QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
Placing a Bet on the Surface of Mars
Pregnancy and Paternity: New Fetal DNA Testing
The Stars Go For the Gold
Geological Outings Around the Bay: Las Trampas Regional Wilderness
Exploratorium’s Science with Spirit Transcends Place
Think Before You Drink Grapefruit Juice
Hiking in the New Year at Sibley Volcanic Preserve
Our Newest National Park: Pinnacles National Monument
Should I or Shouldn't I? Wrestling with Giving Genetic Tests as Gifts
Think Tiny: The Science of New Year's Resolutions
Weighing in With Gravity
The 2012 Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz - Answers Posted
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"disqusTitle": "Placing a Bet on the Surface of Mars",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mars has been on my radar for a very long time, since the astonishing day back in 1965 when Mariner 10 first sent back a picture of craters on its surface. So I'm not a Johnny-come-lately to the red planet. I've followed the news from every Mars mission, orbiters and landers alike. But Curiosity, the most recent robot rover, has especially piqued my curiosity as a geologist. I think there are two reasons: the darn thing has finally become a decent field assistant, and NASA is sending it to some of Mars' most Earthlike places. So let me channel the late Huell Howser here and share some of what makes me go, \"That's amazing!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike most previous landers, Curiosity has decent vision, about as good as my pocket camera. Its pictures actually look good on my desktop display, no longer like a frame grab from an old videocassette. Curiosity is a lot sturdier too—big, quick on its feet—and smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's got a nice hand lens, better than mine, that offers almost-microscopic closeups. It has a shovel, like lots of its predecessors did. One of my worst frustrations in watching Mars robots over the years was wishing I could lean in and just blow the dust off of things. Lo and behold, this rover packs a broom! \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-broom/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48765\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-broom\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars images courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while previous rovers had little grinding tools to function like the hammer and chisel in my field pack, Curiosity has a proper rock drill. They'll be testing it for the first time in coming weeks, somewhere in this car-sized piece of landscape named John Klein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48767\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48767\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until they can send a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/\">Gigapan\u003c/a> outfit to Mars for a really huge, zoomable picture, the \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA16567.jpg\">full-size version of this image on the NASA website\u003c/a> at 3483 by 2651 pixels will be the state of the art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks in this part of Mars, on the floor of Gale crater, are full of minerals and features that testify to the chemical action of water. Here's a closeup from an outcrop called Sheepbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-sheepbed/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48763\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-sheepbed\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48763\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To all appearances it's a fine-grained sandstone, shot with veins of gypsum (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/\">like those I showed you last year\u003c/a>) and tiny \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/\">concretions\u003c/a> of hematite, a hydrated iron oxide. Larger concretions lie in the surrounding dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the rover has shown us clear examples of crossbedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-crossbeds/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48766\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-crossbeds\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48766\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossbeds testify to not just the presence of water, but its physical action—rushing rivulets that sent large ripples of sand down their streambeds. Each crossbed represents the root of a ripple, spared from erosion in a setting where sediment was brought in faster than it was taken away. (Wind-blown sand dunes also make crossbeds, but the particles involved are much smaller.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, back to the drilling site at John Klein. I look at this detail and have several questions about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite-veins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48769\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite-veins\" width=\"600\" height=\"427\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48769\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I see curving veins cropping out of the surface. The Curiosity team claims that \"some of the veins have two walls and an eroded interior.\" I think they look more like double veins, but the rover will help us decide. Why are they protruding, and why is the surface around them so flat? The whole surface gives the impression of having been gently swept for a very long time—not strongly enough to streamline anything, but enough to winnow away the finest material as it works loose under Mars' 100°C daily temperature swings. What do the veins consist of, and why do they curve so tantalizingly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity's camera is too far away to confirm or deny that curvature, and its x-ray instrument cannot yet tell us whether the veins are gypsum. So for now I can indulge in the hypothesis that we may be seeing the curving forms of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/ss/Pseudofossils_5.htm\">liesegang structures\u003c/a>, which you've probably noticed many times without knowing their name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/liesegangs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48764\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"liesegangs\" width=\"600\" height=\"465\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48764\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liesegang bands in an Oakland street rock. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liesegang (LEEZ-gahng) structures are thin waves of iron-oxide minerals found in porous rocks where chemically active groundwater has come and gone. In Earth rocks they may or may not affect a stone's strength, or the difference may not matter in the abrasive environment of a riverbed, like this example. But we already know that the right minerals exist on Mars, making up the concretions. Perhaps, under the utterly different conditions of Mars, these homely features can emerge to display their thin, curving, multiple form to Curiosity's eyes and toolkit.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mars has been on my radar for a very long time, since the astonishing day back in 1965 when Mariner 10 first sent back a picture of craters on its surface. So I'm not a Johnny-come-lately to the red planet. I've followed the news from every Mars mission, orbiters and landers alike. But Curiosity, the most recent robot rover, has especially piqued my curiosity as a geologist. I think there are two reasons: the darn thing has finally become a decent field assistant, and NASA is sending it to some of Mars' most Earthlike places. So let me channel the late Huell Howser here and share some of what makes me go, \"That's amazing!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike most previous landers, Curiosity has decent vision, about as good as my pocket camera. Its pictures actually look good on my desktop display, no longer like a frame grab from an old videocassette. Curiosity is a lot sturdier too—big, quick on its feet—and smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's got a nice hand lens, better than mine, that offers almost-microscopic closeups. It has a shovel, like lots of its predecessors did. One of my worst frustrations in watching Mars robots over the years was wishing I could lean in and just blow the dust off of things. Lo and behold, this rover packs a broom! \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-broom/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48765\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-broom\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars images courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while previous rovers had little grinding tools to function like the hammer and chisel in my field pack, Curiosity has a proper rock drill. They'll be testing it for the first time in coming weeks, somewhere in this car-sized piece of landscape named John Klein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48767\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48767\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until they can send a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/\">Gigapan\u003c/a> outfit to Mars for a really huge, zoomable picture, the \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA16567.jpg\">full-size version of this image on the NASA website\u003c/a> at 3483 by 2651 pixels will be the state of the art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks in this part of Mars, on the floor of Gale crater, are full of minerals and features that testify to the chemical action of water. Here's a closeup from an outcrop called Sheepbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-sheepbed/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48763\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-sheepbed\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48763\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To all appearances it's a fine-grained sandstone, shot with veins of gypsum (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/\">like those I showed you last year\u003c/a>) and tiny \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/\">concretions\u003c/a> of hematite, a hydrated iron oxide. Larger concretions lie in the surrounding dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the rover has shown us clear examples of crossbedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-crossbeds/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48766\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-crossbeds\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48766\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossbeds testify to not just the presence of water, but its physical action—rushing rivulets that sent large ripples of sand down their streambeds. Each crossbed represents the root of a ripple, spared from erosion in a setting where sediment was brought in faster than it was taken away. (Wind-blown sand dunes also make crossbeds, but the particles involved are much smaller.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, back to the drilling site at John Klein. I look at this detail and have several questions about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite-veins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48769\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite-veins\" width=\"600\" height=\"427\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48769\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I see curving veins cropping out of the surface. The Curiosity team claims that \"some of the veins have two walls and an eroded interior.\" I think they look more like double veins, but the rover will help us decide. Why are they protruding, and why is the surface around them so flat? The whole surface gives the impression of having been gently swept for a very long time—not strongly enough to streamline anything, but enough to winnow away the finest material as it works loose under Mars' 100°C daily temperature swings. What do the veins consist of, and why do they curve so tantalizingly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity's camera is too far away to confirm or deny that curvature, and its x-ray instrument cannot yet tell us whether the veins are gypsum. So for now I can indulge in the hypothesis that we may be seeing the curving forms of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/ss/Pseudofossils_5.htm\">liesegang structures\u003c/a>, which you've probably noticed many times without knowing their name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/liesegangs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48764\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"liesegangs\" width=\"600\" height=\"465\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48764\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liesegang bands in an Oakland street rock. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liesegang (LEEZ-gahng) structures are thin waves of iron-oxide minerals found in porous rocks where chemically active groundwater has come and gone. In Earth rocks they may or may not affect a stone's strength, or the difference may not matter in the abrasive environment of a riverbed, like this example. But we already know that the right minerals exist on Mars, making up the concretions. Perhaps, under the utterly different conditions of Mars, these homely features can emerge to display their thin, curving, multiple form to Curiosity's eyes and toolkit.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48666\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 635px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/14/pregnancy-and-paternity-new-fetal-dna-testing/pregnantwomangraffiti/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48666\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/PregnantWomanGraffiti.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"PregnantWomanGraffiti\" width=\"635\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48666\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/PregnantWomanGraffiti.jpg 635w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/PregnantWomanGraffiti-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prenatal paternity tests will actually decrease the number of abortions. Image courtesy of Petteri Sulonen from Helsinki, Finland via Wikimedia Commons. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Petteri Sulonen from Helsinki, Finland via Wikimedia Commons.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine you are a woman in a committed relationship. The worst happens and you are raped and become pregnant. What are your options?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, there was no reliable and safe way to determine paternity in the first trimester. This meant that many women chose to terminate their pregnancy without knowing who the child’s father was. Obviously this is not ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the woman could determine paternity, she could use that information to help in her decision on whether to terminate the pregnancy. Undoubtedly this would lead to fewer abortions as more women choose to carry their partner’s child to term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky part of a prenatal paternity test is obviously getting a hold of fetal DNA. One method is amniocentesis. In this procedure, a needle is inserted into the amniotic sac and fluid is withdrawn. This fluid contains a lot of fetal DNA but getting it is not only invasive, it is also normally done somewhere between the 15th and 18th week of pregnancy. This is too late for many women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other methods take advantage of the fact that there is a bit of fetal DNA floating around in the plasma of mom’s blood. These tests have the advantage that they are noninvasive and can be done much earlier in pregnancy…sometimes as early as 8 weeks. The disadvantage of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827893.200-the-danger-of-unreliable-paternity-tests.html\">early versions of the test\u003c/a> was that they weren’t always as accurate as we’d like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are anecdotal cases out there of women losing their partner’s child because they thought the child was the result of the rapist and keeping the rapist’s child because they thought the child was their partner’s. This is obviously unacceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently a couple of new tests have come on line that appear to be much more accurate. Both use the fetal DNA found in mom’s blood but use novel strategies to improve accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at one \u003ca href=\"http://www.ravgen.com/index.php?page=prenatal-dna-paternity-test-2\">testing company\u003c/a> present results in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1113044\">article \u003c/a>in the New England Journal of Medicine to back up their claims of accuracy. They set up an experiment where they had the mother’s, father’s, and an unrelated man’s DNA along with DNA from the mother’s blood plasma. This was a blind experiment in that the scientists did not know which of the two tubes containing the men’s DNA was from the father. They were able to correctly pick the father in 30 out of 30 cases. They claim the odds of this happening by chance are less than one out of a billion. (For those interested, the test is available \u003ca href=\"http://prenatal.ptclabs.com/\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was their secret? Well, as I talk about \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/prenatal-paternity-tests\">here\u003c/a>, the key difference is that they focus on small bits of DNA that could have only have come from the dad. Any DNA they find in mom’s blood that doesn’t match hers had to come from the fetus. This eliminates any issues of contaminating DNA from mom. If all of this DNA matches a prospective father’s, then he is most likely the dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This company has competition from another \u003ca href=\"http://natera.com/non-invasive-prenatal-paternity-test.html\">testing company\u003c/a> that is offering another high-powered test using fetal DNA found in mom’s blood. I’ve talked about the science behind this sort of test recently right \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/23/pregnant-women-face-big-questions-with-cheaper-dna-sequencing/\">here \u003c/a>at QUEST. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48666\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 635px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/14/pregnancy-and-paternity-new-fetal-dna-testing/pregnantwomangraffiti/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48666\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/PregnantWomanGraffiti.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"PregnantWomanGraffiti\" width=\"635\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48666\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/PregnantWomanGraffiti.jpg 635w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/PregnantWomanGraffiti-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prenatal paternity tests will actually decrease the number of abortions. Image courtesy of Petteri Sulonen from Helsinki, Finland via Wikimedia Commons. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Petteri Sulonen from Helsinki, Finland via Wikimedia Commons.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine you are a woman in a committed relationship. The worst happens and you are raped and become pregnant. What are your options?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, there was no reliable and safe way to determine paternity in the first trimester. This meant that many women chose to terminate their pregnancy without knowing who the child’s father was. Obviously this is not ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the woman could determine paternity, she could use that information to help in her decision on whether to terminate the pregnancy. Undoubtedly this would lead to fewer abortions as more women choose to carry their partner’s child to term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky part of a prenatal paternity test is obviously getting a hold of fetal DNA. One method is amniocentesis. In this procedure, a needle is inserted into the amniotic sac and fluid is withdrawn. This fluid contains a lot of fetal DNA but getting it is not only invasive, it is also normally done somewhere between the 15th and 18th week of pregnancy. This is too late for many women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other methods take advantage of the fact that there is a bit of fetal DNA floating around in the plasma of mom’s blood. These tests have the advantage that they are noninvasive and can be done much earlier in pregnancy…sometimes as early as 8 weeks. The disadvantage of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827893.200-the-danger-of-unreliable-paternity-tests.html\">early versions of the test\u003c/a> was that they weren’t always as accurate as we’d like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are anecdotal cases out there of women losing their partner’s child because they thought the child was the result of the rapist and keeping the rapist’s child because they thought the child was their partner’s. This is obviously unacceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently a couple of new tests have come on line that appear to be much more accurate. Both use the fetal DNA found in mom’s blood but use novel strategies to improve accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at one \u003ca href=\"http://www.ravgen.com/index.php?page=prenatal-dna-paternity-test-2\">testing company\u003c/a> present results in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1113044\">article \u003c/a>in the New England Journal of Medicine to back up their claims of accuracy. They set up an experiment where they had the mother’s, father’s, and an unrelated man’s DNA along with DNA from the mother’s blood plasma. This was a blind experiment in that the scientists did not know which of the two tubes containing the men’s DNA was from the father. They were able to correctly pick the father in 30 out of 30 cases. They claim the odds of this happening by chance are less than one out of a billion. (For those interested, the test is available \u003ca href=\"http://prenatal.ptclabs.com/\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was their secret? Well, as I talk about \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/prenatal-paternity-tests\">here\u003c/a>, the key difference is that they focus on small bits of DNA that could have only have come from the dad. Any DNA they find in mom’s blood that doesn’t match hers had to come from the fetus. This eliminates any issues of contaminating DNA from mom. If all of this DNA matches a prospective father’s, then he is most likely the dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This company has competition from another \u003ca href=\"http://natera.com/non-invasive-prenatal-paternity-test.html\">testing company\u003c/a> that is offering another high-powered test using fetal DNA found in mom’s blood. I’ve talked about the science behind this sort of test recently right \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/23/pregnant-women-face-big-questions-with-cheaper-dna-sequencing/\">here \u003c/a>at QUEST. There isn’t a New England Journal article that focuses on their prenatal test per se, but they did manage to sequence the entire genome of a fetus so they are probably up to the task!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though it might seem counterintuitive, these tests will almost certainly decrease the number of abortions. And not only in cases of rape. These tests will also lead to more women keeping their children in cases of incest and even in some cases where a child might be conceived because of an extramarital affair.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Stars Go For the Gold",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48587\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/11/the-stars-go-for-the-gold/starsgoforgold/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48587\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg\" alt=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" title=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48587\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stars Go For Gold\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The middle-aged adage that we are made from stardust, made popular by Carl Sagan back in the 1970s, pops up in my thoughts now and then. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm looking at my wedding ring right now, feeling the weight of this bit of gold and using it as a mental peephole back in time, to before our solar system even existed. Though most of the chemical elements that make up the Earth and the solar system at large have similar long lineage, coming from the mixture of gases in the interstellar cloud that the sun and planets condensed from, the atoms of gold have a special distinction. These atoms, as well as other atomic nuclei heavier than the element iron, could only have been forged in the core of a super massive star at the end of its life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a long winded way of saying, \"Cool! And I get to wear that stuff around my finger!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast-rewinding a bit, about 13.7 billion years to when the universe began with a \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/\" title=\"The Big Bang\" target=\"_blank\">Big Bang\u003c/a>, the first, and for a while only, chemical elements to form out of the seething, expanding ball of energy that was our early universe were hydrogen and helium—and relatively small amounts of lithium and beryllium. Though we're still working out what exactly energy and matter are, we've known for some time now that they are interchangeable: matter can be converted into energy and from energy can come matter -- subatomic particles, like protons, neutrons, electrons, and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the early universe was a vast expanding ball of super-hot, hot hydrogen and helium gas. What next? Still no gold to be found anywhere, even where you find it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What came next were stars and galaxies —- though we're still working out which came first (a variation on the chicken and egg problem). Did galaxies begin as vast condensing swirls of hydrogen and helium, possibly aided by the gravitational forces of primordial super-massive black holes? Did stars then condense within this concentrated gas environment? Or did stars form first in smaller clusters and groups which over time were assembled into galaxies? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's relevant here is that the stars did begin to form, condensing from gases into tighter and denser blobs, until finally the pressure at their cores was high enough for the process of \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/nucleo.html\" title=\"Nucleosynthesis\" target=\"_blank\">nuclear fusion\u003c/a> to take place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, hydrogen atoms fused to form heavier hydrogen isotopes like deuterium and tritium, and those isotopes fused to make helium atoms, adding to the universe's inventory of the latter while using up some of the former. Each time nuclei are fused a bit of energy is released in the process, the energy source that powers a star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, further magic at the cores of stars worked to forge nuclei that had never existed before, like carbon, sulfur, magnesium, and iron. Each time the core of a star would run out of a fusionable fuel it would begin to collapse under its own gravity, thus increasing its core pressure and enabling it to fuse heavier nuclei into even heavier ones—in effect burning the \"ashes\" of the fuel it had burned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most massive stars —- more massive than our sun -- would eventually build up a core of iron and go no further. A star can only re-burn atomic \"ashes\" as long as it can release some energy in the process. But fusion of iron into heavier elements does not release energy; instead it requires energy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a point of crisis, the massive iron core of the old super-massive star suddenly has no more fuel to burn, and collapses. And this is when the doomed star suddenly finds a source of energy with which to fuse its stubborn iron into heavier elements: its own powerful gravitation, which draws the core together and raises the internal temperature and pressure to enormous levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the star explodes as a supernova, blasting into space its outer layers of lighter chemicals as well as the iron, gold, uranium, and other heavy elements it has newly fused. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make a long story short, those materials mixed with the interstellar clouds from which our sun and the planets formed, providing the materials necessary to make planets like Earth possible. And, of course, the gold that now makes up my wedding ring. How cool is that?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The middle-aged adage that we are made from stardust, made popular by Carl Sagan back in the 1970s, pops up in my thoughts now and then. Not just pretty words; it's the literal truth!",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48587\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/11/the-stars-go-for-the-gold/starsgoforgold/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48587\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg\" alt=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" title=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48587\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stars Go For Gold\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The middle-aged adage that we are made from stardust, made popular by Carl Sagan back in the 1970s, pops up in my thoughts now and then. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm looking at my wedding ring right now, feeling the weight of this bit of gold and using it as a mental peephole back in time, to before our solar system even existed. Though most of the chemical elements that make up the Earth and the solar system at large have similar long lineage, coming from the mixture of gases in the interstellar cloud that the sun and planets condensed from, the atoms of gold have a special distinction. These atoms, as well as other atomic nuclei heavier than the element iron, could only have been forged in the core of a super massive star at the end of its life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a long winded way of saying, \"Cool! And I get to wear that stuff around my finger!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast-rewinding a bit, about 13.7 billion years to when the universe began with a \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/\" title=\"The Big Bang\" target=\"_blank\">Big Bang\u003c/a>, the first, and for a while only, chemical elements to form out of the seething, expanding ball of energy that was our early universe were hydrogen and helium—and relatively small amounts of lithium and beryllium. Though we're still working out what exactly energy and matter are, we've known for some time now that they are interchangeable: matter can be converted into energy and from energy can come matter -- subatomic particles, like protons, neutrons, electrons, and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the early universe was a vast expanding ball of super-hot, hot hydrogen and helium gas. What next? Still no gold to be found anywhere, even where you find it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What came next were stars and galaxies —- though we're still working out which came first (a variation on the chicken and egg problem). Did galaxies begin as vast condensing swirls of hydrogen and helium, possibly aided by the gravitational forces of primordial super-massive black holes? Did stars then condense within this concentrated gas environment? Or did stars form first in smaller clusters and groups which over time were assembled into galaxies? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's relevant here is that the stars did begin to form, condensing from gases into tighter and denser blobs, until finally the pressure at their cores was high enough for the process of \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/nucleo.html\" title=\"Nucleosynthesis\" target=\"_blank\">nuclear fusion\u003c/a> to take place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, hydrogen atoms fused to form heavier hydrogen isotopes like deuterium and tritium, and those isotopes fused to make helium atoms, adding to the universe's inventory of the latter while using up some of the former. Each time nuclei are fused a bit of energy is released in the process, the energy source that powers a star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, further magic at the cores of stars worked to forge nuclei that had never existed before, like carbon, sulfur, magnesium, and iron. Each time the core of a star would run out of a fusionable fuel it would begin to collapse under its own gravity, thus increasing its core pressure and enabling it to fuse heavier nuclei into even heavier ones—in effect burning the \"ashes\" of the fuel it had burned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most massive stars —- more massive than our sun -- would eventually build up a core of iron and go no further. A star can only re-burn atomic \"ashes\" as long as it can release some energy in the process. But fusion of iron into heavier elements does not release energy; instead it requires energy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a point of crisis, the massive iron core of the old super-massive star suddenly has no more fuel to burn, and collapses. And this is when the doomed star suddenly finds a source of energy with which to fuse its stubborn iron into heavier elements: its own powerful gravitation, which draws the core together and raises the internal temperature and pressure to enormous levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the star explodes as a supernova, blasting into space its outer layers of lighter chemicals as well as the iron, gold, uranium, and other heavy elements it has newly fused. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make a long story short, those materials mixed with the interstellar clouds from which our sun and the planets formed, providing the materials necessary to make planets like Earth possible. And, of course, the gold that now makes up my wedding ring. How cool is that?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Las Trampas Regional Wilderness",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Las Trampas Regional Wilderness",
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"content": "\u003cp>Each day thousands of people take the back road between Castro Valley and San Ramon through Crow Canyon. They all pass the road up Bollinger Canyon. A handful of people take that road to an unassuming park that holds the highest hills between Mount Diablo and the Bay. Here the rocks between the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been pushed together and rumpled upward into chaparral-covered ridges laced with smaller faults. Both quiet and rugged, Las Trampas Regional Wilderness is an archetypical California place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the topography and park boundaries, as shown in Google Maps with a few landmarks labeled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampastopomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48552\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampastopomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48552\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the bedrock geology of the same quadrangle. Resistant rocks hold up the ridges while more yielding rocks underlie the valleys, aided by faults and folds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampasgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48553\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampasgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48553\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocks of Las Trampas: Tn, Neroly Formation (Miocene); Tbr/Tbg/Tbd, Briones Formation (Miocene); Tus, unnamed sedimentary/volcanic rocks (Pliocene). Alameda and Contra Costa county geologic maps are spliced together at the thin white line\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The paved trail up the west side of Bollinger Canyon climbs a thousand feet to Rock 2, the park's highest point. Before I took this trail I noted the boulders in the staging area, which include examples of massive sandstone and the distinctive shell hash of the Briones Formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-shellhash/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48554\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-shellhash\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48554\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I've shown you this rock elsewhere, at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>. It's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">attractive to fossil collectors\u003c/a>, but no such activity is allowed here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the trail I noticed some boulders of conglomerate as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampascongl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampascongl\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48555\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a whole, the rocks of Las Trampas testify to a coastal setting similar to today, where coarse sediment washed offshore in large amounts from the flanks of steep and growing hills. Then, as now, landsliding was an important geological process. Look up and down from the trail to see signs of slides, most of them more subtle than this textbook case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-slide\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The climb is steep, which means that the view changes rapidly as you ascend. Take a look around each time you pause for breath. First \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> emerges from behind Las Trampas Ridge, as does the noise of the San Ramon Valley. The Sierra Nevada is visible when the air is clear enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-diablo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48557\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-diablo\" width=\"600\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48557\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reward of the climb up the valley wall is that you get to stroll along the hawk-encircled ridgetop trails as far as you care to go. On Las Trampas Ridge the sandstone is sculpted by the process of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/mechweathering/cavweather.htm\">cavernous weathering\u003c/a> into the picturesque hollows called tafoni by geologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-ss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48558\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-ss\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48558\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reward is the sweeping views on all sides. The top of Rocky Ridge, near the transmission tower on Rock 2, offered dramatic views during my visit: westward toward Mount Tam and the Oakland hills . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48551\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-top\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48551\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and southward across the East Bay Municipal Utility District watershed lands to the South Bay and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-south/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48559\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-south\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48559\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, like me, you find these views beckoning. Hikers (without dogs) can visit East Bay MUD lands with a permit; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/recreation/trail-use-permit/east-bay-trails\">at ten bucks a year it's a great bargain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Each day thousands of people take the back road between Castro Valley and San Ramon through Crow Canyon. They all pass the road up Bollinger Canyon. A handful of people take that road to an unassuming park that holds the highest hills between Mount Diablo and the Bay. Here the rocks between the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been pushed together and rumpled upward into chaparral-covered ridges laced with smaller faults. Both quiet and rugged, Las Trampas Regional Wilderness is an archetypical California place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the topography and park boundaries, as shown in Google Maps with a few landmarks labeled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampastopomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48552\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampastopomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48552\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the bedrock geology of the same quadrangle. Resistant rocks hold up the ridges while more yielding rocks underlie the valleys, aided by faults and folds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampasgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48553\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampasgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48553\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocks of Las Trampas: Tn, Neroly Formation (Miocene); Tbr/Tbg/Tbd, Briones Formation (Miocene); Tus, unnamed sedimentary/volcanic rocks (Pliocene). Alameda and Contra Costa county geologic maps are spliced together at the thin white line\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The paved trail up the west side of Bollinger Canyon climbs a thousand feet to Rock 2, the park's highest point. Before I took this trail I noted the boulders in the staging area, which include examples of massive sandstone and the distinctive shell hash of the Briones Formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-shellhash/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48554\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-shellhash\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48554\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I've shown you this rock elsewhere, at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>. It's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">attractive to fossil collectors\u003c/a>, but no such activity is allowed here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the trail I noticed some boulders of conglomerate as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampascongl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampascongl\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48555\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a whole, the rocks of Las Trampas testify to a coastal setting similar to today, where coarse sediment washed offshore in large amounts from the flanks of steep and growing hills. Then, as now, landsliding was an important geological process. Look up and down from the trail to see signs of slides, most of them more subtle than this textbook case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-slide\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The climb is steep, which means that the view changes rapidly as you ascend. Take a look around each time you pause for breath. First \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> emerges from behind Las Trampas Ridge, as does the noise of the San Ramon Valley. The Sierra Nevada is visible when the air is clear enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-diablo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48557\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-diablo\" width=\"600\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48557\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reward of the climb up the valley wall is that you get to stroll along the hawk-encircled ridgetop trails as far as you care to go. On Las Trampas Ridge the sandstone is sculpted by the process of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/mechweathering/cavweather.htm\">cavernous weathering\u003c/a> into the picturesque hollows called tafoni by geologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-ss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48558\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-ss\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48558\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reward is the sweeping views on all sides. The top of Rocky Ridge, near the transmission tower on Rock 2, offered dramatic views during my visit: westward toward Mount Tam and the Oakland hills . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48551\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-top\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48551\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and southward across the East Bay Municipal Utility District watershed lands to the South Bay and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-south/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48559\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-south\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48559\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, like me, you find these views beckoning. Hikers (without dogs) can visit East Bay MUD lands with a permit; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/recreation/trail-use-permit/east-bay-trails\">at ten bucks a year it's a great bargain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Exploratorium’s Science with Spirit Transcends Place",
"title": "Exploratorium’s Science with Spirit Transcends Place",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/olympus-digital-camera-8/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48490\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Blowing_Smoke-exhibit-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Blowing Smoke Exploratorium exhibit\" title=\"Blowing Smoke\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48490\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blowing Smoke, an exhibit at the Exploratorium designed by artist Ned Kahn for the Turbulent Landscapes Exhibition. (Photo: D'Arcy Norman/Calgary, Canada)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Legend has it that opening day for the late \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adPpLYgfKnE\">physicist Frank Oppenheimer\u003c/a>’s “San Francisco Project” happened by accident. As told by the Chronicle’s David Perlman (himself a legend, closing in on 83 years as a science journalist), Oppenheimer forgot to lock the doors, and the Exploratorium’s first visitors simply wandered in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on the groundbreaking museum’s final day at its Palace of Fine Arts location on January 2, close to 10,000 people, spanning four generations, poured through the massive building cheek by jowl for one last romp in the world’s most famous, chaotic science playground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oppenheimer, deeply affected by the role he, his brother Robert and other physicists had played in developing the atomic bomb, felt a responsibility to give people the tools to understand the world around them. He believed people are perfectly capable of comprehending scientific phenomena, if you give them the confidence and tools to learn. And confidence and understanding, as anyone who’s tinkered with an Exploratorium exhibit knows, often come from fiddling about. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Oppenheimer, with the help of a small crew of extraordinary tinkerers, created the first participatory, hands-on science museum in the world. From the start, he valued artists as much as scientists for their keen powers of observation and ability to help people understand nature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liz Keim, director of the museum’s Cinema Arts Program, started working at the museum in the late 1970s. Oppenheimer took her under his wing, she said, and encouraged her to follow her passion. More than three decades later, Keim, like the rest of her longtime colleagues, was feeling the history of the moment, coming to grips with leaving a place with so many memories, a place she grew up in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that happened here belongs to all of us,” she said. “All of our work makes up the fabric of this place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, Keim met \u003ca href=\"http://press.exploratorium.edu/tribute-to-filmmaker-chris-marker-july-28-2011/\">Chris Marker\u003c/a>, the pioneering French filmmaker who died last year, near the lagoon in front of the Palace of Fine Arts. Marker was scouting the grounds as a potential location for his next film. It just so happened that Keim was showing two films by Marker that day, including his \u003ca href=\"http://www.criterion.com/films/329-la-jetee\">classic La Jetée\u003c/a>. When Keim planned the Marker program, she had no idea he’d be in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just another day at the Exploratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48493\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/floating-in-copper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48493\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Floating-in-Copper-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Floating in Copper exploratorium exhibit\" title=\"Floating in Copper\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48493\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Physicist Paul Doherty explains the principles behind an exhibit he designed with artist Shawn Lani called \"Floating in Copper\" on the Exploratorium's last day at the Palace of Fine Arts. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Physicist Paul Doherty, a longtime fixture on the museum floor (or as staffers like to call him, a “roving brain”), spent the better part of the day stationed in front of an exhibit that he’d developed with artist Shawn Lani called \u003ca href=\"http://exs.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/floating-in-copper/\">“Floating in Copper.”\u003c/a> Half teacher, half carnival barker, Doherty beckoned a young man puzzling over the contraption to have a go at the exhibit: “Your job, should you choose to accept it, is to lift up this magnet and make it fly!” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visitor gamely complied, and slid a magnet along the top half of two sheets of copper separated by a gap big enough to give a hockey-puck shaped magnet room to levitate, or so it appeared. The bottom magnet performed as expected, rising between the copper casings, to the young man’s delight. “Now try to hold it in between,” Doherty said. “What the copper does is slow down the motion, allowing your mere human eye and brain and hand time to do it.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ah, okay!” exclaimed the young man, unwittingly demonstrating a museum mantra that learning how things work is fun. And that magic, and real understanding, happens when you help people engineer their own “a-ha!” moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doherty recalled how the exhibit was born, like so many others, through an accidental discovery. He was playing around in the machine shop one day, trying to make an exhibit with magnets and aluminum. He was using neodymium magnets, also known as rare earth magnets, the strongest magnets made. He happened to drop a magnet onto a piece of aluminum and noticed that it fell slowly. “And I thought, oh, that’s interesting, I wonder what I can do with a slowly falling magnet.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48517\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/5pm-closing-the-gate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48517\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/5pm-closing-the-gate-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"exploratorium gate closes at the PFA\" title=\"5pm closing the gate\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48517\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">End of an era: Long-time staff close the front gate to the Exploratorium museum floor for the last time. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After days of playing around and talking with resident artist Shawn Lani, the two settled on the notion of flying magnets. After all, what’s cooler than making something levitate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We switched from aluminum to copper because copper has twice the conductivity as aluminum, which means it will have half the speed,” he said. “Then Shawn came up with the beautiful aesthetic design.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put my hand in between the copper shells and tried to move the magnet, but found it surprisingly difficult. Copper is like a two-year-old, Doherty said. “It always opposes you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit, like so many Exploratorium offerings, manages to engage children while puzzling scientists. Having enjoyed a stint as a writer for this crazy, category-defying museum, I can assure you this is no simple feat. At their best, the 1,000 or so exhibits developed at the Exploratorium over its first 43 years first surprise, then delight, as you realize what they’re showing you. But the real magic happens when they challenge you to see the world a little bit differently. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all the visitors had gone, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_p5UoD6ljg\">physicist Thomas Humphrey\u003c/a> recalled a day nearly 30 years ago, when the vast exhibition hall was empty save for Humphrey and longtime \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxoB5dYZg_Y\">exhibit developer Dave Fleming\u003c/a>, and Fleming started playing his banjo. Humphrey walked around the museum, thinking, as any flat-picking particle physicist might, that there are 3 million cubic feet in the building and every one of those cubic feet has music in it. Just as Fleming’s banjo filled the place with music on that day, Humphrey said, the building is full of Exploratorium spirit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every one of those 3 million cubic feet is full of our spirit, of what we created. We gave it life.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Exploratorium opens the doors of its new home on Pier 15 in April, you can bet that spirit will be waiting for anyone who wanders in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>******\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/zoom0061-solong/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48522\">Listen to the Exploratorium Explainers bid museum-goers adieu by singing their own version of \"So Long, Farewell.\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next few months, until the museum re-opens on Pier 15 April 17, \"Explainers\" in orange vests will bring the Exploratorium to \"pop up\" spots around San Francisco every week. To find out more, follow @theexplainers on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A record number of visitors mobbed San Francisco's Exploratorium on its last day at the Palace of Fine Arts. The mood was bittersweet--not just visitors but a good part of the staff grew up at this place. But for the Exploratorium, the magic of science is where you make it. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/olympus-digital-camera-8/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48490\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Blowing_Smoke-exhibit-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Blowing Smoke Exploratorium exhibit\" title=\"Blowing Smoke\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48490\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blowing Smoke, an exhibit at the Exploratorium designed by artist Ned Kahn for the Turbulent Landscapes Exhibition. (Photo: D'Arcy Norman/Calgary, Canada)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Legend has it that opening day for the late \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adPpLYgfKnE\">physicist Frank Oppenheimer\u003c/a>’s “San Francisco Project” happened by accident. As told by the Chronicle’s David Perlman (himself a legend, closing in on 83 years as a science journalist), Oppenheimer forgot to lock the doors, and the Exploratorium’s first visitors simply wandered in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on the groundbreaking museum’s final day at its Palace of Fine Arts location on January 2, close to 10,000 people, spanning four generations, poured through the massive building cheek by jowl for one last romp in the world’s most famous, chaotic science playground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oppenheimer, deeply affected by the role he, his brother Robert and other physicists had played in developing the atomic bomb, felt a responsibility to give people the tools to understand the world around them. He believed people are perfectly capable of comprehending scientific phenomena, if you give them the confidence and tools to learn. And confidence and understanding, as anyone who’s tinkered with an Exploratorium exhibit knows, often come from fiddling about. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Oppenheimer, with the help of a small crew of extraordinary tinkerers, created the first participatory, hands-on science museum in the world. From the start, he valued artists as much as scientists for their keen powers of observation and ability to help people understand nature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liz Keim, director of the museum’s Cinema Arts Program, started working at the museum in the late 1970s. Oppenheimer took her under his wing, she said, and encouraged her to follow her passion. More than three decades later, Keim, like the rest of her longtime colleagues, was feeling the history of the moment, coming to grips with leaving a place with so many memories, a place she grew up in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that happened here belongs to all of us,” she said. “All of our work makes up the fabric of this place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, Keim met \u003ca href=\"http://press.exploratorium.edu/tribute-to-filmmaker-chris-marker-july-28-2011/\">Chris Marker\u003c/a>, the pioneering French filmmaker who died last year, near the lagoon in front of the Palace of Fine Arts. Marker was scouting the grounds as a potential location for his next film. It just so happened that Keim was showing two films by Marker that day, including his \u003ca href=\"http://www.criterion.com/films/329-la-jetee\">classic La Jetée\u003c/a>. When Keim planned the Marker program, she had no idea he’d be in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just another day at the Exploratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48493\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/floating-in-copper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48493\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Floating-in-Copper-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Floating in Copper exploratorium exhibit\" title=\"Floating in Copper\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48493\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Physicist Paul Doherty explains the principles behind an exhibit he designed with artist Shawn Lani called \"Floating in Copper\" on the Exploratorium's last day at the Palace of Fine Arts. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Physicist Paul Doherty, a longtime fixture on the museum floor (or as staffers like to call him, a “roving brain”), spent the better part of the day stationed in front of an exhibit that he’d developed with artist Shawn Lani called \u003ca href=\"http://exs.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/floating-in-copper/\">“Floating in Copper.”\u003c/a> Half teacher, half carnival barker, Doherty beckoned a young man puzzling over the contraption to have a go at the exhibit: “Your job, should you choose to accept it, is to lift up this magnet and make it fly!” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visitor gamely complied, and slid a magnet along the top half of two sheets of copper separated by a gap big enough to give a hockey-puck shaped magnet room to levitate, or so it appeared. The bottom magnet performed as expected, rising between the copper casings, to the young man’s delight. “Now try to hold it in between,” Doherty said. “What the copper does is slow down the motion, allowing your mere human eye and brain and hand time to do it.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ah, okay!” exclaimed the young man, unwittingly demonstrating a museum mantra that learning how things work is fun. And that magic, and real understanding, happens when you help people engineer their own “a-ha!” moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doherty recalled how the exhibit was born, like so many others, through an accidental discovery. He was playing around in the machine shop one day, trying to make an exhibit with magnets and aluminum. He was using neodymium magnets, also known as rare earth magnets, the strongest magnets made. He happened to drop a magnet onto a piece of aluminum and noticed that it fell slowly. “And I thought, oh, that’s interesting, I wonder what I can do with a slowly falling magnet.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48517\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/5pm-closing-the-gate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48517\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/5pm-closing-the-gate-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"exploratorium gate closes at the PFA\" title=\"5pm closing the gate\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48517\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">End of an era: Long-time staff close the front gate to the Exploratorium museum floor for the last time. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After days of playing around and talking with resident artist Shawn Lani, the two settled on the notion of flying magnets. After all, what’s cooler than making something levitate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We switched from aluminum to copper because copper has twice the conductivity as aluminum, which means it will have half the speed,” he said. “Then Shawn came up with the beautiful aesthetic design.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put my hand in between the copper shells and tried to move the magnet, but found it surprisingly difficult. Copper is like a two-year-old, Doherty said. “It always opposes you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit, like so many Exploratorium offerings, manages to engage children while puzzling scientists. Having enjoyed a stint as a writer for this crazy, category-defying museum, I can assure you this is no simple feat. At their best, the 1,000 or so exhibits developed at the Exploratorium over its first 43 years first surprise, then delight, as you realize what they’re showing you. But the real magic happens when they challenge you to see the world a little bit differently. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all the visitors had gone, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_p5UoD6ljg\">physicist Thomas Humphrey\u003c/a> recalled a day nearly 30 years ago, when the vast exhibition hall was empty save for Humphrey and longtime \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxoB5dYZg_Y\">exhibit developer Dave Fleming\u003c/a>, and Fleming started playing his banjo. Humphrey walked around the museum, thinking, as any flat-picking particle physicist might, that there are 3 million cubic feet in the building and every one of those cubic feet has music in it. Just as Fleming’s banjo filled the place with music on that day, Humphrey said, the building is full of Exploratorium spirit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every one of those 3 million cubic feet is full of our spirit, of what we created. We gave it life.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Exploratorium opens the doors of its new home on Pier 15 in April, you can bet that spirit will be waiting for anyone who wanders in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>******\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/zoom0061-solong/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48522\">Listen to the Exploratorium Explainers bid museum-goers adieu by singing their own version of \"So Long, Farewell.\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next few months, until the museum re-opens on Pier 15 April 17, \"Explainers\" in orange vests will bring the Exploratorium to \"pop up\" spots around San Francisco every week. To find out more, follow @theexplainers on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Think Before You Drink Grapefruit Juice",
"title": "Think Before You Drink Grapefruit Juice",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48362\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/dullhunk_WikipediaCommons_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/dullhunk_WikipediaCommons_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"photograph of grapefruit\" title=\"dullhunk_WikipediaCommons_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48362\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/dullhunk_WikipediaCommons_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/dullhunk_WikipediaCommons_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of dullhunk via Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You follow the directions on your medication carefully, always taking the pills with the correct frequency and with or without food as directed. But have you discussed with your doctor or pharmacist whether ingesting grapefruit could cause an unintentional drug overdose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A drug is normally metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract, but a liver enzyme called cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) deactivates much of the drug so the body only absorbs about half of it. This process is taken into account when a doctor prescribes the necessary dose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, grapefruit, grapefruit juice, Seville bitter oranges (used in marmalade), limes and pomelos naturally contain chemicals called furanocoumarins. These furanocoumarins inhibit the CYP3A4 enzymes, causing the gut to absorb much more of the drug at a potentially toxic level. Sweet oranges, such as navel or Valencia, do not contain furanocoumarins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Bailey, Ph.D., a clinical pharmacologist at the Lawson Health Research Institute, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2612087/\" title=\"Journal article on Bailey's initial discovery of grapefruit-medication interaction\">discovered\u003c/a> this interaction between grapefruit and some medications over 20 years ago. However, Bailey has recently released an \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmaj.ca/content/early/2012/11/26/cmaj.120951.citation\" title=\"Bailey CMAJ article with updated list of drugs that interact with grapefruit\">updated list\u003c/a> of medications affected by grapefruit in the peer-reviewed \u003cem>Canadian Medical Association Journal\u003c/em>. The researchers say the number of drugs that interact with grapefruit has significantly increased to more than 85 as new drugs have come on the market, and 43 of these drugs could interact with grapefruit and lead to serious side effects, such as kidney damage, blood clots, respiratory depression, abnormal rapid heart beats (torsade de pointes) and sudden death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers provide a list of drugs predicted to interact with grapefruit, including:\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>Drugs used to treat cancer\u003c/strong>: crizotinib, dasatinib, erlotinib, everolimus, lapatinib, nilotinib, pazopanib, sunitinib, vandetanib, vemurafenib\u003cbr>\n•\t\u003cstrong>Drugs used to treat or prevent infections\u003c/strong>: erythromycin, halofantrine, maraviroc, primaquine, quinine, rilpivirine\u003cbr>\n•\t\u003cstrong>Drugs used to treat high cholesterol\u003c/strong>: atorvastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin\u003cbr>\n•\t\u003cstrong>Drugs used to treat heart and blood vessel conditions\u003c/strong>: amiodarone, apixaban, clopidogrel, dronedarone, eplerenone, felodipine, nifedipine, quinidine, rivaroxaban, ticagrelor\u003cbr>\n•\t\u003cstrong>Drugs affecting the central nervous system\u003c/strong>: oral alfentanil, buspirone, dextromethorphan, oral fentanyl, oral ketamine, lurasidone, oxycodone, pimozide, quetiapine, triazolam, ziprasidone\u003cbr>\n•\t\u003cstrong>Drugs used to treat nausea\u003c/strong>: domperidone\u003cbr>\n•\t\u003cstrong>Drugs used to suppress the immune system\u003c/strong>: cyclosporine, everolimus, sirolimus, tacrolimus\u003cbr>\n•\t\u003cstrong>Drugs used to treat urinary tract conditions\u003c/strong>: darifenacin, fesoterodine, solifenain, silodosin, tamsulosin\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How often such adverse reactions occur is under debate by scientists. Many cases may be missed because doctors don’t think to ask if patients have ingested grapefruit. The level of furanocoumarins in grapefruit also varies for \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/cen/science/88/8839sci2.html\" title=\"journal article\">different grapefruit crops or juice batches\u003c/a>. The interaction may be affected by the frequency and timing of the citrus consumption. Some people are also more vulnerable to the interactions, depending on the levels of CYP3A4 enzymes normally present in their gut, their age and the medications that they take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if serious reactions are rare, Bailey argues that these incidences are entirely avoidable. People can avoid ingesting the risky citrus or doctors may be able to prescribe an alternate drug. So it is important to carefully read the information leaflet that comes with your medication, as well as discuss with your doctor or pharmacist how your diet may affect your medication.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "You should discuss with your doctor or pharmacist whether ingesting grapefruit could cause an unintentional drug overdose. Eating grapefruit or drinking grapefruit juice affects how the body metabolizes certain drugs, and the number of drugs that adversely interact with grapefruit has increased according to new research results.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48362\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/dullhunk_WikipediaCommons_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/dullhunk_WikipediaCommons_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"photograph of grapefruit\" title=\"dullhunk_WikipediaCommons_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48362\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/dullhunk_WikipediaCommons_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/dullhunk_WikipediaCommons_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of dullhunk via Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You follow the directions on your medication carefully, always taking the pills with the correct frequency and with or without food as directed. But have you discussed with your doctor or pharmacist whether ingesting grapefruit could cause an unintentional drug overdose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A drug is normally metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract, but a liver enzyme called cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) deactivates much of the drug so the body only absorbs about half of it. This process is taken into account when a doctor prescribes the necessary dose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, grapefruit, grapefruit juice, Seville bitter oranges (used in marmalade), limes and pomelos naturally contain chemicals called furanocoumarins. These furanocoumarins inhibit the CYP3A4 enzymes, causing the gut to absorb much more of the drug at a potentially toxic level. Sweet oranges, such as navel or Valencia, do not contain furanocoumarins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Bailey, Ph.D., a clinical pharmacologist at the Lawson Health Research Institute, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2612087/\" title=\"Journal article on Bailey's initial discovery of grapefruit-medication interaction\">discovered\u003c/a> this interaction between grapefruit and some medications over 20 years ago. However, Bailey has recently released an \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmaj.ca/content/early/2012/11/26/cmaj.120951.citation\" title=\"Bailey CMAJ article with updated list of drugs that interact with grapefruit\">updated list\u003c/a> of medications affected by grapefruit in the peer-reviewed \u003cem>Canadian Medical Association Journal\u003c/em>. The researchers say the number of drugs that interact with grapefruit has significantly increased to more than 85 as new drugs have come on the market, and 43 of these drugs could interact with grapefruit and lead to serious side effects, such as kidney damage, blood clots, respiratory depression, abnormal rapid heart beats (torsade de pointes) and sudden death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers provide a list of drugs predicted to interact with grapefruit, including:\u003cbr>\n• \u003cstrong>Drugs used to treat cancer\u003c/strong>: crizotinib, dasatinib, erlotinib, everolimus, lapatinib, nilotinib, pazopanib, sunitinib, vandetanib, vemurafenib\u003cbr>\n•\t\u003cstrong>Drugs used to treat or prevent infections\u003c/strong>: erythromycin, halofantrine, maraviroc, primaquine, quinine, rilpivirine\u003cbr>\n•\t\u003cstrong>Drugs used to treat high cholesterol\u003c/strong>: atorvastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin\u003cbr>\n•\t\u003cstrong>Drugs used to treat heart and blood vessel conditions\u003c/strong>: amiodarone, apixaban, clopidogrel, dronedarone, eplerenone, felodipine, nifedipine, quinidine, rivaroxaban, ticagrelor\u003cbr>\n•\t\u003cstrong>Drugs affecting the central nervous system\u003c/strong>: oral alfentanil, buspirone, dextromethorphan, oral fentanyl, oral ketamine, lurasidone, oxycodone, pimozide, quetiapine, triazolam, ziprasidone\u003cbr>\n•\t\u003cstrong>Drugs used to treat nausea\u003c/strong>: domperidone\u003cbr>\n•\t\u003cstrong>Drugs used to suppress the immune system\u003c/strong>: cyclosporine, everolimus, sirolimus, tacrolimus\u003cbr>\n•\t\u003cstrong>Drugs used to treat urinary tract conditions\u003c/strong>: darifenacin, fesoterodine, solifenain, silodosin, tamsulosin\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How often such adverse reactions occur is under debate by scientists. Many cases may be missed because doctors don’t think to ask if patients have ingested grapefruit. The level of furanocoumarins in grapefruit also varies for \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/cen/science/88/8839sci2.html\" title=\"journal article\">different grapefruit crops or juice batches\u003c/a>. The interaction may be affected by the frequency and timing of the citrus consumption. Some people are also more vulnerable to the interactions, depending on the levels of CYP3A4 enzymes normally present in their gut, their age and the medications that they take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if serious reactions are rare, Bailey argues that these incidences are entirely avoidable. People can avoid ingesting the risky citrus or doctors may be able to prescribe an alternate drug. So it is important to carefully read the information leaflet that comes with your medication, as well as discuss with your doctor or pharmacist how your diet may affect your medication.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Hiking in the New Year at Sibley Volcanic Preserve",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48404\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 481px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/04/hiking-in-the-new-year-at-sibley-volcanic-preserve/photo6-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48404\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48404\" title=\"New Year's Day 2013\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/photo61-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Celebrating New Year's Day with family and friends at Sibley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to greet the New Year is getting out with friends and family for an invigorating hike. It’s an opportunity to exercise and notice what’s going on in the winter landscape. It might even be the first step in keeping a New Year's resolution to do more walking. \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Parks website, Sibley Volcanic Preserve\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Sibley Volcanic Preserve\u003c/a>, one of the East Bay Regional Parks, is one of my favorite places to explore on the first day of the year. The trails are wide, though sometimes muddy, and it’s not too shady so we can soak up some sunlight. We’ll hike rain or shine, though my favorite years are when it’s sunny and the air is crisp, like this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the deciduous plants are dormant this time of year, but sleeping buds hold tender leaves and flowers until the longer days of spring arrive. On our hike, I was surprised to find some non-native blackberries with red fruit, though the ground was cold enough to harbor icy patches in the shade. The unexpected berries reminded me of \u003ca title=\"Project BudBurst website\" href=\"http://neoninc.org/budburst/aboutus.php\" target=\"_blank\">Project BudBurst\u003c/a> which enlists anyone and everyone to report on what’s happening in the plant world. Volunteers help scientists to track the \u003ca title=\"National Phenology Network website\" href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/about/phenology\" target=\"_blank\">phenology\u003c/a> of plants -- posting what’s blooming, fruiting, dropping leaves and when and where on their website. This will be important data to track as climate change progresses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48401\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/04/hiking-in-the-new-year-at-sibley-volcanic-preserve/photo7/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48401\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48401\" title=\"Blackberries in Winter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/photo7-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blackberries were still on the vine this late into winter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the bottom of the old rock quarry in Sibley lays a labyrinth and pond. In drier times of year, the labyrinth offers opportunities for a meditative walk. The pond, after all the rain we’ve had, has engulfed part of the labyrinth. This is good news for the newts and garter snakes that will come to the water to participate in mating rituals (the newts) and food chain (the snakes). I’ll be back in the spring -- or sooner -- to see what developments and changes have happened with the seasons. Here’s wishing you a happy and healthy New Year! Share in the comments your favorite outdoor places to watch the seasonal changes around the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED QUEST exploration for Sibley\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48404\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 481px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/04/hiking-in-the-new-year-at-sibley-volcanic-preserve/photo6-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48404\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48404\" title=\"New Year's Day 2013\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/photo61-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Celebrating New Year's Day with family and friends at Sibley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to greet the New Year is getting out with friends and family for an invigorating hike. It’s an opportunity to exercise and notice what’s going on in the winter landscape. It might even be the first step in keeping a New Year's resolution to do more walking. \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Parks website, Sibley Volcanic Preserve\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Sibley Volcanic Preserve\u003c/a>, one of the East Bay Regional Parks, is one of my favorite places to explore on the first day of the year. The trails are wide, though sometimes muddy, and it’s not too shady so we can soak up some sunlight. We’ll hike rain or shine, though my favorite years are when it’s sunny and the air is crisp, like this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the deciduous plants are dormant this time of year, but sleeping buds hold tender leaves and flowers until the longer days of spring arrive. On our hike, I was surprised to find some non-native blackberries with red fruit, though the ground was cold enough to harbor icy patches in the shade. The unexpected berries reminded me of \u003ca title=\"Project BudBurst website\" href=\"http://neoninc.org/budburst/aboutus.php\" target=\"_blank\">Project BudBurst\u003c/a> which enlists anyone and everyone to report on what’s happening in the plant world. Volunteers help scientists to track the \u003ca title=\"National Phenology Network website\" href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/about/phenology\" target=\"_blank\">phenology\u003c/a> of plants -- posting what’s blooming, fruiting, dropping leaves and when and where on their website. This will be important data to track as climate change progresses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48401\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/04/hiking-in-the-new-year-at-sibley-volcanic-preserve/photo7/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48401\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48401\" title=\"Blackberries in Winter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/photo7-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blackberries were still on the vine this late into winter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the bottom of the old rock quarry in Sibley lays a labyrinth and pond. In drier times of year, the labyrinth offers opportunities for a meditative walk. The pond, after all the rain we’ve had, has engulfed part of the labyrinth. This is good news for the newts and garter snakes that will come to the water to participate in mating rituals (the newts) and food chain (the snakes). I’ll be back in the spring -- or sooner -- to see what developments and changes have happened with the seasons. Here’s wishing you a happy and healthy New Year! Share in the comments your favorite outdoor places to watch the seasonal changes around the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED QUEST exploration for Sibley\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Our Newest National Park: Pinnacles National Monument",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48411\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/pinnaclesnp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48411\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesNP-300x169.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-48411\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View from the Pinnacles, on the Pacific plate, to the North America plate across the San Andreas fault. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/33671002@N00/\"}Mike Prasad{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the last things the 112th Congress did in 2012 was to enact legislation that turns Pinnacles National Monument into the nation's 59th national park. It will replace Yosemite as the nearest national park to the Bay Area, so we should familiarize ourselves with its wealth of natural attractions -- including the geological.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinnacles has a lot to offer besides rocks and tectonics. It's a crucial \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/condors.htm\">northern outpost of the California condor\u003c/a> and a stronghold of good habitat for all kinds of animals and plants. The park is reported, among other things, to be the most species-rich area in the world for wild bees. The park's plant checklist is 20 pages long, covering five major habitats. The views from its namesake peaks are phenomenal, and its night skies are dark as can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pinnacles of Pinnacles are spires of volcanic rocks: rhyolite, dacite, andesite. These are remnants of a small volcanic complex that dates from early Miocene time, about 23 million years ago. That is quite a bit older than the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">volcanic centers of the Bay Area proper\u003c/a>, which date from the late Miocene, but its tectonic origin is the same: the rearrangement of the Pacific and North America plates that created the San Andreas fault system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original volcano was probably not right on the new fault but east of it, and it was located near Lancaster in Southern California. We know this because soon after the volcano finished its business, the fault system took hold of it and wrenched it apart. Pinnacles is the western portion. The eastern portion is still down there, where geologists know it as the Neenach Volcanics. That's where I picked up this specimen of rhyolite, just like what you'll see at Pinnacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/neenachlava/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"neenachlava\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhyolite from 3 Points Road. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Pinnacles/Neenach connection, or piercing point, documents about 315 kilometers of movement across the San Andreas fault. It's one of the fault's best-known piercing points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some point during its northward journey, the Pinnacles volcanics sank into a basin created by a spur fault. Otherwise it might have been entirely eroded away by now. Instead it's an island of high lava, sitting between Salinian granite on the west and unrelated sedimentary rocks across the fault on the east. This is very similar to the geologic setting of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/\">Fremont Peak\u003c/a>, up the fault a little ways. Here's the park boundary superimposed on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48413\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/pinnaclesgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48413\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinnaclesgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48413\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap-400x300.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocks in the park: pink, Mesozoic granite; Ti/Tv/Tv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup>, Pinnacles volcanics; Mc, Miocene conglomerate.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The erosion of the Pinnacles has created some unusual features, most notably a number of deep crevices that have become covered by large fallen boulders (talus). The cover of boulders, in fact, has rendered the crevices into caves. If you've visited limestone caves and lava tubes, you'll want to add these rare \u003ca href=\"http://geotripper.blogspot.com/2012/11/inside-pinnacles-volcano-talus-caves-of.html\">talus caves\u003c/a> to your collection. I know I will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about Pinnacles geology at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/naturalfeaturesandecosystems.htm\">Pinnacles National Monument site\u003c/a>. Rock climbers will want to bookmark the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinnacles.org/\">Friends of Pinnacles\u003c/a>, who work to keep the park at its best.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48411\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/pinnaclesnp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48411\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesNP-300x169.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-48411\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View from the Pinnacles, on the Pacific plate, to the North America plate across the San Andreas fault. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/33671002@N00/\"}Mike Prasad{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the last things the 112th Congress did in 2012 was to enact legislation that turns Pinnacles National Monument into the nation's 59th national park. It will replace Yosemite as the nearest national park to the Bay Area, so we should familiarize ourselves with its wealth of natural attractions -- including the geological.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinnacles has a lot to offer besides rocks and tectonics. It's a crucial \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/condors.htm\">northern outpost of the California condor\u003c/a> and a stronghold of good habitat for all kinds of animals and plants. The park is reported, among other things, to be the most species-rich area in the world for wild bees. The park's plant checklist is 20 pages long, covering five major habitats. The views from its namesake peaks are phenomenal, and its night skies are dark as can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pinnacles of Pinnacles are spires of volcanic rocks: rhyolite, dacite, andesite. These are remnants of a small volcanic complex that dates from early Miocene time, about 23 million years ago. That is quite a bit older than the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">volcanic centers of the Bay Area proper\u003c/a>, which date from the late Miocene, but its tectonic origin is the same: the rearrangement of the Pacific and North America plates that created the San Andreas fault system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original volcano was probably not right on the new fault but east of it, and it was located near Lancaster in Southern California. We know this because soon after the volcano finished its business, the fault system took hold of it and wrenched it apart. Pinnacles is the western portion. The eastern portion is still down there, where geologists know it as the Neenach Volcanics. That's where I picked up this specimen of rhyolite, just like what you'll see at Pinnacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/neenachlava/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"neenachlava\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhyolite from 3 Points Road. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Pinnacles/Neenach connection, or piercing point, documents about 315 kilometers of movement across the San Andreas fault. It's one of the fault's best-known piercing points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some point during its northward journey, the Pinnacles volcanics sank into a basin created by a spur fault. Otherwise it might have been entirely eroded away by now. Instead it's an island of high lava, sitting between Salinian granite on the west and unrelated sedimentary rocks across the fault on the east. This is very similar to the geologic setting of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/\">Fremont Peak\u003c/a>, up the fault a little ways. Here's the park boundary superimposed on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48413\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/pinnaclesgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48413\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinnaclesgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48413\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap-400x300.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocks in the park: pink, Mesozoic granite; Ti/Tv/Tv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup>, Pinnacles volcanics; Mc, Miocene conglomerate.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The erosion of the Pinnacles has created some unusual features, most notably a number of deep crevices that have become covered by large fallen boulders (talus). The cover of boulders, in fact, has rendered the crevices into caves. If you've visited limestone caves and lava tubes, you'll want to add these rare \u003ca href=\"http://geotripper.blogspot.com/2012/11/inside-pinnacles-volcano-talus-caves-of.html\">talus caves\u003c/a> to your collection. I know I will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about Pinnacles geology at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/naturalfeaturesandecosystems.htm\">Pinnacles National Monument site\u003c/a>. Rock climbers will want to bookmark the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinnacles.org/\">Friends of Pinnacles\u003c/a>, who work to keep the park at its best.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Should I or Shouldn't I? Wrestling with Giving Genetic Tests as Gifts",
"title": "Should I or Shouldn't I? Wrestling with Giving Genetic Tests as Gifts",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/gift/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Gift\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giving the gift of a genetic test can be a tricky business.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a> offered their DNA test for just $99, I started to think about giving it for Christmas presents. It was an easy decision to send one to my dad (although I’ll be curious to see if he’ll do it). What was much trickier was deciding whether to give one to my 15 year old son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of reasons I wanted to give away this test to my relatives. The first is that I want to see how the DNA got passed down from my dad to me. And how it got passed from me to my son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might recall that we all have 23 pairs of chromosomes. We get one of each pair from our moms and one from our dads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we pass this DNA down to our kids, the DNA in each pair goes through a process called \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask435\">recombination\u003c/a>. This is where DNA is swapped between the two chromosomes in a pair. The end result is that the chromosome 1 that I got from my dad is a mix of his two chromosome 1’s. The same is true for the chromosome 2 that I got all the way through chromosome 22. (The Y I got \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask450\">passed pretty much unchanged\u003c/a>.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be so cool to see this in action with my own DNA. Seeing a concrete example of something that has largely been theoretical up to this point somehow makes it more real. Especially with my own DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48110\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/africandna2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/AfricanDNA2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"AfricanDNA2\" width=\"250\" height=\"313\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48110\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Look ma, I'm a little bit African! The pink at the end of one of my chromosome 11's indicates an African ancestry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At least this was the case when I got the whole family tested for the gene responsible for most cases of red hair, MC1R. It was so satisfying to see that my wife and I were \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask44\">carriers for red hair\u003c/a>, that we each passed a red version of MC1R to our red haired son, that our older son got one copy and so was a carrier like us and that our daughter didn’t get a red MC1R gene. Even though I knew my wife and I were carriers and out red haired son had two red copies, it seemed more real once I saw the genetic results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test can also tell us something about our ancestry. For example, it was cool to see that the tip of one of my chromosome 11’s actually comes from an African ancestor. I am 0.1% African. How cool is that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting my dad tested would tell me if I got that from him. Undoubtedly I did as his family is from Arkansas and my mother’s is from Berlin, Germany but still it would be nice to confirm. My dad’s DNA could also tell us whether an old family legend about us being related to the outlaw Sam Starr is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See Sam Starr was half Native American which would mean we would have some Native American DNA too. As I talked about in a couple of previous blogs \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/14/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-1/\">here \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/28/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-2/\">here\u003c/a>, I couldn’t see Native American in my own DNA. One reason for this might be that I am one generation too far for the test to be able to see that DNA in mine. Maybe since my dad is one generation closer, we could see the Native American DNA in his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, that was the fun stuff. Now on to why I might be hesitant to get my son tested. It has to do with what our DNA can and can’t tell us about our future health risks. And how these findings are packaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things you can quickly learn is whether you are a carrier for some deadly genetic disease like cystic fibrosis. They don’t test for every possible variant so a negative result may give a false sense of security. Still, it would be good to know about the common ones, right? I guess maybe…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of knowledge is important for my son to know once he’s married but does he need to know about his genetic burden now? Is he ready for it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48121\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 182px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/alzrisk/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48121\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/AlzRisk.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"AlzRisk\" width=\"182\" height=\"312\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48121\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Good news for me and my kids. I am at a lower risk for Alzheimer's and I will for sure pass at least some of that lowered risk to my kids. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And what about straight up genetic diseases? I found out I am a carrier for something called hemochromatosis. If my wife is one too then my son has a chance of getting the disease although even if he got the \"bad\" versions from my wife and me he still only has a chance at the disease. (Hemochromatosis is incompletely penetrant.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least with this one there is an easy remedy if you end up with it. You just have to give blood often and you are OK. But what about diseases you can’t do anything about?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine he finds he has two copies of the APOE4 version of the APOE gene. These people are much more likely to end up with Alzheimer’s later in life. Should a 15 year old be subjected to that worry for the rest of his life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that one is only theoretical. Because \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/25/better-left-unknown/\">I have two copies of the “good” version\u003c/a> of APOE, APOE2, I know at worst he’d have a good and a bad version (APOE3 is the neutral version). Of course then my wife would know she probably carries at least one APOE4 and now she can start to worry. And maybe feel bad that she passed it on to her son…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list of issues like this goes on and on. I haven’t even dealt with things like DNA differences that led to a 1.5 fold increase in prostate cancer or macular degeneration or who knows what else. Is he ready to get that kind of information and, more importantly, to understand the limitations of the information? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, just because he has a marker that more people who ended up with prostate cancer had, that doesn’t mean that the marker means the same thing in him. His genetics are his own and everyone will have a different risk for these sorts of multi-gene traits. And even if he is twice as likely to get brain cancer, does he know what those numbers mean? Or will his lack of understanding make him depressed because he thinks he will most likely end up with brain cancer? Yikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test out how ready he was, I decided to share some of my results with him while my eleven year old daughter listened in. First I showed them the ancestry and traits like lactose intolerance. They thought these were very cool (and they were right). I also showed them how my DNA showed that my blood type probably was A+ and that I was a carrier for O and Rh negative blood type. We got into a nice discussion about what that means for them. Neat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I moved onto the disease section. This is where things started to get ugly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48126\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/decriskconf/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48126\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/DecRiskConf.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DecRiskConf\" width=\"200\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48126\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">What does it all mean?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I learned pretty quickly that my daughter did not have the right personality for these sorts of tests (at least not yet). She focused in on the various diseases, learning all the ways I could one day die and started to get very worried. I tried to use my understanding of genetics to tell her that these are just risks, they aren’t a for sure thing but I was getting nowhere. She tends to worry a lot and this simply gave her more to worry about. Hopefully she will forget about this and move on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My son was a different matter. He was very interested in things without worrying too much but he was taking some of the health things too literally. For example, my results showed a significantly increased risk for late age macular degeneration (a nasty eye problem). Scary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except that again, this is the average risk of lots of people with varying genes who share this marker. My own risk is my own and is dependent on lots of other genes (and the environment!) besides this one. So basically I take these results with a grain of salt, waiting for more data to see if it is meaningful or not. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he homed in on these results and decided they were set in stone. He saw a bunch of yellow stars that indicated that 23andMe was very confident in this result and so assumed that that meant they were very confident that I had the chance for this disease they quoted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I explained that this is not the case. 23andMe has a great deal of confidence in the study itself but not necessarily in its predictions as they related specifically to me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end I didn’t get my son the 23andMe test. I wish they offered some way to just look at some of the data and not all of it at once. Then I might have given this as a gift to my son and maybe even my daughter.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/gift/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Gift\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giving the gift of a genetic test can be a tricky business.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a> offered their DNA test for just $99, I started to think about giving it for Christmas presents. It was an easy decision to send one to my dad (although I’ll be curious to see if he’ll do it). What was much trickier was deciding whether to give one to my 15 year old son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of reasons I wanted to give away this test to my relatives. The first is that I want to see how the DNA got passed down from my dad to me. And how it got passed from me to my son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might recall that we all have 23 pairs of chromosomes. We get one of each pair from our moms and one from our dads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we pass this DNA down to our kids, the DNA in each pair goes through a process called \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask435\">recombination\u003c/a>. This is where DNA is swapped between the two chromosomes in a pair. The end result is that the chromosome 1 that I got from my dad is a mix of his two chromosome 1’s. The same is true for the chromosome 2 that I got all the way through chromosome 22. (The Y I got \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask450\">passed pretty much unchanged\u003c/a>.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be so cool to see this in action with my own DNA. Seeing a concrete example of something that has largely been theoretical up to this point somehow makes it more real. Especially with my own DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48110\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/africandna2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/AfricanDNA2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"AfricanDNA2\" width=\"250\" height=\"313\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48110\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Look ma, I'm a little bit African! The pink at the end of one of my chromosome 11's indicates an African ancestry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At least this was the case when I got the whole family tested for the gene responsible for most cases of red hair, MC1R. It was so satisfying to see that my wife and I were \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask44\">carriers for red hair\u003c/a>, that we each passed a red version of MC1R to our red haired son, that our older son got one copy and so was a carrier like us and that our daughter didn’t get a red MC1R gene. Even though I knew my wife and I were carriers and out red haired son had two red copies, it seemed more real once I saw the genetic results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test can also tell us something about our ancestry. For example, it was cool to see that the tip of one of my chromosome 11’s actually comes from an African ancestor. I am 0.1% African. How cool is that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting my dad tested would tell me if I got that from him. Undoubtedly I did as his family is from Arkansas and my mother’s is from Berlin, Germany but still it would be nice to confirm. My dad’s DNA could also tell us whether an old family legend about us being related to the outlaw Sam Starr is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See Sam Starr was half Native American which would mean we would have some Native American DNA too. As I talked about in a couple of previous blogs \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/14/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-1/\">here \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/28/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-2/\">here\u003c/a>, I couldn’t see Native American in my own DNA. One reason for this might be that I am one generation too far for the test to be able to see that DNA in mine. Maybe since my dad is one generation closer, we could see the Native American DNA in his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, that was the fun stuff. Now on to why I might be hesitant to get my son tested. It has to do with what our DNA can and can’t tell us about our future health risks. And how these findings are packaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things you can quickly learn is whether you are a carrier for some deadly genetic disease like cystic fibrosis. They don’t test for every possible variant so a negative result may give a false sense of security. Still, it would be good to know about the common ones, right? I guess maybe…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of knowledge is important for my son to know once he’s married but does he need to know about his genetic burden now? Is he ready for it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48121\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 182px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/alzrisk/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48121\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/AlzRisk.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"AlzRisk\" width=\"182\" height=\"312\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48121\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Good news for me and my kids. I am at a lower risk for Alzheimer's and I will for sure pass at least some of that lowered risk to my kids. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And what about straight up genetic diseases? I found out I am a carrier for something called hemochromatosis. If my wife is one too then my son has a chance of getting the disease although even if he got the \"bad\" versions from my wife and me he still only has a chance at the disease. (Hemochromatosis is incompletely penetrant.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least with this one there is an easy remedy if you end up with it. You just have to give blood often and you are OK. But what about diseases you can’t do anything about?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine he finds he has two copies of the APOE4 version of the APOE gene. These people are much more likely to end up with Alzheimer’s later in life. Should a 15 year old be subjected to that worry for the rest of his life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that one is only theoretical. Because \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/25/better-left-unknown/\">I have two copies of the “good” version\u003c/a> of APOE, APOE2, I know at worst he’d have a good and a bad version (APOE3 is the neutral version). Of course then my wife would know she probably carries at least one APOE4 and now she can start to worry. And maybe feel bad that she passed it on to her son…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list of issues like this goes on and on. I haven’t even dealt with things like DNA differences that led to a 1.5 fold increase in prostate cancer or macular degeneration or who knows what else. Is he ready to get that kind of information and, more importantly, to understand the limitations of the information? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, just because he has a marker that more people who ended up with prostate cancer had, that doesn’t mean that the marker means the same thing in him. His genetics are his own and everyone will have a different risk for these sorts of multi-gene traits. And even if he is twice as likely to get brain cancer, does he know what those numbers mean? Or will his lack of understanding make him depressed because he thinks he will most likely end up with brain cancer? Yikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test out how ready he was, I decided to share some of my results with him while my eleven year old daughter listened in. First I showed them the ancestry and traits like lactose intolerance. They thought these were very cool (and they were right). I also showed them how my DNA showed that my blood type probably was A+ and that I was a carrier for O and Rh negative blood type. We got into a nice discussion about what that means for them. Neat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I moved onto the disease section. This is where things started to get ugly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48126\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/decriskconf/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48126\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/DecRiskConf.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DecRiskConf\" width=\"200\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48126\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">What does it all mean?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I learned pretty quickly that my daughter did not have the right personality for these sorts of tests (at least not yet). She focused in on the various diseases, learning all the ways I could one day die and started to get very worried. I tried to use my understanding of genetics to tell her that these are just risks, they aren’t a for sure thing but I was getting nowhere. She tends to worry a lot and this simply gave her more to worry about. Hopefully she will forget about this and move on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My son was a different matter. He was very interested in things without worrying too much but he was taking some of the health things too literally. For example, my results showed a significantly increased risk for late age macular degeneration (a nasty eye problem). Scary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except that again, this is the average risk of lots of people with varying genes who share this marker. My own risk is my own and is dependent on lots of other genes (and the environment!) besides this one. So basically I take these results with a grain of salt, waiting for more data to see if it is meaningful or not. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he homed in on these results and decided they were set in stone. He saw a bunch of yellow stars that indicated that 23andMe was very confident in this result and so assumed that that meant they were very confident that I had the chance for this disease they quoted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I explained that this is not the case. 23andMe has a great deal of confidence in the study itself but not necessarily in its predictions as they related specifically to me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end I didn’t get my son the 23andMe test. I wish they offered some way to just look at some of the data and not all of it at once. Then I might have given this as a gift to my son and maybe even my daughter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story originally aired on January 6, 2012.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's that time of year when we let go of the old and bring in the new. And that often means setting New Year's resolutions. Some are able to keep to their new goals but most of us eventually just give up. Changing behavior is no easy task, but one Stanford professor has developed a new technique. He says not to worry about New Year’s goals. Instead, we should focus on “\u003ca href=\"http://www.tinyhabits.com/\">tiny habits\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s a tiny habit? Fogg demonstrates by picking up his ukulele and playing for 30 seconds. \"I used to play ukulele a lot. But I stopped practicing for a while so to get back into it I thought I’m going to create a tiny habit of just practicing this cord sequence,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “I set it right by the piano so right after I finish breakfast I go pick the ukulele up. That’s what a tiny habit is. It’s a very little thing that you sequence into your life in a place that makes sense and you work to make it automatic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirty seconds doesn’t seem like much when you compare it to goals like getting in shape or eating better. But these broad ideas are where Fogg says most people get into trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resolutions vs. Habits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What a mistake – the whole idea around New Year’s resolutions. People aren’t picking specific behaviors, they’re picking abstractions,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abstract goals don’t work, says Fogg, when they aren’t tied to specific behaviors. And to retain new behavior, he says it needs to be instinctual. The more you have to remember to do something, the better the chances are that you’ll talk yourself out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strength of a habit is defined, at least the way I see it, is how much of a decision was that behavior. So if you’re deciding ‘yeah, I’m going to go to the gym today’ it’s a pretty good indication it’s not a habit. Habits are things you do without deciding,” says Fogg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtheoretical_model\">Classic behavior models\u003c/a> focus on decision-making as a key component of behavior. Fogg is trying to get away from that by working on a new model of habit formation that’s built on baby steps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forming a Habit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take something like flossing your teeth. Instead of trying to floss all your teeth every day, Fogg says start with flossing just one tooth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, find a habit you already have and do your new habit immediately after. “For me and for most people, brushing your teeth is a solid habit. So that can serve as a trigger for the new behavior you want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, reward yourself. “You declare victory. Like I am so awesome, I just flossed one tooth. And I know it sounds ridiculous. But I believe that when you reinforce yourself like that, your brain will say yeah, awesome, let’s do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once the habit is formed, Fogg says you’ll find yourself flossing all your teeth. That’s a theory he’s testing out, at least, with several hundred volunteers. Fogg put out a call on twitter, asking participants to do \u003ca href=\"http://www.tinyhabits.com/\">three tiny habits for a week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Testing the Model\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those people is Charles Wang, a psychiatrist in Palo Alto, who picked flossing as one of his habits. “So right now I’m probably doing on average six or seven teeth, I think,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s also trying to do ten pushups as soon as he wakes up and to answer emails as soon as he opens them. “When I look at the email, then I just say, you know, I’m going to immediately hit reply and then send a response. There are still times where it’s just challenging to do that one so I don’t always do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the ideas of behavioral triggers and rewards sound familiar to pet owners, Fogg says there’s a reason. “If you really took the techniques for training dogs and applied it to yourself, you would have much better success. Now, I’m sure people are upset with me for saying that because people want to think we’re different from other animals. When it comes to behavior, we’re a lot more alike than people want to believe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fogg is eager to see if a person’s habit-making ability improves with every new one they make. And he believes understanding habit formation better is vital to industries like medicine and healthcare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mistakes that are being made are pretty predictable. Don’t create a system that assumes that people are going to make these big huge changes in their lives. The good news is there are a lot of things in the works to help people stay healthy.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story originally aired on January 6, 2012.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's that time of year when we let go of the old and bring in the new. And that often means setting New Year's resolutions. Some are able to keep to their new goals but most of us eventually just give up. Changing behavior is no easy task, but one Stanford professor has developed a new technique. He says not to worry about New Year’s goals. Instead, we should focus on “\u003ca href=\"http://www.tinyhabits.com/\">tiny habits\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s a tiny habit? Fogg demonstrates by picking up his ukulele and playing for 30 seconds. \"I used to play ukulele a lot. But I stopped practicing for a while so to get back into it I thought I’m going to create a tiny habit of just practicing this cord sequence,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “I set it right by the piano so right after I finish breakfast I go pick the ukulele up. That’s what a tiny habit is. It’s a very little thing that you sequence into your life in a place that makes sense and you work to make it automatic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirty seconds doesn’t seem like much when you compare it to goals like getting in shape or eating better. But these broad ideas are where Fogg says most people get into trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resolutions vs. Habits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What a mistake – the whole idea around New Year’s resolutions. People aren’t picking specific behaviors, they’re picking abstractions,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abstract goals don’t work, says Fogg, when they aren’t tied to specific behaviors. And to retain new behavior, he says it needs to be instinctual. The more you have to remember to do something, the better the chances are that you’ll talk yourself out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strength of a habit is defined, at least the way I see it, is how much of a decision was that behavior. So if you’re deciding ‘yeah, I’m going to go to the gym today’ it’s a pretty good indication it’s not a habit. Habits are things you do without deciding,” says Fogg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtheoretical_model\">Classic behavior models\u003c/a> focus on decision-making as a key component of behavior. Fogg is trying to get away from that by working on a new model of habit formation that’s built on baby steps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forming a Habit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take something like flossing your teeth. Instead of trying to floss all your teeth every day, Fogg says start with flossing just one tooth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, find a habit you already have and do your new habit immediately after. “For me and for most people, brushing your teeth is a solid habit. So that can serve as a trigger for the new behavior you want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, reward yourself. “You declare victory. Like I am so awesome, I just flossed one tooth. And I know it sounds ridiculous. But I believe that when you reinforce yourself like that, your brain will say yeah, awesome, let’s do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once the habit is formed, Fogg says you’ll find yourself flossing all your teeth. That’s a theory he’s testing out, at least, with several hundred volunteers. Fogg put out a call on twitter, asking participants to do \u003ca href=\"http://www.tinyhabits.com/\">three tiny habits for a week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Testing the Model\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those people is Charles Wang, a psychiatrist in Palo Alto, who picked flossing as one of his habits. “So right now I’m probably doing on average six or seven teeth, I think,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s also trying to do ten pushups as soon as he wakes up and to answer emails as soon as he opens them. “When I look at the email, then I just say, you know, I’m going to immediately hit reply and then send a response. There are still times where it’s just challenging to do that one so I don’t always do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the ideas of behavioral triggers and rewards sound familiar to pet owners, Fogg says there’s a reason. “If you really took the techniques for training dogs and applied it to yourself, you would have much better success. Now, I’m sure people are upset with me for saying that because people want to think we’re different from other animals. When it comes to behavior, we’re a lot more alike than people want to believe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fogg is eager to see if a person’s habit-making ability improves with every new one they make. And he believes understanding habit formation better is vital to industries like medicine and healthcare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mistakes that are being made are pretty predictable. Don’t create a system that assumes that people are going to make these big huge changes in their lives. The good news is there are a lot of things in the works to help people stay healthy.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48216\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/28/weighing-in-with-gravity/veitimilla-summit-chimborazo2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48216\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/veitimilla-summit-chimborazo2.jpg\" alt=\"Veitimilla Summit, Ecuador\" title=\"Veitimilla Summit, Ecuador\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48216\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/veitimilla-summit-chimborazo2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/veitimilla-summit-chimborazo2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veitimilla Summit, Ecuador\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How do you feel today? Heavy as a ton of lead, or a ton of feathers? Light on your feet, or dragging on the ground? It probably depends on a lot of things, most particularly your present physical state, and possibly on a pound or two that you're up, or down, because of holiday eating, or fasting, or a long list of other factors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your weight, however, is not just dependent on your diet or your state of mind, but in some measure to physical factors beyond your control, like gravity itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://easycalculation.com/physics/classical-physics/newtons-law.php\" title=\"Gravitational force calculator\" target=\"_blank\">Your weight\u003c/a> is the product of your actual mass (how much matter is in your body) and the acceleration you experience mostly due to the force of gravity pulling you toward the Earth's center. At the Earth's surface the force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of your distance to Earth's center of mass. So, if you were twice as far from the Earth's center as you are now, you'd weight one divided by two squared, or one quarter, as much. Of course that would put you almost 4000 miles into space! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only thing we ordinary (non-astronaut) humans can do to affect our weight in this way is to climb a mountain, or fly in an airplane, to get farther from the Earth's center. How much lighter would you be, say by climbing a three mile high mountain, compared to sea level? As it turns out, about 0.2%--so a 150 pound person would weigh about a third of a pound less at the top of Mount Shasta than on Ocean Beach. You'd lose much more weight from the exercise alone….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Places to avoid if you want to lose weight under the gravitational plan would be Earth's poles, for a couple of reasons. One is that at the poles, even at sea level, you're about 13 miles closer to the Earth's center than you are at the Equator. The reason for this is that Earth isn't a perfect sphere, but an \"oblate sphereoid\"…in other words, a shape like a ball of playdough that you made into a nice sphere, but then squashed slightly between your palms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, at Earth's poles you don't experience centripetal acceleration (the tendency to fly off of a spinning object, be it the rotating Earth or a whirling merry-go-round). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's the net weight gain by standing at a pole? About 0.5% heavier, or three quarters of a pound for that 150 pound person. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, there are local variations in the gravity at Earth's surface caused by differences in the density of the materials in Earth's crust that account for weight differences of about 0.01%. You probably sweat off more weight than that reading this blog….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now if you really want to affect a change in weight, go to another planet. Due to differences in the size and mass of other worlds your weight can vary drastically depending on which celestial body you choose to plant your flag on. On Mars you'd weigh 38% of your Earth weight, and on the Moon only about 17%. If you could stand on the surface of a gas giant like Jupiter (say, on the deck of a floating gas mining rig), you'd weight over twice your Earth weight! And on Pluto, you'd weigh less than 7% what you're feeling right now—maybe as much as your cat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back on Earth, the sweet spot for weight loss would appear to be a high mountaintop near the Equator. That would be northern Ecuador; book your flight now! Oh, and if you plan your trip there when the Moon is passing directly overhead, pulling you upward with its own gravity, bonus! \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48216\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/28/weighing-in-with-gravity/veitimilla-summit-chimborazo2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48216\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/veitimilla-summit-chimborazo2.jpg\" alt=\"Veitimilla Summit, Ecuador\" title=\"Veitimilla Summit, Ecuador\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48216\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/veitimilla-summit-chimborazo2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/veitimilla-summit-chimborazo2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veitimilla Summit, Ecuador\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How do you feel today? Heavy as a ton of lead, or a ton of feathers? Light on your feet, or dragging on the ground? It probably depends on a lot of things, most particularly your present physical state, and possibly on a pound or two that you're up, or down, because of holiday eating, or fasting, or a long list of other factors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your weight, however, is not just dependent on your diet or your state of mind, but in some measure to physical factors beyond your control, like gravity itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://easycalculation.com/physics/classical-physics/newtons-law.php\" title=\"Gravitational force calculator\" target=\"_blank\">Your weight\u003c/a> is the product of your actual mass (how much matter is in your body) and the acceleration you experience mostly due to the force of gravity pulling you toward the Earth's center. At the Earth's surface the force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of your distance to Earth's center of mass. So, if you were twice as far from the Earth's center as you are now, you'd weight one divided by two squared, or one quarter, as much. Of course that would put you almost 4000 miles into space! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only thing we ordinary (non-astronaut) humans can do to affect our weight in this way is to climb a mountain, or fly in an airplane, to get farther from the Earth's center. How much lighter would you be, say by climbing a three mile high mountain, compared to sea level? As it turns out, about 0.2%--so a 150 pound person would weigh about a third of a pound less at the top of Mount Shasta than on Ocean Beach. You'd lose much more weight from the exercise alone….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Places to avoid if you want to lose weight under the gravitational plan would be Earth's poles, for a couple of reasons. One is that at the poles, even at sea level, you're about 13 miles closer to the Earth's center than you are at the Equator. The reason for this is that Earth isn't a perfect sphere, but an \"oblate sphereoid\"…in other words, a shape like a ball of playdough that you made into a nice sphere, but then squashed slightly between your palms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, at Earth's poles you don't experience centripetal acceleration (the tendency to fly off of a spinning object, be it the rotating Earth or a whirling merry-go-round). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's the net weight gain by standing at a pole? About 0.5% heavier, or three quarters of a pound for that 150 pound person. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, there are local variations in the gravity at Earth's surface caused by differences in the density of the materials in Earth's crust that account for weight differences of about 0.01%. You probably sweat off more weight than that reading this blog….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now if you really want to affect a change in weight, go to another planet. Due to differences in the size and mass of other worlds your weight can vary drastically depending on which celestial body you choose to plant your flag on. On Mars you'd weigh 38% of your Earth weight, and on the Moon only about 17%. If you could stand on the surface of a gas giant like Jupiter (say, on the deck of a floating gas mining rig), you'd weight over twice your Earth weight! And on Pluto, you'd weigh less than 7% what you're feeling right now—maybe as much as your cat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back on Earth, the sweet spot for weight loss would appear to be a high mountaintop near the Equator. That would be northern Ecuador; book your flight now! Oh, and if you plan your trip there when the Moon is passing directly overhead, pulling you upward with its own gravity, bonus! \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The 2012 Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz - Answers Posted",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48292\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/27/the-2012-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz/xmasquiz/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48292\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/xmasquiz-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"xmasquiz\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-48292\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">I used this picture in last year's quiz and have not been able to top it, so this will be the permanent Holiday Quiz photo.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the second annual KQED QUEST Science Blogs Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz, or KQSBBAGHQ II. As always (he said), this quiz consists of 20 questions centered on the Bay Area's geology. Each has one correct answer, and some of them are based on posts in the Geology category during the last year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the fine print: No prizes are awarded; answers will be added to this post on New Year's Eve; until then please use the comments for questions, not answers. Are we agreed? Thanks, I thought so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. What fault continues south from where the Hayward fault ends: Calaveras, Morgan Hill, Rodgers Creek, San Andreas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. What do scientists now call \"Pineapple Express\" storms: airstreams, atmospheric rivers, haboobs, washaways?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Where is the golden sandstone of Stanford University from: Italy, Palo Alto, Rocklin, San Jose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. What rock underlies Point San Quentin: melange, rhyolite, sandstone, serpentinite?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. What gave its name to Black Diamond Mines: coal, metallurgical sand, shellmound lime, smoky quartz?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. What makes up the bubbles in our region's hot springs: carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, water vapor?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. What mineral was mined at New Almaden before the Gold Rush: alabaster, bitumen, cinnabar, orpiment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. What resource was used by the native tribes near St. Helena: coal, obsidian, potsherds, steam?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. What stones whose history involved outer space occur in Sonoma County soils?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. What rock class is the Great Valley Sequence: igneous, metamorphic, plutonic, sedimentary?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. What part of California releases the most seismic energy: Bay Area, Central, Northwest, Southern?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. Where is the Bay Area's most recent volcanism: Clear Lake, Loma Prieta, Mount Diablo, Sutter Buttes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. What gemstone is sometimes found at Rodeo Beach: aquamarine, carnelian, moonstone, peridot?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. What city straddles the Rodgers Creek fault: Colma, Morgan Hill, Santa Rosa, Vacaville?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. What is the Bluerock district of Antioch named for: blue clay, blue ground, blueschist, celestite?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. How much damage did the Japanese tsunami of March 2011 cause California: none, $15 million, $100 million, $1 billion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. What resource originates in the Monterey Shale: aggregate, ball clay, petroleum, shale?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Which South Bay mountain is higher: Fremont Peak, Loma Prieta, Mount Hamilton, Pinnacles?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Which North Bay mountain is higher: Geyser Peak, Mount Konocti, Mount St. Helena, Mount Vaca?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. What rock type underlies Twin Peaks: basalt, chert, granite, sandstone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Added on December 31:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All right, keyboards down! Following are the answers. Most of them are found in posts I made during the year, and I've linked the answers to those posts. Another helpful post for some of the questions is the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/04/access-to-geologic-maps-the-landscapes-hidden-rooms/\">list of geologic maps I posted last year\u003c/a>. And the US Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqscanv/FaultMaps/San_Francisco.html\">has an easy page\u003c/a> for learning about Bay Area earthquake faults and watching their current activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Calaveras fault\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/\">Atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/\">San Jose\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Melange\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/\">Coal\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/\">Carbon dioxide\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">Cinnabar\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Obsidian\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/13/help-find-the-healdsburg-tektites/\">Tektites\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/devilsgate-288x162.jpg\">Sedimentary\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/\">Northwest\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/\">Clear Lake\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-rodeo-beach/\">Carnelian\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Santa Rosa\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/07/the-blue-rock-of-antioch/\">Blue clay\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/27/things-you-may-not-know-about-california-tsunamis/\">$100 million\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/\">Petroleum\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount Hamilton\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Mount St. Helena\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. Chert\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hope you enjoyed the quiz. Same time next year!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48292\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/27/the-2012-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz/xmasquiz/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48292\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/xmasquiz-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"xmasquiz\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-48292\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">I used this picture in last year's quiz and have not been able to top it, so this will be the permanent Holiday Quiz photo.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the second annual KQED QUEST Science Blogs Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz, or KQSBBAGHQ II. As always (he said), this quiz consists of 20 questions centered on the Bay Area's geology. Each has one correct answer, and some of them are based on posts in the Geology category during the last year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the fine print: No prizes are awarded; answers will be added to this post on New Year's Eve; until then please use the comments for questions, not answers. Are we agreed? Thanks, I thought so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. What fault continues south from where the Hayward fault ends: Calaveras, Morgan Hill, Rodgers Creek, San Andreas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. What do scientists now call \"Pineapple Express\" storms: airstreams, atmospheric rivers, haboobs, washaways?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Where is the golden sandstone of Stanford University from: Italy, Palo Alto, Rocklin, San Jose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. What rock underlies Point San Quentin: melange, rhyolite, sandstone, serpentinite?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. What gave its name to Black Diamond Mines: coal, metallurgical sand, shellmound lime, smoky quartz?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. What makes up the bubbles in our region's hot springs: carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, water vapor?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. What mineral was mined at New Almaden before the Gold Rush: alabaster, bitumen, cinnabar, orpiment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. What resource was used by the native tribes near St. Helena: coal, obsidian, potsherds, steam?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. What stones whose history involved outer space occur in Sonoma County soils?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. What rock class is the Great Valley Sequence: igneous, metamorphic, plutonic, sedimentary?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. What part of California releases the most seismic energy: Bay Area, Central, Northwest, Southern?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. Where is the Bay Area's most recent volcanism: Clear Lake, Loma Prieta, Mount Diablo, Sutter Buttes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. What gemstone is sometimes found at Rodeo Beach: aquamarine, carnelian, moonstone, peridot?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. What city straddles the Rodgers Creek fault: Colma, Morgan Hill, Santa Rosa, Vacaville?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. What is the Bluerock district of Antioch named for: blue clay, blue ground, blueschist, celestite?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. How much damage did the Japanese tsunami of March 2011 cause California: none, $15 million, $100 million, $1 billion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. What resource originates in the Monterey Shale: aggregate, ball clay, petroleum, shale?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Which South Bay mountain is higher: Fremont Peak, Loma Prieta, Mount Hamilton, Pinnacles?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Which North Bay mountain is higher: Geyser Peak, Mount Konocti, Mount St. Helena, Mount Vaca?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. What rock type underlies Twin Peaks: basalt, chert, granite, sandstone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Added on December 31:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All right, keyboards down! Following are the answers. Most of them are found in posts I made during the year, and I've linked the answers to those posts. Another helpful post for some of the questions is the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/04/access-to-geologic-maps-the-landscapes-hidden-rooms/\">list of geologic maps I posted last year\u003c/a>. And the US Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqscanv/FaultMaps/San_Francisco.html\">has an easy page\u003c/a> for learning about Bay Area earthquake faults and watching their current activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Calaveras fault\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/\">Atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/\">San Jose\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Melange\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/\">Coal\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/\">Carbon dioxide\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">Cinnabar\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Obsidian\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/13/help-find-the-healdsburg-tektites/\">Tektites\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/devilsgate-288x162.jpg\">Sedimentary\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/\">Northwest\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/\">Clear Lake\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-rodeo-beach/\">Carnelian\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Santa Rosa\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/07/the-blue-rock-of-antioch/\">Blue clay\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/27/things-you-may-not-know-about-california-tsunamis/\">$100 million\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/\">Petroleum\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount Hamilton\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Mount St. Helena\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. Chert\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hope you enjoyed the quiz. Same time next year!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
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