming her down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s going on here? De Waal cautions against speaking of Mama’s feelings — which he defines as her internal subjective state. But it is possible, he believes, to observe behavior expressing emotions, such as fear, amusement, and empathy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human studies of empathy started with children, where scientists would ask a family member in the home to cry, and then they would see how very young children respond to them. And very young children who can barely walk, they walk up to this person and touch them and stroke them and try to calm them down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when I heard about that, I said, well, if that is empathy, then I have plenty of empathy in my chimps, because the chimps do this all the time. Someone has lost the fight, has been screaming, sits in a corner. Other chimps come over and embrace them and kiss them and calm them down and groom them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an experiment de Waal often shows audiences, a capuchin monkey is fed cucumbers and seems perfectly happy — until seeing a neighbor getting sweet grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People laugh because they — they laugh because they suddenly recognize themselves in the behavior of animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re sort of nervous about that I think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monkey number one now emphatically rejects the lesser treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later with chimpanzees, we find even more complicated. In chimpanzees, we find that the one who gets more may also object to it, not just the one who gets less. So we reached the conclusion that the sense of fairness of humans and the sense of fairness of chimpanzees is maybe not that different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From his office overlooking the chimps’ habitat at Yerkes, de Waal has spent years observing personalities. He knows all the individual ticks of each chimp patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens after a fight? When does one chimp step in to help another? What lures them outside on a rainy day — or causes them to retreat?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked de Waal what we remain unable to know about the inner life of chimps and other animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most difficult ones is consciousness, and that relates to the issue of feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frans de Waal:\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, is it possible that an animal shows all these emotional signs in the face and then in the body and in the behavior without associated feelings, without a conscious sort of being conscious of the emotions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think it’s very unlikely. I think that animals like chimpanzees and dolphins and so on, they must have a level of consciousness. But how do we demonstrate that? That is a big puzzle for science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are there inevitable ethical issues, as we learn more about how closely we are related in our emotional life with animals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has obvious moral implications. I think if you — if animals are machines without feelings and nothing, we can do whatever we want with them. If they’re not machines — the point I’m making, and many other scientists are making nowadays, we have to be more careful. We cannot go on treating animals the way we do, if we have this new view of animals. And so, my work is contributing to this change in moral perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What can humans learn about ourselves from studying chimpanzees? Primatologist Frans de Waal has spent almost three decades studying the behavior and intelligence of chimpanzees. Now, he’s focused on their emotional lives–and he’s found primates and people aren’t so different in how they react to circumstances and each other. Jeffrey Brown talks to de Waal about the implications of his findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Judy Woodruff:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You often hear about studies of animal intelligence and behavior. But tonight, we explore a different question — what can we learn about ourselves from studying the inner lives of chimpanzees?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Brown talked to primatologist Frans de Waal about his new book exploring the emotions of primates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You see the rain face? I always see disgust in their faces when it rains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Call it the “rain face” — a look of disgust, in the midst of a downpour. It’s an expression of emotional life in animals as well as people, according to primatologist Frans de Waal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they’re venturing out, huh?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mud, in the rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it is because of food —\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all had our “rain faces” on during a recent wet visit to the Yerkes National Primate Research Center, part of Emory University, outside Atlanta, Georgia, where de Waal has worked for nearly three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They don’t like to get their hands wet, you know? You see that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And helped change the way we think about animals and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, you don’t buy the idea that we could say disgust is only a human emotion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No. I’m not sure that there are any uniquely human emotions. We may have a wider applicability of these emotions, and they may be more sophisticated, but they are not fundamentally different. I haven’t seen anything of a fundamental difference in the emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have known many alpha males in life, chimpanzee alpha males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De Waal is renowned for his work on animal intelligence — experiments that show the ability to use tools, plan, cooperate, and more. He’s author of a dozen books, the last titled, “Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he’s focused on their emotional life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All my work has always dealt with emotions, even though I’m trained as a biologist not to talk explicitly about emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whoa, whoa, whoa, why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, I was trained by my professors that emotions were taboo as a topic. You could talk about the “motivation” of animals and the “attention to things,” but the “emotions” was a sort of taboo topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in thinking over the last two decades is reflected in de Waal’s new book “Mama’s Last Hug.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama was an elderly chimp, nearing death. In 2016, Jan van Hooff, a mentor of de Waals who’d spent years studying and bonding with Mama, came to pay a final visit. Mama locks her old friend in her arms — a rare, physical display of affection between the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is almost as if she’s calming him down. I think seeing Jan, who was my professor so I know him very well, I think he must have hesitated, because we never go into a cage with a chimp. It’s dangerous. It’s just not done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to go in there, he must have been a bit nervous. And it’s almost as if she has sensed that and she calmed him down, instead of him calming her down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s going on here? De Waal cautions against speaking of Mama’s feelings — which he defines as her internal subjective state. But it is possible, he believes, to observe behavior expressing emotions, such as fear, amusement, and empathy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human studies of empathy started with children, where scientists would ask a family member in the home to cry, and then they would see how very young children respond to them. And very young children who can barely walk, they walk up to this person and touch them and stroke them and try to calm them down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when I heard about that, I said, well, if that is empathy, then I have plenty of empathy in my chimps, because the chimps do this all the time. Someone has lost the fight, has been screaming, sits in a corner. Other chimps come over and embrace them and kiss them and calm them down and groom them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an experiment de Waal often shows audiences, a capuchin monkey is fed cucumbers and seems perfectly happy — until seeing a neighbor getting sweet grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People laugh because they — they laugh because they suddenly recognize themselves in the behavior of animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re sort of nervous about that I think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monkey number one now emphatically rejects the lesser treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later with chimpanzees, we find even more complicated. In chimpanzees, we find that the one who gets more may also object to it, not just the one who gets less. So we reached the conclusion that the sense of fairness of humans and the sense of fairness of chimpanzees is maybe not that different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From his office overlooking the chimps’ habitat at Yerkes, de Waal has spent years observing personalities. He knows all the individual ticks of each chimp patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens after a fight? When does one chimp step in to help another? What lures them outside on a rainy day — or causes them to retreat?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked de Waal what we remain unable to know about the inner life of chimps and other animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most difficult ones is consciousness, and that relates to the issue of feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frans de Waal:\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, is it possible that an animal shows all these emotional signs in the face and then in the body and in the behavior without associated feelings, without a conscious sort of being conscious of the emotions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think it’s very unlikely. I think that animals like chimpanzees and dolphins and so on, they must have a level of consciousness. But how do we demonstrate that? That is a big puzzle for science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jeffrey Brown:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are there inevitable ethical issues, as we learn more about how closely we are related in our emotional life with animals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Frans de Waal:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has obvious moral implications. I think if you — if animals are machines without feelings and nothing, we can do whatever we want with them. If they’re not machines — the point I’m making, and many other scientists are making nowadays, we have to be more careful. We cannot go on treating animals the way we do, if we have this new view of animals. And so, my work is contributing to this change in moral perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-3SbfTPJsL8fJAPKiVqBLg?sub_confirmation=1\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Subscribe to Deep Look on Youtube\u003c/a>[/pullquote]Across Northern California, as the rainy season is ending and spring is taking hold, bees are buzzing, flowers are growing and hikers are hitting the trails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But down at ground level, the pastoral scenery is concealing a surprising battle: relentless chemical warfare between bugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 200 millipede species emerge from their underground lairs every year during the winter and early spring months to forage for food and seek mates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They have to fend off insects, mammals, reptiles and amphibians looking for a tasty meal. But they have a secret weapon — an array of toxic chemicals they shoot from special glands. One Bay Area species, Xystocheir dissecta, carries deadly cyanide and benzaldehyde.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they’re feeling threatened, these millipedes produce an invisible, odorless hydrogen cyanide gas that they spray at predators, which is virtually toxic to all organisms. One byproduct is benzaldehyde, which gives off the scent of bitter almonds, as an additional signal that they’re secreting poison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940186\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1940186\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Blue_Millipede-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Xystocheir dissecta millipede glowing blue under UV light.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Blue_Millipede-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Blue_Millipede-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Blue_Millipede-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Blue_Millipede-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Blue_Millipede-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Blue_Millipede-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Blue_Millipede.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Xystocheir dissecta millipede glowing blue under UV light. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The millipedes don’t poison themselves, however. They’ve developed an immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cyanide can kill nearly any other animal trying to dine on the millipedes. Except one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research has found that one tough beetle is the only known predator in the world that can survive a direct blast of cyanide gas and keep going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940184\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1940184\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/Brandt-Weary-With-Millipede-2-e1555013927931-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"Brandt Weary holds a Xystocheir dissecta millipede.\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/Brandt-Weary-With-Millipede-2-e1555013927931-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/Brandt-Weary-With-Millipede-2-e1555013927931-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/Brandt-Weary-With-Millipede-2-e1555013927931-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/Brandt-Weary-With-Millipede-2-e1555013927931-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/Brandt-Weary-With-Millipede-2-e1555013927931-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/Brandt-Weary-With-Millipede-2-e1555013927931.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandt Weary holds a Xystocheir dissecta millipede.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brandt Weary, an entomologist, studied these hardy beetles last year for his senior thesis at UC Berkeley. The beetles, known as Promecognathus crassus, love to eat millipedes, even though they are only one-fifth the millipedes’ size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weary wanted to know more about how the beetles withstood the millipedes’ tough chemical defense. He found that while many other beetles will avoid the cyanide-spraying millipedes, Promecognathus seeks them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d actually put them in a dish together and watch them hunt,” he said. “The millipedes are spraying cyanide, and the beetles don’t seem to mind. Then I actually tested to see if the beetles can resist cyanide. It seems that they can. It’s very unusual in the animal kingdom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His advisor, \u003ca href=\"https://pterostichini.wordpress.com/\">Kip Will\u003c/a>, an associate professor who oversaw Weary’s study, said researchers still aren’t entirely sure how the beetles can take a blast of cyanide that would kill many other insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knew that the beetles preferred millipedes and seemed to be quite evolved to eat them, but that implies some mechanism by which they overcome or bypass nasty cyanide,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940185\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1940185\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Promecognathus crassus, a ground beetle common in the Bay Area.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Promecognathus crassus, a ground beetle common in the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it attacks, the beetle clamps down on the millipede’s armor with its unusually long, scissors-like jaws and tries to decapitate it — eventually feeding on the insect from the inside to out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a little surreal to see behavior that I had only ever read in the literature,” Weary said. “At the time, their hunting behavior had never been caught on film and I had never observed it in the wild, so it felt like watching a rare nature documentary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weary also ran lab tests that exposed other species of beetles to the chemicals. Not only did Promecognathus last the longest, it was the most tolerant of them all. They were even able to withstand cyanide levels that would knock down beetles 10 times their size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will said that Weary’s study is the first to do several things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These beetles don’t, or at least don’t need to, paralyze their prey as suggested by other research,” he said. “Other potential predators that might eat the millipedes actually don’t, and Promecognathus definitely does. And the beetle has a significantly greater tolerance — and perhaps a complete resistance — to cyanide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not sure of the biochemical way they do this yet,” Will said. “But whatever it is — an enzyme would be a good hypothesis — it is the first time that cyanide resistance has been shown to be in a predatory species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All other known research involved insects that fed only on plants that contain cyanide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weary plans to focus more of his future research on centipedes and millipedes, but he said he was enthralled by the tough little beetles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have personalities. They’re different from each other, and they have their own little lives. It’s just really fascinating to watch them behave.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cyanide can kill nearly any other animal trying to dine on the millipedes. Except one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research has found that one tough beetle is the only known predator in the world that can survive a direct blast of cyanide gas and keep going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940184\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1940184\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/Brandt-Weary-With-Millipede-2-e1555013927931-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"Brandt Weary holds a Xystocheir dissecta millipede.\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/Brandt-Weary-With-Millipede-2-e1555013927931-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/Brandt-Weary-With-Millipede-2-e1555013927931-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/Brandt-Weary-With-Millipede-2-e1555013927931-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/Brandt-Weary-With-Millipede-2-e1555013927931-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/Brandt-Weary-With-Millipede-2-e1555013927931-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/Brandt-Weary-With-Millipede-2-e1555013927931.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandt Weary holds a Xystocheir dissecta millipede.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brandt Weary, an entomologist, studied these hardy beetles last year for his senior thesis at UC Berkeley. The beetles, known as Promecognathus crassus, love to eat millipedes, even though they are only one-fifth the millipedes’ size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weary wanted to know more about how the beetles withstood the millipedes’ tough chemical defense. He found that while many other beetles will avoid the cyanide-spraying millipedes, Promecognathus seeks them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d actually put them in a dish together and watch them hunt,” he said. “The millipedes are spraying cyanide, and the beetles don’t seem to mind. Then I actually tested to see if the beetles can resist cyanide. It seems that they can. It’s very unusual in the animal kingdom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His advisor, \u003ca href=\"https://pterostichini.wordpress.com/\">Kip Will\u003c/a>, an associate professor who oversaw Weary’s study, said researchers still aren’t entirely sure how the beetles can take a blast of cyanide that would kill many other insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We knew that the beetles preferred millipedes and seemed to be quite evolved to eat them, but that implies some mechanism by which they overcome or bypass nasty cyanide,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940185\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1940185\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Promecognathus crassus, a ground beetle common in the Bay Area.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/DL608_Beetle.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Promecognathus crassus, a ground beetle common in the Bay Area. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it attacks, the beetle clamps down on the millipede’s armor with its unusually long, scissors-like jaws and tries to decapitate it — eventually feeding on the insect from the inside to out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a little surreal to see behavior that I had only ever read in the literature,” Weary said. “At the time, their hunting behavior had never been caught on film and I had never observed it in the wild, so it felt like watching a rare nature documentary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weary also ran lab tests that exposed other species of beetles to the chemicals. Not only did Promecognathus last the longest, it was the most tolerant of them all. They were even able to withstand cyanide levels that would knock down beetles 10 times their size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will said that Weary’s study is the first to do several things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These beetles don’t, or at least don’t need to, paralyze their prey as suggested by other research,” he said. “Other potential predators that might eat the millipedes actually don’t, and Promecognathus definitely does. And the beetle has a significantly greater tolerance — and perhaps a complete resistance — to cyanide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not sure of the biochemical way they do this yet,” Will said. “But whatever it is — an enzyme would be a good hypothesis — it is the first time that cyanide resistance has been shown to be in a predatory species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All other known research involved insects that fed only on plants that contain cyanide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weary plans to focus more of his future research on centipedes and millipedes, but he said he was enthralled by the tough little beetles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have personalities. They’re different from each other, and they have their own little lives. It’s just really fascinating to watch them behave.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Watch Southern California Nest Cam Eagle's First Flight",
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"content": "\u003cp>A young bald eagle that the public watched hatch online in a Southern California mountain nest has finally fledged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Bernardino National Forest spokesman Zach Behrens says the juvenile male let out a call at 6:19 a.m. Tuesday and flew off screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F705508029491602%2Fvideos%2F2490881681146839%2F&show_text=0&width=560\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bald eagles typically fledge between 10 and 12 weeks of age but this one waited until he was 14 weeks old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forest Service biologist Robin Eliason says the bird will stay close to his parents over a few months to learn hunting skills and then will likely leave the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eagle’s mother laid two eggs in the nest near Big Bear Lake in March and two eaglets hatched in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nest cam showed one eaglet died during a late winter storm on Memorial Day weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A count completed last year found 11 bald eagles living in the forest east of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mother and a male companion took turns nestling over the latest chicks to keep them warm as a chilly wind blew through the San Bernardino National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first egg arrived March 6, followed by the second one a few days later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Institute for Wildlife Studies web page has thousands of comments from people watching the feed. The camera was installed by the group Friends of Big Bear Valley.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The first fluffy gray chick made its on-camera debut when it poked its head out of its shell Sunday near Big Bear Lake east of Los Angeles.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A young bald eagle that the public watched hatch online in a Southern California mountain nest has finally fledged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Bernardino National Forest spokesman Zach Behrens says the juvenile male let out a call at 6:19 a.m. Tuesday and flew off screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F705508029491602%2Fvideos%2F2490881681146839%2F&show_text=0&width=560\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bald eagles typically fledge between 10 and 12 weeks of age but this one waited until he was 14 weeks old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forest Service biologist Robin Eliason says the bird will stay close to his parents over a few months to learn hunting skills and then will likely leave the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eagle’s mother laid two eggs in the nest near Big Bear Lake in March and two eaglets hatched in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nest cam showed one eaglet died during a late winter storm on Memorial Day weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A count completed last year found 11 bald eagles living in the forest east of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mother and a male companion took turns nestling over the latest chicks to keep them warm as a chilly wind blew through the San Bernardino National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first egg arrived March 6, followed by the second one a few days later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Institute for Wildlife Studies web page has thousands of comments from people watching the feed. The camera was installed by the group Friends of Big Bear Valley.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]At the end of spring break, your kids might be bringing back something more than just good memories of that family vacation. Holidays, it turns out, are a time when head lice spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anytime kids’ noggins are in direct contact — when they’re sitting or sleeping next to each other — or when parents and children spend time cuddling, lice have a chance to crawl from one head to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939532\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOUSE_CRAWLS_FROM_ONE_HAIR_TO_ANOTHER.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939532\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOUSE_CRAWLS_FROM_ONE_HAIR_TO_ANOTHER.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lice can’t fly or jump. They spread by crawling from hair to hair. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After holidays or popular kids’ movies, Melissa Shilliday sees an uptick in business at her \u003ca href=\"https://nitpixies.com/\">NitPixies\u003c/a> hair salons, located in Oakland and San Rafael. At the salons, for $115 per person, a technician will comb lice out with a special metal comb that extracts the tiny insects between its closely spaced teeth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s always slow a couple of weeks before a Pixar movie comes out,” said Shilliday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOUSE_CRAWLS_ON_HAIR_STRAND.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939533\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOUSE_CRAWLS_ON_HAIR_STRAND.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A head louse uses its claws to speedily crawl along a hair. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Head lice can move only by crawling on hair. They glue their eggs to individual strands, nice and close to the scalp, where the heat helps them hatch. They feed on blood several times a day. And even though head lice can spread by laying their eggs in sports helmets and baseball caps, the main way they get around is by simply crawling from one head to another using scythe-shaped claws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These claws, which are big relative to a louse’s body, work in unison with a small and spiky thumblike part called a spine. With the claw and spine at the end of each of its six legs, a louse grasps a hair strand to hold on tightly, or quickly crawl from hair to hair like a speedy acrobat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939527\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939527\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the end of each of its six legs, a head louse has a tarsal claw and a spine that it uses to grasp a hair strand to hold on tightly, or to quickly crawl from hair to hair. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their drive to stay on a human head is strong because after they’re off and lose access to their blood meals, they starve and die within 15 to 24 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lice that live on primates and birds are all very different-looking, adapted to their unique circumstances surviving in their host’s hair or feathers. For example, lice that live in pigeon feathers are long and thin, the better to hide in the feathers’ barbs, where the birds can’t preen them out. On humans and other primates, lice claws have evolved to fit around a strand of hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The curvature of it is probably pretty close to the average hair diameter that they would come in contact with for a given species of host,” said biologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/mammals/people/faculty/\">David Reed\u003c/a>, who has studied lice and evolution at the Florida Museum of Natural History.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939529\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A head louse holds onto a blond hair with three of its six legs. Each leg ends in a claw that fits neatly around the width of a human hair. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The good news is that human head lice can’t really move to other parts of our body or onto our pets. They’re confined to the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The claw and spine are adapted to hold a human hair on the scalp,” said medical entomologist \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.ekmd.huji.ac.il/en/publications/researchersPages/pages/kostasm.aspx\">Kosta Mumcuoglu\u003c/a>, who studies lice at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. “The other hairs of the body are usually too thick for them, and they can’t hold them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other types of lice can live on the human body: the clothing louse, which lives in the clothes of people who can’t change them often enough, and the pubic louse, which spreads during sexual contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(The pubic louse) has stronger claws,” said Mumcuoglu, “to catch the thicker hairs of the region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At NitPixies on a recent morning a mother brought her kindergartner in for treatment. She didn’t want her daughter’s name used, for fear of bullying. She had applied a common insecticide shampoo to the girl’s hair, but the lice were still there and now she wanted a professional at the San Rafael salon to comb them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salon manager Losa Aupiu divided the girl’s hair into sections and combed each piece four times with a metal comb, up and down from the root out, to remove lice and eggs. Then she applied a mixture of plant oils that Aupiu said would kill any remaining lice. She sent the mother home with a metal comb and recommended she run it through her daughter’s hair for at least five days to get rid of any remaining eggs. It takes eggs six to nine days to hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939531\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939531\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Losa Aupiu, manager of the lice-removal salon NitPixies in San Rafael, combs the little pests out of a young client’s hair. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Combing lice out is a laborious, old-fashioned process that has become the last resort for many parents, as lice have become resistant to over-the-counter insecticide shampoos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 2013 and 2015, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vasci.umass.edu/research-faculty/john-marshall-clark\">John Clark\u003c/a> and colleagues at the University of Massachusetts Amherst \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892812/\">tested lice in every state\u003c/a> except West Virginia and Alaska, and found that they had become overwhelmingly resistant to natural insecticides called pyrethrins and their synthetic version, known as pyrethroids, which are used in the most common over-the-counter lice treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939528\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939528\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The egg of a head louse is attached to a single hair strand with a glue made out of hard protein. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other products do still work against lice, though. Prescription treatments that contain the insecticides ivermectin and spinosad are effective, said Clark. They’re prescribed to kill both lice and their eggs. Clark said treatments such as suffocants, which block the lice’s breathing holes, and hot-air devices that dry them up, also work. He added that tea tree oil works both as a repellent and a “pretty good” insecticide. And then there’s combing, which can also get good results, but is demanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes time and effort,” he said. “You sort of have to know what you’re doing. And so most people that comb eventually get tired of it and they want something a little bit more simplistic.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "How Lice Turn Your Hair Into Their Jungle Gym | KQED",
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"headline": "How Lice Turn Your Hair Into Their Jungle Gym",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>At the end of spring break, your kids might be bringing back something more than just good memories of that family vacation. Holidays, it turns out, are a time when head lice spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anytime kids’ noggins are in direct contact — when they’re sitting or sleeping next to each other — or when parents and children spend time cuddling, lice have a chance to crawl from one head to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939532\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOUSE_CRAWLS_FROM_ONE_HAIR_TO_ANOTHER.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939532\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOUSE_CRAWLS_FROM_ONE_HAIR_TO_ANOTHER.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lice can’t fly or jump. They spread by crawling from hair to hair. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After holidays or popular kids’ movies, Melissa Shilliday sees an uptick in business at her \u003ca href=\"https://nitpixies.com/\">NitPixies\u003c/a> hair salons, located in Oakland and San Rafael. At the salons, for $115 per person, a technician will comb lice out with a special metal comb that extracts the tiny insects between its closely spaced teeth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s always slow a couple of weeks before a Pixar movie comes out,” said Shilliday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOUSE_CRAWLS_ON_HAIR_STRAND.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939533\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOUSE_CRAWLS_ON_HAIR_STRAND.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A head louse uses its claws to speedily crawl along a hair. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Head lice can move only by crawling on hair. They glue their eggs to individual strands, nice and close to the scalp, where the heat helps them hatch. They feed on blood several times a day. And even though head lice can spread by laying their eggs in sports helmets and baseball caps, the main way they get around is by simply crawling from one head to another using scythe-shaped claws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These claws, which are big relative to a louse’s body, work in unison with a small and spiky thumblike part called a spine. With the claw and spine at the end of each of its six legs, a louse grasps a hair strand to hold on tightly, or quickly crawl from hair to hair like a speedy acrobat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939527\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939527\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_CLAW_AND_SPINE_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the end of each of its six legs, a head louse has a tarsal claw and a spine that it uses to grasp a hair strand to hold on tightly, or to quickly crawl from hair to hair. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Their drive to stay on a human head is strong because after they’re off and lose access to their blood meals, they starve and die within 15 to 24 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lice that live on primates and birds are all very different-looking, adapted to their unique circumstances surviving in their host’s hair or feathers. For example, lice that live in pigeon feathers are long and thin, the better to hide in the feathers’ barbs, where the birds can’t preen them out. On humans and other primates, lice claws have evolved to fit around a strand of hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The curvature of it is probably pretty close to the average hair diameter that they would come in contact with for a given species of host,” said biologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/mammals/people/faculty/\">David Reed\u003c/a>, who has studied lice and evolution at the Florida Museum of Natural History.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939529\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_HAIR_LOUSE_CLASPS_AROUND_HUMAN_HAIR_W_CLAWS_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A head louse holds onto a blond hair with three of its six legs. Each leg ends in a claw that fits neatly around the width of a human hair. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The good news is that human head lice can’t really move to other parts of our body or onto our pets. They’re confined to the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The claw and spine are adapted to hold a human hair on the scalp,” said medical entomologist \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.ekmd.huji.ac.il/en/publications/researchersPages/pages/kostasm.aspx\">Kosta Mumcuoglu\u003c/a>, who studies lice at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. “The other hairs of the body are usually too thick for them, and they can’t hold them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other types of lice can live on the human body: the clothing louse, which lives in the clothes of people who can’t change them often enough, and the pubic louse, which spreads during sexual contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(The pubic louse) has stronger claws,” said Mumcuoglu, “to catch the thicker hairs of the region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At NitPixies on a recent morning a mother brought her kindergartner in for treatment. She didn’t want her daughter’s name used, for fear of bullying. She had applied a common insecticide shampoo to the girl’s hair, but the lice were still there and now she wanted a professional at the San Rafael salon to comb them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salon manager Losa Aupiu divided the girl’s hair into sections and combed each piece four times with a metal comb, up and down from the root out, to remove lice and eggs. Then she applied a mixture of plant oils that Aupiu said would kill any remaining lice. She sent the mother home with a metal comb and recommended she run it through her daughter’s hair for at least five days to get rid of any remaining eggs. It takes eggs six to nine days to hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939531\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939531\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_LOSA_AUPIU_AT_NITPIXIES_USES_NIT_COMB_TO_COMB_LICE_OUT_OF_GIRL_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Losa Aupiu, manager of the lice-removal salon NitPixies in San Rafael, combs the little pests out of a young client’s hair. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Combing lice out is a laborious, old-fashioned process that has become the last resort for many parents, as lice have become resistant to over-the-counter insecticide shampoos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 2013 and 2015, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vasci.umass.edu/research-faculty/john-marshall-clark\">John Clark\u003c/a> and colleagues at the University of Massachusetts Amherst \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892812/\">tested lice in every state\u003c/a> except West Virginia and Alaska, and found that they had become overwhelmingly resistant to natural insecticides called pyrethrins and their synthetic version, known as pyrethroids, which are used in the most common over-the-counter lice treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1939528\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1939528\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/DL_606HeadLice_EGG_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The egg of a head louse is attached to a single hair strand with a glue made out of hard protein. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other products do still work against lice, though. Prescription treatments that contain the insecticides ivermectin and spinosad are effective, said Clark. They’re prescribed to kill both lice and their eggs. Clark said treatments such as suffocants, which block the lice’s breathing holes, and hot-air devices that dry them up, also work. He added that tea tree oil works both as a repellent and a “pretty good” insecticide. And then there’s combing, which can also get good results, but is demanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes time and effort,” he said. “You sort of have to know what you’re doing. And so most people that comb eventually get tired of it and they want something a little bit more simplistic.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Lions once prevalent over two Southern California mountain ranges could disappear entirely within 50 years, risking local extinction because of conditions both environmental and genetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the conclusion of \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1868\">a new study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Ecological Applications\u003c/em> that uses 15 years of observational data, modeling and DNA analysis to analyze how cougar populations are changing in the Santa Monica and Santa Ana mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coastal Santa Monica range is home to about 15 mountain lions; 30 more survive in the Santa Anas, straddling Orange and Riverside counties. They’re penned in by a century of development, ranch and agricultural land, and freeways – U.S. 101 in the Santa Monicas, Interstate 15 in the Santa Anas – that are two of the busiest in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are often to blame for mountain lion deaths: cars and rat poison are two common killers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our research has shown that the mountain lions in the coastal Santa Ana Mountain Range are primarily put at risk by restriction of their movement across I-15,” says T. Winston Vickers, an associate veterinarian at UC Davis who co-authored the report, “and their high mortality rates from vehicle collisions and being killed after they have killed unprotected pets or livestock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study pegs the chance of local extinction for the two lion populations at between 16 and 21 percent on the basis of geographic factors alone. And authors say inbreeding caused by the tiny available genetic pool could itself cause rapid extinction. Seth Riley, a co-author on the study and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/samo/learn/nature/pumapage.htm\">National Park Service wildlife ecologist\u003c/a>, called that result “sobering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the report’s lead author says the group’s modeling offers reason for optimism, too, in that enabling lions to cross freeways could minimize risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wouldn’t actually take a whole lot more movement of mountain lions,” said John Benson, an ecologist at the University of Nebraska. “Just one every couple of years maybe, where these populations could maintain their genetic diversity and decrease their extinction probability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineered wildlife crossings carry steep price tags. One \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/d7/projects/libertycanyon/\">proposed at Liberty Canyon\u003c/a>, near the 101 freeway in Agoura Hills, could cost $60 million. If funded, it could break ground within three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benson says it would offer permanent benefits and an example to other communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we’re able to do it here in Los Angeles, we can probably do it anywhere,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lions once prevalent over two Southern California mountain ranges could disappear entirely within 50 years, risking local extinction because of conditions both environmental and genetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the conclusion of \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1868\">a new study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Ecological Applications\u003c/em> that uses 15 years of observational data, modeling and DNA analysis to analyze how cougar populations are changing in the Santa Monica and Santa Ana mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coastal Santa Monica range is home to about 15 mountain lions; 30 more survive in the Santa Anas, straddling Orange and Riverside counties. They’re penned in by a century of development, ranch and agricultural land, and freeways – U.S. 101 in the Santa Monicas, Interstate 15 in the Santa Anas – that are two of the busiest in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are often to blame for mountain lion deaths: cars and rat poison are two common killers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our research has shown that the mountain lions in the coastal Santa Ana Mountain Range are primarily put at risk by restriction of their movement across I-15,” says T. Winston Vickers, an associate veterinarian at UC Davis who co-authored the report, “and their high mortality rates from vehicle collisions and being killed after they have killed unprotected pets or livestock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study pegs the chance of local extinction for the two lion populations at between 16 and 21 percent on the basis of geographic factors alone. And authors say inbreeding caused by the tiny available genetic pool could itself cause rapid extinction. Seth Riley, a co-author on the study and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/samo/learn/nature/pumapage.htm\">National Park Service wildlife ecologist\u003c/a>, called that result “sobering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the report’s lead author says the group’s modeling offers reason for optimism, too, in that enabling lions to cross freeways could minimize risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wouldn’t actually take a whole lot more movement of mountain lions,” said John Benson, an ecologist at the University of Nebraska. “Just one every couple of years maybe, where these populations could maintain their genetic diversity and decrease their extinction probability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineered wildlife crossings carry steep price tags. One \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/d7/projects/libertycanyon/\">proposed at Liberty Canyon\u003c/a>, near the 101 freeway in Agoura Hills, could cost $60 million. If funded, it could break ground within three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benson says it would offer permanent benefits and an example to other communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we’re able to do it here in Los Angeles, we can probably do it anywhere,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 5:44 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darrell Blatchley received a call from the Philippines’ Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources early Friday morning reporting that it had a young Cuvier’s beaked whale that was weak and vomiting blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within a few hours it was dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley, a marine biologist and environmentalist based in the Philippine city of Davao, gathered his team to drive two hours to where the whale had washed up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the necropsy was performed, Blatchley told NPR, he was not prepared for the amount of plastic they found in the whale’s stomach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was full of plastic — nothing but nonstop plastic,” he said. “It was compact to the point that its stomach was literally as hard as a baseball.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means that this animal has been suffering not for days or weeks but for months or even a year or more,” Blatchley added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted that among the 88 pounds of plastic were 16 rice sacks — similar to potato sacks — and plastic bags from local Philippine grocery chains, Gaisano Capital and Gaisano grocery outlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley is the founder and owner of the D’ Bone Collector Museum, a natural history museum in Davao. In the coming days, the museum will post a list of all the items found in the whale’s system, the museum said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=2689346287758609&id=216407245052538\">a post\u003c/a> on its Facebook page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley and his team work with the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and other organizations to assist in rescue and recovery of marine animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within the last 10 years, we have recovered 61 whales and dolphins just within the Davao Gulf,” he said. “Of them, 57 have died due to man — whether they ingested plastic or fishing nets or other waste, or gotten caught in pollution — and four were pregnant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019 alone, Blatchley said, he and his team have found three whales or dolphins with plastic waste in their systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Philippines has been deemed one of the “\u003ca href=\"https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/coraltriangle/?329831/The-scourge-of-single-use-plastic-in-the-Philippines\">world’s leading plastic polluters\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://web.unep.org/unepmap/un-declares-war-ocean-plastic\">U.N. Environment Programme\u003c/a>, some 9 million tons of plastic end up in the ocean each year. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/full-report-stemming-the.pdf\">2017 study\u003c/a> from the environmental group Ocean Conservancy, more than half of that waste comes from just five countries in East and Southeast Asia — China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that more than half a million metric tons of plastic waste from the Philippines makes it into the ocean each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley said he hoped that the latest incident with the Cuvier’s beaked whale would launch the issue of plastic pollution in the Philippines, and across the globe, to the forefront.\u003cbr>\n[pullquote]“If we keep going this way, it will be more uncommon to see an animal die of natural causes than it is to see an animal die of plastic.”[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we keep going this way, it will be more uncommon to see an animal die of natural causes than it is to see an animal die of plastic,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Stomach+Of+Dead+Whale+Contained+%27Nothing+But+Nonstop+Plastic%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 5:44 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darrell Blatchley received a call from the Philippines’ Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources early Friday morning reporting that it had a young Cuvier’s beaked whale that was weak and vomiting blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within a few hours it was dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley, a marine biologist and environmentalist based in the Philippine city of Davao, gathered his team to drive two hours to where the whale had washed up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the necropsy was performed, Blatchley told NPR, he was not prepared for the amount of plastic they found in the whale’s stomach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was full of plastic — nothing but nonstop plastic,” he said. “It was compact to the point that its stomach was literally as hard as a baseball.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means that this animal has been suffering not for days or weeks but for months or even a year or more,” Blatchley added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted that among the 88 pounds of plastic were 16 rice sacks — similar to potato sacks — and plastic bags from local Philippine grocery chains, Gaisano Capital and Gaisano grocery outlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley is the founder and owner of the D’ Bone Collector Museum, a natural history museum in Davao. In the coming days, the museum will post a list of all the items found in the whale’s system, the museum said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=2689346287758609&id=216407245052538\">a post\u003c/a> on its Facebook page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley and his team work with the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and other organizations to assist in rescue and recovery of marine animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within the last 10 years, we have recovered 61 whales and dolphins just within the Davao Gulf,” he said. “Of them, 57 have died due to man — whether they ingested plastic or fishing nets or other waste, or gotten caught in pollution — and four were pregnant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019 alone, Blatchley said, he and his team have found three whales or dolphins with plastic waste in their systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Philippines has been deemed one of the “\u003ca href=\"https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/coraltriangle/?329831/The-scourge-of-single-use-plastic-in-the-Philippines\">world’s leading plastic polluters\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://web.unep.org/unepmap/un-declares-war-ocean-plastic\">U.N. Environment Programme\u003c/a>, some 9 million tons of plastic end up in the ocean each year. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/full-report-stemming-the.pdf\">2017 study\u003c/a> from the environmental group Ocean Conservancy, more than half of that waste comes from just five countries in East and Southeast Asia — China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that more than half a million metric tons of plastic waste from the Philippines makes it into the ocean each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blatchley said he hoped that the latest incident with the Cuvier’s beaked whale would launch the issue of plastic pollution in the Philippines, and across the globe, to the forefront.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "U.S. Moves to Take Wolf Off Endangered List, But California Protections Still Strong",
"headTitle": "U.S. Moves to Take Wolf Off Endangered List, But California Protections Still Strong | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>If the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service moves forward with its plan to take the gray wolf off the Endangered Species list, it may be bad news for wolves around the country, but California wolves will still be protected under state environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If they’re coming from the Oregon side of the border or from Nevada, once they set a paw down in California they are protected.’ \u003ccite>Amaroq Weiss, Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Federal wildlife officials say delisting the wolf would free up resources for other endangered species. The Fish and Wildlife Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=department-of-the-interior-celebrates-recovery-of-the-gray-wolf-with-&_ID=36378\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced the plan\u003c/a> Thursday. Asserting in a press release that the wolf now “roams free in nine states and is stable and healthy throughout its current range,” the agency said the revitalization of the species “constitutes one of the greatest comebacks for an animal in U.S. conservation history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gray wolf received federal endangered species protections in 1975, when only about 1,000 of them remained in northern Minnesota. Now \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/midwest/wolf/aboutwolves/wolfpopus.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 5,000 of the animals\u003c/a> live in the lower 48 states. Over the years, the federal government’s attempts to delist the wolves in some parts of the country, a response to ranchers worried about their cows and sheep becoming prey, became the subject of \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/midwest/wolf/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back-and-forth legal battles\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Fish and Wildlife intends to make a final decision on lifting protections after a public comment period running through May 14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Wolves\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, state biologists say six wolves with radio tracking collars now rove the sparsely populated corners of Lassen and Plumas counties. Other, uncollared wolves have wandered as far \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925619/california-comeback-for-gray-wolf-hits-farthest-point-south\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">south\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925619/california-comeback-for-gray-wolf-hits-farthest-point-south\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925619/california-comeback-for-gray-wolf-hits-farthest-point-south\">Nevada County\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=135026&inline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wolf\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=135026&inline\">management\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=135026&inline\">plan\u003c/a> estimates that Northern California, not including the Sierra, a habitat conducive to the species\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>could support up to 500 wolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California didn’t have any wolves to protect between 1924, when the last wild gray wolf was killed, and 2011, when a lone wolf from Oregon entered Siskiyou County in search of \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=42104&inline=true\">new\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=42104&inline=true\">territory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists designated the male OR-7. Endangered species activists called him “Journey.” His fans even set up a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/wolf_or7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twitter\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/wolf_or7\">account\u003c/a> for him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, he found a mate, sired five pups and became the leader of a pack before migrating back to Oregon and fathering even more offspring. The battery in his GPS collar died in 2015, but Oregon biologists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.dfw.state.or.us/wolves/Packs/Rogue.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tracked his activity\u003c/a> since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the Sacramento Bee \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article225258150.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that an entire California-born pack \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article225258150.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mysteriously\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article225258150.html\">went\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article225258150.html\">missing\u003c/a> in remote Siskiyou County late last year. Wildlife biologists weren’t able to trap and collar the parent wolves or their five pups before they disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Fish and Wildlife is also \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Mammals/Gray-Wolf/Updates/december-2018-gray-wolf-website-updates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigating\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Mammals/Gray-Wolf/Updates/december-2018-gray-wolf-website-updates\">the\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Mammals/Gray-Wolf/Updates/december-2018-gray-wolf-website-updates\">death\u003c/a> of a collared yearling male from Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the California Fish and Game Commission granted the gray wolf protection under the state’s Endangered Species Act. That action became the subject of a lawsuit by the Pacific Legal Foundation, the California Farm Bureau Federation and the California Cattlemen’s Association. The groups argued that an unchecked population of wolves would kill deer and valuable cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, a San Diego \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/wolves_on_the_west_coast/pdfs/California-Gray-Wolf-Matter-Final-Order.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">judge ruled against\u003c/a> the farmers and ranchers and found even wolves wandering in from neighboring states should be protected by California’s laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do not need to have been born here,” said Amaroq Weiss, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/gray_wolves/index.html\">wolf specialist\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/gray_wolves/index.html\">with\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/gray_wolves/index.html\">the\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/gray_wolves/index.html\">Center\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/gray_wolves/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/gray_wolves/index.html\">Biological\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/gray_wolves/index.html\">Diversity\u003c/a>, which supported the state’s argument that wolves should retain protections. “If they’re coming from the Oregon side of the border or from Nevada, once they set a paw down in California they are protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weiss says it’s a “miracle” that wolves are coming back to California and thriving. She credits the federal protections they received under federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Protections are what is necessary to allow a species to get a foothold once again. So having wolves back in California is a success story for the federal Endangered Species Act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some farmers and ranchers see the saga of the U.S. gray wolf in the same way, while coming to a very different conclusion. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fb.org/newsroom/farm-bureau-statement-on-gray-wolf-delisting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>, the American Farm Bureau Federation said delisting the wolf from the endangered species list is “a triumph of common sense we all should herald as a conservation success story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s president, Zippy Duvall, said, “Populations have far surpassed the recovery thresholds set forth by recovery plans, but too many environmentalists fail to recognize this success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "If the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service moves forward with its plan to take the gray wolf off the Endangered Species list, it may be bad news for wolves around the country, but California wolves will still be protected under state law.",
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"description": "If the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service moves forward with its plan to take the gray wolf off the Endangered Species list, it may be bad news for wolves around the country, but California wolves will still be protected under state law.",
"title": "U.S. Moves to Take Wolf Off Endangered List, But California Protections Still Strong | KQED",
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"headline": "U.S. Moves to Take Wolf Off Endangered List, But California Protections Still Strong",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service moves forward with its plan to take the gray wolf off the Endangered Species list, it may be bad news for wolves around the country, but California wolves will still be protected under state environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If they’re coming from the Oregon side of the border or from Nevada, once they set a paw down in California they are protected.’ \u003ccite>Amaroq Weiss, Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Federal wildlife officials say delisting the wolf would free up resources for other endangered species. The Fish and Wildlife Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ref=department-of-the-interior-celebrates-recovery-of-the-gray-wolf-with-&_ID=36378\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced the plan\u003c/a> Thursday. Asserting in a press release that the wolf now “roams free in nine states and is stable and healthy throughout its current range,” the agency said the revitalization of the species “constitutes one of the greatest comebacks for an animal in U.S. conservation history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gray wolf received federal endangered species protections in 1975, when only about 1,000 of them remained in northern Minnesota. Now \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/midwest/wolf/aboutwolves/wolfpopus.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 5,000 of the animals\u003c/a> live in the lower 48 states. Over the years, the federal government’s attempts to delist the wolves in some parts of the country, a response to ranchers worried about their cows and sheep becoming prey, became the subject of \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/midwest/wolf/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back-and-forth legal battles\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Fish and Wildlife intends to make a final decision on lifting protections after a public comment period running through May 14.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Wolves\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, state biologists say six wolves with radio tracking collars now rove the sparsely populated corners of Lassen and Plumas counties. Other, uncollared wolves have wandered as far \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925619/california-comeback-for-gray-wolf-hits-farthest-point-south\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">south\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925619/california-comeback-for-gray-wolf-hits-farthest-point-south\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925619/california-comeback-for-gray-wolf-hits-farthest-point-south\">Nevada County\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=135026&inline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wolf\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=135026&inline\">management\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=135026&inline\">plan\u003c/a> estimates that Northern California, not including the Sierra, a habitat conducive to the species\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>could support up to 500 wolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California didn’t have any wolves to protect between 1924, when the last wild gray wolf was killed, and 2011, when a lone wolf from Oregon entered Siskiyou County in search of \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=42104&inline=true\">new\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=42104&inline=true\">territory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists designated the male OR-7. Endangered species activists called him “Journey.” His fans even set up a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/wolf_or7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twitter\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/wolf_or7\">account\u003c/a> for him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, he found a mate, sired five pups and became the leader of a pack before migrating back to Oregon and fathering even more offspring. The battery in his GPS collar died in 2015, but Oregon biologists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.dfw.state.or.us/wolves/Packs/Rogue.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tracked his activity\u003c/a> since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the Sacramento Bee \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article225258150.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that an entire California-born pack \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article225258150.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mysteriously\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article225258150.html\">went\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article225258150.html\">missing\u003c/a> in remote Siskiyou County late last year. Wildlife biologists weren’t able to trap and collar the parent wolves or their five pups before they disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Fish and Wildlife is also \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Mammals/Gray-Wolf/Updates/december-2018-gray-wolf-website-updates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigating\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Mammals/Gray-Wolf/Updates/december-2018-gray-wolf-website-updates\">the\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Mammals/Gray-Wolf/Updates/december-2018-gray-wolf-website-updates\">death\u003c/a> of a collared yearling male from Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the California Fish and Game Commission granted the gray wolf protection under the state’s Endangered Species Act. That action became the subject of a lawsuit by the Pacific Legal Foundation, the California Farm Bureau Federation and the California Cattlemen’s Association. The groups argued that an unchecked population of wolves would kill deer and valuable cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, a San Diego \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/wolves_on_the_west_coast/pdfs/California-Gray-Wolf-Matter-Final-Order.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">judge ruled against\u003c/a> the farmers and ranchers and found even wolves wandering in from neighboring states should be protected by California’s laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do not need to have been born here,” said Amaroq Weiss, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/gray_wolves/index.html\">wolf specialist\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/gray_wolves/index.html\">with\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/gray_wolves/index.html\">the\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/gray_wolves/index.html\">Center\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/gray_wolves/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/gray_wolves/index.html\">Biological\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/gray_wolves/index.html\">Diversity\u003c/a>, which supported the state’s argument that wolves should retain protections. “If they’re coming from the Oregon side of the border or from Nevada, once they set a paw down in California they are protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weiss says it’s a “miracle” that wolves are coming back to California and thriving. She credits the federal protections they received under federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Protections are what is necessary to allow a species to get a foothold once again. So having wolves back in California is a success story for the federal Endangered Species Act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some farmers and ranchers see the saga of the U.S. gray wolf in the same way, while coming to a very different conclusion. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fb.org/newsroom/farm-bureau-statement-on-gray-wolf-delisting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>, the American Farm Bureau Federation said delisting the wolf from the endangered species list is “a triumph of common sense we all should herald as a conservation success story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s president, Zippy Duvall, said, “Populations have far surpassed the recovery thresholds set forth by recovery plans, but too many environmentalists fail to recognize this success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "samurai-wasps-say-smell-ya-later-stink-bugs",
"title": "Samurai Wasps Say 'Smell Ya Later, Stink Bugs'",
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"headTitle": "Samurai Wasps Say ‘Smell Ya Later, Stink Bugs’ | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937646\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937646\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/OSU-Stink-Bug-Colonies-e1549314495795-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"Colonies of brown marmorated stink bugs reared at Oregon State University.\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/OSU-Stink-Bug-Colonies-e1549314495795-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/OSU-Stink-Bug-Colonies-e1549314495795-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/OSU-Stink-Bug-Colonies-e1549314495795-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/OSU-Stink-Bug-Colonies-e1549314495795-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/OSU-Stink-Bug-Colonies-e1549314495795-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/OSU-Stink-Bug-Colonies-e1549314495795-1920x2560.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colonies of brown marmorated stink bugs reared at Oregon State University. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It looks rather harmless at first glance. With a speckled exterior and a shieldlike shape, the brown marmorated stink bug doesn’t appear to be different from any other six-legged insect that might pop up in your garden. But this particular bug, which arrived in the U.S. from Asia in the mid-1990s and smells like old socks when it is squashed, is a real nuisance. Not only can it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/03/12/when-twenty-six-thousand-stinkbugs-invade-your-home\">invade homes by the thousands\u003c/a> in the wintertime, it’s one formidable agricultural pest, eating millions of dollars of peaches, apples and other crops since 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are now investigating a new tactic in the war on the stink bugs: the possibility of relying on one of the bug’s natural enemies, the samurai wasp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937648\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937648\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Samurai-wasp-and-stink-bug-eggs-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"A samurai wasp sits on a mass of stink bug eggs at Oregon State University.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Samurai-wasp-and-stink-bug-eggs-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Samurai-wasp-and-stink-bug-eggs-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Samurai-wasp-and-stink-bug-eggs-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Samurai-wasp-and-stink-bug-eggs-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Samurai-wasp-and-stink-bug-eggs-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Samurai-wasp-and-stink-bug-eggs-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A samurai wasp sits on a mass of stink bug eggs at Oregon State University. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also native to Asia, this parasitic wasp keeps the stink bug population in check there. How? By colonizing its rivals’ eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A female wasp will lay its own egg inside of a stink bug’s egg. About two weeks later, an adult samurai wasp will emerge. Between 60 to 90 percent of stink bug eggs in Asia are destroyed this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But introducing a non-native biological control can pose risks, as previous scientists have discovered when trying to manage invasive species. In the late 1800s, mongooses released in Hawaii to manage rat populations wiped out native birds and turtles instead. In 1935, \u003ca href=\"https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/animals/frogs/cane-toad/\">cane toads deployed in Australia\u003c/a> not only failed to reduce the beetles that were infesting sugar cane plantations, but they also created a host of other problems — including inadvertently killing animals that fed on the poisonous amphibians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists who were considering bringing samurai wasps into the U.S. discovered \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/08/scientists-spent-years-plan-import-wasp-kill-stinkbugs-then-it-showed-its-own\">they’d already hitchhiked here on their own\u003c/a>. The wasps have settled down in Oregon, where stink bugs have been feasting on hazelnuts and berries. David Lowenstein, a postdoctoral research associate at \u003ca href=\"https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/bmsb/brown-marmorated-stink-bug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon State University\u003c/a>, has been rearing both stink bug and samurai wasp colonies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937649\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937649\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/David-Lowenstein-at-OSU-e1549314469808-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"David Lowenstein at Oregon State University.\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/David-Lowenstein-at-OSU-e1549314469808-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/David-Lowenstein-at-OSU-e1549314469808-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/David-Lowenstein-at-OSU-e1549314469808-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/David-Lowenstein-at-OSU-e1549314469808-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/David-Lowenstein-at-OSU-e1549314469808-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/David-Lowenstein-at-OSU-e1549314469808-1920x2560.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Lowenstein at Oregon State University. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We hope that the wasp, which controls the stink bug well in its native range of China and South Korea, will do the same in the USA,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowenstein said he has spent the last two years distributing the wasp around parts of Oregon where stink bugs are a threat to agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve had some success getting the wasps to survive the winter and be detected a year later,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s the biggest challenge with using the samurai wasps on a wider scale? Rearing and releasing thousands of them at multiple locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To get a high number of samurai wasps, I need to also obtain enough stink bug eggs,” Lowenstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his team will release more wasps this summer, and he’s hoping they’ll find a partner to help them rear and release much larger numbers within two to three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could take much longer before the samurai wasp can be used for pest control around the country, as it has been found in only 12 states and Washington, D.C. But research is moving forward in other states, including New Jersey and California. While commercial crops grown in California haven’t felt the effects yet of the stink bug, \u003ca href=\"https://cisr.ucr.edu/brown_marmorated_stinkbug.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">researchers at UC Riverside\u003c/a> are still studying them — and samurai wasps — in the event that they pose a serious risk to the state’s multibillion-dollar agricultural industry. While there’s no sign of the wasps in California yet, chances are they’ll be following their foe from other states, too.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Yep, brown marmorated stink bugs are stinky, but that’s not the worst thing about them. They're imported agricultural pests eating their way across North America. But a native enemy from Asia – the tiny samurai wasp – has a particularly nasty method of stopping stink bugs in their tracks.",
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"title": "Samurai Wasps Say 'Smell Ya Later, Stink Bugs' | KQED",
"description": "Yep, brown marmorated stink bugs are stinky, but that’s not the worst thing about them. They're imported agricultural pests eating their way across North America. But a native enemy from Asia – the tiny samurai wasp – has a particularly nasty method of stopping stink bugs in their tracks.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937646\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937646\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/OSU-Stink-Bug-Colonies-e1549314495795-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"Colonies of brown marmorated stink bugs reared at Oregon State University.\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/OSU-Stink-Bug-Colonies-e1549314495795-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/OSU-Stink-Bug-Colonies-e1549314495795-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/OSU-Stink-Bug-Colonies-e1549314495795-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/OSU-Stink-Bug-Colonies-e1549314495795-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/OSU-Stink-Bug-Colonies-e1549314495795-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/OSU-Stink-Bug-Colonies-e1549314495795-1920x2560.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colonies of brown marmorated stink bugs reared at Oregon State University. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It looks rather harmless at first glance. With a speckled exterior and a shieldlike shape, the brown marmorated stink bug doesn’t appear to be different from any other six-legged insect that might pop up in your garden. But this particular bug, which arrived in the U.S. from Asia in the mid-1990s and smells like old socks when it is squashed, is a real nuisance. Not only can it \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/03/12/when-twenty-six-thousand-stinkbugs-invade-your-home\">invade homes by the thousands\u003c/a> in the wintertime, it’s one formidable agricultural pest, eating millions of dollars of peaches, apples and other crops since 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are now investigating a new tactic in the war on the stink bugs: the possibility of relying on one of the bug’s natural enemies, the samurai wasp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937648\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937648\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Samurai-wasp-and-stink-bug-eggs-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"A samurai wasp sits on a mass of stink bug eggs at Oregon State University.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Samurai-wasp-and-stink-bug-eggs-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Samurai-wasp-and-stink-bug-eggs-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Samurai-wasp-and-stink-bug-eggs-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Samurai-wasp-and-stink-bug-eggs-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Samurai-wasp-and-stink-bug-eggs-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/Samurai-wasp-and-stink-bug-eggs-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A samurai wasp sits on a mass of stink bug eggs at Oregon State University. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also native to Asia, this parasitic wasp keeps the stink bug population in check there. How? By colonizing its rivals’ eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A female wasp will lay its own egg inside of a stink bug’s egg. About two weeks later, an adult samurai wasp will emerge. Between 60 to 90 percent of stink bug eggs in Asia are destroyed this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But introducing a non-native biological control can pose risks, as previous scientists have discovered when trying to manage invasive species. In the late 1800s, mongooses released in Hawaii to manage rat populations wiped out native birds and turtles instead. In 1935, \u003ca href=\"https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/animals/frogs/cane-toad/\">cane toads deployed in Australia\u003c/a> not only failed to reduce the beetles that were infesting sugar cane plantations, but they also created a host of other problems — including inadvertently killing animals that fed on the poisonous amphibians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists who were considering bringing samurai wasps into the U.S. discovered \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/08/scientists-spent-years-plan-import-wasp-kill-stinkbugs-then-it-showed-its-own\">they’d already hitchhiked here on their own\u003c/a>. The wasps have settled down in Oregon, where stink bugs have been feasting on hazelnuts and berries. David Lowenstein, a postdoctoral research associate at \u003ca href=\"https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/bmsb/brown-marmorated-stink-bug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oregon State University\u003c/a>, has been rearing both stink bug and samurai wasp colonies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1937649\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1937649\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/David-Lowenstein-at-OSU-e1549314469808-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"David Lowenstein at Oregon State University.\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/David-Lowenstein-at-OSU-e1549314469808-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/David-Lowenstein-at-OSU-e1549314469808-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/David-Lowenstein-at-OSU-e1549314469808-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/David-Lowenstein-at-OSU-e1549314469808-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/David-Lowenstein-at-OSU-e1549314469808-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/David-Lowenstein-at-OSU-e1549314469808-1920x2560.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Lowenstein at Oregon State University. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We hope that the wasp, which controls the stink bug well in its native range of China and South Korea, will do the same in the USA,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowenstein said he has spent the last two years distributing the wasp around parts of Oregon where stink bugs are a threat to agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve had some success getting the wasps to survive the winter and be detected a year later,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s the biggest challenge with using the samurai wasps on a wider scale? Rearing and releasing thousands of them at multiple locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To get a high number of samurai wasps, I need to also obtain enough stink bug eggs,” Lowenstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his team will release more wasps this summer, and he’s hoping they’ll find a partner to help them rear and release much larger numbers within two to three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could take much longer before the samurai wasp can be used for pest control around the country, as it has been found in only 12 states and Washington, D.C. But research is moving forward in other states, including New Jersey and California. While commercial crops grown in California haven’t felt the effects yet of the stink bug, \u003ca href=\"https://cisr.ucr.edu/brown_marmorated_stinkbug.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">researchers at UC Riverside\u003c/a> are still studying them — and samurai wasps — in the event that they pose a serious risk to the state’s multibillion-dollar agricultural industry. While there’s no sign of the wasps in California yet, chances are they’ll be following their foe from other states, too.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "trump-pressure-on-california-water-plan-excludes-public-rushes-science-emails-show",
"title": "Trump's California Water Order Rushes Science and Cuts Out Public, Emails Show",
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"headTitle": "Trump’s California Water Order Rushes Science and Cuts Out Public, Emails Show | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump Administration has ordered federal biologists to speed up critical decisions about whether to send more water from Northern California to farmers in the Central Valley, a move that critics say threatens the integrity of the science and cuts the public out of the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decisions will control irrigation for millions of acres of farmland in the country’s biggest agricultural economy, drinking water for two-thirds of Californians from Silicon Valley to San Diego, and the fate of endangered salmon and other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal biologists will set these rules after completing an intricate scientific analysis, and they are the final word on how much and when water can be pumped out of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think this is a proposal for extinction.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Doug Obegi, Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>An investigation by KQED found that the analysis will be done under unprecedented time pressure, with less transparency, less outside scientific scrutiny, and without, say federal scientists, the resources to do it properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very aggressive schedule,” said a former federal biologist familiar with the matter who did not want to be identified. “And I think it runs the risk of forcing them to make dangerous shortcuts in the scientific analysis that the decisions demand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to internal emails obtained under the Freedom of Information Act, federal scientists raised two major concerns: that their agency lacks the staff to undertake the analysis and that the Trump Administration is skewing the rules to boost the water supply for Central Valley farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some see the fingerprints of acting interior secretary David Bernhardt, who once helped lead the charge to increase pumping and weaken environmental standards in the Delta. He was then a lawyer for the Fresno-based Westlands Water District, the largest agricultural water agency in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernhardt is already under scrutiny after a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/12/climate/david-bernhardt-endangered-species.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent New York Times story\u003c/a> reported that, shortly after joining the Interior Department in 2017, he directly advocated on Westlands’ behalf to get more water for farmers at the expense of endangered fish, even though federal rules precluded him from lobbying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the Campaign Legal Center, a non-profit ethics organization in Washington, D.C., \u003ca href=\"https://campaignlegal.org/sites/default/files/2019-02/2-28-19%20Bernhardt%20CLC%20Complaint%20FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">filed a complaint\u003c/a> demanding that the Interior Department’s inspector general open an investigation into whether Bernhardt is using his public office to benefit his former client.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernhardt now oversees two of the three agencies under orders from the White House to expedite the new rules shaping California’s water future: the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At stake is the future of fish teetering on the edge of existence, a salmon fishing industry in crisis, and the ample supply of water flowing through millions of California faucets and fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump’s Campaign Promise\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just five years ago, Bernhardt stood before a panel of judges on the Ninth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals. He was there arguing on behalf of Westlands Water District, and its 600,000 acres of farmland, that federal environmental rules protecting salmon should be thrown out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as head of the agency that controls decisions affecting his former client, Bernhardt is leading the charge to replace those rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agricultural water districts have long disdained the current rules (called “biological opinions” and written in \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/sfbaydelta/cvp-swp/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2008\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/central_valley/water_operations/ocap.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2009\u003c/a>). The rules require state and federal pumps in the Delta to slow down when endangered salmon, smelt and other fish are nearby, in order to protect them. That diminishes the water supply for farmers, leaving them scrambling to fill the gap. When people shout “fish vs. farms,” that’s usually what they’re talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During President Trump’s 2016 campaign, he promised Central Valley farmers he would send them more water. As a step toward keeping that promise, Trump signed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-promoting-reliable-supply-delivery-water-west/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">October 2018 memo\u003c/a> ordering the rapid scientific review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938792\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938792\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/PJH_Intertie-076-web2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/PJH_Intertie-076-web2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/PJH_Intertie-076-web2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/PJH_Intertie-076-web2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/PJH_Intertie-076-web2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/PJH_Intertie-076-web2-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/PJH_Intertie-076-web2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water from the Delta reaches millions of Californians and millions of acres of farmland. \u003ccite>(Paul Hames / California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s definitely on our mind,” says Erin Curtis, spokeswoman for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. “The president has outlined in his memo that we need to take a new look at how we’re operating these projects in a way that we can maximize water deliveries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a first step, the Bureau, which operates dams and water pumps, released an \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/newsrelease/detail.cfm?RecordID=64503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">871-page proposal\u003c/a> in early February for how it would like the rules to operate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan, called a “biological assessment,” would provide billions of gallons more water for agricultural and urban water districts, an increase of 10 to 15 percent depending on the year. That would leave less in the Delta for endangered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are alarmed at the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a proposal for extinction,” says Doug Obegi, an attorney at the Natural Resources Defense Council in San Francisco. “What we decide to do in the Delta really will determine if we drive our native species extinct and threaten thousands of fishing jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not Enough Staff To Do the Job\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to federal law, two federal wildlife agencies, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, must now review the Bureau of Reclamation’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it doesn’t do enough to protect threatened fish, the agencies have the obligation and legal authority to write rules that do. These biological opinions will replace the current ones, although they could be challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under President Trump’s decree, federal biologists must write those opinions in 135 days, the minimal amount of time guaranteed under the Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the complexity of the issues, the agencies have previously needed more time than that to complete their analysis, from 60 to 80 percent more time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They must look at how water flows across hundreds of miles through different rivers, dams and levees, and then forecast how it would affect the life cycle of half a dozen threatened species. These include endangered Chinook salmon and threatened steelhead and green sturgeon, as well as endangered killer whales in the Pacific Ocean, which depend on salmon for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How often does the interior secretary write a memo forcing that an opinion happens in 135 days?” says Cay Goude, former assistant field supervisor for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service office in Sacramento. “It’s never happened to my knowledge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goude worked on a previous biological opinion for the agency, on the Delta smelt, before retiring. “You don’t want to rush anything and do a poor job,” she said, “because it’s very important to have the scientific facts accurate and appropriate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before Trump tightened the timeline, one of the agencies, NOAA Fisheries, warned that it did not have the resources to do the analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938778\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/email-3-800x314.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"314\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/email-3-800x314.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/email-3-160x63.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/email-3-768x302.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/email-3-1020x401.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/email-3-1200x471.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/email-3.jpg 1576w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Excerpt from an internal NOAA email.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In July 2018, Maria Rea, the assistant regional administrator in the California Central Valley Office of NOAA, described the agency’s dilemma in an email to her internal staff. She said it took 30 part-time staff and 10 full-time staff to complete the previous biological opinion in 2009, which took 246 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not have resources to undertake this consultation,” Rea wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA is working to reassign staff, currently on other projects, to at least achieve similar staffing levels, according to agency staff who spoke on the condition they not be identified. The federal government shutdown in January slowed that process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eliminating Protections for Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the emails obtained by KQED, federal wildlife scientists also are concerned that the Bureau of Reclamation is pushing to give more water to agriculture at the expense of threatened species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email to fellow NOAA Fisheries staff last summer, Water Operations and Delta Consultations Branch Chief Garwin Yip outlined his misgivings about cases where there is scientific debate about what the fish need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absence of definitive science should not be the reason to propose actions more aggressive towards water supply,” Yip wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Yip and Rea declined to comment about their emails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Bureau of Reclamation has updated its proposal since then, it’s unclear whether those concerns have been addressed. Some say the agency has cherry-picked the science in favor of boosting water for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not science, basically,” says Jon Rosenfield, senior scientist with San Francisco Baykeeper, an environmental group in San Francisco. “It’s an extraordinarily selective read and deliberate misinterpretation of the information that we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenfield points to several of the protections the Bureau of Reclamation is proposing to eliminate, such as rules that guarantee water flows through crucial parts of the estuary when fish are most at risk because they are closer to the pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938783\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938783\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/pumpingplant-800x458.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/pumpingplant-800x458.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/pumpingplant-160x92.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/pumpingplant-768x440.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/pumpingplant-1020x584.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/pumpingplant-1200x688.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/pumpingplant.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Trump Administration is rewriting rules governing how water flows through massive pumping plants in the Delta. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The agency says “dynamic rules,” which rely on new technology that monitors where the fish are in the Delta, can do a better job than fixed rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel that what we’ve proposed both helps protect listed species as well as provides more water supply flexibility,” says Russ Callejo, assistant regional director for the Mid-Pacific Region of the Bureau of Reclamation in Sacramento. “We think it does both.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are skeptical of that claim, saying the Bureau is proposing to dial back water pumping only after the fish are significantly harmed. The wildlife agencies will have to evaluate that during their biological reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where some see the influence of Bernhardt, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/12/climate/david-bernhardt-endangered-species.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">who told\u003c/a> The New York Times that he directed a senior official to weaken protections for fish and divert water to farms as part of a broader administration policy to help rural America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Public Review\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The internal emails also show the new environmental rules will receive less outside scientific review than ever before, which eliminates public involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peer review, in which independent scientists assess other researchers’ work, is a core practice of science, and previous biological opinions have received that scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the current rules were written in 2008, the draft biological opinion from NOAA Fisheries \u003ca href=\"http://www.science.calwater.ca.gov/events/reviews/review_ocap.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">underwent an independent review by a panel of scientists\u003c/a>. The review included a meeting where the public could attend and comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, wildlife agencies say the Trump Administration’s deadline won’t allow for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA Fisheries, which is writing the environmental rules for salmon and other fish, plans to have some independent scientific review, according to agency staff. The draft biological opinion will be sent out to individual scientists, but without public involvement or comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which is writing the environmental rules for delta smelt, says the agency is planning some form of peer review as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We intend to incorporate peer review into the development of our biological opinion,” said Shane Hunt, spokesman for the federal agency’s Bay-Delta Fish & Wildlife Office. “We are still ironing out the details.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Districts Gain Access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, as the public is frozen out, water districts will be given unprecedented access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, public water agencies, keen to boost their supply, are invited to be heavily involved in the development of the environmental rules in the biological opinions, which are legally mandated to protect fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Congress passed, and President Obama signed, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/612/text\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WIIN Act\u003c/a>, giving water contractors the power to “have routine and continuing opportunities to discuss and submit information” to federal agencies developing the biological opinions. The act, pushed by Senator Dianne Feinstein and Central Valley Republicans, was an effort at compromise after years of water battles in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Bureau of Reclamation even finished its proposed plan, water agencies had the chance to submit their take on endangered species protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have adhered to the WIIN Act,” says the Bureau’s Callejo. “We have involved the public water agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westlands Water District did not respond to questions about its involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies will also receive drafts of the biological opinions from wildlife agencies. Under the law, their comments must be “afforded due consideration” by wildlife biologists. If the comments aren’t adopted, those biologists must explain why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no plans to release the drafts to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s always a red flag when you have the regulated entity, the entity that stands to lose something, having control over the regulation process,” says Rosenfield. “We don’t let the tobacco companies determine what level of smoking is safe.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "KQED investigation finds federal biologists concerned that shortened deadline from president cuts time needed to protect fish on brink of extinction. ",
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"title": "Trump's California Water Order Rushes Science and Cuts Out Public, Emails Show | KQED",
"description": "KQED investigation finds federal biologists concerned that shortened deadline from president cuts time needed to protect fish on brink of extinction. ",
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"headline": "Trump's California Water Order Rushes Science and Cuts Out Public, Emails Show",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump Administration has ordered federal biologists to speed up critical decisions about whether to send more water from Northern California to farmers in the Central Valley, a move that critics say threatens the integrity of the science and cuts the public out of the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decisions will control irrigation for millions of acres of farmland in the country’s biggest agricultural economy, drinking water for two-thirds of Californians from Silicon Valley to San Diego, and the fate of endangered salmon and other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal biologists will set these rules after completing an intricate scientific analysis, and they are the final word on how much and when water can be pumped out of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think this is a proposal for extinction.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Doug Obegi, Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>An investigation by KQED found that the analysis will be done under unprecedented time pressure, with less transparency, less outside scientific scrutiny, and without, say federal scientists, the resources to do it properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very aggressive schedule,” said a former federal biologist familiar with the matter who did not want to be identified. “And I think it runs the risk of forcing them to make dangerous shortcuts in the scientific analysis that the decisions demand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to internal emails obtained under the Freedom of Information Act, federal scientists raised two major concerns: that their agency lacks the staff to undertake the analysis and that the Trump Administration is skewing the rules to boost the water supply for Central Valley farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some see the fingerprints of acting interior secretary David Bernhardt, who once helped lead the charge to increase pumping and weaken environmental standards in the Delta. He was then a lawyer for the Fresno-based Westlands Water District, the largest agricultural water agency in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernhardt is already under scrutiny after a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/12/climate/david-bernhardt-endangered-species.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent New York Times story\u003c/a> reported that, shortly after joining the Interior Department in 2017, he directly advocated on Westlands’ behalf to get more water for farmers at the expense of endangered fish, even though federal rules precluded him from lobbying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the Campaign Legal Center, a non-profit ethics organization in Washington, D.C., \u003ca href=\"https://campaignlegal.org/sites/default/files/2019-02/2-28-19%20Bernhardt%20CLC%20Complaint%20FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">filed a complaint\u003c/a> demanding that the Interior Department’s inspector general open an investigation into whether Bernhardt is using his public office to benefit his former client.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernhardt now oversees two of the three agencies under orders from the White House to expedite the new rules shaping California’s water future: the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At stake is the future of fish teetering on the edge of existence, a salmon fishing industry in crisis, and the ample supply of water flowing through millions of California faucets and fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump’s Campaign Promise\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just five years ago, Bernhardt stood before a panel of judges on the Ninth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals. He was there arguing on behalf of Westlands Water District, and its 600,000 acres of farmland, that federal environmental rules protecting salmon should be thrown out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as head of the agency that controls decisions affecting his former client, Bernhardt is leading the charge to replace those rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agricultural water districts have long disdained the current rules (called “biological opinions” and written in \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/sfbaydelta/cvp-swp/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2008\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/central_valley/water_operations/ocap.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2009\u003c/a>). The rules require state and federal pumps in the Delta to slow down when endangered salmon, smelt and other fish are nearby, in order to protect them. That diminishes the water supply for farmers, leaving them scrambling to fill the gap. When people shout “fish vs. farms,” that’s usually what they’re talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During President Trump’s 2016 campaign, he promised Central Valley farmers he would send them more water. As a step toward keeping that promise, Trump signed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-promoting-reliable-supply-delivery-water-west/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">October 2018 memo\u003c/a> ordering the rapid scientific review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938792\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938792\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/PJH_Intertie-076-web2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/PJH_Intertie-076-web2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/PJH_Intertie-076-web2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/PJH_Intertie-076-web2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/PJH_Intertie-076-web2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/PJH_Intertie-076-web2-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/PJH_Intertie-076-web2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water from the Delta reaches millions of Californians and millions of acres of farmland. \u003ccite>(Paul Hames / California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s definitely on our mind,” says Erin Curtis, spokeswoman for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. “The president has outlined in his memo that we need to take a new look at how we’re operating these projects in a way that we can maximize water deliveries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a first step, the Bureau, which operates dams and water pumps, released an \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/newsrelease/detail.cfm?RecordID=64503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">871-page proposal\u003c/a> in early February for how it would like the rules to operate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan, called a “biological assessment,” would provide billions of gallons more water for agricultural and urban water districts, an increase of 10 to 15 percent depending on the year. That would leave less in the Delta for endangered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are alarmed at the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a proposal for extinction,” says Doug Obegi, an attorney at the Natural Resources Defense Council in San Francisco. “What we decide to do in the Delta really will determine if we drive our native species extinct and threaten thousands of fishing jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not Enough Staff To Do the Job\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to federal law, two federal wildlife agencies, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, must now review the Bureau of Reclamation’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it doesn’t do enough to protect threatened fish, the agencies have the obligation and legal authority to write rules that do. These biological opinions will replace the current ones, although they could be challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under President Trump’s decree, federal biologists must write those opinions in 135 days, the minimal amount of time guaranteed under the Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the complexity of the issues, the agencies have previously needed more time than that to complete their analysis, from 60 to 80 percent more time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They must look at how water flows across hundreds of miles through different rivers, dams and levees, and then forecast how it would affect the life cycle of half a dozen threatened species. These include endangered Chinook salmon and threatened steelhead and green sturgeon, as well as endangered killer whales in the Pacific Ocean, which depend on salmon for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How often does the interior secretary write a memo forcing that an opinion happens in 135 days?” says Cay Goude, former assistant field supervisor for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service office in Sacramento. “It’s never happened to my knowledge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goude worked on a previous biological opinion for the agency, on the Delta smelt, before retiring. “You don’t want to rush anything and do a poor job,” she said, “because it’s very important to have the scientific facts accurate and appropriate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before Trump tightened the timeline, one of the agencies, NOAA Fisheries, warned that it did not have the resources to do the analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938778\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/email-3-800x314.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"314\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/email-3-800x314.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/email-3-160x63.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/email-3-768x302.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/email-3-1020x401.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/email-3-1200x471.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/email-3.jpg 1576w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Excerpt from an internal NOAA email.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In July 2018, Maria Rea, the assistant regional administrator in the California Central Valley Office of NOAA, described the agency’s dilemma in an email to her internal staff. She said it took 30 part-time staff and 10 full-time staff to complete the previous biological opinion in 2009, which took 246 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not have resources to undertake this consultation,” Rea wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA is working to reassign staff, currently on other projects, to at least achieve similar staffing levels, according to agency staff who spoke on the condition they not be identified. The federal government shutdown in January slowed that process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eliminating Protections for Fish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the emails obtained by KQED, federal wildlife scientists also are concerned that the Bureau of Reclamation is pushing to give more water to agriculture at the expense of threatened species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email to fellow NOAA Fisheries staff last summer, Water Operations and Delta Consultations Branch Chief Garwin Yip outlined his misgivings about cases where there is scientific debate about what the fish need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absence of definitive science should not be the reason to propose actions more aggressive towards water supply,” Yip wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Yip and Rea declined to comment about their emails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Bureau of Reclamation has updated its proposal since then, it’s unclear whether those concerns have been addressed. Some say the agency has cherry-picked the science in favor of boosting water for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not science, basically,” says Jon Rosenfield, senior scientist with San Francisco Baykeeper, an environmental group in San Francisco. “It’s an extraordinarily selective read and deliberate misinterpretation of the information that we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenfield points to several of the protections the Bureau of Reclamation is proposing to eliminate, such as rules that guarantee water flows through crucial parts of the estuary when fish are most at risk because they are closer to the pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938783\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938783\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/pumpingplant-800x458.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/pumpingplant-800x458.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/pumpingplant-160x92.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/pumpingplant-768x440.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/pumpingplant-1020x584.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/pumpingplant-1200x688.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/pumpingplant.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Trump Administration is rewriting rules governing how water flows through massive pumping plants in the Delta. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The agency says “dynamic rules,” which rely on new technology that monitors where the fish are in the Delta, can do a better job than fixed rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel that what we’ve proposed both helps protect listed species as well as provides more water supply flexibility,” says Russ Callejo, assistant regional director for the Mid-Pacific Region of the Bureau of Reclamation in Sacramento. “We think it does both.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are skeptical of that claim, saying the Bureau is proposing to dial back water pumping only after the fish are significantly harmed. The wildlife agencies will have to evaluate that during their biological reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where some see the influence of Bernhardt, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/12/climate/david-bernhardt-endangered-species.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">who told\u003c/a> The New York Times that he directed a senior official to weaken protections for fish and divert water to farms as part of a broader administration policy to help rural America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Public Review\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The internal emails also show the new environmental rules will receive less outside scientific review than ever before, which eliminates public involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peer review, in which independent scientists assess other researchers’ work, is a core practice of science, and previous biological opinions have received that scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the current rules were written in 2008, the draft biological opinion from NOAA Fisheries \u003ca href=\"http://www.science.calwater.ca.gov/events/reviews/review_ocap.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">underwent an independent review by a panel of scientists\u003c/a>. The review included a meeting where the public could attend and comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, wildlife agencies say the Trump Administration’s deadline won’t allow for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA Fisheries, which is writing the environmental rules for salmon and other fish, plans to have some independent scientific review, according to agency staff. The draft biological opinion will be sent out to individual scientists, but without public involvement or comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which is writing the environmental rules for delta smelt, says the agency is planning some form of peer review as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We intend to incorporate peer review into the development of our biological opinion,” said Shane Hunt, spokesman for the federal agency’s Bay-Delta Fish & Wildlife Office. “We are still ironing out the details.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Districts Gain Access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, as the public is frozen out, water districts will be given unprecedented access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, public water agencies, keen to boost their supply, are invited to be heavily involved in the development of the environmental rules in the biological opinions, which are legally mandated to protect fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Congress passed, and President Obama signed, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/612/text\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WIIN Act\u003c/a>, giving water contractors the power to “have routine and continuing opportunities to discuss and submit information” to federal agencies developing the biological opinions. The act, pushed by Senator Dianne Feinstein and Central Valley Republicans, was an effort at compromise after years of water battles in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Bureau of Reclamation even finished its proposed plan, water agencies had the chance to submit their take on endangered species protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have adhered to the WIIN Act,” says the Bureau’s Callejo. “We have involved the public water agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westlands Water District did not respond to questions about its involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water agencies will also receive drafts of the biological opinions from wildlife agencies. Under the law, their comments must be “afforded due consideration” by wildlife biologists. If the comments aren’t adopted, those biologists must explain why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no plans to release the drafts to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s always a red flag when you have the regulated entity, the entity that stands to lose something, having control over the regulation process,” says Rosenfield. “We don’t let the tobacco companies determine what level of smoking is safe.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As anyone who has access to broadcast media, the internet, or gradeschool friend they have blocked on Facebook knows, we live in an era of hyperpartisanship. Which makes particularly noteworthy Congress’ recent \u003cem>bipartisan\u003c/em> passage of the biggest\u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/47/text\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> land conservation bill\u003c/a> in a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘There will be long, beautiful vistas in a place that is really an intact ecosystem. We’re protecting the very best of what remains.’\u003ccite>David Lamfrom, National Parks Conservation Association\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The bill protects more than 1 million acres of wilderness across the country. It also permanently reauthorizes a program that uses revenue from oil and gas drilling leases to pay for conservation initiatives. And it closes off some areas to mining, permanently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the bill dramatically expands desert wilderness, and protects dozens of miles of waterways that will be newly designated as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927927/californias-wild-and-scenic-rivers-can-they-stay-that-way\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wild and scenic rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npca.org/people/david-lamfrom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>David Lamfrom\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> is the California desert and national wildlife director of the National Parks Conservation Association, and he’s worked for a decade on this legislation. He talked last week with KQED’s Brian Watt about what the bill means for the state. The following is a transcript of their conversation, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So how did a bipartisan conservation bill ever get through Congress?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a great question. The reality is nowadays you don’t see individual pieces of public lands legislation generally moving through the House or the Senate. What you see are these larger packages being put together, what are called omnibus public lands bills. Many of the pieces of legislation represented within that larger package had been waiting up to a decade to be passed. So it’s not just a matter of ‘Why now?” It’s the fact that there has been a significant backlog of legislation related to public lands. The legislation is a profound conservation victory for areas all across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And there’s something for almost every state in this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very much so. The proof is in the pudding, in that it passed the Senate 92 to 8, and the House 363-62. So it had incredibly bipartisan support, and it basically flew through both houses of Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/tCsI9/23/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important;\" height=\"555\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We’re talking about a big expansion of wilderness protection. Will any private property be taken ?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we’re talking about public lands, they’re already owned by the federal government. Now there will be new levels of designation or protections added to them, but no private property was taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The legislation adds thousands of acres to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/jotr/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joshua Tree\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Death Valley\u003c/a> national parks. What does that mean for people who visit those areas and for wildlife?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we’ve seen in the California desert, especially over the past five years, is millions and millions more visitors every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we’re going to have just more remarkable landscape for people to explore, and I think visitors are going to be very excited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other piece is that this is really important as wildlife habitat and for the ecological integrity of the park. The additions to both Joshua Tree and Death Valley are really significant ecological pieces that were missing. We now have an opportunity to connect a large landscape through conservation. For example, the designation of \u003ca href=\"https://www.blm.gov/visit/soda-mountain-wilderness\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soda Mountains Wilderness\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.calwild.org/portfolio/avawatz-mountains-wilderness/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Avawatz Mountains Wilderness\u003c/a>, and the expansion of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Death Valley National Park\u003c/a>, means that the area between \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/moja/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mojave National Preserve\u003c/a> and Death Valley will be protected in perpetuity, creating a pathway that wildlife uses and that will protect incredible cultural resources. There will also be long, beautiful vistas in a place that is really an intact ecosystem. We’re protecting the very best of what remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We heard last August that bird populations in the Mojave were \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929188/bird-species-collapse-in-the-mojave-driven-by-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collapsing\u003c/a> due to climate change. Will these new protections help animals survive the coming changes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the California desert, our ecosystem is going to be disproportionately affected by climate change. It’s going to affect species; it’s going to affect vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connecting the areas is a core strategy to avoiding the worst impacts, so that species can move to high elevations or low elevations to avoid temperatures that aren’t as favorable as they may have once been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if we’re being really honest, that doesn’t mean every species might do well in this new regime. But at least on the landscape level, it will create opportunities for species to thrive in a rapidly changing world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I understand the legislation is a really big deal for something called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/lwcf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Land and Water Conservation Fund\u003c/a>. Can you tell us about that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades ago a deal was struck, as offshore drilling and leasing moved forward, to dedicate some of those revenues to conservation of land and water in the continental United States. That’s the Land and Water Conservation Fund. It’s a very, very important program, which in the California desert has been used to conserve a lot of land inside of desert national parks like Mojave National Preserve, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/jotr/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joshua Tree National Park\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/visit/sand-to-snow-national-monument\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sand to Stone National Monument\u003c/a>,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But every single year, in addition to the legislators having had to appropriate money to this fund, they had to reauthorize the fund itself. This new legislation permanently reauthorizes it. We’re not going to have to go through that step each and every time, and we can move forward with appropriating those funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As anyone who has access to broadcast media, the internet, or gradeschool friend they have blocked on Facebook knows, we live in an era of hyperpartisanship. Which makes particularly noteworthy Congress’ recent \u003cem>bipartisan\u003c/em> passage of the biggest\u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/47/text\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> land conservation bill\u003c/a> in a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘There will be long, beautiful vistas in a place that is really an intact ecosystem. We’re protecting the very best of what remains.’\u003ccite>David Lamfrom, National Parks Conservation Association\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The bill protects more than 1 million acres of wilderness across the country. It also permanently reauthorizes a program that uses revenue from oil and gas drilling leases to pay for conservation initiatives. And it closes off some areas to mining, permanently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the bill dramatically expands desert wilderness, and protects dozens of miles of waterways that will be newly designated as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927927/californias-wild-and-scenic-rivers-can-they-stay-that-way\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wild and scenic rivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npca.org/people/david-lamfrom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>David Lamfrom\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> is the California desert and national wildlife director of the National Parks Conservation Association, and he’s worked for a decade on this legislation. He talked last week with KQED’s Brian Watt about what the bill means for the state. The following is a transcript of their conversation, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So how did a bipartisan conservation bill ever get through Congress?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a great question. The reality is nowadays you don’t see individual pieces of public lands legislation generally moving through the House or the Senate. What you see are these larger packages being put together, what are called omnibus public lands bills. Many of the pieces of legislation represented within that larger package had been waiting up to a decade to be passed. So it’s not just a matter of ‘Why now?” It’s the fact that there has been a significant backlog of legislation related to public lands. The legislation is a profound conservation victory for areas all across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And there’s something for almost every state in this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very much so. The proof is in the pudding, in that it passed the Senate 92 to 8, and the House 363-62. So it had incredibly bipartisan support, and it basically flew through both houses of Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/tCsI9/23/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important;\" height=\"555\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We’re talking about a big expansion of wilderness protection. Will any private property be taken ?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we’re talking about public lands, they’re already owned by the federal government. Now there will be new levels of designation or protections added to them, but no private property was taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The legislation adds thousands of acres to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/jotr/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joshua Tree\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Death Valley\u003c/a> national parks. What does that mean for people who visit those areas and for wildlife?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we’ve seen in the California desert, especially over the past five years, is millions and millions more visitors every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we’re going to have just more remarkable landscape for people to explore, and I think visitors are going to be very excited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other piece is that this is really important as wildlife habitat and for the ecological integrity of the park. 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There will also be long, beautiful vistas in a place that is really an intact ecosystem. We’re protecting the very best of what remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We heard last August that bird populations in the Mojave were \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929188/bird-species-collapse-in-the-mojave-driven-by-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collapsing\u003c/a> due to climate change. Will these new protections help animals survive the coming changes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the California desert, our ecosystem is going to be disproportionately affected by climate change. It’s going to affect species; it’s going to affect vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connecting the areas is a core strategy to avoiding the worst impacts, so that species can move to high elevations or low elevations to avoid temperatures that aren’t as favorable as they may have once been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if we’re being really honest, that doesn’t mean every species might do well in this new regime. But at least on the landscape level, it will create opportunities for species to thrive in a rapidly changing world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I understand the legislation is a really big deal for something called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/lwcf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Land and Water Conservation Fund\u003c/a>. Can you tell us about that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades ago a deal was struck, as offshore drilling and leasing moved forward, to dedicate some of those revenues to conservation of land and water in the continental United States. That’s the Land and Water Conservation Fund. It’s a very, very important program, which in the California desert has been used to conserve a lot of land inside of desert national parks like Mojave National Preserve, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/jotr/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joshua Tree National Park\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/visit/sand-to-snow-national-monument\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sand to Stone National Monument\u003c/a>,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But every single year, in addition to the legislators having had to appropriate money to this fund, they had to reauthorize the fund itself. This new legislation permanently reauthorizes it. We’re not going to have to go through that step each and every time, and we can move forward with appropriating those funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Stumbling upon a seven-foot-long sunfish while walking on a beach is already pretty surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what researchers initially thought was a common type of sunfish turned out to be much rarer – a newly discovered species thought to make its home almost entirely in the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere. This was in Santa Barbara, California — much further north than anyone expected to find it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I literally, nearly fell off my chair,” Marianne Nyegaard of Murdoch University in Australia\u003ca href=\"https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2019/019361/hoodwinked?fbclid=IwAR2WSB3QHNH9MyV9arjdUcUtflOuUQtsgf_4lHaBDSRukS1u7LyOmTqOT4M\"> said in a statement\u003c/a>. Nyegaard, a sunfish expert, discovered and described the \u003cem>Mola tecta \u003c/em>sunfish — commonly known as the hoodwinker sunfish — in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more common \u003cem>Mola mola\u003c/em> ocean sunfish is known to swim in the Santa Barbara Channel. The hoodwinker has only been found in the Southern Hemisphere, aside from just \u003ca href=\"https://science.naturalis.nl/en/about-us/news/collection/new-autumn-collection-naturalis-mola-tecta/\">one known example\u003c/a> that washed up in The Netherlands in 1889.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Turner, an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, heard from a colleague last week about what they thought was a dead \u003cem>Mola mola\u003c/em> that had washed up at UCSB’s Coal Oil Point Reserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went down there with my family, my young four-year-old son and my wife, as soon as I got off work to just check it out because I wanted him to get to see a \u003cem>Mola mola\u003c/em> up close,” Turner told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He uploaded photos of the animal onto a \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20509929\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website called iNaturalist\u003c/a> – a site where scientists and amateurs alike can post photos of plants and animals they observe, to help researchers track where species live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the strangest fish I’ve ever seen,” he says. The creature is huge, he adds, but “they’re basically shaped like a disc. So they’re flat, and they’ve lost their tail, completely, and they just have sharp fins that stick up off the top and the bottom that they use to flap kind of like a bird’s wings.” Their faces have a “permanently surprised expression,” he says. They dive deep into the open ocean to feed, then pop up onto the surface to bask in the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph Foster, a fish expert at the South Australian Museum, saw Turner’s post on iNaturalist and said he was puzzled. “To me it looks like M. tecta,” he wrote. “It’d be quite a turn up for the books if it really is M. tecta, I think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1938602 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/sunfish-2_custom-181e569a4db9d9420f26c483fffdc644016b2551.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/sunfish-2_custom-181e569a4db9d9420f26c483fffdc644016b2551.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/sunfish-2_custom-181e569a4db9d9420f26c483fffdc644016b2551-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He flagged the post for Nyegaard, the scientist who discovered the hoodwinker. She replied that it “does superficially look a lot like Mola tecta,” though she needed a closer look at parts of the fish to figure out what it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After Marianne and Ralph saw my photos, they got quite excited but were hesitant to say it’s a hoodwinker because as far as we know it doesn’t appear anywhere nearby, never been reported in the Americas,” said Turner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his colleague Jessica Nielsen returned to the beach to try to find the fish again, and found it washed up a few hundred yards down the beach. They took photos, collected tissue samples, and a UCSB scientist dissected the dead animal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1938614 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/sunfish3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/sunfish3.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/sunfish3-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thomas Turner, shown here with his young son, says the animal measures some seven feet long. \u003ccite>(Thomas Turner)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nyegaard’s response was immediate: “HOLY MOLA!!!” It was definitely a hoodwinker. While neither type has a tail, she could see that this animal still has a “back-fold,” leaving a flap-like structure, which is absent in the common type. The two species also have different types of scales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Eyes and ears and hands on the ground half a world away – wow,” Nyegaard said in the UCSB statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s going to test the tissue samples, Turner says, to see how closely it’s related to examples of the species found in Australia. “It’s possible we don’t really understand the range of this fish as well as we think because she so recently discovered it, or it’s possible that they just occasionally range very far out of their usual space,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turner’s work typically focuses on invertebrates like insects. “I’m not a fish expert,” he says. “What’s really great about this story is that anyone could have made the same discovery by posting on this site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Shocked+By+Rare%2C+Giant+Sunfish+Washed+Up+On+California+Beach&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists initially thought it was a type of fish known to swim near Santa Barbara. But by collaborating with Australian researchers, they found it was a species never before documented in North America. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Stumbling upon a seven-foot-long sunfish while walking on a beach is already pretty surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what researchers initially thought was a common type of sunfish turned out to be much rarer – a newly discovered species thought to make its home almost entirely in the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere. This was in Santa Barbara, California — much further north than anyone expected to find it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I literally, nearly fell off my chair,” Marianne Nyegaard of Murdoch University in Australia\u003ca href=\"https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2019/019361/hoodwinked?fbclid=IwAR2WSB3QHNH9MyV9arjdUcUtflOuUQtsgf_4lHaBDSRukS1u7LyOmTqOT4M\"> said in a statement\u003c/a>. Nyegaard, a sunfish expert, discovered and described the \u003cem>Mola tecta \u003c/em>sunfish — commonly known as the hoodwinker sunfish — in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more common \u003cem>Mola mola\u003c/em> ocean sunfish is known to swim in the Santa Barbara Channel. The hoodwinker has only been found in the Southern Hemisphere, aside from just \u003ca href=\"https://science.naturalis.nl/en/about-us/news/collection/new-autumn-collection-naturalis-mola-tecta/\">one known example\u003c/a> that washed up in The Netherlands in 1889.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Turner, an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, heard from a colleague last week about what they thought was a dead \u003cem>Mola mola\u003c/em> that had washed up at UCSB’s Coal Oil Point Reserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went down there with my family, my young four-year-old son and my wife, as soon as I got off work to just check it out because I wanted him to get to see a \u003cem>Mola mola\u003c/em> up close,” Turner told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He uploaded photos of the animal onto a \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20509929\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website called iNaturalist\u003c/a> – a site where scientists and amateurs alike can post photos of plants and animals they observe, to help researchers track where species live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the strangest fish I’ve ever seen,” he says. The creature is huge, he adds, but “they’re basically shaped like a disc. So they’re flat, and they’ve lost their tail, completely, and they just have sharp fins that stick up off the top and the bottom that they use to flap kind of like a bird’s wings.” Their faces have a “permanently surprised expression,” he says. They dive deep into the open ocean to feed, then pop up onto the surface to bask in the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph Foster, a fish expert at the South Australian Museum, saw Turner’s post on iNaturalist and said he was puzzled. “To me it looks like M. tecta,” he wrote. “It’d be quite a turn up for the books if it really is M. tecta, I think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1938602 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/sunfish-2_custom-181e569a4db9d9420f26c483fffdc644016b2551.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/sunfish-2_custom-181e569a4db9d9420f26c483fffdc644016b2551.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/sunfish-2_custom-181e569a4db9d9420f26c483fffdc644016b2551-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He flagged the post for Nyegaard, the scientist who discovered the hoodwinker. She replied that it “does superficially look a lot like Mola tecta,” though she needed a closer look at parts of the fish to figure out what it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After Marianne and Ralph saw my photos, they got quite excited but were hesitant to say it’s a hoodwinker because as far as we know it doesn’t appear anywhere nearby, never been reported in the Americas,” said Turner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his colleague Jessica Nielsen returned to the beach to try to find the fish again, and found it washed up a few hundred yards down the beach. They took photos, collected tissue samples, and a UCSB scientist dissected the dead animal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1938614 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/sunfish3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/sunfish3.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/02/sunfish3-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thomas Turner, shown here with his young son, says the animal measures some seven feet long. \u003ccite>(Thomas Turner)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nyegaard’s response was immediate: “HOLY MOLA!!!” It was definitely a hoodwinker. While neither type has a tail, she could see that this animal still has a “back-fold,” leaving a flap-like structure, which is absent in the common type. The two species also have different types of scales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Eyes and ears and hands on the ground half a world away – wow,” Nyegaard said in the UCSB statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s going to test the tissue samples, Turner says, to see how closely it’s related to examples of the species found in Australia. “It’s possible we don’t really understand the range of this fish as well as we think because she so recently discovered it, or it’s possible that they just occasionally range very far out of their usual space,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turner’s work typically focuses on invertebrates like insects. “I’m not a fish expert,” he says. “What’s really great about this story is that anyone could have made the same discovery by posting on this site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Shocked+By+Rare%2C+Giant+Sunfish+Washed+Up+On+California+Beach&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"meta": {
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"meta": {
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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