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"slug": "watch-bed-bugs-get-stopped-in-their-tracks",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Summer is a time of travel and fun. But with every bed an exhausted traveler lies on after a day of sightseeing, the chances of bringing home an unwanted bug increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don’t let this happen to you. An adult bed bug feeds on a human arm. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bed bugs don’t fly or jump or come in from your garden. They crawl very quickly and are great at hiding in travelers’ luggage and hitching rides into their homes — or into hotel rooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_SCURRIES_ON_SHEET_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944313\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_SCURRIES_ON_SHEET_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed bug scurries on a sheet. Experts recommend checking the bed when you’re sleeping away from home. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It would probably be a prudent thing to do a quick bed check if you’re sleeping in a strange bed,” said \u003ca href=\"https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/person/michael-potter\">Michael Potter\u003c/a>, an entomologist at the University of Kentucky who researches bed bugs. His recommendation goes for hotel rooms, as well as dorms and summer camp bunk beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does Potter do when he travels? First, he keeps his suitcase zipped up and on a credenza or metal luggage rack. Bed bugs have a hard time climbing up smooth surfaces like metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In their nests, bed bugs stick together, as these yellowish young nymphs are doing. They recently emerged from translucent egg casings. Brown and yellow splotches of digested blood called fecal spots are also signs of bed bugs’ presence. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Next, he recommends pulling back the sheet at the head of the bed and checking the seams on the top and bottom of the mattress and the box spring. Contrary to popular belief, bed bugs don’t burrow into mattresses; they stay on the surface. And after feeding on us they find a hideout, where they leave telltale brown or yellow droplets of digested blood called fecal spots. If they have already had a chance to reproduce, their nest might include translucent egg casings and young yellowish nymphs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re more of a nest type of insect,” said Bill Donahue, an entomologist and owner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraresearchlaboratories.com/\">Sierra Research Laboratories\u003c/a> in Modesto, where he evaluates treatments against bed bugs and other pests. “There are areas where the bed bugs will congregate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of young bed bugs, known as nymphs, stick close together in a nest. Empty egg casings are visible in the upper left corner. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adult bed bugs are about the size and color of an apple seed. Young bugs, called nymphs, are smaller and yellowish or white. Guided by the carbon dioxide and heat that sleeping humans emit, they crawl quickly up wooden bed posts and over sheets to stick their long mouth part in and drink for about five minutes, until they’re completely full. They then hide in a nearby cranny, like the seam of the mattress or behind a baseboard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heaven forbid you wake up with itchy red welts during your stay,” Potter said. “Then you want to be incredibly vigilant when you get home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bed bug feeds on a human thumb. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He suggests putting clothes in the dryer or leaving unzipped suitcases inside a hot car, since bed bugs are susceptible to high temperatures. Some people take days, even weeks, to react to a bed bug bite, so bites aren’t a great indicator of when you were exposed to them. And though some people can suffer a severe skin reaction, bed bugs aren’t known to transmit any diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bed bug’s body is elongated after feeding on a human arm. Bed bugs need to take a blood meal to molt and grow to each of their five life stages. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Until the 1940s, bed bugs were a common occurrence in the U.S. After being nearly eradicated by the spraying of DDT in the 1950s, they’ve made a comeback worldwide in the past 20 years, aided by the widespread movement of people. They’ve been found all around the country in settings as varied as schools, dorms, hospitals, theaters, moving vans and even funeral homes, according to Potter. And they also move around on secondhand furniture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apartment dwellers are more vulnerable to infestation, as bugs can crawl from one flat to another. Because bed bugs hide away, they’re difficult to treat without the help of a professional, which can be expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CRAWLS_UP_BED_POST_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944311\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CRAWLS_UP_BED_POST_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bed bug crawls up a bed post. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you think you have bed bugs, let your landlord know right away,” said entomologist \u003ca href=\"https://ucanr.edu/?facultyid=20584\">Andrew Sutherland\u003c/a>, the University of California’s urban pest management adviser for the San Francisco Bay Area. “It’s their responsibility to do inspections and to hire a reputable pest control operator to take care of the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because bed bugs are vulnerable to heat, a thermal treatment is “the gold standard,” said Luis Agurto, CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://www.pestec.com/\">Pestec\u003c/a>, a pest control company in the San Francisco Bay Area. Pestec places big heaters throughout an infested residence and warms it up to 122 degrees for two hours. Technicians armed with “guns” blow hot air into areas where bed bugs might be hiding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re basically making a big convection oven,” said Agurto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a thermal treatment, Pestec monitors for bed bugs for several weeks by placing a hard plastic cup under each bed post. The insects have no trouble climbing up the rough outside of these so-called interceptor cups, but then get trapped by the smooth inside, which they’re unable to scale. The company also uses insecticides and vacuum cleaners to get rid of infestations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944750\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944750\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed bug has become trapped in an interceptor cup placed under a bed post. Bed bugs can crawl into these plastic cups, which have a rough outside, but are unable to climb up the smooth inside surface. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pestec has been called in to investigate and treat infestations, from as small as six bed bugs in an apartment in San Francisco’s Haight neighborhood, to a townhouse in a housing complex in the city’s Potrero Hill district, where bugs were “on all the surfaces,” said Agurto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are working to come up with more tools to get rid of bed bugs. At UC Irvine, biologist and engineer \u003ca href=\"https://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile.cfm?faculty_id=5386\">Catherine Loudon\u003c/a> is collaborating with several engineering labs on campus to create synthetic surfaces that could trap bed bugs. She was inspired by the tiny hooked hairs that grow from the leaves of some varieties of beans, such as kidney and green beans. In nature, the hairs pierce through the feet of the aphids and leafhoppers that like to feed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_ON_BEAN_LEAF_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944309 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_ON_BEAN_LEAF_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the lab of Catherine Loudon at UC Irvine, a bed bug tugs to break loose after its front left foot was pierced by a tiny hooked hair on a kidney bean leaf. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Loudon got the idea from Potter, of the University of Kentucky, who mentioned to her a folk remedy he had read about. Residents of the Balkan countries used to spread bean leaves around their beds, and in the morning they’d find bed bugs attached to them. It turns out that the bed bugs’ feet were getting impaled by the hooked hairs on the bean leaves, called trichomes. Researchers have found that trichomes are just as effective against bed bugs, even though they don’t feed on leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kidney and green beans and other bean varieties have tiny hooked hairs on their leaves. These trichomes help the plant protect against leaf-eating pests like aphids, but also happen to trap blood-sucking bed bugs. \u003ccite>(Catherine Loudon/University of California, Irvine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A trichome has pierced through the soft joint in a bed bug’s foot. \u003ccite>(Catherine Loudon/University of California, Irvine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Loudon’s goal is to mimic a bean leaf’s mechanism to create an inexpensive, portable trap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_STUCK_ON_SYNTHETIC_MATERIAL_CREDIT-LOUDON_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944310\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_STUCK_ON_SYNTHETIC_MATERIAL_CREDIT-LOUDON_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed bug trapped by a tiny hook on a synthetic surface that mimics a bean leaf. This surface was made at UC Irvine, in the lab of engineer Allon Hochbaum. \u003ccite>(Catherine Loudon/University of California, Irvine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You could imagine a strip that would act as a barrier that could be placed virtually anywhere: across the portal to a room, behind the headboard, on subway seats, an airplane,” Loudon said. “They have six legs, so that’s six opportunities to get trapped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Laura Shields contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists show you how to look for bed bugs when sleeping away from home, and they're developing new traps that stop the pest cold.",
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"title": "Watch Bed Bugs Get Stopped in Their Tracks | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Summer is a time of travel and fun. But with every bed an exhausted traveler lies on after a day of sightseeing, the chances of bringing home an unwanted bug increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don’t let this happen to you. An adult bed bug feeds on a human arm. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bed bugs don’t fly or jump or come in from your garden. They crawl very quickly and are great at hiding in travelers’ luggage and hitching rides into their homes — or into hotel rooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_SCURRIES_ON_SHEET_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944313\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_SCURRIES_ON_SHEET_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed bug scurries on a sheet. Experts recommend checking the bed when you’re sleeping away from home. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It would probably be a prudent thing to do a quick bed check if you’re sleeping in a strange bed,” said \u003ca href=\"https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/person/michael-potter\">Michael Potter\u003c/a>, an entomologist at the University of Kentucky who researches bed bugs. His recommendation goes for hotel rooms, as well as dorms and summer camp bunk beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does Potter do when he travels? First, he keeps his suitcase zipped up and on a credenza or metal luggage rack. Bed bugs have a hard time climbing up smooth surfaces like metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In their nests, bed bugs stick together, as these yellowish young nymphs are doing. They recently emerged from translucent egg casings. Brown and yellow splotches of digested blood called fecal spots are also signs of bed bugs’ presence. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Next, he recommends pulling back the sheet at the head of the bed and checking the seams on the top and bottom of the mattress and the box spring. Contrary to popular belief, bed bugs don’t burrow into mattresses; they stay on the surface. And after feeding on us they find a hideout, where they leave telltale brown or yellow droplets of digested blood called fecal spots. If they have already had a chance to reproduce, their nest might include translucent egg casings and young yellowish nymphs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re more of a nest type of insect,” said Bill Donahue, an entomologist and owner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraresearchlaboratories.com/\">Sierra Research Laboratories\u003c/a> in Modesto, where he evaluates treatments against bed bugs and other pests. “There are areas where the bed bugs will congregate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of young bed bugs, known as nymphs, stick close together in a nest. Empty egg casings are visible in the upper left corner. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adult bed bugs are about the size and color of an apple seed. Young bugs, called nymphs, are smaller and yellowish or white. Guided by the carbon dioxide and heat that sleeping humans emit, they crawl quickly up wooden bed posts and over sheets to stick their long mouth part in and drink for about five minutes, until they’re completely full. They then hide in a nearby cranny, like the seam of the mattress or behind a baseboard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heaven forbid you wake up with itchy red welts during your stay,” Potter said. “Then you want to be incredibly vigilant when you get home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bed bug feeds on a human thumb. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He suggests putting clothes in the dryer or leaving unzipped suitcases inside a hot car, since bed bugs are susceptible to high temperatures. Some people take days, even weeks, to react to a bed bug bite, so bites aren’t a great indicator of when you were exposed to them. And though some people can suffer a severe skin reaction, bed bugs aren’t known to transmit any diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bed bug’s body is elongated after feeding on a human arm. Bed bugs need to take a blood meal to molt and grow to each of their five life stages. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Until the 1940s, bed bugs were a common occurrence in the U.S. After being nearly eradicated by the spraying of DDT in the 1950s, they’ve made a comeback worldwide in the past 20 years, aided by the widespread movement of people. They’ve been found all around the country in settings as varied as schools, dorms, hospitals, theaters, moving vans and even funeral homes, according to Potter. And they also move around on secondhand furniture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apartment dwellers are more vulnerable to infestation, as bugs can crawl from one flat to another. Because bed bugs hide away, they’re difficult to treat without the help of a professional, which can be expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CRAWLS_UP_BED_POST_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944311\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CRAWLS_UP_BED_POST_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bed bug crawls up a bed post. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you think you have bed bugs, let your landlord know right away,” said entomologist \u003ca href=\"https://ucanr.edu/?facultyid=20584\">Andrew Sutherland\u003c/a>, the University of California’s urban pest management adviser for the San Francisco Bay Area. “It’s their responsibility to do inspections and to hire a reputable pest control operator to take care of the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because bed bugs are vulnerable to heat, a thermal treatment is “the gold standard,” said Luis Agurto, CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://www.pestec.com/\">Pestec\u003c/a>, a pest control company in the San Francisco Bay Area. Pestec places big heaters throughout an infested residence and warms it up to 122 degrees for two hours. Technicians armed with “guns” blow hot air into areas where bed bugs might be hiding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re basically making a big convection oven,” said Agurto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a thermal treatment, Pestec monitors for bed bugs for several weeks by placing a hard plastic cup under each bed post. The insects have no trouble climbing up the rough outside of these so-called interceptor cups, but then get trapped by the smooth inside, which they’re unable to scale. The company also uses insecticides and vacuum cleaners to get rid of infestations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944750\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944750\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed bug has become trapped in an interceptor cup placed under a bed post. Bed bugs can crawl into these plastic cups, which have a rough outside, but are unable to climb up the smooth inside surface. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pestec has been called in to investigate and treat infestations, from as small as six bed bugs in an apartment in San Francisco’s Haight neighborhood, to a townhouse in a housing complex in the city’s Potrero Hill district, where bugs were “on all the surfaces,” said Agurto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are working to come up with more tools to get rid of bed bugs. At UC Irvine, biologist and engineer \u003ca href=\"https://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile.cfm?faculty_id=5386\">Catherine Loudon\u003c/a> is collaborating with several engineering labs on campus to create synthetic surfaces that could trap bed bugs. She was inspired by the tiny hooked hairs that grow from the leaves of some varieties of beans, such as kidney and green beans. In nature, the hairs pierce through the feet of the aphids and leafhoppers that like to feed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_ON_BEAN_LEAF_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944309 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_ON_BEAN_LEAF_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the lab of Catherine Loudon at UC Irvine, a bed bug tugs to break loose after its front left foot was pierced by a tiny hooked hair on a kidney bean leaf. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Loudon got the idea from Potter, of the University of Kentucky, who mentioned to her a folk remedy he had read about. Residents of the Balkan countries used to spread bean leaves around their beds, and in the morning they’d find bed bugs attached to them. It turns out that the bed bugs’ feet were getting impaled by the hooked hairs on the bean leaves, called trichomes. Researchers have found that trichomes are just as effective against bed bugs, even though they don’t feed on leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kidney and green beans and other bean varieties have tiny hooked hairs on their leaves. These trichomes help the plant protect against leaf-eating pests like aphids, but also happen to trap blood-sucking bed bugs. \u003ccite>(Catherine Loudon/University of California, Irvine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A trichome has pierced through the soft joint in a bed bug’s foot. \u003ccite>(Catherine Loudon/University of California, Irvine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Loudon’s goal is to mimic a bean leaf’s mechanism to create an inexpensive, portable trap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_STUCK_ON_SYNTHETIC_MATERIAL_CREDIT-LOUDON_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944310\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_STUCK_ON_SYNTHETIC_MATERIAL_CREDIT-LOUDON_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed bug trapped by a tiny hook on a synthetic surface that mimics a bean leaf. This surface was made at UC Irvine, in the lab of engineer Allon Hochbaum. \u003ccite>(Catherine Loudon/University of California, Irvine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You could imagine a strip that would act as a barrier that could be placed virtually anywhere: across the portal to a room, behind the headboard, on subway seats, an airplane,” Loudon said. “They have six legs, so that’s six opportunities to get trapped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Laura Shields contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fungus That's Killed Millions of Bats Detected in California",
"headTitle": "Fungus That’s Killed Millions of Bats Detected in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s here.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the first time, an invasive fungus that causes a deadly bat disease has been detected in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">White-nose syndrome, one of the most \u003ca href=\"https://msphere.asm.org/content/1/4/e00148-16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">consequential\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> wildlife diseases of modern times, has killed more than 6 million bats in North America since it was first discovered in New York in 2006. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The disease, which has devastated bat populations in Pennsylvania, New York and elsewhere in the Northeast, is caused by the fungus \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pseudogymnoascus destructans\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. It is not known to be harmful to people or common house pets.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental officials discovered low levels of the fungus in samples collected from little brown bats, a common hibernating species, in the Plumas County town of Chester, about 65 miles northeast of Chico. Four bats have been found with traces of the fungus, one in 2018 and three this year. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(W)e decided, two years in a row, even though they are low-level detection, we ought to call it. The fungus is here,” said \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scott Osborn, a senior environmental scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>All-Body Athlete’s Foot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">White-nose syndrome is a fungal infection that grows on the skin of bats while they hibernate. Osborn describes it as an “all-body case of athlete’s foot.” The infection irritates the bats, waking them from what should be a deep slumber.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They then use up their stored energy by grooming themselves. Because it’s winter, most of the bugs and insects that make up their food supply aren’t available, and the bats can’t replenish themselves. They die of starvation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It is not pleasant,” said Osborn. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The disease is extremely lethal where bats hibernate deeply for a long period in the winter.” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the discovery of DNA evidence of the fungus is troubling, officials have yet to document a case of actual white-nose syndrome in California bats, or an indication that the fungus itself is affecting the animals. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is what we would expect to see in terms of how it starts to show up, at low levels with spring detections,” said Alice Chung-MacCoubrey, a bat biologist with the National Park Service. “It’s not surprising, it was just disappointing because everybody wants to keep getting negative results from their surveillance as long as possible.\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">”\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Different Hibernation Patterns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">How the fungus will impact California bats is unclear. In caves, mines and other hibernaculum in the Northeast, the disease has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/25/science/25bats.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wiped out \u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">nearly the entire population of some colonies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But northeastern bats hibernate congregated together in large roosts of thousands or even tens of thousands. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The suspicion is that California bats hibernate in much smaller roosts dispersed across larger areas, but officials know much less about bat hibernation patterns in the state. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The big question we’re asking,” said Bronwyn Hogan, a wildlife biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, is “‘what does this mean for the fungus spreading and development of the disease? We don’t have a great idea about that yet.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, Hogan said, officials are especially concerned about the fate of little brown bats, which are common in California, as well as about other hibernating species. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">White-nose syndrome has been confirmed in 33 states, and the fungus in an additional five including California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists and wildlife managers are searching for treatments and solutions that could be used to help infected bats, but Hogan said they have yet to find a workable solution.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Officials on the Lookout\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now that the fungus has been officially detected, wildlife officials are expanding their bat surveillance across Northern California. They will begin a baseline study of bat populations later this summer, using acoustic monitoring devices and a count of bats as they leave their roosts. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If the disease does start impacting the local bat populations in subsequent years, we should see a drop-off in numbers,” Osborn said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Officials will also attach small radio transmitters to the backs of some bats in order to track their movements across the landscape, with the aim of learning their hibernation spots.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is an old question in the bat research community here,” said Chung-MacCoubrey. “Those who study and manage bats are interested in knowing where our western bat species are hibernating.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The California Department of Fish and Wildlife is leading a multiagency scientific research group called the California White-Nose Syndrome Steering Committee, which is studying how the disease affects the animals. The group also includes the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service and U.S. Geological Survey, among other agencies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Osborn said he hopes the news will raise people’s awareness of the disease, especially in colder parts of California like the higher elevations of the Sierra, where the fungus might thrive. He says people should watch for bats, either dead or active, in the winter. “That’s a sign that maybe the disease hit a local population,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A robust network of people looking for unusual bat behavior—\u003cbr>\nwhat Osborn calls a “passive surveillance network” — will increase the chances of detecting the first cases of white-nose syndrome if and when they occur.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The fungus causing a disease called white-nose syndrome, which has devastated bat populations in the Northeast, has been discovered in low levels in a handful of bats in Plumas County.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s here.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the first time, an invasive fungus that causes a deadly bat disease has been detected in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">White-nose syndrome, one of the most \u003ca href=\"https://msphere.asm.org/content/1/4/e00148-16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">consequential\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> wildlife diseases of modern times, has killed more than 6 million bats in North America since it was first discovered in New York in 2006. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The disease, which has devastated bat populations in Pennsylvania, New York and elsewhere in the Northeast, is caused by the fungus \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pseudogymnoascus destructans\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. It is not known to be harmful to people or common house pets.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental officials discovered low levels of the fungus in samples collected from little brown bats, a common hibernating species, in the Plumas County town of Chester, about 65 miles northeast of Chico. Four bats have been found with traces of the fungus, one in 2018 and three this year. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(W)e decided, two years in a row, even though they are low-level detection, we ought to call it. The fungus is here,” said \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scott Osborn, a senior environmental scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>All-Body Athlete’s Foot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">White-nose syndrome is a fungal infection that grows on the skin of bats while they hibernate. Osborn describes it as an “all-body case of athlete’s foot.” The infection irritates the bats, waking them from what should be a deep slumber.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They then use up their stored energy by grooming themselves. Because it’s winter, most of the bugs and insects that make up their food supply aren’t available, and the bats can’t replenish themselves. They die of starvation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It is not pleasant,” said Osborn. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The disease is extremely lethal where bats hibernate deeply for a long period in the winter.” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the discovery of DNA evidence of the fungus is troubling, officials have yet to document a case of actual white-nose syndrome in California bats, or an indication that the fungus itself is affecting the animals. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is what we would expect to see in terms of how it starts to show up, at low levels with spring detections,” said Alice Chung-MacCoubrey, a bat biologist with the National Park Service. “It’s not surprising, it was just disappointing because everybody wants to keep getting negative results from their surveillance as long as possible.\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">”\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Different Hibernation Patterns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">How the fungus will impact California bats is unclear. In caves, mines and other hibernaculum in the Northeast, the disease has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/25/science/25bats.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wiped out \u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">nearly the entire population of some colonies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But northeastern bats hibernate congregated together in large roosts of thousands or even tens of thousands. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The suspicion is that California bats hibernate in much smaller roosts dispersed across larger areas, but officials know much less about bat hibernation patterns in the state. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The big question we’re asking,” said Bronwyn Hogan, a wildlife biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, is “‘what does this mean for the fungus spreading and development of the disease? We don’t have a great idea about that yet.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, Hogan said, officials are especially concerned about the fate of little brown bats, which are common in California, as well as about other hibernating species. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">White-nose syndrome has been confirmed in 33 states, and the fungus in an additional five including California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists and wildlife managers are searching for treatments and solutions that could be used to help infected bats, but Hogan said they have yet to find a workable solution.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Officials on the Lookout\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now that the fungus has been officially detected, wildlife officials are expanding their bat surveillance across Northern California. They will begin a baseline study of bat populations later this summer, using acoustic monitoring devices and a count of bats as they leave their roosts. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If the disease does start impacting the local bat populations in subsequent years, we should see a drop-off in numbers,” Osborn said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Officials will also attach small radio transmitters to the backs of some bats in order to track their movements across the landscape, with the aim of learning their hibernation spots.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is an old question in the bat research community here,” said Chung-MacCoubrey. “Those who study and manage bats are interested in knowing where our western bat species are hibernating.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The California Department of Fish and Wildlife is leading a multiagency scientific research group called the California White-Nose Syndrome Steering Committee, which is studying how the disease affects the animals. The group also includes the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service and U.S. Geological Survey, among other agencies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Osborn said he hopes the news will raise people’s awareness of the disease, especially in colder parts of California like the higher elevations of the Sierra, where the fungus might thrive. He says people should watch for bats, either dead or active, in the winter. “That’s a sign that maybe the disease hit a local population,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A robust network of people looking for unusual bat behavior—\u003cbr>\nwhat Osborn calls a “passive surveillance network” — will increase the chances of detecting the first cases of white-nose syndrome if and when they occur.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Jackie Sones knows the area around Bodega way really well. As a research coordinator with the Bodega Marine Reserve, she visits the shoreline nearly every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 18, she saw something she’d never seen before: hundreds or maybe thousands of dead mussels along the shores of Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been working here for about 15 years,” she said. “We have seen mussel die-offs in small patches in the intertidal zone, but nothing like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>Researchers think the death of so many mussels in Bodega Bay was caused by a heat wave that hit the Bay Area June 8-11. According to a European satellite agency, temperatures last month worldwide were the hottest in June on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects of warming waters on marine life has been widely studied, but researchers say it’s less common to see such organisms dying from hot coastal air, which is suspected in this case.\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sones, who wrote about the mussel die-off on her \u003ca href=\"https://bodegahead.blogspot.com/2019/06/too-hot.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blog\u003c/a>, spoke with KQED Host \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/minakim\">Mina Kim\u003c/a> on the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872002/researchers-june-heatwave-baked-local-mussels\">Forum\u003c/a>” radio program Wednesday. They were joined by Eric Simons, digital editor of Bay Nature magazine, who wrote that the June heat wave \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/2019/06/26/californias-early-june-heat-wave-cooked-coastal-mussels-in-place/\">cooked the mussels\u003c/a> in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are excerpts of Sones’ and Simons’ answers, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Do you know when this happened?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jackie Sones:\u003c/strong> It’s likely that it was that June 9-11 period. The air temperatures were far above normal. It was over 20 or 25 degrees higher than normal for that time of year. We believe that that those higher temperatures, combined with mid-day low tides, contributed to the mortalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>How is it that that air temperature, about 75 degrees or so, was able to affect these mussels so badly?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eric Simons\u003c/strong>: It’s not really the air temperature; it’s the temperature of the rock, the surface they’re on. On a 75-degree day, the rock can be 100 degrees or 105 degrees and the mussels are trying to vent that hot air; they’re trying to to get rid of it, but the seabreeze we usually get was gone. They just sit and they cook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Don’t mussels have a way of dealing with this? There are hotter months than June for the coast.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>JS:\u003c/strong> We see quite warm air temperatures in late summer and early fall. However, the timing of the low tides is different [stranding them out of water]. And also there is some aspect to this that might be related to the shock of an extreme-heat day, where there’s nothing leading up to that and all of a sudden you just have a super-high temperature and the animals aren’t prepared for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Do we know the geographic extent of the die-off? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ES: \u003c/strong> There was a study going on for quite a while where they had sensors out in the mussel beds to track the temperatures up and down the West Coast. That study ran out of money two years ago. It’s fortunate even that that Jackie was out and noticed and saw this — it takes observers who are out and are paying attention and know what they’re seeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>How important are mussels to the marine ecosystem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>JS:\u003c/strong> Mussels are amazing. They’re a very important foundation species. That’s similar to the trees in the forest, or kelp in a kelp forest, or corals for a coral reef. These animals provide a lot of habitat and shelter for many different animals. In the case of mussel beds, if you look at one particular site you might find over 300 different species living within the mussel bed. So they’re a critical species along the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was the June heat wave a result of climate change? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>ES:\u003c/strong> It makes it more likely, certainly. You have this bad luck event, the low tide was during the middle of the day, when it was really hot outside and that that’s what baked them and killed them. These are animals that if this happened some other time when the low tide was at four in the morning it wouldn’t have been a problem. Climate change makes it more likely that you get heat waves earlier,\u003cem> \u003c/em>even in March and in April.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Jackie Sones knows the area around Bodega way really well. As a research coordinator with the Bodega Marine Reserve, she visits the shoreline nearly every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 18, she saw something she’d never seen before: hundreds or maybe thousands of dead mussels along the shores of Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been working here for about 15 years,” she said. “We have seen mussel die-offs in small patches in the intertidal zone, but nothing like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>Researchers think the death of so many mussels in Bodega Bay was caused by a heat wave that hit the Bay Area June 8-11. According to a European satellite agency, temperatures last month worldwide were the hottest in June on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects of warming waters on marine life has been widely studied, but researchers say it’s less common to see such organisms dying from hot coastal air, which is suspected in this case.\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sones, who wrote about the mussel die-off on her \u003ca href=\"https://bodegahead.blogspot.com/2019/06/too-hot.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blog\u003c/a>, spoke with KQED Host \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/minakim\">Mina Kim\u003c/a> on the “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872002/researchers-june-heatwave-baked-local-mussels\">Forum\u003c/a>” radio program Wednesday. They were joined by Eric Simons, digital editor of Bay Nature magazine, who wrote that the June heat wave \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/2019/06/26/californias-early-june-heat-wave-cooked-coastal-mussels-in-place/\">cooked the mussels\u003c/a> in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are excerpts of Sones’ and Simons’ answers, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Do you know when this happened?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jackie Sones:\u003c/strong> It’s likely that it was that June 9-11 period. The air temperatures were far above normal. It was over 20 or 25 degrees higher than normal for that time of year. We believe that that those higher temperatures, combined with mid-day low tides, contributed to the mortalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>How is it that that air temperature, about 75 degrees or so, was able to affect these mussels so badly?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eric Simons\u003c/strong>: It’s not really the air temperature; it’s the temperature of the rock, the surface they’re on. On a 75-degree day, the rock can be 100 degrees or 105 degrees and the mussels are trying to vent that hot air; they’re trying to to get rid of it, but the seabreeze we usually get was gone. They just sit and they cook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Don’t mussels have a way of dealing with this? There are hotter months than June for the coast.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>JS:\u003c/strong> We see quite warm air temperatures in late summer and early fall. However, the timing of the low tides is different [stranding them out of water]. And also there is some aspect to this that might be related to the shock of an extreme-heat day, where there’s nothing leading up to that and all of a sudden you just have a super-high temperature and the animals aren’t prepared for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Do we know the geographic extent of the die-off? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ES: \u003c/strong> There was a study going on for quite a while where they had sensors out in the mussel beds to track the temperatures up and down the West Coast. That study ran out of money two years ago. It’s fortunate even that that Jackie was out and noticed and saw this — it takes observers who are out and are paying attention and know what they’re seeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>How important are mussels to the marine ecosystem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>JS:\u003c/strong> Mussels are amazing. They’re a very important foundation species. That’s similar to the trees in the forest, or kelp in a kelp forest, or corals for a coral reef. These animals provide a lot of habitat and shelter for many different animals. In the case of mussel beds, if you look at one particular site you might find over 300 different species living within the mussel bed. So they’re a critical species along the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was the June heat wave a result of climate change? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>ES:\u003c/strong> It makes it more likely, certainly. You have this bad luck event, the low tide was during the middle of the day, when it was really hot outside and that that’s what baked them and killed them. These are animals that if this happened some other time when the low tide was at four in the morning it wouldn’t have been a problem. Climate change makes it more likely that you get heat waves earlier,\u003cem> \u003c/em>even in March and in April.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Arctic Fox Travels 2,700 Miles in 4 Months, a Record, Say Researchers",
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"content": "\u003cp>A young female fox, just shy of her first birthday, stunned scientists by covering an unbelievable distance during a short, four-month trek. The animal, also known as a coastal or blue fox, traveled more than 2,700 miles from Spitsbergen, the largest island of the Svalbard Archipelago of Norway, to Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada. The journey is among the longest dispersal events ever recorded for the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from the Norwegian Polar Institute first fitted the fox with a tracking collar in 2017 and released her into nature as part of a larger and ongoing study about the spatial ecology of arctic foxes, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/3512/9288\">report\u003c/a> led by researchers Eva Fuglei and Arnaud Tarroux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For months the fox stayed along the coastline of western Spitsbergen. Toward the end of March 2018, she took off, changing course several times when she met open water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After finding ice-covered sea for the first time, the fox left Spitsbergen. Having traveled for 21 days and about 939 miles, she arrived in Greenland on April 16, 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, in 2010 an adult female arctic fox in the Canadian Arctic set off on a journey. She traveled more than 2,800 miles in total but over a longer period of 5.5 months. She used sea ice to link distant regions, as did the Svalbard fox, which eventually arrived on Canada’s Ellesmere Island on July 1, 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By crossing extensive stretches of sea and ice glacier during her journey, the fox highlighted “the exceptional movement capacity of this small-sized carnivore species,” the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fox’s average traveling speed varied greatly throughout her trip, hitting a mean of about 28 miles per day. Her fastest recorded movement rate was about 96 miles per day while crossing the ice sheet in northwestern Greenland. This indicates that she was using sea ice mostly to help her travel, rather than as a place to forage for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, to our knowledge, the fastest movement rate ever recorded for this species,” the researchers said. In comparison, the young fox was 1.4 times faster than the maximum rate of the previously recorded adult male arctic fox monitored in Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An average \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/a/arctic-fox/\">arctic fox\u003c/a> lives to be 3 to 6 years old in the wild. They carry a thick coat of fur that helps them survive brutal temperatures as low as minus 58 degrees Fahrenheit. The animals hunt marine birds, fish and small rodents such as lemmings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers suggest the fox may have initially left Norway because of a scarcity of food. During winter, for example, the foxes tend to rely on the leftover scraps from large predators like polar bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found privacy in February. That’s when the tracker stopped working and researchers can no longer locate her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Arctic+Fox+Sets+Record+In+Walking+From+Norway+To+Canada&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A young female fox, just shy of her first birthday, stunned scientists by covering an unbelievable distance during a short, four-month trek. The animal, also known as a coastal or blue fox, traveled more than 2,700 miles from Spitsbergen, the largest island of the Svalbard Archipelago of Norway, to Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada. The journey is among the longest dispersal events ever recorded for the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from the Norwegian Polar Institute first fitted the fox with a tracking collar in 2017 and released her into nature as part of a larger and ongoing study about the spatial ecology of arctic foxes, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/3512/9288\">report\u003c/a> led by researchers Eva Fuglei and Arnaud Tarroux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For months the fox stayed along the coastline of western Spitsbergen. Toward the end of March 2018, she took off, changing course several times when she met open water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After finding ice-covered sea for the first time, the fox left Spitsbergen. Having traveled for 21 days and about 939 miles, she arrived in Greenland on April 16, 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, in 2010 an adult female arctic fox in the Canadian Arctic set off on a journey. She traveled more than 2,800 miles in total but over a longer period of 5.5 months. She used sea ice to link distant regions, as did the Svalbard fox, which eventually arrived on Canada’s Ellesmere Island on July 1, 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By crossing extensive stretches of sea and ice glacier during her journey, the fox highlighted “the exceptional movement capacity of this small-sized carnivore species,” the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fox’s average traveling speed varied greatly throughout her trip, hitting a mean of about 28 miles per day. Her fastest recorded movement rate was about 96 miles per day while crossing the ice sheet in northwestern Greenland. This indicates that she was using sea ice mostly to help her travel, rather than as a place to forage for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, to our knowledge, the fastest movement rate ever recorded for this species,” the researchers said. In comparison, the young fox was 1.4 times faster than the maximum rate of the previously recorded adult male arctic fox monitored in Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An average \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/a/arctic-fox/\">arctic fox\u003c/a> lives to be 3 to 6 years old in the wild. They carry a thick coat of fur that helps them survive brutal temperatures as low as minus 58 degrees Fahrenheit. The animals hunt marine birds, fish and small rodents such as lemmings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers suggest the fox may have initially left Norway because of a scarcity of food. During winter, for example, the foxes tend to rely on the leftover scraps from large predators like polar bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found privacy in February. That’s when the tracker stopped working and researchers can no longer locate her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Arctic+Fox+Sets+Record+In+Walking+From+Norway+To+Canada&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Scientists Detect the Most Lethal Shellfish Toxin You've Never Heard Of",
"headTitle": "How Scientists Detect the Most Lethal Shellfish Toxin You’ve Never Heard Of | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>There is a weapon that is released by algae around the world and concentrated, invisible, in the flesh of shellfish. An amount the size of a poppy seed is enough to kill a grown person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s part of an onslaught from which we’ve defended ourselves for decades, which might be why you’ve never heard of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxitoxin is lethal at concentrations 1,000 times lower than is cyanide. It is a powerful neurotoxin released by plankton in algal blooms. Saxitoxin is so potent, in fact, that it was the only marine toxin declared a \u003ca href=\"http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/cwc/text\">chemical weapon\u003c/a> by the 1993 international treaty known as the Chemical Weapons Convention, and bears a long and complex history with the U.S. government in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CIA \u003ca href=\"https://www.eucom.mil/media-library/article/23319/this-week-in-eucom-history-april-30-may-6\">reportedly gave\u003c/a> pilots of U-2 reconnaissance planes a coin containing saxitoxin that they could use to commit suicide if they were captured. President Nixon ultimately banned the military’s use of biological weapons, including saxitoxin, in 1969, but the CIA neglected to destroy a stockpile of 10 grams of the substance that it had distilled from butter clams. The supply was rediscovered in a storage facility and distributed to scientists at NIH after a pharmacologist begged the CIA not to destroy the cache. He predicted, correctly, that the toxin’s potency offered enormous potential for medical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946490\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1200x798.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Washing or heating does not make saxitoxin-contaminated shellfish safe to eat. \u003ccite>(Fadel Senna/AFP/GettyImages)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In both marine and freshwater systems, shellfish accumulate saxitoxin and concentrate it into doses dangerous to humans, fish, birds and marine mammals, although the shellfish themselves remain unharmed. The toxin is undetectable by sight or smell and is heat-stable, which means that even a pan-seared toxic mussel is still a toxic mussel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When ingested by humans, saxitoxin causes paralytic shellfish poisoning, or PSP, symptoms of which include tingling, numbness, and, if consumed in high enough quantities, paralysis, asphyxiation and death. There is no known cure for saxitoxin poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s History of Toxin Monitoring\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why haven’t you heard of this potent algal toxin? Thank state health officials. In California, risk is managed by the diligent monitoring of the California Department of Public Health. Every year, CDPH issues a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DRSEM/Pages/EMB/Shellfish/Annual-Mussel-Quarantine.aspx\">mussel quarantine\u003c/a> for all coastal areas from Oregon to the Mexican border between May 1 and Oct. 31, adjusting its window according to changes in saxitoxin concentration. When concentrations are dangerously high, the state prohibits all recreational harvesting of mussels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public health department requires commercial seafood harvesters to submit shellfish samples at least weekly to retain their certification, which is one reason shellfish are available even when bans are in place. However, no commercial shellfish harvest occurs in San Francisco Bay, and that’s because, while coastal shellfish are monitored for paralytic shellfish toxins, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\">no such monitoring \u003c/a>occurs in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the earliest recorded instances of saxitoxin poisoning occurred in San Francisco, before seasonal bans were commonplace, even before scientists knew what was poisoning their coast. In 1927, more than 100 people fell ill and six people died from paralytic shellfish poisoning. Panic spread. Public health workers quickly posted warning signs and scientists worked to identify the source of the widespread sickness. No cases were reported the following year, perhaps, as noted in a scientific paper published in 1937, because “people showed little desire, after the experience of 1927, to gather shell-fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, the monitoring that began in 1927 has kept poisoning numbers low; Dr. Eddie Garcia, a fellow in medical toxicology at UCSF and the California Poison Control Center, says that in 2017, only 117 cases were reported across the entire United States, none of them fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Saxitoxin is Relevant Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944161\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/psp-e1562172091893.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-complete_open_graph wp-image-1944161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/psp-1200x1129.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"602\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recorded cases of PSP in 1970 and 2018. Scientists say that we’ve only recently begun to understand the full extent of how common PSP really is. \u003ccite>(US National Office for Harmful Algal Blooms)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree it’s critically important to have infallible toxin detection methods, particularly in the coming years. For one thing, experts say algal blooms are becoming more common, likely due to pollution and climate change, among other reasons. And even with decent monitoring already in place, some people are still getting sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a sense, it’s like a bad intersection where, if you put up some good traffic lights, you can improve it a lot,” said Don Anderson, a biologist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, who has spent more than 40 years studying harmful algal blooms. “It’s the people who don’t obey the restrictions, whether it be a stop light or a closure, that get sick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, for instance, a family vacationing on the coast of Washington made a soup out of mussels. It was midnight, too dark to read the signs that might have warned them not to eat shellfish they had caught themselves, and all seven ended up in the emergency room. One woman lost the ability to stand. The next day, the Washington Department of Health detected a saxitoxin concentration over 75 times the alert level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in daylight, not every Californian might be aware of the quarantine; some may not be able to read signs because of a language barrier, or they may think different rules apply. If you’re relying on the old adage that you can’t eat mussels in months without the letter ‘r’, for example, it’s time to update your guidelines — this belief can be traced all the way back to at least 1599, when a \u003ca href=\"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A17373.0001.001/1:12.19?rgn=div2;view=fulltext\">cookbook\u003c/a> warned against consuming oysters during summer months, most likely because bacteria were especially rampant during summer heat without refrigeration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944164\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944164\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"290\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign.jpg 547w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign-160x243.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a warning sign posted in San Mateo County. \u003ccite>(San Mateo County Health)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although widely performed, saxitoxin testing is not terribly humane. In order to determine saxitoxin concentration, the most popular of three FDA-approved methods is to inject a mouse with a small amount of liquid containing an expected toxin, wait for the mouse to die, and record the time of its last breath. According to Maggie Broadwater, acting Harmful Algal Bloom Program Manager at NOAA, this mouse test is still used by CDPH to monitor toxin levels. Other methods do exist, but they involve transporting samples back to a laboratory and days of testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As algal blooms become more frequent and we begin to better understand how saxitoxin levels change, new methods have emerged that may transform the dynamics of our relationship with toxins — how we detect them, how we treat them, and how we learn from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lesson from the Bullfrog\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of saxitoxin detection may come from an unlikely source: the common bullfrog. Researchers at UCSF published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2019/06/414716/frog-protein-may-mitigate-dangers-posed-toxic-marine-microbes-fueled-climate\">recent study\u003c/a> describing the structure of a protein called \u003ca href=\"https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/6/eaax2650\">saxiphilin\u003c/a>. It’s found in the heart and blood of the American bullfrog, which is resistant to saxitoxin poisoning. Using x-ray crystallography, researchers in the laboratory of Daniel Minor, professor at the Cardiovascular Research Institute, identified a pocket-like region in this protein that binds to saxitoxin. Scientists think that the bullfrog’s store of saxiphilin naturally reduces the concentration of saxitoxin in its bloodstream, giving the liver time to destroy the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Structurally, the protein and its binding pocket look a lot like transferrin — that’s a family of proteins that bind to iron and ferry it around the body. Saxiphilin is so similar, in fact, that Minor believes the two proteins must share a common origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really evolution at work: repurposing a protein scaffold to do something else,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to bind to saxitoxin could also someday lead to a treatment for shellfish poisoning. It might provide scientists with a blueprint for developing synthetic molecules that could be administered to patients who digest the toxin, to prevent paralysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Vision for Monitoring Shellfish\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are also designing new-generation detection methods to improve coastal monitoring efforts. A hundred miles south of UCSF, scientists are developing a robotic technology that could replace the mouse-poison test. A team of researchers at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute has a device they affectionately call “lab in a trashcan,” or more officially, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbari.org/technology/emerging-current-tools/instruments/environmental-sample-processor-esp/\">Environmental Sample Processor\u003c/a>. [pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation='Daniel Minor, UCSF']‘This is really evolution at work: repurposing a protein scaffold to do something else.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When submerged in seawater, the substances in these devices sense algae toxin levels and can provide health officials with real-time data. Some are already being tested \u003ca href=\"http://science.whoi.edu/esp/fieldcelldata\">across the country\u003c/a>, and researchers have their sights set on a next-generation sample processor, shaped like a torpedo, which could move across the ocean floor, monitoring toxin levels as it goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute say the sensor elements, particularly those that detect saxitoxin, could still be improved by a greater knowledge of what governs the toxin’s binding behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944186\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 424px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944186\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"424\" height=\"282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robotic sensors, called Environmental Sample Processors, are designed by Chris Scholin and colleagues at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. ESPs could be the future of toxin detection, leading to more dynamic monitoring systems informing shellfish bans. \u003ccite>(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To have that information, the structural information, and to potentially synthesize that, is really a pretty big step,” said Greg Doucette, a research oceanographer at NOAA who works on the ESPs. “[It’s] something that might provide us with another tool that we could use on instruments like the ESP to detect the toxins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Don Anderson are excited by the potential of a toxin-binding blueprint to impact new detection methods. Anderson dreams of a future, maybe only 5 to 10 years away, in which coasts are lined with robotic sensors like the ESP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States could then lift mussel consumption bans for portions of the coast. Families could make soup with shellfish. It’s possible that, in this imagined future, a little frog protein would be the key to opening the coast again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: A previous version of this story stated that the saxitoxin coin was given to pilots of spy planes during WWII. That is incorrect; during WWII, pilots had a pill they could take to commit suicide if they were shot down. The CIA developed saxitoxin in a search for a replacement for the pill.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is a weapon that is released by algae around the world and concentrated, invisible, in the flesh of shellfish. An amount the size of a poppy seed is enough to kill a grown person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s part of an onslaught from which we’ve defended ourselves for decades, which might be why you’ve never heard of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxitoxin is lethal at concentrations 1,000 times lower than is cyanide. It is a powerful neurotoxin released by plankton in algal blooms. Saxitoxin is so potent, in fact, that it was the only marine toxin declared a \u003ca href=\"http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/cwc/text\">chemical weapon\u003c/a> by the 1993 international treaty known as the Chemical Weapons Convention, and bears a long and complex history with the U.S. government in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CIA \u003ca href=\"https://www.eucom.mil/media-library/article/23319/this-week-in-eucom-history-april-30-may-6\">reportedly gave\u003c/a> pilots of U-2 reconnaissance planes a coin containing saxitoxin that they could use to commit suicide if they were captured. President Nixon ultimately banned the military’s use of biological weapons, including saxitoxin, in 1969, but the CIA neglected to destroy a stockpile of 10 grams of the substance that it had distilled from butter clams. The supply was rediscovered in a storage facility and distributed to scientists at NIH after a pharmacologist begged the CIA not to destroy the cache. He predicted, correctly, that the toxin’s potency offered enormous potential for medical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946490\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1200x798.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/mussels_GettyImages-150458709.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Washing or heating does not make saxitoxin-contaminated shellfish safe to eat. \u003ccite>(Fadel Senna/AFP/GettyImages)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In both marine and freshwater systems, shellfish accumulate saxitoxin and concentrate it into doses dangerous to humans, fish, birds and marine mammals, although the shellfish themselves remain unharmed. The toxin is undetectable by sight or smell and is heat-stable, which means that even a pan-seared toxic mussel is still a toxic mussel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When ingested by humans, saxitoxin causes paralytic shellfish poisoning, or PSP, symptoms of which include tingling, numbness, and, if consumed in high enough quantities, paralysis, asphyxiation and death. There is no known cure for saxitoxin poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s History of Toxin Monitoring\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why haven’t you heard of this potent algal toxin? Thank state health officials. In California, risk is managed by the diligent monitoring of the California Department of Public Health. Every year, CDPH issues a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DRSEM/Pages/EMB/Shellfish/Annual-Mussel-Quarantine.aspx\">mussel quarantine\u003c/a> for all coastal areas from Oregon to the Mexican border between May 1 and Oct. 31, adjusting its window according to changes in saxitoxin concentration. When concentrations are dangerously high, the state prohibits all recreational harvesting of mussels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public health department requires commercial seafood harvesters to submit shellfish samples at least weekly to retain their certification, which is one reason shellfish are available even when bans are in place. However, no commercial shellfish harvest occurs in San Francisco Bay, and that’s because, while coastal shellfish are monitored for paralytic shellfish toxins, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\">no such monitoring \u003c/a>occurs in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the earliest recorded instances of saxitoxin poisoning occurred in San Francisco, before seasonal bans were commonplace, even before scientists knew what was poisoning their coast. In 1927, more than 100 people fell ill and six people died from paralytic shellfish poisoning. Panic spread. Public health workers quickly posted warning signs and scientists worked to identify the source of the widespread sickness. No cases were reported the following year, perhaps, as noted in a scientific paper published in 1937, because “people showed little desire, after the experience of 1927, to gather shell-fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, the monitoring that began in 1927 has kept poisoning numbers low; Dr. Eddie Garcia, a fellow in medical toxicology at UCSF and the California Poison Control Center, says that in 2017, only 117 cases were reported across the entire United States, none of them fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Saxitoxin is Relevant Now\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944161\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/psp-e1562172091893.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-complete_open_graph wp-image-1944161\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/psp-1200x1129.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"602\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recorded cases of PSP in 1970 and 2018. Scientists say that we’ve only recently begun to understand the full extent of how common PSP really is. \u003ccite>(US National Office for Harmful Algal Blooms)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree it’s critically important to have infallible toxin detection methods, particularly in the coming years. For one thing, experts say algal blooms are becoming more common, likely due to pollution and climate change, among other reasons. And even with decent monitoring already in place, some people are still getting sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a sense, it’s like a bad intersection where, if you put up some good traffic lights, you can improve it a lot,” said Don Anderson, a biologist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, who has spent more than 40 years studying harmful algal blooms. “It’s the people who don’t obey the restrictions, whether it be a stop light or a closure, that get sick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, for instance, a family vacationing on the coast of Washington made a soup out of mussels. It was midnight, too dark to read the signs that might have warned them not to eat shellfish they had caught themselves, and all seven ended up in the emergency room. One woman lost the ability to stand. The next day, the Washington Department of Health detected a saxitoxin concentration over 75 times the alert level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in daylight, not every Californian might be aware of the quarantine; some may not be able to read signs because of a language barrier, or they may think different rules apply. If you’re relying on the old adage that you can’t eat mussels in months without the letter ‘r’, for example, it’s time to update your guidelines — this belief can be traced all the way back to at least 1599, when a \u003ca href=\"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A17373.0001.001/1:12.19?rgn=div2;view=fulltext\">cookbook\u003c/a> warned against consuming oysters during summer months, most likely because bacteria were especially rampant during summer heat without refrigeration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944164\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944164\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"290\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign.jpg 547w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/warning-sign-160x243.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a warning sign posted in San Mateo County. \u003ccite>(San Mateo County Health)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although widely performed, saxitoxin testing is not terribly humane. In order to determine saxitoxin concentration, the most popular of three FDA-approved methods is to inject a mouse with a small amount of liquid containing an expected toxin, wait for the mouse to die, and record the time of its last breath. According to Maggie Broadwater, acting Harmful Algal Bloom Program Manager at NOAA, this mouse test is still used by CDPH to monitor toxin levels. Other methods do exist, but they involve transporting samples back to a laboratory and days of testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As algal blooms become more frequent and we begin to better understand how saxitoxin levels change, new methods have emerged that may transform the dynamics of our relationship with toxins — how we detect them, how we treat them, and how we learn from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lesson from the Bullfrog\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of saxitoxin detection may come from an unlikely source: the common bullfrog. Researchers at UCSF published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2019/06/414716/frog-protein-may-mitigate-dangers-posed-toxic-marine-microbes-fueled-climate\">recent study\u003c/a> describing the structure of a protein called \u003ca href=\"https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/6/eaax2650\">saxiphilin\u003c/a>. It’s found in the heart and blood of the American bullfrog, which is resistant to saxitoxin poisoning. Using x-ray crystallography, researchers in the laboratory of Daniel Minor, professor at the Cardiovascular Research Institute, identified a pocket-like region in this protein that binds to saxitoxin. Scientists think that the bullfrog’s store of saxiphilin naturally reduces the concentration of saxitoxin in its bloodstream, giving the liver time to destroy the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Structurally, the protein and its binding pocket look a lot like transferrin — that’s a family of proteins that bind to iron and ferry it around the body. Saxiphilin is so similar, in fact, that Minor believes the two proteins must share a common origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really evolution at work: repurposing a protein scaffold to do something else,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to bind to saxitoxin could also someday lead to a treatment for shellfish poisoning. It might provide scientists with a blueprint for developing synthetic molecules that could be administered to patients who digest the toxin, to prevent paralysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Vision for Monitoring Shellfish\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are also designing new-generation detection methods to improve coastal monitoring efforts. A hundred miles south of UCSF, scientists are developing a robotic technology that could replace the mouse-poison test. A team of researchers at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute has a device they affectionately call “lab in a trashcan,” or more officially, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbari.org/technology/emerging-current-tools/instruments/environmental-sample-processor-esp/\">Environmental Sample Processor\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When submerged in seawater, the substances in these devices sense algae toxin levels and can provide health officials with real-time data. Some are already being tested \u003ca href=\"http://science.whoi.edu/esp/fieldcelldata\">across the country\u003c/a>, and researchers have their sights set on a next-generation sample processor, shaped like a torpedo, which could move across the ocean floor, monitoring toxin levels as it goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute say the sensor elements, particularly those that detect saxitoxin, could still be improved by a greater knowledge of what governs the toxin’s binding behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944186\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 424px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944186\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"424\" height=\"282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/esp1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robotic sensors, called Environmental Sample Processors, are designed by Chris Scholin and colleagues at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. ESPs could be the future of toxin detection, leading to more dynamic monitoring systems informing shellfish bans. \u003ccite>(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To have that information, the structural information, and to potentially synthesize that, is really a pretty big step,” said Greg Doucette, a research oceanographer at NOAA who works on the ESPs. “[It’s] something that might provide us with another tool that we could use on instruments like the ESP to detect the toxins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Don Anderson are excited by the potential of a toxin-binding blueprint to impact new detection methods. Anderson dreams of a future, maybe only 5 to 10 years away, in which coasts are lined with robotic sensors like the ESP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States could then lift mussel consumption bans for portions of the coast. Families could make soup with shellfish. It’s possible that, in this imagined future, a little frog protein would be the key to opening the coast again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: A previous version of this story stated that the saxitoxin coin was given to pilots of spy planes during WWII. That is incorrect; during WWII, pilots had a pill they could take to commit suicide if they were shot down. The CIA developed saxitoxin in a search for a replacement for the pill.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For the millions of people infected with HIV, the best way to manage the disease is antiretroviral therapy, which can lower the amount of HIV replicating in the body to undetectable levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003carticle>\n\u003cdiv class=\"body-text\">\n\u003cp>But antiretroviral therapy (ART) can only manage HIV, never eliminate it — leading people to rely on the \u003ca href=\"https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/1/adult-and-adolescent-arv/459/cost-considerations-and-antiretroviral-therapy\">expensive drugs\u003c/a> for decades. Plus if ART is halted by these patients, HIV bounces back and its levels rise in a matter of weeks. In 2017 the World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/\">reported that of\u003c/a> 36.9 million people living with HIV, 21.7 million were taking ART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study of mice charts a preliminary path to eliminating this medication dependency, through an injection of gene-editing \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/genomeediting\">CRISPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing HIV from a person’s body is so hard because “once the virus infects cells [the] viral genome integrates into the host genome and then becomes part of our DNA,” said Kamel Khalili, a neurovirologist at Temple University who co-led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once this integration happens, ART can’t reverse it — at least not on its own. But Khalili and his colleagues found combining CRISPR, which can alter DNA, with ART can remove the lingering signs of HIV in a mouse model of the disease. The collaborative effort between researchers at Temple University and the University of Nebraska Medical Center was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10366-y\">reported today in Nature Communications\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results in mouse models do not always translate into effective treatments in humans, but Fyodor Urnov says this study is an “important next step” in addressing a disease like HIV with a technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gene editing is the first-ever technology we have had to address disease at the DNA level,” said Urnov, who works at the Innovative Genomics Institute at the University of California Berkeley and was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR, which scientists can program to cut DNA at specific sites, has garnered attention as a potential cure for genetic diseases, such as \u003ca href=\"https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/crisprcas9-approach-for-cystic-fibrosis/\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2019/02/26/more-progress-toward-gene-editing-for-kids-with-muscular-dystrophy/\">muscular dystrophy\u003c/a>. Using CRISPR and ART to develop an HIV cure could eventually eliminate the cost and distribution barriers that come with current treatments. To date, \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/mar/05/london-patient-becomes-second-man-to-be-cleared-of-aids-virus\">only two people have been cured of HIV\u003c/a>after receiving stem cell therapy to treat cancer. This expensive and invasive treatment has failed in every other HIV patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CRISPR comes with its own caveats — namely, at the moment it isn’t as precise as many in the general public might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What the Study Did\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The researchers used “humanized” mice, meaning mice were infused with the type of human immune cells that HIV infects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In three separate trials, HIV-infected mice were given one of three injection therapies: a slow-release version of the common HIV drug ART, the CRISPR protein that finds and cuts genome-incorporated HIV, or a combination of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four weeks of ART treatment, the researchers dispensed CRISPR into the mice by packaging the protein inside of a completely separate virus, called adeno-associated virus, or AAV. AAV doesn’t cause illness, but it acts like a mail carrier, increasing the circulation of CRISPR. CRISPR then becomes more likely to find and cut out all of the HIV DNA, an essential step to prevent the disease from rebounding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers waited eight weeks after all the mice were taken off of ART, then searched for traces of HIV genetic material in blood, spleen, kidneys, gut, lungs, bone marrow and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After eight ART-free weeks, more than 30 percent of the mice that received ART and CRISPR lacked detectable amounts of HIV in any of the tissues the researchers studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, HIV was still detectable in all of the other mice, including those that were treated with ART or CRISPR alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Cautious Way Forward\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Though the researchers used “humanized mice,” the technology has a long way to go. “Clinical trials…will not start tonight. It will take a few years,” said Urnov. However, Khalili revealed that early data from preliminary trials in monkeys looks promising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khalili and his colleagues have applied to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for permission to start human clinical trials as early as next year. Khalili has also launched a for-profit company that is developing CRISPR-based technology to treat disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the technology is moving this fast concerns Zandrea Ambrose, a retrovirologist at the University of Pittsburgh, who was not involved in the study. CRISPR comes with a downside, in that it sometimes accidentally cuts the wrong gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relative to other gene editors, CRISPR has fewer of these “off-target effects” as they’re called, but even a single error is worrisome. If CRISPR makes a hazardous mutation, it could disrupt any cell’s normal behavior and cause an inadvertent disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With billions of letters in the genome, it’s going to take a lot of work to avoid all possible off-target effects, Ambrose said. This study is promising, she added, but scientists in the CRISPR field need to get better at detecting these potential accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before clinical trials can begin, she said, researchers need to be sure these accidents won’t occur in humans by first testing them in animals. When researchers scanned the DNA from the “cured” mice, they didn’t find any signs that CRISPR had made cuts outside of the HIV DNA. But they could tell that CRISPR had made cuts within the HIV DNA, meaning the instructions for making new virus were broken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with possible off-target effects, Ambrose worries that CRISPR, enclosed in an AAV virus, will remain in the body long after its job is done. If that’s the case, she says “there’s no way to turn” the CRISPR editing off, increasing the chances of an off-target cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Khalili is confident that CRISPR is only cutting the DNA where it’s supposed to, based on searches for the “footprints” CRISPR leaves on DNA when it cuts. And CRISPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/jumping-genes-could-help-crispr-replace-disease-causing-dna-study-finds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">continues to improve everyday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a comprehensive, single-shot cure for HIV may be years away, Khalili is encouraged that this milestone “will give those affected hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/crispr-gene-editing-eliminates-hiv-in-some-mice-what-does-it-mean-for-humans\">This story\u003c/a> was originally published on PBS Newshour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the millions of people infected with HIV, the best way to manage the disease is antiretroviral therapy, which can lower the amount of HIV replicating in the body to undetectable levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003carticle>\n\u003cdiv class=\"body-text\">\n\u003cp>But antiretroviral therapy (ART) can only manage HIV, never eliminate it — leading people to rely on the \u003ca href=\"https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/1/adult-and-adolescent-arv/459/cost-considerations-and-antiretroviral-therapy\">expensive drugs\u003c/a> for decades. Plus if ART is halted by these patients, HIV bounces back and its levels rise in a matter of weeks. In 2017 the World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/\">reported that of\u003c/a> 36.9 million people living with HIV, 21.7 million were taking ART.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study of mice charts a preliminary path to eliminating this medication dependency, through an injection of gene-editing \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/genomeediting\">CRISPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing HIV from a person’s body is so hard because “once the virus infects cells [the] viral genome integrates into the host genome and then becomes part of our DNA,” said Kamel Khalili, a neurovirologist at Temple University who co-led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once this integration happens, ART can’t reverse it — at least not on its own. But Khalili and his colleagues found combining CRISPR, which can alter DNA, with ART can remove the lingering signs of HIV in a mouse model of the disease. The collaborative effort between researchers at Temple University and the University of Nebraska Medical Center was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10366-y\">reported today in Nature Communications\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results in mouse models do not always translate into effective treatments in humans, but Fyodor Urnov says this study is an “important next step” in addressing a disease like HIV with a technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gene editing is the first-ever technology we have had to address disease at the DNA level,” said Urnov, who works at the Innovative Genomics Institute at the University of California Berkeley and was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR, which scientists can program to cut DNA at specific sites, has garnered attention as a potential cure for genetic diseases, such as \u003ca href=\"https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/crisprcas9-approach-for-cystic-fibrosis/\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2019/02/26/more-progress-toward-gene-editing-for-kids-with-muscular-dystrophy/\">muscular dystrophy\u003c/a>. Using CRISPR and ART to develop an HIV cure could eventually eliminate the cost and distribution barriers that come with current treatments. To date, \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/mar/05/london-patient-becomes-second-man-to-be-cleared-of-aids-virus\">only two people have been cured of HIV\u003c/a>after receiving stem cell therapy to treat cancer. This expensive and invasive treatment has failed in every other HIV patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But CRISPR comes with its own caveats — namely, at the moment it isn’t as precise as many in the general public might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What the Study Did\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The researchers used “humanized” mice, meaning mice were infused with the type of human immune cells that HIV infects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In three separate trials, HIV-infected mice were given one of three injection therapies: a slow-release version of the common HIV drug ART, the CRISPR protein that finds and cuts genome-incorporated HIV, or a combination of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four weeks of ART treatment, the researchers dispensed CRISPR into the mice by packaging the protein inside of a completely separate virus, called adeno-associated virus, or AAV. AAV doesn’t cause illness, but it acts like a mail carrier, increasing the circulation of CRISPR. CRISPR then becomes more likely to find and cut out all of the HIV DNA, an essential step to prevent the disease from rebounding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers waited eight weeks after all the mice were taken off of ART, then searched for traces of HIV genetic material in blood, spleen, kidneys, gut, lungs, bone marrow and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After eight ART-free weeks, more than 30 percent of the mice that received ART and CRISPR lacked detectable amounts of HIV in any of the tissues the researchers studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, HIV was still detectable in all of the other mice, including those that were treated with ART or CRISPR alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Cautious Way Forward\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Though the researchers used “humanized mice,” the technology has a long way to go. “Clinical trials…will not start tonight. It will take a few years,” said Urnov. However, Khalili revealed that early data from preliminary trials in monkeys looks promising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khalili and his colleagues have applied to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for permission to start human clinical trials as early as next year. Khalili has also launched a for-profit company that is developing CRISPR-based technology to treat disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the technology is moving this fast concerns Zandrea Ambrose, a retrovirologist at the University of Pittsburgh, who was not involved in the study. CRISPR comes with a downside, in that it sometimes accidentally cuts the wrong gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relative to other gene editors, CRISPR has fewer of these “off-target effects” as they’re called, but even a single error is worrisome. If CRISPR makes a hazardous mutation, it could disrupt any cell’s normal behavior and cause an inadvertent disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With billions of letters in the genome, it’s going to take a lot of work to avoid all possible off-target effects, Ambrose said. This study is promising, she added, but scientists in the CRISPR field need to get better at detecting these potential accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before clinical trials can begin, she said, researchers need to be sure these accidents won’t occur in humans by first testing them in animals. When researchers scanned the DNA from the “cured” mice, they didn’t find any signs that CRISPR had made cuts outside of the HIV DNA. But they could tell that CRISPR had made cuts within the HIV DNA, meaning the instructions for making new virus were broken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with possible off-target effects, Ambrose worries that CRISPR, enclosed in an AAV virus, will remain in the body long after its job is done. If that’s the case, she says “there’s no way to turn” the CRISPR editing off, increasing the chances of an off-target cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Khalili is confident that CRISPR is only cutting the DNA where it’s supposed to, based on searches for the “footprints” CRISPR leaves on DNA when it cuts. And CRISPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/jumping-genes-could-help-crispr-replace-disease-causing-dna-study-finds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">continues to improve everyday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a comprehensive, single-shot cure for HIV may be years away, Khalili is encouraged that this milestone “will give those affected hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/crispr-gene-editing-eliminates-hiv-in-some-mice-what-does-it-mean-for-humans\">This story\u003c/a> was originally published on PBS Newshour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Lead Ammunition is Now Banned for Hunting Wildlife in California",
"headTitle": "Lead Ammunition is Now Banned for Hunting Wildlife in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Beginning July 1, lead ammunition is banned for hunting wildlife anywhere in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the final \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phasing in of a law\u003c/a> California passed in 2013. Governor Jerry Brown signed it in large part to protect the threatened California condor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recovery of condors is being held back primarily by the presence of lead in the bodies and gut piles of the animals they scavenge upon, research indicates. Myra Finkelstein is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.metx.ucsc.edu/research/finkelstein.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildlife toxicologist\u003c/a> at UC Santa Cruz, and one of the researchers who testified in hearings for the bill, and whose work helped lay the case for a lead ammunition ban. She spoke with KQED’s Brian Watt about how lead affects animals in the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you give us an overview of what lead does to animals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944248\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944248\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Deer-lead_fragments_400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"239\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Deer-lead_fragments_400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Deer-lead_fragments_400-160x96.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An X-ray image shows hundreds of lead bullet fragments in the neck of a mule deer shot with a lead rifle bullet. Just a few of these fragments contain enough lead to sicken or kill a bald eagle or California condor. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Park Service )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lead is a equal opportunity killer. It is toxic to many \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6dq3h64x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vertebrate species\u003c/a>, and that includes humans. It can harm your immune system, reproductive system, nervous system, renal system, many systems. It’s a very well known toxic compound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the Centers for Disease Control has said there is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/acclpp/blood_lead_levels.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no safe level\u003c/a> of lead exposure for a young child. So another way of putting that: that any exposure to a young child has been shown to result in long-term neurological impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What has lead meant for the California condor?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead is the number one mortality factor for free-flying juvenile and adult California condors, and work that we have done has shown that lead poisoning is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22733770\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preventing their recovery\u003c/a>. So it is the major threat that’s impeding their ability to recover in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead ammunition, it fragments. So people can look up online, you can see a radiograph and it’s all these tiny, tiny little pieces throughout the carcass. When the condor is eating its meal, we think they accidentally then ingest a little bit of these lead fragments. Even fragments as small as a couple of grains of sand have enough lead to potentially kill a condor. It doesn’t take very much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your research was important for showing that lead found in scavenging birds, like condors, is actually coming from ammunition, instead of from the environment, such as paint chips or lead pipes. How did you do this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/hunting/nonlead-ammunition\">Have questions about non-lead ammunition? Visit the California Department of Fish & Wildlife’s FAQ page.\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lead has different isotopes, which creates a lead signature or a lead profile. It is almost like a fingerprint, but not quite as unique. This is how we identify sources of lead poisoning to children. We’ve been doing this, as a society, for decades. For wildlife, it’s the same thing. Where you can look at the lead signature in ammunition and look at the lead signature in a poisoned condor, and see whether or not they are similar, to illustrate: was the lead ammunition the source of lead poisoning to the condor? We did that for California condors and showed that lead ammunition was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25173094\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">principal source\u003c/a> of lead poisoning for California condors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are lead ammo bans working? How long will it take for lead not to be a problem for sensitive species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far we have not been able to detect a change in lead poisoning rates in California condors, but part of that problem is that the rates in condors are highly variable, and that one contaminated carcass out there can poison a lot of condors at once. We’ve done some models and we’ve shown that even if 1 percent of the carcasses on the landscape contain lead, each condor can still have a 30 percent to 50 percent chance of encountering a carcass with lead and potentially being poisoned. It’s going to take a lot of time for us to be able to statistically assess if there’s been a change in lead poisoning rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I do think that a person switching to non-lead ammunition will be an immediate benefit to any scavenging species that might come across that person’s gut pile. As well as for a hunter and their family, as lead is highly toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "As a lead ammunition ban goes into effect for hunting wildlife in California, we take a look at the science underpinning the ban. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beginning July 1, lead ammunition is banned for hunting wildlife anywhere in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the final \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phasing in of a law\u003c/a> California passed in 2013. Governor Jerry Brown signed it in large part to protect the threatened California condor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recovery of condors is being held back primarily by the presence of lead in the bodies and gut piles of the animals they scavenge upon, research indicates. Myra Finkelstein is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.metx.ucsc.edu/research/finkelstein.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildlife toxicologist\u003c/a> at UC Santa Cruz, and one of the researchers who testified in hearings for the bill, and whose work helped lay the case for a lead ammunition ban. She spoke with KQED’s Brian Watt about how lead affects animals in the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you give us an overview of what lead does to animals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944248\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944248\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Deer-lead_fragments_400.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"239\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Deer-lead_fragments_400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Deer-lead_fragments_400-160x96.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An X-ray image shows hundreds of lead bullet fragments in the neck of a mule deer shot with a lead rifle bullet. Just a few of these fragments contain enough lead to sicken or kill a bald eagle or California condor. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Park Service )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lead is a equal opportunity killer. It is toxic to many \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6dq3h64x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vertebrate species\u003c/a>, and that includes humans. It can harm your immune system, reproductive system, nervous system, renal system, many systems. It’s a very well known toxic compound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the Centers for Disease Control has said there is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/acclpp/blood_lead_levels.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no safe level\u003c/a> of lead exposure for a young child. So another way of putting that: that any exposure to a young child has been shown to result in long-term neurological impairment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What has lead meant for the California condor?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead is the number one mortality factor for free-flying juvenile and adult California condors, and work that we have done has shown that lead poisoning is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22733770\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preventing their recovery\u003c/a>. So it is the major threat that’s impeding their ability to recover in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead ammunition, it fragments. So people can look up online, you can see a radiograph and it’s all these tiny, tiny little pieces throughout the carcass. When the condor is eating its meal, we think they accidentally then ingest a little bit of these lead fragments. Even fragments as small as a couple of grains of sand have enough lead to potentially kill a condor. It doesn’t take very much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your research was important for showing that lead found in scavenging birds, like condors, is actually coming from ammunition, instead of from the environment, such as paint chips or lead pipes. How did you do this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/hunting/nonlead-ammunition\">Have questions about non-lead ammunition? Visit the California Department of Fish & Wildlife’s FAQ page.\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lead has different isotopes, which creates a lead signature or a lead profile. It is almost like a fingerprint, but not quite as unique. This is how we identify sources of lead poisoning to children. We’ve been doing this, as a society, for decades. For wildlife, it’s the same thing. Where you can look at the lead signature in ammunition and look at the lead signature in a poisoned condor, and see whether or not they are similar, to illustrate: was the lead ammunition the source of lead poisoning to the condor? We did that for California condors and showed that lead ammunition was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25173094\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">principal source\u003c/a> of lead poisoning for California condors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are lead ammo bans working? How long will it take for lead not to be a problem for sensitive species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far we have not been able to detect a change in lead poisoning rates in California condors, but part of that problem is that the rates in condors are highly variable, and that one contaminated carcass out there can poison a lot of condors at once. We’ve done some models and we’ve shown that even if 1 percent of the carcasses on the landscape contain lead, each condor can still have a 30 percent to 50 percent chance of encountering a carcass with lead and potentially being poisoned. It’s going to take a lot of time for us to be able to statistically assess if there’s been a change in lead poisoning rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I do think that a person switching to non-lead ammunition will be an immediate benefit to any scavenging species that might come across that person’s gut pile. As well as for a hunter and their family, as lead is highly toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "18 GPS Garbage Trackers. One Lone Ship. 40 Tons Out of the Ocean. Proof of Concept",
"headTitle": "18 GPS Garbage Trackers. One Lone Ship. 40 Tons Out of the Ocean. Proof of Concept | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.oceanvoyagesinstitute.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Voyages Institute\u003c/a> has figured out how to pull 40 tons of “ghost” fishing nets and other plastic debris from the North Pacific Gyre. That’s a proof of concept that another cleanup effort, the multi-million dollar plastic boom, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/23/great-pacific-garbage-patch-floating-plastic-trap-deployed-again\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">still struggling\u003c/a> to achieve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is, there are now an estimated 78,660 tons to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have certainly seen monster ghost (abandoned) nets,” said Mary Crowley, founder and director of the institute, “but there is mile after mile of laundry detergent bottles, bleach bottles, cartons — if we don’t change our ways by 2050, we will have much more plastic in the ocean than fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Andy Sybrandy']‘If we can pull the stuff out (ocean plastics), it makes the problem recognizable .’[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the Sausalito-based nonprofit distributed 18 GPS satellite trackers to various vessels, including ships from Greenpeace and Sea Shepherd, as well as mariners crossing from California to Hawaii. Crews from all these ships attached the trackers to tangles of fishing nets they encountered, so that a Hawaiian-based cargo ship could later round up the refuse. The Institute reported on Friday that its 2019 Ocean Cleanup Expedition successfully used the GPS trackers to pull 40 tons, or 80,000 pounds of debris from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each tracked net has a way of leading us to areas of higher density,” explained Crowley at a post-expedition media event. “One of our tracked nets led us to all sorts of small nets and one five-ton monster ghost net.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tagged debris served to locate areas of dense plastic pollution. Once on site, ship members would use drone technology to survey the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can pull the stuff out, it makes the problem recognizable,” said Andy Sybrandy, president of \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificgyre.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Gyre \u003c/a>the company that provided the GPS trackers. “It teaches people not to get it in there in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this is thought to be the largest at-sea cleanup of the Pacific Ocean to date, there is an almost unimaginable amount of work left to be done. The volume collected by the expedition accounted for less than 0.1% of the nets estimated to be abandoned and lurking in the mid-ocean vortex known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Gyre\u003c/a>. In 2018, an article published in Nature Scientific Reports estimated that there are about \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/22/596142560/the-trash-patch-in-the-pacific-is-many-times-bigger-than-we-thought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">79,000 tons\u003c/a> of plastic in the gyre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A juvenile humpback whale is shown entangled in fishing gear off Palos Verdes. \u003ccite>(Adam Fox/Marine Animal Rescue)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The goal isn’t to get everything,” cautions Crowley. “I think that is an unrealistic goal. But I think we can help make the ocean a healthier habitat for all the life within it”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Institute’s haul comes just as federal officials released figures that underscore the growing problem of whales entangled in commercial fishing gear. According to NOAA Fisheries, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/whale-entanglements-remained-high-west-coast-2018-new-report-shows\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">46 whales \u003c/a>were caught up off the West Coast in 2018, the latest year tallied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gruesome entanglements have become the scary new normal for West Coast whales,” said Kristen Monsell, a Center for Biological Diversity attorney, in response to the report. “These beautiful and highly endangered animals won’t survive the deadly gauntlet of fishing gear, ship strikes and climate change unless we find new ways to fish with fewer or no ropes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, California officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2019/fishery-entanglement-settlement-03-26-2018.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">struck a deal\u003c/a> with the Center for Biological Diversity and other conservation groups to step up efforts to reduce entanglements. Officials also agreed to shut down the\u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/26/california-dungeness-crab-industry-to-stop-fishing-3-months-early-this-season-in-legal-settlement-to-slow-whale-turtle-entanglements/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California Dungeness Crab\u003c/a> fishing season three months early, to prevent whales from becoming entangled in fishing gear. Meanwhile, NOAA officials say they’re pursuing answers to why entanglements are up steadily since 2015. Prior to that, incidents averaged 10 per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the Ocean Voyages Institute plans a longer, three-month expedition, with plans to deploy new techniques for fishing out consumer plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our plan is to greatly scale up our effort next year in the same area,” says Crowley. “This is our backyard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.oceanvoyagesinstitute.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Voyages Institute\u003c/a> has figured out how to pull 40 tons of “ghost” fishing nets and other plastic debris from the North Pacific Gyre. That’s a proof of concept that another cleanup effort, the multi-million dollar plastic boom, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/23/great-pacific-garbage-patch-floating-plastic-trap-deployed-again\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">still struggling\u003c/a> to achieve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is, there are now an estimated 78,660 tons to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have certainly seen monster ghost (abandoned) nets,” said Mary Crowley, founder and director of the institute, “but there is mile after mile of laundry detergent bottles, bleach bottles, cartons — if we don’t change our ways by 2050, we will have much more plastic in the ocean than fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the Sausalito-based nonprofit distributed 18 GPS satellite trackers to various vessels, including ships from Greenpeace and Sea Shepherd, as well as mariners crossing from California to Hawaii. Crews from all these ships attached the trackers to tangles of fishing nets they encountered, so that a Hawaiian-based cargo ship could later round up the refuse. The Institute reported on Friday that its 2019 Ocean Cleanup Expedition successfully used the GPS trackers to pull 40 tons, or 80,000 pounds of debris from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each tracked net has a way of leading us to areas of higher density,” explained Crowley at a post-expedition media event. “One of our tracked nets led us to all sorts of small nets and one five-ton monster ghost net.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tagged debris served to locate areas of dense plastic pollution. Once on site, ship members would use drone technology to survey the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can pull the stuff out, it makes the problem recognizable,” said Andy Sybrandy, president of \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificgyre.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Gyre \u003c/a>the company that provided the GPS trackers. “It teaches people not to get it in there in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this is thought to be the largest at-sea cleanup of the Pacific Ocean to date, there is an almost unimaginable amount of work left to be done. The volume collected by the expedition accounted for less than 0.1% of the nets estimated to be abandoned and lurking in the mid-ocean vortex known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Gyre\u003c/a>. In 2018, an article published in Nature Scientific Reports estimated that there are about \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/22/596142560/the-trash-patch-in-the-pacific-is-many-times-bigger-than-we-thought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">79,000 tons\u003c/a> of plastic in the gyre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/whale-entanglements-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A juvenile humpback whale is shown entangled in fishing gear off Palos Verdes. \u003ccite>(Adam Fox/Marine Animal Rescue)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The goal isn’t to get everything,” cautions Crowley. “I think that is an unrealistic goal. But I think we can help make the ocean a healthier habitat for all the life within it”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Institute’s haul comes just as federal officials released figures that underscore the growing problem of whales entangled in commercial fishing gear. According to NOAA Fisheries, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/whale-entanglements-remained-high-west-coast-2018-new-report-shows\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">46 whales \u003c/a>were caught up off the West Coast in 2018, the latest year tallied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gruesome entanglements have become the scary new normal for West Coast whales,” said Kristen Monsell, a Center for Biological Diversity attorney, in response to the report. “These beautiful and highly endangered animals won’t survive the deadly gauntlet of fishing gear, ship strikes and climate change unless we find new ways to fish with fewer or no ropes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, California officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2019/fishery-entanglement-settlement-03-26-2018.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">struck a deal\u003c/a> with the Center for Biological Diversity and other conservation groups to step up efforts to reduce entanglements. Officials also agreed to shut down the\u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/26/california-dungeness-crab-industry-to-stop-fishing-3-months-early-this-season-in-legal-settlement-to-slow-whale-turtle-entanglements/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California Dungeness Crab\u003c/a> fishing season three months early, to prevent whales from becoming entangled in fishing gear. Meanwhile, NOAA officials say they’re pursuing answers to why entanglements are up steadily since 2015. Prior to that, incidents averaged 10 per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the Ocean Voyages Institute plans a longer, three-month expedition, with plans to deploy new techniques for fishing out consumer plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our plan is to greatly scale up our effort next year in the same area,” says Crowley. “This is our backyard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMsQ6u7Bo3g]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='Underwater Creatures.' link1='https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/image-gallery/welcome.html,View a cache of deep sea still images from NOAA']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration are probing the darkest depths of the ocean, thousands of feet below the surface, where natural light can’t penetrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the best part for us — they’re live streaming video each day from 5:30 am to 1:00 pm PT until July 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to go to places in the ocean that nobody’s ever ever been, and study and explore them for the very first time,” said Alan Leonardi, director of NOAA’s Office of Ocean Exploration and Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The live images are streamed from Deep Discoverer, a remotely operated, underwater roving vehicle outfitted with LED lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9T5g40-PRvM]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover is connected to the \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/about.html\">Okeanos Explorer\u003c/a>, the only federal ship dedicated to exploring ocean depths for the “purpose of the discovery and the advancement of knowledge,” according to NOAA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expedition, which is taking place \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/ne-hires-800x618.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">off the coast of Florida\u003c/a> east of Cape Canaveral, is one leg of NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1903/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windows to the Deep 2019 \u003c/a>mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are exploring the conditions about a half-mile underwater, looking for new species of coral, sponges, sea cucumbers, jellyfish and other sea creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s completely pitch black,” Leonardi said. “There’s no light that penetrates this level of the ocean. So, of course, these species that move around there have eyes that are adapted to look in the dark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5z6-EjR3Fw]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The information could be relevant for Californians, too. The rover is exploring areas where researchers have documented methane seeping from the ocean floor, which Leonardi said is a common occurrence off the West Coast of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we look at these deep environments, we know that there’s a lot of biological activity usually around these seeps,” Leonardi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the video is live-streamed, dozens of scientists from across the country are virtually participating in the expedition, communicating with NOAA’s team and each other through interactive chats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration are probing the darkest depths of the ocean, thousands of feet below the surface, where natural light can’t penetrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the best part for us — they’re live streaming video each day from 5:30 am to 1:00 pm PT until July 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to go to places in the ocean that nobody’s ever ever been, and study and explore them for the very first time,” said Alan Leonardi, director of NOAA’s Office of Ocean Exploration and Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The live images are streamed from Deep Discoverer, a remotely operated, underwater roving vehicle outfitted with LED lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/9T5g40-PRvM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/9T5g40-PRvM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover is connected to the \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/about.html\">Okeanos Explorer\u003c/a>, the only federal ship dedicated to exploring ocean depths for the “purpose of the discovery and the advancement of knowledge,” according to NOAA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expedition, which is taking place \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/ne-hires-800x618.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">off the coast of Florida\u003c/a> east of Cape Canaveral, is one leg of NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1903/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windows to the Deep 2019 \u003c/a>mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are exploring the conditions about a half-mile underwater, looking for new species of coral, sponges, sea cucumbers, jellyfish and other sea creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s completely pitch black,” Leonardi said. “There’s no light that penetrates this level of the ocean. So, of course, these species that move around there have eyes that are adapted to look in the dark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/e5z6-EjR3Fw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/e5z6-EjR3Fw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The information could be relevant for Californians, too. The rover is exploring areas where researchers have documented methane seeping from the ocean floor, which Leonardi said is a common occurrence off the West Coast of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we look at these deep environments, we know that there’s a lot of biological activity usually around these seeps,” Leonardi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the video is live-streamed, dozens of scientists from across the country are virtually participating in the expedition, communicating with NOAA’s team and each other through interactive chats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Argument for Giving California's Struggling Mountain Lions Endangered Species Protection",
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"content": "\u003cp>Two environmental groups are pushing state wildlife officials to grant new protections to mountain lions between Santa Cruz and the Mexico border under the California Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3-wagtail.biolgicaldiversity.org/documents/CESA_petition_-_Southern_California_Central_Coast_Mountain_Lions.pdf\"> petition \u003c/a> to the California Fish and Game Commission filed Tuesday recommends that the state consider a group of six subpopulations of mountain lions (\u003cem>puma concolo\u003c/em>r) as a single “evolutionarily significant unit.” The Center for Biological Diversity and the nonprofit Mountain Lion Foundation argue that the resulting unit should be designated as “threatened or endangered” under state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These populations are struggling, and they’re struggling because they’re isolated,” said Tiffany Yap, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity and author of the petition. “Ultimately, if we are able to increase connectivity, each area of mountain lions will be able to kind of mix with the other populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the groups’ legal and scientific logic is accepted, a designation could add sweeping protections to patches of puma territory covering as much as a third of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten McIntyre, a spokeswoman with the Department of Fish and Game, said that the commission and department had not yet seen the petition and had no comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pumas once dominated mountain ranges along the Central Coast and in the southern end of the state. But according to a \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1868\">study published in March\u003c/a>, researchers, relying on observations, DNA and modeling data, predict that at least some populations could disappear entirely within a half century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That study crystallized the concept of an “extinction vortex” in the debate over mountain lion viability. The vortex is created by two interlocking conditions: a well-documented decline in genetic diversity in some subpopulations, and the dearth of mountain lions in the mating pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male mountain lions require broad swaths of territory to roam. Their home ranges can be greater than 200 miles, and they don’t like to share with other males. Over the course of the past century, the greatest threats they’ve faced have been from humans’ steady encroachment into the wildland-urban interface. That requires roads that dice up open space, and the cars that drive on those roads hit cougars trying to cross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Applied poisons like rodenticide and insecticide are also sickening mountain lions, building up in them as they eat smaller prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes it much harder for them to stay alive, and then also reproduce,” said Yap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human development can also lead to fire, which diminishes the utility of open space for the animals. Development also makes it easier for the lions to get lost or trapped, ending up in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933826/mountain-lion-roaming-pleasanton-business-lot-sedated-captured\">Pleasanton parking lots\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/mountain-lion-spotted-in-saratoga-neighborhood/1834363168\">Saratoga backyards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendations of wildlife officials and the ultimate decision are meant to be grounded in science. But Yap acknowledges that the breadth of potential change means that developers and property owners who might be affected may oppose the petition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, state officials grant mountain lions some consideration as a “specially protected species,” which limits how they can be hunted. But that designation doesn’t require actions to protect them or their habitat. Yap says if the petition is approved, things would change. “There would have to be resources put into looking at connectivity,” she said. “Do we build a wildlife crossing here? Should we avoid that area and build somewhere else?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designating six isolated groups of mountain lions as a single threatened unit would likely limit new construction and change how state agencies, like Caltrans, plan and build infrastructure. Complicating matters is the fact that mountain lions living elsewhere, like in the Sierra Nevadas and the far northern part of the state, don’t appear to be in as much trouble as their more southern counterparts — though without an accurate statewide population count, it’s hard to tell. While California \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/mammals/mountain-lion/faq\">estimates\u003c/a> a “stable” population of 4,000-6,000 mountain lions, an official count hasn’t been conducted in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for the environmental groups say the Fish and Game Commission must initially ask scientists and staffers at the Department of Fish and Wildlife to determine whether the petition is viable, and then whether a designation may be warranted. That preliminary determination is expected by the end of the year; a final decision could follow a year after that.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two environmental groups are pushing state wildlife officials to grant new protections to mountain lions between Santa Cruz and the Mexico border under the California Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3-wagtail.biolgicaldiversity.org/documents/CESA_petition_-_Southern_California_Central_Coast_Mountain_Lions.pdf\"> petition \u003c/a> to the California Fish and Game Commission filed Tuesday recommends that the state consider a group of six subpopulations of mountain lions (\u003cem>puma concolo\u003c/em>r) as a single “evolutionarily significant unit.” The Center for Biological Diversity and the nonprofit Mountain Lion Foundation argue that the resulting unit should be designated as “threatened or endangered” under state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These populations are struggling, and they’re struggling because they’re isolated,” said Tiffany Yap, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity and author of the petition. “Ultimately, if we are able to increase connectivity, each area of mountain lions will be able to kind of mix with the other populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the groups’ legal and scientific logic is accepted, a designation could add sweeping protections to patches of puma territory covering as much as a third of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten McIntyre, a spokeswoman with the Department of Fish and Game, said that the commission and department had not yet seen the petition and had no comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pumas once dominated mountain ranges along the Central Coast and in the southern end of the state. But according to a \u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1868\">study published in March\u003c/a>, researchers, relying on observations, DNA and modeling data, predict that at least some populations could disappear entirely within a half century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That study crystallized the concept of an “extinction vortex” in the debate over mountain lion viability. The vortex is created by two interlocking conditions: a well-documented decline in genetic diversity in some subpopulations, and the dearth of mountain lions in the mating pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male mountain lions require broad swaths of territory to roam. Their home ranges can be greater than 200 miles, and they don’t like to share with other males. Over the course of the past century, the greatest threats they’ve faced have been from humans’ steady encroachment into the wildland-urban interface. That requires roads that dice up open space, and the cars that drive on those roads hit cougars trying to cross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Applied poisons like rodenticide and insecticide are also sickening mountain lions, building up in them as they eat smaller prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes it much harder for them to stay alive, and then also reproduce,” said Yap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human development can also lead to fire, which diminishes the utility of open space for the animals. Development also makes it easier for the lions to get lost or trapped, ending up in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933826/mountain-lion-roaming-pleasanton-business-lot-sedated-captured\">Pleasanton parking lots\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/mountain-lion-spotted-in-saratoga-neighborhood/1834363168\">Saratoga backyards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendations of wildlife officials and the ultimate decision are meant to be grounded in science. But Yap acknowledges that the breadth of potential change means that developers and property owners who might be affected may oppose the petition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, state officials grant mountain lions some consideration as a “specially protected species,” which limits how they can be hunted. But that designation doesn’t require actions to protect them or their habitat. Yap says if the petition is approved, things would change. “There would have to be resources put into looking at connectivity,” she said. “Do we build a wildlife crossing here? Should we avoid that area and build somewhere else?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designating six isolated groups of mountain lions as a single threatened unit would likely limit new construction and change how state agencies, like Caltrans, plan and build infrastructure. Complicating matters is the fact that mountain lions living elsewhere, like in the Sierra Nevadas and the far northern part of the state, don’t appear to be in as much trouble as their more southern counterparts — though without an accurate statewide population count, it’s hard to tell. While California \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/mammals/mountain-lion/faq\">estimates\u003c/a> a “stable” population of 4,000-6,000 mountain lions, an official count hasn’t been conducted in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for the environmental groups say the Fish and Game Commission must initially ask scientists and staffers at the Department of Fish and Wildlife to determine whether the petition is viable, and then whether a designation may be warranted. That preliminary determination is expected by the end of the year; a final decision could follow a year after that.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Best Health and Science Books to Dip Into This Summer",
"headTitle": "The Best Health and Science Books to Dip Into This Summer | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he first day of summer has arrived, and so has STAT’s annual book list of great reads in health, science, and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read on for recommendations from CRISPR pioneer Jennifer Doudna and CDC Director Robert Redfield. Plus, STAT readers from Boston to Ireland to Australia share their picks, in addition to our staff. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Notable Figures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0805071806/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0805071806&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7bf123ab6184f5cac33d58beddbb56f6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Scientific Conversations: Interviews on Science from The New York Times”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Claudia Dreifus\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis is an awesome collection of 38 interviews, published originally in the Science Times section of the New York Times, that captures the wonder and excitement of scientific discovery. As an outstanding journalist and a relative outsider to science, Dreifus elicits from her subjects the passion, frustration, inspiration and, ultimately, the joy of doing science. Her writing reminds me of the work of John McPhee: deep and expansive with a sense of fun. A great read!\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jennifer Doudna, professor and HHMI Investigator, UC Berkeley; director, Innovative Genomics Institute of UC Berkeley/UCSF/Gladstone Institutes\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/006122796X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=006122796X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7cfcc6b0801cc1e4c567331d7f105411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Vaccinated: One Man’s Quest to Defeat the World’s Deadliest Diseases”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Paul A. Offit\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nPhysicians, parents, and public health professionals seeking credible, timely information about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines will find those answers in Dr. Offit’s “Vaccinated.” He writes a compelling narrative, sharing the underlying science and historical context behind the vaccine regimen recommended today. This fact-based retrospective dispels myths and underscores the importance of immunization for children and adults alike. Readers will have a better understanding of the science-based reasoning to embrace vaccination for themselves, their families, and their communities.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Robert R. Redfield, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0520229134/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0520229134&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=f6872536969b6885c29cba642778c5ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Paul Farmer\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis book highlights so well the very inception of the Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute itself and our mission to develop treatments and preventive agents for diseases burdening the world’s poorest people. Tenderly, Farmer tells the stories of those who suffer, offering their complex circumstances in the face of overwhelming data. The Partners in Health co-founder challenges those determined to care for the most vulnerable to challenge the status quo. Although written 20 years ago, the stories ring truer than ever. Inequities in health have only become magnified and are now manifest in our own backyard. Although sobering, it is also inspiring and may make the reader leap to other resources such as “The Age of Living Machines” by Susan Hockfield, who posits that convergence across scientific disciplines led to the current technological capabilities. Can these not be leveraged with know-how and fortitude to meaningfully address inequities in health?\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Penny Heaton, CEO of the Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1845291557/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1845291557&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=424b9e11f98c4fb76b3a018ce157005a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“A Brief History of Medicine: from Hippocrates to Gene Therapy”\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cem>By Paul Strathern\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>Among the many histories of medicine, Paul Strathern’s narrative stands out for its lively prose and colorful portraits of figures who broke with dogma and proved new paradigms. Even the expert reader will find much that is novel and nuanced, not only in stories about prominent characters like Galen and Harvey, but less well known individuals like the Venerable Bede, an English monk who revived Greek and Roman knowledge during the Dark Ages, and Al-Razi, an Islamic scholar who challenged Aristotle’s prevailing notions with experimental data and showed that pediatric disorders need not be viewed as untreatable and hopeless. Each chapter offers a rich tableau depicting advances in medical thinking based on astute observation and rigorous induction. Strathern brilliantly succeeds in both educating and entertaining his reader, a perfect blend for a summer treat.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Jerome Groopman, New Yorker staff writer and author; Recanati Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0345804570/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0345804570&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=137ae7f66e5eee834172c881aa8f1b7a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin’s Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World—and Us”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Richard Prum\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWhether you agree with Prum or not, his case for renewed attention to Darwin’s theory of sexual selection — that considerations of beauty, and not just functional adaptation, shape evolution — is eye-opening. The book also reminds us that politics (in this case, 19th-century disapproval of Darwin’s views on female mate choice) can influence what we are taught about science. Even if you are skeptical, Prum will make you think twice about the natural world, and will definitely change how you look at ducks.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Ron Klain, President Obama’s Ebola czar during the West African outbreak\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0062338781/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0062338781&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=a08377a6dbaebf506ffcb6efb996c457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Bottle of Lies: The Inside Story of the Generic Drug Boom”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Katherine Eban\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>In her fierce and fearless book, “Bottle of Lies,” the investigative journalist Katherine Eban takes us on a journey through the loosely regulated and often corrupt manufacture of generic drugs. Weaving together the story of a terrified but determined whistleblower from India, shady drug producers from China, and a notably timid FDA, Eban’s compelling book should serve as cautionary tale and a wake-up call for consumers, manufacturers, and physicians — “should” being the operative word.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Deborah Blum, author of “The Poison Squad: One Chemist’s Single-Minded Crusade for Food Safety at the Turn of the Twentieth Century” and director of the Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>STAT Readers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0735224153/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0735224153&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=e88ba9aa97ec231e13dcca5e20cbc7bf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Michael Pollan\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWith cannabis medicine now getting the attention it deserves, Michael Pollan has done a tremendous job at digging into the history of psychedelic use, both recreationally and in therapy, together with his own observations as a new psychedelic experimenter at the age of 60. All in all, a comprehensive history of the topic, together with interviews from key psychedelic researchers, and a call for serious researchers to think twice about hasty judgments surrounding this interesting compound.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jon Calder, Belfast, Northern Ireland\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/006289627X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=006289627X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ea6fc765acd3cc5ad1ccd85342cb04ae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Bitten: The Secret History of Lyme Disease and Biological Weapons”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Kris Newby\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Bitten” is a riveting narrative that digs into the origins of the Lyme disease epidemic. It connects many dots with compelling evidence and page-turning storytelling that point to the likelihood that a bio-weaponized tick program gone awry could have contributed to the more virulent forms of tick-borne illnesses that have been wreaking havoc on unwitting people for the past five decades. Doctors are not well-trained on tick-borne illness, diagnostics are inadequate, and there are no career tracks in the field other than a few courageous pioneers. Biotech is largely on the sidelines. Yet millions of people are being disabled. Perhaps this book will help stir some action. After all, we all are just one bite away from a nightmare illness.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Nancy Dougherty, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0544114515/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0544114515&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=4f6ff933051d07a5d66bb8d7906db1a2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“How Dogs Love Us: A Neuroscientist and His Adopted Dog Decode the Canine Brain”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Gregory Berns\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFabulous book for anyone interested in the realities of research. Getting MRI data on dogs to confirm the similarities in where dogs and human brains respond to stimuli sounds like a good idea. Getting permission to get the dogs into the places where there are MRIs, getting the dogs used to the MRI, selecting real-life animals, and the implications for the experimental conclusions is very different from what usually shows up in methods and results.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Joanna Haas, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0316418080/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316418080&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ab87c536d62f16a84be8997dbe897c72\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Perfect Predator: A Scientist’s Race to Save Her Husband from a Deadly Superbug”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Steffanie Strathdee and Thomas Patterson\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>Riveting account of a scientist trying to save her husband through a combination of sheer will, determination, and cutting-edge science. It’s an amazing blend of mystery, thriller, and microbiology.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Mallory Johnson, Berkeley, Calif.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0671510576/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0671510576&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=cb77504e40e1a9467241ae7547ca194a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Billion Dollar Molecule: One Company’s Quest for the Perfect Drug”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Barry Werth\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Billion Dollar Molecule” is a thrilling story about the development of a now powerful pharmaceutical company, its revolutionary approach in structure-based drug development, and how closely it came to failing along the way. At a time when people doubt the justifications of pricing for pharmaceutical drugs, peeking at the risks involved in development and the arduous journeys of the scientists involved through this story could add nuance to the conversation.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eric Kishel, Buffalo, N.Y.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0190916834/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0190916834&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=4c465b27e88b48c0879f78555b17f6ef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Well: What We Need to Talk About When We Talk About Health”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Sandro Galea\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Well” moves beyond talk of health disparities as simply numbers and statistics, dissecting the factors that influence health and well-being. This is an excellent read for health professionals or anyone interested in better understanding all the variables that impact our decisions and behaviors, like power, politics, and luck.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jamie Klufts, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0312430000/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0312430000&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=35421e550159f565498198501246b2c1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Atul Gawande\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nYears after reading it, the message and themes of this book still resonate with me. One for everyone involved in health.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eliza Metcalfe, Melbourne, Australia \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/154164414X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=154164414X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=9df8ac5f5bb7af175e206e2ce490fcfb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Rigor Mortis: How Sloppy Science Creates Worthless Cures, Crushes Hope, and Wastes Billions”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Richard Harris\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Rigor Mortis” delves into data reproducibility and scientific rigor in biomedical research. Using deft anecdotes and commentary, Harris explores how sociocultural forces and perverse incentives in funding mechanisms can conspire to create a dirge of confidence in the research process. Anyone interested in learning about how flawed science undermines medicine should pick up this book for a relatively quick and incisive read.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Kyle Penrod, Providence, R.I.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0316051632/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316051632&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=102a5090c27ba3b32e74ee3014fa30fc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Sam Kean\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis book is an entertaining and amazing look at the history of the periodic table and the discovery of the elements. Kean writes in a narrative fashion that gripped me from the very first page. This book is a must for lovers of science, history, and science history.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Katie Reeves, Augusta, Ga.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>STAT Reporters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1608192075/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1608192075&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7aa079684701270fecebca869fe0c79e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Methland: The Death and Life of an American Small Town”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Nick Reding\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe 2016 election sparked a national obsession with reporting from “flyover country” — a hasty attempt from the national media to remember the forgotten swathes of land between the coasts. But some of the resulting coverage was so full of caricatures it seemed like just another version of flying over. Stumbling across “Methland” in the public library provided a strong antidote to those datelines without depth. Nick Reding’s portraits of small-town Iowans who are cooking, using, or working against meth are so deeply reported that you feel as if you’ve met these people in the flesh. The details are striking — kids mixing “crank” in soda bottles as they tootle around on their bikes, a dealer investing in car selling and horse racing as fronts for her drug empire — but the book also has an impressive sweep: It chronicles rural economies overtaken by agricultural behemoths, towns left behind by everyone with the means to leave, and public health and existential crises ensnaring the people who remain.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eric Boodman, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1568585810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1568585810&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=c7392af7e5427afc8fbd10e2f028fc99\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Ask Me About My Uterus: A Quest to Make Doctors Believe in Women’s Pain”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Abby Norman\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nAny woman whose pain has been dismissed as being “part of what it means to be a woman” will highly relate to this book. “Ask Me About My Uterus” is the story of Abby Norman, whose long and frustrating journey of finding out what was causing her excruciating pain, unexplainable weight loss, and a host of other symptoms meant she had to drop out of college her freshman year. Norman describes how relationships and hobbies all fell by the wayside as the constant pain kept her at home. Only after she got a job at a hospital and spent hours educating herself did Norman finally get a diagnosis of endometriosis. The book weaves together Norman’s own story as well as research and evidence to indicate how medicine continues to ignore women’s pain. I learned a lot of things, but how to be more assertive when I visit with a physician is at the top of the list!\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Shraddha Chakradhar, reporter and Morning Rounds writer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07DP6MSJG/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B07DP6MSJG&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=169853d1a860b739e89a5805d07eee17\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Good to Go: What the Athlete in All of us Can Learn From the Strange Science of Recovery”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Christie Aschwanden\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nLike many who live life with a daily dose of sweat, I’m always on the lookout for the best ways to recover from exercise and get myself back out the door. In her new book, science journalist and athlete Christie Aschwanden deftly unravels the complex web of science, pseudoscience, and downright bogus claims in the world of exercise recovery. She takes the reader into infrared saunas, ice baths, and float spas and tests techniques I’d never heard of (meditation headbands are a thing?) meant to help athletes bounce back from their hard efforts.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Brittany Flaherty, news intern\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812997417/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812997417&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=3df4e39b8793e8725667e7c8b16161f3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Lake Success”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Gary Shteyngart\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Lake Success” is the story of Barry Cohen, a superlatively successful hedge fund manager whose enviable Manhattan life comes hideously unglued after he makes an ill-advised bet on what is clearly a stand-in for Valeant Pharmaceuticals. What ensues is a never sanguine, always empathetic, reliably funny portrait of a fabulously wealthy person who seems to have forgotten the concept of failure. It’s also a fascinating character study for those of us biotech schnooks who looked at alleged insider traders like Mathew Martoma and wondered how on earth they thought they’d get away with it all. Plus there’s fancy watches, generational angst, and a meditation on the creeping financialization of everything that promises to bring about a new Gilded Age. You know, beach stuff.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Damian Garde, national biotech reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1524732710/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1524732710&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=f0f49695f97eea1f87af0be2c561a5fe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Inheritance: A Memoir of Genealogy, Paternity, and Love”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Dani Shapiro\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWherever she speaks during her book tour for “Inheritance,” memoirist Dani Shapiro is approached by people who, like her, discovered through a DNA spit test that their biological father is not who they thought he was, and that their family history is a lot more twisted than they realized. Indeed, when I heard her in Boston, a man stood up during the Q&A and announced he’d learned he was the product of a sperm donor who turned out to be a fertility doctor who’d fathered dozens of children. Shapiro’s book is a very personal story, but clearly one that resonates broadly in our DNA-obsessed age.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Gideon Gil, managing editor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1501168681/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1501168681&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=22c75b403593e8a3a77e635029a3d63f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought The American Ideal West”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By David McCullough\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nA great way to gain perspective on the impact of modern medicine is to consider life before it arrived. McCullough’s account of the pioneers who settled America’s Northwest Territory — an area that includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin — offers a window into the ruggedness required of both doctors and patients who stared down deadly illnesses in the unbroken wilderness with few defenses. Episodic disease outbreaks swept across the frontier like wildfire, often decimating settlements and taking the lives of multiple children in the same family. As a father living in present-day Ohio, it is hard to imagine the panic this must have instilled, and the resolve required to push forward despite the heart-wrenching costs. But this book has given me fresh insight and a few reasons to reconsider my own grievances in the relative utopia we’ve carved out of the Wild West.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Casey Ross, national technology correspondent\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812982525/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812982525&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ca6e6c07db5238906a40e5ea31a25d71\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Patient H.M.: A Story of Memory, Madness, and Family Secrets”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Luke Dittrich\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe book weaves the neuroscience legend of Henry Molaison with author Luke Dittrich’s own family dramas. After Dittrich’s grandfather operated on Molaison’s brain in an effort to treat his debilitating epilepsy, he wasn’t able to form any short-term memories. For decades after the surgery, researchers worked with Molaison to better understand how human memory works. Patient H.M.’s story is interesting enough. But when the story is mentioned, the surgeon is usually a minor player. This time, Dittrich brings his grandfather to life — and uses his family’s own history to explore some of the darker chapters in neuroscience history.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Kate Sheridan, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0525552960/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0525552960&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=0abcda54b107dd77066adae0db4d637f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Darius The Great is Not Okay”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Adib Khorram\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nAdib Khorram’s debut novel is about many things: identity, immigration, family, friendship. It’s also about living with clinical depression as a teen, and being a teen with a parent who has depression. Khorram is able to give readers a window into living with mental illness without making it the sole focus of the characters or their stories. And while it’s technically a young adult book, I’d recommend it to adults of all ages.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Megan Thielking, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/05/01/from-protegee-to-whistleblower-a-former-theranos-scientist-says-elizabeth-holmes-should-come-forward-and-apologize/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he first day of summer has arrived, and so has STAT’s annual book list of great reads in health, science, and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read on for recommendations from CRISPR pioneer Jennifer Doudna and CDC Director Robert Redfield. Plus, STAT readers from Boston to Ireland to Australia share their picks, in addition to our staff. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Notable Figures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0805071806/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0805071806&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7bf123ab6184f5cac33d58beddbb56f6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Scientific Conversations: Interviews on Science from The New York Times”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Claudia Dreifus\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis is an awesome collection of 38 interviews, published originally in the Science Times section of the New York Times, that captures the wonder and excitement of scientific discovery. As an outstanding journalist and a relative outsider to science, Dreifus elicits from her subjects the passion, frustration, inspiration and, ultimately, the joy of doing science. Her writing reminds me of the work of John McPhee: deep and expansive with a sense of fun. A great read!\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jennifer Doudna, professor and HHMI Investigator, UC Berkeley; director, Innovative Genomics Institute of UC Berkeley/UCSF/Gladstone Institutes\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/006122796X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=006122796X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7cfcc6b0801cc1e4c567331d7f105411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Vaccinated: One Man’s Quest to Defeat the World’s Deadliest Diseases”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Paul A. Offit\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nPhysicians, parents, and public health professionals seeking credible, timely information about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines will find those answers in Dr. Offit’s “Vaccinated.” He writes a compelling narrative, sharing the underlying science and historical context behind the vaccine regimen recommended today. This fact-based retrospective dispels myths and underscores the importance of immunization for children and adults alike. Readers will have a better understanding of the science-based reasoning to embrace vaccination for themselves, their families, and their communities.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Robert R. Redfield, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0520229134/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0520229134&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=f6872536969b6885c29cba642778c5ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Paul Farmer\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis book highlights so well the very inception of the Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute itself and our mission to develop treatments and preventive agents for diseases burdening the world’s poorest people. Tenderly, Farmer tells the stories of those who suffer, offering their complex circumstances in the face of overwhelming data. The Partners in Health co-founder challenges those determined to care for the most vulnerable to challenge the status quo. Although written 20 years ago, the stories ring truer than ever. Inequities in health have only become magnified and are now manifest in our own backyard. Although sobering, it is also inspiring and may make the reader leap to other resources such as “The Age of Living Machines” by Susan Hockfield, who posits that convergence across scientific disciplines led to the current technological capabilities. Can these not be leveraged with know-how and fortitude to meaningfully address inequities in health?\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Penny Heaton, CEO of the Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1845291557/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1845291557&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=424b9e11f98c4fb76b3a018ce157005a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“A Brief History of Medicine: from Hippocrates to Gene Therapy”\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cem>By Paul Strathern\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>Among the many histories of medicine, Paul Strathern’s narrative stands out for its lively prose and colorful portraits of figures who broke with dogma and proved new paradigms. Even the expert reader will find much that is novel and nuanced, not only in stories about prominent characters like Galen and Harvey, but less well known individuals like the Venerable Bede, an English monk who revived Greek and Roman knowledge during the Dark Ages, and Al-Razi, an Islamic scholar who challenged Aristotle’s prevailing notions with experimental data and showed that pediatric disorders need not be viewed as untreatable and hopeless. Each chapter offers a rich tableau depicting advances in medical thinking based on astute observation and rigorous induction. Strathern brilliantly succeeds in both educating and entertaining his reader, a perfect blend for a summer treat.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Jerome Groopman, New Yorker staff writer and author; Recanati Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0345804570/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0345804570&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=137ae7f66e5eee834172c881aa8f1b7a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin’s Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World—and Us”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Richard Prum\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWhether you agree with Prum or not, his case for renewed attention to Darwin’s theory of sexual selection — that considerations of beauty, and not just functional adaptation, shape evolution — is eye-opening. The book also reminds us that politics (in this case, 19th-century disapproval of Darwin’s views on female mate choice) can influence what we are taught about science. Even if you are skeptical, Prum will make you think twice about the natural world, and will definitely change how you look at ducks.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Ron Klain, President Obama’s Ebola czar during the West African outbreak\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0062338781/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0062338781&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=a08377a6dbaebf506ffcb6efb996c457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Bottle of Lies: The Inside Story of the Generic Drug Boom”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Katherine Eban\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>In her fierce and fearless book, “Bottle of Lies,” the investigative journalist Katherine Eban takes us on a journey through the loosely regulated and often corrupt manufacture of generic drugs. Weaving together the story of a terrified but determined whistleblower from India, shady drug producers from China, and a notably timid FDA, Eban’s compelling book should serve as cautionary tale and a wake-up call for consumers, manufacturers, and physicians — “should” being the operative word.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Deborah Blum, author of “The Poison Squad: One Chemist’s Single-Minded Crusade for Food Safety at the Turn of the Twentieth Century” and director of the Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>STAT Readers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0735224153/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0735224153&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=e88ba9aa97ec231e13dcca5e20cbc7bf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Michael Pollan\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWith cannabis medicine now getting the attention it deserves, Michael Pollan has done a tremendous job at digging into the history of psychedelic use, both recreationally and in therapy, together with his own observations as a new psychedelic experimenter at the age of 60. All in all, a comprehensive history of the topic, together with interviews from key psychedelic researchers, and a call for serious researchers to think twice about hasty judgments surrounding this interesting compound.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jon Calder, Belfast, Northern Ireland\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/006289627X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=006289627X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ea6fc765acd3cc5ad1ccd85342cb04ae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Bitten: The Secret History of Lyme Disease and Biological Weapons”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Kris Newby\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Bitten” is a riveting narrative that digs into the origins of the Lyme disease epidemic. It connects many dots with compelling evidence and page-turning storytelling that point to the likelihood that a bio-weaponized tick program gone awry could have contributed to the more virulent forms of tick-borne illnesses that have been wreaking havoc on unwitting people for the past five decades. Doctors are not well-trained on tick-borne illness, diagnostics are inadequate, and there are no career tracks in the field other than a few courageous pioneers. Biotech is largely on the sidelines. Yet millions of people are being disabled. Perhaps this book will help stir some action. After all, we all are just one bite away from a nightmare illness.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Nancy Dougherty, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0544114515/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0544114515&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=4f6ff933051d07a5d66bb8d7906db1a2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“How Dogs Love Us: A Neuroscientist and His Adopted Dog Decode the Canine Brain”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Gregory Berns\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFabulous book for anyone interested in the realities of research. Getting MRI data on dogs to confirm the similarities in where dogs and human brains respond to stimuli sounds like a good idea. Getting permission to get the dogs into the places where there are MRIs, getting the dogs used to the MRI, selecting real-life animals, and the implications for the experimental conclusions is very different from what usually shows up in methods and results.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Joanna Haas, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0316418080/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316418080&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ab87c536d62f16a84be8997dbe897c72\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Perfect Predator: A Scientist’s Race to Save Her Husband from a Deadly Superbug”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Steffanie Strathdee and Thomas Patterson\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>Riveting account of a scientist trying to save her husband through a combination of sheer will, determination, and cutting-edge science. It’s an amazing blend of mystery, thriller, and microbiology.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Mallory Johnson, Berkeley, Calif.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0671510576/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0671510576&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=cb77504e40e1a9467241ae7547ca194a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Billion Dollar Molecule: One Company’s Quest for the Perfect Drug”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Barry Werth\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Billion Dollar Molecule” is a thrilling story about the development of a now powerful pharmaceutical company, its revolutionary approach in structure-based drug development, and how closely it came to failing along the way. At a time when people doubt the justifications of pricing for pharmaceutical drugs, peeking at the risks involved in development and the arduous journeys of the scientists involved through this story could add nuance to the conversation.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eric Kishel, Buffalo, N.Y.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0190916834/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0190916834&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=4c465b27e88b48c0879f78555b17f6ef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Well: What We Need to Talk About When We Talk About Health”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Sandro Galea\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Well” moves beyond talk of health disparities as simply numbers and statistics, dissecting the factors that influence health and well-being. This is an excellent read for health professionals or anyone interested in better understanding all the variables that impact our decisions and behaviors, like power, politics, and luck.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jamie Klufts, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0312430000/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0312430000&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=35421e550159f565498198501246b2c1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Atul Gawande\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nYears after reading it, the message and themes of this book still resonate with me. One for everyone involved in health.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eliza Metcalfe, Melbourne, Australia \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/154164414X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=154164414X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=9df8ac5f5bb7af175e206e2ce490fcfb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Rigor Mortis: How Sloppy Science Creates Worthless Cures, Crushes Hope, and Wastes Billions”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Richard Harris\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Rigor Mortis” delves into data reproducibility and scientific rigor in biomedical research. Using deft anecdotes and commentary, Harris explores how sociocultural forces and perverse incentives in funding mechanisms can conspire to create a dirge of confidence in the research process. Anyone interested in learning about how flawed science undermines medicine should pick up this book for a relatively quick and incisive read.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Kyle Penrod, Providence, R.I.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0316051632/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316051632&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=102a5090c27ba3b32e74ee3014fa30fc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Sam Kean\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis book is an entertaining and amazing look at the history of the periodic table and the discovery of the elements. Kean writes in a narrative fashion that gripped me from the very first page. This book is a must for lovers of science, history, and science history.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Katie Reeves, Augusta, Ga.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>STAT Reporters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1608192075/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1608192075&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7aa079684701270fecebca869fe0c79e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Methland: The Death and Life of an American Small Town”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Nick Reding\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe 2016 election sparked a national obsession with reporting from “flyover country” — a hasty attempt from the national media to remember the forgotten swathes of land between the coasts. But some of the resulting coverage was so full of caricatures it seemed like just another version of flying over. Stumbling across “Methland” in the public library provided a strong antidote to those datelines without depth. Nick Reding’s portraits of small-town Iowans who are cooking, using, or working against meth are so deeply reported that you feel as if you’ve met these people in the flesh. The details are striking — kids mixing “crank” in soda bottles as they tootle around on their bikes, a dealer investing in car selling and horse racing as fronts for her drug empire — but the book also has an impressive sweep: It chronicles rural economies overtaken by agricultural behemoths, towns left behind by everyone with the means to leave, and public health and existential crises ensnaring the people who remain.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eric Boodman, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1568585810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1568585810&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=c7392af7e5427afc8fbd10e2f028fc99\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Ask Me About My Uterus: A Quest to Make Doctors Believe in Women’s Pain”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Abby Norman\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nAny woman whose pain has been dismissed as being “part of what it means to be a woman” will highly relate to this book. “Ask Me About My Uterus” is the story of Abby Norman, whose long and frustrating journey of finding out what was causing her excruciating pain, unexplainable weight loss, and a host of other symptoms meant she had to drop out of college her freshman year. Norman describes how relationships and hobbies all fell by the wayside as the constant pain kept her at home. Only after she got a job at a hospital and spent hours educating herself did Norman finally get a diagnosis of endometriosis. The book weaves together Norman’s own story as well as research and evidence to indicate how medicine continues to ignore women’s pain. I learned a lot of things, but how to be more assertive when I visit with a physician is at the top of the list!\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Shraddha Chakradhar, reporter and Morning Rounds writer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07DP6MSJG/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B07DP6MSJG&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=169853d1a860b739e89a5805d07eee17\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Good to Go: What the Athlete in All of us Can Learn From the Strange Science of Recovery”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Christie Aschwanden\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nLike many who live life with a daily dose of sweat, I’m always on the lookout for the best ways to recover from exercise and get myself back out the door. In her new book, science journalist and athlete Christie Aschwanden deftly unravels the complex web of science, pseudoscience, and downright bogus claims in the world of exercise recovery. She takes the reader into infrared saunas, ice baths, and float spas and tests techniques I’d never heard of (meditation headbands are a thing?) meant to help athletes bounce back from their hard efforts.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Brittany Flaherty, news intern\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812997417/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812997417&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=3df4e39b8793e8725667e7c8b16161f3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Lake Success”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Gary Shteyngart\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Lake Success” is the story of Barry Cohen, a superlatively successful hedge fund manager whose enviable Manhattan life comes hideously unglued after he makes an ill-advised bet on what is clearly a stand-in for Valeant Pharmaceuticals. What ensues is a never sanguine, always empathetic, reliably funny portrait of a fabulously wealthy person who seems to have forgotten the concept of failure. It’s also a fascinating character study for those of us biotech schnooks who looked at alleged insider traders like Mathew Martoma and wondered how on earth they thought they’d get away with it all. Plus there’s fancy watches, generational angst, and a meditation on the creeping financialization of everything that promises to bring about a new Gilded Age. You know, beach stuff.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Damian Garde, national biotech reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1524732710/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1524732710&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=f0f49695f97eea1f87af0be2c561a5fe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Inheritance: A Memoir of Genealogy, Paternity, and Love”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Dani Shapiro\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWherever she speaks during her book tour for “Inheritance,” memoirist Dani Shapiro is approached by people who, like her, discovered through a DNA spit test that their biological father is not who they thought he was, and that their family history is a lot more twisted than they realized. Indeed, when I heard her in Boston, a man stood up during the Q&A and announced he’d learned he was the product of a sperm donor who turned out to be a fertility doctor who’d fathered dozens of children. Shapiro’s book is a very personal story, but clearly one that resonates broadly in our DNA-obsessed age.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Gideon Gil, managing editor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1501168681/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1501168681&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=22c75b403593e8a3a77e635029a3d63f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought The American Ideal West”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By David McCullough\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nA great way to gain perspective on the impact of modern medicine is to consider life before it arrived. McCullough’s account of the pioneers who settled America’s Northwest Territory — an area that includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin — offers a window into the ruggedness required of both doctors and patients who stared down deadly illnesses in the unbroken wilderness with few defenses. Episodic disease outbreaks swept across the frontier like wildfire, often decimating settlements and taking the lives of multiple children in the same family. As a father living in present-day Ohio, it is hard to imagine the panic this must have instilled, and the resolve required to push forward despite the heart-wrenching costs. But this book has given me fresh insight and a few reasons to reconsider my own grievances in the relative utopia we’ve carved out of the Wild West.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Casey Ross, national technology correspondent\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812982525/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812982525&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ca6e6c07db5238906a40e5ea31a25d71\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Patient H.M.: A Story of Memory, Madness, and Family Secrets”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Luke Dittrich\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe book weaves the neuroscience legend of Henry Molaison with author Luke Dittrich’s own family dramas. After Dittrich’s grandfather operated on Molaison’s brain in an effort to treat his debilitating epilepsy, he wasn’t able to form any short-term memories. For decades after the surgery, researchers worked with Molaison to better understand how human memory works. Patient H.M.’s story is interesting enough. But when the story is mentioned, the surgeon is usually a minor player. This time, Dittrich brings his grandfather to life — and uses his family’s own history to explore some of the darker chapters in neuroscience history.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Kate Sheridan, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0525552960/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0525552960&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=0abcda54b107dd77066adae0db4d637f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Darius The Great is Not Okay”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Adib Khorram\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nAdib Khorram’s debut novel is about many things: identity, immigration, family, friendship. It’s also about living with clinical depression as a teen, and being a teen with a parent who has depression. Khorram is able to give readers a window into living with mental illness without making it the sole focus of the characters or their stories. And while it’s technically a young adult book, I’d recommend it to adults of all ages.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Megan Thielking, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/05/01/from-protegee-to-whistleblower-a-former-theranos-scientist-says-elizabeth-holmes-should-come-forward-and-apologize/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Rare, Little Understood Whale Stranded Near Santa Cruz",
"headTitle": "Rare, Little Understood Whale Stranded Near Santa Cruz | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On the afternoon of May 31, UC Santa Cruz physiological ecologist Robin Dunkin got a call about a whale stranded out at Scott Creek Beach, near Davenport. She and a number of colleagues from the Marine Mammal Stranding Network drove straight to the beach. To their surprise, the mammal in question was a Hubbs’ beaked whale (\u003ci>Mesoplodon carlhubbsi\u003c/i>), a very rare and poorly understood marine mammal species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got out to the beach. The animal was rolling in the surf, but it was clearly still alive,” said Dunkin, who directs\u003ca href=\"https://lmlstrandingnetwork.ucsc.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the UC Santa Cruz Long Marine Lab Marine Mammal Stranding Network\u003c/a>. The team also included UCSC campus veterinarian David Casper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and volunteers were able to get a rope around the animal’s fluke, and as the tide came in, they were able to pull the 8.75-foot-long, 500-pound whale onto the sand. They sat back in awe. “There was concern for the animal,” said Dunkin, but “there was also the feeling of adrenaline when you are dealing with something that is so big and rare, and you are trying to give the animal the best care possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943930\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1943930\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/whale-in-surf-410-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"410\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/whale-in-surf-410-1.jpg 410w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/whale-in-surf-410-1-160x112.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hubbs’ beaked whale first appeared on Scott Creek Beach near Davenport on May 31, 2019. \u003ccite>(Dorris Welch/Courtesy Long Marine Laboratory )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once it was on the sand, Casper assessed the animal and took its vitals. The whale appeared to have an injured snout; its lower and upper jawbones were broken, which would prevent it from feeding. Casper called a team of experts at the Marine Mammal Center to see if it was a candidate for rehabilitation. But there was no way to care for the whale in an existing rehab center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This animal is a deep-water species and had a massive traumatic injury. It would have been inhumane to try and rehabilitate it,” said Dunkin. The whale had to be euthanized on the beach and was transported to Long Marine Lab in a van.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Necropsy Results \u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was to understand why the whale had died, if possible. At the lab, Dunkin and Melissa Miller, a veterinary pathologist at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, performed a necropsy, collecting hundreds of tissue samples to be shared with researchers around the world. The whale’s brain was sent to a neurology lab in New York to better understand how sonar’s disruptive signals harm whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The post-mortem revealed traumatic injuries to the beak or snout of the whale, also known as the rostrum, which had subsequently become infected. The scientists thought the whale had most likely become injured in the course of interacting with other animals or when hunting. Beaked whales are pelagic species that hunt deep in the ocean where there is no light, relying on sonar. This particular whale might have crashed into a rock when chasing prey, Dunkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Elusive, Deep-Diving Whale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how rare this species is, scientists were working to verify that they had identified it correctly. In fact, they initially misidentified it. “We looked at an identification key — it did not fit the profiles of any of the whales we have ever had,” said Dunkin. “But it did fit the morphological features of a Perrin’s beaked whale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943934\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943934\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-800x1645.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1645\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-800x1645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-160x329.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-768x1579.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-584x1200.jpg 584w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484.jpg 996w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The juvenile Hubbs’ whale was initially mistaken for a Perrin’s beaked whale. \u003ccite>(Dorris Welch/Courtesy of Long Marine Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dunkin sent DNA samples to the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center for genetic confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, surprise surprise — the genetics came back and told us that the whale is actually a Hubbs’ beaked whale,” said Dunkin. She explained that the morphology (physical features) of a juvenile Hubbs’ whale looks just like a Perrin’s beaked whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beaked whale’s skeleton will be going to the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, beaked whales spend about 98% of their time deep below the ocean’s surface, and because of their elusive habits, they seldom come into contact with humans. “There are lots of mysteries still out there, and what’s rare is getting the chance to be able to look one of these very mysterious animals in the eye and really learn something about it,” Dunkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beaked whales are the deepest-diving cetaceans, regularly descending to depths lower than 3,300 feet. They are suction feeders: By opening their mouths very quickly, they create a vacuum where water rushes in, pulling in prey like squid, Dunkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t know much about Hubbs’ beaked whales. Fewer than 60 specimens have come to scientists’ attention after the first ones started washing up on beaches in 1944, and only one was spotted alive in its Pacific Ocean habitat. The Hubbs’ beaked whale gained status as a new species in 1963. Past specimens have been stranded along the West Coast and Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Tough Summer\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s already been a tough summer for whale strandings. So far, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11751555/feds-plan-to-investigate-spike-in-gray-whale-deaths-on-west-coast-as-unusual-mortality-event\">70 whales\u003c/a> have washed up on California beaches, for a variety of reasons. So it’s been a busy time for the Long Marine Lab Marine Mammal Stranding Network, one of several organizations that operates year-round to respond to live and dead marine mammals that wash up on shore. Others include the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories and the Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito.\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>If you see a sick, injured, stranded or dead marine mammal or sea turtle call\u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/report\"> your local stranding network\u003c/a>. You can also use the Dolphin and Whale 911 app to report a stranded marine mammal. The app is available for \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gov.noaa.nmfs.sero.dolphinwhale911&hl=en\">Android devices\u003c/a> as well as\u003ca href=\"https://apps.apple.com/us/app/dolphin-whale-911/id698859376\"> iOS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "We're still learning about the mysterious Hubbs' beaked whale, and scientists were surprised to find one on a Bay Area beach. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On the afternoon of May 31, UC Santa Cruz physiological ecologist Robin Dunkin got a call about a whale stranded out at Scott Creek Beach, near Davenport. She and a number of colleagues from the Marine Mammal Stranding Network drove straight to the beach. To their surprise, the mammal in question was a Hubbs’ beaked whale (\u003ci>Mesoplodon carlhubbsi\u003c/i>), a very rare and poorly understood marine mammal species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got out to the beach. The animal was rolling in the surf, but it was clearly still alive,” said Dunkin, who directs\u003ca href=\"https://lmlstrandingnetwork.ucsc.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the UC Santa Cruz Long Marine Lab Marine Mammal Stranding Network\u003c/a>. The team also included UCSC campus veterinarian David Casper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and volunteers were able to get a rope around the animal’s fluke, and as the tide came in, they were able to pull the 8.75-foot-long, 500-pound whale onto the sand. They sat back in awe. “There was concern for the animal,” said Dunkin, but “there was also the feeling of adrenaline when you are dealing with something that is so big and rare, and you are trying to give the animal the best care possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943930\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1943930\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/whale-in-surf-410-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"410\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/whale-in-surf-410-1.jpg 410w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/whale-in-surf-410-1-160x112.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hubbs’ beaked whale first appeared on Scott Creek Beach near Davenport on May 31, 2019. \u003ccite>(Dorris Welch/Courtesy Long Marine Laboratory )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once it was on the sand, Casper assessed the animal and took its vitals. The whale appeared to have an injured snout; its lower and upper jawbones were broken, which would prevent it from feeding. Casper called a team of experts at the Marine Mammal Center to see if it was a candidate for rehabilitation. But there was no way to care for the whale in an existing rehab center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This animal is a deep-water species and had a massive traumatic injury. It would have been inhumane to try and rehabilitate it,” said Dunkin. The whale had to be euthanized on the beach and was transported to Long Marine Lab in a van.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Necropsy Results \u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was to understand why the whale had died, if possible. At the lab, Dunkin and Melissa Miller, a veterinary pathologist at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, performed a necropsy, collecting hundreds of tissue samples to be shared with researchers around the world. The whale’s brain was sent to a neurology lab in New York to better understand how sonar’s disruptive signals harm whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The post-mortem revealed traumatic injuries to the beak or snout of the whale, also known as the rostrum, which had subsequently become infected. The scientists thought the whale had most likely become injured in the course of interacting with other animals or when hunting. Beaked whales are pelagic species that hunt deep in the ocean where there is no light, relying on sonar. This particular whale might have crashed into a rock when chasing prey, Dunkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Elusive, Deep-Diving Whale\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how rare this species is, scientists were working to verify that they had identified it correctly. In fact, they initially misidentified it. “We looked at an identification key — it did not fit the profiles of any of the whales we have ever had,” said Dunkin. “But it did fit the morphological features of a Perrin’s beaked whale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1943934\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1943934\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-800x1645.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1645\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-800x1645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-160x329.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-768x1579.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484-584x1200.jpg 584w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/06/Whale_Sand-e1561488317484.jpg 996w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The juvenile Hubbs’ whale was initially mistaken for a Perrin’s beaked whale. \u003ccite>(Dorris Welch/Courtesy of Long Marine Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dunkin sent DNA samples to the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center for genetic confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, surprise surprise — the genetics came back and told us that the whale is actually a Hubbs’ beaked whale,” said Dunkin. She explained that the morphology (physical features) of a juvenile Hubbs’ whale looks just like a Perrin’s beaked whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beaked whale’s skeleton will be going to the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, beaked whales spend about 98% of their time deep below the ocean’s surface, and because of their elusive habits, they seldom come into contact with humans. “There are lots of mysteries still out there, and what’s rare is getting the chance to be able to look one of these very mysterious animals in the eye and really learn something about it,” Dunkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beaked whales are the deepest-diving cetaceans, regularly descending to depths lower than 3,300 feet. They are suction feeders: By opening their mouths very quickly, they create a vacuum where water rushes in, pulling in prey like squid, Dunkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t know much about Hubbs’ beaked whales. Fewer than 60 specimens have come to scientists’ attention after the first ones started washing up on beaches in 1944, and only one was spotted alive in its Pacific Ocean habitat. The Hubbs’ beaked whale gained status as a new species in 1963. Past specimens have been stranded along the West Coast and Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Tough Summer\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s already been a tough summer for whale strandings. So far, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11751555/feds-plan-to-investigate-spike-in-gray-whale-deaths-on-west-coast-as-unusual-mortality-event\">70 whales\u003c/a> have washed up on California beaches, for a variety of reasons. So it’s been a busy time for the Long Marine Lab Marine Mammal Stranding Network, one of several organizations that operates year-round to respond to live and dead marine mammals that wash up on shore. Others include the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories and the Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito.\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>If you see a sick, injured, stranded or dead marine mammal or sea turtle call\u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/report\"> your local stranding network\u003c/a>. You can also use the Dolphin and Whale 911 app to report a stranded marine mammal. The app is available for \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gov.noaa.nmfs.sero.dolphinwhale911&hl=en\">Android devices\u003c/a> as well as\u003ca href=\"https://apps.apple.com/us/app/dolphin-whale-911/id698859376\"> iOS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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