QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
Conquering Fungophobia
Birdwatching for Science (and Fun!)
Stardust and Sunbreath in the Sutter's Mill Meteorite
Knowing Neanderthals
Touch the Sun at Chabot Space & Science Center
Help Find the Healdsburg Tektites
Can Earth Survive Without Scientist-Citizens?
Dynamic Duo: Antibiotics and Probiotics
Ladybugs, Ladybugs, Flying Away Home
Side Trips from Interstate 5: The Eastern Klamaths
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48231\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 637px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/russula/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48231\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/russula-637x360.jpg\" alt=\"Russula sanguinea \" title=\"Russula sanguinea\" width=\"637\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48231\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Russula sanguinea, found in Tilden Park, late November. Edibility, not recommended.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, after the first major storm of the season, I decided to risk the mud and go for a run on one of my favorite trails in Tilden Park. The trails, soft and spongy a week before, had turned into a gloppy, goopy mess, more suited to glissades than sprints. As I struggled to maintain momentum without falling, I couldn’t help but notice that the rains had brought more than mud. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All along the trail, mushrooms peeked out through the carpet of pine needles and sodden leaves. Before I knew it, Eric Burdon was singing in my head, “There was long ones, tall ones, short ones, brown ones, black ones, round ones, big ones….” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some stood alone, as big as portabellas, others barely the size of a dime, huddled together in little bunches, still more clung to tree trunks and rotting logs. Mushroom season had sprung. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I was singing along with Eric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone shares my fascination with mushrooms, as famed fungi fanatic David Arora makes clear in his classic field guide, \u003cem>Mushrooms Demystified\u003c/em>. Arora does his best to dispel what he sees as widespread “fungophobia” among Americans, a fear he calls irrational, given that only five or six of several thousand different wild North American mushroom species are deadly. Of course, the trick is knowing which ones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/destroying-angel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48236\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/destroying-angel-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Amanita ocreata \" title=\"destroying angel\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48236\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">I found this specimen on a trail in Tilden Park and identified it, with the help of David Arora's Mushrooms Demystified, as Amanita ocreata, also known as destroying angel. If I'm right, I found one of the most poisonous mushrooms known.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every year, hundreds of people get seriously ill from eating foraged wild mushrooms, prompting state Public Health Director Ron Chapman to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR12-063.aspx\">issue an annual warning \u003c/a>after winter’s first heavy rains to resist the urge to do so. Just last month, four people died at a home for the elderly in Placer County after their caregiver inadvertently served them what authorities believe were death caps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps not surprisingly, most reports to the California Poison Control System involve children who sampled mushrooms that popped up in their lawn or neighborhood park. Since last January, 903 kids under six have required treatment for ingesting mushrooms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even experienced mushroom hunters can mistake poisonous and edible varieties, especially if they learned to forage in another country. Kent Olson, medical director of the CPCS, warns on the agency’s web site that many poisonous mushrooms in Northern California bear a striking similarity to edibles that grow in Europe and Asia, confusing even the most experienced mushroom foragers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get the urge to test your mushroom hunting skills, do yourself a favor. Get a field guide like Arora’s and study it carefully to learn distinguishing characteristics of some of our resident species, both deadly and safe. And then sign up for a day hike or camping foray with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mssf.org/\">Mycological Society of San Francisco\u003c/a> so you can forage with the experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s far more to appreciate about mushrooms than their culinary appeal. Scientists are just beginning to get a handle on just how diverse the fungal kingdom really is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most of modern scientific history, fungi were misclassified as plants, based on their soil-bound, stationary existence. Had we just the naked eye to rely on, we might still restrict the world of fungi to the transient spore-filled fruiting bodies that burst through the soil long enough to reproduce. That would be like thinking the New York City subway system begins and ends with the above-ground stations scattered around the city streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But thanks to advances in microscopy and biochemical analysis techniques, scientists discovered that these “macrofungi” account for just a fraction of the diversity of species found in the fungal kingdom, which includes molds, yeast, lichens (a composite of fungi and algae) and parasitic rusts and smuts. (Corn smut, despite its unappetizing name, is in fact a tasty delicacy, better known by its Mexican name, huitlacoche.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the reproductive structures we call mushrooms represent just the tip of the fungal iceberg, which consists of an intricate network of filaments (called mycelium) and lives as part of a thriving community of microbial and fungal species at different depths in the soil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48253\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 479px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/fly-agaric/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48253\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/fly-agaric-479x360.jpg\" alt=\"Amanita muscaria\" title=\"fly agaric\" width=\"479\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amanita muscaria, commonly known as fly agaric. I found this specimen under a fir in my front yard two years ago. Fly agaric has psychoactive properties and is considered poisonous. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fungi play critical ecological roles as the primary decomposers in woodland and forest ecosystems and degrade everything from leaf litter to the notoriously indestructible lignin, which gives woody plants and trees strength and durability. Earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/news/2012-02-amazon-fungi-polyurethane-oxygen.html\">researchers discovered fungal species\u003c/a> that can even break down polyurethane plastic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another type of fungus lives among the roots of plants and trees in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship. California’s iconic oaks depend on these mycorrhizal fungi to extend the reach of their roots to scavenge water and nutrients and to recycle nutrients from their own shed leaves. In exchange, fungi get carbohydrates from the trees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2001 paper describing the diverse functions of these symbiotic “ectomycorrhizal” partnerships, mycologist \u003ca href=\"http://data.iucn.org/Themes/ssc/sgs/chairprofiles/fungi.htm\">Anders Dalhberg\u003c/a> ventured that perhaps 6,000 fungal species form these alliances with plants, allowing that the estimate must be conservative since some known species don’t produce fruiting bodies and it’s not clear how many remain unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though there is no such thing as a definitive field guide to mushrooms—there are simply too many mushroom species and too few mycologists to classify and identify them—Arora’s Mushrooms Demystified comes darn close. I’ve used it time and again to identify specimens throughout California, including a beautiful fly agaric in my own front yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On my run, I found what I thought was a \u003cem>Russula sanguinea\u003c/em>, easy to recognize for its bright red cap and stem separated by white gills. I also saw what looked like a destroying angel, \u003cem>Amanita ocreata,\u003c/em> on the trail. I brought them home, pulled out Arora’s guide and confirmed the Russula without a doubt. And I’m pretty sure I was right about the destroying angel. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love exploring the woods to test my mushroom knowledge and look for new species I’ve yet to identify. But I’m still a dilettante. For now, I’m content to celebrate the ecological wonders and diversity of fungi with a long-haired leaping gnome in my head. And buy my wild mushrooms at the store. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Late fall rains signal the start of mushroom season, which can last until spring in the Bay Area. Though only experts should forage and eat wild mushrooms (following park rules about harvesting), anyone can appreciate the rich diversity of these ephemeral fruits of the forest.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps not surprisingly, most reports to the California Poison Control System involve children who sampled mushrooms that popped up in their lawn or neighborhood park. Since last January, 903 kids under six have required treatment for ingesting mushrooms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even experienced mushroom hunters can mistake poisonous and edible varieties, especially if they learned to forage in another country. Kent Olson, medical director of the CPCS, warns on the agency’s web site that many poisonous mushrooms in Northern California bear a striking similarity to edibles that grow in Europe and Asia, confusing even the most experienced mushroom foragers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get the urge to test your mushroom hunting skills, do yourself a favor. Get a field guide like Arora’s and study it carefully to learn distinguishing characteristics of some of our resident species, both deadly and safe. And then sign up for a day hike or camping foray with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mssf.org/\">Mycological Society of San Francisco\u003c/a> so you can forage with the experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s far more to appreciate about mushrooms than their culinary appeal. Scientists are just beginning to get a handle on just how diverse the fungal kingdom really is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most of modern scientific history, fungi were misclassified as plants, based on their soil-bound, stationary existence. Had we just the naked eye to rely on, we might still restrict the world of fungi to the transient spore-filled fruiting bodies that burst through the soil long enough to reproduce. 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I found this specimen under a fir in my front yard two years ago. Fly agaric has psychoactive properties and is considered poisonous. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fungi play critical ecological roles as the primary decomposers in woodland and forest ecosystems and degrade everything from leaf litter to the notoriously indestructible lignin, which gives woody plants and trees strength and durability. Earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/news/2012-02-amazon-fungi-polyurethane-oxygen.html\">researchers discovered fungal species\u003c/a> that can even break down polyurethane plastic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another type of fungus lives among the roots of plants and trees in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship. California’s iconic oaks depend on these mycorrhizal fungi to extend the reach of their roots to scavenge water and nutrients and to recycle nutrients from their own shed leaves. In exchange, fungi get carbohydrates from the trees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2001 paper describing the diverse functions of these symbiotic “ectomycorrhizal” partnerships, mycologist \u003ca href=\"http://data.iucn.org/Themes/ssc/sgs/chairprofiles/fungi.htm\">Anders Dalhberg\u003c/a> ventured that perhaps 6,000 fungal species form these alliances with plants, allowing that the estimate must be conservative since some known species don’t produce fruiting bodies and it’s not clear how many remain unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though there is no such thing as a definitive field guide to mushrooms—there are simply too many mushroom species and too few mycologists to classify and identify them—Arora’s Mushrooms Demystified comes darn close. 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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48080\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 481px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/21/birdwatching-for-science-and-fun/photo5-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48080\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48080 \" title=\"Christmas Bird Count volunteer bird watchers, Alameda\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/photo51-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteer bird watchers on alert to identify and count all bird species in our area. Photo by Robert Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While scientific research isn’t always fun it can be a \"walk in the park\" when it involves bird watching. When the alarm went off at “O’dark thirty” last Sunday, I had to dig deep to find the enthusiasm to get out of bed. It has been more than 20 years since I last participated in the annual \u003ca title=\"Christmas Bird Count, Golden Gate Audubon Society\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/birding-resources/christmas-bird-counts/\" target=\"_blank\">Audubon Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a> (CBC). Held every winter, the count is one of the largest and longest-running “Citizen Science” projects in the world. Last year, the 112\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> count, covered 2,248 count areas: 410 “count circles” in Canada, 1,739 in the USA, and 99 in Latin America, Caribbean, and Pacific Islands. A total of 63,227 volunteer observers were out for the day of the count last year in their respective areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our morning in Alameda started with a congenial, if sleepy gathering of about 30 volunteer bird watchers at our local CBC coordinator’s house. We were broken into 3 teams to cover different areas of Alameda. Two CBC veterans ably led my team. We had a mix of experienced and novice bird watchers and a very specific territory to cover. Our leaders, Marilyn and Inge, had scouted the area a few days prior and knew the best route and timing. We walked first through the cool, wooded park, listening for the quiet calling of birds in the trees. “\u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Downy_Woodpecker/id\">Downy woodpecker\u003c/a>! \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/ruby-crowned_kinglet/id\" target=\"_blank\">Ruby-crowned kinglet\u003c/a>! \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/bushtit/id\" target=\"_blank\">Bushtit\u003c/a> flock!” was called out for our recorder to note the species and number present, many without an actual bird in sight. Good birders can rely on the different bird vocalizations to identify the bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We worked our way to the pond, filled with 100 coots, then onto the beach. There the sheer numbers of overwintering shorebirds at first overwhelmed us. Trying to divide the shifting multitudes into species and get an accurate count tested our skills. “Who wants to count the \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Western_Sandpiper/id\" target=\"_blank\">Western Sandpipers\u003c/a>? Are there any \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Least_Sandpiper/id\" target=\"_blank\">Least Sandpipers\u003c/a> in the bunch?” our leaders asked. “How ‘bout the \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/dunlin/id\" target=\"_blank\">Dunlin\u003c/a>? Looks like thousands of them!” With the expert birders in our midst, we were able to see some very special birds from the beach: \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Mew_Gull/id\" target=\"_blank\">Mew Gulls\u003c/a> and a \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Bonapartes_Gull/id\" target=\"_blank\">Bonaparte’s Gull\u003c/a>. We even had a surprise appearance as a \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Peregrine_Falcon/id\" target=\"_blank\">Peregrine Falcon\u003c/a> swooped low over the shorebirds then flew on, empty-taloned, to perch on a sailboat mast for our viewing pleasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48073\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/21/birdwatching-for-science-and-fun/falco_peregrinus_-morro_rock_morro_bay_california_usa_-flying-8/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48073\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48073\" title=\"Falco_peregrinus_-Morro_Rock,_Morro_Bay,_California,_USA_-flying-8\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Falco_peregrinus_-Morro_Rock_Morro_Bay_California_USA_-flying-8-253x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Peregrine Falcon was sighted and added to our list. Photo by Mike Baird, Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four hours later, our three groups reconvened to review and compile our lists over some lunch. The “diehard” birders then went out after lunch to look for any expected birds that weren’t seen in the morning. Then groups from all over Oakland and Alameda converged for a celebratory dinner together. Another CBC done! You can find out more about how the data is useful to scientists at the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Audubon website\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/blog-posts/winnerslosers-in-oaklands-christmas-bird-count/\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Audubon\u003c/a> website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you missed the CBC this year, you still have a chance to contribute to the scientific knowledge of local birds. The annual \u003ca title=\"Great Backyard Bird Count, Audubon website\" href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/great-backyard-bird-count\" target=\"_blank\">“Great Backyard Bird Count”\u003c/a> project is February 15-18, 2013 and you don’t even have to leave home to participate! You’re welcome to join the East Bay Regional Parks naturalists to learn more about our local birds on one of their \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Parks website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\">free bird watching\u003c/a> programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "While scientific research isn’t always fun it can be a \"walk in the park\" when it involves bird watching. Get a first-hand account of one of the largest and longest-running “Citizen Science” projects in the world, Audubon's Christmas Bird Count.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48080\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 481px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/21/birdwatching-for-science-and-fun/photo5-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48080\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48080 \" title=\"Christmas Bird Count volunteer bird watchers, Alameda\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/photo51-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteer bird watchers on alert to identify and count all bird species in our area. Photo by Robert Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While scientific research isn’t always fun it can be a \"walk in the park\" when it involves bird watching. When the alarm went off at “O’dark thirty” last Sunday, I had to dig deep to find the enthusiasm to get out of bed. It has been more than 20 years since I last participated in the annual \u003ca title=\"Christmas Bird Count, Golden Gate Audubon Society\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/birding-resources/christmas-bird-counts/\" target=\"_blank\">Audubon Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a> (CBC). Held every winter, the count is one of the largest and longest-running “Citizen Science” projects in the world. Last year, the 112\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> count, covered 2,248 count areas: 410 “count circles” in Canada, 1,739 in the USA, and 99 in Latin America, Caribbean, and Pacific Islands. A total of 63,227 volunteer observers were out for the day of the count last year in their respective areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our morning in Alameda started with a congenial, if sleepy gathering of about 30 volunteer bird watchers at our local CBC coordinator’s house. We were broken into 3 teams to cover different areas of Alameda. Two CBC veterans ably led my team. We had a mix of experienced and novice bird watchers and a very specific territory to cover. Our leaders, Marilyn and Inge, had scouted the area a few days prior and knew the best route and timing. We walked first through the cool, wooded park, listening for the quiet calling of birds in the trees. “\u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Downy_Woodpecker/id\">Downy woodpecker\u003c/a>! \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/ruby-crowned_kinglet/id\" target=\"_blank\">Ruby-crowned kinglet\u003c/a>! \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/bushtit/id\" target=\"_blank\">Bushtit\u003c/a> flock!” was called out for our recorder to note the species and number present, many without an actual bird in sight. Good birders can rely on the different bird vocalizations to identify the bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We worked our way to the pond, filled with 100 coots, then onto the beach. There the sheer numbers of overwintering shorebirds at first overwhelmed us. Trying to divide the shifting multitudes into species and get an accurate count tested our skills. “Who wants to count the \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Western_Sandpiper/id\" target=\"_blank\">Western Sandpipers\u003c/a>? Are there any \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Least_Sandpiper/id\" target=\"_blank\">Least Sandpipers\u003c/a> in the bunch?” our leaders asked. “How ‘bout the \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/dunlin/id\" target=\"_blank\">Dunlin\u003c/a>? Looks like thousands of them!” With the expert birders in our midst, we were able to see some very special birds from the beach: \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Mew_Gull/id\" target=\"_blank\">Mew Gulls\u003c/a> and a \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Bonapartes_Gull/id\" target=\"_blank\">Bonaparte’s Gull\u003c/a>. We even had a surprise appearance as a \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Peregrine_Falcon/id\" target=\"_blank\">Peregrine Falcon\u003c/a> swooped low over the shorebirds then flew on, empty-taloned, to perch on a sailboat mast for our viewing pleasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48073\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/21/birdwatching-for-science-and-fun/falco_peregrinus_-morro_rock_morro_bay_california_usa_-flying-8/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48073\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48073\" title=\"Falco_peregrinus_-Morro_Rock,_Morro_Bay,_California,_USA_-flying-8\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Falco_peregrinus_-Morro_Rock_Morro_Bay_California_USA_-flying-8-253x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Peregrine Falcon was sighted and added to our list. Photo by Mike Baird, Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four hours later, our three groups reconvened to review and compile our lists over some lunch. The “diehard” birders then went out after lunch to look for any expected birds that weren’t seen in the morning. Then groups from all over Oakland and Alameda converged for a celebratory dinner together. Another CBC done! You can find out more about how the data is useful to scientists at the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Audubon website\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/blog-posts/winnerslosers-in-oaklands-christmas-bird-count/\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Audubon\u003c/a> website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you missed the CBC this year, you still have a chance to contribute to the scientific knowledge of local birds. The annual \u003ca title=\"Great Backyard Bird Count, Audubon website\" href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/great-backyard-bird-count\" target=\"_blank\">“Great Backyard Bird Count”\u003c/a> project is February 15-18, 2013 and you don’t even have to leave home to participate! You’re welcome to join the East Bay Regional Parks naturalists to learn more about our local birds on one of their \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Parks website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\">free bird watching\u003c/a> programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Stardust and Sunbreath in the Sutter's Mill Meteorite",
"title": "Stardust and Sunbreath in the Sutter's Mill Meteorite",
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"content": "\u003cp>On Sunday morning, April 22, 2012 a bright fireball streaked westward over the Reno-Tahoe area, rattling homes with a sonic boom. Shortly afterward, residents of El Dorado County heard the whistling sounds of falling meteorites. Weather radar tracked the hail of stones in midair, and the experts outlined a probable \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/13/help-find-the-healdsburg-tektites/\">strewnfield\u003c/a> centered on the site of Sutter's Mill, the place that launched the California Gold Rush in 1848. Soon a meteorite rush began as the story hit the news. Today, eight months later, the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> has published intimate details about this leftover piece from the solar system's infancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorites are samples of the asteroids, which orbit the sun in the gap between Mars and Jupiter. Today, after more than 4 billion years of collisions with each other, they are mostly broken chunks of rock and iron. A handful of the largest asteroids still have \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/planets/a/aa_asteroidgeo.htm\">their original form of little planets\u003c/a>, with iron cores and rocky mantles like Earth or the Moon, although they're pretty banged up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in April it made me thrill to hear that the Sutter's Mill rocks were of the type called carbonaceous chondrite (\"CON-drite\"). This is older stuff that escaped processing in a mini-planet asteroid. It lets us peek beyond the birth of the planets to the original cloud of interstellar gas and stardust—the nebula—that first formed the sun and solar system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper, the Sutter's Mill meteorite started out as a rock the size of a minivan, 2 to 4 meters across. It entered the atmosphere at 28.6 kilometers per second, twice as fast as most meteorites. The rock shattered from the shock at an altitude of 30 miles, producing an explosion of about 4 kilotons yield. Thousands of pieces quickly slowed down to ballistic speed, getting a thin blowtorched crust during the second or two they were supersonic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48061\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/20/stardust-and-sunbreath-in-the-sutters-mill-meteorite/suttermeteor-skin/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48061\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/suttermeteor-skin.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"suttermeteor-skin\" width=\"600\" height=\"408\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48061\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/suttermeteor-skin.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/suttermeteor-skin-400x272.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crinkly fusion crust (top) and interior of a Sutter's Mill meteorite fragment. Image courtesy Robert Beauford, University of Arkansas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the SETI Institute and NASA Ames Research Center, led by meteor specialist Peter Jenniskens, made an aerial survey of the strewnfield, looking for craters, and found none. For that they hired the airship Eureka in one of the Bay Area zeppelin's most unusual missions. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.airshipventures.com/\">Alas, the Eureka is no more.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbonaceous chondrites look a lot like asphalt, and some are soft enough to cut with a knife. The Sutter's Mill stones are harder than that, though—more like old asphalt. So far, less than a kilogram of meteorite material has been collected. The biggest piece weighs 205 grams, or just over 7 ounces. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48062\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/20/stardust-and-sunbreath-in-the-sutters-mill-meteorite/suttermeteor-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48062\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/suttermeteor-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"suttermeteor-top\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48062\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/suttermeteor-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/suttermeteor-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Specimen number SM2 of the Sutter's Mill meteorite fall was run over by a car before NASA scientist Peter Jenniskens found it on April 24, 2012. The largest grain is a centimeter across. Image: P. Jenniskens (SETI Institute) and Eric James (NASA Ames) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tarry black color marks it as carbonaceous (it's about 2.5 percent carbon), and the little round grains inside are chondrules, tiny droplets made of the minerals olivine and pyroxene that condensed out of the hot nebula. Those are what define a chondrite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper describes the Sutter's Mill meteorites as typical of their class, the CM class. The chondrules have been partly erased by reactions with water. These reactions produced minerals that sound surprising to a geologist: clays, dolomite, calcite, serpentine. These tend to disappear when things get rough, geologically speaking, and are not the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/treasure-from-the-sky/\">silicate minerals and iron metal\u003c/a> you find in most meteorites. The fact that these minerals are preserved means that the material made it through the entire history of the solar system without being heated beyond about 500°C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same is true of the carbon-bearing fraction; indeed, some bits of rock appear never to have gotten hotter than about 150°C, or the heat of a moderate oven. Other parts hold high-temperature grains. About 2 percent of the carbon appears to be in microscopic grains of diamond and silicon carbide: ancient stardust created in supernova explosions. Other parts of the carbon fraction hold a whisper of neon and argon from the sun, blown into it by the solar wind as the asteroid drifted in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone is made of broken fragments (a breccia) that was once the outer surface (regolith) of a small asteroid. Between the fragments is very fine grained material. The image below gives a sense of how complex this stuff is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 531px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/20/stardust-and-sunbreath-in-the-sutters-mill-meteorite/suttermetsm47-iron/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48063\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/suttermetSM47-iron-531x360.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"suttermetSM47-iron\" width=\"531\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48063\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">X-ray map of iron abundance in meteorite fragment SM47. From supplementary figure S13A of the Science paper. Click the image to see the 1000-pixel version.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two specimens were collected before a rainstorm passed through. This pristine material proved unexpectedly rich in calcium sulfide (CaS), which disappeared after a single rainfall. Formate, acetate, sulfate and chloride likewise were quickly washed out. Another delicate fraction is the natural, non-biological amino acids that carbonaceous chondrites are famous for. In the Sutter's Mill stones the amino acids were less abundant than in other CM-class meteorites. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results don't tell a big new story or topple old theories; they're simply more data for the experts to chew on. But the paper is impressive for the state-of-the-art lab techniques used on these little stones. The text alone (not counting the 72-page supplement) cites results from X-ray tomography, helium pycnometry, magnetic susceptibility tests, backscattered electron mapping, neutron tomography, whole-rock chemistry, thermoluminescence, Raman spectrometry, powder diffractometry, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ion chromatography, gas chromatography mass spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The paper has 71 authors from 44 different institutions who call themselves the \u003ca href=\"http://asima.seti.org/sm/\">Sutter's Mill Meteorite Consortium\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working backward from the impact, the authors used radar frames, infrasound evidence, and photos taken by witnesses to estimate the size and orbit of the original rock. Its off-center orbit had carried it out near Jupiter at one end, where it must have originated as part of an asteroid, and close to Mercury at the other. There are some asteroids out there with light signatures close to that of the Sutter's Mill object. One of them is 1999 JU3, the target of the upcoming \u003ca href=\"http://b612.jspec.jaxa.jp/hayabusa2/e/index_e.html\">Hayabusa-2 asteroid sampling mission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The rare meteorite that fell in the Sierra foothills this spring yielded a rich harvest of scientific data.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Sunday morning, April 22, 2012 a bright fireball streaked westward over the Reno-Tahoe area, rattling homes with a sonic boom. Shortly afterward, residents of El Dorado County heard the whistling sounds of falling meteorites. Weather radar tracked the hail of stones in midair, and the experts outlined a probable \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/13/help-find-the-healdsburg-tektites/\">strewnfield\u003c/a> centered on the site of Sutter's Mill, the place that launched the California Gold Rush in 1848. Soon a meteorite rush began as the story hit the news. Today, eight months later, the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> has published intimate details about this leftover piece from the solar system's infancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorites are samples of the asteroids, which orbit the sun in the gap between Mars and Jupiter. Today, after more than 4 billion years of collisions with each other, they are mostly broken chunks of rock and iron. A handful of the largest asteroids still have \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/planets/a/aa_asteroidgeo.htm\">their original form of little planets\u003c/a>, with iron cores and rocky mantles like Earth or the Moon, although they're pretty banged up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in April it made me thrill to hear that the Sutter's Mill rocks were of the type called carbonaceous chondrite (\"CON-drite\"). This is older stuff that escaped processing in a mini-planet asteroid. It lets us peek beyond the birth of the planets to the original cloud of interstellar gas and stardust—the nebula—that first formed the sun and solar system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper, the Sutter's Mill meteorite started out as a rock the size of a minivan, 2 to 4 meters across. It entered the atmosphere at 28.6 kilometers per second, twice as fast as most meteorites. The rock shattered from the shock at an altitude of 30 miles, producing an explosion of about 4 kilotons yield. Thousands of pieces quickly slowed down to ballistic speed, getting a thin blowtorched crust during the second or two they were supersonic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48061\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/20/stardust-and-sunbreath-in-the-sutters-mill-meteorite/suttermeteor-skin/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48061\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/suttermeteor-skin.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"suttermeteor-skin\" width=\"600\" height=\"408\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48061\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/suttermeteor-skin.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/suttermeteor-skin-400x272.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crinkly fusion crust (top) and interior of a Sutter's Mill meteorite fragment. Image courtesy Robert Beauford, University of Arkansas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the SETI Institute and NASA Ames Research Center, led by meteor specialist Peter Jenniskens, made an aerial survey of the strewnfield, looking for craters, and found none. For that they hired the airship Eureka in one of the Bay Area zeppelin's most unusual missions. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.airshipventures.com/\">Alas, the Eureka is no more.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbonaceous chondrites look a lot like asphalt, and some are soft enough to cut with a knife. The Sutter's Mill stones are harder than that, though—more like old asphalt. So far, less than a kilogram of meteorite material has been collected. The biggest piece weighs 205 grams, or just over 7 ounces. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48062\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/20/stardust-and-sunbreath-in-the-sutters-mill-meteorite/suttermeteor-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48062\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/suttermeteor-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"suttermeteor-top\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48062\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/suttermeteor-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/suttermeteor-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Specimen number SM2 of the Sutter's Mill meteorite fall was run over by a car before NASA scientist Peter Jenniskens found it on April 24, 2012. The largest grain is a centimeter across. Image: P. Jenniskens (SETI Institute) and Eric James (NASA Ames) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tarry black color marks it as carbonaceous (it's about 2.5 percent carbon), and the little round grains inside are chondrules, tiny droplets made of the minerals olivine and pyroxene that condensed out of the hot nebula. Those are what define a chondrite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper describes the Sutter's Mill meteorites as typical of their class, the CM class. The chondrules have been partly erased by reactions with water. These reactions produced minerals that sound surprising to a geologist: clays, dolomite, calcite, serpentine. These tend to disappear when things get rough, geologically speaking, and are not the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/treasure-from-the-sky/\">silicate minerals and iron metal\u003c/a> you find in most meteorites. The fact that these minerals are preserved means that the material made it through the entire history of the solar system without being heated beyond about 500°C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same is true of the carbon-bearing fraction; indeed, some bits of rock appear never to have gotten hotter than about 150°C, or the heat of a moderate oven. Other parts hold high-temperature grains. About 2 percent of the carbon appears to be in microscopic grains of diamond and silicon carbide: ancient stardust created in supernova explosions. Other parts of the carbon fraction hold a whisper of neon and argon from the sun, blown into it by the solar wind as the asteroid drifted in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone is made of broken fragments (a breccia) that was once the outer surface (regolith) of a small asteroid. Between the fragments is very fine grained material. The image below gives a sense of how complex this stuff is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48063\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 531px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/20/stardust-and-sunbreath-in-the-sutters-mill-meteorite/suttermetsm47-iron/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48063\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/suttermetSM47-iron-531x360.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"suttermetSM47-iron\" width=\"531\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48063\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">X-ray map of iron abundance in meteorite fragment SM47. From supplementary figure S13A of the Science paper. Click the image to see the 1000-pixel version.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two specimens were collected before a rainstorm passed through. This pristine material proved unexpectedly rich in calcium sulfide (CaS), which disappeared after a single rainfall. Formate, acetate, sulfate and chloride likewise were quickly washed out. Another delicate fraction is the natural, non-biological amino acids that carbonaceous chondrites are famous for. In the Sutter's Mill stones the amino acids were less abundant than in other CM-class meteorites. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results don't tell a big new story or topple old theories; they're simply more data for the experts to chew on. But the paper is impressive for the state-of-the-art lab techniques used on these little stones. The text alone (not counting the 72-page supplement) cites results from X-ray tomography, helium pycnometry, magnetic susceptibility tests, backscattered electron mapping, neutron tomography, whole-rock chemistry, thermoluminescence, Raman spectrometry, powder diffractometry, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ion chromatography, gas chromatography mass spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The paper has 71 authors from 44 different institutions who call themselves the \u003ca href=\"http://asima.seti.org/sm/\">Sutter's Mill Meteorite Consortium\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working backward from the impact, the authors used radar frames, infrasound evidence, and photos taken by witnesses to estimate the size and orbit of the original rock. Its off-center orbit had carried it out near Jupiter at one end, where it must have originated as part of an asteroid, and close to Mercury at the other. There are some asteroids out there with light signatures close to that of the Sutter's Mill object. One of them is 1999 JU3, the target of the upcoming \u003ca href=\"http://b612.jspec.jaxa.jp/hayabusa2/e/index_e.html\">Hayabusa-2 asteroid sampling mission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47892\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/17/knowing-neanderthals/neanderthalgathering/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47892\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NeanderthalGathering\" width=\"630\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47892\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of my ancestors (and maybe yours) before we wiped them out.\u003cbr>Image courtesy of Victuallers, Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the more interesting things to come out of all the cheaper, more robust DNA sequencing technology has been our deeper understanding of human history. Now that we can get a pretty good read from 30,000 year old Neanderthal DNA, we can tell that humans and Neanderthals had babies together. The key to figuring this out was the fact that some human ancestors had more opportunity to hook up with Neanderthals than did others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, around one million or so years ago, there wasn’t a lot of difference between a human and a Neanderthal. We were one big happy species living in Africa. Then, maybe 800,000-900,000 years ago, two of these groups became separated from one another. Each group built up changes in their DNA so that they gradually became two separate species. One group stayed in Africa and became our ancestors while the other group, who became Neanderthals, left Africa through the Middle East and spread across Europe and Asia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now at this point these two groups still shared a lot of the same DNA. After all, they started from the same pool of DNA in the relatively recent past. If they all came back together and started having kids together, we wouldn’t be able to easily tell there had been interbreeding. We would see a lot of Neanderthal DNA in human DNA, but it would be very tricky to distinguish DNA that we originally shared from recently reintroduced Neanderthal DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason we can more easily see that there was interbreeding is because of another group of Africans that decided to leave Africa via the Middle East. These folks left somewhere between 120,000 and 60,000 years ago and stumbled across the Neanderthals already out there in the world. This group of Africans eventually supplanted the Neanderthals and went on to become Europeans, Asians, Native Americans and everyone else out there (except for the Africans who stayed behind).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of years back, scientists were able to get a good read of a few Neanderthals’ DNA. They then compared this DNA to lots of other people’s DNA. What they found was that Africans and Neanderthals shared less DNA than did Neanderthals and everyone else. They interpret this result to mean that Africans and Neanderthals never had the chance to breed while the ancestors of the rest of humanity and Neanderthals did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this all means is that we can see the Neanderthal in some of us because only some of our ancestors had kids with Neanderthals. If this weren’t the case, then we wouldn’t be able to easily tell that interbreeding had happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course now that we have good evidence for this, people are trying to link weird, mostly European traits with Neanderthals. For example, there is a whole lot of chatter out on the web that Rh negative blood comes from Neanderthals. While this may be true, there isn’t any real evidence to support it. That part of Neanderthal DNA has yet to be sequenced. (Although we do know that at least some of them had O type blood which isn’t surprising since it probably \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask342\">arose at least one million years\u003c/a> ago when we were all still one big happy species.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another idea is that red hair came from Neanderthals. Again, maybe, but there isn’t any evidence yet to support it. At least one Neanderthal did have red hair but he got it from a DNA difference not seen in people. In other words, there is evidence to support that Neanderthals had red hair too but not that we got it from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What our ancestors apparently got from Neanderthals (besides a good time) was immunity genes to help them survive. When our ancestors burst out of Africa, they encountered germs they had never seen before (think Native Americans and smallpox). The Neanderthals had adapted to these germs and so were more resistant to them. The human-Neanderthal hybrids (Humanderthals?) would have survived better than the humans meaning they were more likely to survive. The rest is the history of people living outside of Africa.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47892\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/17/knowing-neanderthals/neanderthalgathering/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47892\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NeanderthalGathering\" width=\"630\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47892\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of my ancestors (and maybe yours) before we wiped them out.\u003cbr>Image courtesy of Victuallers, Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the more interesting things to come out of all the cheaper, more robust DNA sequencing technology has been our deeper understanding of human history. Now that we can get a pretty good read from 30,000 year old Neanderthal DNA, we can tell that humans and Neanderthals had babies together. The key to figuring this out was the fact that some human ancestors had more opportunity to hook up with Neanderthals than did others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, around one million or so years ago, there wasn’t a lot of difference between a human and a Neanderthal. We were one big happy species living in Africa. Then, maybe 800,000-900,000 years ago, two of these groups became separated from one another. Each group built up changes in their DNA so that they gradually became two separate species. One group stayed in Africa and became our ancestors while the other group, who became Neanderthals, left Africa through the Middle East and spread across Europe and Asia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now at this point these two groups still shared a lot of the same DNA. After all, they started from the same pool of DNA in the relatively recent past. If they all came back together and started having kids together, we wouldn’t be able to easily tell there had been interbreeding. We would see a lot of Neanderthal DNA in human DNA, but it would be very tricky to distinguish DNA that we originally shared from recently reintroduced Neanderthal DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason we can more easily see that there was interbreeding is because of another group of Africans that decided to leave Africa via the Middle East. These folks left somewhere between 120,000 and 60,000 years ago and stumbled across the Neanderthals already out there in the world. This group of Africans eventually supplanted the Neanderthals and went on to become Europeans, Asians, Native Americans and everyone else out there (except for the Africans who stayed behind).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of years back, scientists were able to get a good read of a few Neanderthals’ DNA. They then compared this DNA to lots of other people’s DNA. What they found was that Africans and Neanderthals shared less DNA than did Neanderthals and everyone else. They interpret this result to mean that Africans and Neanderthals never had the chance to breed while the ancestors of the rest of humanity and Neanderthals did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this all means is that we can see the Neanderthal in some of us because only some of our ancestors had kids with Neanderthals. If this weren’t the case, then we wouldn’t be able to easily tell that interbreeding had happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course now that we have good evidence for this, people are trying to link weird, mostly European traits with Neanderthals. For example, there is a whole lot of chatter out on the web that Rh negative blood comes from Neanderthals. While this may be true, there isn’t any real evidence to support it. That part of Neanderthal DNA has yet to be sequenced. (Although we do know that at least some of them had O type blood which isn’t surprising since it probably \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask342\">arose at least one million years\u003c/a> ago when we were all still one big happy species.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another idea is that red hair came from Neanderthals. Again, maybe, but there isn’t any evidence yet to support it. At least one Neanderthal did have red hair but he got it from a DNA difference not seen in people. In other words, there is evidence to support that Neanderthals had red hair too but not that we got it from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What our ancestors apparently got from Neanderthals (besides a good time) was immunity genes to help them survive. When our ancestors burst out of Africa, they encountered germs they had never seen before (think Native Americans and smallpox). The Neanderthals had adapted to these germs and so were more resistant to them. The human-Neanderthal hybrids (Humanderthals?) would have survived better than the humans meaning they were more likely to survive. The rest is the history of people living outside of Africa.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47925\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/14/touch-the-sun-at-chabot-space-science-center/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47925\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title.jpg\" alt=\"Ultraviolet image of the SUn, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\" title=\"Ultraviolet image of the SUn, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47925\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ultraviolet image of the Sun, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just in time for the imminent event of Solar Maximum, when the sun reaches a crescendo in its 11-year cycle of magnetic activity and all the sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and other magnetic mayhem that comes with it, Chabot Space & Science Center is opening a new solar exhibition that features the latest in stunning ultraviolet satellite imagery from \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory!\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibition \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/touch-the-sun.htm\" title=\"Touch the Sun at Chabot\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Touch the Sun\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\" will open on December 22nd—because we figure since the world is NOT ending on December 21st, might as well celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory, which you will have heard me ramble on about if you're a regular reader of these blogs, is one of the latest and most advanced space-borne solar observatories and has been revealing the wonders of the sun since 2010 as we've never seen them before. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/solarmin-max.html\" title=\"Solar Maximum versus Solar Minimum\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Maximum\u003c/a> is in progress as I type and is expected to reach a peak sometime in early 2013. But, as with weather, we won't know exactly when the peak will occur until after it's passed and solar activity begins to relax again, sloping off toward Solar Minimum in the years to come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SunspotCycle.shtml\" title=\"The Solar Cycle\" target=\"_blank\">11-year solar cycle\u003c/a> has been known of for a few hundred years now, practically since the time when observers first were able to make routine counts of sunspots using telescopes. Galileo is attributed with being one of the first to make regular observations of sunspots, recording their positions, sizes, shapes, and numbers regularly. After decades of observations by different astronomers a pattern in the rise and fall of sunspot numbers was detected: a fairly regular peak-and-trough pattern over time, with the peak sunspot numbers separated by about 11 years on average. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not known at first what \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/sun/images/sunspots_earth_size_big_jpg_image.html\" title=\"Sunspot\" target=\"_blank\">sunspots\u003c/a> are, but they were eventually identified as effects caused by the presence of strong magnetic fields at the sun's visible surface. Once we began sending scientific instruments into space, outside of Earth's light-obscuring atmosphere, we learned that there is a lot more going on than merely dark spots making cyclical appearances. Observations of the sun's ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma rays showed us the sun's intensely hot atmosphere and regions of magnetic activity surging up from within the sun -- marking its surface with sunspots on its way out and looping and arcing far outward into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sun is mostly a giant sphere of hydrogen and helium plasma (ionized gas) with an enormous thermonuclear reactor at its core, where pressure and temperature are great enough to cause nuclear fusion, hydrogen nuclei are fused together to form helium nuclei, then release energy in the process -- the same process that powers hydrogen bombs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy liberated at the sun's core makes its way outward, eventually, through various layers of the sun's interior. (One of my opening questions that I put to kids visiting Chabot is, \"Why is the sun like an ogre?\" Answer: \"It has layers.\" Don't get it? The kids do -- at least, those who have seen the movie Shrek.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its final sprint upward to the sun's visible surface, solar plasma rises in enormous, high-speed updrafts called convection cells, with a typical cell being close to the size of a state like California. The motion of all that plasma -- which is essentially electrified gas -- generates magnetic fields, much as the circulating electric current in an electromagnet's coil does. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where sunspots, \u003ca href=\"http://planetsave.com/2012/12/01/super-solar-flares-20-times-more-powerful-than-any-known-in-modern-times-are-possible-on-the-sun-research-finds/\" title=\"Solar Flare\" target=\"_blank\">solar flares\u003c/a>, space weather storms and the solar cycle itself come in: they are all effects of the dynamic, ever-lively dance of magnetism generated by the swirling, twisting motions of solar plasma. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings me back to the soon-to-open \u003cem>Touch the Sun\u003c/em> exhibition at Chabot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've enjoyed your favorite movie or TV show or a Superbowl game on a nice big high-def plasma TV, you ain't seen nothin' yet. Come experience the biggest and most awesomely stunning plasma display around: the sun. You'll not only get to play with the sun's ogre-like layers, you'll get to play with the stuff of the sun itself: with a 20-inch plasma globe you can pull your own filaments of plasma like electric pizza dough and with a 3-foot \"Ferro-fluid\" dish you can sculpt your own sunspots with a magnet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So (punchline alert), come to Chabot on (or after) December 22nd and touch the sun. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47925\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/14/touch-the-sun-at-chabot-space-science-center/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47925\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title.jpg\" alt=\"Ultraviolet image of the SUn, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\" title=\"Ultraviolet image of the SUn, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47925\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/2012_07_28__23_30_00_channel_304_171_335_title-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ultraviolet image of the Sun, NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory-July 28 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just in time for the imminent event of Solar Maximum, when the sun reaches a crescendo in its 11-year cycle of magnetic activity and all the sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and other magnetic mayhem that comes with it, Chabot Space & Science Center is opening a new solar exhibition that features the latest in stunning ultraviolet satellite imagery from \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory!\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibition \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/touch-the-sun.htm\" title=\"Touch the Sun at Chabot\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Touch the Sun\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\" will open on December 22nd—because we figure since the world is NOT ending on December 21st, might as well celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory, which you will have heard me ramble on about if you're a regular reader of these blogs, is one of the latest and most advanced space-borne solar observatories and has been revealing the wonders of the sun since 2010 as we've never seen them before. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/solarmin-max.html\" title=\"Solar Maximum versus Solar Minimum\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Maximum\u003c/a> is in progress as I type and is expected to reach a peak sometime in early 2013. But, as with weather, we won't know exactly when the peak will occur until after it's passed and solar activity begins to relax again, sloping off toward Solar Minimum in the years to come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SunspotCycle.shtml\" title=\"The Solar Cycle\" target=\"_blank\">11-year solar cycle\u003c/a> has been known of for a few hundred years now, practically since the time when observers first were able to make routine counts of sunspots using telescopes. Galileo is attributed with being one of the first to make regular observations of sunspots, recording their positions, sizes, shapes, and numbers regularly. After decades of observations by different astronomers a pattern in the rise and fall of sunspot numbers was detected: a fairly regular peak-and-trough pattern over time, with the peak sunspot numbers separated by about 11 years on average. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not known at first what \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/sun/images/sunspots_earth_size_big_jpg_image.html\" title=\"Sunspot\" target=\"_blank\">sunspots\u003c/a> are, but they were eventually identified as effects caused by the presence of strong magnetic fields at the sun's visible surface. Once we began sending scientific instruments into space, outside of Earth's light-obscuring atmosphere, we learned that there is a lot more going on than merely dark spots making cyclical appearances. Observations of the sun's ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma rays showed us the sun's intensely hot atmosphere and regions of magnetic activity surging up from within the sun -- marking its surface with sunspots on its way out and looping and arcing far outward into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sun is mostly a giant sphere of hydrogen and helium plasma (ionized gas) with an enormous thermonuclear reactor at its core, where pressure and temperature are great enough to cause nuclear fusion, hydrogen nuclei are fused together to form helium nuclei, then release energy in the process -- the same process that powers hydrogen bombs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy liberated at the sun's core makes its way outward, eventually, through various layers of the sun's interior. (One of my opening questions that I put to kids visiting Chabot is, \"Why is the sun like an ogre?\" Answer: \"It has layers.\" Don't get it? The kids do -- at least, those who have seen the movie Shrek.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its final sprint upward to the sun's visible surface, solar plasma rises in enormous, high-speed updrafts called convection cells, with a typical cell being close to the size of a state like California. The motion of all that plasma -- which is essentially electrified gas -- generates magnetic fields, much as the circulating electric current in an electromagnet's coil does. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where sunspots, \u003ca href=\"http://planetsave.com/2012/12/01/super-solar-flares-20-times-more-powerful-than-any-known-in-modern-times-are-possible-on-the-sun-research-finds/\" title=\"Solar Flare\" target=\"_blank\">solar flares\u003c/a>, space weather storms and the solar cycle itself come in: they are all effects of the dynamic, ever-lively dance of magnetism generated by the swirling, twisting motions of solar plasma. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings me back to the soon-to-open \u003cem>Touch the Sun\u003c/em> exhibition at Chabot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've enjoyed your favorite movie or TV show or a Superbowl game on a nice big high-def plasma TV, you ain't seen nothin' yet. Come experience the biggest and most awesomely stunning plasma display around: the sun. You'll not only get to play with the sun's ogre-like layers, you'll get to play with the stuff of the sun itself: with a 20-inch plasma globe you can pull your own filaments of plasma like electric pizza dough and with a 3-foot \"Ferro-fluid\" dish you can sculpt your own sunspots with a magnet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So (punchline alert), come to Chabot on (or after) December 22nd and touch the sun. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Help Find the Healdsburg Tektites",
"title": "Help Find the Healdsburg Tektites",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47911\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/13/help-find-the-healdsburg-tektites/catektite-rolfe/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47911\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/CAtektite-rolfe.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CAtektite-rolfe\" width=\"300\" height=\"379\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47911\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Rolfe Erickson holds part of his collection of Healdsburg tektites in this 2003 photo. Photo by Jean Wasp, Sonoma State University\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A scattering of mysterious stones in Sonoma and Solano counties appears to be a newly documented population of tektites, a team of local geologists argued last week. Their poster presentation at the San Francisco meeting of the American Geophysical Union laid out new evidence about these unusual rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tektites are what you might call a semi-meteorite—they are Earth material that has been melted in large cosmic impact events and splashed into nearby outer space. As they fall back through the atmosphere, the glassy drops gain the blowtorched appearance of meteorites. You can buy them at any well-equipped rock shop and any of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/\">the Bay Area's rock and mineral shows\u003c/a>. They are distinct in many ways from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/treasure-from-the-sky/\">real meteorites\u003c/a>, which are pieces of rock or metal from heavenly bodies, mostly asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tektites are found scattered in large oval territories called strewnfields, each of which represents a single impact event. Until now, only five strewnfields were known: in the southeastern U.S., in Indochina, in central Europe, in Ivory Coast and in Central America. Three of these have been linked to a known impact crater by dating and chemistry. In last week's presentation, Professor Emeritus Rolfe Erickson of Sonoma State University and three coauthors made a wide-ranging case that we have our own Healdsburg strewnfield, \"only a very small part of which has been identified to date.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erickson first issued a call to the Bay Area's rockhounds in 2003, when the photo above was made. Since that time he has acquired more specimens and scraped the money together to have some tests made. Among these were age dating, done in Berkeley by the highly sensitive argon-argon method, and detailed chemical analyses. Their chemistries are very close to identical, putting them in the rhyolite category, and the four argon ages are statistically the same at about 2.823 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That alone doesn't rule out volcanic rocks like obsidian, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">of which the North Bay has plenty\u003c/a>, or the volcanic blobs called Apache tears. But their shapes and surface appearance are quite unlike these candidates and exactly like \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/meteorites/ig/meteorites/Tektites.htm\">the tektites I own\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48041\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/13/help-find-the-healdsburg-tektites/catektites/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48041\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/CAtektites.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CAtektites\" width=\"600\" height=\"480\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48041\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/CAtektites.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/CAtektites-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Freshly gathered healdsburgites from Dry Creek Valley. Rolfe Erickson photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Erickson's team described the pits and grooves in these specimens and concluded, in their best scientific language, that \"the clasts \u003cb>look\u003c/b> like tektites.\" Additionally, the stones have no sign of weathering, which is quite unlike obsidian of that age, and their smooth surfaces show that their rounded shapes could not have come about by erosion in a stream. See more detail in the \u003ca href=\"http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2012/eposters/eposter/p11b-1811/\">poster's summary posted on the meeting website\u003c/a>. Erickson says that the full poster will be posted soon at the Sonoma State library site; I'll add a comment here when that happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did not identify a candidate for an associated impact crater, but the date narrows things down a great deal, and the chemistry, they said, \"suggests a continental origin.\" It is possible that a 2.8-million-year-old crater around here could be almost obliterated. The Coast Range is a highly active area, with the Earth's crust being shredded, lifted and dropped by various strands of the San Andreas fault system. And in the Cascades, a crater could have been buried long ago by volcano complexes, where it might look exactly like an ancient volcano in gravity surveys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strewnfield is still poorly documented, and careful watchers of the ground, like me and you, can help in this task. I would be keeping my eyes open wherever sediments of late Pliocene age might be found. They would have to be above sea level, where later sea-level fluctuations would not bury them, in basins that are not being actively filled today. In such elevated areas of sediment deposits, like the Livermore basin and southern Santa Clara Valley, these odd pitted pebbles might stand out. Erickson finds his examples in and around the Dry Creek Valley, in agricultural fields and roadcuts. Let's see where else we can find them.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47911\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/13/help-find-the-healdsburg-tektites/catektite-rolfe/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47911\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/CAtektite-rolfe.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CAtektite-rolfe\" width=\"300\" height=\"379\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47911\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Rolfe Erickson holds part of his collection of Healdsburg tektites in this 2003 photo. Photo by Jean Wasp, Sonoma State University\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A scattering of mysterious stones in Sonoma and Solano counties appears to be a newly documented population of tektites, a team of local geologists argued last week. Their poster presentation at the San Francisco meeting of the American Geophysical Union laid out new evidence about these unusual rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tektites are what you might call a semi-meteorite—they are Earth material that has been melted in large cosmic impact events and splashed into nearby outer space. As they fall back through the atmosphere, the glassy drops gain the blowtorched appearance of meteorites. You can buy them at any well-equipped rock shop and any of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/\">the Bay Area's rock and mineral shows\u003c/a>. They are distinct in many ways from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/treasure-from-the-sky/\">real meteorites\u003c/a>, which are pieces of rock or metal from heavenly bodies, mostly asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tektites are found scattered in large oval territories called strewnfields, each of which represents a single impact event. Until now, only five strewnfields were known: in the southeastern U.S., in Indochina, in central Europe, in Ivory Coast and in Central America. Three of these have been linked to a known impact crater by dating and chemistry. In last week's presentation, Professor Emeritus Rolfe Erickson of Sonoma State University and three coauthors made a wide-ranging case that we have our own Healdsburg strewnfield, \"only a very small part of which has been identified to date.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erickson first issued a call to the Bay Area's rockhounds in 2003, when the photo above was made. Since that time he has acquired more specimens and scraped the money together to have some tests made. Among these were age dating, done in Berkeley by the highly sensitive argon-argon method, and detailed chemical analyses. Their chemistries are very close to identical, putting them in the rhyolite category, and the four argon ages are statistically the same at about 2.823 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That alone doesn't rule out volcanic rocks like obsidian, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">of which the North Bay has plenty\u003c/a>, or the volcanic blobs called Apache tears. But their shapes and surface appearance are quite unlike these candidates and exactly like \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/meteorites/ig/meteorites/Tektites.htm\">the tektites I own\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48041\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/13/help-find-the-healdsburg-tektites/catektites/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48041\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/CAtektites.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CAtektites\" width=\"600\" height=\"480\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48041\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/CAtektites.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/CAtektites-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Freshly gathered healdsburgites from Dry Creek Valley. Rolfe Erickson photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Erickson's team described the pits and grooves in these specimens and concluded, in their best scientific language, that \"the clasts \u003cb>look\u003c/b> like tektites.\" Additionally, the stones have no sign of weathering, which is quite unlike obsidian of that age, and their smooth surfaces show that their rounded shapes could not have come about by erosion in a stream. See more detail in the \u003ca href=\"http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2012/eposters/eposter/p11b-1811/\">poster's summary posted on the meeting website\u003c/a>. Erickson says that the full poster will be posted soon at the Sonoma State library site; I'll add a comment here when that happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did not identify a candidate for an associated impact crater, but the date narrows things down a great deal, and the chemistry, they said, \"suggests a continental origin.\" It is possible that a 2.8-million-year-old crater around here could be almost obliterated. The Coast Range is a highly active area, with the Earth's crust being shredded, lifted and dropped by various strands of the San Andreas fault system. And in the Cascades, a crater could have been buried long ago by volcano complexes, where it might look exactly like an ancient volcano in gravity surveys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strewnfield is still poorly documented, and careful watchers of the ground, like me and you, can help in this task. I would be keeping my eyes open wherever sediments of late Pliocene age might be found. They would have to be above sea level, where later sea-level fluctuations would not bury them, in basins that are not being actively filled today. In such elevated areas of sediment deposits, like the Livermore basin and southern Santa Clara Valley, these odd pitted pebbles might stand out. Erickson finds his examples in and around the Dry Creek Valley, in agricultural fields and roadcuts. Let's see where else we can find them.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/arctic-fox-pup-feature/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47829\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47829\" title=\"arctic fox pup feature\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/arctic-fox-pup-feature-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) pup in the Pribilof Islands, St. Paul Island, off the coast of mainland Alaska in the Bering Sea. Juvenile mortality can reach 90% (from starvation and predation) during their first year when lemming abundance is low. Climate change threatens arctic fox survival by reducing the snow depth that lemmings depend on for shelter and insulation. (Image: Mike Boylan/USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When scientists start giving talks called \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/12/is-earth-fked-agu-scientist-asks.html?rss=1\">“Is Earth F***ed?”\u003c/a>, it’s safe to say we’ve entered a new era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, at the largest annual gathering of earth and space scientists in the world, geophysicist Brad Werner caused quite a stir with his decidedly unscholarly framing of the question on everyone’s mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner’s talk at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco was inspired, he said, by friends who were \"quite depressed” about earth’s future and our inability to “respond appropriately.” (His talk starts at 25 minutes.) To get a sense of what might change our trajectory toward planetary disaster, Werner, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://complex-systems.ucsd.edu/\">Complex Systems Laboratory\u003c/a> at UC San Diego, modeled interactions between human social processes and environmental systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His model predicts that a capitalist culture, operating with few restraints to maximize short-term gains, prevents us from taking the longer view needed to prevent environmental destruction. Simulations show that unfettered economies will quickly burn through natural resources. Factoring in regulation, which constrains but doesn’t change the dominant economic culture, simply delays the damage. The only thing that might tip the balance toward a sustainable future, Werner says, is resistance, if people push back against the status quo. But he hasn’t run the simulations to test this idea yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner urged his colleagues to start thinking about sustainability as a geophysical problem and to lend their expertise to studying the complex dynamics of human-environmental interactions: “It’s not something that we can just leave for the social scientists or the humanities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47863\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 622px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/greenland-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47863\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47863\" title=\"greenland slide arctic report card NOAA, 2012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/greenland-slide-622x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic report card NOAA, 2012, greenland\" width=\"622\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rare, nearly ice-sheet-wide melt was recorded by satellites for the first time in 2012. The melt season was the longest it has been since satellite observations began in 1979. Melting ice contributes to sea level rise through direct, mass loss, and melt water can lubricate the underside of glaciers and accelerate glacier flow, further contributing to sea level rise. Surface melt changes the shape of ice and snow crystals, making them less reflective. (Source: Arctic Report Card, 2012, NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But is that enough? If we’re really pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point, as a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/blog/archives/3011\">top scientists warned last summer\u003c/a>, should scientists be doing more than research? Do scientists have a responsibility to step outside the academy and do whatever they can to set us on a more sustainable trajectory?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jane Lubchenco says yes. Just a half hour before Werner laid out his somber predictions for our future, \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/lubchenco.html\">Lubchenco\u003c/a>, under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, revealed the findings of her agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/\">Arctic Report Card \u003c/a>at an AGU \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAKZXxjHXsM\">press conference.\u003c/a> Noting that dramatic physical changes—including record low snow and sea ice levels and unprecedented ice sheet surface melting—are triggering biological changes such as less productivity at the bottom of the food chain, Lubchenco showed just how bleak things have already become. (See video below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, she traveled across the bay to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/12/10/jane-lubchenco-wicked-problems/\">tell her academic colleagues at UC Berkeley\u003c/a> what they can do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a longstanding (if mostly unspoken) tradition, scientists often look askance at colleagues who spend time engaging the public and government officials in science, thinking they do so at the expense of good science. Lubchenco believes that type of thinking is a luxury we can ill afford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying out the litany of “wicked problems” we face—climate change, loss of biodiversity, ocean acidification, and freshwater depletion to name just a few—Lubchenco urged scientists to move beyond simply documenting environmental destruction to creating solutions. “That means engaging with society and thinking differently about what our roles as scientists are,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47832\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/janelubchenco/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47832\" title=\"jane lubchenco\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/janelubchenco-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jane Lubchenco NOAA administrator\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco tells academic researchers at UC Berkeley that in the face of \"wicked problems\" like climate change and biodiversity loss they no longer have the luxury of just doing science they think is cool. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We scientists, whether we’re wearing government hats or academic hats, have a responsibility to society in exchange for public funding,” she said. That means not just “doing things we think are cool but really wrestling with some of these big problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The old divisions between basic science and applied science no longer describes the world we live in, Lubchenco says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most researchers think their work is over when they share the knowledge they gain with their colleagues in meetings and peer-reviewed journals. But that’s just a first step, in Lubchenco's view. She urged her Berkeley audience to share what they’ve learned with the public, policymakers, and decision makers and to make the effort to understand how they can design studies to make sure their research makes a difference. They need to think about how their research can guide public officials’ approaches to regulating and managing ecosystems, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Lubchenco, it’s all part of being a responsible human being. It's incumbent upon scientists, she said, “to renew our social contract in light of the environmental challenges that face us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If enough scientists take her advice, maybe, one day, we’ll be able to answer “no” to Werner's question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Last summer, a group of top scientists warned that our penchant for growth and consumption may be pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point. The days when scientists could share their results with just their colleagues are over, says NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco. It's time for scientists to help solve our \"wicked problems.\"",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/arctic-fox-pup-feature/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47829\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47829\" title=\"arctic fox pup feature\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/arctic-fox-pup-feature-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) pup in the Pribilof Islands, St. Paul Island, off the coast of mainland Alaska in the Bering Sea. Juvenile mortality can reach 90% (from starvation and predation) during their first year when lemming abundance is low. Climate change threatens arctic fox survival by reducing the snow depth that lemmings depend on for shelter and insulation. (Image: Mike Boylan/USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When scientists start giving talks called \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/12/is-earth-fked-agu-scientist-asks.html?rss=1\">“Is Earth F***ed?”\u003c/a>, it’s safe to say we’ve entered a new era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, at the largest annual gathering of earth and space scientists in the world, geophysicist Brad Werner caused quite a stir with his decidedly unscholarly framing of the question on everyone’s mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner’s talk at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco was inspired, he said, by friends who were \"quite depressed” about earth’s future and our inability to “respond appropriately.” (His talk starts at 25 minutes.) To get a sense of what might change our trajectory toward planetary disaster, Werner, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://complex-systems.ucsd.edu/\">Complex Systems Laboratory\u003c/a> at UC San Diego, modeled interactions between human social processes and environmental systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His model predicts that a capitalist culture, operating with few restraints to maximize short-term gains, prevents us from taking the longer view needed to prevent environmental destruction. Simulations show that unfettered economies will quickly burn through natural resources. Factoring in regulation, which constrains but doesn’t change the dominant economic culture, simply delays the damage. The only thing that might tip the balance toward a sustainable future, Werner says, is resistance, if people push back against the status quo. But he hasn’t run the simulations to test this idea yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner urged his colleagues to start thinking about sustainability as a geophysical problem and to lend their expertise to studying the complex dynamics of human-environmental interactions: “It’s not something that we can just leave for the social scientists or the humanities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47863\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 622px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/greenland-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47863\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47863\" title=\"greenland slide arctic report card NOAA, 2012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/greenland-slide-622x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic report card NOAA, 2012, greenland\" width=\"622\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rare, nearly ice-sheet-wide melt was recorded by satellites for the first time in 2012. The melt season was the longest it has been since satellite observations began in 1979. Melting ice contributes to sea level rise through direct, mass loss, and melt water can lubricate the underside of glaciers and accelerate glacier flow, further contributing to sea level rise. Surface melt changes the shape of ice and snow crystals, making them less reflective. (Source: Arctic Report Card, 2012, NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But is that enough? If we’re really pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point, as a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/blog/archives/3011\">top scientists warned last summer\u003c/a>, should scientists be doing more than research? Do scientists have a responsibility to step outside the academy and do whatever they can to set us on a more sustainable trajectory?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jane Lubchenco says yes. Just a half hour before Werner laid out his somber predictions for our future, \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/lubchenco.html\">Lubchenco\u003c/a>, under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, revealed the findings of her agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/\">Arctic Report Card \u003c/a>at an AGU \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAKZXxjHXsM\">press conference.\u003c/a> Noting that dramatic physical changes—including record low snow and sea ice levels and unprecedented ice sheet surface melting—are triggering biological changes such as less productivity at the bottom of the food chain, Lubchenco showed just how bleak things have already become. (See video below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, she traveled across the bay to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/12/10/jane-lubchenco-wicked-problems/\">tell her academic colleagues at UC Berkeley\u003c/a> what they can do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a longstanding (if mostly unspoken) tradition, scientists often look askance at colleagues who spend time engaging the public and government officials in science, thinking they do so at the expense of good science. Lubchenco believes that type of thinking is a luxury we can ill afford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying out the litany of “wicked problems” we face—climate change, loss of biodiversity, ocean acidification, and freshwater depletion to name just a few—Lubchenco urged scientists to move beyond simply documenting environmental destruction to creating solutions. “That means engaging with society and thinking differently about what our roles as scientists are,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47832\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/janelubchenco/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47832\" title=\"jane lubchenco\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/janelubchenco-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jane Lubchenco NOAA administrator\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco tells academic researchers at UC Berkeley that in the face of \"wicked problems\" like climate change and biodiversity loss they no longer have the luxury of just doing science they think is cool. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We scientists, whether we’re wearing government hats or academic hats, have a responsibility to society in exchange for public funding,” she said. That means not just “doing things we think are cool but really wrestling with some of these big problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The old divisions between basic science and applied science no longer describes the world we live in, Lubchenco says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most researchers think their work is over when they share the knowledge they gain with their colleagues in meetings and peer-reviewed journals. But that’s just a first step, in Lubchenco's view. She urged her Berkeley audience to share what they’ve learned with the public, policymakers, and decision makers and to make the effort to understand how they can design studies to make sure their research makes a difference. They need to think about how their research can guide public officials’ approaches to regulating and managing ecosystems, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Lubchenco, it’s all part of being a responsible human being. It's incumbent upon scientists, she said, “to renew our social contract in light of the environmental challenges that face us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If enough scientists take her advice, maybe, one day, we’ll be able to answer “no” to Werner's question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"colorful photograph of antibiotics\" title=\"antibiotics_sparktography_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47506\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of antibiotics, courtesy of sparktography via Creative Commons license.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When your cold or flu virus turns into a bacterial infection, like a severe sinus infection, taking antibiotics can seem like a miracle. You often start feeling better after just a day or two, and you’re no longer contagious after about three days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antibiotics work by killing bacteria or by stopping bacteria from multiplying. Each type of antibiotics affects different bacteria in different ways, although broad-spectrum antibiotics are used to treat a wide range of infections. Antibiotics quickly make you feel better because the drug kills the majority of the targeted bacteria very quickly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However antibiotics also kill beneficial bacteria and induce negative \u003ca href=\"http://www.drugs.com/article/antibiotic-sideeffects-allergies-reactions.html\" title=\"Common antibiotic side effects\">side effects\u003c/a> -- most commonly diarrhea, upset stomach, and vaginal yeast infection. For instance, antibiotics cause about one out of three people to get \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1151505\" title=\"JAMA article Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea\">diarrhea\u003c/a> by disrupting the balance of the intestinal flora, a collection of bacteria and other microorganisms in the digestive tract. This can result in an overgrowth of the \u003cem>Clostridium difficile\u003c/em> bacteria that causes diarrhea. Similarly, antibiotics can disrupt the vaginal flora and cause an overgrowth of \u003cem>Candida\u003c/em> yeasts to cause a yeast infection. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://nccam.nih.gov/health/probiotics/introduction.htm\" title=\"NIH information on probiotics\">Probiotics\u003c/a> are live bacteria, yeasts and other microbes intended to maintain or restore the supply of beneficial bacteria in the body, particularly the stomach and intestines. Probiotics are found naturally in certain foods, including yogurt, aged cheeses, kefir, miso, tempeh, and fermented cabbage. Dietary supplements are another common source of probiotics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although probiotics have been widely promoted as a way to keep your body in balance, scientific evidence for these claims have been weakened by the small size of most research studies. However, the use of probiotics to reduce antibiotic-induced side effects is now becoming more widely accepted by the medical profession. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1151505\" title=\"JAMA article, Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea\">recent study\u003c/a> published in the Journal of the American Medical Association supports taking probiotics with antibiotics. A team of researchers from southern California combined and analyzed the results of 63 randomized controlled trials of probiotics for the prevention or treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The 11811 men and women included in this large combined study took a placebo or probiotics supplement along with their antibiotics. The people who took the probiotics were 42% less likely to develop diarrhea than those taking the placebo. This pooled evidence strongly suggests that probiotics can help populations of beneficial bacteria recover and more quickly restore balance in the intestines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, further research is needed to determine which probiotics are the most effective at preventing and treating antibiotic-associated side effects, as well as determine the optimal dose of the probiotics. Research is also needed to identify which antibiotics are most likely to induce adverse effects. Hopefully these further studies are underway. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course it is also important to limit your use of antibiotics, using them only for bacterial infections when necessary. Common cold and flu viruses don’t respond to antibiotics anyway.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"colorful photograph of antibiotics\" title=\"antibiotics_sparktography_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47506\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/antibiotics_sparktography_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of antibiotics, courtesy of sparktography via Creative Commons license.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When your cold or flu virus turns into a bacterial infection, like a severe sinus infection, taking antibiotics can seem like a miracle. You often start feeling better after just a day or two, and you’re no longer contagious after about three days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antibiotics work by killing bacteria or by stopping bacteria from multiplying. Each type of antibiotics affects different bacteria in different ways, although broad-spectrum antibiotics are used to treat a wide range of infections. Antibiotics quickly make you feel better because the drug kills the majority of the targeted bacteria very quickly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However antibiotics also kill beneficial bacteria and induce negative \u003ca href=\"http://www.drugs.com/article/antibiotic-sideeffects-allergies-reactions.html\" title=\"Common antibiotic side effects\">side effects\u003c/a> -- most commonly diarrhea, upset stomach, and vaginal yeast infection. For instance, antibiotics cause about one out of three people to get \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1151505\" title=\"JAMA article Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea\">diarrhea\u003c/a> by disrupting the balance of the intestinal flora, a collection of bacteria and other microorganisms in the digestive tract. This can result in an overgrowth of the \u003cem>Clostridium difficile\u003c/em> bacteria that causes diarrhea. Similarly, antibiotics can disrupt the vaginal flora and cause an overgrowth of \u003cem>Candida\u003c/em> yeasts to cause a yeast infection. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://nccam.nih.gov/health/probiotics/introduction.htm\" title=\"NIH information on probiotics\">Probiotics\u003c/a> are live bacteria, yeasts and other microbes intended to maintain or restore the supply of beneficial bacteria in the body, particularly the stomach and intestines. Probiotics are found naturally in certain foods, including yogurt, aged cheeses, kefir, miso, tempeh, and fermented cabbage. Dietary supplements are another common source of probiotics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although probiotics have been widely promoted as a way to keep your body in balance, scientific evidence for these claims have been weakened by the small size of most research studies. However, the use of probiotics to reduce antibiotic-induced side effects is now becoming more widely accepted by the medical profession. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Ladybugs, Ladybugs, Flying Away Home",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47666\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/07/ladybug-ladybug-fly-away-home/ladybugs-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47666\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47666\" title=\"ladybugs\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/ladybugs1-e1354765956495.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs gather in the Oakland Hills to spend the winter. Photo by Sara Fetterly\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s time for the annual convergence of ladybugs in our East Bay redwoods. Every winter the jewel-like insects gather by the hundreds and even thousands. The Convergent Lady Beetle, one of our natives, is found here and throughout North America. On warm days, they crawl and fly around sunny clearings in the forest. Cold and rainy days cause them to hunker down in red drifts on fence posts, tree trunks and under leaves. Here’s a short documentary about our \u003ca title=\"KQED QUEST video, Ladybug Pajama Party\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ladybug-pajama-party/\" target=\"_blank\">local ladybugs in Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a>, Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47665\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/07/ladybug-ladybug-fly-away-home/photo4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47665\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47665\" title=\"Ladybug Convergence\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/photo4-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs get active on warm days in winter. Photo by Sara Fetterly\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One surprising fact about ladybugs is that they can’t fly when the temperature drops below 55 degrees F. So when they migrate, when the temperature drops -- so do they. (This would make an excellent cartoon.) Unlike migratory birds, the beetles don’t gather to migrate in large masses. Yet somehow, large groups end up in the same places year after year. If you’ve ever been curious to how their wings work, check out this \u003ca title=\"Ladybug Takes Flight, YouTube\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=XXwrEjvHBi0\" target=\"_blank\">super slow motion film\u003c/a> of a ladybug taking flight. Some groups head for the Sierra to spend the winter in rocky crevices, then migrate to the farm fields of the Central Valley for mating and feeding. For being so small, they cover a lot of territory. One of their sterling qualities is that both the adult beetles and larva eat large quantities of aphids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can get involved with the \u003ca title=\"Lost Ladybug Project, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.lostladybug.org/index.php\" target=\"_blank\">Lost Ladybug project from Cornell University\u003c/a> and help document ladybug species. Non-native ladybugs were introduced from Asia and Europe in the late 1950's and ‘60s. That’s about the time one of the native species, the nine-spot ladybug, began to decline. That was also a time of heavy pesticide use, including DDT. Hmmm, are there some possible correlations here? Participate in the Lost Ladybug project by taking photos of ladybugs around your yard or neighborhood and submit them to the study. There’s a handy field guide to help you identify them and instructions for how to photograph and submit your findings. You can also help beneficial insects like our ladybugs and our planet by avoiding pesticides in your yard and garden. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, get outdoors! Even in winter, there’s plenty to enjoy in our local outdoor spaces and \u003ca title=\"Redwood Regional Park, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a> is wonderful, rain or shine. Let me know in the comments about other places you find groups of ladybugs or any other ladybug species you find!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47666\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/07/ladybug-ladybug-fly-away-home/ladybugs-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47666\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47666\" title=\"ladybugs\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/ladybugs1-e1354765956495.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs gather in the Oakland Hills to spend the winter. Photo by Sara Fetterly\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s time for the annual convergence of ladybugs in our East Bay redwoods. Every winter the jewel-like insects gather by the hundreds and even thousands. The Convergent Lady Beetle, one of our natives, is found here and throughout North America. On warm days, they crawl and fly around sunny clearings in the forest. Cold and rainy days cause them to hunker down in red drifts on fence posts, tree trunks and under leaves. Here’s a short documentary about our \u003ca title=\"KQED QUEST video, Ladybug Pajama Party\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ladybug-pajama-party/\" target=\"_blank\">local ladybugs in Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a>, Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47665\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/07/ladybug-ladybug-fly-away-home/photo4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47665\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47665\" title=\"Ladybug Convergence\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/photo4-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs get active on warm days in winter. Photo by Sara Fetterly\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One surprising fact about ladybugs is that they can’t fly when the temperature drops below 55 degrees F. So when they migrate, when the temperature drops -- so do they. (This would make an excellent cartoon.) Unlike migratory birds, the beetles don’t gather to migrate in large masses. Yet somehow, large groups end up in the same places year after year. If you’ve ever been curious to how their wings work, check out this \u003ca title=\"Ladybug Takes Flight, YouTube\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=XXwrEjvHBi0\" target=\"_blank\">super slow motion film\u003c/a> of a ladybug taking flight. Some groups head for the Sierra to spend the winter in rocky crevices, then migrate to the farm fields of the Central Valley for mating and feeding. For being so small, they cover a lot of territory. One of their sterling qualities is that both the adult beetles and larva eat large quantities of aphids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can get involved with the \u003ca title=\"Lost Ladybug Project, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.lostladybug.org/index.php\" target=\"_blank\">Lost Ladybug project from Cornell University\u003c/a> and help document ladybug species. Non-native ladybugs were introduced from Asia and Europe in the late 1950's and ‘60s. That’s about the time one of the native species, the nine-spot ladybug, began to decline. That was also a time of heavy pesticide use, including DDT. Hmmm, are there some possible correlations here? Participate in the Lost Ladybug project by taking photos of ladybugs around your yard or neighborhood and submit them to the study. There’s a handy field guide to help you identify them and instructions for how to photograph and submit your findings. You can also help beneficial insects like our ladybugs and our planet by avoiding pesticides in your yard and garden. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, get outdoors! Even in winter, there’s plenty to enjoy in our local outdoor spaces and \u003ca title=\"Redwood Regional Park, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a> is wonderful, rain or shine. Let me know in the comments about other places you find groups of ladybugs or any other ladybug species you find!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: The Eastern Klamaths",
"title": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: The Eastern Klamaths",
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"content": "\u003cp>This is an ambitious side trip that you might try on your next trip north to Portland. At Redding, you turn left off the freeway and instead of the 70-mile burn up I-5 to Weed, you take about 120 miles and 3 or 4 hours extra to meander through some of California's most unusual country: the peridotite lands of the eastern Klamath Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peridotite (\"per-RID-atight\") is the rock type that exists beneath the Earth's crust in the mantle. It's a dense rock made of iron-rich minerals that is rarely seen. It's generally altered into \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/16/home-sweet-serpentine/\">serpentine rock\u003c/a> and not much escapes. California has the lion's share of America's peridotite, and the biggest piece of it is in the eastern Klamaths along State Route 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Klamaths are an outlier of the Sierra Nevada that somehow ended up about a hundred miles west. How that happened is still a puzzle to geologists, one that won't affect your enjoyment. It means that the ancient rocks similar to those that were invaded and disrupted by Sierran granites are exposed in somewhat better shape in the Klamaths. But the range is still a geological scrapple, a collage of many different rocks blanketed by roadless rain forest. Route 3 provides a lucky glimpse of its most distinctive component. Here's the road route as shown on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathloopmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47688\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathloopmap\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47688\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap-400x400.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap-75x75.png 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's how the route fits the geological underlayment, as shown on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathloopgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47685\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathloopgeomap\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47685\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap-400x400.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap-75x75.png 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you know your traditional geologic map colors, you'll see at a glance that the young volcanic rocks of the Cascade Range take up the eastern side of the map and Redding sits in the young sediments of the northernmost Great Valley. Considerably older metamorphic rocks, studded with granite upwellings (pink), take up the central and western part of the map area. The large area of purple is the cool stuff, punctuated with violet bodies of gabbro, another deep-seated iron-rich rock type.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you take State Route 299 west from Redding, watch the roadside rocks change from the gravelly sedimentary rocks of the Great Valley to the easily weathered granite . ..\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47686\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathloopgranite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47686\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgranite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathloopgranite\" width=\"600\" height=\"495\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47686\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgranite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgranite-400x330.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden, October 2009\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>. . . and to the older metamorphics, shot through with veins during their recent uplift into today's mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathloopveins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47692\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopveins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathloopveins\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47692\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopveins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopveins-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Klamaths were gold country like the Sierra, but some of the early prospectors found platinum instead, a metal that was worth little at the time. So keep your eyes open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Weaverville turn right on Route 3 up the Trinity River valley. The Trinity River has not been treated well, especially since hydraulic mining was allowed on it until the 1960s, and then it was dammed. (The \u003ca href=\"http://www.trrp.net/\">Trinity River Restoration Program\u003c/a> is starting to undo the damage.) This stretch of road is in the river's headwaters, part of the Trinity Heritage National Scenic Byway, featuring views like this one of Billy's Peak. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathlooptop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47691\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathlooptop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathlooptop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47691\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathlooptop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathlooptop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its dark rock is part of the peridotite terrane. Keep an eye out on the roadcuts for the dark outcrops of peridotite. Much of it is studded with greenish-black crystals of pyroxene, and many parts are altered to beautiful serpentinite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathserp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47684\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathserp.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathserp\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47684\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathserp.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathserp-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 56.5 miles after the turnoff from 299 to 3, turn right on Stewart Springs Road, staying in the Trinity River Valley. This is a well-graded gravel road that goes over a pass at 6800 feet. If the weather is threatening or the season is iffy, check ahead or stick to Route 3. In this reach of the Trinity River, the streambed rocks are different from anything you'll ever see. Pull over and study them. This is Forest Service land and you can take a stone or two. Also, look around at the thin forest that inhabits this nutrient-poor rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathloophills/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47687\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloophills.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathloophills\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47687\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloophills.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloophills-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the top of the pass, the road intersects the Pacific Crest Trail. Take a break and examine the peridotite boulders there. This one shows how invading hot water starts to convert the gray-green peridotite into serpentine minerals, including thin veins of fibrous chrysotile. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathloopperid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47689\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopperid.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathloopperid\" width=\"600\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47689\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopperid.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopperid-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do pieces of the mantle end up on the continents, anyway? The answer is that plate tectonics occasionally does that; the packages of rocks, of which peridotite is just the bottom layer, are called \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/platetectonics/a/ophiolite.htm\">ophiolites\u003c/a>. The one on this drive is the Trinity Ophiolite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long downhill drive that follows will deliver you to I-5 just north of the town of Weed. Well before that, though, you will be arrested by the spectacle of Mount Shasta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathloopshasta/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47690\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopshasta.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathloopshasta\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47690\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopshasta.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopshasta-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's another story entirely. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This is an ambitious side trip that you might try on your next trip north to Portland. At Redding, you turn left off the freeway and instead of the 70-mile burn up I-5 to Weed, you take about 120 miles and 3 or 4 hours extra to meander through some of California's most unusual country: the peridotite lands of the eastern Klamath Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peridotite (\"per-RID-atight\") is the rock type that exists beneath the Earth's crust in the mantle. It's a dense rock made of iron-rich minerals that is rarely seen. It's generally altered into \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/16/home-sweet-serpentine/\">serpentine rock\u003c/a> and not much escapes. California has the lion's share of America's peridotite, and the biggest piece of it is in the eastern Klamaths along State Route 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Klamaths are an outlier of the Sierra Nevada that somehow ended up about a hundred miles west. How that happened is still a puzzle to geologists, one that won't affect your enjoyment. It means that the ancient rocks similar to those that were invaded and disrupted by Sierran granites are exposed in somewhat better shape in the Klamaths. But the range is still a geological scrapple, a collage of many different rocks blanketed by roadless rain forest. Route 3 provides a lucky glimpse of its most distinctive component. Here's the road route as shown on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathloopmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47688\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathloopmap\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47688\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap-400x400.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopmap-75x75.png 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's how the route fits the geological underlayment, as shown on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathloopgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47685\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathloopgeomap\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47685\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap-400x400.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgeomap-75x75.png 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you know your traditional geologic map colors, you'll see at a glance that the young volcanic rocks of the Cascade Range take up the eastern side of the map and Redding sits in the young sediments of the northernmost Great Valley. Considerably older metamorphic rocks, studded with granite upwellings (pink), take up the central and western part of the map area. The large area of purple is the cool stuff, punctuated with violet bodies of gabbro, another deep-seated iron-rich rock type.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you take State Route 299 west from Redding, watch the roadside rocks change from the gravelly sedimentary rocks of the Great Valley to the easily weathered granite . ..\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47686\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathloopgranite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47686\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgranite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathloopgranite\" width=\"600\" height=\"495\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47686\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgranite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopgranite-400x330.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden, October 2009\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>. . . and to the older metamorphics, shot through with veins during their recent uplift into today's mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathloopveins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47692\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopveins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathloopveins\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47692\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopveins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopveins-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Klamaths were gold country like the Sierra, but some of the early prospectors found platinum instead, a metal that was worth little at the time. So keep your eyes open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Weaverville turn right on Route 3 up the Trinity River valley. The Trinity River has not been treated well, especially since hydraulic mining was allowed on it until the 1960s, and then it was dammed. (The \u003ca href=\"http://www.trrp.net/\">Trinity River Restoration Program\u003c/a> is starting to undo the damage.) This stretch of road is in the river's headwaters, part of the Trinity Heritage National Scenic Byway, featuring views like this one of Billy's Peak. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathlooptop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47691\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathlooptop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathlooptop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47691\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathlooptop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathlooptop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its dark rock is part of the peridotite terrane. Keep an eye out on the roadcuts for the dark outcrops of peridotite. Much of it is studded with greenish-black crystals of pyroxene, and many parts are altered to beautiful serpentinite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathserp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47684\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathserp.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathserp\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47684\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathserp.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathserp-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 56.5 miles after the turnoff from 299 to 3, turn right on Stewart Springs Road, staying in the Trinity River Valley. This is a well-graded gravel road that goes over a pass at 6800 feet. If the weather is threatening or the season is iffy, check ahead or stick to Route 3. In this reach of the Trinity River, the streambed rocks are different from anything you'll ever see. Pull over and study them. This is Forest Service land and you can take a stone or two. Also, look around at the thin forest that inhabits this nutrient-poor rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathloophills/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47687\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloophills.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathloophills\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47687\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloophills.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloophills-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the top of the pass, the road intersects the Pacific Crest Trail. Take a break and examine the peridotite boulders there. This one shows how invading hot water starts to convert the gray-green peridotite into serpentine minerals, including thin veins of fibrous chrysotile. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathloopperid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47689\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopperid.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathloopperid\" width=\"600\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47689\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopperid.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopperid-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do pieces of the mantle end up on the continents, anyway? The answer is that plate tectonics occasionally does that; the packages of rocks, of which peridotite is just the bottom layer, are called \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/platetectonics/a/ophiolite.htm\">ophiolites\u003c/a>. The one on this drive is the Trinity Ophiolite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long downhill drive that follows will deliver you to I-5 just north of the town of Weed. Well before that, though, you will be arrested by the spectacle of Mount Shasta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/06/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-eastern-klamaths/klamathloopshasta/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47690\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopshasta.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"klamathloopshasta\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-47690\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopshasta.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/klamathloopshasta-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's another story entirely. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Wanted: Scientist Comments",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47563\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 631px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/03/wanted-scientist-comments/scienceconference/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47563\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/ScienceConference-631x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ScienceConference\" width=\"631\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47563\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists need to talk to more than just each other.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever talked to a scientist, you know they usually have pretty strong opinions that they are not shy about expressing. Except, apparently, in the comments section of general science blogs. Here the silence is scary and, depending on whether these comment sections matter or not, potentially dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the comments section is a sort of clearinghouse of ideas, then scientists need to be represented in a science blog. People should hear every part of a debate including a scientist's perspective. This is especially true if the blog hinges on some key scientific fact which has a huge amount of data to support it. A scientist needs to step up and let people know what the data shows. Unfortunately, this isn't happening right now as much as it should. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This situation has kind of bothered me for awhile but a red flag went up as I perused the comments section of Liza Gross’ recent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/17/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health/\">blog \u003c/a>on vaccines. There were a couple of comments that were flat out wrong and yet no one challenged these doozies directly. And what’s more, there seemed to mostly be support from the other commenters which may have made the comments seem more legitimate than they were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most egregious assertion in the comments was that “vaccines have never saved us from these diseases…” This is factually incorrect and it would be extremely difficult to find a scientist that agrees with this assertion. Not because they have all been bought off by pharmaceutical companies but because the facts completely disprove this assertion. There is no “controversy” in the scientific world about the fact that vaccines have saved millions of lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reading this comment, I waited patiently for someone to refute it. There was eventually a comment that refuted a different part of this comment but it didn’t focus on the idea that vaccines have never prevented any diseases. In the meantime the comment got 23 little up arrows (equivalent I suppose to likes on Facebook) and only three down arrows (one of which was mine!). This made it look like most people agree with this assertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/03/wanted-scientist-comments/wanted2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47564\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Wanted2-207x253.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"Wanted2\" width=\"207\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-47564\">\u003c/a>I then sent out a plea to a bunch of scientist friends to please comment on the blog. They replied about the deplorable state of science education in the U.S. and how you’ll never convince these folks of anything, but none of them commented on the blog itself. Which got me to thinking about why they stayed away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Undoubtedly they didn’t want to deal with the blowback of the internet world. You have to feel pretty strongly about something and feel that what you’re saying will make a difference to deal with the insults, down arrows and so on. It could be they just didn’t think it was worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another big issue is time. It takes a lot of time to craft meaningful answers to these comments. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally you want to provide links to support what you say which, if it is a bit outside your field, will take a lot of work. This is especially a problem given some of the lengthy comments that need refuting. It would take so much time to refute eleven separate points in a single comment that a scientist might just throw their hands up in frustration and walk away. (I have certainly done that on occasion.) Add to this the fact that most scientists aren’t natural writers and that there is little to no incentive for providing these comments and you have a recipe for no scientist involvement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A final reason might be the loneliness of being the one person bringing up mainstream science. This is really driven home in the comments section of Liza’s blog by the one commenter who doggedly refuted many of the most egregious assertions on the vaccine blog. I have the utmost respect for this person because he (or she?) was willing to keep going in, spending the time and taking the abuse to point out what the science actually says. This is probably more than most scientists would be willing to deal with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And unfortunately, without support, this commenter appeared to be shouted down and almost seemed a minority opinion even though he was expressing the majority view. What this person could have accomplished with some support and a little sunnier disposition!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What all of this points to is scientists needing to be more involved in these sorts of comments. Now I don't mean they should dominate or be the only voice heard. One of the greatest powers of the comments section is that alternative views get to be expressed and debated. But for a debate to be meaningful, all sides need to be heard and mistaken comments corrected.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "If you’ve ever talked to a scientist, you know they usually have pretty strong opinions that they are not shy about expressing. Except, apparently, in the comments section of general science blogs. Here the silence is scary and, depending on whether these comment sections matter or not, potentially dangerous.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47563\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 631px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/03/wanted-scientist-comments/scienceconference/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47563\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/ScienceConference-631x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ScienceConference\" width=\"631\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47563\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists need to talk to more than just each other.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever talked to a scientist, you know they usually have pretty strong opinions that they are not shy about expressing. Except, apparently, in the comments section of general science blogs. Here the silence is scary and, depending on whether these comment sections matter or not, potentially dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the comments section is a sort of clearinghouse of ideas, then scientists need to be represented in a science blog. People should hear every part of a debate including a scientist's perspective. This is especially true if the blog hinges on some key scientific fact which has a huge amount of data to support it. A scientist needs to step up and let people know what the data shows. Unfortunately, this isn't happening right now as much as it should. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This situation has kind of bothered me for awhile but a red flag went up as I perused the comments section of Liza Gross’ recent \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/17/vaccine-waivers-informed-consent-and-public-health/\">blog \u003c/a>on vaccines. There were a couple of comments that were flat out wrong and yet no one challenged these doozies directly. And what’s more, there seemed to mostly be support from the other commenters which may have made the comments seem more legitimate than they were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most egregious assertion in the comments was that “vaccines have never saved us from these diseases…” This is factually incorrect and it would be extremely difficult to find a scientist that agrees with this assertion. Not because they have all been bought off by pharmaceutical companies but because the facts completely disprove this assertion. There is no “controversy” in the scientific world about the fact that vaccines have saved millions of lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reading this comment, I waited patiently for someone to refute it. There was eventually a comment that refuted a different part of this comment but it didn’t focus on the idea that vaccines have never prevented any diseases. In the meantime the comment got 23 little up arrows (equivalent I suppose to likes on Facebook) and only three down arrows (one of which was mine!). This made it look like most people agree with this assertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/03/wanted-scientist-comments/wanted2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47564\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Wanted2-207x253.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"Wanted2\" width=\"207\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-47564\">\u003c/a>I then sent out a plea to a bunch of scientist friends to please comment on the blog. They replied about the deplorable state of science education in the U.S. and how you’ll never convince these folks of anything, but none of them commented on the blog itself. Which got me to thinking about why they stayed away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Undoubtedly they didn’t want to deal with the blowback of the internet world. You have to feel pretty strongly about something and feel that what you’re saying will make a difference to deal with the insults, down arrows and so on. It could be they just didn’t think it was worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another big issue is time. It takes a lot of time to craft meaningful answers to these comments. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally you want to provide links to support what you say which, if it is a bit outside your field, will take a lot of work. This is especially a problem given some of the lengthy comments that need refuting. It would take so much time to refute eleven separate points in a single comment that a scientist might just throw their hands up in frustration and walk away. (I have certainly done that on occasion.) Add to this the fact that most scientists aren’t natural writers and that there is little to no incentive for providing these comments and you have a recipe for no scientist involvement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A final reason might be the loneliness of being the one person bringing up mainstream science. This is really driven home in the comments section of Liza’s blog by the one commenter who doggedly refuted many of the most egregious assertions on the vaccine blog. I have the utmost respect for this person because he (or she?) was willing to keep going in, spending the time and taking the abuse to point out what the science actually says. This is probably more than most scientists would be willing to deal with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And unfortunately, without support, this commenter appeared to be shouted down and almost seemed a minority opinion even though he was expressing the majority view. What this person could have accomplished with some support and a little sunnier disposition!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What all of this points to is scientists needing to be more involved in these sorts of comments. Now I don't mean they should dominate or be the only voice heard. One of the greatest powers of the comments section is that alternative views get to be expressed and debated. But for a debate to be meaningful, all sides need to be heard and mistaken comments corrected.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Still Curious About Mars in 2012",
"title": "Still Curious About Mars in 2012",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47544\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/30/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012/pia14156/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47544\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\" title=\"Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47544\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We've been thinking about life on Mars for a long, long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first it was easy. Before the telescope, Mars was a brilliant spark of orange light that moved about the sky with the other planets, seemingly with a life of its own. Its light grew and faded as its distance changed, and it would routinely reverse its course through the stars in retrograde ebbs. Long ago, many cultures saw Mars, and the other visible planets, as living beings themselves: deities that journeyed through the heavens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the invention of the telescope, and especially in the late 19th-century when they got powerful enough to see some details on Mars' face, it was still pretty easy to think about Mars and life, though life on Mars, and not Mars as a living being, was the main fare for the imagination. Polar ice caps reminiscent of Earth's and perceptible surface markings and color variations, both of which changed in extent and detail with Martian seasons, seemed to make Mars—or the human imagination—pulse with life. Fiction writers and scientists alike \u003ca href=\"http://cde.nwc.edu/SCI2108/course_documents/solar_system/innerplanets/mars/lowell/lowell_mars.htm\" title=\"Percival Lowell's Mars\" target=\"_blank\">speculated on the existence\u003c/a> of vegetation, animal life, liquid water, and even intelligent civilizations existent on the Red Planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as our telescopes grew even more powerful, and especially when we started sending cameras and telescopes to Mars on robotic spacecraft, imagining Martian life became more challenging. Even the first robots to land on Mars only added to the sterile picture of a lifeless Mars. It seemed that the possibilities of finding life there were drying up like the dusty, rusty, desert planet itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week I heard a rumor, which many of you heard as well, that NASA is preparing to make a big announcement concerning Mars and a recent discovery by the SAM instrument on board the rover Curiosity. People have been asking, \"What big announcement is NASA going to make? Will it really be earth-shaking, as some have suggested?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/mars/msl/121128rumors/\" title=\"Curiosity discovery\" target=\"_blank\">NASA is qualifying the rumor\u003c/a>—which spread through the blogosphere and Twittersphere like cyberfire—with a sober and soundly scientific assessment that the announcement (expected on Monday) will be scientifically interesting, but not earth-shaking. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that the SAM instrument (a set of chemistry experiments including a mass spectrometer, a laser spectrograph, a gas chromatograph, and a pre-subinertial photomegatronic oscillator—okay, only kidding about the last one) is designed to find organic compounds required by life as we know it, I'd say that the announcement will have something to do with organic compounds. I'm not being flippant; my point is that SAM (and Curiosity for that matter) was not designed to find life, fossils, remains or excrements of life, or even megalithic pyramids created by intelligent civilizations. (Although, the latter would certainly show up on one of Curiosity's cameras if it were pointed in the right direction….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity was sent to Mars to assess the suitability for life in Mars' past. Other missions (Spirit and Opportunity, Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18174-mars-water-streals-seasonal-flows.html\" title=\"Seasonal streaks on Mars captured by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>) have revealed that liquid water, one basic requirement for life as we know it, very likely once flowed on Mars. But life (AWKI) also requires the right mix of organic compounds—compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon—to emerge, form, and thrive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is Curiosity's charge, a mission that will unfold over the next two years as the rover climbs the slopes of Mount Sharp, a huge pile of sedimentary layers formed over the last 2 billion years or so--the very pages of the book of Mars' geologic history. Read on, Curiosity, read on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the wildfire of speculation, the furor of questing curiosity that erupted and became amplified by cyberspace, is an indication that we, as a culture and a species, are still looking for life on our neighbor planet; still hunting for life there, still wanting, hoping, to find it. I'm optimistic that we may find it, eventually—and in the meantime, I only have to wait until Monday to hear the latest from NASA, whatever exactly that will be. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/mars/msl/121128rumors/\" title=\"Curiosity discovery\" target=\"_blank\">NASA is qualifying the rumor\u003c/a>—which spread through the blogosphere and Twittersphere like cyberfire—with a sober and soundly scientific assessment that the announcement (expected on Monday) will be scientifically interesting, but not earth-shaking. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that the SAM instrument (a set of chemistry experiments including a mass spectrometer, a laser spectrograph, a gas chromatograph, and a pre-subinertial photomegatronic oscillator—okay, only kidding about the last one) is designed to find organic compounds required by life as we know it, I'd say that the announcement will have something to do with organic compounds. I'm not being flippant; my point is that SAM (and Curiosity for that matter) was not designed to find life, fossils, remains or excrements of life, or even megalithic pyramids created by intelligent civilizations. (Although, the latter would certainly show up on one of Curiosity's cameras if it were pointed in the right direction….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity was sent to Mars to assess the suitability for life in Mars' past. Other missions (Spirit and Opportunity, Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18174-mars-water-streals-seasonal-flows.html\" title=\"Seasonal streaks on Mars captured by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>) have revealed that liquid water, one basic requirement for life as we know it, very likely once flowed on Mars. But life (AWKI) also requires the right mix of organic compounds—compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon—to emerge, form, and thrive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is Curiosity's charge, a mission that will unfold over the next two years as the rover climbs the slopes of Mount Sharp, a huge pile of sedimentary layers formed over the last 2 billion years or so--the very pages of the book of Mars' geologic history. Read on, Curiosity, read on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the wildfire of speculation, the furor of questing curiosity that erupted and became amplified by cyberspace, is an indication that we, as a culture and a species, are still looking for life on our neighbor planet; still hunting for life there, still wanting, hoping, to find it. I'm optimistic that we may find it, eventually—and in the meantime, I only have to wait until Monday to hear the latest from NASA, whatever exactly that will be. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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