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"content": "\u003cp>Removing a species of tiny shrimp may be the key to returning Lake Tahoe’s waters to the clear cerulean shade extolled in vacation guides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the latest State of the Lake \u003ca href=\"https://ucdavis.app.box.com/s/pldqpvx6a4sbidrtoru6cw55hffyepat/file/500238625979?sb=/details\">report\u003c/a> from UC Davis scientists, the approach could restore Tahoe to what Mark Twain called “the fairest picture the whole world affords.” Halfway through a two-year pilot project, the team is even hopeful that it will preserve the lake’s clarity in a warming climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers announced in May that clarity had improved “dramatically” in 2018 to 70.9 feet, a 10.5-feet increase over 2017, due to “better weather and streamflow conditions.” But the report notes this level “is still far short” of the 97.4-feet clarity-restoration target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beauty Meets Biology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shrimp, \u003cem>Mysis relicta\u003c/em>, haven’t always resided in Lake Tahoe. The invasive species was first introduced by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife in the 1960s in an effort to feed the local trout population, a move that quickly spiraled out of control. In the clear waters of Lake Tahoe, \u003cem>Mysis\u003c/em> flourished and ate most of the lake’s zooplankton, but the average trout size decreased. Billions of shrimp now live in the lake, but it wasn’t until recently that the scientists established the link between \u003cem>Mysis\u003c/em> and the lake’s cloudy waters in summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946067\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946067\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Mysis-Shrimp-Closeup-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Mysis-Shrimp-Closeup-.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Mysis-Shrimp-Closeup--160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Mysis shrimp is an invasive species, released by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife in the 1960s to feed the local trout population. \u003ccite>(UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They first had to think smaller — much smaller. \u003cem>Cyclotella\u003c/em> are drum-shaped single-celled algae, 20 times smaller than the width of a human hair, with opalescent glassy skeletons that scatter light. Due to their small size, \u003cem>Cyclotella\u003c/em> also float in the upper levels of the lake, reducing the sunlight that reaches organisms on the lake floor, clouding and reducing oxygen levels in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tahoe’s native zooplankton eat these diatoms and remove them from the water, excreting them in larger clumps. One year, when the shrimp, which feed on zooplankton, were absent from the lake during a natural fluctuation in population, the zooplankton populations expanded. The water’s clarity increased dramatically, nearly doubling in 18 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists wondered if they could engineer this clarity by removing the shrimp themselves. They tested the approach in Emerald Bay, a cove in the lake, by tracking the shrimp with sonar and removing them with large cone-shaped nets. The result? There’s still a year left in the pilot project, but waters are clearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clarity in a Changing Climate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new strategy might come just in time. According to the report, which surveys the general state of the lake every year, summer clarity has been declining in Lake Tahoe, and will continue to worsen as temperatures and waters warm, mixing and oxygenation decrease, and runoff from streams occurs earlier in the year. (The worst clarity on record occurred just \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925689/record-low-clarity-in-lake-tahoe-blamed-on-unusual-weather-events\">last year\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other parts of the Tahoe Basin are threatened by climate change, too. Last year’s surface water temperature was the second warmest since 1968, when scientists began taking regular measurements. Scientists project that air temperatures in the Tahoe Basin will rise by nine degrees by the end of the century, which would heighten wildfire risk and affect when fish spawn, among other changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But because removing \u003cem>Mysis\u003c/em> allows zooplankton to flourish, and zooplankton help remove \u003cem>Cyclotella\u003c/em> from lakewater, scientists think their approach may not only “restore clarity to levels not seen in decades,” as a Davis press release speculated, but might also be a long-term solution to the health of the lake as an ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although scaling up these efforts for the entire lake would be expensive, Brant Allen, who directed the Emerald Bay study for the Tahoe Environmental Research Center, said that they wouldn’t exceed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/local/cost-for-tahoe-clarity-could-be-2-billion/\">$2 billion\u003c/a> already spent on general restoration efforts in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Tahoe] is known for its water clarity, and it is spectacular,” says Allen. “Preserving that and trying to return it to what it was before we built up the Tahoe Basin seems like a worthy goal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Removing a species of tiny shrimp may be the key to returning Lake Tahoe’s waters to the clear cerulean shade extolled in vacation guides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the latest State of the Lake \u003ca href=\"https://ucdavis.app.box.com/s/pldqpvx6a4sbidrtoru6cw55hffyepat/file/500238625979?sb=/details\">report\u003c/a> from UC Davis scientists, the approach could restore Tahoe to what Mark Twain called “the fairest picture the whole world affords.” Halfway through a two-year pilot project, the team is even hopeful that it will preserve the lake’s clarity in a warming climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers announced in May that clarity had improved “dramatically” in 2018 to 70.9 feet, a 10.5-feet increase over 2017, due to “better weather and streamflow conditions.” But the report notes this level “is still far short” of the 97.4-feet clarity-restoration target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beauty Meets Biology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shrimp, \u003cem>Mysis relicta\u003c/em>, haven’t always resided in Lake Tahoe. The invasive species was first introduced by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife in the 1960s in an effort to feed the local trout population, a move that quickly spiraled out of control. In the clear waters of Lake Tahoe, \u003cem>Mysis\u003c/em> flourished and ate most of the lake’s zooplankton, but the average trout size decreased. Billions of shrimp now live in the lake, but it wasn’t until recently that the scientists established the link between \u003cem>Mysis\u003c/em> and the lake’s cloudy waters in summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946067\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946067\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Mysis-Shrimp-Closeup-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Mysis-Shrimp-Closeup-.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Mysis-Shrimp-Closeup--160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Mysis shrimp is an invasive species, released by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife in the 1960s to feed the local trout population. \u003ccite>(UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They first had to think smaller — much smaller. \u003cem>Cyclotella\u003c/em> are drum-shaped single-celled algae, 20 times smaller than the width of a human hair, with opalescent glassy skeletons that scatter light. Due to their small size, \u003cem>Cyclotella\u003c/em> also float in the upper levels of the lake, reducing the sunlight that reaches organisms on the lake floor, clouding and reducing oxygen levels in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tahoe’s native zooplankton eat these diatoms and remove them from the water, excreting them in larger clumps. One year, when the shrimp, which feed on zooplankton, were absent from the lake during a natural fluctuation in population, the zooplankton populations expanded. The water’s clarity increased dramatically, nearly doubling in 18 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists wondered if they could engineer this clarity by removing the shrimp themselves. They tested the approach in Emerald Bay, a cove in the lake, by tracking the shrimp with sonar and removing them with large cone-shaped nets. The result? There’s still a year left in the pilot project, but waters are clearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clarity in a Changing Climate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new strategy might come just in time. According to the report, which surveys the general state of the lake every year, summer clarity has been declining in Lake Tahoe, and will continue to worsen as temperatures and waters warm, mixing and oxygenation decrease, and runoff from streams occurs earlier in the year. (The worst clarity on record occurred just \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925689/record-low-clarity-in-lake-tahoe-blamed-on-unusual-weather-events\">last year\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other parts of the Tahoe Basin are threatened by climate change, too. Last year’s surface water temperature was the second warmest since 1968, when scientists began taking regular measurements. Scientists project that air temperatures in the Tahoe Basin will rise by nine degrees by the end of the century, which would heighten wildfire risk and affect when fish spawn, among other changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But because removing \u003cem>Mysis\u003c/em> allows zooplankton to flourish, and zooplankton help remove \u003cem>Cyclotella\u003c/em> from lakewater, scientists think their approach may not only “restore clarity to levels not seen in decades,” as a Davis press release speculated, but might also be a long-term solution to the health of the lake as an ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although scaling up these efforts for the entire lake would be expensive, Brant Allen, who directed the Emerald Bay study for the Tahoe Environmental Research Center, said that they wouldn’t exceed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/local/cost-for-tahoe-clarity-could-be-2-billion/\">$2 billion\u003c/a> already spent on general restoration efforts in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Tahoe] is known for its water clarity, and it is spectacular,” says Allen. “Preserving that and trying to return it to what it was before we built up the Tahoe Basin seems like a worthy goal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Environmental Group Says Stop Killing Beavers, Trump Administration Says OK",
"headTitle": "Environmental Group Says Stop Killing Beavers, Trump Administration Says OK | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration has feuded with California over the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11732523/trump-administrations-bid-to-scuttle-californias-sanctuary-laws-falls-flat-in-court\">sanctuary laws\u003c/a>, its stricter standards on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1945609/california-and-carmakers-reach-clean-vehicle-agreement-rebuking-trump-administration\">tailpipe emissions\u003c/a>, and the president’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-california-lawsuit-trump-national-emergency-20190215-story.html\">declaration\u003c/a> of a national emergency at the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But apparently there’s one dispute, involving a certain fur-bearing mammal, that the federal government apparently wants no part of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Threatened with legal action by an environmental group, the Wildlife Services section of the U.S. Department of Agriculture \u003ca href=\"https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press-releases/legal-action-forces-trump-administration-curb-killing-california-beavers-2019-07-30/\">has agreed\u003c/a> to stop killing beavers, at least temporarily, in more than 11,000 miles of river throughout California. The group, the Center for Biological Diversity, said the eradication of the beavers was putting the government out of compliance with the federal Endangered Species Act because their removal is harming other animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945935\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945935\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Beavers-in-California-800x1035.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Beavers-in-California-800x1035.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Beavers-in-California-160x207.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Beavers-in-California-768x994.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Beavers-in-California.png 816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife Services has agreed to stop killing beavers and removing their dams from all areas highlighted with purple, red, green, and brown lines. \u003ccite>(Center for Biological Diversity)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, as part of its ongoing mission to \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/wildlifedamage/SA_Program_Overview\">reduce conflicts\u003c/a> between wildlife and people, Wildlife Services killed \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/wildlifedamage/pdr/?file=PDR-G_Report&p=2018:INDEX:\">859\u003c/a> beavers around the state. The animals often gnaw on trees people don’t want damaged, and the dams they build can cause roadway flooding. While the agency maintains that 96% of all the beavers it killed in the past five years were removed due to concerns about harm to infrastructure as well as to human health and safety, the Center for Biological Diversity says that lethal measures aren’t necessary, and that beavers are critical to ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center filed a notice of \u003ca href=\"https://biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/wildlife_services/pdfs/APHIS-WS-California-Beaver-NOI-withTable.pdf\">intent to sue\u003c/a> Wildlife Services in May, arguing that current practices violate Section 7 of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/section-7.html\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>, which requires federal agencies to not only protect certain species but also avoid actions which threaten their critical habitats. Although beavers themselves are not endangered, 10 species of salmon, as well as the Oregon spotted frog, Southwestern willow flycatcher and tidewater goby all live in environments created when beavers build dams, slowing the flow of rivers and creating deep pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a July 29 \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/wildlife_services/pdfs/20190729-USDA-WS-response-letter-to-Center.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> sent to the Center for Biological Diversity, Wildlife Services said it would stop killing beavers and removing dams in those habitats containing endangered species, except where public safety is at stake, and pending consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service over the effects of eradicating beavers on the other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collette Adkins, biologist and senior attorney for the Center for Biological Diversity, says she expects the restrictions to be permanent. If they are lifted, she says, the group is likely to carry through with its lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really baffles me as to why Wildlife Services is killing beavers in areas that really are … natural areas where endangered wildlife occur,” she said. “So the commitments we got from the agency I think are just real common sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adkins also says that Wildlife Services’ approach to managing beavers is unreasonably extreme, and that many of the hazards or annoyances they cause can be mitigated in nonlethal ways. Unwanted tree damage, for example, can be prevented by covering tree trunks with chicken wire, and flow devices can be inserted into rivers to prevent large-scale flooding, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Wildlife Services said the agency had no further comment beyond what was contained in the letter to the Center for Biological Diversity, which was addressed to Adkins. Wildlife Services “takes its ESA [Endangered Species Act] obligations, as well as public input, very seriously,” wrote the agency’s State Director Dennis Orthmeyer. “I see that you have stated that your client, the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD), is contemplating filing a lawsuit. I hope that this letter will convince you otherwise. If you or CBD has any additional concerns, I would be happy to engage in further discussions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate over beavers in California represents a longstanding disagreement between the CBD and Wildlife Services. Adkins says the group is “frustrated” by the scale of Wildlife Services’ animal eradication. In 2018 alone, Wildlife Services killed nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/wildlifedamage/pdr/?file=PDR-G_Report&p=2018:INDEX:\">2.7 million\u003c/a> animals nationwide, 1.2 million of which were invasive species. In November 2017, the CBD filed another intent to sue over the agency’s practices in Oregon, also citing violations of Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. Last year, Wildlife Services agreed to \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2018/oregon-beavers-01-10-2018.php\">stop hunting\u003c/a> beavers, river otter, muskrat and mink in all of Oregon, pending a review of the effect of their removal on endangered fish; to date, Wildlife Services has still not completed its review, and hunting has not resumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration has feuded with California over the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11732523/trump-administrations-bid-to-scuttle-californias-sanctuary-laws-falls-flat-in-court\">sanctuary laws\u003c/a>, its stricter standards on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1945609/california-and-carmakers-reach-clean-vehicle-agreement-rebuking-trump-administration\">tailpipe emissions\u003c/a>, and the president’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-california-lawsuit-trump-national-emergency-20190215-story.html\">declaration\u003c/a> of a national emergency at the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But apparently there’s one dispute, involving a certain fur-bearing mammal, that the federal government apparently wants no part of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Threatened with legal action by an environmental group, the Wildlife Services section of the U.S. Department of Agriculture \u003ca href=\"https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press-releases/legal-action-forces-trump-administration-curb-killing-california-beavers-2019-07-30/\">has agreed\u003c/a> to stop killing beavers, at least temporarily, in more than 11,000 miles of river throughout California. The group, the Center for Biological Diversity, said the eradication of the beavers was putting the government out of compliance with the federal Endangered Species Act because their removal is harming other animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945935\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945935\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Beavers-in-California-800x1035.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Beavers-in-California-800x1035.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Beavers-in-California-160x207.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Beavers-in-California-768x994.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Beavers-in-California.png 816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife Services has agreed to stop killing beavers and removing their dams from all areas highlighted with purple, red, green, and brown lines. \u003ccite>(Center for Biological Diversity)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, as part of its ongoing mission to \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/wildlifedamage/SA_Program_Overview\">reduce conflicts\u003c/a> between wildlife and people, Wildlife Services killed \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/wildlifedamage/pdr/?file=PDR-G_Report&p=2018:INDEX:\">859\u003c/a> beavers around the state. The animals often gnaw on trees people don’t want damaged, and the dams they build can cause roadway flooding. While the agency maintains that 96% of all the beavers it killed in the past five years were removed due to concerns about harm to infrastructure as well as to human health and safety, the Center for Biological Diversity says that lethal measures aren’t necessary, and that beavers are critical to ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center filed a notice of \u003ca href=\"https://biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/wildlife_services/pdfs/APHIS-WS-California-Beaver-NOI-withTable.pdf\">intent to sue\u003c/a> Wildlife Services in May, arguing that current practices violate Section 7 of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/section-7.html\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>, which requires federal agencies to not only protect certain species but also avoid actions which threaten their critical habitats. Although beavers themselves are not endangered, 10 species of salmon, as well as the Oregon spotted frog, Southwestern willow flycatcher and tidewater goby all live in environments created when beavers build dams, slowing the flow of rivers and creating deep pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a July 29 \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/wildlife_services/pdfs/20190729-USDA-WS-response-letter-to-Center.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> sent to the Center for Biological Diversity, Wildlife Services said it would stop killing beavers and removing dams in those habitats containing endangered species, except where public safety is at stake, and pending consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service over the effects of eradicating beavers on the other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collette Adkins, biologist and senior attorney for the Center for Biological Diversity, says she expects the restrictions to be permanent. If they are lifted, she says, the group is likely to carry through with its lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really baffles me as to why Wildlife Services is killing beavers in areas that really are … natural areas where endangered wildlife occur,” she said. “So the commitments we got from the agency I think are just real common sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adkins also says that Wildlife Services’ approach to managing beavers is unreasonably extreme, and that many of the hazards or annoyances they cause can be mitigated in nonlethal ways. Unwanted tree damage, for example, can be prevented by covering tree trunks with chicken wire, and flow devices can be inserted into rivers to prevent large-scale flooding, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Wildlife Services said the agency had no further comment beyond what was contained in the letter to the Center for Biological Diversity, which was addressed to Adkins. Wildlife Services “takes its ESA [Endangered Species Act] obligations, as well as public input, very seriously,” wrote the agency’s State Director Dennis Orthmeyer. “I see that you have stated that your client, the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD), is contemplating filing a lawsuit. I hope that this letter will convince you otherwise. If you or CBD has any additional concerns, I would be happy to engage in further discussions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate over beavers in California represents a longstanding disagreement between the CBD and Wildlife Services. Adkins says the group is “frustrated” by the scale of Wildlife Services’ animal eradication. In 2018 alone, Wildlife Services killed nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/wildlifedamage/pdr/?file=PDR-G_Report&p=2018:INDEX:\">2.7 million\u003c/a> animals nationwide, 1.2 million of which were invasive species. In November 2017, the CBD filed another intent to sue over the agency’s practices in Oregon, also citing violations of Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. Last year, Wildlife Services agreed to \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2018/oregon-beavers-01-10-2018.php\">stop hunting\u003c/a> beavers, river otter, muskrat and mink in all of Oregon, pending a review of the effect of their removal on endangered fish; to date, Wildlife Services has still not completed its review, and hunting has not resumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Climate Change Pushing Western Salmon Toward Extinction",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Pushing Western Salmon Toward Extinction | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific salmon that spawn in Western streams and rivers have been struggling for decades to survive water diversions, dams and logging. Now, global warming is pushing four important populations in California, Oregon and Idaho toward extinction, federal scientists warn in a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The new \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> shows that several of the region’s salmon populations are now bumping into temperature limits, with those that spawn far inland after lengthy summer stream migrations and those that spend a lot of time in coastal habitats like river estuaries among the most at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That includes Chinook salmon in California’s Central Valley and in the Columbia and Willamette River basins in Oregon; coho salmon in parts of Northern California and Oregon; and sockeye salmon that reach the Snake River Basin in Idaho, all of which are already on the federal endangered species list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These populations will need help to survive the warmer waters, more acidic oceans and changed seasonal streamflow patterns caused by global warming and other human impacts, said Lisa Crozier, a salmon researcher with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries program and lead author of the study, published July 24 in the journal PLOS One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are very resilient and opportunistic. That’s why we have hope. We just have to give them half a chance,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salmon live much of their lives in the ocean, but they swim far upstream to spawn. In the process, they’re a key part of the food chain, including for bears and whales, and they are important to indigenous groups and fisheries along the U.S. West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human infrastructure, including dams and water diversions, were already affecting their streams, reducing the flow and reducing access to the coldest habitats that can serve as a hiding place for salmon during heat waves or drought. Global warming is now intensifying those impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salmon populations that have persisted in Western rivers since the dam-building era have adapted to some of that warming, and their sensitivity to climate factors has been incorporated in conservation plans, Crozier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But beyond 2 degrees Celsius of warming (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) compared to the pre-industrial era, all bets are off, she said, because then the chances increase for significant changes in the ocean that could lead to a catastrophic failure of salmon populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Timing Is Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some salmon migrations coincide with high spring runoff from melting mountain snows, while juvenile salmon return to the sea in sync with seasonal plankton blooms off the coasts.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945867 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Salmon-Pacific-Climate-Risk529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"822\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Salmon-Pacific-Climate-Risk529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Salmon-Pacific-Climate-Risk529px-160x249.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming is already disrupting those cycles for some salmon populations, including sockeye that swim 900 miles to spawn in streams high in the mountains of Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To spawn successfully, they need exactly the right combination of stream flows and temperatures at exactly the right time of year. But warmer temperatures are rapidly \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15012018/snow-drought-ski-western-water-supply-risk-climate-change-economy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">changing the timing of snowmelt and runoff\u003c/a> in Western mountains, making it harder for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snake River sockeye are \u003ca href=\"https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/status_reviews/salmon_steelhead/2016_status_review.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">listed as endangered\u003c/a>. In some streams, only a small number reach their spawning grounds. Their overall numbers \u003ca href=\"https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/status_reviews/salmon_steelhead/multiple_species/final_2016_5-yr_review_snake_river_species.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grew slightly\u003c/a> between 2008 and 2014 (the most recent numbers available), thanks mainly to conservation measures, including the introduction of hatchery-raised fish to bolster the population after Snake River sockeye nearly disappeared from the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes they need human help to reach their goal, so they’re transported past dams in an “assisted migration,” which might become an important (and expensive) strategy to adapt to global warming for other species, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinook salmon in California’s Central Valley face even more daunting challenges, and some of those populations might be the first to blink out, said University of California, Santa Cruz, researcher Mark Carr, who studies salmon in their coastal habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These runs down in central California may simply not persist in the face of a changing climate and water conflicts. Can’t say they are lost causes, but they are the most likely candidates,” said Carr, a co-author on the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s frustrating,” he said. “I work on many species other than salmon, so it’s pretty overwhelming to try to identify how to mitigate or adapt to the growing impacts to so many species simultaneously. It’s even more frustrating to know that some policies, particularly the current administration’s, are fully counterproductive to the work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Central Valley Chinook also have to compete with humans for water, and they are already losing that contest. The greatest salmon declines are where the greatest conflicts over water occur, including the demand for agricultural water in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has a long history of destroying the freshwater ecosystems required to maintain strong salmon runs,” Carr said. “If we want salmon around in the future, we need to start working to ensure we have healthy freshwater ecosystems that will better tolerate the changing environmental conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Threatens Salmon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study covered 33 salmon populations along the U.S. Pacific Coast, from the Mexican border to the Canadian border, assessing how local environmental conditions will change and whether salmon populations will be able to adapt to the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research spells out several ways that global warming endangers the fish. Among them:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Young salmon die when the water warms above a certain threshold, and droughts can leave salmon stranded or exposed to predators by low water levels.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Flooding can also flush eggs and young fish from their nests, so the scientists included projections of how global warming will affect extreme atmospheric river rain storms in California as one of the ways to measure the growing threat.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Warmer stream temperatures have also \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01092016/yellowstone-river-fish-dying-kill-tied-global-warming-climate-change-parasite-montana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased outbreaks of fish disease\u003c/a> that can affect salmon, including pathogenic parasites. In May, a toxic algae bloom along the coast of Norway \u003ca href=\"https://www.tnp.no/norway/panorama/salmon-disaster-in-norway-connected-to-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killed 8 million farmed salmon\u003c/a> at an estimated cost of about $82 million. In Alaska’s Yukon River, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jun-15-na-ichfish15-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a parasite linked with global warming\u003c/a> has taken a big toll on the salmon fishery. And in recent weeks, local indigenous observers in Alaska have \u003ca href=\"https://www.leonetwork.org/en/posts/show/42B577D1-90C1-4B4B-AD7C-DA9BEAB09C69\">posted\u003c/a> numerous reports of dead salmon in rivers in the western part of the state, as water temperatures reached record highs during \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11072019/arctic-wildfires-alaska-climate-change-heat-wave-2019-university-funding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alaska’s record-setting heat wave\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Salmon are also sensitive to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12072016/ocean-currents-intensifying-bringing-stronger-storms-research-shows\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">changes in ocean currents\u003c/a> that carry nutrients, as well as sea level rise, which affects the physical connection between ocean and stream ecosystems, like \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21022018/sea-level-rise-coastal-wetlands-global-warming-mitigation-wildlife-habitat-storm-surge-usgs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">coastal wetlands in California\u003c/a>. Some salmon populations living near the edge of the range of suitable conditions will start to cluster in rivers near the coast, unable to reach their historic spawning grounds unless “access to higher-elevation habitats is restored and habitat quality in rearing areas and migration corridors is improved,” the scientists wrote.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Crozier said scientists worldwide have been documenting “almost synchronous declines in salmon populations. Time after time, we see the same patterns of long-term decline.” For example, global research shows that climate change is expected to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/rmrs/news-releases/global-warming-salmon-and-trout-northwestern-us-road-ruin-or-path-through-purgatory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reduce reproductive success\u003c/a> and jeopardize salmon migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most types of fish are affected by global warming. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16052018/fish-species-climate-change-migration-pacific-northwest-alaska-atlantic-gulf-maine-cod-pollock\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research\u003c/a> last year showed many species important to U.S. coastal communities will move hundreds of miles northward during the next few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some salmon will also move northward seeking cooler waters, and that is bad news for West Coast tribes whose place-based fishing rights are linked to pre-colonization fishing grounds. Native American communities can’t just relocate to another area to catch their allocation if the fish move away, said Tom Moore, an oceanographer with the \u003ca href=\"https://nwifc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting Salmon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maintaining any salmon populations will require significant restoration efforts to make sure they have large areas of connected habitat, the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other conservation strategies include releasing hatchery-spawned salmon, boosting streamflows at the right time with water releases from reservoirs, and even assisted migration, in which some fish are trapped, transported over dams and then released in rivers above the dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carr said the study will help conservation efforts because it shows exactly when and how salmon vulnerability is highest at different stages, with the freshwater environment the key.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To sustain themselves, adults need to be able to successfully migrate to spawning habitat, and survival of the eggs and larvae require cool water temperatures, appropriate gravel structure, sufficient water flow and oxygen while eggs are in the sediments. And finally, there has to be enough water flow to allow them to migrate back to the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of these are changing in ways that threaten the survival of salmon runs,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Critical to local economies and the food chain, the fish were already under pressure from human infrastructure like dams. But climate change has put salmon even more at risk.",
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"description": "Critical to local economies and the food chain, the fish were already under pressure from human infrastructure like dams. But climate change has put salmon even more at risk.",
"title": "Climate Change Pushing Western Salmon Toward Extinction | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific salmon that spawn in Western streams and rivers have been struggling for decades to survive water diversions, dams and logging. Now, global warming is pushing four important populations in California, Oregon and Idaho toward extinction, federal scientists warn in a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The new \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> shows that several of the region’s salmon populations are now bumping into temperature limits, with those that spawn far inland after lengthy summer stream migrations and those that spend a lot of time in coastal habitats like river estuaries among the most at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That includes Chinook salmon in California’s Central Valley and in the Columbia and Willamette River basins in Oregon; coho salmon in parts of Northern California and Oregon; and sockeye salmon that reach the Snake River Basin in Idaho, all of which are already on the federal endangered species list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These populations will need help to survive the warmer waters, more acidic oceans and changed seasonal streamflow patterns caused by global warming and other human impacts, said Lisa Crozier, a salmon researcher with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries program and lead author of the study, published July 24 in the journal PLOS One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are very resilient and opportunistic. That’s why we have hope. We just have to give them half a chance,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salmon live much of their lives in the ocean, but they swim far upstream to spawn. In the process, they’re a key part of the food chain, including for bears and whales, and they are important to indigenous groups and fisheries along the U.S. West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human infrastructure, including dams and water diversions, were already affecting their streams, reducing the flow and reducing access to the coldest habitats that can serve as a hiding place for salmon during heat waves or drought. Global warming is now intensifying those impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salmon populations that have persisted in Western rivers since the dam-building era have adapted to some of that warming, and their sensitivity to climate factors has been incorporated in conservation plans, Crozier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But beyond 2 degrees Celsius of warming (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) compared to the pre-industrial era, all bets are off, she said, because then the chances increase for significant changes in the ocean that could lead to a catastrophic failure of salmon populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Timing Is Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some salmon migrations coincide with high spring runoff from melting mountain snows, while juvenile salmon return to the sea in sync with seasonal plankton blooms off the coasts.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945867 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Salmon-Pacific-Climate-Risk529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"822\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Salmon-Pacific-Climate-Risk529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Salmon-Pacific-Climate-Risk529px-160x249.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming is already disrupting those cycles for some salmon populations, including sockeye that swim 900 miles to spawn in streams high in the mountains of Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To spawn successfully, they need exactly the right combination of stream flows and temperatures at exactly the right time of year. But warmer temperatures are rapidly \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15012018/snow-drought-ski-western-water-supply-risk-climate-change-economy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">changing the timing of snowmelt and runoff\u003c/a> in Western mountains, making it harder for the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snake River sockeye are \u003ca href=\"https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/status_reviews/salmon_steelhead/2016_status_review.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">listed as endangered\u003c/a>. In some streams, only a small number reach their spawning grounds. Their overall numbers \u003ca href=\"https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/status_reviews/salmon_steelhead/multiple_species/final_2016_5-yr_review_snake_river_species.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grew slightly\u003c/a> between 2008 and 2014 (the most recent numbers available), thanks mainly to conservation measures, including the introduction of hatchery-raised fish to bolster the population after Snake River sockeye nearly disappeared from the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes they need human help to reach their goal, so they’re transported past dams in an “assisted migration,” which might become an important (and expensive) strategy to adapt to global warming for other species, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinook salmon in California’s Central Valley face even more daunting challenges, and some of those populations might be the first to blink out, said University of California, Santa Cruz, researcher Mark Carr, who studies salmon in their coastal habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These runs down in central California may simply not persist in the face of a changing climate and water conflicts. Can’t say they are lost causes, but they are the most likely candidates,” said Carr, a co-author on the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s frustrating,” he said. “I work on many species other than salmon, so it’s pretty overwhelming to try to identify how to mitigate or adapt to the growing impacts to so many species simultaneously. It’s even more frustrating to know that some policies, particularly the current administration’s, are fully counterproductive to the work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Central Valley Chinook also have to compete with humans for water, and they are already losing that contest. The greatest salmon declines are where the greatest conflicts over water occur, including the demand for agricultural water in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has a long history of destroying the freshwater ecosystems required to maintain strong salmon runs,” Carr said. “If we want salmon around in the future, we need to start working to ensure we have healthy freshwater ecosystems that will better tolerate the changing environmental conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Threatens Salmon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study covered 33 salmon populations along the U.S. Pacific Coast, from the Mexican border to the Canadian border, assessing how local environmental conditions will change and whether salmon populations will be able to adapt to the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research spells out several ways that global warming endangers the fish. Among them:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Young salmon die when the water warms above a certain threshold, and droughts can leave salmon stranded or exposed to predators by low water levels.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Flooding can also flush eggs and young fish from their nests, so the scientists included projections of how global warming will affect extreme atmospheric river rain storms in California as one of the ways to measure the growing threat.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Warmer stream temperatures have also \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01092016/yellowstone-river-fish-dying-kill-tied-global-warming-climate-change-parasite-montana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased outbreaks of fish disease\u003c/a> that can affect salmon, including pathogenic parasites. In May, a toxic algae bloom along the coast of Norway \u003ca href=\"https://www.tnp.no/norway/panorama/salmon-disaster-in-norway-connected-to-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killed 8 million farmed salmon\u003c/a> at an estimated cost of about $82 million. In Alaska’s Yukon River, \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jun-15-na-ichfish15-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a parasite linked with global warming\u003c/a> has taken a big toll on the salmon fishery. And in recent weeks, local indigenous observers in Alaska have \u003ca href=\"https://www.leonetwork.org/en/posts/show/42B577D1-90C1-4B4B-AD7C-DA9BEAB09C69\">posted\u003c/a> numerous reports of dead salmon in rivers in the western part of the state, as water temperatures reached record highs during \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11072019/arctic-wildfires-alaska-climate-change-heat-wave-2019-university-funding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alaska’s record-setting heat wave\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Salmon are also sensitive to \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/12072016/ocean-currents-intensifying-bringing-stronger-storms-research-shows\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">changes in ocean currents\u003c/a> that carry nutrients, as well as sea level rise, which affects the physical connection between ocean and stream ecosystems, like \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21022018/sea-level-rise-coastal-wetlands-global-warming-mitigation-wildlife-habitat-storm-surge-usgs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">coastal wetlands in California\u003c/a>. Some salmon populations living near the edge of the range of suitable conditions will start to cluster in rivers near the coast, unable to reach their historic spawning grounds unless “access to higher-elevation habitats is restored and habitat quality in rearing areas and migration corridors is improved,” the scientists wrote.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Crozier said scientists worldwide have been documenting “almost synchronous declines in salmon populations. Time after time, we see the same patterns of long-term decline.” For example, global research shows that climate change is expected to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/rmrs/news-releases/global-warming-salmon-and-trout-northwestern-us-road-ruin-or-path-through-purgatory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reduce reproductive success\u003c/a> and jeopardize salmon migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most types of fish are affected by global warming. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16052018/fish-species-climate-change-migration-pacific-northwest-alaska-atlantic-gulf-maine-cod-pollock\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research\u003c/a> last year showed many species important to U.S. coastal communities will move hundreds of miles northward during the next few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some salmon will also move northward seeking cooler waters, and that is bad news for West Coast tribes whose place-based fishing rights are linked to pre-colonization fishing grounds. Native American communities can’t just relocate to another area to catch their allocation if the fish move away, said Tom Moore, an oceanographer with the \u003ca href=\"https://nwifc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting Salmon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maintaining any salmon populations will require significant restoration efforts to make sure they have large areas of connected habitat, the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other conservation strategies include releasing hatchery-spawned salmon, boosting streamflows at the right time with water releases from reservoirs, and even assisted migration, in which some fish are trapped, transported over dams and then released in rivers above the dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carr said the study will help conservation efforts because it shows exactly when and how salmon vulnerability is highest at different stages, with the freshwater environment the key.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To sustain themselves, adults need to be able to successfully migrate to spawning habitat, and survival of the eggs and larvae require cool water temperatures, appropriate gravel structure, sufficient water flow and oxygen while eggs are in the sediments. And finally, there has to be enough water flow to allow them to migrate back to the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of these are changing in ways that threaten the survival of salmon runs,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]It’s summertime. The season for hiking and adventures outdoors. You might see a rattlesnake out on the trail. Don’t freak out. Most of what we think we know about rattlesnakes is off base. Here are a few of the most common misconceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Rattlesnakes are aggressive animals that are looking for trouble.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s no surprise that people and snakes end up having more interactions as the temperatures rise during the summer. The warm weather that brings out hikers also brings out coldblooded rattlesnakes eager to sun themselves. But even though they crave the sun, rattlesnakes do their best to avoid the spotlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes are ambush predators, relying on staying hidden to get close to their prey. Their patterns and coloration help them blend into their surroundings. They don’t sport the bright colors that some venomous snakes use as a warning to predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means that many people don’t realize they’re approaching a hidden rattlesnake until it’s too late. They’d rather avoid a fight if possible. Fortunately, rattlesnakes have an unmistakable warning, a loud buzz made to startle any aggressor and hopefully avoid having to bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you hear the rattlesnake’s distinctive rattle, here’s what to do: First, stop moving! You want to figure out which direction the sound is coming from. Once you do, slowly back away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DO NOT APPROACH OR TRY TO TOUCH A RATTLESNAKE!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you do get bitten, immobilize the area and avoid overly exerting yourself. Immediately seek medical attention. You may need to be treated with antivenom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DO NOT try to suck the venom out using your mouth or a suction device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DO NOT try to capture the snake and stay clear of dead rattlesnakes, especially the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_step.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945695\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_step.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rattlesnakes may strike even without rattling first. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Rattlesnake rattles work like a maraca with little bits shaking around inside.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rattlesnake’s rattle is actually made up of loosely interlocking segments made of keratin, the same strong fibrous protein in your fingernails. Each segment is held in place by the one in front and behind it, but the individual segments can move a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945700\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1945700\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross section of a rattlesnake rattle with a single segment highlighted to show how it interlocks with its neighboring segments. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The snake uses special high-performance muscles to shake its tail, sending undulating waves down the length of the rattle. The segments are loose, so they click against each other. It happens so fast that all you hear is a buzz and all you see is a blur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://userweb.ucs.louisiana.edu/~brm2286/research.htm\">Brad Moon\u003c/a>, a biologist at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, studies those shaker muscles. Using high-speed cameras, Moon recorded rattlesnakes shaking their tails 50 to 100 times every second. Since they’re coldblooded, rattlesnakes shake their rattles faster at higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These rattling muscles, they’re just super-athletic,” Moon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the fastest sustained muscular contractions in the natural world — right up there with a hummingbird’s beating wings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus those specialized muscles allow the rattle to shake for up to two hours without stopping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945702\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_shake.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945702\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_shake.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The segments that make up a rattlesnake’s rattle click against each other, seen here using high-speed video. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. It’s better to be bitten by a juvenile rattlesnake than a full-grown adult.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be true that juvenile rattlesnakes can be more likely to strike and less able to control how much venom they release in a single bite. Their venom also can be, drop for drop, more dangerous because of the different prey that juvenile snakes eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s still more dangerous to receive a bite from an adult rattlesnake. Adults possess much more venom, making the bites more dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnake venom is a cocktail of different toxins, including chemicals that disrupt nerve signals and digestive enzymes that liquefy flesh. Antivenom is able to counteract those toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945704\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_tongue_label.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945704\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_tongue_label.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snakes flick their tongues to sample chemicals from their surroundings. When a rattlesnake retracts its tongue, it brings those samples to a special organ in the top of its mouth called the vomeronasal organ, or Jacobson’s organ. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. You can tell how old a rattlesnake is by the number of segments on its rattle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes get a new segment each time they shed their skin. Unlike the rest of the skin, the section that covers the very end of the rattle doesn’t fall off. Because of its grooved shape, it doesn’t release from the new segment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1945707\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Individual segments from a rattlesnake’s rattle, separated to show the grooved shape, which allows them to interlock loosely. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You can tell a lot about a rattlesnake’s life from looking at its rattle,” said \u003ca href=\"https://perl.calpoly.edu/research\">Emily Taylor\u003c/a>, a biologist at California Polytechnic State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How often a rattlesnake sheds, she explained, depends more on how much it’s had to eat, rather than how old it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, rattlesnakes often shed about twice a year when they’re young. But that can rise to three or four times if there is plenty of prey available. That number typically slows down to once or twice a year when they reach adulthood\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, you can’t tell its age,” Taylor said, “because you don’t know how many times it shed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, rattles often break off in the wild, sometimes after attacks by other predators or other times when they are damaged by a life of slithering over harsh, often rocky terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattles that have been broken in the past often appear thick at the end, while rattles that have gone undamaged will taper to a point. It’s more common to see long tapered rattles in captive rattlesnakes than in wild ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945709\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1945709\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rattlesnake rattles that taper to a point usually mean that the rattle has never lost a segment due to damage. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Rattlesnakes are solitary killers.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people think of rattlesnakes as hunters out on their own with only a single impulse in life — to kill. But rattlesnakes can be very social with each other, and can actually be caring parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So they all hang out by themselves,” Taylor said. “But they’ll get together during mating season. We noticed that female rattlesnakes tend to hang out with one another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor has observed males and females spending time together in the time leading up to the mating season, which she thinks may be related to mate guarding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more surprising is that female rattlesnakes tend to hang out together when they are pregnant, and potentially give birth together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes don’t lay eggs. Instead they give birth to live young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes we call them danger noodles, affectionately,” Taylor said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mother rattlesnakes look after their young for a period after their birth until their first shed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor has even seen several mother rattlesnakes share a den together with their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rattlesnakes are good mothers,” she said. “They stay with their babies, and they protect them, and they care for them, and they defend them.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "Look Inside a Rattlesnake's Rattle",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>It’s summertime. The season for hiking and adventures outdoors. You might see a rattlesnake out on the trail. Don’t freak out. Most of what we think we know about rattlesnakes is off base. Here are a few of the most common misconceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Rattlesnakes are aggressive animals that are looking for trouble.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s no surprise that people and snakes end up having more interactions as the temperatures rise during the summer. The warm weather that brings out hikers also brings out coldblooded rattlesnakes eager to sun themselves. But even though they crave the sun, rattlesnakes do their best to avoid the spotlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes are ambush predators, relying on staying hidden to get close to their prey. Their patterns and coloration help them blend into their surroundings. They don’t sport the bright colors that some venomous snakes use as a warning to predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means that many people don’t realize they’re approaching a hidden rattlesnake until it’s too late. They’d rather avoid a fight if possible. Fortunately, rattlesnakes have an unmistakable warning, a loud buzz made to startle any aggressor and hopefully avoid having to bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you hear the rattlesnake’s distinctive rattle, here’s what to do: First, stop moving! You want to figure out which direction the sound is coming from. Once you do, slowly back away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DO NOT APPROACH OR TRY TO TOUCH A RATTLESNAKE!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you do get bitten, immobilize the area and avoid overly exerting yourself. Immediately seek medical attention. You may need to be treated with antivenom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DO NOT try to suck the venom out using your mouth or a suction device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DO NOT try to capture the snake and stay clear of dead rattlesnakes, especially the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_step.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945695\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_step.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rattlesnakes may strike even without rattling first. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Rattlesnake rattles work like a maraca with little bits shaking around inside.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rattlesnake’s rattle is actually made up of loosely interlocking segments made of keratin, the same strong fibrous protein in your fingernails. Each segment is held in place by the one in front and behind it, but the individual segments can move a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945700\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1945700\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross section of a rattlesnake rattle with a single segment highlighted to show how it interlocks with its neighboring segments. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The snake uses special high-performance muscles to shake its tail, sending undulating waves down the length of the rattle. The segments are loose, so they click against each other. It happens so fast that all you hear is a buzz and all you see is a blur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://userweb.ucs.louisiana.edu/~brm2286/research.htm\">Brad Moon\u003c/a>, a biologist at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, studies those shaker muscles. Using high-speed cameras, Moon recorded rattlesnakes shaking their tails 50 to 100 times every second. Since they’re coldblooded, rattlesnakes shake their rattles faster at higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These rattling muscles, they’re just super-athletic,” Moon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the fastest sustained muscular contractions in the natural world — right up there with a hummingbird’s beating wings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus those specialized muscles allow the rattle to shake for up to two hours without stopping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945702\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_shake.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945702\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_shake.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The segments that make up a rattlesnake’s rattle click against each other, seen here using high-speed video. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. It’s better to be bitten by a juvenile rattlesnake than a full-grown adult.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be true that juvenile rattlesnakes can be more likely to strike and less able to control how much venom they release in a single bite. Their venom also can be, drop for drop, more dangerous because of the different prey that juvenile snakes eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s still more dangerous to receive a bite from an adult rattlesnake. Adults possess much more venom, making the bites more dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnake venom is a cocktail of different toxins, including chemicals that disrupt nerve signals and digestive enzymes that liquefy flesh. Antivenom is able to counteract those toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945704\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_tongue_label.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945704\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnake_tongue_label.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snakes flick their tongues to sample chemicals from their surroundings. When a rattlesnake retracts its tongue, it brings those samples to a special organ in the top of its mouth called the vomeronasal organ, or Jacobson’s organ. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. You can tell how old a rattlesnake is by the number of segments on its rattle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes get a new segment each time they shed their skin. Unlike the rest of the skin, the section that covers the very end of the rattle doesn’t fall off. Because of its grooved shape, it doesn’t release from the new segment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1945707\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_segments_seperated.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Individual segments from a rattlesnake’s rattle, separated to show the grooved shape, which allows them to interlock loosely. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You can tell a lot about a rattlesnake’s life from looking at its rattle,” said \u003ca href=\"https://perl.calpoly.edu/research\">Emily Taylor\u003c/a>, a biologist at California Polytechnic State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How often a rattlesnake sheds, she explained, depends more on how much it’s had to eat, rather than how old it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, rattlesnakes often shed about twice a year when they’re young. But that can rise to three or four times if there is plenty of prey available. That number typically slows down to once or twice a year when they reach adulthood\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, you can’t tell its age,” Taylor said, “because you don’t know how many times it shed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, rattles often break off in the wild, sometimes after attacks by other predators or other times when they are damaged by a life of slithering over harsh, often rocky terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattles that have been broken in the past often appear thick at the end, while rattles that have gone undamaged will taper to a point. It’s more common to see long tapered rattles in captive rattlesnakes than in wild ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945709\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1945709\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL613_Rattlesnakes_rattle_short.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rattlesnake rattles that taper to a point usually mean that the rattle has never lost a segment due to damage. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Rattlesnakes are solitary killers.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people think of rattlesnakes as hunters out on their own with only a single impulse in life — to kill. But rattlesnakes can be very social with each other, and can actually be caring parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So they all hang out by themselves,” Taylor said. “But they’ll get together during mating season. We noticed that female rattlesnakes tend to hang out with one another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor has observed males and females spending time together in the time leading up to the mating season, which she thinks may be related to mate guarding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more surprising is that female rattlesnakes tend to hang out together when they are pregnant, and potentially give birth together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes don’t lay eggs. Instead they give birth to live young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes we call them danger noodles, affectionately,” Taylor said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mother rattlesnakes look after their young for a period after their birth until their first shed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor has even seen several mother rattlesnakes share a den together with their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rattlesnakes are good mothers,” she said. “They stay with their babies, and they protect them, and they care for them, and they defend them.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "PHOTOS: Here Are Winning Photos From Cal Academy's New Show",
"headTitle": "PHOTOS: Here Are Winning Photos From Cal Academy’s New Show | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The winners of the California Academy of Sciences’ annual nature photography competition are available to see in an exhibit that opened today in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now in its sixth year, the \u003ca class=\"offsite\" href=\"https://www.bigpicturecompetition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BigPicture: Natural World Photography Competition, \u003c/a>solicits pro and amateur photography from around the world. The hope is to elevate global images of nature, wildlife, and conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this year’s theme of “Pushing the Limits,” the exhibit highlights the edge of nature, and adventure through remote and intense landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rhonda Rubinstein, the Academy’s creative director and founder of the competition, said that this year’s show is different from other years. She sees more personality in the creatures and demonstrations of unusual behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed to “The Human Touch,” taken by James Gifford, who captured an orphaned gorilla embracing its human caretaker in Virunga National Park in Democratic Republic of the Congo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945719\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945719\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12_Gifford_The_Human_Touch-1-800x533.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">André Bauma, the head caretaker at the Senkwekwe Center for orphaned gorillas in Virunga National Park. \u003ccite>('The Human Touch' by James Gifford)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The show includes some ominous images like “Boneyard Waltz” (at the top of the story) by Daniel Dietrich, who photographed three polar bears, their white muzzles stained red with blood from a recent meal, walking past a dark pile of whale bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some photos show the beauty and wonder of world’s most distinct landscapes, like Chiara Salvadori’s “Clouds of Salt,” a picture of one of the world’s largest salt pans located in northwestern Argentina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945724\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt-800x535.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt-800x535.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt-160x107.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt-768x514.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt-1020x682.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt-1200x803.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt-1920x1284.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salar de Antofalla, Argentina \u003ccite>('Clouds of Salt' by Chiara Salvadori)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Photographer Audun Rikardsen nabbed this year’s grand prize with “Taking Center Stage,” a photo of Norway’s northern coastline from the perch of a black grouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945706\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945706\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Rikardsen_Black_Grouse-800x532.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View of Norway’s northern coastline from the perch of a male black grouse. \u003ccite>('Taking Center Stage' by Audun Rikardsen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“People can expect to see mind-blowing images,” Rubinstein said in her email. “Photographs that are not what you think they are, or maybe you can’t even imagine what it is. Photos taken up high from drones or up close with microscopes. Or just a paw’s length away from a brown bear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can view more of the winning photographs \u003ca href=\"https://www.bigpicturecompetition.org/2019-winners\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. The exhibit includes 50 photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographers representing 67 countries submitted more than 6,500 images, according to a museum release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BigPicture is chaired by California-based wildlife photographer \u003ca href=\"https://www.suzieszterhas.com/index\">Suzi Eszterhas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit, which is free with \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/hours-admission\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">admission\u003c/a>, will be open from July 26 through October 20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>These images originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://www.biographic.com/posts/sto/the-big-picture-2019\">bioGraphic\u003c/a>, an online magazine about science and sustainability and the official media sponsor for the California Academy of Sciences’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.bigpicturecompetition.org/\">BigPicture: Natural World Photography Competition\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The winners of the California Academy of Sciences’ annual nature photography competition are available to see in an exhibit that opened today in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now in its sixth year, the \u003ca class=\"offsite\" href=\"https://www.bigpicturecompetition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BigPicture: Natural World Photography Competition, \u003c/a>solicits pro and amateur photography from around the world. The hope is to elevate global images of nature, wildlife, and conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this year’s theme of “Pushing the Limits,” the exhibit highlights the edge of nature, and adventure through remote and intense landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rhonda Rubinstein, the Academy’s creative director and founder of the competition, said that this year’s show is different from other years. She sees more personality in the creatures and demonstrations of unusual behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed to “The Human Touch,” taken by James Gifford, who captured an orphaned gorilla embracing its human caretaker in Virunga National Park in Democratic Republic of the Congo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945719\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945719\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/12_Gifford_The_Human_Touch-1-800x533.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">André Bauma, the head caretaker at the Senkwekwe Center for orphaned gorillas in Virunga National Park. \u003ccite>('The Human Touch' by James Gifford)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The show includes some ominous images like “Boneyard Waltz” (at the top of the story) by Daniel Dietrich, who photographed three polar bears, their white muzzles stained red with blood from a recent meal, walking past a dark pile of whale bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some photos show the beauty and wonder of world’s most distinct landscapes, like Chiara Salvadori’s “Clouds of Salt,” a picture of one of the world’s largest salt pans located in northwestern Argentina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945724\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945724\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt-800x535.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt-800x535.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt-160x107.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt-768x514.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt-1020x682.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt-1200x803.png 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt-1920x1284.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Salvadori_Clouds_of_Salt.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salar de Antofalla, Argentina \u003ccite>('Clouds of Salt' by Chiara Salvadori)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Photographer Audun Rikardsen nabbed this year’s grand prize with “Taking Center Stage,” a photo of Norway’s northern coastline from the perch of a black grouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945706\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945706\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/1_Rikardsen_Black_Grouse-800x532.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View of Norway’s northern coastline from the perch of a male black grouse. \u003ccite>('Taking Center Stage' by Audun Rikardsen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“People can expect to see mind-blowing images,” Rubinstein said in her email. “Photographs that are not what you think they are, or maybe you can’t even imagine what it is. Photos taken up high from drones or up close with microscopes. Or just a paw’s length away from a brown bear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can view more of the winning photographs \u003ca href=\"https://www.bigpicturecompetition.org/2019-winners\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. The exhibit includes 50 photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographers representing 67 countries submitted more than 6,500 images, according to a museum release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BigPicture is chaired by California-based wildlife photographer \u003ca href=\"https://www.suzieszterhas.com/index\">Suzi Eszterhas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit, which is free with \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/hours-admission\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">admission\u003c/a>, will be open from July 26 through October 20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>These images originally appeared on \u003ca href=\"https://www.biographic.com/posts/sto/the-big-picture-2019\">bioGraphic\u003c/a>, an online magazine about science and sustainability and the official media sponsor for the California Academy of Sciences’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.bigpicturecompetition.org/\">BigPicture: Natural World Photography Competition\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kab9GXmi9_4]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An animal rescue group is asking for help caring for 89 baby snowy egrets and black-crowned night herons left homeless last week after a tree fell in downtown Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International Bird Rescue said Wednesday it needs donations and volunteers to help feed and care for the baby birds rescued after an old ficus tree serving as a rookery split in half and partially fell last week, said JD Bergeron, the group’s executive director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is caring for 89 young birds and eggs rescued from the tree including, 50 snowy egrets and 22 black-crowned night herons. It also rescued 17 eggs that need intensive care and round-the-clock support. Another 20 birds died when the tree fell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rescue group was already taking care of more than 200 Bay Area water birds at its busy hospital in the city of Fairfield, Bergeron said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The youngest of the birds need care for at least six weeks. The oldest could be ready to fly in the next week or two, Bergeron said\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But what it does mean every single day is feeding the little ones every 60 to 90 minutes, keeping all the birds in a clean enclosure, proper food and warmth, water, (and) daily checks to make sure their weight and their health status are good,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these birds did suffer trauma from falls so we have to take care of any wounds that came from that as well,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds, which breed in large groups, began using the massive and old leafy ficus trees in downtown Oakland for nesting about 10 years ago after non-native vegetation was removed from nearby Lake Merritt, scaring them away, said Cindy Margulis, executive director of Golden Gate Audubon Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of those trees are really enormous canopies and their roots are underneath concrete so they cannot spread to get the support they need and gravity takes its toll,” Margulis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margulis, whose organization helped rescue the baby birds, said wildlife protection groups are working to get the snowy egrets and black-crowned night herons back to nest in Lake Merrit, where there are more sturdy trees and not as much concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists have identified two trees and have placed speakers in them that broadcast the sounds of a breeding colony, decoys of herons and egrets and nests left over from other breeding seasons to get the birds to raise their chicks there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are visiting the destination sites so, that tells us there is interest and that’s very encouraging,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.nps.gov/media/video/embed.htm?id=10BFE6E0-E94E-2768-0BCBA5F0756EA110\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, July 5th, at 8:20 pm, a 7.1 magnitude earthquake\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11759142/6-4-magnitude-desert-earthquake-shakes-wide-area-in-southern-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> rocked\u003c/a> a wide area of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quake struck outside of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11759431/this-town-cant-handle-any-more-ridgecrest-residents-reflect-after-back-to-back-earthquakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ridgecrest\u003c/a>, but it was also felt about 150 miles to the east, at Devils Hole, a detached 40-acre area of Death Valley National Park that is across the California border in Nevada. That shaking is shown in a remarkable \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/media/video/view.htm?id=10BFE6E0-E94E-2768-0BCBA5F0756EA110\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video\u003c/a> released by the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clip shows water violently sloshing around, rising and falling 10 to 15 feet, according to a park estimate. The video captures two angles, one looking into the cave and the other underwater inside it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Devils Hole is a part of the desert uplands and spring-fed oases that make up the Ash Meadows complex, a national wildlife refuge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the first time that a distant earthquake has been felt inside Devils Hole, a water-filled limestone cave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 2018, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake in the Gulf of Alaska shook the cave from about 2,000 miles away, as did a similar sized \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/thousands-dead-in-china-earthquake/\">quake\u003c/a> that rocked western China in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really unique place in its relationship to earthquakes,” said Kevin Wilson, the park’s aquatic ecologist and manager of Devils Hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water in Devils Hole is incredibly deep—so deep, divers have not been able to reach the bottom and the exact depth remains unknown, Wilson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at great distances, earthquakes affect Devils Hole because they force groundwater up into the cave, a phenomenon known as seismic seiche.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945142\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945142\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male Devils Hole pupfish swims over algae. Approximate size is about an inch. \u003ccite>(NPS photo by Brett Seymour)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Devils Hole is a window into the groundwater,” Wilson said. “The earthquakes displace the water, so it will rise up quickly and then drop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Wilson said that the underwater shaking and frothy white water spilling out of the cave’s mouth were “unlike anything I’ve seen here in my career,” Wilson said. “The 7.1 quake walloped Devils Hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water inside the cave is the native environment of the Devils Hole Pupfish, a critically endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park officials train cameras on the area to monitor the fish remotely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement posted with the video, the park says that fish were luckily spared. “The fish seem to be in good condition with spawning behavior occurring,” they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A video posted by the National Park Service shows violent shaking underwater at Devils Hole in Death Valley. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not the first time that a distant earthquake has been felt inside Devils Hole, a water-filled limestone cave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 2018, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake in the Gulf of Alaska shook the cave from about 2,000 miles away, as did a similar sized \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/thousands-dead-in-china-earthquake/\">quake\u003c/a> that rocked western China in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really unique place in its relationship to earthquakes,” said Kevin Wilson, the park’s aquatic ecologist and manager of Devils Hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water in Devils Hole is incredibly deep—so deep, divers have not been able to reach the bottom and the exact depth remains unknown, Wilson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at great distances, earthquakes affect Devils Hole because they force groundwater up into the cave, a phenomenon known as seismic seiche.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945142\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945142\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Male_DH_Pupfish-960-pixels-wide.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male Devils Hole pupfish swims over algae. Approximate size is about an inch. \u003ccite>(NPS photo by Brett Seymour)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Devils Hole is a window into the groundwater,” Wilson said. “The earthquakes displace the water, so it will rise up quickly and then drop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Wilson said that the underwater shaking and frothy white water spilling out of the cave’s mouth were “unlike anything I’ve seen here in my career,” Wilson said. “The 7.1 quake walloped Devils Hole.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water inside the cave is the native environment of the Devils Hole Pupfish, a critically endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park officials train cameras on the area to monitor the fish remotely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement posted with the video, the park says that fish were luckily spared. “The fish seem to be in good condition with spawning behavior occurring,” they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "For Devastating Bat Fungus, Potential Treatments But No Easy Solution",
"headTitle": "For Devastating Bat Fungus, Potential Treatments But No Easy Solution | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last week, state scientists announced they had\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944647/fungus-thats-killed-millions-of-bats-detected-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">discovered\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the first time in California an invasive fungus that causes a disease responsible for the death of over 6 million North American bats.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" citation=\"Winifred Frick, Bat Conservation International\"]‘The early signs of the fungus showing up is a clear harbinger of doom.’[/pullquote]\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cold-thriving fungus, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pseudogymnoascus destructans, was found\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in samples collected from four little brown bats, which is the name of the species, in Plumas County near Lassen Volcanic National Park.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scott Osborn, a senior environmental scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, is leading a multiagency effort to detect and contain the disease, called white-nose syndrome.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But he says eradication isn’t an option yet, and there is no one solution to protect bats scattered across Northern California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The fungus is here and it’s more than likely going to spread,” Osborn said.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s our ardent wish to minimize the impact of the disease. But at this point, I can’t say that we’re going to really try to prevent it from occurring. I don’t think we can claim to have the power to do that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the fungus was detected in low levels in the California bats, that is often the first indication they will contract the disease.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“The early signs of the fungus showing up is a clear harbinger of doom,” said Winifred Frick, a chief scientist with Bat Conservation International. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecy.1706#ecy1706-fig-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Frick led of the disease’s progression in bat colonies in the Northeast, entire roosts of little brown bats became infected within two years of the fungus’ detection. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“In those situations, anything you could do to buy more time or potentially allow species to persist on the landscape, even if it is at a small subset of sites where they used to occur, that’s prevention of a species extinction, and in my view is worth it,” Frick said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">White-nose syndrome, so-called because of the discoloration the fungus causes on bats’ noses, was first discovered in New York in 2006. The fungus eats away at their skin and causes lesions, awakening the animals from their winter hibernation. Fastidious groomers, afflicted bats consume all of their fat stores by cleaning themselves, depleting them of needed energy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the Northeast, thousands of dead bats have been found in and around caves and mines, the disease wiping out virtually whole colonies in some areas. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Osborn’s team is expanding bat surveillance, especially in the Sierra Nevada and other high-elevation places in Northern California that experience cold winters. With an accurate count of bats, researchers can identify if the population dips, a sign that the disease has begun its onslaught.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While bats in the northeast roost in large colonies of thousands or tens of thousands, Western bats, including the little brown bat, have been observed roosting in smaller, more dispersed groups. Researchers still don’t know where California bats spend the winter or how many bats are typically in these roosts. Where exactly they live is one question that Osborn’s team hopes to answer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Potential Treatments\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatments do exist for combatting the fungus and the disease it causes. For example, one\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02441-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> published in the journal \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> found that the fungus \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is easily killed by ultraviolet light. Another\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-45453-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from the same journal found that a \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">probioti\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c treatment could slow the decline in bat colonies where the disease is present.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">there’s emerging\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-43210-w.epdf?author_access_token=yYj1JPVPb57Qn1b27l1gy9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OVAcG24o0yW14y6fzrEUBTNS5AIEw_OIsHGnhudyBhFaY39eQpnFMBLKgHhABLnx-MOkSKlLbpDAd7eHBCda05tO_4HClmbZQ-QWr5z8N_rg%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> into a potential oral vaccine, which could be administered by a topical cream or spray. Bronwyn Hogan, a wildlife biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, says the treatment is promising because bats are constantly grooming and cleaning their fur.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hogan says wildlife managers may respond with a variety of these treatments, depending on the place and circumstances, but they need to be careful not to cause collateral damage, especially inside caves, which have delicate ecosystems. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“There is no ‘silver bullet,’” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wildlife officials are enlisting the help of the public, asking them to report any sightings of dead bats or bats that are active in cold places during the winter. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pat Seiser, the chief physical scientist for Lava Beds National Monument, said news of the fungus is spreading among cavers, too.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“We’re actively getting the message out to decontaminate gear and use dedicated equipment within the caving community,” said Seiser.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of the 25 different species of bats in California, there are six that have carried white-nose syndrome in other states, including the little brown bat. The others are the big brown bat, cave bat, long-legged bat, western long-eared bat and yuma bat.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another four species present in California tested positive for the fungus but have not, so far, shown signs of the disease. These are the Mexican free-tailed bat, Townsend’s big-eared bat, the silver-haired bat, and Western small-footed bat.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biologists were able to detect the fungus in very low levels by using a polymerase chain reaction, a common molecular biology technique that uses enzymes to unzip DNA and replicate it with RNA. With this technique, scientists can rapidly synthesize and amplify even tiny bits of genetic material. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are holding onto the hope, however slim, that the disease won’t take hold here.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“I’d be really happy if the disease actually doesn’t show up,” Osborn said. “The next couple of years are going to be very interesting to see what actually happens here.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bats are important for ecosystems because they consume mosquitoes, bugs and pests that damage food growing on farms. Bats save farmers and land managers $3.7 billion in pest management costs annually, according to an \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/332/6025/41.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimate\u003c/a> of their economic impact from 2011\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cold-thriving fungus, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pseudogymnoascus destructans, was found\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in samples collected from four little brown bats, which is the name of the species, in Plumas County near Lassen Volcanic National Park.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scott Osborn, a senior environmental scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, is leading a multiagency effort to detect and contain the disease, called white-nose syndrome.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But he says eradication isn’t an option yet, and there is no one solution to protect bats scattered across Northern California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The fungus is here and it’s more than likely going to spread,” Osborn said.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s our ardent wish to minimize the impact of the disease. But at this point, I can’t say that we’re going to really try to prevent it from occurring. I don’t think we can claim to have the power to do that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the fungus was detected in low levels in the California bats, that is often the first indication they will contract the disease.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“The early signs of the fungus showing up is a clear harbinger of doom,” said Winifred Frick, a chief scientist with Bat Conservation International. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecy.1706#ecy1706-fig-0001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Frick led of the disease’s progression in bat colonies in the Northeast, entire roosts of little brown bats became infected within two years of the fungus’ detection. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“In those situations, anything you could do to buy more time or potentially allow species to persist on the landscape, even if it is at a small subset of sites where they used to occur, that’s prevention of a species extinction, and in my view is worth it,” Frick said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">White-nose syndrome, so-called because of the discoloration the fungus causes on bats’ noses, was first discovered in New York in 2006. The fungus eats away at their skin and causes lesions, awakening the animals from their winter hibernation. Fastidious groomers, afflicted bats consume all of their fat stores by cleaning themselves, depleting them of needed energy. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the Northeast, thousands of dead bats have been found in and around caves and mines, the disease wiping out virtually whole colonies in some areas. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Osborn’s team is expanding bat surveillance, especially in the Sierra Nevada and other high-elevation places in Northern California that experience cold winters. With an accurate count of bats, researchers can identify if the population dips, a sign that the disease has begun its onslaught.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While bats in the northeast roost in large colonies of thousands or tens of thousands, Western bats, including the little brown bat, have been observed roosting in smaller, more dispersed groups. Researchers still don’t know where California bats spend the winter or how many bats are typically in these roosts. Where exactly they live is one question that Osborn’s team hopes to answer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Potential Treatments\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatments do exist for combatting the fungus and the disease it causes. For example, one\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02441-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> published in the journal \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> found that the fungus \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is easily killed by ultraviolet light. Another\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-45453-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from the same journal found that a \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">probioti\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c treatment could slow the decline in bat colonies where the disease is present.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">there’s emerging\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-43210-w.epdf?author_access_token=yYj1JPVPb57Qn1b27l1gy9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OVAcG24o0yW14y6fzrEUBTNS5AIEw_OIsHGnhudyBhFaY39eQpnFMBLKgHhABLnx-MOkSKlLbpDAd7eHBCda05tO_4HClmbZQ-QWr5z8N_rg%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> into a potential oral vaccine, which could be administered by a topical cream or spray. Bronwyn Hogan, a wildlife biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, says the treatment is promising because bats are constantly grooming and cleaning their fur.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hogan says wildlife managers may respond with a variety of these treatments, depending on the place and circumstances, but they need to be careful not to cause collateral damage, especially inside caves, which have delicate ecosystems. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“There is no ‘silver bullet,’” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wildlife officials are enlisting the help of the public, asking them to report any sightings of dead bats or bats that are active in cold places during the winter. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pat Seiser, the chief physical scientist for Lava Beds National Monument, said news of the fungus is spreading among cavers, too.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“We’re actively getting the message out to decontaminate gear and use dedicated equipment within the caving community,” said Seiser.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of the 25 different species of bats in California, there are six that have carried white-nose syndrome in other states, including the little brown bat. The others are the big brown bat, cave bat, long-legged bat, western long-eared bat and yuma bat.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another four species present in California tested positive for the fungus but have not, so far, shown signs of the disease. These are the Mexican free-tailed bat, Townsend’s big-eared bat, the silver-haired bat, and Western small-footed bat.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biologists were able to detect the fungus in very low levels by using a polymerase chain reaction, a common molecular biology technique that uses enzymes to unzip DNA and replicate it with RNA. With this technique, scientists can rapidly synthesize and amplify even tiny bits of genetic material. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are holding onto the hope, however slim, that the disease won’t take hold here.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“I’d be really happy if the disease actually doesn’t show up,” Osborn said. “The next couple of years are going to be very interesting to see what actually happens here.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bats are important for ecosystems because they consume mosquitoes, bugs and pests that damage food growing on farms. Bats save farmers and land managers $3.7 billion in pest management costs annually, according to an \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/332/6025/41.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimate\u003c/a> of their economic impact from 2011\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Lab-Grown Meat, No Slaughter Necessary, Fights for Acceptance",
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"content": "\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AF-atps4WYQ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uma Valeti slices into a pan-fried chicken cutlet in the kitchen of his startup, Memphis Meats. He sniffs the tender morsel on his fork before taking a bite. He chews slowly, absorbing the taste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our chicken is chicken … you’ve got to taste it to believe it,” Valeti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is no ordinary piece of poultry. No chicken was raised or slaughtered to harvest the meat. It was produced in a laboratory by extracting cells from a chicken and feeding them in a nutrient broth until the cell culture grew into raw meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memphis Meats, based in Emeryville, California, is one of a growing number of startups worldwide that are making cell-based or cultured meat. They want to offer an alternative to traditional meat production that they say is damaging the environment and causing unnecessary harm to animals, but they are far from becoming mainstream and face pushback from livestock producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are ultimately going to continue the choice of eating meat for many generations to come without putting undue stress on the planet,” said Valeti, a former cardiologist who co-founded Memphis Meats in 2015 after seeing the power of stem cells to treat disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company, which also has produced cell-grown beef and duck, has attracted investments from food giants Cargill and Tyson Foods as well as billionaires Richard Branson and Bill Gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report released in June by consulting firm A.T. Kearney predicts that by 2040, cultured meat will make up 35 percent of meat consumed worldwide, while plant-based alternatives will compose 25 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The large-scale livestock industry is viewed by many as an unnecessary evil,” the report says. “With the advantages of novel vegan meat replacements and cultured meat over conventionally produced meat, it is only a matter of time before meat replacements capture a substantial market share.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first cultured meat must overcome significant challenges, including bringing down the exorbitant cost of production, showing regulators it’s safe and enticing consumers to take a bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re a long way off from becoming a commercial reality because there are many hurdles we have to tackle,” said Ricardo San Martin, research director of the alternative meat program at the University of California, Berkeley. “We don’t know if consumers are going to buy this or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As global demand for meat grows, supporters say cell-based protein is more sustainable than traditional meat because it doesn’t require the land, water and crops needed to raise livestock — a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many consumers would love to eat meat that doesn’t require killing animals, said Brian Spears, who founded a San Francisco startup called New Age Meats that served its cell-based pork sausages to curious foodies at a tasting last September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People want meat. They don’t want slaughter,” Spears said. “So we make slaughter-free meat, and we know there’s a massive market for people that want delicious meat that doesn’t require animal slaughter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finless Foods, another startup in Emeryville, is making cultured fish and seafood. It’s produced cell-based versions of salmon, carp and sea bass, and it’s working on bluefin tuna, a popular species that is overfished and contains high levels of mercury. The company has invited guests to sample its cell-based fish cakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ocean is a very fragile ecosystem, and we are really driving it to the brink of collapse,” CEO Michael Selden said. “By moving human consumption of seafood out of the ocean and onto land and creating it in this cleaner way, we can basically do something that’s better for everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emerging industry moved a step closer to market in March when the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration announced plans to jointly oversee the production and labeling of cell-based meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food-safety advocates will be watching to ensure the agencies provide rigorous oversight and protect people from bacterial contamination and other health threats, said Jaydee Hanson, policy director at the nonprofit Center for Food Safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will be important for the public that this be well regulated,” Hanson said. “Do these really solve the environmental problem? Do they really solve the animal welfare problem? That needs to be part of the review as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cultured-meat companies use genetically modified cells, they would face even greater scrutiny from consumers and government regulators, Hanson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cell-based meat companies also face resistance from U.S. livestock producers, who have been lobbying states to restrict the “meat” label to food products derived from slaughtered animals and have been raising questions about the safety, cost and environmental effect of cultured meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still many, many unknowns about these cell-based products,” said Eric Mittenthal, vice president for sustainability at the North American Meat Institute. “We really don’t know if it’s something consumers will accept from a taste perspective. We don’t know if it’s going to be affordable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uma Valeti at Memphis Meats said he wants to help educate people about the benefits of cell-based meats and eventually open up its production facility to show people how its meat is made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is focused on reducing the cost of cultured meat and producing larger quantities. A plate of chicken that used to cost tens of thousands of dollars to produce can now be made for less than $100, Valeti said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memphis Meats hopes to sell its cell-based meat within the next two years, starting with restaurants, then moving into grocery stores, assuming it passes USDA and FDA inspections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re actually preserving the choice of eating meat for people,” Valeti said. “Instead of saying, ‘Give up eating meat or eat a meat alternative,’ we’re saying continue eating the meat that you love.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are ultimately going to continue the choice of eating meat for many generations to come without putting undue stress on the planet,” said Valeti, a former cardiologist who co-founded Memphis Meats in 2015 after seeing the power of stem cells to treat disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company, which also has produced cell-grown beef and duck, has attracted investments from food giants Cargill and Tyson Foods as well as billionaires Richard Branson and Bill Gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report released in June by consulting firm A.T. Kearney predicts that by 2040, cultured meat will make up 35 percent of meat consumed worldwide, while plant-based alternatives will compose 25 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The large-scale livestock industry is viewed by many as an unnecessary evil,” the report says. “With the advantages of novel vegan meat replacements and cultured meat over conventionally produced meat, it is only a matter of time before meat replacements capture a substantial market share.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first cultured meat must overcome significant challenges, including bringing down the exorbitant cost of production, showing regulators it’s safe and enticing consumers to take a bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re a long way off from becoming a commercial reality because there are many hurdles we have to tackle,” said Ricardo San Martin, research director of the alternative meat program at the University of California, Berkeley. “We don’t know if consumers are going to buy this or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As global demand for meat grows, supporters say cell-based protein is more sustainable than traditional meat because it doesn’t require the land, water and crops needed to raise livestock — a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many consumers would love to eat meat that doesn’t require killing animals, said Brian Spears, who founded a San Francisco startup called New Age Meats that served its cell-based pork sausages to curious foodies at a tasting last September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People want meat. They don’t want slaughter,” Spears said. “So we make slaughter-free meat, and we know there’s a massive market for people that want delicious meat that doesn’t require animal slaughter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finless Foods, another startup in Emeryville, is making cultured fish and seafood. It’s produced cell-based versions of salmon, carp and sea bass, and it’s working on bluefin tuna, a popular species that is overfished and contains high levels of mercury. The company has invited guests to sample its cell-based fish cakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ocean is a very fragile ecosystem, and we are really driving it to the brink of collapse,” CEO Michael Selden said. “By moving human consumption of seafood out of the ocean and onto land and creating it in this cleaner way, we can basically do something that’s better for everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emerging industry moved a step closer to market in March when the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration announced plans to jointly oversee the production and labeling of cell-based meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food-safety advocates will be watching to ensure the agencies provide rigorous oversight and protect people from bacterial contamination and other health threats, said Jaydee Hanson, policy director at the nonprofit Center for Food Safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will be important for the public that this be well regulated,” Hanson said. “Do these really solve the environmental problem? Do they really solve the animal welfare problem? That needs to be part of the review as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cultured-meat companies use genetically modified cells, they would face even greater scrutiny from consumers and government regulators, Hanson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cell-based meat companies also face resistance from U.S. livestock producers, who have been lobbying states to restrict the “meat” label to food products derived from slaughtered animals and have been raising questions about the safety, cost and environmental effect of cultured meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still many, many unknowns about these cell-based products,” said Eric Mittenthal, vice president for sustainability at the North American Meat Institute. “We really don’t know if it’s something consumers will accept from a taste perspective. We don’t know if it’s going to be affordable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uma Valeti at Memphis Meats said he wants to help educate people about the benefits of cell-based meats and eventually open up its production facility to show people how its meat is made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is focused on reducing the cost of cultured meat and producing larger quantities. A plate of chicken that used to cost tens of thousands of dollars to produce can now be made for less than $100, Valeti said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memphis Meats hopes to sell its cell-based meat within the next two years, starting with restaurants, then moving into grocery stores, assuming it passes USDA and FDA inspections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re actually preserving the choice of eating meat for people,” Valeti said. “Instead of saying, ‘Give up eating meat or eat a meat alternative,’ we’re saying continue eating the meat that you love.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Summer is a time of travel and fun. But with every bed an exhausted traveler lies on after a day of sightseeing, the chances of bringing home an unwanted bug increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don’t let this happen to you. An adult bed bug feeds on a human arm. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bed bugs don’t fly or jump or come in from your garden. They crawl very quickly and are great at hiding in travelers’ luggage and hitching rides into their homes — or into hotel rooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_SCURRIES_ON_SHEET_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944313\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_SCURRIES_ON_SHEET_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed bug scurries on a sheet. Experts recommend checking the bed when you’re sleeping away from home. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It would probably be a prudent thing to do a quick bed check if you’re sleeping in a strange bed,” said \u003ca href=\"https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/person/michael-potter\">Michael Potter\u003c/a>, an entomologist at the University of Kentucky who researches bed bugs. His recommendation goes for hotel rooms, as well as dorms and summer camp bunk beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does Potter do when he travels? First, he keeps his suitcase zipped up and on a credenza or metal luggage rack. Bed bugs have a hard time climbing up smooth surfaces like metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In their nests, bed bugs stick together, as these yellowish young nymphs are doing. They recently emerged from translucent egg casings. Brown and yellow splotches of digested blood called fecal spots are also signs of bed bugs’ presence. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Next, he recommends pulling back the sheet at the head of the bed and checking the seams on the top and bottom of the mattress and the box spring. Contrary to popular belief, bed bugs don’t burrow into mattresses; they stay on the surface. And after feeding on us they find a hideout, where they leave telltale brown or yellow droplets of digested blood called fecal spots. If they have already had a chance to reproduce, their nest might include translucent egg casings and young yellowish nymphs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re more of a nest type of insect,” said Bill Donahue, an entomologist and owner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraresearchlaboratories.com/\">Sierra Research Laboratories\u003c/a> in Modesto, where he evaluates treatments against bed bugs and other pests. “There are areas where the bed bugs will congregate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of young bed bugs, known as nymphs, stick close together in a nest. Empty egg casings are visible in the upper left corner. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adult bed bugs are about the size and color of an apple seed. Young bugs, called nymphs, are smaller and yellowish or white. Guided by the carbon dioxide and heat that sleeping humans emit, they crawl quickly up wooden bed posts and over sheets to stick their long mouth part in and drink for about five minutes, until they’re completely full. They then hide in a nearby cranny, like the seam of the mattress or behind a baseboard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heaven forbid you wake up with itchy red welts during your stay,” Potter said. “Then you want to be incredibly vigilant when you get home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bed bug feeds on a human thumb. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He suggests putting clothes in the dryer or leaving unzipped suitcases inside a hot car, since bed bugs are susceptible to high temperatures. Some people take days, even weeks, to react to a bed bug bite, so bites aren’t a great indicator of when you were exposed to them. And though some people can suffer a severe skin reaction, bed bugs aren’t known to transmit any diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bed bug’s body is elongated after feeding on a human arm. Bed bugs need to take a blood meal to molt and grow to each of their five life stages. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Until the 1940s, bed bugs were a common occurrence in the U.S. After being nearly eradicated by the spraying of DDT in the 1950s, they’ve made a comeback worldwide in the past 20 years, aided by the widespread movement of people. They’ve been found all around the country in settings as varied as schools, dorms, hospitals, theaters, moving vans and even funeral homes, according to Potter. And they also move around on secondhand furniture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apartment dwellers are more vulnerable to infestation, as bugs can crawl from one flat to another. Because bed bugs hide away, they’re difficult to treat without the help of a professional, which can be expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CRAWLS_UP_BED_POST_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944311\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CRAWLS_UP_BED_POST_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bed bug crawls up a bed post. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you think you have bed bugs, let your landlord know right away,” said entomologist \u003ca href=\"https://ucanr.edu/?facultyid=20584\">Andrew Sutherland\u003c/a>, the University of California’s urban pest management adviser for the San Francisco Bay Area. “It’s their responsibility to do inspections and to hire a reputable pest control operator to take care of the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because bed bugs are vulnerable to heat, a thermal treatment is “the gold standard,” said Luis Agurto, CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://www.pestec.com/\">Pestec\u003c/a>, a pest control company in the San Francisco Bay Area. Pestec places big heaters throughout an infested residence and warms it up to 122 degrees for two hours. Technicians armed with “guns” blow hot air into areas where bed bugs might be hiding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re basically making a big convection oven,” said Agurto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a thermal treatment, Pestec monitors for bed bugs for several weeks by placing a hard plastic cup under each bed post. The insects have no trouble climbing up the rough outside of these so-called interceptor cups, but then get trapped by the smooth inside, which they’re unable to scale. The company also uses insecticides and vacuum cleaners to get rid of infestations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944750\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944750\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed bug has become trapped in an interceptor cup placed under a bed post. Bed bugs can crawl into these plastic cups, which have a rough outside, but are unable to climb up the smooth inside surface. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pestec has been called in to investigate and treat infestations, from as small as six bed bugs in an apartment in San Francisco’s Haight neighborhood, to a townhouse in a housing complex in the city’s Potrero Hill district, where bugs were “on all the surfaces,” said Agurto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are working to come up with more tools to get rid of bed bugs. At UC Irvine, biologist and engineer \u003ca href=\"https://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile.cfm?faculty_id=5386\">Catherine Loudon\u003c/a> is collaborating with several engineering labs on campus to create synthetic surfaces that could trap bed bugs. She was inspired by the tiny hooked hairs that grow from the leaves of some varieties of beans, such as kidney and green beans. In nature, the hairs pierce through the feet of the aphids and leafhoppers that like to feed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_ON_BEAN_LEAF_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944309 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_ON_BEAN_LEAF_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the lab of Catherine Loudon at UC Irvine, a bed bug tugs to break loose after its front left foot was pierced by a tiny hooked hair on a kidney bean leaf. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Loudon got the idea from Potter, of the University of Kentucky, who mentioned to her a folk remedy he had read about. Residents of the Balkan countries used to spread bean leaves around their beds, and in the morning they’d find bed bugs attached to them. It turns out that the bed bugs’ feet were getting impaled by the hooked hairs on the bean leaves, called trichomes. Researchers have found that trichomes are just as effective against bed bugs, even though they don’t feed on leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kidney and green beans and other bean varieties have tiny hooked hairs on their leaves. These trichomes help the plant protect against leaf-eating pests like aphids, but also happen to trap blood-sucking bed bugs. \u003ccite>(Catherine Loudon/University of California, Irvine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A trichome has pierced through the soft joint in a bed bug’s foot. \u003ccite>(Catherine Loudon/University of California, Irvine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Loudon’s goal is to mimic a bean leaf’s mechanism to create an inexpensive, portable trap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_STUCK_ON_SYNTHETIC_MATERIAL_CREDIT-LOUDON_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944310\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_STUCK_ON_SYNTHETIC_MATERIAL_CREDIT-LOUDON_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed bug trapped by a tiny hook on a synthetic surface that mimics a bean leaf. This surface was made at UC Irvine, in the lab of engineer Allon Hochbaum. \u003ccite>(Catherine Loudon/University of California, Irvine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You could imagine a strip that would act as a barrier that could be placed virtually anywhere: across the portal to a room, behind the headboard, on subway seats, an airplane,” Loudon said. “They have six legs, so that’s six opportunities to get trapped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Laura Shields contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists show you how to look for bed bugs when sleeping away from home, and they're developing new traps that stop the pest cold.",
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"title": "Watch Bed Bugs Get Stopped in Their Tracks | KQED",
"description": "Scientists show you how to look for bed bugs when sleeping away from home, and they're developing new traps that stop the pest cold.",
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"headline": "Watch Bed Bugs Get Stopped in Their Tracks",
"datePublished": "2019-07-09T04:35:35-07:00",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Summer is a time of travel and fun. But with every bed an exhausted traveler lies on after a day of sightseeing, the chances of bringing home an unwanted bug increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_ARM_FM_ABOVE_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don’t let this happen to you. An adult bed bug feeds on a human arm. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bed bugs don’t fly or jump or come in from your garden. They crawl very quickly and are great at hiding in travelers’ luggage and hitching rides into their homes — or into hotel rooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_SCURRIES_ON_SHEET_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944313\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_SCURRIES_ON_SHEET_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed bug scurries on a sheet. Experts recommend checking the bed when you’re sleeping away from home. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It would probably be a prudent thing to do a quick bed check if you’re sleeping in a strange bed,” said \u003ca href=\"https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/person/michael-potter\">Michael Potter\u003c/a>, an entomologist at the University of Kentucky who researches bed bugs. His recommendation goes for hotel rooms, as well as dorms and summer camp bunk beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does Potter do when he travels? First, he keeps his suitcase zipped up and on a credenza or metal luggage rack. Bed bugs have a hard time climbing up smooth surfaces like metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NEST_1080-1-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In their nests, bed bugs stick together, as these yellowish young nymphs are doing. They recently emerged from translucent egg casings. Brown and yellow splotches of digested blood called fecal spots are also signs of bed bugs’ presence. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Next, he recommends pulling back the sheet at the head of the bed and checking the seams on the top and bottom of the mattress and the box spring. Contrary to popular belief, bed bugs don’t burrow into mattresses; they stay on the surface. And after feeding on us they find a hideout, where they leave telltale brown or yellow droplets of digested blood called fecal spots. If they have already had a chance to reproduce, their nest might include translucent egg casings and young yellowish nymphs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re more of a nest type of insect,” said Bill Donahue, an entomologist and owner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraresearchlaboratories.com/\">Sierra Research Laboratories\u003c/a> in Modesto, where he evaluates treatments against bed bugs and other pests. “There are areas where the bed bugs will congregate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_NYMPHS_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of young bed bugs, known as nymphs, stick close together in a nest. Empty egg casings are visible in the upper left corner. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adult bed bugs are about the size and color of an apple seed. Young bugs, called nymphs, are smaller and yellowish or white. Guided by the carbon dioxide and heat that sleeping humans emit, they crawl quickly up wooden bed posts and over sheets to stick their long mouth part in and drink for about five minutes, until they’re completely full. They then hide in a nearby cranny, like the seam of the mattress or behind a baseboard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heaven forbid you wake up with itchy red welts during your stay,” Potter said. “Then you want to be incredibly vigilant when you get home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FEEDS_ON_HUMAN_THUMB_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bed bug feeds on a human thumb. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He suggests putting clothes in the dryer or leaving unzipped suitcases inside a hot car, since bed bugs are susceptible to high temperatures. Some people take days, even weeks, to react to a bed bug bite, so bites aren’t a great indicator of when you were exposed to them. And though some people can suffer a severe skin reaction, bed bugs aren’t known to transmit any diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_FULL_OF_BLOOD_AFTER_FEEDING_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bed bug’s body is elongated after feeding on a human arm. Bed bugs need to take a blood meal to molt and grow to each of their five life stages. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Until the 1940s, bed bugs were a common occurrence in the U.S. After being nearly eradicated by the spraying of DDT in the 1950s, they’ve made a comeback worldwide in the past 20 years, aided by the widespread movement of people. They’ve been found all around the country in settings as varied as schools, dorms, hospitals, theaters, moving vans and even funeral homes, according to Potter. And they also move around on secondhand furniture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apartment dwellers are more vulnerable to infestation, as bugs can crawl from one flat to another. Because bed bugs hide away, they’re difficult to treat without the help of a professional, which can be expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CRAWLS_UP_BED_POST_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944311\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CRAWLS_UP_BED_POST_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bed bug crawls up a bed post. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you think you have bed bugs, let your landlord know right away,” said entomologist \u003ca href=\"https://ucanr.edu/?facultyid=20584\">Andrew Sutherland\u003c/a>, the University of California’s urban pest management adviser for the San Francisco Bay Area. “It’s their responsibility to do inspections and to hire a reputable pest control operator to take care of the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because bed bugs are vulnerable to heat, a thermal treatment is “the gold standard,” said Luis Agurto, CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://www.pestec.com/\">Pestec\u003c/a>, a pest control company in the San Francisco Bay Area. Pestec places big heaters throughout an infested residence and warms it up to 122 degrees for two hours. Technicians armed with “guns” blow hot air into areas where bed bugs might be hiding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re basically making a big convection oven,” said Agurto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a thermal treatment, Pestec monitors for bed bugs for several weeks by placing a hard plastic cup under each bed post. The insects have no trouble climbing up the rough outside of these so-called interceptor cups, but then get trapped by the smooth inside, which they’re unable to scale. The company also uses insecticides and vacuum cleaners to get rid of infestations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944750\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944750\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_IN_INTERCEPTOR_CUP_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed bug has become trapped in an interceptor cup placed under a bed post. Bed bugs can crawl into these plastic cups, which have a rough outside, but are unable to climb up the smooth inside surface. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pestec has been called in to investigate and treat infestations, from as small as six bed bugs in an apartment in San Francisco’s Haight neighborhood, to a townhouse in a housing complex in the city’s Potrero Hill district, where bugs were “on all the surfaces,” said Agurto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are working to come up with more tools to get rid of bed bugs. At UC Irvine, biologist and engineer \u003ca href=\"https://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile.cfm?faculty_id=5386\">Catherine Loudon\u003c/a> is collaborating with several engineering labs on campus to create synthetic surfaces that could trap bed bugs. She was inspired by the tiny hooked hairs that grow from the leaves of some varieties of beans, such as kidney and green beans. In nature, the hairs pierce through the feet of the aphids and leafhoppers that like to feed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_ON_BEAN_LEAF_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1944309 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_CAUGHT_ON_BEAN_LEAF_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the lab of Catherine Loudon at UC Irvine, a bed bug tugs to break loose after its front left foot was pierced by a tiny hooked hair on a kidney bean leaf. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Loudon got the idea from Potter, of the University of Kentucky, who mentioned to her a folk remedy he had read about. Residents of the Balkan countries used to spread bean leaves around their beds, and in the morning they’d find bed bugs attached to them. It turns out that the bed bugs’ feet were getting impaled by the hooked hairs on the bean leaves, called trichomes. Researchers have found that trichomes are just as effective against bed bugs, even though they don’t feed on leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kidney and green beans and other bean varieties have tiny hooked hairs on their leaves. These trichomes help the plant protect against leaf-eating pests like aphids, but also happen to trap blood-sucking bed bugs. \u003ccite>(Catherine Loudon/University of California, Irvine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_TRICHOME_PIERCES_BED_BUG_FOOT_CU_CREDIT-LOUDON_1080-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A trichome has pierced through the soft joint in a bed bug’s foot. \u003ccite>(Catherine Loudon/University of California, Irvine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Loudon’s goal is to mimic a bean leaf’s mechanism to create an inexpensive, portable trap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_STUCK_ON_SYNTHETIC_MATERIAL_CREDIT-LOUDON_500.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1944310\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/DL_612BedBugs_BED_BUG_STUCK_ON_SYNTHETIC_MATERIAL_CREDIT-LOUDON_500.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed bug trapped by a tiny hook on a synthetic surface that mimics a bean leaf. This surface was made at UC Irvine, in the lab of engineer Allon Hochbaum. \u003ccite>(Catherine Loudon/University of California, Irvine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You could imagine a strip that would act as a barrier that could be placed virtually anywhere: across the portal to a room, behind the headboard, on subway seats, an airplane,” Loudon said. “They have six legs, so that’s six opportunities to get trapped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Laura Shields contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fungus That's Killed Millions of Bats Detected in California",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s here.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the first time, an invasive fungus that causes a deadly bat disease has been detected in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">White-nose syndrome, one of the most \u003ca href=\"https://msphere.asm.org/content/1/4/e00148-16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">consequential\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> wildlife diseases of modern times, has killed more than 6 million bats in North America since it was first discovered in New York in 2006. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The disease, which has devastated bat populations in Pennsylvania, New York and elsewhere in the Northeast, is caused by the fungus \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pseudogymnoascus destructans\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. It is not known to be harmful to people or common house pets.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental officials discovered low levels of the fungus in samples collected from little brown bats, a common hibernating species, in the Plumas County town of Chester, about 65 miles northeast of Chico. Four bats have been found with traces of the fungus, one in 2018 and three this year. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(W)e decided, two years in a row, even though they are low-level detection, we ought to call it. The fungus is here,” said \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scott Osborn, a senior environmental scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>All-Body Athlete’s Foot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">White-nose syndrome is a fungal infection that grows on the skin of bats while they hibernate. Osborn describes it as an “all-body case of athlete’s foot.” The infection irritates the bats, waking them from what should be a deep slumber.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They then use up their stored energy by grooming themselves. Because it’s winter, most of the bugs and insects that make up their food supply aren’t available, and the bats can’t replenish themselves. They die of starvation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It is not pleasant,” said Osborn. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The disease is extremely lethal where bats hibernate deeply for a long period in the winter.” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the discovery of DNA evidence of the fungus is troubling, officials have yet to document a case of actual white-nose syndrome in California bats, or an indication that the fungus itself is affecting the animals. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is what we would expect to see in terms of how it starts to show up, at low levels with spring detections,” said Alice Chung-MacCoubrey, a bat biologist with the National Park Service. “It’s not surprising, it was just disappointing because everybody wants to keep getting negative results from their surveillance as long as possible.\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">”\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Different Hibernation Patterns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">How the fungus will impact California bats is unclear. In caves, mines and other hibernaculum in the Northeast, the disease has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/25/science/25bats.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wiped out \u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">nearly the entire population of some colonies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But northeastern bats hibernate congregated together in large roosts of thousands or even tens of thousands. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The suspicion is that California bats hibernate in much smaller roosts dispersed across larger areas, but officials know much less about bat hibernation patterns in the state. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The big question we’re asking,” said Bronwyn Hogan, a wildlife biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, is “‘what does this mean for the fungus spreading and development of the disease? We don’t have a great idea about that yet.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, Hogan said, officials are especially concerned about the fate of little brown bats, which are common in California, as well as about other hibernating species. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">White-nose syndrome has been confirmed in 33 states, and the fungus in an additional five including California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists and wildlife managers are searching for treatments and solutions that could be used to help infected bats, but Hogan said they have yet to find a workable solution.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Officials on the Lookout\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now that the fungus has been officially detected, wildlife officials are expanding their bat surveillance across Northern California. They will begin a baseline study of bat populations later this summer, using acoustic monitoring devices and a count of bats as they leave their roosts. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If the disease does start impacting the local bat populations in subsequent years, we should see a drop-off in numbers,” Osborn said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Officials will also attach small radio transmitters to the backs of some bats in order to track their movements across the landscape, with the aim of learning their hibernation spots.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is an old question in the bat research community here,” said Chung-MacCoubrey. “Those who study and manage bats are interested in knowing where our western bat species are hibernating.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The California Department of Fish and Wildlife is leading a multiagency scientific research group called the California White-Nose Syndrome Steering Committee, which is studying how the disease affects the animals. The group also includes the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service and U.S. Geological Survey, among other agencies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Osborn said he hopes the news will raise people’s awareness of the disease, especially in colder parts of California like the higher elevations of the Sierra, where the fungus might thrive. He says people should watch for bats, either dead or active, in the winter. “That’s a sign that maybe the disease hit a local population,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A robust network of people looking for unusual bat behavior—\u003cbr>\nwhat Osborn calls a “passive surveillance network” — will increase the chances of detecting the first cases of white-nose syndrome if and when they occur.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The fungus causing a disease called white-nose syndrome, which has devastated bat populations in the Northeast, has been discovered in low levels in a handful of bats in Plumas County.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s here.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the first time, an invasive fungus that causes a deadly bat disease has been detected in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">White-nose syndrome, one of the most \u003ca href=\"https://msphere.asm.org/content/1/4/e00148-16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">consequential\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> wildlife diseases of modern times, has killed more than 6 million bats in North America since it was first discovered in New York in 2006. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The disease, which has devastated bat populations in Pennsylvania, New York and elsewhere in the Northeast, is caused by the fungus \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pseudogymnoascus destructans\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. It is not known to be harmful to people or common house pets.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental officials discovered low levels of the fungus in samples collected from little brown bats, a common hibernating species, in the Plumas County town of Chester, about 65 miles northeast of Chico. Four bats have been found with traces of the fungus, one in 2018 and three this year. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(W)e decided, two years in a row, even though they are low-level detection, we ought to call it. The fungus is here,” said \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scott Osborn, a senior environmental scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>All-Body Athlete’s Foot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">White-nose syndrome is a fungal infection that grows on the skin of bats while they hibernate. Osborn describes it as an “all-body case of athlete’s foot.” The infection irritates the bats, waking them from what should be a deep slumber.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They then use up their stored energy by grooming themselves. Because it’s winter, most of the bugs and insects that make up their food supply aren’t available, and the bats can’t replenish themselves. They die of starvation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It is not pleasant,” said Osborn. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The disease is extremely lethal where bats hibernate deeply for a long period in the winter.” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the discovery of DNA evidence of the fungus is troubling, officials have yet to document a case of actual white-nose syndrome in California bats, or an indication that the fungus itself is affecting the animals. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is what we would expect to see in terms of how it starts to show up, at low levels with spring detections,” said Alice Chung-MacCoubrey, a bat biologist with the National Park Service. “It’s not surprising, it was just disappointing because everybody wants to keep getting negative results from their surveillance as long as possible.\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">”\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Different Hibernation Patterns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">How the fungus will impact California bats is unclear. In caves, mines and other hibernaculum in the Northeast, the disease has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/25/science/25bats.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wiped out \u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">nearly the entire population of some colonies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But northeastern bats hibernate congregated together in large roosts of thousands or even tens of thousands. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The suspicion is that California bats hibernate in much smaller roosts dispersed across larger areas, but officials know much less about bat hibernation patterns in the state. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The big question we’re asking,” said Bronwyn Hogan, a wildlife biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, is “‘what does this mean for the fungus spreading and development of the disease? We don’t have a great idea about that yet.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, Hogan said, officials are especially concerned about the fate of little brown bats, which are common in California, as well as about other hibernating species. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">White-nose syndrome has been confirmed in 33 states, and the fungus in an additional five including California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists and wildlife managers are searching for treatments and solutions that could be used to help infected bats, but Hogan said they have yet to find a workable solution.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Officials on the Lookout\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now that the fungus has been officially detected, wildlife officials are expanding their bat surveillance across Northern California. They will begin a baseline study of bat populations later this summer, using acoustic monitoring devices and a count of bats as they leave their roosts. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If the disease does start impacting the local bat populations in subsequent years, we should see a drop-off in numbers,” Osborn said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Officials will also attach small radio transmitters to the backs of some bats in order to track their movements across the landscape, with the aim of learning their hibernation spots.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is an old question in the bat research community here,” said Chung-MacCoubrey. “Those who study and manage bats are interested in knowing where our western bat species are hibernating.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The California Department of Fish and Wildlife is leading a multiagency scientific research group called the California White-Nose Syndrome Steering Committee, which is studying how the disease affects the animals. The group also includes the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service and U.S. Geological Survey, among other agencies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Osborn said he hopes the news will raise people’s awareness of the disease, especially in colder parts of California like the higher elevations of the Sierra, where the fungus might thrive. He says people should watch for bats, either dead or active, in the winter. “That’s a sign that maybe the disease hit a local population,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A robust network of people looking for unusual bat behavior—\u003cbr>\nwhat Osborn calls a “passive surveillance network” — will increase the chances of detecting the first cases of white-nose syndrome if and when they occur.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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