QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
Arsenic and Old Wells
Two Species, One Nest: CuriOdyssey's Animal Odd Couple
Invasive Species: They're Here and More on the Way
Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills
Genetic Sleuthing, Or How To Catch The Right Identical Twin Criminal
The Mars Rover Curiosity Digs a Little Deeper
Infrasound Takes a Bow
Book Review: Animal Wise - The Thoughts and Emotions of Our Fellow Creatures
Are Sleeping Aids Effective or Just A Placebo Effect?
Asteroid 2012 DA14: In Line For a Rim Shot
Bay Area Bird Challenge: The Great Backyard Bird Count Is This Weekend!
Romantic Spots for Bay Area Geologists (and Those Who Love Them)
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50416\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 616px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/06/arsenic-and-old-wells/arsenic_poisoning/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50416\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50416\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/arsenic_poisoning.jpg\" alt=\"arsenic poisoning\" width=\"616\" height=\"347\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/arsenic_poisoning.jpg 616w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/arsenic_poisoning-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 616px) 100vw, 616px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The risks of arsenic-contaminated drinking water captured the world's attention when a 2010 Lancet study reported that close to 80 million people in Bangladesh may have been exposed to toxic levels of arsenic in their drinking water. A patient displays one of the many symptoms of arsenic poisoning--skin lesions--in the picture above. (Photo: waterdotorg, via Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Public health advocates cheered when the Environmental Protection Agency approved a stricter standard for arsenic in drinking water in 2001. Arsenic, a naturally occurring element in the earth’s crust, contaminates water supplies when it migrates from rocks into groundwater. Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water can cause serious skin and digestive problems and has been linked to several types of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ehjournal.net/content/11/1/84\">a recent study shows\u003c/a>, not everyone is reaping the benefits of the revised safety standard. Six years after the new rule went into effect, poor communities—who can’t afford the costs of compliance—face the highest risk of exposure to unsafe arsenic levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley researchers analyzed arsenic levels in hundreds of community water systems in California’s San Joaquin Valley, one of the poorest regions in the United States. Most residents are Latino farmworkers. Many speak little English. They live in one of the country’s most productive agricultural regions, but they don’t share its bounty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the study's lead researcher, Carolina Balazs, showed in a paper last year, low-income Latinos in the valley are more likely to have high levels of nitrates in their water. Her arsenic study, published in November, finds no clear link between ethnicity and arsenic exposure. But it does show that if you’re poor and live in the San Joaquin Valley, you’re more likely to have unsafe levels of arsenic in your water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA lowered the arsenic standard, from 50 parts per billion to 10 parts per billion, after a 1999 National Academy of Sciences report concluded that the higher standard “could easily” result in a 1-in-100 cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(In a highly controversial move, the Bush White House postponed the revised rule, approved during the Clinton years, and asked the academy to evaluate new studies on arsenic’s health effects. To the dismay of some Bush supporters, the new studies actually strengthened the evidence.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arsenic levels in most groundwater samples in the United States average 1 ppb or below. But some places in the West, including the San Joaquin Valley, exceed 50 ppb. Small communities like those in the valley often get their drinking water from groundwater wells (while cities use surface water), and so are \u003ca href=\"http://oh.water.usgs.gov/tanc/pubs/BurowEtal04.pdf\">more likely to have higher concentrations of arsenic\u003c/a> in their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 30 million California residents rely on groundwater supplied by community water systems for at least some of their drinking water, according to the California Department of Public Health. Demand for groundwater increases during droughts, when surface water supplies start drying up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2013/pr020413.pdf\">report released by the State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> last month found that 21 million residents get their drinking water from community water systems with contaminated groundwater sources. Arsenic was the most common naturally occurring contaminant, followed by nitrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board identified three general approaches to solving the problem: preventing pollution, removing contaminants, and finding alternative water supplies. Unfortunately, there’s no economically feasible way to remove a naturally occurring contaminant like arsenic from groundwater. In that case, the board noted, water suppliers should focus on finding alternative supplies or treatment at the point of delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the board also acknowledged that community water systems in rural areas, which often serve just a few thousand people, can’t afford any of these solutions and may face persistent contamination problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA recognized that many smaller, poorer community water systems might not be able to meet the tougher standard. That’s why it extended the compliance deadline to January 2006. Yet today some water systems still lack the technical and financial means to comply, prompting regulators to suggest exemptions, including stop-gap measures like supplying bottled water, to give them even more time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Balazs and her colleagues argue, this would simply perpetuate the inequities they found. Small systems often lack the economies of scale to raise rates and the know-how to apply for loans to hire experts who can install and oversee new treatments. And their customers have to buy bottled water so their families have safe drinking water at home—whether they can afford it or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the EPA simply extends the compliance period, it risks creating a situation where community water systems that can’t afford treatments will continue to violate the arsenic safety standard. 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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50302\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/05/two-species-one-nest-curiodysseys-animal-odd-couple/nest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50302\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/nest.jpg\" alt=\"A black-crowned night heron and snowy egret nest together.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/nest.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/nest-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As spring approaches, an egret and a heron have been hard at work preparing for their future brood...together. This will mark the sixth year that \"Jabby,\" a snowy egret (Egretta thula), and \"Lefty,\" a black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) have nested as a pair at \u003ca href=\"http://www.curiodyssey.org\">CuriOdyssey\u003c/a> (formerly Coyote Point Museum) in San Mateo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first glance, this is an \"animal odd couple,\" however, there is nothing odd about it. CuriOdyssey specializes in taking in non-releasable animals from wildlife rehabilitation centers. These animals are deemed non-releaseable due to the extent of their injuries or because they habituated to humans during their recovery, greatly compromising their chances for survival in the wild. Because of this, CuriOdyssey's Walk-Through Aviary contains random numbers of male and female birds of various species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite most of the birds being unmated, Jabby and Lefty have found a solution to this problem. Being the only individuals of their species and wanting to reproduce each spring, Jabby and Lefty have simply paired up!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50001\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/05/two-species-one-nest-curiodysseys-animal-odd-couple/lefty-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50001\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/lefty-1.jpg\" alt='\"Lefty,\" the black-crowned night heron at CuriOdyssey.' width=\"640\" height=\"426\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50001\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/lefty-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/lefty-1-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50311\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/05/two-species-one-nest-curiodysseys-animal-odd-couple/jabby/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50311\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/jabby.jpg\" alt='\"Jabby,\" the snowy egret at CuriOdyssey' width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50311\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/jabby.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/jabby-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drive for them to reproduce each year is so strong, that it doesn't matter what sex or species they are. Both birds' instincts take over each spring, and courting, nest-building and egg-laying begin. This behavior between different species is not unusual in other aviaries with similar circumstances. Previously at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>, a female turquoise tanager (Tangara mexicana) and a female opal-rumped tanager (Tangara velia) nested together in the Rainforests of the World exhibit because they too, were the only individuals of their species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because Jabby and Lefty do not belong to the same genus, their eggs are not fertile. Animals that do belong to the same genus share more genetic material between them, increasing the chances of producing offspring together. Hybrid animals are a result of two parents from the same genus but are different species. A familiar example would be a horse and donkey hybrid- a mule. Offspring from two species, however, are almost always sterile because functioning sex cells in hybrids are rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CuriOdyssey has Aviary Aides almost everyday of the week who will happily point out the nest to visitors. Although Jabby and Lefty do not produce chicks, it is exciting to see their unique relationship each spring.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As spring approaches, an egret and a heron have been hard at work preparing for their future brood...together. This will mark the sixth year that \"Jabby,\" a snowy egret (Egretta thula), and \"Lefty,\" a black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) have nested as a pair at CuriOdyssey (formerly Coyote Point Museum) in San Mateo.",
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"description": "As spring approaches, an egret and a heron have been hard at work preparing for their future brood...together. This will mark the sixth year that "Jabby," a snowy egret (Egretta thula), and "Lefty," a black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) have nested as a pair at CuriOdyssey (formerly Coyote Point Museum) in San Mateo.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50302\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/05/two-species-one-nest-curiodysseys-animal-odd-couple/nest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50302\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/nest.jpg\" alt=\"A black-crowned night heron and snowy egret nest together.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/nest.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/nest-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As spring approaches, an egret and a heron have been hard at work preparing for their future brood...together. This will mark the sixth year that \"Jabby,\" a snowy egret (Egretta thula), and \"Lefty,\" a black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) have nested as a pair at \u003ca href=\"http://www.curiodyssey.org\">CuriOdyssey\u003c/a> (formerly Coyote Point Museum) in San Mateo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first glance, this is an \"animal odd couple,\" however, there is nothing odd about it. CuriOdyssey specializes in taking in non-releasable animals from wildlife rehabilitation centers. These animals are deemed non-releaseable due to the extent of their injuries or because they habituated to humans during their recovery, greatly compromising their chances for survival in the wild. Because of this, CuriOdyssey's Walk-Through Aviary contains random numbers of male and female birds of various species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite most of the birds being unmated, Jabby and Lefty have found a solution to this problem. Being the only individuals of their species and wanting to reproduce each spring, Jabby and Lefty have simply paired up!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50001\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/05/two-species-one-nest-curiodysseys-animal-odd-couple/lefty-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50001\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/lefty-1.jpg\" alt='\"Lefty,\" the black-crowned night heron at CuriOdyssey.' width=\"640\" height=\"426\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50001\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/lefty-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/lefty-1-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50311\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/05/two-species-one-nest-curiodysseys-animal-odd-couple/jabby/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50311\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/jabby.jpg\" alt='\"Jabby,\" the snowy egret at CuriOdyssey' width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50311\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/jabby.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/jabby-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drive for them to reproduce each year is so strong, that it doesn't matter what sex or species they are. Both birds' instincts take over each spring, and courting, nest-building and egg-laying begin. This behavior between different species is not unusual in other aviaries with similar circumstances. Previously at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>, a female turquoise tanager (Tangara mexicana) and a female opal-rumped tanager (Tangara velia) nested together in the Rainforests of the World exhibit because they too, were the only individuals of their species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because Jabby and Lefty do not belong to the same genus, their eggs are not fertile. Animals that do belong to the same genus share more genetic material between them, increasing the chances of producing offspring together. Hybrid animals are a result of two parents from the same genus but are different species. A familiar example would be a horse and donkey hybrid- a mule. Offspring from two species, however, are almost always sterile because functioning sex cells in hybrids are rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CuriOdyssey has Aviary Aides almost everyday of the week who will happily point out the nest to visitors. Although Jabby and Lefty do not produce chicks, it is exciting to see their unique relationship each spring.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Invasive Species: They're Here and More on the Way",
"title": "Invasive Species: They're Here and More on the Way",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50086\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50086\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290.jpg\" alt=\"Invasive red-crested cardinals, though beautiful, are serious problems for native Hawaiian birds. Image by Tony Fox\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Invasive red-crested cardinals, though beautiful, are serious problems for native Hawaiian birds. Image by \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Tony Fox\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"The state of our birds is a measurable indicator of how well we are doing as stewards of our environment, and the signal is clear. Greater bird conservation efforts are needed to realize the vision of a nation sustained economically, biologically and spiritually by abundant natural resources and spectacular wildlife in perpetuity.\" \u003ca title=\"State of the Birds 2011\" href=\"http://www.stateofthebirds.org/newsroom/KeyMessages2011.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">State of the Birds, 2011, USA \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve just returned from a trip to Maui where I enjoyed the tropical climate, warm ocean and amazing wildlife from \u003ca title=\"humpback whales\" href=\"http://wildhawaii.org/marinelife/whales.html\" target=\"_blank\">humpback whales\u003c/a> to \u003ca title=\"sea turtles of Hawaii\" href=\"http://wildhawaii.org/marinelife/turtles.html\" target=\"_blank\">sea turtles\u003c/a> to \u003ca title=\"Migration study of Pacific golden plovers\" href=\"http://www.humanecapture.com/wp-content/uploads/Golden-Plovers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Pacific golden plovers\u003c/a>. The whales and plovers perform similar migratory paths, moving from their wintering grounds in the areas around Hawaii northward each summer to Alaska and the Arctic Circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I found troubling, though, were the throngs of birds that swarmed the urban areas. They were exotic and beautiful, but almost to a species, they were all non-native and considered invasive. The native bird species of each Hawaiian island hover on the brink of extinction. They’re having a hard time adapting to the many environmental pressures introduced plant species, which are changing their native habitat. There’s also competition from the introduced animal species as well as predation from them, both on the adult birds as well as their young. Ants and rats are particular problems for nesting young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50087\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/invasive-species-theyre-here-and-more-on-the-way/palila/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50087\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50087\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Palila.jpg\" alt=\"Native Hawaiian birds, like the palila, are endangered from the many pressures non-native species put on their populations. Image by\" width=\"250\" height=\"215\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Native Hawaiian birds, like the palila, are endangered from the many pressures non-native species put on their populations. Image courtesy of the \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palila.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">USGS\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hawaiian Islands stand as examples and cautionary tales for our care of the mainland native bird species and their habitats. In our global economy, we are doing a good job of not only transporting goods around the world, but unintentionally transporting problematic species, too. There have been intentional introductions as well. \u003ca title=\"Scientific American, Starling and house sparrow introductions\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=call-of-the-reviled\" target=\"_blank\">Starlings and house sparrows arrived here\u003c/a> with someone’s capricious intention of bringing the birds of Shakespeare to New York’s Central Park. By the 1950's, they’d spread from coast to coast with repercussions for native birds throughout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though invasive species may seem like too great a problem for individuals to tackle, there are steps we can take to make a difference. You can join a crew of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/getinvolved/volunteer\" target=\"_blank\">volunteers\u003c/a> to pull invasive plants in the regional parks. You can also log your sightings of invasive species on the \u003ca title=\"NIIS website\" href=\"http://www.niiss.org/cwis438/websites/niiss/home.php?WebSiteID=1\" target=\"_blank\">National Institute of Invasive Species Science\u003c/a> website by following instructions on their \u003ca title=\"Citizen Science brochure, NIISS\" href=\"http://www.niiss.org/WebContent/cwis438/download_files/Users%20Guide%20Cit%20Sci%20Brochure%20v1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Citizen Science initiative\u003c/a>. I noticed that there weren’t any sightings listed for the San Francisco Bay Area. List in the comments below if you have suggestions for how folks can get involved or if you’ve noticed other invasive plants or animals that are problems in our area. Here’s a list of websites with information regarding \u003ca title=\"Invasive Species information\" href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/unitedstates/ca.shtml#.US7kXxnyvPE\" target=\"_blank\">invasive species in our area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50088\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/invasive-species-theyre-here-and-more-on-the-way/toulouse_-_sturnus_vulgaris_-_2012-02-26_-_3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50088\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50088\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Toulouse_-_Sturnus_vulgaris_-_2012-02-26_-_3-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"European starlings are found throughout North America and can be traced back to a successful introduction to Central Park in the late 1800s. Photo by Pierre Sims\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">European starlings are found throughout North America and can be traced back to a successful introduction to Central Park in the late 1800s. Photo by \u003ca title=\"Wikimedia, Pierre Selim's Eurpoean starling\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toulouse_-_Sturnus_vulgaris_-_2012-02-26_-_3.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Pierre Selim\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50086\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50086\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290.jpg\" alt=\"Invasive red-crested cardinals, though beautiful, are serious problems for native Hawaiian birds. Image by Tony Fox\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Invasive red-crested cardinals, though beautiful, are serious problems for native Hawaiian birds. Image by \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Tony Fox\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"The state of our birds is a measurable indicator of how well we are doing as stewards of our environment, and the signal is clear. Greater bird conservation efforts are needed to realize the vision of a nation sustained economically, biologically and spiritually by abundant natural resources and spectacular wildlife in perpetuity.\" \u003ca title=\"State of the Birds 2011\" href=\"http://www.stateofthebirds.org/newsroom/KeyMessages2011.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">State of the Birds, 2011, USA \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve just returned from a trip to Maui where I enjoyed the tropical climate, warm ocean and amazing wildlife from \u003ca title=\"humpback whales\" href=\"http://wildhawaii.org/marinelife/whales.html\" target=\"_blank\">humpback whales\u003c/a> to \u003ca title=\"sea turtles of Hawaii\" href=\"http://wildhawaii.org/marinelife/turtles.html\" target=\"_blank\">sea turtles\u003c/a> to \u003ca title=\"Migration study of Pacific golden plovers\" href=\"http://www.humanecapture.com/wp-content/uploads/Golden-Plovers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Pacific golden plovers\u003c/a>. The whales and plovers perform similar migratory paths, moving from their wintering grounds in the areas around Hawaii northward each summer to Alaska and the Arctic Circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I found troubling, though, were the throngs of birds that swarmed the urban areas. They were exotic and beautiful, but almost to a species, they were all non-native and considered invasive. The native bird species of each Hawaiian island hover on the brink of extinction. They’re having a hard time adapting to the many environmental pressures introduced plant species, which are changing their native habitat. There’s also competition from the introduced animal species as well as predation from them, both on the adult birds as well as their young. Ants and rats are particular problems for nesting young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50087\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/invasive-species-theyre-here-and-more-on-the-way/palila/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50087\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50087\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Palila.jpg\" alt=\"Native Hawaiian birds, like the palila, are endangered from the many pressures non-native species put on their populations. Image by\" width=\"250\" height=\"215\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Native Hawaiian birds, like the palila, are endangered from the many pressures non-native species put on their populations. Image courtesy of the \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palila.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">USGS\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hawaiian Islands stand as examples and cautionary tales for our care of the mainland native bird species and their habitats. In our global economy, we are doing a good job of not only transporting goods around the world, but unintentionally transporting problematic species, too. There have been intentional introductions as well. \u003ca title=\"Scientific American, Starling and house sparrow introductions\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=call-of-the-reviled\" target=\"_blank\">Starlings and house sparrows arrived here\u003c/a> with someone’s capricious intention of bringing the birds of Shakespeare to New York’s Central Park. By the 1950's, they’d spread from coast to coast with repercussions for native birds throughout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though invasive species may seem like too great a problem for individuals to tackle, there are steps we can take to make a difference. You can join a crew of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/getinvolved/volunteer\" target=\"_blank\">volunteers\u003c/a> to pull invasive plants in the regional parks. You can also log your sightings of invasive species on the \u003ca title=\"NIIS website\" href=\"http://www.niiss.org/cwis438/websites/niiss/home.php?WebSiteID=1\" target=\"_blank\">National Institute of Invasive Species Science\u003c/a> website by following instructions on their \u003ca title=\"Citizen Science brochure, NIISS\" href=\"http://www.niiss.org/WebContent/cwis438/download_files/Users%20Guide%20Cit%20Sci%20Brochure%20v1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Citizen Science initiative\u003c/a>. I noticed that there weren’t any sightings listed for the San Francisco Bay Area. List in the comments below if you have suggestions for how folks can get involved or if you’ve noticed other invasive plants or animals that are problems in our area. Here’s a list of websites with information regarding \u003ca title=\"Invasive Species information\" href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/unitedstates/ca.shtml#.US7kXxnyvPE\" target=\"_blank\">invasive species in our area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50088\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/invasive-species-theyre-here-and-more-on-the-way/toulouse_-_sturnus_vulgaris_-_2012-02-26_-_3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50088\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50088\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Toulouse_-_Sturnus_vulgaris_-_2012-02-26_-_3-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"European starlings are found throughout North America and can be traced back to a successful introduction to Central Park in the late 1800s. Photo by Pierre Sims\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">European starlings are found throughout North America and can be traced back to a successful introduction to Central Park in the late 1800s. Photo by \u003ca title=\"Wikimedia, Pierre Selim's Eurpoean starling\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toulouse_-_Sturnus_vulgaris_-_2012-02-26_-_3.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Pierre Selim\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills",
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"content": "\u003cp>As you head south on I-5 past Coalinga, the road runs just east of a long range of hills. From on high, and on the geologic map, the Kettleman Hills are a dramatic and obvious example of an anticlinal arch. The center is uplifted and dissected by erosion, so that the insides are the older rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50107\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png\" alt=\"kethillsgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50107\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These hills drew the attention of oil drillers early on, but their holes came up dry until October 3rd, 1928, when a well struck a highly overpressured reservoir some 7000 feet down. A gusher resulted that lasted for three years. Oil production from the field was so great that the market was depressed and several other oil-producing states grumbled about the lack of regulation in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50111\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillswellhead/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50111\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg\" alt=\"Massive Christmas tree of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50111\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Massive \"Christmas tree\" of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/bilbord99/\"}Bill Mulder{/link} of flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The town of Avenal arose with the oil boom, along with a host of businesses based on petroleum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kettlemanking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50104\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png\" alt=\"This company was later acquired by Beacon.\" width=\"600\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50104\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking-400x302.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This company was later acquired by Beacon. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/\"}Thomas Hawk{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The classic geologic treatment of the Kettleman Hills oil field was issued in 1940 by the U.S. Geological Survey as \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp195\">Professional Paper 195\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the field is almost played out, although you can never discount new advances that might revive it. But the hills remain, blooming every spring. And the roadcuts, where you can access them, are still \u003ca href=\"http://inyo.coffeecup.com/site/kh/kettleman.html\">full of fossils\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillssanddollar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50109\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg\" alt=\"The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi\" width=\"500\" height=\"484\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50109\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-400x387.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi, 43 millimeters across, from the interior of the Kettleman Hills. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/\"}James St. John{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can cross the hills in three places, two of them busy highways: the Avenal cutoff in the north and state route 41 in the middle. I've tried looking for places to pull over on these roads and it basically shouldn't be done. Take the third way, farther south starting at the Utica Avenue exit; head west and then immediately south on 25th Avenue, taking it all the way to Twisselman Road and back to the freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsroutemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50108\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png\" alt=\"kethillsroutemap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50108\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edge of the hills is marked by the California Aqueduct, which is always worth contemplating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsaqueduct/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50106\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50106\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are a few roadcuts worth checking out. They all seem to be full of fossils dating from the Pleistocene, when the Central Valley was an arm of the sea. With the compression of the Coast Ranges, outlying folds in the crust of the San Joaquin Valley were pushed up into anticlines which formed traps for huge amounts of oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillfossils/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg\" alt=\"kethillfossils\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Devil's Den Road splits off is the gap between the Middle and South Domes of the Kettleman Hills. East of there was the shoreline of Tulare Lake, an inland sea that was drained away long ago by the farms and cities of the Great Valley. Imagine the effect it must have had on the local climate here. This countryside, at its best, is worlds away from I-5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillstop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg\" alt=\"kethillstop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50110\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, the point of a side trip is not to rush—plenty of opportunity for that on the freeway—and be ready to stop and smell the flowers, or at least sniff the breeze.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As you head south on I-5 past Coalinga, the road runs just east of a long range of hills. From on high, and on the geologic map, the Kettleman Hills are a dramatic and obvious example of an anticlinal arch. The center is uplifted and dissected by erosion, so that the insides are the older rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50107\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png\" alt=\"kethillsgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50107\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These hills drew the attention of oil drillers early on, but their holes came up dry until October 3rd, 1928, when a well struck a highly overpressured reservoir some 7000 feet down. A gusher resulted that lasted for three years. Oil production from the field was so great that the market was depressed and several other oil-producing states grumbled about the lack of regulation in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50111\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillswellhead/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50111\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg\" alt=\"Massive Christmas tree of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50111\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Massive \"Christmas tree\" of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/bilbord99/\"}Bill Mulder{/link} of flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The town of Avenal arose with the oil boom, along with a host of businesses based on petroleum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kettlemanking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50104\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png\" alt=\"This company was later acquired by Beacon.\" width=\"600\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50104\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking-400x302.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This company was later acquired by Beacon. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/\"}Thomas Hawk{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The classic geologic treatment of the Kettleman Hills oil field was issued in 1940 by the U.S. Geological Survey as \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp195\">Professional Paper 195\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the field is almost played out, although you can never discount new advances that might revive it. But the hills remain, blooming every spring. And the roadcuts, where you can access them, are still \u003ca href=\"http://inyo.coffeecup.com/site/kh/kettleman.html\">full of fossils\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillssanddollar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50109\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg\" alt=\"The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi\" width=\"500\" height=\"484\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50109\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-400x387.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi, 43 millimeters across, from the interior of the Kettleman Hills. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/\"}James St. John{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can cross the hills in three places, two of them busy highways: the Avenal cutoff in the north and state route 41 in the middle. I've tried looking for places to pull over on these roads and it basically shouldn't be done. Take the third way, farther south starting at the Utica Avenue exit; head west and then immediately south on 25th Avenue, taking it all the way to Twisselman Road and back to the freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsroutemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50108\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png\" alt=\"kethillsroutemap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50108\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edge of the hills is marked by the California Aqueduct, which is always worth contemplating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsaqueduct/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50106\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50106\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are a few roadcuts worth checking out. They all seem to be full of fossils dating from the Pleistocene, when the Central Valley was an arm of the sea. With the compression of the Coast Ranges, outlying folds in the crust of the San Joaquin Valley were pushed up into anticlines which formed traps for huge amounts of oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillfossils/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg\" alt=\"kethillfossils\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Devil's Den Road splits off is the gap between the Middle and South Domes of the Kettleman Hills. East of there was the shoreline of Tulare Lake, an inland sea that was drained away long ago by the farms and cities of the Great Valley. Imagine the effect it must have had on the local climate here. This countryside, at its best, is worlds away from I-5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillstop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg\" alt=\"kethillstop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50110\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, the point of a side trip is not to rush—plenty of opportunity for that on the freeway—and be ready to stop and smell the flowers, or at least sniff the breeze.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Genetic Sleuthing, Or How To Catch The Right Identical Twin Criminal ",
"title": "Genetic Sleuthing, Or How To Catch The Right Identical Twin Criminal ",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/IdenticalTwinsRedhair.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/IdenticalTwinsRedhair.jpg\" alt='\"Identical twins like these can finally be told apart at the genetic level for only a few thousand dollars. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Redhead_twins.jpg' width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49603\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/IdenticalTwinsRedhair.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/IdenticalTwinsRedhair-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Identical twins like these can finally be told apart at the genetic level for only a few thousand dollars. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Redhead_twins.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The police in Marseille France are \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21401200\">struggling to solve a sexual assault case\u003c/a>. They have solid video evidence and have even matched DNA from the crime scene with two suspects but they still can’t figure it out. See, the problem is that the suspects are identical twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identical twins look pretty similar so unless the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15107687/ns/dateline_nbc-crime_reports/#.URvjYR37Ls4\">police get lucky\u003c/a> like they did in Boston, video evidence can’t usually be used to tell them apart. And identical twins share the same DNA so conventional DNA tests can’t be used either. The police are in a real pickle. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except that they don’t have to be. As the police are aware, there are less conventional tests that can find the few differences between the DNA of identical twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of our DNA is exactly the same as when we were a fertilized egg, floating towards our mother’s womb. Our life experiences change our DNA in many different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there are chemical marks on our DNA that help to control which genes should be turned on where and to what level. These epigenetic marks are added and removed over our life time in response to our specific set of experiences. This is true for all of us including identical twins. In fact, scientists have actually looked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=identical-twins-exhibit-d\">these epigenetic markers in identical twins\u003c/a> and have found them to be different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way our DNA can change is through mutation. DNA is not as stable as you might think and each of our DNAs is building up small changes over our lifetime. Sometimes these mutations can lead to trouble (for example, \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/cancer-origins\">almost all cases of cancer\u003c/a> come from DNA mutations) but most are harmless. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These mutations are random events that can happen in a couple of different ways. Sometimes something in the environment like cigarette smoke or the ultraviolet light from the sun damages the DNA. Other times our cells make a mistake when they copy their DNA and that mistake is passed on to the next generation of cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both cases, the mutations are going to be specific to a person. The odds are definitely against two different cells making a mistake in the same place in each of their DNAs. Same thing with ultraviolet light targeting the exact same two T’s in two different people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49607\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/25/genetic-sleuthing/mutateddna/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49607\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/MutatedDNA.gif\" alt=\"A couple of the ways DNA can be changed.\" width=\"225\" height=\"151\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49607\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A couple of the ways DNA can be changed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So there are unique DNA differences between identical twins that scientists can use to tell them apart. Why aren’t the police using these differences to catch their criminal? Because the cost is too high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The police are saying that it would cost one million euros to do the required testing. No matter how hard I try, I can’t seem to wrap my head around that price tag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked around and right now it costs between $5000 and $10,000 U.S. dollars to sequence an entire genome here in California. I know things are more expensive in Europe but unless the euro has crashed big time in the last few weeks, I can’t get to a million euros.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They would need to sequence the DNA of both twins and the DNA from each of the six crime scenes. Let’s call that $100,000 U.S. Do they really need an extra $900,000 to analyze the data?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now to be fair, getting this information isn’t that easy. The mutations I was talking about happen in different places in different cells. A person may get a DNA change in his skin cell different from one in his blood or cheek cell. So the police need to be very careful about which tissues they choose to test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, since these are sexual assaults there may have been semen from the rapist at some of the crime scenes. Sperm cells have a pretty high rate of mutation because men are constantly making new sperm. In fact, these mutations are why the children of older men are at \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/older-dads%E2%80%99-kids-higher-risk-genetic-disease\">a higher risk for certain diseases\u003c/a>. So sperm would be an ideal source for looking at the whole genome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sperm wouldn’t be as ideal for looking at epigenetic changes. Before DNA is packaged into sperm, most of the epigenetic markers are wiped clean. Not all of them (which is one way environmental effects can be \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/original_news/news134\">passed from one generation to the next\u003c/a>), but enough so that this may not be the best approach with sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The epigenetic approach would be better for other tissues. It is more expensive but scientists need to look at less DNA so the price pretty much evens out in the end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line is that there are tests available to distinguish between the twins and that the tests probably wouldn’t cost one million euros. Still, even if the tests are “only” 100,000 euros, that is still a lot of money. It is up to society and the government whether or not catching one (or two) criminals is worth this cost.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/IdenticalTwinsRedhair.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/IdenticalTwinsRedhair.jpg\" alt='\"Identical twins like these can finally be told apart at the genetic level for only a few thousand dollars. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Redhead_twins.jpg' width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49603\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/IdenticalTwinsRedhair.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/IdenticalTwinsRedhair-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Identical twins like these can finally be told apart at the genetic level for only a few thousand dollars. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Redhead_twins.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The police in Marseille France are \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21401200\">struggling to solve a sexual assault case\u003c/a>. They have solid video evidence and have even matched DNA from the crime scene with two suspects but they still can’t figure it out. See, the problem is that the suspects are identical twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identical twins look pretty similar so unless the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15107687/ns/dateline_nbc-crime_reports/#.URvjYR37Ls4\">police get lucky\u003c/a> like they did in Boston, video evidence can’t usually be used to tell them apart. And identical twins share the same DNA so conventional DNA tests can’t be used either. The police are in a real pickle. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except that they don’t have to be. As the police are aware, there are less conventional tests that can find the few differences between the DNA of identical twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of our DNA is exactly the same as when we were a fertilized egg, floating towards our mother’s womb. Our life experiences change our DNA in many different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there are chemical marks on our DNA that help to control which genes should be turned on where and to what level. These epigenetic marks are added and removed over our life time in response to our specific set of experiences. This is true for all of us including identical twins. In fact, scientists have actually looked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=identical-twins-exhibit-d\">these epigenetic markers in identical twins\u003c/a> and have found them to be different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way our DNA can change is through mutation. DNA is not as stable as you might think and each of our DNAs is building up small changes over our lifetime. Sometimes these mutations can lead to trouble (for example, \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/cancer-origins\">almost all cases of cancer\u003c/a> come from DNA mutations) but most are harmless. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These mutations are random events that can happen in a couple of different ways. Sometimes something in the environment like cigarette smoke or the ultraviolet light from the sun damages the DNA. Other times our cells make a mistake when they copy their DNA and that mistake is passed on to the next generation of cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both cases, the mutations are going to be specific to a person. The odds are definitely against two different cells making a mistake in the same place in each of their DNAs. Same thing with ultraviolet light targeting the exact same two T’s in two different people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49607\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/25/genetic-sleuthing/mutateddna/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49607\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/MutatedDNA.gif\" alt=\"A couple of the ways DNA can be changed.\" width=\"225\" height=\"151\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49607\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A couple of the ways DNA can be changed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So there are unique DNA differences between identical twins that scientists can use to tell them apart. Why aren’t the police using these differences to catch their criminal? Because the cost is too high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The police are saying that it would cost one million euros to do the required testing. No matter how hard I try, I can’t seem to wrap my head around that price tag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked around and right now it costs between $5000 and $10,000 U.S. dollars to sequence an entire genome here in California. I know things are more expensive in Europe but unless the euro has crashed big time in the last few weeks, I can’t get to a million euros.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They would need to sequence the DNA of both twins and the DNA from each of the six crime scenes. Let’s call that $100,000 U.S. Do they really need an extra $900,000 to analyze the data?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now to be fair, getting this information isn’t that easy. The mutations I was talking about happen in different places in different cells. A person may get a DNA change in his skin cell different from one in his blood or cheek cell. So the police need to be very careful about which tissues they choose to test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, since these are sexual assaults there may have been semen from the rapist at some of the crime scenes. Sperm cells have a pretty high rate of mutation because men are constantly making new sperm. In fact, these mutations are why the children of older men are at \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/older-dads%E2%80%99-kids-higher-risk-genetic-disease\">a higher risk for certain diseases\u003c/a>. So sperm would be an ideal source for looking at the whole genome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sperm wouldn’t be as ideal for looking at epigenetic changes. Before DNA is packaged into sperm, most of the epigenetic markers are wiped clean. Not all of them (which is one way environmental effects can be \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/original_news/news134\">passed from one generation to the next\u003c/a>), but enough so that this may not be the best approach with sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The epigenetic approach would be better for other tissues. It is more expensive but scientists need to look at less DNA so the price pretty much evens out in the end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line is that there are tests available to distinguish between the twins and that the tests probably wouldn’t cost one million euros. Still, even if the tests are “only” 100,000 euros, that is still a lot of money. It is up to society and the government whether or not catching one (or two) criminals is worth this cost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/22/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper/msl-thwackmarks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49841\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg\" alt=\"Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49841\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Add another word to your vocabulary of Martian geological exploration: thwacking...repeat, not fracking, but thwacking!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thwack: to strike with or as if with something flat or heavy. (Merriam Webster's.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, NASA held a press conference to announce another first in our robotic exploration of Mars. On February 8th, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\" title=\"NASA Mars Science Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">Curiosity \u003c/a>(of the Mars Science Laboratory mission) used its drill to bore a hole (maybe more correctly, used its thwacker to thwack a hole) into a slab of flat bedrock. The boring tool uses vibrating impacts to speed up the rock penetration of the rotating drill bit, not unlike a handheld impact drill, or a tiny jackhammer with a spinning tip. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hole, 6.4 centimeters deep (about the length of my pinky finger), is aimed at delivering a sample of pulverized rock powder to Curiosity's onboard chemical analysis laboratories--more specifically, a sample from deeper into the rock than 5 centimeters, rock which has not been chemically altered by the weathering effects that the material at the outer surfaces endures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patch of bedrock chosen for this micro-excursion is thought to be ancient, making a probing of mere inches an excursion of perhaps millions of years into Mars' past--maybe far back enough to probe a time when liquid water existed on its surface. Regardless of whether it finds the watery signature of ancient surface liquid in this sample, exciting though that would be, the rover's mission is to probe Mars' geology to assess the past habitability of the planet--so we'll get what we get. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a 6.4 centimeter hole in bedrock barely sounds like scratching the surface, this hole bears the distinction of being the deepest we've dug into solid rock on Mars. And it's really no small feat. Perhaps to get an idea of what it takes to do this sort of prospecting, try it yourself: get an impact drill (one of those hand drills that vibrates up and down as it bores) with a one-inch masonry bit and try drilling/thwacking a 2.5 inch hold into an old piece of concrete (disclaimer: make sure it's your own concrete, not someone else's paving stone or patio--and be sure you're wearing proper eye protection gear). Now, if you've managed to do this, think about the fact that NASA has done this by remote control on Mars. Curiosity is doing some amazingly challenging work out there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this moment the pulverized tablespoonful of pristine bedrock awaits being delivered to the instruments on Curiosity that will unlock all of its tantalizing chemical secrets--but maybe that can be the subject of a press release event in the near future. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/22/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper/msl-thwackmarks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49841\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg\" alt=\"Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49841\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Add another word to your vocabulary of Martian geological exploration: thwacking...repeat, not fracking, but thwacking!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thwack: to strike with or as if with something flat or heavy. (Merriam Webster's.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, NASA held a press conference to announce another first in our robotic exploration of Mars. On February 8th, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\" title=\"NASA Mars Science Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">Curiosity \u003c/a>(of the Mars Science Laboratory mission) used its drill to bore a hole (maybe more correctly, used its thwacker to thwack a hole) into a slab of flat bedrock. The boring tool uses vibrating impacts to speed up the rock penetration of the rotating drill bit, not unlike a handheld impact drill, or a tiny jackhammer with a spinning tip. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hole, 6.4 centimeters deep (about the length of my pinky finger), is aimed at delivering a sample of pulverized rock powder to Curiosity's onboard chemical analysis laboratories--more specifically, a sample from deeper into the rock than 5 centimeters, rock which has not been chemically altered by the weathering effects that the material at the outer surfaces endures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patch of bedrock chosen for this micro-excursion is thought to be ancient, making a probing of mere inches an excursion of perhaps millions of years into Mars' past--maybe far back enough to probe a time when liquid water existed on its surface. Regardless of whether it finds the watery signature of ancient surface liquid in this sample, exciting though that would be, the rover's mission is to probe Mars' geology to assess the past habitability of the planet--so we'll get what we get. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a 6.4 centimeter hole in bedrock barely sounds like scratching the surface, this hole bears the distinction of being the deepest we've dug into solid rock on Mars. And it's really no small feat. Perhaps to get an idea of what it takes to do this sort of prospecting, try it yourself: get an impact drill (one of those hand drills that vibrates up and down as it bores) with a one-inch masonry bit and try drilling/thwacking a 2.5 inch hold into an old piece of concrete (disclaimer: make sure it's your own concrete, not someone else's paving stone or patio--and be sure you're wearing proper eye protection gear). Now, if you've managed to do this, think about the fact that NASA has done this by remote control on Mars. Curiosity is doing some amazingly challenging work out there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this moment the pulverized tablespoonful of pristine bedrock awaits being delivered to the instruments on Curiosity that will unlock all of its tantalizing chemical secrets--but maybe that can be the subject of a press release event in the near future. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Infrasound Takes a Bow",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49822\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/21/infrasound-takes-a-bow/infrasound/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49822\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound.jpg\" alt=\"Infrasound array at Tristan da Cunha. Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49822\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrasound array at Tristan da Cunha. Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When North Korea conducted its third nuclear explosion on February 12, the global nuclear police, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization, detected it immediately and soon afterward released its evidence. Most people probably know that the CTBTO uses seismometers to detect these forbidden explosions, but it also relies on instruments that monitor infrasound: sound that is too low in frequency for us to hear. Stations in Japan and \u003cdel datetime=\"2013-02-22T18:03:23+00:00\">China \u003c/del>Russia recorded the superdeep bass roar of the bomb as it arrived from North Korea through the air, not the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three days later came the big meteor explosion in Russia. That was high in the atmosphere, not underground, and it gave infrasound its chance to shine. The tremendous shock wave that shattered the windows of Chelyabinsk spread over the world and was recorded by 17 of the CTBTO's 45 infrasound stations, even one in Antarctica. (The CTBTO has issued the record from the Antarctic station, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-8ij80vs1E\">sped up 135 times to make it audible.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atom bombs and meteors are just part of the subject, though—all sorts of things create infrasound, both natural and human. Natural sources include volcanoes, wind tumbling over mountain ranges, heavy surf, auroras, tornadoes, landslides, earthquakes and of course meteors. Human sources include vehicle traffic of all kinds, rocket launches, sonic booms, quarry blasts, military bombardments and of course nuclear explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower limit of human hearing—the deepest bass notes of thunder or big church organ pipes—is a frequency of about 20 hertz, and infrasound goes from about 20 Hz down to perhaps 0.001 Hz, or one cycle in a thousand seconds. Anything slower than that is more meteorology than acoustics! Infrasound includes ordinary sound-type pressure waves as well as gravity waves, which are like ripples in a pond only in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infrasound waves are called microbaroms in the literature. It takes special large instruments to detect them, like the one shown in the photo. The flowerlike apparatus is a set of thin pipes that minimizes the noise of wind, arranged around a pressure sensor. The best instruments are networked arrays of these, scattered over an area measured in acres. Even so, infrasound arrays are put in remote places to avoid the noises of civilization. In California, UC San Diego has a \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/\">strong infrasound program\u003c/a> that includes \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/L2A_arrayinfo.php\">research arrays\u003c/a> near Temecula, Santa Margarita and Chico. It also runs one of the official CTBTO infrasound sites, near Palm Springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science awoke to the potential of infrasound back in 1883, when the enormous eruption of Krakatoa sent waves through the air that registered on barometers around the world. But I first read about infrasound in Robert Heinlein's 1941 novel \u003ci>The Day After Tomorrow\u003c/i> (also known as \u003ci>Sixth Column\u003c/i>), in which \"subsonic\" vibrations were used to induce feelings of terror in an enemy delegation. If I recall correctly, the frequency used was 14 Hz. There is something uncanny about sound that can't be heard, and there is a strong flavor of paranoia around the subject in some circles. High levels of infrasound do have health effects, particularly because the vibrations rattle the whole organism, not just the ears. More benignly, elephants and whales are known to perceive and produce infrasound. And \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/infrasonics/a/birdsound.htm\">one intriguing line of research\u003c/a> suggests that migratory birds use infrasound for navigation as a sonic map of the regional landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty gave a big boost to infrasound research. In addition to its well-known seismometers and radiation monitors, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/map/#ims\">the CTBTO's worldwide network of sensors\u003c/a> includes a planned total of 60 infrasound stations, of which 45 are working today. (A network of hydrophones, to monitor the seas, is the fourth component.) The United States Senate has still not ratified the treaty, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/member-states/country-profiles/?country=34&cHash=2a8d71d449c1396faae0a2060b03391a\">Chad did just this month\u003c/a>. President Clinton signed the treaty on September 24, 1996, but ever since then the Senate has failed to do its part. It would be nice if it did, and soon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Last week's events pushed the obscure subject of infrasound into the news. That was music to my science-obsessed ears.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49822\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/21/infrasound-takes-a-bow/infrasound/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49822\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound.jpg\" alt=\"Infrasound array at Tristan da Cunha. Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49822\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrasound array at Tristan da Cunha. Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When North Korea conducted its third nuclear explosion on February 12, the global nuclear police, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization, detected it immediately and soon afterward released its evidence. Most people probably know that the CTBTO uses seismometers to detect these forbidden explosions, but it also relies on instruments that monitor infrasound: sound that is too low in frequency for us to hear. Stations in Japan and \u003cdel datetime=\"2013-02-22T18:03:23+00:00\">China \u003c/del>Russia recorded the superdeep bass roar of the bomb as it arrived from North Korea through the air, not the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three days later came the big meteor explosion in Russia. That was high in the atmosphere, not underground, and it gave infrasound its chance to shine. The tremendous shock wave that shattered the windows of Chelyabinsk spread over the world and was recorded by 17 of the CTBTO's 45 infrasound stations, even one in Antarctica. (The CTBTO has issued the record from the Antarctic station, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-8ij80vs1E\">sped up 135 times to make it audible.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atom bombs and meteors are just part of the subject, though—all sorts of things create infrasound, both natural and human. Natural sources include volcanoes, wind tumbling over mountain ranges, heavy surf, auroras, tornadoes, landslides, earthquakes and of course meteors. Human sources include vehicle traffic of all kinds, rocket launches, sonic booms, quarry blasts, military bombardments and of course nuclear explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower limit of human hearing—the deepest bass notes of thunder or big church organ pipes—is a frequency of about 20 hertz, and infrasound goes from about 20 Hz down to perhaps 0.001 Hz, or one cycle in a thousand seconds. Anything slower than that is more meteorology than acoustics! Infrasound includes ordinary sound-type pressure waves as well as gravity waves, which are like ripples in a pond only in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infrasound waves are called microbaroms in the literature. It takes special large instruments to detect them, like the one shown in the photo. The flowerlike apparatus is a set of thin pipes that minimizes the noise of wind, arranged around a pressure sensor. The best instruments are networked arrays of these, scattered over an area measured in acres. Even so, infrasound arrays are put in remote places to avoid the noises of civilization. In California, UC San Diego has a \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/\">strong infrasound program\u003c/a> that includes \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/L2A_arrayinfo.php\">research arrays\u003c/a> near Temecula, Santa Margarita and Chico. It also runs one of the official CTBTO infrasound sites, near Palm Springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science awoke to the potential of infrasound back in 1883, when the enormous eruption of Krakatoa sent waves through the air that registered on barometers around the world. But I first read about infrasound in Robert Heinlein's 1941 novel \u003ci>The Day After Tomorrow\u003c/i> (also known as \u003ci>Sixth Column\u003c/i>), in which \"subsonic\" vibrations were used to induce feelings of terror in an enemy delegation. If I recall correctly, the frequency used was 14 Hz. There is something uncanny about sound that can't be heard, and there is a strong flavor of paranoia around the subject in some circles. High levels of infrasound do have health effects, particularly because the vibrations rattle the whole organism, not just the ears. More benignly, elephants and whales are known to perceive and produce infrasound. And \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/infrasonics/a/birdsound.htm\">one intriguing line of research\u003c/a> suggests that migratory birds use infrasound for navigation as a sonic map of the regional landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty gave a big boost to infrasound research. In addition to its well-known seismometers and radiation monitors, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/map/#ims\">the CTBTO's worldwide network of sensors\u003c/a> includes a planned total of 60 infrasound stations, of which 45 are working today. (A network of hydrophones, to monitor the seas, is the fourth component.) The United States Senate has still not ratified the treaty, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/member-states/country-profiles/?country=34&cHash=2a8d71d449c1396faae0a2060b03391a\">Chad did just this month\u003c/a>. President Clinton signed the treaty on September 24, 1996, but ever since then the Senate has failed to do its part. It would be nice if it did, and soon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49786\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 166px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/20/book-review-animal-wise/cover/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49786\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/cover-166x253.jpg\" alt=\"book cover of animal wise\" width=\"166\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-49786\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animal Wise: The thoughts and emotions of our fellow creatures. Virginia Morell; Crown: 2013\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're not a comparative psychologist or student of animal behavior, chances are you didn't know that \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5277090.stm\">cows have regional accents\u003c/a> or that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v414/n6860/abs/414165a0.html\">sheep don’t forget a face\u003c/a>. I'd also wager that you never heard that \u003ca href=\"http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/LifeSciences/BioethicsSocialIssues/?ci=9780199551200\">fish feel pain\u003c/a> or that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88031220\">moths remember life as a caterpillar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are just a few of the surprising mental feats our “lesser” animal relatives can manage, science journalist Virginia Morell tells us in her moving and entertaining new book, “Animal Wise: The Thoughts and Emotions of Our Fellow Creatures.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though an appreciation of the rich inner lives of our fellow creatures dates back at least to Aristotle, suggestions that animals could feel or think once met indignant resistance from theologians and philosophers who saw humans as the anointed ruler of a divinely created hierarchy of nature. Indignation turned to outrage when Charles Darwin recast humans not as the crown of creation but as an organism like any other, evolving in response to its ever-changing environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not surprising that Darwin, who documented physical similarities across species who live in similar environments, would think that such pressures gave rise to a continuity of mind across species as well. Any cognitive differences between humans and other animals are of degree, not kind, he argued in the “Descent of Man.” Furthermore, he wrote, “the senses and intuitions, the various emotions and faculties, such as love, memory, attention, curiosity, imitation, reason, etc., of which man boasts, may be found in an incipient, or even sometimes in a well-developed condition, in the lower animals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49783\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/20/book-review-animal-wise/corvus_brachyrhynchos/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49783\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Corvus_brachyrhynchos-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"american crow\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-49783\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crows can use tools, challenging us to rethink the boundaries of animal cognition. (Photo: Walter Siegmund)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Morell shows us, the need to elevate ourselves above nature runs deep. By the 1920s, the rise of behaviorists—psychologists who believed that science could investigate only observable behaviors—again demoted animals to mere stimulus-response robots incapable of anything approaching the human capacity for empathy, learning or intelligence. Some psychologists still cling to this view of animal automatons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Try telling any dog or cat lover that her cherished companion doesn’t have a personality or care whether she lives or dies. I’ll never forget how our Airedale, Amanda, would let loose in a fit of hysterical howls as she flung herself into my arms every time I came home from college break. And I still miss the Russian blue who magically appeared purring at my feet whenever I was feeling down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such anecdotes are simply that, of course. But just because scientists don’t know how to study animal emotions \u003ca href=\"http://www.wonderlance.com/february2011_scientech_fransdewaal.html\">doesn’t mean animals don’t experience them\u003c/a>. And given how often a study knocks yet another “uniquely” human trait off its pedestal, it may be just a matter of time before someone figures out how to study emotions in animals too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the boundaries of animal cognition that interest Morell, a frequent contributor to National Geographic and Science. She takes a journalist’s approach to the question of animal minds, but shows a deep compassion and empathy for her subjects, which include species separated by some 100 million years of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49796\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 287px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/20/book-review-animal-wise/african_forest_elephant/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49796\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/African_Forest_Elephant.jpg\" alt=\"african elephant\" width=\"287\" height=\"350\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49796\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elephants, massacred by the thousands in Africa for the ivory in their tusks, experience grief and something akin to post-traumatic stress syndrome when they lose a family member. This male was photographed in Gabon, which conservationists consider ground zero for elephant massacre. (Photo: Peter H. Wrege)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Without evolution as a guide, the cognitive skills of \u003cem>Homo sapiens\u003c/em> do not make sense biologically, Morell writes about animal physiologist Donald Griffin’s quest to bring science to the study of animal minds in the mid-1970s. Human cognition did not spring de novo from the hand of a divine creator, lingering protestations to the contrary. What, then, Morell asks, are the biological roots and evolutionary processes that gave rise to the cognitive capacities we share with our animal kin?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, she travels the globe to visit researchers in their labs and in the field as they search for the evolutionary roots of cognition. In the process, she shows us not just the remarkable mental skills of “nonhuman” animals, but the nature of science and how we know what we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We learn about ant “teachers” that look, under a magnifying glass, like “Elizabethan actors or courtiers fashionably dressed in pantaloons and fancy hats” after Nigel Franks, an English behavioral ecologist, and his students painstakingly paint each one with a unique colored pattern. The work, though excruciating, helps reveal how and why each ant responds to a challenge—in this case, the destruction of the colony’s nest. The experiments, Morell reports, suggest that ants “the size of hyphens” make decisions when confronted with challenges and appear to teach their comrades to follow their lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3boAzft0qkE]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We meet a German neuroscientist named Stefan Schuster who found the perfect research subject by happy accident—a supplier mistakenly sent him a big aquarium, which he filled with archerfish “just for fun.” Three years in, Schuster realized the fish could help him study how animals with small brains can make complex decisions. Archerfish, “the sharpshooters of the piscine world,” fire streams of water at prey, usually insects, on branches or leaves above the surface then race to nab them once dislodged. By analyzing videotapes of archerfish squirting and grabbing prey under a variety of conditions, Schuster concluded that the fish learn how to shoot new and difficult targets by watching a skilled colleague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morell goes on to introduce us to the birds that forced scientists to rethink the meaning of bird-brained (including Betty, the tool-using crow), rats that “laugh” when tickled, elephants that experience post-traumatic stress after losing their matriarch, dolphins that cooperate to help another in distress and chimps whose sophisticated social intelligence forces us to consider our own failures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofjo26O0z_o]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She ends, fittingly, with the latest studies of our most constant companion, the dog, a species Darwin considered closer to humans than to the wolves they descended from. The similarities between dogs and human are so striking that one group of scientists decided that studying the transition from wolf to dog would say more about the evolution of the human mind than studying the differences between chimpanzees and humans. Dogs, Morell writes, were Darwin’s “prime example of how animals, other than humans, experience ‘pleasure and pain, happiness and memory.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morell obliterates the lines that might separate us from the rest of the animal kingdom by relating trailblazing discoveries of the emotional and intellectual lives of animals. In the process, she challenges us to rethink our ethical obligations to the creatures who share our world. Morell notes that even some of the scientists studying animal cognition wanted to know how she would address the question of what sets us apart from other animals. “That question was not the point of the book,” she told them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given that we now know that we live in a world of sentient beings, not one of stimulus-response machines,\" Morell writes, \"we need to ask: ‘How should we treat these other emotional, thinking creatures?' ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, critics of those advocating for the compassionate treatment of animals have argued there’s no evidence to support their claims. As Morell makes clear, that argument no longer stands. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question, now, is: what are we going to do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>***\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hear Virginia Morell talk about Animal Wise at Pegasus Books, 2349 Shattuck Ave., Berkeley, March 14 at 7:30 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "An appreciation of the rich inner lives of nonhuman animals dates back at least to Aristotle and gained support from Charles Darwin, who saw any differences between humans and other animals as a matter of degree, not kind. Still, the notion that humans stand above and apart from our fellow creatures dies hard. In her new book, \"Animal Wise,\" science journalist Virginia Morell takes us on a tour of labs and field sites around the world to show us that many of the traits once thought uniquely human appear in even our most distant evolutionary relatives. ",
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"title": "Book Review: Animal Wise - The Thoughts and Emotions of Our Fellow Creatures | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49786\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 166px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/20/book-review-animal-wise/cover/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49786\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/cover-166x253.jpg\" alt=\"book cover of animal wise\" width=\"166\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-49786\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animal Wise: The thoughts and emotions of our fellow creatures. Virginia Morell; Crown: 2013\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're not a comparative psychologist or student of animal behavior, chances are you didn't know that \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5277090.stm\">cows have regional accents\u003c/a> or that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v414/n6860/abs/414165a0.html\">sheep don’t forget a face\u003c/a>. I'd also wager that you never heard that \u003ca href=\"http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/LifeSciences/BioethicsSocialIssues/?ci=9780199551200\">fish feel pain\u003c/a> or that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88031220\">moths remember life as a caterpillar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are just a few of the surprising mental feats our “lesser” animal relatives can manage, science journalist Virginia Morell tells us in her moving and entertaining new book, “Animal Wise: The Thoughts and Emotions of Our Fellow Creatures.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though an appreciation of the rich inner lives of our fellow creatures dates back at least to Aristotle, suggestions that animals could feel or think once met indignant resistance from theologians and philosophers who saw humans as the anointed ruler of a divinely created hierarchy of nature. Indignation turned to outrage when Charles Darwin recast humans not as the crown of creation but as an organism like any other, evolving in response to its ever-changing environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not surprising that Darwin, who documented physical similarities across species who live in similar environments, would think that such pressures gave rise to a continuity of mind across species as well. Any cognitive differences between humans and other animals are of degree, not kind, he argued in the “Descent of Man.” Furthermore, he wrote, “the senses and intuitions, the various emotions and faculties, such as love, memory, attention, curiosity, imitation, reason, etc., of which man boasts, may be found in an incipient, or even sometimes in a well-developed condition, in the lower animals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49783\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/20/book-review-animal-wise/corvus_brachyrhynchos/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49783\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Corvus_brachyrhynchos-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"american crow\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-49783\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crows can use tools, challenging us to rethink the boundaries of animal cognition. (Photo: Walter Siegmund)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Morell shows us, the need to elevate ourselves above nature runs deep. By the 1920s, the rise of behaviorists—psychologists who believed that science could investigate only observable behaviors—again demoted animals to mere stimulus-response robots incapable of anything approaching the human capacity for empathy, learning or intelligence. Some psychologists still cling to this view of animal automatons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Try telling any dog or cat lover that her cherished companion doesn’t have a personality or care whether she lives or dies. I’ll never forget how our Airedale, Amanda, would let loose in a fit of hysterical howls as she flung herself into my arms every time I came home from college break. And I still miss the Russian blue who magically appeared purring at my feet whenever I was feeling down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such anecdotes are simply that, of course. But just because scientists don’t know how to study animal emotions \u003ca href=\"http://www.wonderlance.com/february2011_scientech_fransdewaal.html\">doesn’t mean animals don’t experience them\u003c/a>. And given how often a study knocks yet another “uniquely” human trait off its pedestal, it may be just a matter of time before someone figures out how to study emotions in animals too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the boundaries of animal cognition that interest Morell, a frequent contributor to National Geographic and Science. She takes a journalist’s approach to the question of animal minds, but shows a deep compassion and empathy for her subjects, which include species separated by some 100 million years of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49796\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 287px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/20/book-review-animal-wise/african_forest_elephant/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49796\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/African_Forest_Elephant.jpg\" alt=\"african elephant\" width=\"287\" height=\"350\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49796\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elephants, massacred by the thousands in Africa for the ivory in their tusks, experience grief and something akin to post-traumatic stress syndrome when they lose a family member. This male was photographed in Gabon, which conservationists consider ground zero for elephant massacre. (Photo: Peter H. Wrege)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Without evolution as a guide, the cognitive skills of \u003cem>Homo sapiens\u003c/em> do not make sense biologically, Morell writes about animal physiologist Donald Griffin’s quest to bring science to the study of animal minds in the mid-1970s. Human cognition did not spring de novo from the hand of a divine creator, lingering protestations to the contrary. What, then, Morell asks, are the biological roots and evolutionary processes that gave rise to the cognitive capacities we share with our animal kin?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, she travels the globe to visit researchers in their labs and in the field as they search for the evolutionary roots of cognition. In the process, she shows us not just the remarkable mental skills of “nonhuman” animals, but the nature of science and how we know what we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We learn about ant “teachers” that look, under a magnifying glass, like “Elizabethan actors or courtiers fashionably dressed in pantaloons and fancy hats” after Nigel Franks, an English behavioral ecologist, and his students painstakingly paint each one with a unique colored pattern. The work, though excruciating, helps reveal how and why each ant responds to a challenge—in this case, the destruction of the colony’s nest. The experiments, Morell reports, suggest that ants “the size of hyphens” make decisions when confronted with challenges and appear to teach their comrades to follow their lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/3boAzft0qkE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/3boAzft0qkE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We meet a German neuroscientist named Stefan Schuster who found the perfect research subject by happy accident—a supplier mistakenly sent him a big aquarium, which he filled with archerfish “just for fun.” Three years in, Schuster realized the fish could help him study how animals with small brains can make complex decisions. Archerfish, “the sharpshooters of the piscine world,” fire streams of water at prey, usually insects, on branches or leaves above the surface then race to nab them once dislodged. By analyzing videotapes of archerfish squirting and grabbing prey under a variety of conditions, Schuster concluded that the fish learn how to shoot new and difficult targets by watching a skilled colleague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morell goes on to introduce us to the birds that forced scientists to rethink the meaning of bird-brained (including Betty, the tool-using crow), rats that “laugh” when tickled, elephants that experience post-traumatic stress after losing their matriarch, dolphins that cooperate to help another in distress and chimps whose sophisticated social intelligence forces us to consider our own failures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ofjo26O0z_o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ofjo26O0z_o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She ends, fittingly, with the latest studies of our most constant companion, the dog, a species Darwin considered closer to humans than to the wolves they descended from. The similarities between dogs and human are so striking that one group of scientists decided that studying the transition from wolf to dog would say more about the evolution of the human mind than studying the differences between chimpanzees and humans. Dogs, Morell writes, were Darwin’s “prime example of how animals, other than humans, experience ‘pleasure and pain, happiness and memory.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morell obliterates the lines that might separate us from the rest of the animal kingdom by relating trailblazing discoveries of the emotional and intellectual lives of animals. In the process, she challenges us to rethink our ethical obligations to the creatures who share our world. Morell notes that even some of the scientists studying animal cognition wanted to know how she would address the question of what sets us apart from other animals. “That question was not the point of the book,” she told them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given that we now know that we live in a world of sentient beings, not one of stimulus-response machines,\" Morell writes, \"we need to ask: ‘How should we treat these other emotional, thinking creatures?' ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, critics of those advocating for the compassionate treatment of animals have argued there’s no evidence to support their claims. As Morell makes clear, that argument no longer stands. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question, now, is: what are we going to do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>***\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hear Virginia Morell talk about Animal Wise at Pegasus Books, 2349 Shattuck Ave., Berkeley, March 14 at 7:30 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Are Sleeping Aids Effective or Just A Placebo Effect?",
"title": "Are Sleeping Aids Effective or Just A Placebo Effect?",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49415\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601.jpg\" alt=\"photograph of woman laying in bed.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49415\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph courtesy of Wiros via a Creative Commons license.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You lay in bed, tossing and turning. Your body is completely exhausted, but your mind is racing with the day’s activities. Or worse yet, you’re stressing out about all the things on your to-do list for tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insomnia has become a major health concern worldwide with about \u003ca href=\"http://www.prweb.com/releases/sleeping_pills/sleeping_tablets/prweb4318034.htm\" title=\"article quoting the prevalence of sleeping pill usage\">15% of the global population\u003c/a> seeking relief with sleeping pills or tranquilizers. In the United States, about \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304567604576454102061138630.html\" title=\"Wall Street Journal article on sleeping pills usage in US\">60 million prescriptions\u003c/a> for sleeping pills are issued each year and usage has continued to grow particularly for 20-45 year olds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most commonly prescribed type of sleeping pill is non-benzodiazepines, also called z-drugs — zaleplon (Sonata), zolpidem (Ambien), zopiclone (Imovane), and eszopiclone (Lunesta). These z-drugs stimulate the activity of a neurotransmitter (gamma-aminobutyric acid) to help slow the brain down and facilitate sleep. However, a recent scientific journal article has raised some concerns about using z-drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Harvard Medical School, the University of Connecticut and the University of London performed a quantitative statistical analysis (meta-analysis) of 13 studies on the effectiveness of z-drugs and their associated placebo response. They selected only randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials, which means that neither the 4378 participants nor the researchers knew who was given the drug and who the placebo. The researchers obtained the data from the US Food and Drug Administration, using both published and unpublished trials submitted as part of the drug approval process in order to avoid “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20181324\" title=\"article that explains publication bias\">publication bias\u003c/a>.” Their research \u003ca href=\"http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e8343\" title=\"British Medical Journal article on sleeping pills and placebo effect\">results were published\u003c/a> in the British Medical Journal on December 17, 2012. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This large, well-designed study found that z-drugs helped participants fall asleep more quickly, as measured subjectively by the participants and by equipment in a sleep lab. This was particularly true for younger, female participants. However, half the effect of the drug was found to be due to a placebo response. Specifically, participants on average fell asleep in the lab only 22 minutes faster if taking the z-drug compared to the placebo. This has raised concern on whether the benefits of taking z-drugs are worth the risk of adverse side effects, which include daytime fatigue, memory loss, problems with balance, dependency and an \u003ca href=\"http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000850.full\" title=\"British Medical Journal article on increased mortality associated with sleeping pills\">associated risk of an earlier death\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research found that both the drug effect and the placebo response were small and of “questionable clinical importance.” However, when the two were put together, taking a z-drug allowed participants on average to fall asleep 42 minutes faster than if they hadn’t taken a pill. This may help explain why many users are strong proponents of their z-drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, how quickly you fall asleep is only one symptom of insomnia. Other important measures are the total sleep time, number of awakenings, sleep quality and time spent awake after sleep onset. Although the study looked at these other outcomes, unfortunately there was insufficient data to make firm conclusions on these factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully there will be further research to analyze the effectiveness of z-drugs on all aspects affecting sleep quality. In addition, the demonstrated importance of the placebo response suggests that more attention should be directed at psychological interventions for insomnia.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49415\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601.jpg\" alt=\"photograph of woman laying in bed.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49415\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph courtesy of Wiros via a Creative Commons license.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You lay in bed, tossing and turning. Your body is completely exhausted, but your mind is racing with the day’s activities. Or worse yet, you’re stressing out about all the things on your to-do list for tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insomnia has become a major health concern worldwide with about \u003ca href=\"http://www.prweb.com/releases/sleeping_pills/sleeping_tablets/prweb4318034.htm\" title=\"article quoting the prevalence of sleeping pill usage\">15% of the global population\u003c/a> seeking relief with sleeping pills or tranquilizers. In the United States, about \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304567604576454102061138630.html\" title=\"Wall Street Journal article on sleeping pills usage in US\">60 million prescriptions\u003c/a> for sleeping pills are issued each year and usage has continued to grow particularly for 20-45 year olds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most commonly prescribed type of sleeping pill is non-benzodiazepines, also called z-drugs — zaleplon (Sonata), zolpidem (Ambien), zopiclone (Imovane), and eszopiclone (Lunesta). These z-drugs stimulate the activity of a neurotransmitter (gamma-aminobutyric acid) to help slow the brain down and facilitate sleep. However, a recent scientific journal article has raised some concerns about using z-drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Harvard Medical School, the University of Connecticut and the University of London performed a quantitative statistical analysis (meta-analysis) of 13 studies on the effectiveness of z-drugs and their associated placebo response. They selected only randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials, which means that neither the 4378 participants nor the researchers knew who was given the drug and who the placebo. The researchers obtained the data from the US Food and Drug Administration, using both published and unpublished trials submitted as part of the drug approval process in order to avoid “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20181324\" title=\"article that explains publication bias\">publication bias\u003c/a>.” Their research \u003ca href=\"http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e8343\" title=\"British Medical Journal article on sleeping pills and placebo effect\">results were published\u003c/a> in the British Medical Journal on December 17, 2012. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This large, well-designed study found that z-drugs helped participants fall asleep more quickly, as measured subjectively by the participants and by equipment in a sleep lab. This was particularly true for younger, female participants. However, half the effect of the drug was found to be due to a placebo response. Specifically, participants on average fell asleep in the lab only 22 minutes faster if taking the z-drug compared to the placebo. This has raised concern on whether the benefits of taking z-drugs are worth the risk of adverse side effects, which include daytime fatigue, memory loss, problems with balance, dependency and an \u003ca href=\"http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000850.full\" title=\"British Medical Journal article on increased mortality associated with sleeping pills\">associated risk of an earlier death\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research found that both the drug effect and the placebo response were small and of “questionable clinical importance.” However, when the two were put together, taking a z-drug allowed participants on average to fall asleep 42 minutes faster than if they hadn’t taken a pill. This may help explain why many users are strong proponents of their z-drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, how quickly you fall asleep is only one symptom of insomnia. Other important measures are the total sleep time, number of awakenings, sleep quality and time spent awake after sleep onset. Although the study looked at these other outcomes, unfortunately there was insufficient data to make firm conclusions on these factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully there will be further research to analyze the effectiveness of z-drugs on all aspects affecting sleep quality. In addition, the demonstrated importance of the placebo response suggests that more attention should be directed at psychological interventions for insomnia.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Asteroid 2012 DA14: In Line For a Rim Shot",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49430\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/08/asteroid-2012-da14-in-line-for-a-rim-shot/2012da14/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49430\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby February 15 2013\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49430\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby February 15 2013\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: A 150-foot asteroid hurtled through Earth's backyard Friday, coming within an incredible 17,150 miles and making the closest known flyby for a rock of its size. Get more info at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/15/watch-asteroid-flyby-live/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED News\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duck! Here comes asteroid 2012 DA14, grazing close to where you live on February 15th! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this is not End of the World Part 2. No, it's not a delayed reaction to the end of the Mayan Long Count calendar. In fact this asteroid is guaranteed to NOT hit us right now. Guaranteed!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this is, in fact, is a reasonably sizeable rock passing reasonably close to the Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How big? Someone with a sense of proportions as well as a sense of humor has likened the asteroid's size to that of a Safeway (between 118 and 265 feet across) and about 130,000 metric tons (that's roughly the mass of about 60,000 SUVs—so if you imagine 60,000 SUVs in a parking lot next to a Safeway, you have an idea of the size and mass of this asteroid!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this is a far cry from the larger asteroids we know of, mostly in the Main Asteroid Belt, that average a mile across and can be as big as a few hundred miles, it is significantly larger than some of the Earth-grazers we've seen whiz by in the last few years, which have typically been only a few meters wide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroid 2012 DA14 is in the same size class as the rock responsible for blasting that mile-wide hole in the Arizona desert, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorcrater.com/\" title=\"Meteor Crater\" target=\"_blank\">Meteor Crater\u003c/a> (a misnomer, as anyone who knows the difference between a meteor and a meteorite knows that meteors are pebbles that burn up in the atmosphere). If 2012 DA14 were to hit Earth, it would deliver a respectable wallop and leave a big hole or splash, but would not kill us all…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How close is it passing? That's the more interesting part of the story. With a closest approach to Earth's center of 21,200 miles (about 17,200 miles from Earth's surface), this is the closest approach by an asteroid of this size since we really started giving these objects much attention. This is slightly within the distance of geosynchronous satellites that circle the Earth—effectively making this passage a successful rim-shot (and thankfully not a slam-dunk). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So 2012 DA14 won't hit Earth, but will it hit any of the \u003ca href=\"http://celestrak.com/columns/v04n07/\" title=\"Geostationary satellites\" target=\"_blank\">geostationary satellites\u003c/a> that transmit Dish and TV satellite programming? We place those satellites in a ring at the geosynchronous distance—about 22,236 miles—so that their period of revolution around the Earth matches the Earth's rotation and they always remain at the same point in our sky, enabling constant line-of-sight transmission. So, will the asteroid cause a signal blackout while you're watching a football game? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully, physics to the rescue again. This will be a rim-shot where the ball comes close to hitting the rim, but will swish right through without contact. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, since this is the largest-closest rock to pass through these parts since we started looking for them, will we be able to see this asteroid? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/projects/neo-grants/2012-da14-faq.html\" title=\"Asteroid 2012 DA14\" target=\"_blank\">2012 DA14\u003c/a> won't be visible to the unaided eye even at closest approach, but should be visible at least through a small telescope. Also, we are planning to offer the public a look through one or more of our telescopes at Chabot Space & Science Center that Friday evening (weather permitting). If conditions are right, we should be observing the passage from early evening (telescopes open at 7:30 PM) onward until closing at 10:30. So come on up for a Near-miss Celebration!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49430\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/08/asteroid-2012-da14-in-line-for-a-rim-shot/2012da14/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49430\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby February 15 2013\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49430\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby February 15 2013\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: A 150-foot asteroid hurtled through Earth's backyard Friday, coming within an incredible 17,150 miles and making the closest known flyby for a rock of its size. Get more info at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/15/watch-asteroid-flyby-live/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED News\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duck! Here comes asteroid 2012 DA14, grazing close to where you live on February 15th! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this is not End of the World Part 2. No, it's not a delayed reaction to the end of the Mayan Long Count calendar. In fact this asteroid is guaranteed to NOT hit us right now. Guaranteed!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this is, in fact, is a reasonably sizeable rock passing reasonably close to the Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How big? Someone with a sense of proportions as well as a sense of humor has likened the asteroid's size to that of a Safeway (between 118 and 265 feet across) and about 130,000 metric tons (that's roughly the mass of about 60,000 SUVs—so if you imagine 60,000 SUVs in a parking lot next to a Safeway, you have an idea of the size and mass of this asteroid!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this is a far cry from the larger asteroids we know of, mostly in the Main Asteroid Belt, that average a mile across and can be as big as a few hundred miles, it is significantly larger than some of the Earth-grazers we've seen whiz by in the last few years, which have typically been only a few meters wide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroid 2012 DA14 is in the same size class as the rock responsible for blasting that mile-wide hole in the Arizona desert, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorcrater.com/\" title=\"Meteor Crater\" target=\"_blank\">Meteor Crater\u003c/a> (a misnomer, as anyone who knows the difference between a meteor and a meteorite knows that meteors are pebbles that burn up in the atmosphere). If 2012 DA14 were to hit Earth, it would deliver a respectable wallop and leave a big hole or splash, but would not kill us all…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How close is it passing? That's the more interesting part of the story. With a closest approach to Earth's center of 21,200 miles (about 17,200 miles from Earth's surface), this is the closest approach by an asteroid of this size since we really started giving these objects much attention. This is slightly within the distance of geosynchronous satellites that circle the Earth—effectively making this passage a successful rim-shot (and thankfully not a slam-dunk). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So 2012 DA14 won't hit Earth, but will it hit any of the \u003ca href=\"http://celestrak.com/columns/v04n07/\" title=\"Geostationary satellites\" target=\"_blank\">geostationary satellites\u003c/a> that transmit Dish and TV satellite programming? We place those satellites in a ring at the geosynchronous distance—about 22,236 miles—so that their period of revolution around the Earth matches the Earth's rotation and they always remain at the same point in our sky, enabling constant line-of-sight transmission. So, will the asteroid cause a signal blackout while you're watching a football game? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully, physics to the rescue again. This will be a rim-shot where the ball comes close to hitting the rim, but will swish right through without contact. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, since this is the largest-closest rock to pass through these parts since we started looking for them, will we be able to see this asteroid? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/projects/neo-grants/2012-da14-faq.html\" title=\"Asteroid 2012 DA14\" target=\"_blank\">2012 DA14\u003c/a> won't be visible to the unaided eye even at closest approach, but should be visible at least through a small telescope. Also, we are planning to offer the public a look through one or more of our telescopes at Chabot Space & Science Center that Friday evening (weather permitting). If conditions are right, we should be observing the passage from early evening (telescopes open at 7:30 PM) onward until closing at 10:30. So come on up for a Near-miss Celebration!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bay Area Bird Challenge: The Great Backyard Bird Count Is This Weekend!",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49591\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 503px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/15/bay-area-bird-challenge/americangoldfinch_pamelawertz_la_2012_high/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49591\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-49591 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/AmericanGoldfinch_PamelaWertz_LA_2012_high-e1360872454348.jpg\" alt=\"You may find a backyard-bird gem like this American goldfinch. Photo by Pamela Wertz.\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/AmericanGoldfinch_PamelaWertz_LA_2012_high-e1360872454348.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/AmericanGoldfinch_PamelaWertz_LA_2012_high-e1360872454348-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You may find a backyard-bird gem like this American goldfinch. Photo by \u003ca title=\"Birdsource.org\" href=\"http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/press/mediaimages\" target=\"_blank\">Pamela Wertz\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Come on, Bay Area bird enthusiasts, here’s your challenge: let’s turn in more bird reports than Sacramento this year! I was looking over the report for last year and noticed that San Francisco and Oakland combined reports totaled just over 100 while Sacramento turned in over 200 reports. In the name of good fun and science, let’s see if we can beat Sacramento’s record from last year!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Great Backyard Bird Count (GBBC) is a young event, only sixteen years old, compared to the Christmas Bird Count, which is 112 years old. It’s already \u003ca title=\"Audubon website; GBBC goes global feb 15-18 2013\" href=\"http://www.audubon.org/newsroom/press-releases/2013/great-backyard-bird-count-goes-global-feb-15-18\" target=\"_blank\">gone international\u003c/a>, though, with countries participating around the globe. The goal is a worthy one: to try and capture over the course of a weekend a significant sampling of all the birds wherever people find them –- especially targeting urban areas around our neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re probably wondering, “How can I get in on this amazing, easy event?” You simply step outside into your nearest outdoor space –- your yard, balcony, neighborhood park, or even a street -– and identify and count as many bird species as you can see over the course of 15 minutes. The \u003ca title=\"Great Backyard Bird Count website: how to\" href=\"http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/howto.html\" target=\"_blank\">GBBC website\u003c/a> has some links to help you, from bird lists to bird identification pages. After your short bird watching session, you can go to the website to report your findings. That’s it. Your efforts will help us double our reports from last year! You can, of course, watch for longer than 15 minutes and submit more than one list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49594\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/15/bay-area-bird-challenge/eurasiancollareddove1_debbie_hurlbert_fl_2012_high/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49594\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-49594\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/EurasianCollaredDove1_Debbie_Hurlbert_FL_2012_high-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Some birds, like this non-native Eurasian collared dove, are expanding their territories. The bird count helps monitor their presence and spread. Photo by Debbie Hurlbert\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some birds, like this non-native Eurasian collared dove, are expanding their territories. The bird count helps monitor their presence and spread. Photo by \u003ca title=\"Bird source website\" href=\"http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/press\" target=\"_blank\">Debbie Hurlbert\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The GBBC website has some cool \u003ca title=\"GBBC statistics\" href=\"http://gbbc.birdsource.org/gbbcApps/results\" target=\"_blank\">statistical modeling\u003c/a> from past years which shows each reported species’ mapped presences over time in an area. With increasing participation of thousands, even tens of thousands of volunteer bird counters, this event can be of great use to scientists and land managers. If the GBBC has inspired you to learn more about this great hobby of bird watching, there are many places you can go to enjoy it with others or on your own. In fact, \u003ca title=\"www.ebparks.org/activities\" href=\"https://activenet021.active.com/ebparks/\" target=\"_blank\">East Bay Regional Parks naturalists\u003c/a> offer free bird watching walks perfect for beginners or for experienced birders looking for company on various weekends or weekday mornings; check the program listings on their website. The Audubon Society has local chapters that also offer free programs. See the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Audubon field trips\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/field-trips/upcoming-field-trips-2012/\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Audubon website\u003c/a> for more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49591\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 503px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/15/bay-area-bird-challenge/americangoldfinch_pamelawertz_la_2012_high/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49591\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-49591 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/AmericanGoldfinch_PamelaWertz_LA_2012_high-e1360872454348.jpg\" alt=\"You may find a backyard-bird gem like this American goldfinch. Photo by Pamela Wertz.\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/AmericanGoldfinch_PamelaWertz_LA_2012_high-e1360872454348.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/AmericanGoldfinch_PamelaWertz_LA_2012_high-e1360872454348-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You may find a backyard-bird gem like this American goldfinch. Photo by \u003ca title=\"Birdsource.org\" href=\"http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/press/mediaimages\" target=\"_blank\">Pamela Wertz\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Come on, Bay Area bird enthusiasts, here’s your challenge: let’s turn in more bird reports than Sacramento this year! I was looking over the report for last year and noticed that San Francisco and Oakland combined reports totaled just over 100 while Sacramento turned in over 200 reports. In the name of good fun and science, let’s see if we can beat Sacramento’s record from last year!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Great Backyard Bird Count (GBBC) is a young event, only sixteen years old, compared to the Christmas Bird Count, which is 112 years old. It’s already \u003ca title=\"Audubon website; GBBC goes global feb 15-18 2013\" href=\"http://www.audubon.org/newsroom/press-releases/2013/great-backyard-bird-count-goes-global-feb-15-18\" target=\"_blank\">gone international\u003c/a>, though, with countries participating around the globe. The goal is a worthy one: to try and capture over the course of a weekend a significant sampling of all the birds wherever people find them –- especially targeting urban areas around our neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re probably wondering, “How can I get in on this amazing, easy event?” You simply step outside into your nearest outdoor space –- your yard, balcony, neighborhood park, or even a street -– and identify and count as many bird species as you can see over the course of 15 minutes. The \u003ca title=\"Great Backyard Bird Count website: how to\" href=\"http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/howto.html\" target=\"_blank\">GBBC website\u003c/a> has some links to help you, from bird lists to bird identification pages. After your short bird watching session, you can go to the website to report your findings. That’s it. Your efforts will help us double our reports from last year! You can, of course, watch for longer than 15 minutes and submit more than one list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49594\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/15/bay-area-bird-challenge/eurasiancollareddove1_debbie_hurlbert_fl_2012_high/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49594\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-49594\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/EurasianCollaredDove1_Debbie_Hurlbert_FL_2012_high-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Some birds, like this non-native Eurasian collared dove, are expanding their territories. The bird count helps monitor their presence and spread. Photo by Debbie Hurlbert\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some birds, like this non-native Eurasian collared dove, are expanding their territories. The bird count helps monitor their presence and spread. Photo by \u003ca title=\"Bird source website\" href=\"http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/press\" target=\"_blank\">Debbie Hurlbert\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The GBBC website has some cool \u003ca title=\"GBBC statistics\" href=\"http://gbbc.birdsource.org/gbbcApps/results\" target=\"_blank\">statistical modeling\u003c/a> from past years which shows each reported species’ mapped presences over time in an area. With increasing participation of thousands, even tens of thousands of volunteer bird counters, this event can be of great use to scientists and land managers. If the GBBC has inspired you to learn more about this great hobby of bird watching, there are many places you can go to enjoy it with others or on your own. In fact, \u003ca title=\"www.ebparks.org/activities\" href=\"https://activenet021.active.com/ebparks/\" target=\"_blank\">East Bay Regional Parks naturalists\u003c/a> offer free bird watching walks perfect for beginners or for experienced birders looking for company on various weekends or weekday mornings; check the program listings on their website. The Audubon Society has local chapters that also offer free programs. See the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Audubon field trips\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/field-trips/upcoming-field-trips-2012/\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Audubon website\u003c/a> for more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Romantic Spots for Bay Area Geologists (and Those Who Love Them)",
"title": "Romantic Spots for Bay Area Geologists (and Those Who Love Them)",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49613\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/14/romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them/georomance/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49613\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Ring Mountain, in Marin County, is as beautiful as it is geological. Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49613\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ring Mountain, in Marin County, is as beautiful as it is geological. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Valentine's Day honors all ties of affection, from schoolchildren's innocent intimacies to the \"likes\" strewn on Facebook. But let's talk about romance and the occasions that nourish it. In the ideal date, one person takes another by the hand and leads him or her into a realm of wonder. And how does one recognize that wonder? Through the passion one senses in the other person and the answering passion in one's own heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passion can be found in all things, even chess and mathematics. I'm not capable of being flirtatious with the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen's_Gambit\" target=\"_blank\">Queen's Opening\u003c/a> or making you giddy about \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'H%C3%B4pital's_rule\" target=\"_blank\">l'Hôpital's Rule\u003c/a>, but I can speak for geology lovers. \"Heart\" is an anagram of \"Earth\" for us. In the science devoted to landscape and rocks, the perception of color and form is not just an observational tool but an art. And the pursuit of meaning in geology begins with perceptions and intimations of beauty. So I heartily recommend dates with geologists, especially in this part of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Brown, an undergrad studying meteorites at Portland State University, has fond memories of one such date in the Bay Area: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My pseudo first date took place in San Francisco while I was down there over the holiday break. I met a guy through my friend that I was staying with and he offered to show me around the city. There was a mutual attraction between us, but I was heading back to Portland and he to Iowa City. For that reason I call it a pseudo first date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Had it been a first date, it would have been damned near perfect. I say that because he took me to all these geologically interesting spots and just listened to me ramble about the geology. And he was actually interested in what I was saying, too. He didn't get bored when I started to talk about the significance of the chert and pillow basalts at Twin Peaks. Nor did he zone out when I got excited over the possible Bouma sequences at Sutro Baths and the neighboring beach a bit further down. I think he was amused by my ramblings actually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Regardless if it was a date or not, the combination of spending the day with a handsome man and looking at some cool geology made for a very ideal day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah yes, the Bouma sequence (pronounced with a \"wow\"). While still a young grad student, Arnold Bouma discovered the signature of underwater landslides in the rocks—a set of specific features, stacked one atop the other, found in sandstone beds. Almost immediately people named them after Bouma, and for the rest of his long career he was that rare kind of celebrity, an eponym. But it's one thing for me to tell you about Bouma sequences and another to clamber about the Sutro Baths with someone special, finding and sharing them like daisies in a field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe you don't believe me. Here's another example, from Erika Amir, who also recalls a good time in the Bay Area in this post on Twitter: \"My ex-bf told me that he fell in love with me after seeing my enthusiasm the first time I took him to see coastal tafoni!\" And how could he have resisted?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/14/romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them/georomance-tafoni/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49614\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni.jpg\" alt=\"Tafoni at Pebble Beach, San Mateo County\" width=\"600\" height=\"439\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49614\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni-400x293.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tafoni at Pebble Beach, San Mateo County\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So if someone interesting proposes a day trip to a cool field site, why not open yourself up to the unexpected? In my two years here on KQED Quest Science Blogs, I've presented 24 different \"Geological Outings Around the Bay\" that would serve admirably:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/\">Albany Hill\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/16/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-cordelia-and-green-valley-faults/\">The Cordelia and Green Valley faults\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights/\">The Corona Heights slickenside\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Preserve\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/\">Fremont Peak\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">The Hayward fault in Hayward\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/\">Las Trampas Wilderness\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-los-trancos-open-space/\">Los Trancos and the San Andreas fault\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/\">Moraga volcanics in the East Bay Hills\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">Mount Vaca\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Napa Glass Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/\">Natural Bridges\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">New Almaden\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">Pebble Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">Point Año Nuevo\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/\">Point Pinole\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-ring-mountain/\">Ring Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-rodeo-beach/\">Rodeo Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/\">San Bruno Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Shell Beach and the mammoth rubbing rocks\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/23/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach/\">Stinson Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/\">Sunol Wilderness\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49613\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/14/romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them/georomance/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49613\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Ring Mountain, in Marin County, is as beautiful as it is geological. Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49613\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ring Mountain, in Marin County, is as beautiful as it is geological. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Valentine's Day honors all ties of affection, from schoolchildren's innocent intimacies to the \"likes\" strewn on Facebook. But let's talk about romance and the occasions that nourish it. In the ideal date, one person takes another by the hand and leads him or her into a realm of wonder. And how does one recognize that wonder? Through the passion one senses in the other person and the answering passion in one's own heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passion can be found in all things, even chess and mathematics. I'm not capable of being flirtatious with the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen's_Gambit\" target=\"_blank\">Queen's Opening\u003c/a> or making you giddy about \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'H%C3%B4pital's_rule\" target=\"_blank\">l'Hôpital's Rule\u003c/a>, but I can speak for geology lovers. \"Heart\" is an anagram of \"Earth\" for us. In the science devoted to landscape and rocks, the perception of color and form is not just an observational tool but an art. And the pursuit of meaning in geology begins with perceptions and intimations of beauty. So I heartily recommend dates with geologists, especially in this part of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Brown, an undergrad studying meteorites at Portland State University, has fond memories of one such date in the Bay Area: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My pseudo first date took place in San Francisco while I was down there over the holiday break. I met a guy through my friend that I was staying with and he offered to show me around the city. There was a mutual attraction between us, but I was heading back to Portland and he to Iowa City. For that reason I call it a pseudo first date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Had it been a first date, it would have been damned near perfect. I say that because he took me to all these geologically interesting spots and just listened to me ramble about the geology. And he was actually interested in what I was saying, too. He didn't get bored when I started to talk about the significance of the chert and pillow basalts at Twin Peaks. Nor did he zone out when I got excited over the possible Bouma sequences at Sutro Baths and the neighboring beach a bit further down. I think he was amused by my ramblings actually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Regardless if it was a date or not, the combination of spending the day with a handsome man and looking at some cool geology made for a very ideal day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah yes, the Bouma sequence (pronounced with a \"wow\"). While still a young grad student, Arnold Bouma discovered the signature of underwater landslides in the rocks—a set of specific features, stacked one atop the other, found in sandstone beds. Almost immediately people named them after Bouma, and for the rest of his long career he was that rare kind of celebrity, an eponym. But it's one thing for me to tell you about Bouma sequences and another to clamber about the Sutro Baths with someone special, finding and sharing them like daisies in a field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe you don't believe me. Here's another example, from Erika Amir, who also recalls a good time in the Bay Area in this post on Twitter: \"My ex-bf told me that he fell in love with me after seeing my enthusiasm the first time I took him to see coastal tafoni!\" And how could he have resisted?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/14/romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them/georomance-tafoni/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49614\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni.jpg\" alt=\"Tafoni at Pebble Beach, San Mateo County\" width=\"600\" height=\"439\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49614\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni-400x293.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tafoni at Pebble Beach, San Mateo County\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So if someone interesting proposes a day trip to a cool field site, why not open yourself up to the unexpected? In my two years here on KQED Quest Science Blogs, I've presented 24 different \"Geological Outings Around the Bay\" that would serve admirably:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/\">Albany Hill\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/16/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-cordelia-and-green-valley-faults/\">The Cordelia and Green Valley faults\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights/\">The Corona Heights slickenside\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Preserve\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/\">Fremont Peak\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">The Hayward fault in Hayward\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/\">Las Trampas Wilderness\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-los-trancos-open-space/\">Los Trancos and the San Andreas fault\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/\">Moraga volcanics in the East Bay Hills\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">Mount Vaca\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Napa Glass Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/\">Natural Bridges\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">New Almaden\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">Pebble Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">Point Año Nuevo\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/\">Point Pinole\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-ring-mountain/\">Ring Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-rodeo-beach/\">Rodeo Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/\">San Bruno Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Shell Beach and the mammoth rubbing rocks\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/23/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach/\">Stinson Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/\">Sunol Wilderness\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
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