QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
Lighten Up, California: Why GloFish Can't Glow in the Golden State
Geological Sounds
Coyote Killings: A Complex Debate of Conservation and Cruelty
Science on the SPOT: Preserving the Forest of the Sea
Winter Waterfall Hiking in Marin
Groundhogs and Ground Squirrels: Winter Prognosticators
What Makes California's Quake Warning System So Timely?
Comments Do Matter (So Get Talking!)
Mars Mountain Climbing Mashup!
Geological Outings Around the Bay: San Bruno Mountain
Fear and Loathing in Wolf Country
Warblers' Secrets for Successful Survival Strategies
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"disqusTitle": "Lighten Up, California: Why GloFish Can't Glow in the Golden State",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49319\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/11/lighten-up-california-why-glofish-cant-glow-in-the-golden-state/glofish/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49319\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/GloFish.jpg\" alt=\"Not dangerous, just morally ambiguous.\" width=\"638\" height=\"361\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49319\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/GloFish.jpg 638w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/GloFish-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not dangerous, just morally ambiguous.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the more popular exhibits at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose is the wetlab. This is where museum visitors get to add the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene from jellyfish to bacteria to get the bacteria to glow green. The 20,000 or so people who do this each year get to learn about how genetically engineering bacteria can help to create important medicines like EPO, insulin and growth hormone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit is getting a little long in the tooth so I was looking for ways to give it a bit of a refresh. One idea we’re thinking about is adding some new colors to the mix. We might give visitors the option of using a gene from coral that makes the bacteria glow red or a mutant version of GFP that glows blue in addition to the current green one. We may even add a station that lets visitors paint living pictures using these different colored bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another simple but fun refresh I wanted to add was an aquarium full of \u003ca href=\"http://www.glofish.com/\">GloFish\u003c/a>. These are fish that have had various fluorescent genes inserted into their DNA so they glow incredibly brightly. I thought this was an easy and visually fun way to get into a discussion about how GFP has become such a powerful tool for scientists. I was only half right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting GloFish into an exhibit here in California is nontrivial because they are illegal. That’s right: they are legal in the other 49 states but illegal here. I need to get a special permit from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife to have GloFish merrily swimming at The Tech. And Sheldon (from \u003cem>The Big Bang Theory\u003c/em>) would have been breaking California law by having them in his Pasadena apartment in the episode, “\u003ca href=\"http://bigbangtheory.wikia.com/wiki/The_Luminous_Fish_Effect\">The Luminous Fish Effect\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49323\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/11/lighten-up-california-why-glofish-cant-glow-in-the-golden-state/welab/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49323\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/WeLab.jpg\" alt=\"Wouldn't this look spiffy with a bunch of GloFish swimming in a tank?\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49323\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wouldn't this look spiffy with a bunch of GloFish swimming in a tank?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now they aren't illegal because they are dangerous. They won’t spread disease, take over native fishes or swallow swimmers whole. They are small, tropical fish that won’t survive long in California’s chilly waters. And the few that do manage to survive are twice as likely to be eaten by predatory fish compared to their non-glowing brethren. This means that because of natural selection they would quickly be wiped out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they aren't dangerous, why in the world are they illegal? Because the Fish and Game Commission decided back in 2003 that GloFish were the result of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Why-GloFish-won-t-glow-in-California-2545870.php\">trivial use for a powerful technology\u003c/a>. They felt that these fish should not have been made and therefore Californians should not be able to have them. The commission imposed their set of values on the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is even though these fish are really a spinoff of a more useful technology. Scientists in Singapore created GloFish as part of a process of creating living pollution sensors. The idea was that the fish would only glow when pollutants are around and so they could serve as an early indicator of pollution. In one sense, then, GloFish are really more like Teflon or Tang—useful byproducts of more productive research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The banning of GloFish is probably too trivial an issue to stir up enough protest to get it reversed. So if I decide to go ahead, I’ll apply for the permit. Maybe then at least some people in California will be able to see these cool fish in person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2019096509_glofish09.html\">Newest GloFish May Be More Worrisome\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49319\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/11/lighten-up-california-why-glofish-cant-glow-in-the-golden-state/glofish/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49319\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/GloFish.jpg\" alt=\"Not dangerous, just morally ambiguous.\" width=\"638\" height=\"361\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49319\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/GloFish.jpg 638w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/GloFish-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not dangerous, just morally ambiguous.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the more popular exhibits at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose is the wetlab. This is where museum visitors get to add the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene from jellyfish to bacteria to get the bacteria to glow green. The 20,000 or so people who do this each year get to learn about how genetically engineering bacteria can help to create important medicines like EPO, insulin and growth hormone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit is getting a little long in the tooth so I was looking for ways to give it a bit of a refresh. One idea we’re thinking about is adding some new colors to the mix. We might give visitors the option of using a gene from coral that makes the bacteria glow red or a mutant version of GFP that glows blue in addition to the current green one. We may even add a station that lets visitors paint living pictures using these different colored bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another simple but fun refresh I wanted to add was an aquarium full of \u003ca href=\"http://www.glofish.com/\">GloFish\u003c/a>. These are fish that have had various fluorescent genes inserted into their DNA so they glow incredibly brightly. I thought this was an easy and visually fun way to get into a discussion about how GFP has become such a powerful tool for scientists. I was only half right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting GloFish into an exhibit here in California is nontrivial because they are illegal. That’s right: they are legal in the other 49 states but illegal here. I need to get a special permit from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife to have GloFish merrily swimming at The Tech. And Sheldon (from \u003cem>The Big Bang Theory\u003c/em>) would have been breaking California law by having them in his Pasadena apartment in the episode, “\u003ca href=\"http://bigbangtheory.wikia.com/wiki/The_Luminous_Fish_Effect\">The Luminous Fish Effect\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49323\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/11/lighten-up-california-why-glofish-cant-glow-in-the-golden-state/welab/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49323\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/WeLab.jpg\" alt=\"Wouldn't this look spiffy with a bunch of GloFish swimming in a tank?\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49323\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wouldn't this look spiffy with a bunch of GloFish swimming in a tank?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now they aren't illegal because they are dangerous. They won’t spread disease, take over native fishes or swallow swimmers whole. They are small, tropical fish that won’t survive long in California’s chilly waters. And the few that do manage to survive are twice as likely to be eaten by predatory fish compared to their non-glowing brethren. This means that because of natural selection they would quickly be wiped out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they aren't dangerous, why in the world are they illegal? Because the Fish and Game Commission decided back in 2003 that GloFish were the result of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Why-GloFish-won-t-glow-in-California-2545870.php\">trivial use for a powerful technology\u003c/a>. They felt that these fish should not have been made and therefore Californians should not be able to have them. The commission imposed their set of values on the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is even though these fish are really a spinoff of a more useful technology. Scientists in Singapore created GloFish as part of a process of creating living pollution sensors. The idea was that the fish would only glow when pollutants are around and so they could serve as an early indicator of pollution. In one sense, then, GloFish are really more like Teflon or Tang—useful byproducts of more productive research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The banning of GloFish is probably too trivial an issue to stir up enough protest to get it reversed. So if I decide to go ahead, I’ll apply for the permit. Maybe then at least some people in California will be able to see these cool fish in person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2019096509_glofish09.html\">Newest GloFish May Be More Worrisome\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Sounds",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49367\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/07/geological-sounds/obsidiansound/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49367\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/obsidiansound-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This active obsidian flow sounded like breaking glass, which in fact is what it was. Image by Hugh Tuffen, used under Creative Commons license\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49367\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This active obsidian flow made sounds like breaking glass, which in fact is what it was. Image by Hugh Tuffen, used under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I love it when scientists speak out about their work in their own voices and their own words. A great example is \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/27337835@N00/sets/72157632557249894/\">a wonderful set of annotated photos on Flickr\u003c/a> that volcanologist Hugh Tuffen put up last month from his recent expedition to Chile's volcano Cordón Caulle. One thing I liked was how he approached and sampled a body of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">obsidian\u003c/a> that was still flowing, several months after its eruption. He could tell the flow was active because its red-hot heart continued to flex its crusty rind, making a memorable noise: \"a succession of platy fracturing sounds, as if a bowl of Rice Krispies cereal were made up of thousands of fragile plates that each broke, rather than the usual snap, crackle and pop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuffen regretted not being able to record this. But there are some other recordings of volcano-related sounds out there. Similar to the obsidian noise is the hissing crackle of lava flows moving underwater, their glowing interiors instantly freezing into pillow lava. A Hawaiian tour-diving outfit \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsJn8izcKtg\">has a video of such scenes\u003c/a>. And volcanologist Boris Behncke, who makes it his business to shoot footage of Sicily's Mount Etna, has captured some good audio of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVQOrODayG4\">the volcano's roaring lava fountains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes, of course, are nothing but a very loud noise made by the Earth, mostly at very low frequencies. The littlest shakers we get in the Bay Area are more easily appreciated as sound rather than vibration, though. Where I live, events on the Hayward fault arrive from almost directly below with a bang like a nearby truck crash. Seismologist Zhigang Peng, of Georgia Tech University, has a fascinating page with \u003ca href=\"http://geophysics.eas.gatech.edu/people/zpeng/Japan_20110311/\">sonifications of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake\u003c/a>, made by simply speeding up the earthquake waves into the audible range. They sound a lot like our local jigglers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're ever in a position to watch a flooding river at close range, you might listen for the sound of boulders cracking against each other as they move downstream. One witness told me, \"They can ring like bells.\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J64_XO5qODk\">In one short video\u003c/a>, the rocks sound like big billiard balls in a giant's game. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up in the mountains where the lakes freeze over, those large sheets of ice produce all sorts of eerie noises as the weather changes. Some liken the sounds to giant springs being struck by hammers, or whining cries, or booming. Geologists classify all these under the name of ice yowling. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=ice+sounds\">A YouTube search on \"ice sounds\"\u003c/a> turns up a satisfying variety of recordings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the quieter side is the hum made by certain sand dunes. What I like about this is its totally unthreatening nature, unlike the other sounds I've mentioned. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/\">my post on singing sands\u003c/a> last year, I included some videos of this rare phenomenon, which you can create by yourself at four places in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the quietest geological sound I can think of is the ghostly hiss of the aurora. One witness described it to me as \"like grains of rice sliding on a teflon cutting board.\" For many years scientists considered the sounds of the Northern Lights to be undependable folklore or a psychological illusion. But recently Finnish researchers used an array of microphones to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRZfKqhs6rM\">record the sounds\u003c/a> and pinpoint their origin. The strangest thing about this story is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-07/au-son070912.php\">the sounds came out of thin air, about 70 meters above the ground\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What other things have you heard the Earth say?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Geology can be heard as well as seen: here's a tour of some sounds that Earth makes.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49367\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/07/geological-sounds/obsidiansound/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49367\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/obsidiansound-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This active obsidian flow sounded like breaking glass, which in fact is what it was. Image by Hugh Tuffen, used under Creative Commons license\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49367\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This active obsidian flow made sounds like breaking glass, which in fact is what it was. Image by Hugh Tuffen, used under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I love it when scientists speak out about their work in their own voices and their own words. A great example is \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/27337835@N00/sets/72157632557249894/\">a wonderful set of annotated photos on Flickr\u003c/a> that volcanologist Hugh Tuffen put up last month from his recent expedition to Chile's volcano Cordón Caulle. One thing I liked was how he approached and sampled a body of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">obsidian\u003c/a> that was still flowing, several months after its eruption. He could tell the flow was active because its red-hot heart continued to flex its crusty rind, making a memorable noise: \"a succession of platy fracturing sounds, as if a bowl of Rice Krispies cereal were made up of thousands of fragile plates that each broke, rather than the usual snap, crackle and pop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuffen regretted not being able to record this. But there are some other recordings of volcano-related sounds out there. Similar to the obsidian noise is the hissing crackle of lava flows moving underwater, their glowing interiors instantly freezing into pillow lava. A Hawaiian tour-diving outfit \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsJn8izcKtg\">has a video of such scenes\u003c/a>. And volcanologist Boris Behncke, who makes it his business to shoot footage of Sicily's Mount Etna, has captured some good audio of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVQOrODayG4\">the volcano's roaring lava fountains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes, of course, are nothing but a very loud noise made by the Earth, mostly at very low frequencies. The littlest shakers we get in the Bay Area are more easily appreciated as sound rather than vibration, though. Where I live, events on the Hayward fault arrive from almost directly below with a bang like a nearby truck crash. Seismologist Zhigang Peng, of Georgia Tech University, has a fascinating page with \u003ca href=\"http://geophysics.eas.gatech.edu/people/zpeng/Japan_20110311/\">sonifications of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake\u003c/a>, made by simply speeding up the earthquake waves into the audible range. They sound a lot like our local jigglers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're ever in a position to watch a flooding river at close range, you might listen for the sound of boulders cracking against each other as they move downstream. One witness told me, \"They can ring like bells.\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J64_XO5qODk\">In one short video\u003c/a>, the rocks sound like big billiard balls in a giant's game. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up in the mountains where the lakes freeze over, those large sheets of ice produce all sorts of eerie noises as the weather changes. Some liken the sounds to giant springs being struck by hammers, or whining cries, or booming. Geologists classify all these under the name of ice yowling. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=ice+sounds\">A YouTube search on \"ice sounds\"\u003c/a> turns up a satisfying variety of recordings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the quieter side is the hum made by certain sand dunes. What I like about this is its totally unthreatening nature, unlike the other sounds I've mentioned. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/\">my post on singing sands\u003c/a> last year, I included some videos of this rare phenomenon, which you can create by yourself at four places in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the quietest geological sound I can think of is the ghostly hiss of the aurora. One witness described it to me as \"like grains of rice sliding on a teflon cutting board.\" For many years scientists considered the sounds of the Northern Lights to be undependable folklore or a psychological illusion. But recently Finnish researchers used an array of microphones to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRZfKqhs6rM\">record the sounds\u003c/a> and pinpoint their origin. The strangest thing about this story is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-07/au-son070912.php\">the sounds came out of thin air, about 70 meters above the ground\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What other things have you heard the Earth say?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Coyote Killings: A Complex Debate of Conservation and Cruelty",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 724px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/sevencoyotepups/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49359\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SevenCoyotePups.jpg\" alt=\"coyote pups\" width=\"724\" height=\"407\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Studies show that coyotes facing heavy hunting pressures respond by reproducing more--with alpha and older coyotes gone,\u003cbr>\nyounger animals reproduce, and have bigger litters. (Photo: John Harrison)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every once in a while you get a sobering reminder about what passes for civilized society. One day several years ago, my husband and I were staying at a vacation rental on the northern Sonoma Coast and decided to head inland to the Anderson Valley, driving east through picturesque oak-studded meadows and mixed conifer forests. With my husband at the wheel, I was free to scour the sky and grasslands for signs of wildlife. I spotted a red-tailed hawk soaring in the distance, a sight that always lifts my spirits. But as we rounded a bend in the road, my heart sank as I struggled to absorb the sight before me: coyotes, as far as the eye could see, strung up on fence posts like scarecrows, bodies contorted, frozen in a gruesome death pose, fur sticking out like straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think the barbaric practice of hanging coyotes from fences disappeared with the bounty era, when the state paid hunters to exterminate all things carnivore, big or small, on wings or paws, to protect livestock. When the canine crucifixions, like the bounty, reinforced the notion that the only good predator was a dead one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as I saw firsthand, the tradition is alive and well in ranching country. Some people say the carnage serves as a warning to other coyotes to avoid the area or suffer the same fate. Others say it assures nearby ranchers you’re doing your part to kill predators and safeguard livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49352\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/coyotes_fence/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49352\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49352\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Coyotes_fence-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"coyotes hung on fences\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife photographer Steve Creek took this photo of dead coyotes tied to a fence last year in Oklahoma. They were \"on display near a major 4-lane highway,\" Creek says on his web site (http://stevecreek.com/coyote-hatred/). Photo: Steve Creek\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s no evidence to suggest that a dead coyote scares off the living. But there seems to be something to the idea of killing predators to impress your neighbors if this week’s three-day coyote killing contest is any indication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.myoutdoorbuddy.com/hunting_report.php?Hunting=6796\">\u003cstrong>Starting Friday\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, hunters in the tiny town of Adin in Modoc County will pay $50 for the pleasure of killing as many coyotes as they can in the Pit River Rod and Gun Club’s Seventh Annual Coyote Drive. They’ll roam rifle in hand through four counties in the far northeastern corner of California to, as the sponsors promise, \"reduce the number of coyotes threatening wild game, livestock and pets in that region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, the gun club and Adin Supply Outfitters urged hunters to hurry and get their applications in “if you want to win prizes and help rid Northern California of coyotes.” This year, they’re encouraging junior hunters to participate because the “drive is a great time to teach quality ethics and outdoorsmanship to young hunters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entrants get a T-shirt (red paint on the logo drips like blood from the letters) and a chance to win a gun and other prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectcoyote.org/newsreleases/news_modoc_hunt.html\">launched their own drive\u003c/a> to stop the slaughter, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB2402\">citing new legislation\u003c/a> that requires California’s Fish and Game Commission to use ecosystem-based management and “credible” science to manage the state’s wildlife. What’s more, they say, the hunt could end up killing OR7, the state’s only wolf—which, unlike its cousins in the Rocky Mountains, is still protected under the federal Endangered Species Act. The chances of a hunter mistaking a wolf for a coyote are too high to risk, conservationists argue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And given the anti-predator rhetoric behind a contest designed to exterminate coyotes, I worry that someone will shoot OR7 knowing full well he’s a wolf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adin, population 272, lies within an area called Big Valley, where ranchers raise mostly cattle. Nationwide, predators of all types account for just 5.5 percent of cattle and calf losses, according to data released by the National Agricultural Statistics Service. Sheep and lambs are more vulnerable to predators, which NASS says account for 39% of total losses across the country. As the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2012/04/28/4450678/the-killing-agency-wildlife-services.html\">Sacramento Bee reported\u003c/a> last year, the federal agency called Wildilfe Services—a more apt name might be Hunter and Rancher Services—killed more than 83,000 coyotes in 2011 for eating big game and livestock. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/prog_data/2011_prog_data/PDR_G/Basic_Tables_PDR_G/Table%20G_ShortReport.pdf\">additional 453 pups were killed\u003c/a> in their dens or after they were removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But studies, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4003765.pdf?acceptTC=true\">highly credible ones\u003c/a>, show that all the killing just gives you more coyotes. Comparing hunted versus unhunted coyote populations, researchers found that in heavily hunted populations adult survival rates drop, more yearlings reproduce and litter sizes increase. This could explain why the agency started tracking how many pups they killed in dens (386 in 2009 and 378 in 2010).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49386\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/komondor_westminster_dog_show_crop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49386\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49386\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Komondor_Westminster_Dog_Show_crop-328x360.jpg\" alt=\"Komondor\" width=\"328\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife experts recommend that livestock producers use guardian dogs like the Komondor, a Hungarian breed that descended from Tibetan dogs. (Photo: Flickr user whartonds)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildlife biologists\u003c/strong> know better. A booklet published by the Utah State University—in a state that just reintroduced a $50 bounty on coyotes—notes that although coyotes are more apt than other predators to feed on sheep, lambs and goats (which aren’t worth the energy for larger carnivores like lions and wolves), the vast majority of their diet consists of rodents and other small animals. A \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=coyotesw\">three-year study\u003c/a> in West Texas showed that reducing coyote abundance by nearly half led to a decline in the abundance and type of rodent species and a 320% increase in jackrabbit density—leading to increased competition with livestock for available forage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Pugh, a predator control expert at Oklahoma State Extension Service, argues that lethal methods should be used only as a last resort if the problem is severe. Even then, he warns, it “typically does nothing to eliminate the problem animal or animals [and] can actually cause further problems.” Though any coyote has the potential to kill livestock, studies show many don’t. That’s because it’s a learned behavior. So if a coyote that doesn’t have a taste for sheep is indiscriminately killed, you may have removed your best protection against livestock-eating coyotes because your rodent-loving coyote can no longer defend his territory against other predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pugh and other wildlife managers promote a range of nonlethal methods to protect livestock (so-called “passive” as opposed to lethal methods), from putting goats and sheep in enclosed shelters at night and building coyote-proof fences to removing carrion as soon as possible and using guardian dogs, like the Komondor and Maremma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there aren’t just practical reasons that a contest to kill as many coyotes as possible makes no sense. As we’ve killed wolves throughout the country, coyotes have moved in, becoming one of the most widely distributed predators in America. The reason, no doubt, they’re also the most targeted predator in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49356\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/coyotedrive2013logo1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49356\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1.jpg\" alt=\"coyote drive 2013 logo\" width=\"480\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Organizers of the coyote-killing contest will give out T-shirts with the event's logo (above) until supplies last.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But I would like to think that as researchers uncover more and more evidence of the intelligence of animals—particularly of those with complex social behaviors like wolves, coyotes and dogs—that we humans might step back to reflect on how we treat wildlife that shares not just our environment but also, granted to a lesser degree, our cognitive abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve no doubt heard of Chaser, the \u003ca href=\"http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/01/05/chaser-the-border-collie-the-smartest-dog-in-the-world/\">bordie collie who can recognize 1,000 objects\u003c/a> by name? That’s a remarkable cognitive feat that requires learning and working memory—something it was long assumed only humans could manage. Not surprisingly, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376635711001598\">it turns out that coyotes,\u003c/a> our beloved companion’s evolutionary kin, can discriminate between large and small portions of food. This ability to approximate number, which appears in babies at around three months old, helps animals decide where to hunt, flee from predators or fight territorial intruders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organizers of the Coyote Drive tout the event as an opportunity to “teach quality ethics\u003cbr>\nand outdoorsmanship to our youth.” Surely, with all we’ve learned about the rich cognitive life of animals, “quality ethics” demands that we no longer treat wildlife like vermin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Project Coyote,\u003c/strong> which promotes carnivore coexistence and educates the public about coyote biology, ecology and behavior, is sponsoring \u003ca href=\"http://www.change.org/petitions/ca-dept-of-fish-wildlife-f-g-commission-stop-coyote-killing-contest\">a petition to stop the hunt. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Coyotes, reviled for preying on sheep and goats, are the most targeted predator in the U.S. This week, hunters in the tiny Modoc County town of Adin will compete in a contest to kill the most coyotes to protect their livestock--even though research shows that killing coyotes results in higher reproductive rates.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 724px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/sevencoyotepups/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49359\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SevenCoyotePups.jpg\" alt=\"coyote pups\" width=\"724\" height=\"407\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Studies show that coyotes facing heavy hunting pressures respond by reproducing more--with alpha and older coyotes gone,\u003cbr>\nyounger animals reproduce, and have bigger litters. (Photo: John Harrison)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every once in a while you get a sobering reminder about what passes for civilized society. One day several years ago, my husband and I were staying at a vacation rental on the northern Sonoma Coast and decided to head inland to the Anderson Valley, driving east through picturesque oak-studded meadows and mixed conifer forests. With my husband at the wheel, I was free to scour the sky and grasslands for signs of wildlife. I spotted a red-tailed hawk soaring in the distance, a sight that always lifts my spirits. But as we rounded a bend in the road, my heart sank as I struggled to absorb the sight before me: coyotes, as far as the eye could see, strung up on fence posts like scarecrows, bodies contorted, frozen in a gruesome death pose, fur sticking out like straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think the barbaric practice of hanging coyotes from fences disappeared with the bounty era, when the state paid hunters to exterminate all things carnivore, big or small, on wings or paws, to protect livestock. When the canine crucifixions, like the bounty, reinforced the notion that the only good predator was a dead one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as I saw firsthand, the tradition is alive and well in ranching country. Some people say the carnage serves as a warning to other coyotes to avoid the area or suffer the same fate. Others say it assures nearby ranchers you’re doing your part to kill predators and safeguard livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49352\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/coyotes_fence/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49352\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49352\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Coyotes_fence-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"coyotes hung on fences\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife photographer Steve Creek took this photo of dead coyotes tied to a fence last year in Oklahoma. They were \"on display near a major 4-lane highway,\" Creek says on his web site (http://stevecreek.com/coyote-hatred/). Photo: Steve Creek\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s no evidence to suggest that a dead coyote scares off the living. But there seems to be something to the idea of killing predators to impress your neighbors if this week’s three-day coyote killing contest is any indication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.myoutdoorbuddy.com/hunting_report.php?Hunting=6796\">\u003cstrong>Starting Friday\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, hunters in the tiny town of Adin in Modoc County will pay $50 for the pleasure of killing as many coyotes as they can in the Pit River Rod and Gun Club’s Seventh Annual Coyote Drive. They’ll roam rifle in hand through four counties in the far northeastern corner of California to, as the sponsors promise, \"reduce the number of coyotes threatening wild game, livestock and pets in that region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, the gun club and Adin Supply Outfitters urged hunters to hurry and get their applications in “if you want to win prizes and help rid Northern California of coyotes.” This year, they’re encouraging junior hunters to participate because the “drive is a great time to teach quality ethics and outdoorsmanship to young hunters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entrants get a T-shirt (red paint on the logo drips like blood from the letters) and a chance to win a gun and other prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectcoyote.org/newsreleases/news_modoc_hunt.html\">launched their own drive\u003c/a> to stop the slaughter, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB2402\">citing new legislation\u003c/a> that requires California’s Fish and Game Commission to use ecosystem-based management and “credible” science to manage the state’s wildlife. What’s more, they say, the hunt could end up killing OR7, the state’s only wolf—which, unlike its cousins in the Rocky Mountains, is still protected under the federal Endangered Species Act. The chances of a hunter mistaking a wolf for a coyote are too high to risk, conservationists argue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And given the anti-predator rhetoric behind a contest designed to exterminate coyotes, I worry that someone will shoot OR7 knowing full well he’s a wolf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adin, population 272, lies within an area called Big Valley, where ranchers raise mostly cattle. Nationwide, predators of all types account for just 5.5 percent of cattle and calf losses, according to data released by the National Agricultural Statistics Service. Sheep and lambs are more vulnerable to predators, which NASS says account for 39% of total losses across the country. As the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2012/04/28/4450678/the-killing-agency-wildlife-services.html\">Sacramento Bee reported\u003c/a> last year, the federal agency called Wildilfe Services—a more apt name might be Hunter and Rancher Services—killed more than 83,000 coyotes in 2011 for eating big game and livestock. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/prog_data/2011_prog_data/PDR_G/Basic_Tables_PDR_G/Table%20G_ShortReport.pdf\">additional 453 pups were killed\u003c/a> in their dens or after they were removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But studies, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4003765.pdf?acceptTC=true\">highly credible ones\u003c/a>, show that all the killing just gives you more coyotes. Comparing hunted versus unhunted coyote populations, researchers found that in heavily hunted populations adult survival rates drop, more yearlings reproduce and litter sizes increase. This could explain why the agency started tracking how many pups they killed in dens (386 in 2009 and 378 in 2010).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49386\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/komondor_westminster_dog_show_crop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49386\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49386\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Komondor_Westminster_Dog_Show_crop-328x360.jpg\" alt=\"Komondor\" width=\"328\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife experts recommend that livestock producers use guardian dogs like the Komondor, a Hungarian breed that descended from Tibetan dogs. (Photo: Flickr user whartonds)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildlife biologists\u003c/strong> know better. A booklet published by the Utah State University—in a state that just reintroduced a $50 bounty on coyotes—notes that although coyotes are more apt than other predators to feed on sheep, lambs and goats (which aren’t worth the energy for larger carnivores like lions and wolves), the vast majority of their diet consists of rodents and other small animals. A \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=coyotesw\">three-year study\u003c/a> in West Texas showed that reducing coyote abundance by nearly half led to a decline in the abundance and type of rodent species and a 320% increase in jackrabbit density—leading to increased competition with livestock for available forage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Pugh, a predator control expert at Oklahoma State Extension Service, argues that lethal methods should be used only as a last resort if the problem is severe. Even then, he warns, it “typically does nothing to eliminate the problem animal or animals [and] can actually cause further problems.” Though any coyote has the potential to kill livestock, studies show many don’t. That’s because it’s a learned behavior. So if a coyote that doesn’t have a taste for sheep is indiscriminately killed, you may have removed your best protection against livestock-eating coyotes because your rodent-loving coyote can no longer defend his territory against other predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pugh and other wildlife managers promote a range of nonlethal methods to protect livestock (so-called “passive” as opposed to lethal methods), from putting goats and sheep in enclosed shelters at night and building coyote-proof fences to removing carrion as soon as possible and using guardian dogs, like the Komondor and Maremma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there aren’t just practical reasons that a contest to kill as many coyotes as possible makes no sense. As we’ve killed wolves throughout the country, coyotes have moved in, becoming one of the most widely distributed predators in America. The reason, no doubt, they’re also the most targeted predator in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49356\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/coyotedrive2013logo1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49356\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1.jpg\" alt=\"coyote drive 2013 logo\" width=\"480\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Organizers of the coyote-killing contest will give out T-shirts with the event's logo (above) until supplies last.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But I would like to think that as researchers uncover more and more evidence of the intelligence of animals—particularly of those with complex social behaviors like wolves, coyotes and dogs—that we humans might step back to reflect on how we treat wildlife that shares not just our environment but also, granted to a lesser degree, our cognitive abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve no doubt heard of Chaser, the \u003ca href=\"http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/01/05/chaser-the-border-collie-the-smartest-dog-in-the-world/\">bordie collie who can recognize 1,000 objects\u003c/a> by name? That’s a remarkable cognitive feat that requires learning and working memory—something it was long assumed only humans could manage. Not surprisingly, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376635711001598\">it turns out that coyotes,\u003c/a> our beloved companion’s evolutionary kin, can discriminate between large and small portions of food. This ability to approximate number, which appears in babies at around three months old, helps animals decide where to hunt, flee from predators or fight territorial intruders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organizers of the Coyote Drive tout the event as an opportunity to “teach quality ethics\u003cbr>\nand outdoorsmanship to our youth.” Surely, with all we’ve learned about the rich cognitive life of animals, “quality ethics” demands that we no longer treat wildlife like vermin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Project Coyote,\u003c/strong> which promotes carnivore coexistence and educates the public about coyote biology, ecology and behavior, is sponsoring \u003ca href=\"http://www.change.org/petitions/ca-dept-of-fish-wildlife-f-g-commission-stop-coyote-killing-contest\">a petition to stop the hunt. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Preserving the Forest of the Sea",
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"content": "\u003cp>\"Walking down the stacks, you almost feel like you’re in \u003cem>Indiana Jones\u003c/em> looking for the final resting place of the Ark of the Covenant,\" said Kathy Ann Miller, PhD, a curator and seaweed expert as she led me down a long, nondescript corridor flanked by row upon row of one of the greatest seaweed collections in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48996\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48996\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"University Herbarium, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/uc/\" target=\"_blank\">The University Herbarium\u003c/a>, which is tucked into the basement of the largest building on campus at UC Berkeley, just past a fearsome skeleton of a \u003cem>T. Rex\u003c/em> dinosaur, is a plant museum which contains more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, dating to the time of the U.S. Civil War. During my first visit to the museum last autumn, I was struck by Kathy Ann Miller's enthusiasm and warmth, especially when describing her herbarium \"home\" and its red, green and brown-hued precious occupants whom she has cherished for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, I hadn't given much thought to seaweed before I produced this story. But a few minutes with Kathy Ann Miller can open one's eyes to the bountiful gifts these multicellular algae bestow to their marine neighbors and terrestrial admirers. Seaweeds are like \"the forest of the sea\", providing habitat to fish, crabs and other marine life and their photosynthetic activity helps generate the oxygen we breathe. Also, compounds such as agar in their cell walls are used in foods such as ice cream, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (think \"age-defying\" skin creams). But to really appreciate seaweeds on a level which transcends words and facts, I needed to experience seaweeds at a tactile, almost ineffable, sensory level. Happy to oblige, Miller emerged from the stacks, grinning from ear to ear with specimens of dried seaweed pressed onto paper or placed in boxes and painstakingly organized atop shelves labeled with the names of countries and regions from which they were collected decades, even a century, ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My image of a seaweed - uprooted, splayed, frayed and trampled upon by bare feet and salty waves - gave way to a riot of colors, textures and bizarre shapes that made me wonder at times if I was looking at a branch of stony coral or a nest stitched together by a bird taking its architectural inspiration from Cubism. Also, not all seaweeds are green, even though they all contain the green-colored chlorophyll pigment which is essential for their photosynthetic conversion of sunlight into food. That's because in the case of red and brown seaweeds, other pigments mask the coloration of the chlorophyll pigment. Even when preserved and dried for a century or more, the colors in the seaweeds can still captivate, reminiscent of stained glass illuminated by the sun's rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48993\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48993\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from California. Larger and more three-dimensional species of seaweed, such as this one, are stored in boxes on the shelves at the herbarium. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from Alaska. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Found on all continents, seaweeds are far from endangered. Nonetheless, like other marine organisms, seaweeds are also vulnerable to acidification and warming temperatures, two major consequences of climate change. Additionally, the loss of habitat from human activity and development, and the arrival of invasive species from cargo ships crisscrossing the globe, make this a turbulent time for seaweeds near and far. \"I think we’re going to find that seaweed ranges are going to change, and that southern seaweeds will be moving further north as warming happens,\" said Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48995\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, with the click of a mouse and high-speed internet access, seaweed scientists around the world will be able to more quickly and methodically study the impact of climate change on large swathes of seaweeds archived at the herbarium. Funded by a grant she submitted to the National Science Foundation, in 2011, Miller and her team began taking high-resolution photographs of nearly 80,000 specimens of seaweed collected from the west coast of North America. Undergraduate work-study students have been invaluable to this project, photographing up to 400 specimens a day. With the seaweeds now digitized, Miller and her fellow curator, Andrew Doran, are completing a massive online database which features a Google map indicating the location of each specimen's collection, the date it was collected and the gorgeous photograph of the seaweed, digitally transformed into thousands of pixels. It's a captivating blend of history and modern technology, as the elegantly swooping, India-inked names of seaweed hunters come into focus beneath the translucent marine algae plucked and preserved from the wild shores of California, Oregon, Washington and points farther north many decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48997\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48997\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\" alt=\"Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reflecting on the importance of creating this digital inventory from the fragile seaweeds \"sleeping in their cases\", Miller told me, \"without really knowing what we have in our holdings, how can we apply the lessons of the past and the hard work of all those who’ve come before us to understand what we have today and where we’re going in the future?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully, the seaweeds of the west coast will prove that they can adapt to the crash of tomorrow's waves, as daunting and unpredictable as they may be.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\"Walking down the stacks, you almost feel like you’re in \u003cem>Indiana Jones\u003c/em> looking for the final resting place of the Ark of the Covenant,\" said Kathy Ann Miller, PhD, a curator and seaweed expert as she led me down a long, nondescript corridor flanked by row upon row of one of the greatest seaweed collections in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48996\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48996\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"University Herbarium, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/uc/\" target=\"_blank\">The University Herbarium\u003c/a>, which is tucked into the basement of the largest building on campus at UC Berkeley, just past a fearsome skeleton of a \u003cem>T. Rex\u003c/em> dinosaur, is a plant museum which contains more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, dating to the time of the U.S. Civil War. During my first visit to the museum last autumn, I was struck by Kathy Ann Miller's enthusiasm and warmth, especially when describing her herbarium \"home\" and its red, green and brown-hued precious occupants whom she has cherished for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, I hadn't given much thought to seaweed before I produced this story. But a few minutes with Kathy Ann Miller can open one's eyes to the bountiful gifts these multicellular algae bestow to their marine neighbors and terrestrial admirers. Seaweeds are like \"the forest of the sea\", providing habitat to fish, crabs and other marine life and their photosynthetic activity helps generate the oxygen we breathe. Also, compounds such as agar in their cell walls are used in foods such as ice cream, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (think \"age-defying\" skin creams). But to really appreciate seaweeds on a level which transcends words and facts, I needed to experience seaweeds at a tactile, almost ineffable, sensory level. Happy to oblige, Miller emerged from the stacks, grinning from ear to ear with specimens of dried seaweed pressed onto paper or placed in boxes and painstakingly organized atop shelves labeled with the names of countries and regions from which they were collected decades, even a century, ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My image of a seaweed - uprooted, splayed, frayed and trampled upon by bare feet and salty waves - gave way to a riot of colors, textures and bizarre shapes that made me wonder at times if I was looking at a branch of stony coral or a nest stitched together by a bird taking its architectural inspiration from Cubism. Also, not all seaweeds are green, even though they all contain the green-colored chlorophyll pigment which is essential for their photosynthetic conversion of sunlight into food. That's because in the case of red and brown seaweeds, other pigments mask the coloration of the chlorophyll pigment. Even when preserved and dried for a century or more, the colors in the seaweeds can still captivate, reminiscent of stained glass illuminated by the sun's rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48993\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48993\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from California. Larger and more three-dimensional species of seaweed, such as this one, are stored in boxes on the shelves at the herbarium. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from Alaska. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Found on all continents, seaweeds are far from endangered. Nonetheless, like other marine organisms, seaweeds are also vulnerable to acidification and warming temperatures, two major consequences of climate change. Additionally, the loss of habitat from human activity and development, and the arrival of invasive species from cargo ships crisscrossing the globe, make this a turbulent time for seaweeds near and far. \"I think we’re going to find that seaweed ranges are going to change, and that southern seaweeds will be moving further north as warming happens,\" said Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48995\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, with the click of a mouse and high-speed internet access, seaweed scientists around the world will be able to more quickly and methodically study the impact of climate change on large swathes of seaweeds archived at the herbarium. Funded by a grant she submitted to the National Science Foundation, in 2011, Miller and her team began taking high-resolution photographs of nearly 80,000 specimens of seaweed collected from the west coast of North America. Undergraduate work-study students have been invaluable to this project, photographing up to 400 specimens a day. With the seaweeds now digitized, Miller and her fellow curator, Andrew Doran, are completing a massive online database which features a Google map indicating the location of each specimen's collection, the date it was collected and the gorgeous photograph of the seaweed, digitally transformed into thousands of pixels. It's a captivating blend of history and modern technology, as the elegantly swooping, India-inked names of seaweed hunters come into focus beneath the translucent marine algae plucked and preserved from the wild shores of California, Oregon, Washington and points farther north many decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48997\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48997\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\" alt=\"Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reflecting on the importance of creating this digital inventory from the fragile seaweeds \"sleeping in their cases\", Miller told me, \"without really knowing what we have in our holdings, how can we apply the lessons of the past and the hard work of all those who’ve come before us to understand what we have today and where we’re going in the future?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully, the seaweeds of the west coast will prove that they can adapt to the crash of tomorrow's waves, as daunting and unpredictable as they may be.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Winter Waterfall Hiking in Marin ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49105\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 539px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/04/winter-waterfall-hiking-in-marin/quest-4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/QUEST-4-539x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cataract Creek Trail Waterfall\" width=\"539\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-49105\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Winter may not bring snow to the San Francisco Bay Area, but it definitely brings waterfalls. If you find time before spring, head to \u003ca href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/cataract-trail-loop-in-marin-county\">Cataract Creek Trail\u003c/a> in Marin County. The drive alone delivers stunning views of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=471\">Mount Tamalpais State Park\u003c/a> and the trail has some of the most beautiful waterfalls along the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located in the thick of redwoods, oaks and ferns, the roaring waterfalls can be heard from quite a distance. These falls are more impressive after heavy rain, but still quite lovely at a gradual flow. Moss and lichen are everywhere, and it is not uncommon to see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\">banana slugs\u003c/a> along the trail. There are at least 7 distinct waterfalls to see on this hike, which make it the photographer's ideal day trip. One thing's for sure though- it's a steep slope, and sometimes it's a little slippery. To see water falling, you've got to climb up, and the higher you go, the more rewarding the view. This gorgeous trek is recommended for moderate hikers; dogs on leashes are allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49106\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/04/winter-waterfall-hiking-in-marin/quest-3-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49106\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/QUEST-3-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"The higher you climb, the more impressive the waterfalls.\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-49106\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During the rainy season, Cataract Creek Trail's waterfalls flow into Alpine Lake Reservior, one of five reservoirs located on the Mount Tamalpais Watershed. These reserviors are managed by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=221\">Marin Municipal Water District\u003c/a> and supply water to southern and central Marin. If you still have energy after the hike, walking over the dam is an easy stroll before hopping back into the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With less than two months left of winter, the days for Cataract Creek Trail's waterfalls are limited until next year. In the spring, the falls will become a mere trickle and wild flowers will began emerging. Although it's not spring just yet, wildlife in Mount Tamalpais State Park is quite active right now, with gray foxes, coyotes, red-tailed hawks, American kestrels, turkey vultures, and more, out and about daily. In addition to Cataract Creek Trial, other waterfall trails to see in the Bay Area before the season is over include \u003ca href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/waterfall-tour-of-uvas-canyon-county-park\">Uvas Canyon County Park\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/murietta-falls-via-ohlone-wilderness-trail\">Murietta Falls\u003c/a>. Waterfalls are definitely an experience, so grab your hiking boots!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Winter may not bring snow to the San Francisco Bay Area, but it definitely brings waterfalls. If you find time before spring, head to Cataract Creek Trail in Marin County. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49105\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 539px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/04/winter-waterfall-hiking-in-marin/quest-4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/QUEST-4-539x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cataract Creek Trail Waterfall\" width=\"539\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-49105\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Winter may not bring snow to the San Francisco Bay Area, but it definitely brings waterfalls. If you find time before spring, head to \u003ca href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/cataract-trail-loop-in-marin-county\">Cataract Creek Trail\u003c/a> in Marin County. The drive alone delivers stunning views of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=471\">Mount Tamalpais State Park\u003c/a> and the trail has some of the most beautiful waterfalls along the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located in the thick of redwoods, oaks and ferns, the roaring waterfalls can be heard from quite a distance. These falls are more impressive after heavy rain, but still quite lovely at a gradual flow. Moss and lichen are everywhere, and it is not uncommon to see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\">banana slugs\u003c/a> along the trail. There are at least 7 distinct waterfalls to see on this hike, which make it the photographer's ideal day trip. One thing's for sure though- it's a steep slope, and sometimes it's a little slippery. To see water falling, you've got to climb up, and the higher you go, the more rewarding the view. This gorgeous trek is recommended for moderate hikers; dogs on leashes are allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49106\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/04/winter-waterfall-hiking-in-marin/quest-3-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49106\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/QUEST-3-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"The higher you climb, the more impressive the waterfalls.\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-49106\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During the rainy season, Cataract Creek Trail's waterfalls flow into Alpine Lake Reservior, one of five reservoirs located on the Mount Tamalpais Watershed. These reserviors are managed by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=221\">Marin Municipal Water District\u003c/a> and supply water to southern and central Marin. If you still have energy after the hike, walking over the dam is an easy stroll before hopping back into the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With less than two months left of winter, the days for Cataract Creek Trail's waterfalls are limited until next year. In the spring, the falls will become a mere trickle and wild flowers will began emerging. Although it's not spring just yet, wildlife in Mount Tamalpais State Park is quite active right now, with gray foxes, coyotes, red-tailed hawks, American kestrels, turkey vultures, and more, out and about daily. In addition to Cataract Creek Trial, other waterfall trails to see in the Bay Area before the season is over include \u003ca href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/waterfall-tour-of-uvas-canyon-county-park\">Uvas Canyon County Park\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/murietta-falls-via-ohlone-wilderness-trail\">Murietta Falls\u003c/a>. Waterfalls are definitely an experience, so grab your hiking boots!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Groundhogs and Ground Squirrels: Winter Prognosticators",
"title": "Groundhogs and Ground Squirrels: Winter Prognosticators",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/01/groundhogs-and-ground-squirrels-winter-prognosticators/800px-groundhog-standing2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49208\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49208\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/800px-Groundhog-Standing2-541x360.jpg\" alt=\"This groundhog, alert to danger, is related to ground squirrels and marmots.\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This groundhog, alert to danger, is related to ground squirrels and marmots. Photo by \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Standing by Marumari\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Groundhog-Standing2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Marumari\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Groundhog Day seems mostly an East Coast event with most of the action centered in Pennsylvania. In a land of biting wind, bitter cold and snow, Punxsutawney Phil emerges every year on Feb. 2 to predict how much longer winter will maintain its icy grip on the country. Lore has it if he sees his shadow, winter has six more weeks of bad weather and Phil returns to hibernation. If it’s cloudy, then he assumes spring is near and remains above ground. There are a couple of fun websites to see his \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Winter Predictions\" href=\"http://www.groundhogs.com/contest_frame.htm\" target=\"_blank\">predictions over the years\u003c/a> and you can even learn the official \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Day song, Marmotburrow website, UCLA\" href=\"http://www.marmotburrow.ucla.edu/murmeltier.html\" target=\"_blank\">Groundhog Day song\u003c/a> (sung to the tune of “Oh Tannenbaum,” which is fitting as this \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Day history\" href=\"http://groundhog.org/groundhog-day/history/\" target=\"_blank\">Groundhog Day tradition \u003c/a>is traced back to ancient German roots).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have our own, less famous, weather prognosticators on our relatively balmy West Coast: the ground squirrels. Groundhogs and squirrels are both in the same family of rodents called “\u003ca title=\"Rodent family Sciuridae information\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciuridae\" target=\"_blank\">Sciuridae\u003c/a>.” All \u003ca title=\"Groundhog id, National Geographic website\" href=\"http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/groundhog/\" target=\"_blank\">groundhogs\u003c/a>, marmots, and \u003ca title=\"California Ground Squirrel id\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_ground_squirrel\" target=\"_blank\">ground squirrels\u003c/a> are capable of hibernation, which enables them to survive winters when food is scarce and temperatures plummet. Hibernation is like suspended animation, the animal’s breathing and heart rate radically slow and their body temperature drops to nearly the same as their underground burrow. Ground squirrels in our area spend more time sleeping in winter, with some adults possibly hibernating. Definitive research about the hibernation of our local squirrels has been hard to come by – anyone need a graduate student project? Today as I walked the Bay Trail at \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach, East Bay Regional Parks\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\" target=\"_blank\">Crown Beach\u003c/a>, even though the sun was out, I only spotted four adult ground squirrels. In the spring, there will be hundreds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49209\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/01/groundhogs-and-ground-squirrels-winter-prognosticators/638px-california_ground_squirrel_at_point_lobos/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49209\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-49209\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/638px-California_ground_squirrel_at_Point_Lobos-269x253.jpg\" alt=\"California ground squirrels have colonies along our rocky shores and throughout grasslands. Photo by Brocken Inaglory.\" width=\"269\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California ground squirrels have colonies along our rocky shores and throughout grasslands. Photo by Brocken Inaglory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may be wondering how ground squirrels, so common in open areas yet seldom seen in cities (don’t confuse them with the non-native tree squirrels) fit in the ecology of our area. There’s a great article in \u003ca title=\"Lord of the Burrows, Bay Nature article\" href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/lord-of-the-burrows/\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Nature online\u003c/a> that explains their vital role in grassland ecosystems and provides a wonderful illustration of their burrow system along with a fascinating account of their co-evolution and adaptation to avoiding rattlesnakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My research also revealed a problem that needs our attention. We need to \u003ca title=\"Environmental Health News\" href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/rodenticides-kill-wildlife\" target=\"_blank\">avoid using rodenticides\u003c/a> to control ground squirrels - and rats. The problem is the poison is also deadly to raptors, hawks, foxes, and coyotes, which eat the poisoned rodents, and kills them through secondary poisoning. This reduces the predators, which could be helping us by eating our pest species, and causes us to use even more poison to keep the pests in check. Does this sound like a vicious cycle? Next time you’re out hiking in the grasslands or along a rocky shoreline, watch for these entertaining, important animals and, if you’re out on Feb. 2\u003csup>nd\u003c/sup> see if you can predict our own winter weather with their presence or absence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/01/groundhogs-and-ground-squirrels-winter-prognosticators/800px-groundhog-standing2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49208\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49208\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/800px-Groundhog-Standing2-541x360.jpg\" alt=\"This groundhog, alert to danger, is related to ground squirrels and marmots.\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This groundhog, alert to danger, is related to ground squirrels and marmots. Photo by \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Standing by Marumari\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Groundhog-Standing2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Marumari\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Groundhog Day seems mostly an East Coast event with most of the action centered in Pennsylvania. In a land of biting wind, bitter cold and snow, Punxsutawney Phil emerges every year on Feb. 2 to predict how much longer winter will maintain its icy grip on the country. Lore has it if he sees his shadow, winter has six more weeks of bad weather and Phil returns to hibernation. If it’s cloudy, then he assumes spring is near and remains above ground. There are a couple of fun websites to see his \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Winter Predictions\" href=\"http://www.groundhogs.com/contest_frame.htm\" target=\"_blank\">predictions over the years\u003c/a> and you can even learn the official \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Day song, Marmotburrow website, UCLA\" href=\"http://www.marmotburrow.ucla.edu/murmeltier.html\" target=\"_blank\">Groundhog Day song\u003c/a> (sung to the tune of “Oh Tannenbaum,” which is fitting as this \u003ca title=\"Groundhog Day history\" href=\"http://groundhog.org/groundhog-day/history/\" target=\"_blank\">Groundhog Day tradition \u003c/a>is traced back to ancient German roots).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have our own, less famous, weather prognosticators on our relatively balmy West Coast: the ground squirrels. Groundhogs and squirrels are both in the same family of rodents called “\u003ca title=\"Rodent family Sciuridae information\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciuridae\" target=\"_blank\">Sciuridae\u003c/a>.” All \u003ca title=\"Groundhog id, National Geographic website\" href=\"http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/groundhog/\" target=\"_blank\">groundhogs\u003c/a>, marmots, and \u003ca title=\"California Ground Squirrel id\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_ground_squirrel\" target=\"_blank\">ground squirrels\u003c/a> are capable of hibernation, which enables them to survive winters when food is scarce and temperatures plummet. Hibernation is like suspended animation, the animal’s breathing and heart rate radically slow and their body temperature drops to nearly the same as their underground burrow. Ground squirrels in our area spend more time sleeping in winter, with some adults possibly hibernating. Definitive research about the hibernation of our local squirrels has been hard to come by – anyone need a graduate student project? Today as I walked the Bay Trail at \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach, East Bay Regional Parks\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\" target=\"_blank\">Crown Beach\u003c/a>, even though the sun was out, I only spotted four adult ground squirrels. In the spring, there will be hundreds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49209\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/01/groundhogs-and-ground-squirrels-winter-prognosticators/638px-california_ground_squirrel_at_point_lobos/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49209\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-49209\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/638px-California_ground_squirrel_at_Point_Lobos-269x253.jpg\" alt=\"California ground squirrels have colonies along our rocky shores and throughout grasslands. Photo by Brocken Inaglory.\" width=\"269\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California ground squirrels have colonies along our rocky shores and throughout grasslands. Photo by Brocken Inaglory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may be wondering how ground squirrels, so common in open areas yet seldom seen in cities (don’t confuse them with the non-native tree squirrels) fit in the ecology of our area. There’s a great article in \u003ca title=\"Lord of the Burrows, Bay Nature article\" href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/lord-of-the-burrows/\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Nature online\u003c/a> that explains their vital role in grassland ecosystems and provides a wonderful illustration of their burrow system along with a fascinating account of their co-evolution and adaptation to avoiding rattlesnakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My research also revealed a problem that needs our attention. We need to \u003ca title=\"Environmental Health News\" href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/rodenticides-kill-wildlife\" target=\"_blank\">avoid using rodenticides\u003c/a> to control ground squirrels - and rats. The problem is the poison is also deadly to raptors, hawks, foxes, and coyotes, which eat the poisoned rodents, and kills them through secondary poisoning. This reduces the predators, which could be helping us by eating our pest species, and causes us to use even more poison to keep the pests in check. Does this sound like a vicious cycle? Next time you’re out hiking in the grasslands or along a rocky shoreline, watch for these entertaining, important animals and, if you’re out on Feb. 2\u003csup>nd\u003c/sup> see if you can predict our own winter weather with their presence or absence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "What Makes California's Quake Warning System So Timely?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49224\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/31/what-makes-californias-quake-warning-system-so-timely/caleqwarningtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49224\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/CalEQwarningtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The collapsed Cypress Viaduct was the site of the first earthquake early-warning system, in 1989. USGS photo by Howard Wilshire\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49224\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The collapsed Cypress Viaduct in Oakland was the site of the first earthquake early-warning system, in 1989. USGS photo by Howard Wilshire\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, State Senator Alex Padilla went before the cameras with a group of earthquake scientists to kick-start California into building the world's best earthquake early-warning system. Does such a thing really work? And why should we start now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early-warning systems are not a scientific boondoggle; they really work. First things first, though: these do not predict earthquakes. Instead, they're automatic systems that detect quakes right at the epicenter, and measure their size almost instantly. With that information, they signal faraway users that strong shaking is on its way RIGHT NOW. You could call that a prediction if you like, an instant shaking prediction. But quake researchers are extremely allergic to the word \"prediction,\" so please call these warning systems. They're like the tsunami warning systems we're familiar with by now, only a lot faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area had the world's first example back in 1989, in the aftermath of the Loma Prieta earthquake. It detected aftershocks. It consisted of a handful of seismographs around the epicenter in the Santa Cruz Mountains, a computer and a microwave radio network. When the computer got enough simultaneous signals from the seismographs, it considered that the detection of a large aftershock and sent out an alarm on the radio network. Crews who were taking down the wreckage of the Cypress Structure, 100 kilometers away, got about 20 seconds of warning to back off and get out. You can imagine how useful that system was to those workers, crude as it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today much larger and better systems are at work around the world. Japan's is the most advanced—not so much scientifically, because every system's software uses the latest science, but in terms of being integrated into people's lives. If you saw it in action during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, you can imagine one like it in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senator Padilla's bill was triggered after one of his regular visits to Caltech. (He's an astronomy geek, it turns out.) While he was there, the earthquake people got hold of him and demonstrated the early-warning tools on the California Integrated Seismic Network (\u003ca href=\"http://www.cisn.org/\">CISN\u003c/a>), like the experimental \u003ca href=\"http://www.elarms.org/index.php\">ElarmS\u003c/a> project. The CISN people told him, as they've been telling anyone who will listen for ten years now, that they're ready to roll whenever the money can be found. Right now their research relies on a lean stream of funds from government projects and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Padilla's bill (\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB135\">Senate Bill 135\u003c/a>) is mostly preamble with one new sentence for the Government Code that commits the Office of Emergency Services to work with the CISN partners to \"develop a comprehensive statewide earthquake early warning system in California.\" In the preamble is one unusual item: a reference to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11703.html\">a dry scientific paper in \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i> last month\u003c/a>. The paper is also prominently featured in Padilla's news release about SB-135, which linked to a Caltech \u003ca href=\"http://www.caltech.edu/content/faulty-behavior\">press-office piece\u003c/a> on the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peggy Hellweg, the CISN point person at Cal Berkeley's Seismological Lab, explained where the paper fits in the larger story. Ever since the 1992 Landers quake in Southern California, she told me, a major weak point in our understanding of earthquake faults is how ruptures can expand beyond the limits we thought they had. At Landers, five separately mapped faults gave way at once in a single rupture. On the larger scale, both the giant 2004 Sumatra and 2011 Tohoku quakes ruptured fault segments that no one expected to fail. As for our own San Andreas fault system, we've always taken it as a given that the so-called creeping section, which runs between San Juan Bautista and Parkfield, separates northern and southern California. We don't expect a rupture on either the north or south end of the fault to rip through the creeping section, because its degree of creep—steady motion without earthquakes—would seem to preclude the more wrenching motion of a proper earthquake. It shouldn't have enough strain energy on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i> paper combined simulations of faulting with lab tests of actual material drill-sampled from the fault zone that ruptured in the large 1999 Chi Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Its authors described scenarios in which ruptures advancing into a creeping fault, if they hit it just right, would set it off. In fact, that supposedly low-strain creeping section could release quite a lot of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors suggested that creeping might be a temporary state between the relaxed state right after a quake (no energy) and the \"stuck\" state that most earthquake faults are in (lots of energy). \"Temporary\" in this case means centuries. If their work holds up and can be generalized, then it's plausible that the San Andreas fault could all go at once. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/347423/description/Quakes_may_bring_nearby_rocks_closer_to_rupture\">An article in \u003ci>Science News\u003c/i>\u003c/a> quotes some of the cautionary comments, which make the same points I would. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It strikes me as unusual that such a scientific article would be used as a \"news hook\" to promote something as fundamental as a new statewide quake-warning system. Normally, in California, we would cite the latest awful earthquake, because that seems to focus people's attention better. But as Senator Padilla said, better to get a system in place before rather than after the next Big One. I absolutely support SB-135 anyway, regardless of this one paper.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49224\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/31/what-makes-californias-quake-warning-system-so-timely/caleqwarningtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49224\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/CalEQwarningtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The collapsed Cypress Viaduct was the site of the first earthquake early-warning system, in 1989. USGS photo by Howard Wilshire\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49224\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The collapsed Cypress Viaduct in Oakland was the site of the first earthquake early-warning system, in 1989. USGS photo by Howard Wilshire\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, State Senator Alex Padilla went before the cameras with a group of earthquake scientists to kick-start California into building the world's best earthquake early-warning system. Does such a thing really work? And why should we start now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early-warning systems are not a scientific boondoggle; they really work. First things first, though: these do not predict earthquakes. Instead, they're automatic systems that detect quakes right at the epicenter, and measure their size almost instantly. With that information, they signal faraway users that strong shaking is on its way RIGHT NOW. You could call that a prediction if you like, an instant shaking prediction. But quake researchers are extremely allergic to the word \"prediction,\" so please call these warning systems. They're like the tsunami warning systems we're familiar with by now, only a lot faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area had the world's first example back in 1989, in the aftermath of the Loma Prieta earthquake. It detected aftershocks. It consisted of a handful of seismographs around the epicenter in the Santa Cruz Mountains, a computer and a microwave radio network. When the computer got enough simultaneous signals from the seismographs, it considered that the detection of a large aftershock and sent out an alarm on the radio network. Crews who were taking down the wreckage of the Cypress Structure, 100 kilometers away, got about 20 seconds of warning to back off and get out. You can imagine how useful that system was to those workers, crude as it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today much larger and better systems are at work around the world. Japan's is the most advanced—not so much scientifically, because every system's software uses the latest science, but in terms of being integrated into people's lives. If you saw it in action during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, you can imagine one like it in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senator Padilla's bill was triggered after one of his regular visits to Caltech. (He's an astronomy geek, it turns out.) While he was there, the earthquake people got hold of him and demonstrated the early-warning tools on the California Integrated Seismic Network (\u003ca href=\"http://www.cisn.org/\">CISN\u003c/a>), like the experimental \u003ca href=\"http://www.elarms.org/index.php\">ElarmS\u003c/a> project. The CISN people told him, as they've been telling anyone who will listen for ten years now, that they're ready to roll whenever the money can be found. Right now their research relies on a lean stream of funds from government projects and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Padilla's bill (\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB135\">Senate Bill 135\u003c/a>) is mostly preamble with one new sentence for the Government Code that commits the Office of Emergency Services to work with the CISN partners to \"develop a comprehensive statewide earthquake early warning system in California.\" In the preamble is one unusual item: a reference to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11703.html\">a dry scientific paper in \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i> last month\u003c/a>. The paper is also prominently featured in Padilla's news release about SB-135, which linked to a Caltech \u003ca href=\"http://www.caltech.edu/content/faulty-behavior\">press-office piece\u003c/a> on the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peggy Hellweg, the CISN point person at Cal Berkeley's Seismological Lab, explained where the paper fits in the larger story. Ever since the 1992 Landers quake in Southern California, she told me, a major weak point in our understanding of earthquake faults is how ruptures can expand beyond the limits we thought they had. At Landers, five separately mapped faults gave way at once in a single rupture. On the larger scale, both the giant 2004 Sumatra and 2011 Tohoku quakes ruptured fault segments that no one expected to fail. As for our own San Andreas fault system, we've always taken it as a given that the so-called creeping section, which runs between San Juan Bautista and Parkfield, separates northern and southern California. We don't expect a rupture on either the north or south end of the fault to rip through the creeping section, because its degree of creep—steady motion without earthquakes—would seem to preclude the more wrenching motion of a proper earthquake. It shouldn't have enough strain energy on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i> paper combined simulations of faulting with lab tests of actual material drill-sampled from the fault zone that ruptured in the large 1999 Chi Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Its authors described scenarios in which ruptures advancing into a creeping fault, if they hit it just right, would set it off. In fact, that supposedly low-strain creeping section could release quite a lot of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors suggested that creeping might be a temporary state between the relaxed state right after a quake (no energy) and the \"stuck\" state that most earthquake faults are in (lots of energy). \"Temporary\" in this case means centuries. If their work holds up and can be generalized, then it's plausible that the San Andreas fault could all go at once. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/347423/description/Quakes_may_bring_nearby_rocks_closer_to_rupture\">An article in \u003ci>Science News\u003c/i>\u003c/a> quotes some of the cautionary comments, which make the same points I would. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It strikes me as unusual that such a scientific article would be used as a \"news hook\" to promote something as fundamental as a new statewide quake-warning system. Normally, in California, we would cite the latest awful earthquake, because that seems to focus people's attention better. But as Senator Padilla said, better to get a system in place before rather than after the next Big One. I absolutely support SB-135 anyway, regardless of this one paper.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Comments Do Matter (So Get Talking!)",
"title": "Comments Do Matter (So Get Talking!)",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48958\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/28/comments-do-matter-so-get-talking/goldenrice2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48958\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2.jpg\" alt=\"A single comment helped turn an opponent of this GM rice into a proponent. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48958\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A single comment helped turn an opponent of this GM rice into a proponent. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back in December I wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/03/wanted-scientist-comments/\">blog post\u003c/a> asking scientists to comment online more often. I had noticed that some commenters were getting away with comments that were scientifically wrong (“vaccines don’t prevent illness”) and I was worried that if these comments remained unchallenged, readers would conclude that these scientifically inaccurate statements were actually true. Or at the very least that there was some debate on the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of scientists got back to me on why they didn’t bother to comment and one of the biggest reasons I heard was that they didn’t think their comments would matter. They felt their comment would be one of many that got lost in the fury of the comments section. As one put it, “There would be too little return on his investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent case shows that a well-timed comment can radically change someone’s viewpoint. A journalist named Mark Lynas has been a harsh critic of genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) from the get go. He regularly argues against GM foods in the press and has had a huge impact on the debate about the safety of these crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, after much soul-searching and scientific investigation brought on by a reader’s comment on \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/gmcrops.food\">one of his stories\u003c/a> in the Guardian, he is no longer opposed to GM foods. In fact, he has become pro-GMO!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem hard to believe, but this is what Lynas himself is claiming. Here is the comment that caused the radical rethink:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “One does not fight the corporate misdeeds of the automotive industry, for instance, by demanding that the wheel must be banned.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/28/comments-do-matter-so-get-talking/fossilblogcomment/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48971\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/FossilBlogComment.jpg\" alt=\"This comment was the push Lynas needed to investigate GMO's more thoroughly which resulted in a complete about face on his views.\" width=\"250\" height=\"294\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48971\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This comment was the push Lynas needed to investigate GMO's more thoroughly which resulted in a complete about face on his views.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This was one snippet towards the end of a longish, ~530 word comment, but it got Lynas to thinking about why he was opposed to GM foods. As he thought on it, he realized it wasn’t because of any scientific evidence. No, it had more to do with a gut response against a big, evil, American corporation tinkering with the food supply. Or, in his own words: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“When I first heard about Monsanto’s GM soya [soybeans] I knew exactly what I thought. Here was a big American corporation with a nasty track record, putting something new and experimental into our food without telling us. Mixing genes between species seemed to be about as unnatural as you can get – here was humankind acquiring too much technological power; something was bound to go horribly wrong. These genes would spread like some kind of living pollution. It was the stuff of nightmares.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/gmcrops.food#start-of-comments\">comment \u003c/a>on his Guardian article made him realize that this was not a reasonable foundation on which to base his opposition to GM foods. It prompted him, for the first time, to take a deeper look into the science of GMO’s. He quickly realized that his reasons for opposing GM foods were not based in any fact. His list is as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“I’d assumed that it would increase the use of chemicals. It turned out that pest-resistant cotton and maize needed less insecticide. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that GM benefited only the big companies. It turned out that billions of dollars of benefits were accruing to farmers needing fewer inputs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that Terminator Technology [which was meant to make plants produce sterile, unusable seeds] was robbing farmers of the right to save seed. It turned out that hybrids did that long ago, and that Terminator never happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that no one wanted GM. Actually what happened was that Bt cotton [which grows its own pesticide to fight bollworm and other pests] was pirated into India and Roundup Ready soya into Brazil because farmers were so eager to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that GM was dangerous. It turned out that it was safer and more precise than conventional breeding using mutagenesis for example; GM just moves a couple of genes, whereas conventional breeding mucks about with the entire genome in a trial and error way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about mixing genes between unrelated species? The fish and the tomato? Turns out viruses do that all the time, as do plants and insects and even us – it’s called gene flow.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, once he did the legwork to understand the science that had been done, he realized that his reasons for opposing GMO’s held no water. And in fact, as an environmentalist, he realized further that he should be supporting GM foods as a way to increase yield and so decrease the amount of land that needed to be cultivated. All from a single comment!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course a big question is why he changed his mind when he did. After all, he had undoubtedly received similar comments to his other stories over the years. The answer lies in his newest environmental concern--global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the debate over GMO’s, science is on the side of the environmentalists in the global warming debate. As Lynas wrote and argued about global warming, he became frustrated at commenters who ignored the science behind global warming. This prompted him to learn how to read and understand the scientific literature which in turn prompted him into investigating the studies that had been done on GMO’s. It was then that he realized that his opposition to GMO’s was not factually based.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the comment wasn’t the whole story behind his changed position. But it did come right when he was primed and ready to explore the science further. It was the nudge that pushed him into his new stance on GMO’s.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48958\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/28/comments-do-matter-so-get-talking/goldenrice2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48958\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2.jpg\" alt=\"A single comment helped turn an opponent of this GM rice into a proponent. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48958\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A single comment helped turn an opponent of this GM rice into a proponent. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back in December I wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/03/wanted-scientist-comments/\">blog post\u003c/a> asking scientists to comment online more often. I had noticed that some commenters were getting away with comments that were scientifically wrong (“vaccines don’t prevent illness”) and I was worried that if these comments remained unchallenged, readers would conclude that these scientifically inaccurate statements were actually true. Or at the very least that there was some debate on the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of scientists got back to me on why they didn’t bother to comment and one of the biggest reasons I heard was that they didn’t think their comments would matter. They felt their comment would be one of many that got lost in the fury of the comments section. As one put it, “There would be too little return on his investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent case shows that a well-timed comment can radically change someone’s viewpoint. A journalist named Mark Lynas has been a harsh critic of genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) from the get go. He regularly argues against GM foods in the press and has had a huge impact on the debate about the safety of these crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, after much soul-searching and scientific investigation brought on by a reader’s comment on \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/gmcrops.food\">one of his stories\u003c/a> in the Guardian, he is no longer opposed to GM foods. In fact, he has become pro-GMO!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem hard to believe, but this is what Lynas himself is claiming. Here is the comment that caused the radical rethink:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “One does not fight the corporate misdeeds of the automotive industry, for instance, by demanding that the wheel must be banned.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/28/comments-do-matter-so-get-talking/fossilblogcomment/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48971\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/FossilBlogComment.jpg\" alt=\"This comment was the push Lynas needed to investigate GMO's more thoroughly which resulted in a complete about face on his views.\" width=\"250\" height=\"294\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48971\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This comment was the push Lynas needed to investigate GMO's more thoroughly which resulted in a complete about face on his views.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This was one snippet towards the end of a longish, ~530 word comment, but it got Lynas to thinking about why he was opposed to GM foods. As he thought on it, he realized it wasn’t because of any scientific evidence. No, it had more to do with a gut response against a big, evil, American corporation tinkering with the food supply. Or, in his own words: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“When I first heard about Monsanto’s GM soya [soybeans] I knew exactly what I thought. Here was a big American corporation with a nasty track record, putting something new and experimental into our food without telling us. Mixing genes between species seemed to be about as unnatural as you can get – here was humankind acquiring too much technological power; something was bound to go horribly wrong. These genes would spread like some kind of living pollution. It was the stuff of nightmares.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/gmcrops.food#start-of-comments\">comment \u003c/a>on his Guardian article made him realize that this was not a reasonable foundation on which to base his opposition to GM foods. It prompted him, for the first time, to take a deeper look into the science of GMO’s. He quickly realized that his reasons for opposing GM foods were not based in any fact. His list is as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“I’d assumed that it would increase the use of chemicals. It turned out that pest-resistant cotton and maize needed less insecticide. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that GM benefited only the big companies. It turned out that billions of dollars of benefits were accruing to farmers needing fewer inputs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that Terminator Technology [which was meant to make plants produce sterile, unusable seeds] was robbing farmers of the right to save seed. It turned out that hybrids did that long ago, and that Terminator never happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that no one wanted GM. Actually what happened was that Bt cotton [which grows its own pesticide to fight bollworm and other pests] was pirated into India and Roundup Ready soya into Brazil because farmers were so eager to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that GM was dangerous. It turned out that it was safer and more precise than conventional breeding using mutagenesis for example; GM just moves a couple of genes, whereas conventional breeding mucks about with the entire genome in a trial and error way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about mixing genes between unrelated species? The fish and the tomato? Turns out viruses do that all the time, as do plants and insects and even us – it’s called gene flow.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, once he did the legwork to understand the science that had been done, he realized that his reasons for opposing GMO’s held no water. And in fact, as an environmentalist, he realized further that he should be supporting GM foods as a way to increase yield and so decrease the amount of land that needed to be cultivated. All from a single comment!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course a big question is why he changed his mind when he did. After all, he had undoubtedly received similar comments to his other stories over the years. The answer lies in his newest environmental concern--global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the debate over GMO’s, science is on the side of the environmentalists in the global warming debate. As Lynas wrote and argued about global warming, he became frustrated at commenters who ignored the science behind global warming. This prompted him to learn how to read and understand the scientific literature which in turn prompted him into investigating the studies that had been done on GMO’s. It was then that he realized that his opposition to GMO’s was not factually based.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the comment wasn’t the whole story behind his changed position. But it did come right when he was primed and ready to explore the science further. It was the nudge that pushed him into his new stance on GMO’s.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/25/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup/everest-sharp-comparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48939\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg\" alt=\"Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48939\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ready for a real mash-up of explorer-history-science-mountaineering yack? A tale of two mountains on two planets? You have been forewarned...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison between Earth-side mountain exploration and the planned expedition by the Mars rover Curiosity came to my mind as I read a book my family got me over the holidays: \u003cem>Last Climb\u003c/em>, the story of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/lost/mystery/index.html\" title=\"George Mallory and Andrew Irvine\" target=\"_blank\">legendary Mount Everest expeditions\u003c/a> of George Leigh Mallory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I knew that it is quite a physical feat to summit that 29,029 foot terrestrial rooftop, but the detailed narrative of the arduous climb by the earliest Everest-peak-seekers, with their 1920's technology and the fact that they were treading where in all likelihood no one had tread before, really put 1924 Everest onto another planet, in my mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/explore/curiosity/#286\" title=\"Explore Mars\" target=\"_blank\">first ever robot mountaineer\u003c/a> is poised to begin its uphill climb—if not summit bid—on Mount Sharp in Martian territory. NASA's Curiosity is still at the bottom of the mound of sediment that it is planned to explore, 16,000 feet below the summit. Since landing on Mars in August 2012, it has only \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherovernow/\" title=\"Curiosity's Trek\" target=\"_blank\">traveled about half a mile\u003c/a>, taking its time checking out its systems and instruments and exploring the geology at the foot of the mountain. It's already revealed some intriguing geological features, including a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/\" title=\"A River Ran Through It\" target=\"_blank\">layer of gravely material\u003c/a> that shows all the hallmarks of having been laid down by running water in Mars' past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Everest in the early 1920s. At that time the Himalayan mountains -- and particularly Mount Everest -- were not unlike places on another planet, largely unexplored (by western explorers at least) and unknown territory. Satellite surveillance wouldn't exist for many decades yet, and armchair exploration with Google Earth was the better part of a century away. And, frankly, the first successful ascent to the summit was still two decades away through the icy mists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step by painstaking step the expedition team members moved their way toward Everest, and then up its slopes, establishing supply lines and a string of support camps along the way. Not only was Everest then about as remote as Mars is today, it was also like another planet in terms of the environment: at Everest's lofty summit atmospheric pressure is about a third of that at sea level, temperatures dip far below freezing, solar radiation is harsh, and wind can cut like an icy knife. Another planet indeed, in some ways not unlike Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If only those explorers had been as well equipped as Curiosity: nuclear-powered, designed to withstand far more harsh conditions than even Everest and gripping the ground stably on six giant metal-treaded wheels. Makes me wonder if NASA, or anyone else, has ever considered an extended expedition of Everest using a robot like Curiosity, which would have far greater staying power to dwell at those heights, conduct geological experiments and maybe search for the frozen remains of dozens of unfortunate climbers who make up Everest's all-time fatality statistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently many of the bodies are still up there, it being too difficult a feat to bring them down, including George Mallory and his climbing partner Andrew Irvine. Mallory was found in 1999, and so far Irvine remains missing—along with the camera they took with them, which if ever found could shed some light onto these explorers' final hours on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you read all the way through this, thanks for indulging me. The other-worldness of that early Everest expedition just struck me as chilling and enthralling, just as the modern other-worldly investigation of distant Mount Sharp does, and the treasure trove of Martian geologic history that Curiosity will attempt to read as it climbs, wheel-turn by wheel-turn, up those mountain slopes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make one final chilling comparison, Curiosity's ultimate fate, even after a successful mission, is similar to Mallory and Irvine's in one way: when it stops moving and communicating with Base Camp Earth, it will remain on that cold mountain forever.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The comparison between Earth-side mountain exploration and the planned expedition by the Mars rover Curiosity came to my mind as I read a book my family got me over the holidays: Last Climb, the story of the legendary Mount Everest expeditions of George Leigh Mallory. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/25/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup/everest-sharp-comparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48939\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg\" alt=\"Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48939\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ready for a real mash-up of explorer-history-science-mountaineering yack? A tale of two mountains on two planets? You have been forewarned...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison between Earth-side mountain exploration and the planned expedition by the Mars rover Curiosity came to my mind as I read a book my family got me over the holidays: \u003cem>Last Climb\u003c/em>, the story of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/lost/mystery/index.html\" title=\"George Mallory and Andrew Irvine\" target=\"_blank\">legendary Mount Everest expeditions\u003c/a> of George Leigh Mallory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I knew that it is quite a physical feat to summit that 29,029 foot terrestrial rooftop, but the detailed narrative of the arduous climb by the earliest Everest-peak-seekers, with their 1920's technology and the fact that they were treading where in all likelihood no one had tread before, really put 1924 Everest onto another planet, in my mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/explore/curiosity/#286\" title=\"Explore Mars\" target=\"_blank\">first ever robot mountaineer\u003c/a> is poised to begin its uphill climb—if not summit bid—on Mount Sharp in Martian territory. NASA's Curiosity is still at the bottom of the mound of sediment that it is planned to explore, 16,000 feet below the summit. Since landing on Mars in August 2012, it has only \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherovernow/\" title=\"Curiosity's Trek\" target=\"_blank\">traveled about half a mile\u003c/a>, taking its time checking out its systems and instruments and exploring the geology at the foot of the mountain. It's already revealed some intriguing geological features, including a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/\" title=\"A River Ran Through It\" target=\"_blank\">layer of gravely material\u003c/a> that shows all the hallmarks of having been laid down by running water in Mars' past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Everest in the early 1920s. At that time the Himalayan mountains -- and particularly Mount Everest -- were not unlike places on another planet, largely unexplored (by western explorers at least) and unknown territory. Satellite surveillance wouldn't exist for many decades yet, and armchair exploration with Google Earth was the better part of a century away. And, frankly, the first successful ascent to the summit was still two decades away through the icy mists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step by painstaking step the expedition team members moved their way toward Everest, and then up its slopes, establishing supply lines and a string of support camps along the way. Not only was Everest then about as remote as Mars is today, it was also like another planet in terms of the environment: at Everest's lofty summit atmospheric pressure is about a third of that at sea level, temperatures dip far below freezing, solar radiation is harsh, and wind can cut like an icy knife. Another planet indeed, in some ways not unlike Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If only those explorers had been as well equipped as Curiosity: nuclear-powered, designed to withstand far more harsh conditions than even Everest and gripping the ground stably on six giant metal-treaded wheels. Makes me wonder if NASA, or anyone else, has ever considered an extended expedition of Everest using a robot like Curiosity, which would have far greater staying power to dwell at those heights, conduct geological experiments and maybe search for the frozen remains of dozens of unfortunate climbers who make up Everest's all-time fatality statistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently many of the bodies are still up there, it being too difficult a feat to bring them down, including George Mallory and his climbing partner Andrew Irvine. Mallory was found in 1999, and so far Irvine remains missing—along with the camera they took with them, which if ever found could shed some light onto these explorers' final hours on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you read all the way through this, thanks for indulging me. The other-worldness of that early Everest expedition just struck me as chilling and enthralling, just as the modern other-worldly investigation of distant Mount Sharp does, and the treasure trove of Martian geologic history that Curiosity will attempt to read as it climbs, wheel-turn by wheel-turn, up those mountain slopes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make one final chilling comparison, Curiosity's ultimate fate, even after a successful mission, is similar to Mallory and Irvine's in one way: when it stops moving and communicating with Base Camp Earth, it will remain on that cold mountain forever.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: San Bruno Mountain",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: San Bruno Mountain",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Bruno Mountain has been in the way for a long time. Roadbuilders and railroad companies had to cut their way around this peak, which walls off San Francisco from the San Mateo Peninsula. Ranchers found no forage on it, and urbanizers made little headway on its rugged slopes. Megalomaniac planners once proposed blowing it up and using it as fill to turn the whole Bay into \"made land\" à la Foster City. And I'm sure the airline pilots at SFO would rather it weren't there either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But three sets of users benefit from the mountain today. A quarry on its north side, in Brisbane, produces crushed rock. Several large broadcasting towers serve the city and peninsula from its long ridgetop. And the rest of us can hike this distinctive place in peace and relative quiet because San Bruno Mountain is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=518\">state park\u003c/a> that happens to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.co.sanmateo.ca.us/portal/site/parks/menuitem.f13bead76123ee4482439054d17332a0/?vgnextoid=cb7bc8909231e110VgnVCM1000001d37230aRCRD\">run by San Mateo County\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mountain serves as an island of habitat for some of the Bay Area's most iconic vegetation. As usual, the park literature will give you lots of detail on the plants and little about the rocks. But here's what we know, starting with the bedrock map (excerpted from the San Mateo County geologic map).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49032\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunogeo600/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49032\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunogeo600.png\" alt=\"Relevant map units: KJs, San Bruno Mountain sandstone; fs, fsr, Franciscan sandstone and sheared rock (melange); Qc, Colma Formation; Qcl, colluvium (debris); Qhaf, alluvial (stream) sediment; af, artificial fill. San Andreas fault at lower left corner.\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunogeo600.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunogeo600-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Relevant map units: KJs, San Bruno Mountain sandstone; fs, fsr, Franciscan sandstone and sheared rock (melange); Qc, Colma Formation; Qcl, colluvium (debris); Qhaf, alluvial (stream) sediment; af, artificial fill. San Andreas fault at lower left corner.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rock is composed of the coarse, raw sandstone known as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/sedrockindex/rocpicgraywacke.htm\">graywacke\u003c/a> along with some finer-grained shale. It's strongly layered, as seen in this roadcut on the Bay side along Bayshore Boulevard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49036\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-outcrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49036\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-outcrop.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"382\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-outcrop.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-outcrop-400x255.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here's a piece of it close up. The fresh rock, like you get in quarries, is gray, but at the surface it's brown because of iron oxides that form by weathering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-handspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49035\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49035\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-handspec.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-handspec\" width=\"600\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-handspec.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-handspec-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sandstone has a lot of rock particles (lithics) in it, which are rich in iron and which break down readily under surface conditions. The thin brown crust is made of manganese oxides and is coating the surface of a fracture. As you turn pieces of it in the sunlight, you'll see tiny glittering flakes of white mica in it. Under the microscope it displays metamorphic minerals like pumpellyite, showing that the stone was subjected to heat and pressure after it formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This body of stone is classified as part of the Franciscan Complex, and correlated rocks (the San Bruno Mountain terrane) run north through western San Francisco, including Land's End. The Marin hills from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/23/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach/\">Stinson Beach\u003c/a> to southern Tomales Bay, across from Inverness, also are part of it. It has no fossils in it, but the experts say it formed in a marine setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A paper published in November 2012 (Dumitru et al., \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i>) assigned this rock an Early Eocene date (53-49 million years ago) and concluded that its sand came in a huge flood of sediment from Idaho, where vigorous volcanism was going on at the time. This was not what anyone thought. Most Franciscan sandstones, which are older, are thought to arise from the Californian upheavals in the Sierra Nevada region. Since that time the sandstone was heated and intruded by dikes of lava around 14-12 million years ago, while it was being manhandled by the San Andreas fault system like the rest of the Coast Ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But knowing all that doesn't make San Bruno Mountain any more beautiful. And even on hazy days when the amazing view around is occluded, you can still admire the mountain itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49031\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49031\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-top.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-top\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wrapping around the mountain's west side is the Colma Formation, which underlies the cemeteries of Colma and surroundings. This is a package of ice age sand, about 125,000 years old, that is the remains of the seashore at a time when the polar ice caps were even smaller than they are today. The ocean was about 10 meters higher than today, and sands from this time are found in the East Bay, all over San Francisco, and up and down the Pacific coast on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">wave-cut platforms\u003c/a>. This map shows the situation at the time the Colma Formation was laid down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49033\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-bay125ka/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49033\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49033\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-bay125ka.gif\" alt=\"US Geological Survey illustration\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Geological Survey illustration\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much of the Colma Formation is recycled sand from the earlier Merced Formation, but surely the rain and waves here added lots of brown sand from San Bruno Mountain, too. You can see the Colma sands at the far west end of the park, in Daly City at the place on the geologic map where the third question mark sits marking the Hillside fault. This is an exposure in Hillside Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-sand/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49037\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-sand.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-sand\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-sand.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-sand-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the sandstone of San Bruno Mountain, this sand has a large proportion of lithics, accounting for its dark color. The area looks and feels just like beach dunes, but it's some 400 feet above the sea today. That is a testimony to the geologically rapid disruption of the Bay Area's land by the San Andreas fault system. Nearby is a small patch of dune habitat that San Bruno Mountain Watch is \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainwatch.org/daly-city-dunes/\">keeping an eye on\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now is a good time to start visiting San Bruno Mountain instead of driving around it. The wildflower season is just starting, heralded by this ceanothus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-cean/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49034\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49034\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-cean.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-cean\" width=\"600\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-cean.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-cean-400x299.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Bruno Mountain has been in the way for a long time. Roadbuilders and railroad companies had to cut their way around this peak, which walls off San Francisco from the San Mateo Peninsula. Ranchers found no forage on it, and urbanizers made little headway on its rugged slopes. Megalomaniac planners once proposed blowing it up and using it as fill to turn the whole Bay into \"made land\" à la Foster City. And I'm sure the airline pilots at SFO would rather it weren't there either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But three sets of users benefit from the mountain today. A quarry on its north side, in Brisbane, produces crushed rock. Several large broadcasting towers serve the city and peninsula from its long ridgetop. And the rest of us can hike this distinctive place in peace and relative quiet because San Bruno Mountain is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=518\">state park\u003c/a> that happens to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.co.sanmateo.ca.us/portal/site/parks/menuitem.f13bead76123ee4482439054d17332a0/?vgnextoid=cb7bc8909231e110VgnVCM1000001d37230aRCRD\">run by San Mateo County\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mountain serves as an island of habitat for some of the Bay Area's most iconic vegetation. As usual, the park literature will give you lots of detail on the plants and little about the rocks. But here's what we know, starting with the bedrock map (excerpted from the San Mateo County geologic map).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49032\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunogeo600/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49032\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunogeo600.png\" alt=\"Relevant map units: KJs, San Bruno Mountain sandstone; fs, fsr, Franciscan sandstone and sheared rock (melange); Qc, Colma Formation; Qcl, colluvium (debris); Qhaf, alluvial (stream) sediment; af, artificial fill. San Andreas fault at lower left corner.\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunogeo600.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunogeo600-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Relevant map units: KJs, San Bruno Mountain sandstone; fs, fsr, Franciscan sandstone and sheared rock (melange); Qc, Colma Formation; Qcl, colluvium (debris); Qhaf, alluvial (stream) sediment; af, artificial fill. San Andreas fault at lower left corner.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rock is composed of the coarse, raw sandstone known as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/sedrockindex/rocpicgraywacke.htm\">graywacke\u003c/a> along with some finer-grained shale. It's strongly layered, as seen in this roadcut on the Bay side along Bayshore Boulevard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49036\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-outcrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49036\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-outcrop.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"382\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-outcrop.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-outcrop-400x255.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here's a piece of it close up. The fresh rock, like you get in quarries, is gray, but at the surface it's brown because of iron oxides that form by weathering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-handspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49035\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49035\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-handspec.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-handspec\" width=\"600\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-handspec.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-handspec-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sandstone has a lot of rock particles (lithics) in it, which are rich in iron and which break down readily under surface conditions. The thin brown crust is made of manganese oxides and is coating the surface of a fracture. As you turn pieces of it in the sunlight, you'll see tiny glittering flakes of white mica in it. Under the microscope it displays metamorphic minerals like pumpellyite, showing that the stone was subjected to heat and pressure after it formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This body of stone is classified as part of the Franciscan Complex, and correlated rocks (the San Bruno Mountain terrane) run north through western San Francisco, including Land's End. The Marin hills from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/23/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach/\">Stinson Beach\u003c/a> to southern Tomales Bay, across from Inverness, also are part of it. It has no fossils in it, but the experts say it formed in a marine setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A paper published in November 2012 (Dumitru et al., \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i>) assigned this rock an Early Eocene date (53-49 million years ago) and concluded that its sand came in a huge flood of sediment from Idaho, where vigorous volcanism was going on at the time. This was not what anyone thought. Most Franciscan sandstones, which are older, are thought to arise from the Californian upheavals in the Sierra Nevada region. Since that time the sandstone was heated and intruded by dikes of lava around 14-12 million years ago, while it was being manhandled by the San Andreas fault system like the rest of the Coast Ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But knowing all that doesn't make San Bruno Mountain any more beautiful. And even on hazy days when the amazing view around is occluded, you can still admire the mountain itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49031\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49031\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-top.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-top\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wrapping around the mountain's west side is the Colma Formation, which underlies the cemeteries of Colma and surroundings. This is a package of ice age sand, about 125,000 years old, that is the remains of the seashore at a time when the polar ice caps were even smaller than they are today. The ocean was about 10 meters higher than today, and sands from this time are found in the East Bay, all over San Francisco, and up and down the Pacific coast on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">wave-cut platforms\u003c/a>. This map shows the situation at the time the Colma Formation was laid down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49033\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-bay125ka/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49033\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49033\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-bay125ka.gif\" alt=\"US Geological Survey illustration\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Geological Survey illustration\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much of the Colma Formation is recycled sand from the earlier Merced Formation, but surely the rain and waves here added lots of brown sand from San Bruno Mountain, too. You can see the Colma sands at the far west end of the park, in Daly City at the place on the geologic map where the third question mark sits marking the Hillside fault. This is an exposure in Hillside Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-sand/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49037\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-sand.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-sand\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-sand.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-sand-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the sandstone of San Bruno Mountain, this sand has a large proportion of lithics, accounting for its dark color. The area looks and feels just like beach dunes, but it's some 400 feet above the sea today. That is a testimony to the geologically rapid disruption of the Bay Area's land by the San Andreas fault system. Nearby is a small patch of dune habitat that San Bruno Mountain Watch is \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainwatch.org/daly-city-dunes/\">keeping an eye on\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now is a good time to start visiting San Bruno Mountain instead of driving around it. The wildflower season is just starting, heralded by this ceanothus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-cean/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49034\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49034\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-cean.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-cean\" width=\"600\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-cean.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-cean-400x299.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fear and Loathing in Wolf Country",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48912\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/wolf-with-scavengers-sized/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48912\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48912\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/wolf-with-scavengers-sized-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"wolf with elk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone in the 1990s, researchers had a rare chance to study the top predators' effects on the ecosystem after a long absence. They found that wolves help buffer the impact of deteriorating environmental conditions by providing food for scavengers. (Photo: Dan Hartman via PLOS Biology doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030132)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first rays of daylight have just reached the banks of Southeast Alaska’s Chilkat River when I hear the unmistakable cries of the world’s most hated predator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The distinctive yowls—at first plaintive then veering toward gregarious—seem to rise from the bowels of the mountains beyond the river, echoing miles across the valley to tickle the hair on my very cold head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolves live throughout the Chilkat Valley. You can sometimes see their tracks in the snow. But as night turns to day, they head for the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You won’t see those wolves come down to the flats,” a visiting biologist tells me. “They know they’ll get shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaska Fish and Game officials guess that some 7,000 to 11,000 wolves inhabit the state. Yet even though the agency has no protocol to produce “meaningful estimates” of wolf abundance in the Chilkat Range, it extended hunting and trapping seasons there in 2005. And state officials still shoot wolves from helicopters under a euphemistically named \u003ca href=\"http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=intensivemanagement.main\">“intensive management” program\u003c/a> to appease hunters who blame the predators for declining ungulate populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the US Fish and Wildlife Service removed the embattled canine from the endangered species list in Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, setting the stage for a legal killing spree that claimed at least 850 wolves in the Northern Rockies in less than two years. Last week, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/viewer.aspx\">San Francisco Chronicle reported\u003c/a> that the fast and furious killings have wildlife experts here worried about the fate of OR7, the only wolf to set foot in California since the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-year-old solo lobo (the seventh wolf to get a radio-tagged collar from Oregon wildlife officials) left his pack in Oregon, as young males are wont to do, to strike out on his own and find a mate, a new pack or perhaps unclaimed territory. His brother, OR9, was among the unlucky wolves killed by Idaho hunters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48914\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/lynxhomepageimage/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48914\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48914\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg\" alt=\"canada lynx\" width=\"440\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg 440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The loss of wolves may have set the stage for an ecological domino effect: no wolves, led to more coyotes, which eat the lynx's preferred food, the snowshoe hare, and more ungulates, which eat the vegetation that shelters and feeds the hare.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though Ecology 101 tells us that healthy ecosystems need top predators, researchers are just beginning to understand how the presence—and absence—of wolves affects other species. \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030092\">One study found\u003c/a> that wolves may buffer the effects of climate change in Yellowstone National Park, where winters have been getting shorter, by leaving their moose and elk leftovers for eagles, ravens, coyotes and other scavengers. \u003ca href=\"http://fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/files/PDFs/Beschta/Ripple2011WSB.pdf\">Another paper\u003c/a> suggests that the absence of wolves may explain the precarious status of the Canada lynx. No wolves means more coyotes—which hunt snowshoe hares, the lynx’s favorite food—and more elk and deer—which eat the shrubby vegetation that sustain and shelter hares. And a 2011 paper in \u003ca href=\"http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/25603/RippleWilliam.Forestry.TrophicCascadesYellowstone.pdf?sequence=3\">Biological Conservation \u003c/a>supports earlier work showing that wolves in Yellowstone influence the behavior of deer and elk, releasing grazing pressure on vegetation, which in turn increases songbird habitat and diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists slowly uncover the top predator’s secrets, deliberations over its management are notoriously contentious. Still, for all the ink spilled on high-pitched battles to control the wolf’s fate, researchers know surprisingly little about the cognitive roots of our attitudes toward \u003cem>Canis lupus.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do we hate and fear the wolf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48915\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 504px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48915\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw-504x360.jpg\" alt=\"Imnaha wolf \" width=\"504\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The alpha male of the Imnaha wolf pack--where OR7 came from--awakes from being tranquilized after being refitted with a working GPS collar by ODFW, May 19, 2011. (Photo courtesy of ODFW)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10871209.2012.619001\">paper published last year\u003c/a> in the journal Human Dimensions of Wildlife, researchers found that people who view wolves and bears as dangerous and unpredictable were more likely to fear them. And whether you see carnivores like wolves as a fearsome threat to life and property or a vital link in a healthy ecosystem depends on your cultural roots, as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nelson.wisc.edu/people/treves/Pubs/Shelley_etal_Ojibwe_wolves.pdf\">2011 study of wolf conflicts\u003c/a> in Wisconsin makes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1960, extirpation campaigns had eliminated wolves in Wisconsin (and nearly everywhere else in the United States). The population rebounded by 2009 under a policy of protection. But as wolves increased, so did reports of attacks on livestock and hunting dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most non-Indian residents in Wisconsin support public hunts in retaliation. But no one had bothered to ask the Bad River Band of Chippewa Indians (Ojibwe, or Anishinabe, in their language), researchers noted, even though treaty rights give the tribe an interest in land that includes a large swath of wolf territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Ojibwe creation story, the Creator gave Original Man a brother in the form of a wolf to “walk through the world together.” When the pair was forced to part, the bond would remain, the Creator told them, and whatever happened to one would happen to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, Ojibwe tribal members, who grew up hearing these stories, had far more positive views of wolves, and were less likely than non-Indian respondents to support killing them for taking livestock or pets. In the survey, one tribal member wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Wolves were harvested [historically] by Native Americans, however the wolf selected was harvested compassionately. Usually it was those wolves disconnected from the pack and scavenging. Those wolves were less likely to survive without the pack; just as an Anishinabe would less likely be Anishinabe without the tribe.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to embrace the wolf as a brother—or hear what wildlife biologist Durward Allen called “the jubilation” in their howls—to appreciate that the people who walked with wolves for thousands of years before Europeans showed up might suggest a path toward coexistence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisconsin wolf managers have already enlisted Ojibwe tribal members to work with them to resolve human-wolf conflicts with positive results. Wildlife officials throughout wolf country—which could include California if we give OR7 and his fellow travelers a chance—might consider a similar approach.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "After federal wildlife officials removed endangered species protections on wolves in the Rocky Mountains, hunters quickly killed them by the hundreds. If California's lone wolf leaves the state, he could meet a similar fate.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48912\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/wolf-with-scavengers-sized/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48912\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48912\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/wolf-with-scavengers-sized-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"wolf with elk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone in the 1990s, researchers had a rare chance to study the top predators' effects on the ecosystem after a long absence. They found that wolves help buffer the impact of deteriorating environmental conditions by providing food for scavengers. (Photo: Dan Hartman via PLOS Biology doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030132)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first rays of daylight have just reached the banks of Southeast Alaska’s Chilkat River when I hear the unmistakable cries of the world’s most hated predator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The distinctive yowls—at first plaintive then veering toward gregarious—seem to rise from the bowels of the mountains beyond the river, echoing miles across the valley to tickle the hair on my very cold head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolves live throughout the Chilkat Valley. You can sometimes see their tracks in the snow. But as night turns to day, they head for the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You won’t see those wolves come down to the flats,” a visiting biologist tells me. “They know they’ll get shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaska Fish and Game officials guess that some 7,000 to 11,000 wolves inhabit the state. Yet even though the agency has no protocol to produce “meaningful estimates” of wolf abundance in the Chilkat Range, it extended hunting and trapping seasons there in 2005. And state officials still shoot wolves from helicopters under a euphemistically named \u003ca href=\"http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=intensivemanagement.main\">“intensive management” program\u003c/a> to appease hunters who blame the predators for declining ungulate populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the US Fish and Wildlife Service removed the embattled canine from the endangered species list in Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, setting the stage for a legal killing spree that claimed at least 850 wolves in the Northern Rockies in less than two years. Last week, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/viewer.aspx\">San Francisco Chronicle reported\u003c/a> that the fast and furious killings have wildlife experts here worried about the fate of OR7, the only wolf to set foot in California since the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-year-old solo lobo (the seventh wolf to get a radio-tagged collar from Oregon wildlife officials) left his pack in Oregon, as young males are wont to do, to strike out on his own and find a mate, a new pack or perhaps unclaimed territory. His brother, OR9, was among the unlucky wolves killed by Idaho hunters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48914\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/lynxhomepageimage/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48914\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48914\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg\" alt=\"canada lynx\" width=\"440\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg 440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The loss of wolves may have set the stage for an ecological domino effect: no wolves, led to more coyotes, which eat the lynx's preferred food, the snowshoe hare, and more ungulates, which eat the vegetation that shelters and feeds the hare.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though Ecology 101 tells us that healthy ecosystems need top predators, researchers are just beginning to understand how the presence—and absence—of wolves affects other species. \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030092\">One study found\u003c/a> that wolves may buffer the effects of climate change in Yellowstone National Park, where winters have been getting shorter, by leaving their moose and elk leftovers for eagles, ravens, coyotes and other scavengers. \u003ca href=\"http://fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/files/PDFs/Beschta/Ripple2011WSB.pdf\">Another paper\u003c/a> suggests that the absence of wolves may explain the precarious status of the Canada lynx. No wolves means more coyotes—which hunt snowshoe hares, the lynx’s favorite food—and more elk and deer—which eat the shrubby vegetation that sustain and shelter hares. And a 2011 paper in \u003ca href=\"http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/25603/RippleWilliam.Forestry.TrophicCascadesYellowstone.pdf?sequence=3\">Biological Conservation \u003c/a>supports earlier work showing that wolves in Yellowstone influence the behavior of deer and elk, releasing grazing pressure on vegetation, which in turn increases songbird habitat and diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists slowly uncover the top predator’s secrets, deliberations over its management are notoriously contentious. Still, for all the ink spilled on high-pitched battles to control the wolf’s fate, researchers know surprisingly little about the cognitive roots of our attitudes toward \u003cem>Canis lupus.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do we hate and fear the wolf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48915\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 504px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48915\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw-504x360.jpg\" alt=\"Imnaha wolf \" width=\"504\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The alpha male of the Imnaha wolf pack--where OR7 came from--awakes from being tranquilized after being refitted with a working GPS collar by ODFW, May 19, 2011. (Photo courtesy of ODFW)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10871209.2012.619001\">paper published last year\u003c/a> in the journal Human Dimensions of Wildlife, researchers found that people who view wolves and bears as dangerous and unpredictable were more likely to fear them. And whether you see carnivores like wolves as a fearsome threat to life and property or a vital link in a healthy ecosystem depends on your cultural roots, as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nelson.wisc.edu/people/treves/Pubs/Shelley_etal_Ojibwe_wolves.pdf\">2011 study of wolf conflicts\u003c/a> in Wisconsin makes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1960, extirpation campaigns had eliminated wolves in Wisconsin (and nearly everywhere else in the United States). The population rebounded by 2009 under a policy of protection. But as wolves increased, so did reports of attacks on livestock and hunting dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most non-Indian residents in Wisconsin support public hunts in retaliation. But no one had bothered to ask the Bad River Band of Chippewa Indians (Ojibwe, or Anishinabe, in their language), researchers noted, even though treaty rights give the tribe an interest in land that includes a large swath of wolf territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Ojibwe creation story, the Creator gave Original Man a brother in the form of a wolf to “walk through the world together.” When the pair was forced to part, the bond would remain, the Creator told them, and whatever happened to one would happen to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, Ojibwe tribal members, who grew up hearing these stories, had far more positive views of wolves, and were less likely than non-Indian respondents to support killing them for taking livestock or pets. In the survey, one tribal member wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Wolves were harvested [historically] by Native Americans, however the wolf selected was harvested compassionately. Usually it was those wolves disconnected from the pack and scavenging. Those wolves were less likely to survive without the pack; just as an Anishinabe would less likely be Anishinabe without the tribe.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to embrace the wolf as a brother—or hear what wildlife biologist Durward Allen called “the jubilation” in their howls—to appreciate that the people who walked with wolves for thousands of years before Europeans showed up might suggest a path toward coexistence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisconsin wolf managers have already enlisted Ojibwe tribal members to work with them to resolve human-wolf conflicts with positive results. Wildlife officials throughout wolf country—which could include California if we give OR7 and his fellow travelers a chance—might consider a similar approach.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Warblers' Secrets for Successful Survival Strategies",
"title": "Warblers' Secrets for Successful Survival Strategies",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/18/warblers-secrets-for-successful-survival-strategies/450px-yellow-rump-capisic-spring-2012-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48727\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48727\" title=\"Yellow-rump-capisic-spring-2012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/450px-Yellow-rump-capisic-spring-20121.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flashing its yellow tail patch, a yellow-rumped warbler is easy to spot. {link url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar.jpg\"}Photo by Chuck Homler.{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are some bright spots on these cold, wet winter days and they’re flitting about in my camellia trees: \u003ca title=\"Cornell Bird ID; yellow-rumped warblers\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Yellow-rumped_Warbler/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\">yellow-rumped warblers\u003c/a>. These little flying gems bring their acrobatic flashes of color to the otherwise drab and muted landscape in its winter garb. To top it off, their feeding strategies are a case study that flexibility leads to success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These birds have the endearing name of “butter butts” for a yellow patch at the base of their tail. You can find them throughout the Bay Area in winter. Drawn by the waxy berries of the \u003ca title=\"Cal Flora website, California Myrtle\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=5733\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Myricaceae\u003c/em> (myrtle and bayberry) family\u003c/a> and winter flowers such as \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia, camellia information\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camellia\" target=\"_blank\">camellia\u003c/a>, they spend winters near us in neighborhood parks and yards. Most of the time, you don’t even need binoculars to see them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48728\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/18/warblers-secrets-for-successful-survival-strategies/semi-double_camelia_cultivar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48728\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48728\" title=\"Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lush blooms of camellias in winter attract 'butter butts' and other wildlife.\" {link url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar.jpg\"}Photo by Kowloonese.{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yellow-rumped warblers are designated a \"Species of Least Concern\" with a stable population in no danger of disappearing. Why are they so successful? Their first secret to success is their rare ability to digest the wax of berries in the myrtle family. These waxy berries, once used by Colonial Americans to make candles, store fat that’s usually inaccessible for energy. These warblers can digest it and put that wax-fat to good use; they can winter further north than other warblers. On both coasts of North America their wintering territory mirrors the presence of myrtles, sometimes in otherwise inhospitable areas covered in snow and ice. Some of the species, perhaps those that have discovered the wonders of an endless summer, migrate further south as far as Central America. The second secret to the warblers success is a flexible feeding strategy. They can glean insects from leaves and bark, flycatch in mid-air, forage along shorelines for aquatic insects, drink nectar and eat pollen from flowers. They may do all of these things, appropriate to the abundance of the season, over the course of a year. Too bad there aren’t training courses led by these little “butter butts” for some of our endangered bird species that are trapped in their niche feeding strategies. Imagine: clapper rails birds “job shadowing” a group of yellow-rumped warblers to expand their feeding options!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that we’ve passed the shortest day of the year, enjoy the lengthening daylight. The warblers and camellias remind us that spring is just a few months away. To learn more about our local birds and their habitats come along on an East Bay Regional Park \u003ca title=\"ebparks.org, activities\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\">naturalist program\u003c/a> or visit your local \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Audubon Society, field trips\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/field-trips/upcoming-field-trips-2012/\" target=\"_blank\">Audubon Society website\u003c/a> to see what they have to offer near you. Don’t forget about the many ways you can help track bird and plant activities around you; check out \u003ca title=\"Cornell Birds, Citizen Science projects\" href=\"http://www.birds.cornell.edu/citsci/projects\" target=\"_blank\">Citizen Science programs\u003c/a> and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/18/warblers-secrets-for-successful-survival-strategies/450px-yellow-rump-capisic-spring-2012-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48727\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48727\" title=\"Yellow-rump-capisic-spring-2012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/450px-Yellow-rump-capisic-spring-20121.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flashing its yellow tail patch, a yellow-rumped warbler is easy to spot. {link url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar.jpg\"}Photo by Chuck Homler.{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are some bright spots on these cold, wet winter days and they’re flitting about in my camellia trees: \u003ca title=\"Cornell Bird ID; yellow-rumped warblers\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Yellow-rumped_Warbler/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\">yellow-rumped warblers\u003c/a>. These little flying gems bring their acrobatic flashes of color to the otherwise drab and muted landscape in its winter garb. To top it off, their feeding strategies are a case study that flexibility leads to success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These birds have the endearing name of “butter butts” for a yellow patch at the base of their tail. You can find them throughout the Bay Area in winter. Drawn by the waxy berries of the \u003ca title=\"Cal Flora website, California Myrtle\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=5733\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Myricaceae\u003c/em> (myrtle and bayberry) family\u003c/a> and winter flowers such as \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia, camellia information\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camellia\" target=\"_blank\">camellia\u003c/a>, they spend winters near us in neighborhood parks and yards. Most of the time, you don’t even need binoculars to see them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48728\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/18/warblers-secrets-for-successful-survival-strategies/semi-double_camelia_cultivar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48728\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48728\" title=\"Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lush blooms of camellias in winter attract 'butter butts' and other wildlife.\" {link url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar.jpg\"}Photo by Kowloonese.{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yellow-rumped warblers are designated a \"Species of Least Concern\" with a stable population in no danger of disappearing. Why are they so successful? Their first secret to success is their rare ability to digest the wax of berries in the myrtle family. These waxy berries, once used by Colonial Americans to make candles, store fat that’s usually inaccessible for energy. These warblers can digest it and put that wax-fat to good use; they can winter further north than other warblers. On both coasts of North America their wintering territory mirrors the presence of myrtles, sometimes in otherwise inhospitable areas covered in snow and ice. Some of the species, perhaps those that have discovered the wonders of an endless summer, migrate further south as far as Central America. The second secret to the warblers success is a flexible feeding strategy. They can glean insects from leaves and bark, flycatch in mid-air, forage along shorelines for aquatic insects, drink nectar and eat pollen from flowers. They may do all of these things, appropriate to the abundance of the season, over the course of a year. Too bad there aren’t training courses led by these little “butter butts” for some of our endangered bird species that are trapped in their niche feeding strategies. Imagine: clapper rails birds “job shadowing” a group of yellow-rumped warblers to expand their feeding options!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that we’ve passed the shortest day of the year, enjoy the lengthening daylight. The warblers and camellias remind us that spring is just a few months away. To learn more about our local birds and their habitats come along on an East Bay Regional Park \u003ca title=\"ebparks.org, activities\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\">naturalist program\u003c/a> or visit your local \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Audubon Society, field trips\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/field-trips/upcoming-field-trips-2012/\" target=\"_blank\">Audubon Society website\u003c/a> to see what they have to offer near you. Don’t forget about the many ways you can help track bird and plant activities around you; check out \u003ca title=\"Cornell Birds, Citizen Science projects\" href=\"http://www.birds.cornell.edu/citsci/projects\" target=\"_blank\">Citizen Science programs\u003c/a> and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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