QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
Do Now #74: Earth Day
Fund Basic Research, It’s For Your Own Good
Two Local Kids Are Semi-Finalists in a National Wildlife Art Contest
Resurrection Biology: The Reality of Bringing Back Extinct Species
Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth
Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale
Yes, Your Cell Phone Conversation Does Drive People Mad
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"content": "\u003cp>In honor of Earth Day, we’re sharing an activity from our Science Education colleagues here at KQED. Pass this along to your teacher friends, and encourage them to participate in this activity for students to explore current issues using social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do Now is a weekly activity for students to engage and respond to current issues using social media tools like Twitter. KQED aims to introduce 21st Century skills and add value to learning through the integration of relevant local content and new media tools and technologies. Do Now gives students a chance to practice civic engagement and digital citizenship skills while they explore ways to connect topics in their classes to the present day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\" style=\"max-width: 600px;\" data-ajax=\"{'url':'http://education.kqed.org/edspace/2013/04/13/do-now-74-earth-day/','width':null,'words':null,'height':null,'embed':'<div class=\\"embedly\\" style=\\"max-width:nullpx;max-height:nullpx\\"><img src=\\"http://education.kqed.org/edspace/files/2012/03/earth.jpg\\" class=\\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\\" /><a class=\\'embedly-title\\' href=\\'http://education.kqed.org/edspace/2013/04/13/do-now-74-earth-day/\\'>Do Now #74: Earth Day | Edspace</a>To respond to the Do Now, you can comment below or tweet your response. Be sure to begin your tweet with @KQEDEdspace and end it with #KQEDDoNow For more info on how to use Twitter, click here. Do Now Do you make it a regular practice to care for the environment?<div class=\\"embedly-clear\\"></div><span class=\\"embedly-powered\\" style=\\"float:right;display:block\\"><a target=\\"_blank\\" href=\\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\\" title=\\"Powered by Embedly\\"><img src=\\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\\" alt=\\"Embedly Powered\\" /></a></span><div class=\\"media-attribution\\"><span>via </span><a href=\\"http://education.kqed.org\\" class=\\"media-attribution-link\\" target=\\"_blank\\">Kqed</a></span></div><div class=\\"embedly-clear\\"></div></div>'}\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\" style=\"max-width: nullpx; max-height: nullpx;\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right; display: block;\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"https://www.kqed.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kqed\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In honor of Earth Day, we’re sharing an activity from our Science Education colleagues here at KQED. Pass this along to your teacher friends, and encourage them to participate in this activity for students to explore current issues using social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do Now is a weekly activity for students to engage and respond to current issues using social media tools like Twitter. KQED aims to introduce 21st Century skills and add value to learning through the integration of relevant local content and new media tools and technologies. Do Now gives students a chance to practice civic engagement and digital citizenship skills while they explore ways to connect topics in their classes to the present day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\" style=\"max-width: 600px;\" data-ajax=\"{'url':'http://education.kqed.org/edspace/2013/04/13/do-now-74-earth-day/','width':null,'words':null,'height':null,'embed':'<div class=\\"embedly\\" style=\\"max-width:nullpx;max-height:nullpx\\"><img src=\\"http://education.kqed.org/edspace/files/2012/03/earth.jpg\\" class=\\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\\" /><a class=\\'embedly-title\\' href=\\'http://education.kqed.org/edspace/2013/04/13/do-now-74-earth-day/\\'>Do Now #74: Earth Day | Edspace</a>To respond to the Do Now, you can comment below or tweet your response. Be sure to begin your tweet with @KQEDEdspace and end it with #KQEDDoNow For more info on how to use Twitter, click here. Do Now Do you make it a regular practice to care for the environment?<div class=\\"embedly-clear\\"></div><span class=\\"embedly-powered\\" style=\\"float:right;display:block\\"><a target=\\"_blank\\" href=\\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\\" title=\\"Powered by Embedly\\"><img src=\\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\\" alt=\\"Embedly Powered\\" /></a></span><div class=\\"media-attribution\\"><span>via </span><a href=\\"http://education.kqed.org\\" class=\\"media-attribution-link\\" target=\\"_blank\\">Kqed</a></span></div><div class=\\"embedly-clear\\"></div></div>'}\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\" style=\"max-width: nullpx; max-height: nullpx;\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right; display: block;\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"https://www.kqed.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kqed\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52581\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/22/fund-basic-research-its-for-your-own-good/lamppost/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52581\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Lamppost.jpg\" alt=\"Basic research shines light on parts of science we didn't even know we should be looking at. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52581\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Lamppost.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Lamppost-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basic research shines light on parts of science we didn't even know we should be looking at. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lamp-post_silhouette_(3795639484).jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The budget proposal by the Obama administration is a mixed bag in terms of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/a-back-seat-for-basic-science-1.12803\">funding for science\u003c/a>. Targeted research received some OK gains but basic research was left with the same or even less money than the previous year. If this trend continues, it won’t just be basic research that takes a hit. It’ll be your health and the U.S. economy too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know, I know, a scientist bemoaning a cut in funding -- talk about someone with a vested interest! But hear me out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways this funding proposal is understandable. We have a dwindling pot of money and we want to fund what will be most likely to pay off. The problem is that this approach keeps science from finding completely new things that will lead to new approaches to treating diseases, identifying new energy sources and so on. We won't make any dramatic leaps in knowledge that fundamentally change how we address our problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funding predominantly targeted research is like looking for your car keys only in lighted areas of the street. You are missing a whole lot places where the keys could be. Science is similar. Basic research is like adding new light posts—it opens up areas of research we didn’t even know we could explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have a listed a few such findings off the top of my head. Because I’m more of a molecular biologist/geneticist, I’ve focused on these topics. There are undoubtedly lots of other examples from this and other areas that I haven’t included. Please feel free to add more to the comments section if you’d like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cell cycle regulators\u003c/strong>. Cancer happens when a cell grows out of control and/or refuses to die. Our cells have all sorts of controls in place to keep cells growing and dividing when they should and to also stop growing and even to die when they should too. The key regulators in this process were originally found in the humble baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found them more easily in yeast because of the unique properties of this model system (easily manipulated genetics, fast growing, etc.). Because of that initial basic research, we were able to study this aspect of cancer and begin to identify treatments based on these regulators much sooner than we otherwise would have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Micro RNAs\u003c/strong>. Until the early 1990’s, RNA was mostly thought of as a passive molecule. Basically the instructions found in genes in DNA were copied into RNA. This mRNA was then translated into proteins using two other RNAs, tRNA and rRNA, and it was proteins that did all the heavy lifting in the cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the work done in a small, see-through worm called C. elegans, we discovered that tiny RNAs are actually important in controlling how much protein gets made from a gene. These microRNAs are used in people too and have been shown to be involved in a number of cancers. Not only that, but they are incredibly useful tools for exploring how genes work so we can find new targets to go after for cancer research. It would have taken a very long time to find them with targeted research and even longer to figure out they were significant and how they work without basic research. I am not sure we would have found out what they are and/or do for decades if we had just focused on people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52597\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/22/fund-basic-research-its-for-your-own-good/insulin-bottle/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52597\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/insulin-bottle.gif\" alt=\"Without the basic research on enzymes that cut bacterial DNA at certain places and the research on little bits of self-replicating DNA called plasmids, we’d still be getting our insulin from pigs and cadavers.\" width=\"200\" height=\"208\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52597\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/insulin-bottle.gif 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/insulin-bottle-32x32.gif 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Without the basic research on enzymes that cut bacterial DNA at certain places and the research on little bits of self-replicating DNA called plasmids, we’d still be getting our insulin from pigs and cadavers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genetic Engineering\u003c/strong>: What started out as some basic research on bacteria in the 1960’s and early 1970’s, turned into today’s genetic engineering. People who become anemic from cancer treatments can thank basic science for their EPO and people with diabetes can do the same for their insulin. Both are now grown in bacteria using the genetic engineering tools created from basic research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the list can go on and on. The human genome project has opened up so many avenues of research that we are still figuring out where to go with it all. The same is true for the basic research that identified stem cells, the structure of DNA, recombination and on and on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we had just focused on targeted research, we would have missed most of this or at least research would have been delayed by years or even decades. Sick people would have suffered longer because we didn’t fund basic research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course I understand the quandary we are in here. If we have to choose between research on \u003ca href=\"http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/03/25/ducks-meet-the-culture-wars/\">duck penises\u003c/a> and food stamps for poor families, food stamps would undoubtedly win. This is even if the duck research might help us understand and possible even better treat conditions like preeclampsia, a problem with high blood pressure that can happen with pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we do need to think about how we can get the most bang for our limited science research dollars. Can we free up some money by streamlining how scientists are funded? Should we change how we assess whether scientific research has been successful or not? Should we divvy up the money in different ways with an increased percentage going to basic research?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t have the answers to these questions but the folks in Washington need to start thinking about this. I don’t think we want to give up our strong science position in the world just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/research-main.html\">More on applied vs. basic research\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.genomicron.evolverzone.com/2008/02/basic-research-is-lifeline-of-practical/\">Importance of basic research\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52581\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/22/fund-basic-research-its-for-your-own-good/lamppost/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52581\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Lamppost.jpg\" alt=\"Basic research shines light on parts of science we didn't even know we should be looking at. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52581\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Lamppost.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Lamppost-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basic research shines light on parts of science we didn't even know we should be looking at. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lamp-post_silhouette_(3795639484).jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The budget proposal by the Obama administration is a mixed bag in terms of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/a-back-seat-for-basic-science-1.12803\">funding for science\u003c/a>. Targeted research received some OK gains but basic research was left with the same or even less money than the previous year. If this trend continues, it won’t just be basic research that takes a hit. It’ll be your health and the U.S. economy too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know, I know, a scientist bemoaning a cut in funding -- talk about someone with a vested interest! But hear me out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways this funding proposal is understandable. We have a dwindling pot of money and we want to fund what will be most likely to pay off. The problem is that this approach keeps science from finding completely new things that will lead to new approaches to treating diseases, identifying new energy sources and so on. We won't make any dramatic leaps in knowledge that fundamentally change how we address our problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funding predominantly targeted research is like looking for your car keys only in lighted areas of the street. You are missing a whole lot places where the keys could be. Science is similar. Basic research is like adding new light posts—it opens up areas of research we didn’t even know we could explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have a listed a few such findings off the top of my head. Because I’m more of a molecular biologist/geneticist, I’ve focused on these topics. There are undoubtedly lots of other examples from this and other areas that I haven’t included. Please feel free to add more to the comments section if you’d like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cell cycle regulators\u003c/strong>. Cancer happens when a cell grows out of control and/or refuses to die. Our cells have all sorts of controls in place to keep cells growing and dividing when they should and to also stop growing and even to die when they should too. The key regulators in this process were originally found in the humble baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found them more easily in yeast because of the unique properties of this model system (easily manipulated genetics, fast growing, etc.). Because of that initial basic research, we were able to study this aspect of cancer and begin to identify treatments based on these regulators much sooner than we otherwise would have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Micro RNAs\u003c/strong>. Until the early 1990’s, RNA was mostly thought of as a passive molecule. Basically the instructions found in genes in DNA were copied into RNA. This mRNA was then translated into proteins using two other RNAs, tRNA and rRNA, and it was proteins that did all the heavy lifting in the cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the work done in a small, see-through worm called C. elegans, we discovered that tiny RNAs are actually important in controlling how much protein gets made from a gene. These microRNAs are used in people too and have been shown to be involved in a number of cancers. Not only that, but they are incredibly useful tools for exploring how genes work so we can find new targets to go after for cancer research. It would have taken a very long time to find them with targeted research and even longer to figure out they were significant and how they work without basic research. I am not sure we would have found out what they are and/or do for decades if we had just focused on people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52597\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/22/fund-basic-research-its-for-your-own-good/insulin-bottle/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52597\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/insulin-bottle.gif\" alt=\"Without the basic research on enzymes that cut bacterial DNA at certain places and the research on little bits of self-replicating DNA called plasmids, we’d still be getting our insulin from pigs and cadavers.\" width=\"200\" height=\"208\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52597\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/insulin-bottle.gif 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/insulin-bottle-32x32.gif 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Without the basic research on enzymes that cut bacterial DNA at certain places and the research on little bits of self-replicating DNA called plasmids, we’d still be getting our insulin from pigs and cadavers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genetic Engineering\u003c/strong>: What started out as some basic research on bacteria in the 1960’s and early 1970’s, turned into today’s genetic engineering. People who become anemic from cancer treatments can thank basic science for their EPO and people with diabetes can do the same for their insulin. Both are now grown in bacteria using the genetic engineering tools created from basic research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the list can go on and on. The human genome project has opened up so many avenues of research that we are still figuring out where to go with it all. The same is true for the basic research that identified stem cells, the structure of DNA, recombination and on and on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we had just focused on targeted research, we would have missed most of this or at least research would have been delayed by years or even decades. Sick people would have suffered longer because we didn’t fund basic research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course I understand the quandary we are in here. If we have to choose between research on \u003ca href=\"http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/03/25/ducks-meet-the-culture-wars/\">duck penises\u003c/a> and food stamps for poor families, food stamps would undoubtedly win. This is even if the duck research might help us understand and possible even better treat conditions like preeclampsia, a problem with high blood pressure that can happen with pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we do need to think about how we can get the most bang for our limited science research dollars. Can we free up some money by streamlining how scientists are funded? Should we change how we assess whether scientific research has been successful or not? Should we divvy up the money in different ways with an increased percentage going to basic research?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t have the answers to these questions but the folks in Washington need to start thinking about this. I don’t think we want to give up our strong science position in the world just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/research-main.html\">More on applied vs. basic research\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.genomicron.evolverzone.com/2008/02/basic-research-is-lifeline-of-practical/\">Importance of basic research\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Two Bay Area kids are \u003ca href=\"http://www.stopextinction.org/esd/434-2013-art.html\">semi-finalists\u003c/a> in a national art contest celebrating endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First-grader Hannah Chacko, of San Francisco, turned in this colorful drawing of the endangered San Francisco garter snake. (Perhaps a new t-shirt design for the city’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Judge-says-golf-can-stay-at-Sharp-Park-4101144.php\">Sharp Park Golf Course\u003c/a>?) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2HannahChacko.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2HannahChacko-224x169.jpg\" alt=\"H\" width=\"224\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-52787\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster City’s Kevin Huo, an eighth grader, submitted one of the most impressionistic entries in the bunch: this vivid depiction of an albatross – legendary protector of sailors -- soaring above a boat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/6-8-Kevin-Huo.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/6-8-Kevin-Huo-130x169.jpg\" alt=\"Albatross, Kevin Huo\" width=\"130\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-52785\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contest is sponsored by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Endangered Species Coalition, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the International Child Art Foundation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2-Ava-Bribiesco.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2-Ava-Bribiesco-221x169.jpg\" alt=\"T\" width=\"221\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-52786\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top honors went to kindergartener Ava Bribiesco of St. Louis, Missouri, for her collage of the American Burying Beetle. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two Bay Area kids are \u003ca href=\"http://www.stopextinction.org/esd/434-2013-art.html\">semi-finalists\u003c/a> in a national art contest celebrating endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First-grader Hannah Chacko, of San Francisco, turned in this colorful drawing of the endangered San Francisco garter snake. (Perhaps a new t-shirt design for the city’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Judge-says-golf-can-stay-at-Sharp-Park-4101144.php\">Sharp Park Golf Course\u003c/a>?) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2HannahChacko.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2HannahChacko-224x169.jpg\" alt=\"H\" width=\"224\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-52787\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster City’s Kevin Huo, an eighth grader, submitted one of the most impressionistic entries in the bunch: this vivid depiction of an albatross – legendary protector of sailors -- soaring above a boat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/6-8-Kevin-Huo.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/6-8-Kevin-Huo-130x169.jpg\" alt=\"Albatross, Kevin Huo\" width=\"130\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-52785\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contest is sponsored by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Endangered Species Coalition, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the International Child Art Foundation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2-Ava-Bribiesco.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2-Ava-Bribiesco-221x169.jpg\" alt=\"T\" width=\"221\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-52786\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top honors went to kindergartener Ava Bribiesco of St. Louis, Missouri, for her collage of the American Burying Beetle. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Resurrection Biology: The Reality of Bringing Back Extinct Species",
"title": "Resurrection Biology: The Reality of Bringing Back Extinct Species",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51147\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 607px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/resurrection-biology-the-reality-of-bringing-back-extinct-species/gonebanner/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51147\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51147\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GoneBanner.jpg\" alt=\"Someday we might be able to resurrect some of these long extinct species. The species depicted here have all become extinct since the mid 1700s and the colonization of the New World. Part of the painting GONE from 2004, 4'x3', oil on canvas painted by Isabella Kirkland, artist and research associate at The California Academy of Sciences. \" width=\"607\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GoneBanner.jpg 607w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GoneBanner-400x218.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 607px) 100vw, 607px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Someday we might be able to resurrect some of these long extinct species. The species depicted here have all become extinct since the mid 1700s and the colonization of the New World. Part of the painting GONE from 2004, 4'x3', oil on canvas painted by Isabella Kirkland, artist and research associate at The California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There has been a lot of buzz of late about bringing back extinct species like mammoths or passenger pigeons. While it might be a good idea to start thinking about these possibilities, we are years or even decades away from being able to actually pull this off with most long dead animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem isn’t reading the DNA...we are actually getting pretty good at that. And the problem isn’t even making the DNA. It would be quite a stretch to make a complete set of mammoth DNA but with a lot of time, money and effort, we could probably do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, the real problem is getting a cell to read any DNA we make in the lab. See, DNA has to be folded just so to fit inside the cell and we simply cannot do this on our own yet. And when you think about the proportions of what we’re dealing with, it becomes pretty obvious why we can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An animal’s DNA is stored in the nucleus inside the cell. A human has six feet of DNA in each cell and the average nucleus has a diameter of about six micrometers. So the cell manages to stuff two meters of DNA into this tiny space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To give you an idea what we’re up against, imagine the nucleus is the size of the average baseball, almost three inches in diameter. If our nucleus were this big, we’d need to cram 75,000 feet or 14.2 miles of DNA in there. Talk about a daunting challenge!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can’t just force it in either. We need to fold it perfectly to make sure the right genes are in the right place to be turned on properly. The DNA has to be twisted around little spools called histones and then twisted and folded and twisted some more until you get the nice compact shape of a chromosome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, only a cell can pull this off and until we figure out how to get lots of manmade DNA into a cell to have the cell fold it for us, we are stuck cloning with living or properly frozen cells. We simply don’t have this kind of material for most extinct animals. But we do have frozen cells for a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51138\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/resurrection-biology-the-reality-of-bringing-back-extinct-species/ibexclone2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51138\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51138\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IbexClone2.jpg\" alt=\"For cloning to work right now, you need to start with an intact cell. We have this for the extinct Pyrenean ibex.\" width=\"250\" height=\"586\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For cloning to work right now, you need to start with an intact cell. We have this for the extinct Pyrenean ibex.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One likely candidate for resurrection is the Pyrenean ibex. Scientists managed to collect and save cells from the last of these wild goats before she died in 2000. These cells are now being used to try to bring this goat back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, as outlined to the right, scientists first replace the nucleus in a goat egg with a nucleus from the ibex. This won’t grow and develop properly because the ibex DNA is configured to be used by an adult cell. So the next step is to use chemicals and/or electricity to reconfigure the DNA to be useful to an embryo. Then this “fertilized” egg is grown a bit, placed in a surrogate mother goat and then, if everything goes well, the species is reborn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far things have not gone that well. The tricky part in this is reconfiguring the adult DNA into embryonic DNA. If this isn’t done just right, the embryo won’t develop correctly. And finding the right conditions is done by trial and error and is different for different animals. What this means experimentally is a lot of failed pregnancies and a lot of sick and dead baby goats before hitting on the right conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This might be acceptable in this case to bring the goat back but maybe again it isn’t. Are lots of goats dying early, horrible deaths worth bringing back the ibex? I don’t know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question gets even harder when we are dealing with mammoths. Here we need to do more experimentation either because we need to try to get the DNA folded correctly or we need to get useful nuclei from cells frozen improperly in the Siberian tundra for thousands of years. Either way, we are going to have many more failed pregnancies and dead baby mammoths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, the surrogate here will be an elephant. Elephants are smaller than mammoths and have a gestation period of nearly two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first the gestation period won’t matter because the failed pregnancies won’t go very long. After hundreds or thousands of failed pregnancies, scientists will have tweaked the conditions enough so that some mammoths will get closer to birth and eventually even be born. Now we’ll have to wait a couple of years to see how our new conditions worked and to make the next tweaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all gets a lot more horrible if a mammoth baby is too big for an elephant to deliver naturally. If they are, we’d either need to have them born prematurely or do something like a C-section on the surrogate mother. This all sounds like a nightmare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was troubling enough thinking about all those dead and deformed goats but elephants are a whole different matter. In this scenario, these intelligent, caring animals are forced to endure multiple failed pregnancies and many dead babies. I am not sure how well elephants would hold up emotionally as mammoth factories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And let’s not even go down the Neanderthal road! All these same issues would be there except we’d be dealing with near-human babies and women surrogates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These sorts of things mean we need to really think about why we want mammoths, Neanderthals, Dodo birds or whatever. Are the benefits of resurrecting these species worth the risks to the individuals that need to carry them? And is it worth the suffering of all the individuals of that species who die an early, horrible death? There almost certainly needs to be a better reason than coolness to bring any of these animals back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it may be best to wait until we can invent some sort of artificial womb. At least then we’d spare the pain and suffering of the surrogates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/tedxdeextinction/\">TEDx DeExtinction\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/\">Foundation focused on bringing back species\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51152\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/resurrection-biology-the-reality-of-bringing-back-extinct-species/gonefull/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51152\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51152\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GoneFull.jpg\" alt=\"Full version of the painting Gone.\" width=\"630\" height=\"842\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GoneFull.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GoneFull-400x535.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Full version of the painting Gone.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/\">here \u003c/a>to see the key for all of these extinct species.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51147\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 607px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/resurrection-biology-the-reality-of-bringing-back-extinct-species/gonebanner/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51147\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51147\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GoneBanner.jpg\" alt=\"Someday we might be able to resurrect some of these long extinct species. The species depicted here have all become extinct since the mid 1700s and the colonization of the New World. Part of the painting GONE from 2004, 4'x3', oil on canvas painted by Isabella Kirkland, artist and research associate at The California Academy of Sciences. \" width=\"607\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GoneBanner.jpg 607w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GoneBanner-400x218.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 607px) 100vw, 607px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Someday we might be able to resurrect some of these long extinct species. The species depicted here have all become extinct since the mid 1700s and the colonization of the New World. Part of the painting GONE from 2004, 4'x3', oil on canvas painted by Isabella Kirkland, artist and research associate at The California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There has been a lot of buzz of late about bringing back extinct species like mammoths or passenger pigeons. While it might be a good idea to start thinking about these possibilities, we are years or even decades away from being able to actually pull this off with most long dead animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem isn’t reading the DNA...we are actually getting pretty good at that. And the problem isn’t even making the DNA. It would be quite a stretch to make a complete set of mammoth DNA but with a lot of time, money and effort, we could probably do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, the real problem is getting a cell to read any DNA we make in the lab. See, DNA has to be folded just so to fit inside the cell and we simply cannot do this on our own yet. And when you think about the proportions of what we’re dealing with, it becomes pretty obvious why we can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An animal’s DNA is stored in the nucleus inside the cell. A human has six feet of DNA in each cell and the average nucleus has a diameter of about six micrometers. So the cell manages to stuff two meters of DNA into this tiny space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To give you an idea what we’re up against, imagine the nucleus is the size of the average baseball, almost three inches in diameter. If our nucleus were this big, we’d need to cram 75,000 feet or 14.2 miles of DNA in there. Talk about a daunting challenge!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can’t just force it in either. We need to fold it perfectly to make sure the right genes are in the right place to be turned on properly. The DNA has to be twisted around little spools called histones and then twisted and folded and twisted some more until you get the nice compact shape of a chromosome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, only a cell can pull this off and until we figure out how to get lots of manmade DNA into a cell to have the cell fold it for us, we are stuck cloning with living or properly frozen cells. We simply don’t have this kind of material for most extinct animals. But we do have frozen cells for a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51138\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/resurrection-biology-the-reality-of-bringing-back-extinct-species/ibexclone2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51138\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51138\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IbexClone2.jpg\" alt=\"For cloning to work right now, you need to start with an intact cell. We have this for the extinct Pyrenean ibex.\" width=\"250\" height=\"586\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For cloning to work right now, you need to start with an intact cell. We have this for the extinct Pyrenean ibex.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One likely candidate for resurrection is the Pyrenean ibex. Scientists managed to collect and save cells from the last of these wild goats before she died in 2000. These cells are now being used to try to bring this goat back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, as outlined to the right, scientists first replace the nucleus in a goat egg with a nucleus from the ibex. This won’t grow and develop properly because the ibex DNA is configured to be used by an adult cell. So the next step is to use chemicals and/or electricity to reconfigure the DNA to be useful to an embryo. Then this “fertilized” egg is grown a bit, placed in a surrogate mother goat and then, if everything goes well, the species is reborn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far things have not gone that well. The tricky part in this is reconfiguring the adult DNA into embryonic DNA. If this isn’t done just right, the embryo won’t develop correctly. And finding the right conditions is done by trial and error and is different for different animals. What this means experimentally is a lot of failed pregnancies and a lot of sick and dead baby goats before hitting on the right conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This might be acceptable in this case to bring the goat back but maybe again it isn’t. Are lots of goats dying early, horrible deaths worth bringing back the ibex? I don’t know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question gets even harder when we are dealing with mammoths. Here we need to do more experimentation either because we need to try to get the DNA folded correctly or we need to get useful nuclei from cells frozen improperly in the Siberian tundra for thousands of years. Either way, we are going to have many more failed pregnancies and dead baby mammoths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, the surrogate here will be an elephant. Elephants are smaller than mammoths and have a gestation period of nearly two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first the gestation period won’t matter because the failed pregnancies won’t go very long. After hundreds or thousands of failed pregnancies, scientists will have tweaked the conditions enough so that some mammoths will get closer to birth and eventually even be born. Now we’ll have to wait a couple of years to see how our new conditions worked and to make the next tweaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all gets a lot more horrible if a mammoth baby is too big for an elephant to deliver naturally. If they are, we’d either need to have them born prematurely or do something like a C-section on the surrogate mother. This all sounds like a nightmare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was troubling enough thinking about all those dead and deformed goats but elephants are a whole different matter. In this scenario, these intelligent, caring animals are forced to endure multiple failed pregnancies and many dead babies. I am not sure how well elephants would hold up emotionally as mammoth factories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And let’s not even go down the Neanderthal road! All these same issues would be there except we’d be dealing with near-human babies and women surrogates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These sorts of things mean we need to really think about why we want mammoths, Neanderthals, Dodo birds or whatever. Are the benefits of resurrecting these species worth the risks to the individuals that need to carry them? And is it worth the suffering of all the individuals of that species who die an early, horrible death? There almost certainly needs to be a better reason than coolness to bring any of these animals back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it may be best to wait until we can invent some sort of artificial womb. At least then we’d spare the pain and suffering of the surrogates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/tedxdeextinction/\">TEDx DeExtinction\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/\">Foundation focused on bringing back species\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51152\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/resurrection-biology-the-reality-of-bringing-back-extinct-species/gonefull/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51152\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51152\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GoneFull.jpg\" alt=\"Full version of the painting Gone.\" width=\"630\" height=\"842\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GoneFull.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GoneFull-400x535.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Full version of the painting Gone.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/\">here \u003c/a>to see the key for all of these extinct species.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth",
"title": "Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Welcome to Gliese 667 Cc. We hope you enjoy your vacation stay on this amazing planet. You have traveled 23 light years from Earth, but the wonders you will witness are well worth the trip.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could happen, sometime in the future. Maybe. In the meantime, let's read the travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Discovered long ago, in 2009, Gliese 667 Cc, as it was originally named, is a model of how un-Earth-like an Earth-like planet can be. First, you may notice that you've put on a few pounds under this super-Earth's greater gravity. You may also think you're losing your sight, since this planet's dim red dwarf sun shines only a fraction of the visible light Earth's Sun does. Finally, as promised, your vacation here will last an entire year and hopefully you read the fine print that this planet's year is only four weeks long. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, back to reality. It's 2013, we do not (yet) have luxury cruisers warping people to other worlds, and we still haven't set foot on another planet. In fact, it's been less than two decades since we detected the first actual extrasolar planet (aka, exoplanet; planets orbiting stars other than our sun). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since that first exoplanet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Planetquest Search for another Earth\" target=\"_blank\">zeroing in on that \"other Earth.\"\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the count of confirmed exoplanets stands somewhere around 867, with another 2900 or so \"candidates\" whose existence is waiting to be confirmed. And over 2700 of those candidates were brought to our attention within the past three years by \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA Kepler Mission\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Kepler mission\u003c/a>, whose goal is to find Earthlike planets—Earthlike, in terms of size and habitability potential. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that mix are seven planets currently touted as potentially habitable—habitable to life as we know it, at least, with conditions that are friendly to the presence of liquid water. It should be noted that this is what scientists mean by \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/\" title=\"Planet Habitability Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">habitability\u003c/a>: conditions such that liquid water could exist, given an adequate atmosphere and an abundance of water molecules. This definition does not require that a human being could survive in that environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Gliese 667 Cc. One of three exoplanets (two confirmed, one candidate) orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 667 C (one of three stars in a triple star system), this one rates highly on the habitability scale (meaning we can imagine there being oceans, a water cycle, and potentially life), but at the same time is strikingly different in several ways to that prototype of Earthlike planets, Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a \"super-Earth\", meaning, as you might expect, bigger than Earth: estimated at 4.8 times the mass of Earth. Depending on its diameter, that could mean surface gravity notably greater than what we're used to: things weigh more, rain falls faster, landscapes are sculpted with a heavier hand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It orbits within its star's habitable zone—the proper distance so that water can be in liquid form—but since that star is a red dwarf, and much fainter than the Sun, that proper distance is much closer, about a tenth the Earth-Sun distance. Being so close to its star, Gliese 667 Cc only takes about 28 days to complete an orbit and mark its own year. Imagine a birthday party every month! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has also been suggested that, since this super-Earth is so close to its star, it is probably tidally locked, rotating only once per revolution and keeping the same face toward its star at all times. This would give Gliese 667 Cc a \"day\" hemisphere and a \"night\" hemisphere, so you could choose the time of day you like and stick with it. It would also likely mean a perpetually hot side and a perpetually cold side—unless a thick, Venus-like atmosphere exists that might keep surface temperatures globally similar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between these extremes, in the twilight zone between day and night, perhaps would be a perpetually temperate ring bounded on one side by a cold dark vastness of hemi-global ice sheets and a vast realm of sweltering sauna lands and hot-tub oceans--something for every type of vacationer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one has to wonder what kind of weather patterns would develop on this schizoid super-Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such we can imagine. We don't know if Gliese 667 Cc has oceans, or what kind of an atmosphere—if any—it might possess. All we really know is its super-Earth status and location within its star's habitable zone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps we'll learn other details in the future that will help us paint a more realistic picture of this exoplanet and get working on that travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Welcome to Gliese 667 Cc. We hope you enjoy your vacation stay on this amazing planet. You have traveled 23 light years from Earth, but the wonders you will witness are well worth the trip.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could happen, sometime in the future. Maybe. In the meantime, let's read the travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Discovered long ago, in 2009, Gliese 667 Cc, as it was originally named, is a model of how un-Earth-like an Earth-like planet can be. First, you may notice that you've put on a few pounds under this super-Earth's greater gravity. You may also think you're losing your sight, since this planet's dim red dwarf sun shines only a fraction of the visible light Earth's Sun does. Finally, as promised, your vacation here will last an entire year and hopefully you read the fine print that this planet's year is only four weeks long. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, back to reality. It's 2013, we do not (yet) have luxury cruisers warping people to other worlds, and we still haven't set foot on another planet. In fact, it's been less than two decades since we detected the first actual extrasolar planet (aka, exoplanet; planets orbiting stars other than our sun). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since that first exoplanet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Planetquest Search for another Earth\" target=\"_blank\">zeroing in on that \"other Earth.\"\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the count of confirmed exoplanets stands somewhere around 867, with another 2900 or so \"candidates\" whose existence is waiting to be confirmed. And over 2700 of those candidates were brought to our attention within the past three years by \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA Kepler Mission\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Kepler mission\u003c/a>, whose goal is to find Earthlike planets—Earthlike, in terms of size and habitability potential. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that mix are seven planets currently touted as potentially habitable—habitable to life as we know it, at least, with conditions that are friendly to the presence of liquid water. It should be noted that this is what scientists mean by \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/\" title=\"Planet Habitability Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">habitability\u003c/a>: conditions such that liquid water could exist, given an adequate atmosphere and an abundance of water molecules. This definition does not require that a human being could survive in that environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Gliese 667 Cc. One of three exoplanets (two confirmed, one candidate) orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 667 C (one of three stars in a triple star system), this one rates highly on the habitability scale (meaning we can imagine there being oceans, a water cycle, and potentially life), but at the same time is strikingly different in several ways to that prototype of Earthlike planets, Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a \"super-Earth\", meaning, as you might expect, bigger than Earth: estimated at 4.8 times the mass of Earth. Depending on its diameter, that could mean surface gravity notably greater than what we're used to: things weigh more, rain falls faster, landscapes are sculpted with a heavier hand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It orbits within its star's habitable zone—the proper distance so that water can be in liquid form—but since that star is a red dwarf, and much fainter than the Sun, that proper distance is much closer, about a tenth the Earth-Sun distance. Being so close to its star, Gliese 667 Cc only takes about 28 days to complete an orbit and mark its own year. Imagine a birthday party every month! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has also been suggested that, since this super-Earth is so close to its star, it is probably tidally locked, rotating only once per revolution and keeping the same face toward its star at all times. This would give Gliese 667 Cc a \"day\" hemisphere and a \"night\" hemisphere, so you could choose the time of day you like and stick with it. It would also likely mean a perpetually hot side and a perpetually cold side—unless a thick, Venus-like atmosphere exists that might keep surface temperatures globally similar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between these extremes, in the twilight zone between day and night, perhaps would be a perpetually temperate ring bounded on one side by a cold dark vastness of hemi-global ice sheets and a vast realm of sweltering sauna lands and hot-tub oceans--something for every type of vacationer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one has to wonder what kind of weather patterns would develop on this schizoid super-Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such we can imagine. We don't know if Gliese 667 Cc has oceans, or what kind of an atmosphere—if any—it might possess. All we really know is its super-Earth status and location within its star's habitable zone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps we'll learn other details in the future that will help us paint a more realistic picture of this exoplanet and get working on that travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale",
"title": "Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/21/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale/whalefall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51212\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/whalefall-300x169.png\" alt=\"Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy neptunecanada of Flickr via Creative Commons\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-51212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/neptunecanada/7329819240/\" target=\"_blank\">neptunecanada of Flickr\u003c/a> via Creative Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new paper describes the slowly rotting skeleton of a whale on the seafloor near the South Sandwich Islands, between South America and Antarctica. Why is such a thing exciting to geologists? There are a couple of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When whales die, they drop dead wherever they happen to be. If they beach themselves first, their corpses lie on the beach, but most whales pass away at sea and sink. Once on the seafloor, their decomposing bodies, called \"whale falls,\" amount to a winning lottery ticket for a host of creatures, which gather around the corpses and settle in to live off them. The flesh goes first, then come the fat-filled bones. The biological communities that arise may last for decades, perhaps centuries, depending on the local conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are interested in whale falls as lovely self-contained examples of oceanic food chains. Geologists see whale falls as a rich study in \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/paleontology/qt/Taphonomy.htm\">taphonomy\u003c/a>, their name for everything that happens to organisms as they become fossilized. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about the exquisite fossils you see in museums, the marvel is how clean they are, as if a taxidermist had prepared them for burial. But nature is a lousy taxidermist. For every perfect museum skeleton there are drawers backstage stuffed with thousands of bony fragments, incomplete and imperfect in many ways. But what the fossil collector sees as lamentable damage, the paleontologist—specifically the taphonomist—sees as possible environmental data. Everything from the tooth marks of scavengers to the scrapes made by construction-site bulldozers is the kind of evidence that geology prizes for insight into the living world of the deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the first whale falls studied by scientists were found by the U.S. Navy while they were searching for something they'd dropped. Most whale-fall research, however, is done on carcasses that are towed away from beaches and deliberately placed on the seafloor. That kind of research is quite young, though, and to learn about the late stages of whale-fall existence we need natural examples that are older. It is way too expensive to just dive down and look around for them, so we have to grab the opportunities that arise while we're looking for other things. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new paper was published in the journal \u003ci>Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography\u003c/i> in January (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000489\">read it online\u003c/a>). The British research ship \u003ca href=\"http://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea/ships/rrs-james-cook\">\u003ci>James Cook\u003c/i>\u003c/a> was surveying a blown-out seafloor volcano full of hydrothermal vents (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/hydrothermal-features/white-smoker.htm\">white smokers\u003c/a>) when it spotted whale bones. The scientists alertly carried out a state-of-the-art study using the ship's underwater roving vehicle \u003ci>Isis\u003c/i>, making a thorough video survey and grabbing some bone samples. It is only the sixth time that a natural whale fall has been examined in this much detail, and the first case from the Southern Ocean where whales are most abundant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper is full of the kind of information that can be applied to fossils as we get our bearings in this field. The different stages of life on a whale fall leave different signs in the bones. The subject is complex, but that's what science is for. And the Bay Area's younger rocks, especially in the Santa Cruz area, are full of whale fossils. Modern whale falls can inform our understanding of the ancient times in which those whales lived and died around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing that interests geologists, especially students of evolution, about whale falls is their role in the deep sea environment. Hospitable places in the deep sea are stepping stones for life, like oases in a desert or gas stations in Nevada. Many of the same species on whale falls also live on hydrothermal vents, which exist only in places where tectonic plates are spreading apart. Whale falls are scattered more randomly and allow the vent species to \"island hop,\" keeping the seafloor a unified biome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These matters are relevant to how Earth operates. The deep seafloor can be a source of new species when mass extinctions strike the surface world, and vice versa. How did this work before whales existed? Are there signs in the fossil record, or in the genetic records of living species, of this process at work in the past? Those are the scientific topics that this new set of whale bones will help us address.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/21/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale/whalefall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51212\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/whalefall-300x169.png\" alt=\"Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy neptunecanada of Flickr via Creative Commons\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-51212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/neptunecanada/7329819240/\" target=\"_blank\">neptunecanada of Flickr\u003c/a> via Creative Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new paper describes the slowly rotting skeleton of a whale on the seafloor near the South Sandwich Islands, between South America and Antarctica. Why is such a thing exciting to geologists? There are a couple of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When whales die, they drop dead wherever they happen to be. If they beach themselves first, their corpses lie on the beach, but most whales pass away at sea and sink. Once on the seafloor, their decomposing bodies, called \"whale falls,\" amount to a winning lottery ticket for a host of creatures, which gather around the corpses and settle in to live off them. The flesh goes first, then come the fat-filled bones. The biological communities that arise may last for decades, perhaps centuries, depending on the local conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are interested in whale falls as lovely self-contained examples of oceanic food chains. Geologists see whale falls as a rich study in \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/paleontology/qt/Taphonomy.htm\">taphonomy\u003c/a>, their name for everything that happens to organisms as they become fossilized. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about the exquisite fossils you see in museums, the marvel is how clean they are, as if a taxidermist had prepared them for burial. But nature is a lousy taxidermist. For every perfect museum skeleton there are drawers backstage stuffed with thousands of bony fragments, incomplete and imperfect in many ways. But what the fossil collector sees as lamentable damage, the paleontologist—specifically the taphonomist—sees as possible environmental data. Everything from the tooth marks of scavengers to the scrapes made by construction-site bulldozers is the kind of evidence that geology prizes for insight into the living world of the deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the first whale falls studied by scientists were found by the U.S. Navy while they were searching for something they'd dropped. Most whale-fall research, however, is done on carcasses that are towed away from beaches and deliberately placed on the seafloor. That kind of research is quite young, though, and to learn about the late stages of whale-fall existence we need natural examples that are older. It is way too expensive to just dive down and look around for them, so we have to grab the opportunities that arise while we're looking for other things. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new paper was published in the journal \u003ci>Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography\u003c/i> in January (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000489\">read it online\u003c/a>). The British research ship \u003ca href=\"http://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea/ships/rrs-james-cook\">\u003ci>James Cook\u003c/i>\u003c/a> was surveying a blown-out seafloor volcano full of hydrothermal vents (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/hydrothermal-features/white-smoker.htm\">white smokers\u003c/a>) when it spotted whale bones. The scientists alertly carried out a state-of-the-art study using the ship's underwater roving vehicle \u003ci>Isis\u003c/i>, making a thorough video survey and grabbing some bone samples. It is only the sixth time that a natural whale fall has been examined in this much detail, and the first case from the Southern Ocean where whales are most abundant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper is full of the kind of information that can be applied to fossils as we get our bearings in this field. The different stages of life on a whale fall leave different signs in the bones. The subject is complex, but that's what science is for. And the Bay Area's younger rocks, especially in the Santa Cruz area, are full of whale fossils. Modern whale falls can inform our understanding of the ancient times in which those whales lived and died around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing that interests geologists, especially students of evolution, about whale falls is their role in the deep sea environment. Hospitable places in the deep sea are stepping stones for life, like oases in a desert or gas stations in Nevada. Many of the same species on whale falls also live on hydrothermal vents, which exist only in places where tectonic plates are spreading apart. Whale falls are scattered more randomly and allow the vent species to \"island hop,\" keeping the seafloor a unified biome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These matters are relevant to how Earth operates. The deep seafloor can be a source of new species when mass extinctions strike the surface world, and vice versa. How did this work before whales existed? Are there signs in the fossil record, or in the genetic records of living species, of this process at work in the past? Those are the scientific topics that this new set of whale bones will help us address.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Yes, Your Cell Phone Conversation Does Drive People Mad",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/20/yes-your-cell-phone-conversation-does-drive-people-mad/cell-phone-baby/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51099\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/cell-phone-baby.jpg\" alt=\"New research explores the cognitive effects of listening to another person's cell phone conversation. (Photo by futurestreet via Flickr, CC by 2.0)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51099\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/cell-phone-baby.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/cell-phone-baby-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New research explores the cognitive effects of listening to another person's cell phone conversation. (Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/futurestreet/3334257292/\" target=\"_blank\">futurestreet\u003c/a> via Flickr, CC by 2.0)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a recent bus ride across the Bay Bridge, I was reading a journal article about environmental pollutants when a cell phone rang a few seats behind me, piercing the glorious silence. My muscles tensed, anticipating the inevitable banal chatter that I would have no choice but to endure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hello?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I’m not busy. I’m just on the bus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long silence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the person on the other end of the call must have launched into a seriously juicy tale, because the woman replied, “No!” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long silence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t believe he did that! Can you imagine?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I can’t imagine. As I tried to contain my building frustration, after rereading a sentence five times with no hope of comprehension, I resolved to scan the scientific literature to find out why hearing someone talk on their cell phone is so maddening. But then more pressing matters got in the way and I forgot about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I was interested when I heard about a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0058579\" target=\"_blank\">new study published in PLOS ONE\u003c/a> last week in which psychologists from the University of California, San Diego investigated this very question. Well, nearly so. Being cognitive neuroscientists, they weren’t measuring something as subjective as annoyance per se but more tractable scientific questions like memory and attention. And, yes, they found that hearing a one-sided conversation is extremely annoying and distracting—far more so than hearing both sides of a conversation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why study what’s become one of the most common examples of thoughtless behavior? Americans spent something like 2.3 trillion minutes on wireless devices last year, the researchers note in the paper, with some people confessing a “personal connection” with their cell. The sheer ubiquity of these insidious little devices means they will affect pretty much everyone at some point in some way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several studies show that chatting on cell phones while doing something else, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=McKnight%5Bauthor%5D+AND+The+effect+of+cellular+phone+use+upon+driver+attention\" target=\"_blank\">like driving\u003c/a>, interferes with your ability to perform that task—and you don’t improve with practice. The studies suggest that the effects aren’t related to motor skills, like dialing while steering, but to an inability to pay attention to what’s going on around you. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking while chatting isn’t much better. Like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~behrmann/dlpapers/Simons_Chabris.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">famous gorilla-basketball study\u003c/a>—where participants who watched teams pass a basketball back and forth failed to notice a person in a gorilla suit amble through—a 2010 study found that most pedestrians talking on cell phones failed to notice a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.1638/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">clown ride past them on a unicycle\u003c/a>. Cognitive neuroscientists call this phenomenon “inattentional blindness.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cell phones can compromise your ability to perform a task as ingrained as walking, it’s surprising that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/cellphone_laws.html\" target=\"_blank\">only 10 states prohibit drivers \u003c/a>from talking on a handheld device. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s no secret that most people hate listening to others talking on their cell phone. Surveys support what we all assume, with more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2006/Americans-and-their-cell-phones/1-Data-Memo-Findings.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">80% of respondents\u003c/a> attesting to the irritation factor. But few investigators have devised experiments to understand the cognitive effects of listening to a one-sided conservation. So Victoria Galván, an associate professor of psychology at UC San Diego, set out to do just that. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To simulate what happens when we find ourselves hostage to someone jabbering on their phone on a bus or in a restaurant, Galván combined a well-controlled attention task experiment with a bit of deception. The study participants, 164 undergrads taking an Intro Psych class at the university, thought the study was about a link between anagrams and reading comprehension. (Fifteen of the students must have read the literature because they guessed the study’s aims, forcing the researchers to exclude their results.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the students worked on unscrambling anagrams, a researcher left the room. Then the conversations began: \"confederates\" sitting near the students started either one-sided or two-sided 7-minute conversations that covered details about a birthday party, shopping and a date. When the researcher returned, she said her team wanted to understand “how a conversation affected a person” and gave the students a test to measure their memory of the conversation and a questionnaire to assess how distracting it was. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As predicted, the students who heard the one-sided conversation were more distracted and had more trouble with their anagrams. They also found the volume and content of the conversation more annoying. Sound familiar?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers attribute our annoyance in part to a lack of control, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841317/\" target=\"_blank\">other studies\u003c/a> show can lead to heightened stress responses such as headaches and anxiety. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, the students who heard the one-sided conversations performed better on the memory task, a result that may relate to the “unique, intrusive, ‘attention-grabbing’ aspects of a one-sided cell phone conversation,\" the researchers explain, since the students weren’t instructed to pay attention to the conversation. Or maybe they remembered more because they had half the information to absorb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m betting on the unique, intrusive, attention-grabbing hypothesis. A \u003ca href=\"http://pss.sagepub.com/content/21/10/1383.short\" target=\"_blank\">previous study\u003c/a> in a lab setting by a different research team suggested it’s the unpredictability of one-sided conversations that gets under your skin. When you hear two people talking, you don’t waste cognitive resources trying to guess what the other person is saying and it’s easier to block them out. (And I might have learned what that no-good guy did.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when you can hear just one side, you’re left waiting for the next snippet, imagining what comes next. I certainly had to use a lot of brain power to stay focused on that journal article, which I could finally read in earnest only after my fellow passenger ended her call after 15 very long minutes. Luckily, she did it before I gave her something else to talk about.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It's well known that talking on your cell phone compromises your ability to perform simple tasks like walking and driving. Now it turns out cell phones impact cognition in bystanders as well: listening to another person talk on their cell phone isn't just incredibly annoying, it also interferes with your memory and concentration.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/20/yes-your-cell-phone-conversation-does-drive-people-mad/cell-phone-baby/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51099\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/cell-phone-baby.jpg\" alt=\"New research explores the cognitive effects of listening to another person's cell phone conversation. (Photo by futurestreet via Flickr, CC by 2.0)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51099\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/cell-phone-baby.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/cell-phone-baby-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New research explores the cognitive effects of listening to another person's cell phone conversation. (Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/futurestreet/3334257292/\" target=\"_blank\">futurestreet\u003c/a> via Flickr, CC by 2.0)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a recent bus ride across the Bay Bridge, I was reading a journal article about environmental pollutants when a cell phone rang a few seats behind me, piercing the glorious silence. My muscles tensed, anticipating the inevitable banal chatter that I would have no choice but to endure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hello?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I’m not busy. I’m just on the bus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long silence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the person on the other end of the call must have launched into a seriously juicy tale, because the woman replied, “No!” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long silence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t believe he did that! Can you imagine?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I can’t imagine. As I tried to contain my building frustration, after rereading a sentence five times with no hope of comprehension, I resolved to scan the scientific literature to find out why hearing someone talk on their cell phone is so maddening. But then more pressing matters got in the way and I forgot about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I was interested when I heard about a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0058579\" target=\"_blank\">new study published in PLOS ONE\u003c/a> last week in which psychologists from the University of California, San Diego investigated this very question. Well, nearly so. Being cognitive neuroscientists, they weren’t measuring something as subjective as annoyance per se but more tractable scientific questions like memory and attention. And, yes, they found that hearing a one-sided conversation is extremely annoying and distracting—far more so than hearing both sides of a conversation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why study what’s become one of the most common examples of thoughtless behavior? Americans spent something like 2.3 trillion minutes on wireless devices last year, the researchers note in the paper, with some people confessing a “personal connection” with their cell. The sheer ubiquity of these insidious little devices means they will affect pretty much everyone at some point in some way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several studies show that chatting on cell phones while doing something else, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=McKnight%5Bauthor%5D+AND+The+effect+of+cellular+phone+use+upon+driver+attention\" target=\"_blank\">like driving\u003c/a>, interferes with your ability to perform that task—and you don’t improve with practice. The studies suggest that the effects aren’t related to motor skills, like dialing while steering, but to an inability to pay attention to what’s going on around you. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking while chatting isn’t much better. Like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~behrmann/dlpapers/Simons_Chabris.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">famous gorilla-basketball study\u003c/a>—where participants who watched teams pass a basketball back and forth failed to notice a person in a gorilla suit amble through—a 2010 study found that most pedestrians talking on cell phones failed to notice a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.1638/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">clown ride past them on a unicycle\u003c/a>. Cognitive neuroscientists call this phenomenon “inattentional blindness.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cell phones can compromise your ability to perform a task as ingrained as walking, it’s surprising that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/cellphone_laws.html\" target=\"_blank\">only 10 states prohibit drivers \u003c/a>from talking on a handheld device. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s no secret that most people hate listening to others talking on their cell phone. Surveys support what we all assume, with more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2006/Americans-and-their-cell-phones/1-Data-Memo-Findings.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">80% of respondents\u003c/a> attesting to the irritation factor. But few investigators have devised experiments to understand the cognitive effects of listening to a one-sided conservation. So Victoria Galván, an associate professor of psychology at UC San Diego, set out to do just that. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To simulate what happens when we find ourselves hostage to someone jabbering on their phone on a bus or in a restaurant, Galván combined a well-controlled attention task experiment with a bit of deception. The study participants, 164 undergrads taking an Intro Psych class at the university, thought the study was about a link between anagrams and reading comprehension. (Fifteen of the students must have read the literature because they guessed the study’s aims, forcing the researchers to exclude their results.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the students worked on unscrambling anagrams, a researcher left the room. Then the conversations began: \"confederates\" sitting near the students started either one-sided or two-sided 7-minute conversations that covered details about a birthday party, shopping and a date. When the researcher returned, she said her team wanted to understand “how a conversation affected a person” and gave the students a test to measure their memory of the conversation and a questionnaire to assess how distracting it was. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As predicted, the students who heard the one-sided conversation were more distracted and had more trouble with their anagrams. They also found the volume and content of the conversation more annoying. Sound familiar?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers attribute our annoyance in part to a lack of control, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841317/\" target=\"_blank\">other studies\u003c/a> show can lead to heightened stress responses such as headaches and anxiety. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, the students who heard the one-sided conversations performed better on the memory task, a result that may relate to the “unique, intrusive, ‘attention-grabbing’ aspects of a one-sided cell phone conversation,\" the researchers explain, since the students weren’t instructed to pay attention to the conversation. Or maybe they remembered more because they had half the information to absorb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m betting on the unique, intrusive, attention-grabbing hypothesis. A \u003ca href=\"http://pss.sagepub.com/content/21/10/1383.short\" target=\"_blank\">previous study\u003c/a> in a lab setting by a different research team suggested it’s the unpredictability of one-sided conversations that gets under your skin. When you hear two people talking, you don’t waste cognitive resources trying to guess what the other person is saying and it’s easier to block them out. (And I might have learned what that no-good guy did.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when you can hear just one side, you’re left waiting for the next snippet, imagining what comes next. I certainly had to use a lot of brain power to stay focused on that journal article, which I could finally read in earnest only after my fellow passenger ended her call after 15 very long minutes. Luckily, she did it before I gave her something else to talk about.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Rescuing Injured Wildlife",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/15/rescuing-injured-wildlife/colos-in-pool-edited/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50979\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50979\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/COLOs-in-pool-edited.jpg\" alt=\"The common loon rescued at Crown Beach (rear bird) swims in a pool at the International Bird Rescue Center. Her injuries can be seen in the stitches on her head. Image courtesy International Bird Rescue Center.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/COLOs-in-pool-edited.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/COLOs-in-pool-edited-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The common loon rescued at Crown Beach (rear bird) swims in a pool at the International Bird Rescue Center. Her injuries can be seen in the stitches on her head. Image courtesy International Bird Rescue Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She was sick, alone, and stranded on a beach, her head wrapped in fishing line that had cut down to the bone in some areas. Even without the injuries, she would have had a hard time taking flight from the sand. Loons are built for a water takeoff with feet far back on their bodies. This \u003ca title=\"Common Loon ID, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/common_loon/id\" target=\"_blank\">common loon\u003c/a> (COLO) was lucky, though, that Martha noticed her and went to get help. Martha found James and Trevor, East Bay Regional Parks naturalist staff at\u003ca title=\"Crab Cove at Crown Beach, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/vc/crab_cove\"> Crown Beach\u003c/a>, and they came to COLO’s rescue. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50980\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 382px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/15/rescuing-injured-wildlife/colo-hook-lat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50980\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50980\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/COLO-hook-LAT-382x253.jpg\" alt=\"The hook can be seen in this x-ray in the middle-left part of the picture.\" width=\"382\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The hook can be seen in this x-ray in the middle-left part of the picture. Image courtesy of International Bird Rescue Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Throwing a jacket over her head to protect themselves and help calm her down, they were able to pick her up and prepare her for transport to the \u003ca title=\"Lindsey Wildlife Museum\" href=\"http://wildlife-museum.org/hospital/about\" target=\"_blank\">Lindsey Wildlife Museum and Hospital\u003c/a> in Walnut Creek. She ended up at the \u003ca title=\"International Bird Rescue Center\" href=\"http://www.bird-rescue.org/\" target=\"_blank\">International Bird Rescue Center\u003c/a> in Cordelia, CA as they specialize in caring for waterbirds. The staff vets removed the monofilament and stitched up her wounds. X-rays revealed that COLO had swallowed a hook. Surgery would be required to remove that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common loons are \u003ca title=\"loon migration, USGS\" href=\"http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/terrestrial/migratory_birds/loons/questions.html\" target=\"_blank\">migratory\u003c/a>, spectacular, large grayish birds who winter along the East and West coasts, including San Francisco Bay, and nest in the far northern US, Canada, Alaska, and the Arctic. (Some of you may remember Henry Ford and Katherine Hepburn’s movie, “On Golden Pond,” which made the yodeling call of the loon and lifelong love forever entwined in my mind. But I digress.) Loons can dive deeply and chase their small fish prey to depths of up to 200 feet using their large feet to propel them underwater. Usually though they fish in shallow, nearshore waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/15/rescuing-injured-wildlife/2013-02-22-13-37-35/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50982\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/2013-02-22-13.37.35-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Trevor helped rescue the injured common loon from the beach.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trevor helped rescue the injured common loon from the beach.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Discarded fishing line, tackle and hooks pose threats to loons and other wildlife. One initiative to help educate fishermen about the importance of cleaning up after themselves is underway in many fishing spots along our shores. \u003ca title=\"Marine Debris website\" href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/ccbn/trashdebris.html\" target=\"_blank\">Monofilament collection bins \u003c/a>have been installed in many areas and information is being distributed about where they can send their line to have it recycled. You can help wildlife by donating time or resources to the facilities and volunteers who do the important work in the day-to-day care for our injured wildlife. \u003ca title=\"Wildcare Bay Area\" href=\"http://www.wildcarebayarea.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AnimalAid\" target=\"_blank\">Wildcare\u003c/a> is another important wildlife care facility operating in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Wild birds, injured on the beach, get a helping hand from dedicated staff and volunteers. Here's the story of one injured water bird.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/15/rescuing-injured-wildlife/colos-in-pool-edited/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50979\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50979\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/COLOs-in-pool-edited.jpg\" alt=\"The common loon rescued at Crown Beach (rear bird) swims in a pool at the International Bird Rescue Center. Her injuries can be seen in the stitches on her head. Image courtesy International Bird Rescue Center.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/COLOs-in-pool-edited.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/COLOs-in-pool-edited-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The common loon rescued at Crown Beach (rear bird) swims in a pool at the International Bird Rescue Center. Her injuries can be seen in the stitches on her head. Image courtesy International Bird Rescue Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She was sick, alone, and stranded on a beach, her head wrapped in fishing line that had cut down to the bone in some areas. Even without the injuries, she would have had a hard time taking flight from the sand. Loons are built for a water takeoff with feet far back on their bodies. This \u003ca title=\"Common Loon ID, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/common_loon/id\" target=\"_blank\">common loon\u003c/a> (COLO) was lucky, though, that Martha noticed her and went to get help. Martha found James and Trevor, East Bay Regional Parks naturalist staff at\u003ca title=\"Crab Cove at Crown Beach, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/vc/crab_cove\"> Crown Beach\u003c/a>, and they came to COLO’s rescue. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50980\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 382px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/15/rescuing-injured-wildlife/colo-hook-lat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50980\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50980\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/COLO-hook-LAT-382x253.jpg\" alt=\"The hook can be seen in this x-ray in the middle-left part of the picture.\" width=\"382\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The hook can be seen in this x-ray in the middle-left part of the picture. Image courtesy of International Bird Rescue Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Throwing a jacket over her head to protect themselves and help calm her down, they were able to pick her up and prepare her for transport to the \u003ca title=\"Lindsey Wildlife Museum\" href=\"http://wildlife-museum.org/hospital/about\" target=\"_blank\">Lindsey Wildlife Museum and Hospital\u003c/a> in Walnut Creek. She ended up at the \u003ca title=\"International Bird Rescue Center\" href=\"http://www.bird-rescue.org/\" target=\"_blank\">International Bird Rescue Center\u003c/a> in Cordelia, CA as they specialize in caring for waterbirds. The staff vets removed the monofilament and stitched up her wounds. X-rays revealed that COLO had swallowed a hook. Surgery would be required to remove that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common loons are \u003ca title=\"loon migration, USGS\" href=\"http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/terrestrial/migratory_birds/loons/questions.html\" target=\"_blank\">migratory\u003c/a>, spectacular, large grayish birds who winter along the East and West coasts, including San Francisco Bay, and nest in the far northern US, Canada, Alaska, and the Arctic. (Some of you may remember Henry Ford and Katherine Hepburn’s movie, “On Golden Pond,” which made the yodeling call of the loon and lifelong love forever entwined in my mind. But I digress.) Loons can dive deeply and chase their small fish prey to depths of up to 200 feet using their large feet to propel them underwater. Usually though they fish in shallow, nearshore waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/15/rescuing-injured-wildlife/2013-02-22-13-37-35/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50982\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/2013-02-22-13.37.35-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Trevor helped rescue the injured common loon from the beach.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trevor helped rescue the injured common loon from the beach.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Discarded fishing line, tackle and hooks pose threats to loons and other wildlife. One initiative to help educate fishermen about the importance of cleaning up after themselves is underway in many fishing spots along our shores. \u003ca title=\"Marine Debris website\" href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/ccbn/trashdebris.html\" target=\"_blank\">Monofilament collection bins \u003c/a>have been installed in many areas and information is being distributed about where they can send their line to have it recycled. You can help wildlife by donating time or resources to the facilities and volunteers who do the important work in the day-to-day care for our injured wildlife. \u003ca title=\"Wildcare Bay Area\" href=\"http://www.wildcarebayarea.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AnimalAid\" target=\"_blank\">Wildcare\u003c/a> is another important wildlife care facility operating in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Ant-Driven Landscape",
"title": "The Ant-Driven Landscape",
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"content": "\u003cp>In this part of California we may thank our lucky stars for being free of \u003ca href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/python.shtml\">Burmese pythons\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loxosceles_reclusa_range.png\">brown recluse spiders\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=11059&page=6\">Africanized honeybees\u003c/a>. But during the last few decades, while most of us weren't paying attention, much of California was taken over by ants from Argentina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Argentine ants, \u003ci>Linepithema humile\u003c/i>, love the environment of our homes and gardens. The soil is watered regularly, there's warmth nearby in the winter, and it almost never floods. The species is aggressive, and unlike most ants they don't fight each other's colonies. Recent research suggests that even though they're genetically diverse, Argentine ants always smell the same to each other, so undistracted by internal wars they combine forces and simply overwhelm most other ant species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But our different kinds of native ants are crucial members of the local ecosystem. Some eat corpses, while others scavenge the ground for dead plant matter. Some live like farmers, cultivating certain fungus species by feeding them plant materials. Some depend on specific plants, which benefit from the attention. (KQED has a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/interactive-map-ants-of-the-bay-area/\">cool gallery of Bay Area native ant species\u003c/a> and their lifeways.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Argentine ants move in, all of those specialized services are handicapped or disappear. There's plenty of reading out there about the effect of these ants on ecosystems, but as a geologist I wonder about their effect on \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/glossaryofgeology/g/defbioturbation.htm\">bioturbation\u003c/a>, the processes by which living things stir the soil. Ground-dwelling animals have profound effects on soil: the way it breathes, circulates water and cycles nutrients. Ants and worms are the most important of these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the various ant species, Argentine ants are small and their nests are shallow. That means, for instance, they're not capable of building the piles of coarse sand and gravel, brought up from meters below the ground, that desert red ants made in this example from Nevada. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/the-ant-driven-landscape/anthill/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51002\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51002\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fortunately Argentine ants have trouble where it's dry and cold, so gold prospectors in the Mojave can continue their practice of sampling buried rocks from anthills. But around here, how does the soil respond when the deep-digging ant species are gone? I also wonder about the various bee species that dig holes in the ground, like these ones I spotted on a San Mateo County seacliff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/the-ant-driven-landscape/bees/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51003\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees.jpg\" alt=\"bees\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-51003\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists learn more about invasive species, it's clear that no matter wherever they live, people need to raise their game and learn defensive practices: call it eco-hygeine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the earthworms of Minnesota. Did you know that in Minnesota and much of its neighboring states there aren't any native earthworms? Since the ice age glaciers melted, some 10,000 years ago, the earthworms haven't managed to crawl north fast enough, and the forests there are adapted to worm-free soils that consist of raw glacier sediment with a thick layer of organic matter on top. Worms eat all that stuff and dig it into the dirt. That's why we love them in most places, but in Minnesota the worms brought in with nursery plants and baitworms thrown away during fishing trips are ruining the woods. Up there, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/soil.html\">Great Lakes Worm Watch\u003c/a> is trying to raise consciousness and fight the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around here, we have to think more about our ants. At Stanford University's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve they've been \u003ca href=\"http://jrbp.stanford.edu/db/projects/project_display.php?project_id=56\">monitoring the Argentine ant invasion\u003c/a> and are learning what limits them: cold, dry ground and ant species with strong defenses. Volunteers all over the Bay Area can act locally by gathering data through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/citizen_science/ants/\">Bay Area Ant Survey\u003c/a>, coordinated by the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been a lot of talk lately about \"Anthropocene time,\" a name for the geological time period that includes the present and future. It represents a concept I might call the human-driven planet: our actions and influences have become as important as natural forces in governing the planetary environment. The root \"anthropo-\" refers to human causes, but for teaching purposes it may be better just to look down at our feet and think \"ant-\" instead. Because humans brought the invaders here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, Argentine ants are well controlled with \u003ca href=\"http://insects.about.com/od/HouseholdPests/a/How-To-Make-And-Use-Homemade-Ant-Baits.htm\">boric acid bait\u003c/a>. I've had lasting success with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ps.uci.edu/~tomba/ants/\">this simple method\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In this part of California we may thank our lucky stars for being free of \u003ca href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/python.shtml\">Burmese pythons\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loxosceles_reclusa_range.png\">brown recluse spiders\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=11059&page=6\">Africanized honeybees\u003c/a>. But during the last few decades, while most of us weren't paying attention, much of California was taken over by ants from Argentina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Argentine ants, \u003ci>Linepithema humile\u003c/i>, love the environment of our homes and gardens. The soil is watered regularly, there's warmth nearby in the winter, and it almost never floods. The species is aggressive, and unlike most ants they don't fight each other's colonies. Recent research suggests that even though they're genetically diverse, Argentine ants always smell the same to each other, so undistracted by internal wars they combine forces and simply overwhelm most other ant species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But our different kinds of native ants are crucial members of the local ecosystem. Some eat corpses, while others scavenge the ground for dead plant matter. Some live like farmers, cultivating certain fungus species by feeding them plant materials. Some depend on specific plants, which benefit from the attention. (KQED has a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/interactive-map-ants-of-the-bay-area/\">cool gallery of Bay Area native ant species\u003c/a> and their lifeways.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Argentine ants move in, all of those specialized services are handicapped or disappear. There's plenty of reading out there about the effect of these ants on ecosystems, but as a geologist I wonder about their effect on \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/glossaryofgeology/g/defbioturbation.htm\">bioturbation\u003c/a>, the processes by which living things stir the soil. Ground-dwelling animals have profound effects on soil: the way it breathes, circulates water and cycles nutrients. Ants and worms are the most important of these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the various ant species, Argentine ants are small and their nests are shallow. That means, for instance, they're not capable of building the piles of coarse sand and gravel, brought up from meters below the ground, that desert red ants made in this example from Nevada. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/the-ant-driven-landscape/anthill/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51002\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51002\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fortunately Argentine ants have trouble where it's dry and cold, so gold prospectors in the Mojave can continue their practice of sampling buried rocks from anthills. But around here, how does the soil respond when the deep-digging ant species are gone? I also wonder about the various bee species that dig holes in the ground, like these ones I spotted on a San Mateo County seacliff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/the-ant-driven-landscape/bees/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51003\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees.jpg\" alt=\"bees\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-51003\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists learn more about invasive species, it's clear that no matter wherever they live, people need to raise their game and learn defensive practices: call it eco-hygeine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the earthworms of Minnesota. Did you know that in Minnesota and much of its neighboring states there aren't any native earthworms? Since the ice age glaciers melted, some 10,000 years ago, the earthworms haven't managed to crawl north fast enough, and the forests there are adapted to worm-free soils that consist of raw glacier sediment with a thick layer of organic matter on top. Worms eat all that stuff and dig it into the dirt. That's why we love them in most places, but in Minnesota the worms brought in with nursery plants and baitworms thrown away during fishing trips are ruining the woods. Up there, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/soil.html\">Great Lakes Worm Watch\u003c/a> is trying to raise consciousness and fight the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around here, we have to think more about our ants. At Stanford University's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve they've been \u003ca href=\"http://jrbp.stanford.edu/db/projects/project_display.php?project_id=56\">monitoring the Argentine ant invasion\u003c/a> and are learning what limits them: cold, dry ground and ant species with strong defenses. Volunteers all over the Bay Area can act locally by gathering data through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/citizen_science/ants/\">Bay Area Ant Survey\u003c/a>, coordinated by the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been a lot of talk lately about \"Anthropocene time,\" a name for the geological time period that includes the present and future. It represents a concept I might call the human-driven planet: our actions and influences have become as important as natural forces in governing the planetary environment. The root \"anthropo-\" refers to human causes, but for teaching purposes it may be better just to look down at our feet and think \"ant-\" instead. Because humans brought the invaders here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, Argentine ants are well controlled with \u003ca href=\"http://insects.about.com/od/HouseholdPests/a/How-To-Make-And-Use-Homemade-Ant-Baits.htm\">boric acid bait\u003c/a>. I've had lasting success with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ps.uci.edu/~tomba/ants/\">this simple method\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Engineering a Virus-Free Future",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50657\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/hivdocking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50657\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking.jpg\" alt=\"One day we may all be engineered so that we are immune to all viruses (including the HIV shown here). Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"630\" height=\"361\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50657\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One day we may all be engineered so that we are immune to all viruses (including the HIV shown here). Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I have been reading a book called \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Regenesis-Synthetic-Biology-Reinvent-Ourselves/dp/0465021751/ref=tmm_hrd_title_popover?ie=UTF8&qid=1362680681&sr=8-1\">Regenesis \u003c/a>where in one part the authors propose a way to re-engineer the human race so all people are resistant to all viruses, known and unknown. This will theoretically be possible in the next few decades (or even sooner) and, if done right, is predicted to make us resistant for a very long time and possibly even forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as you might guess, something this radical does not come without risks. There are many possible health risks involved in a major reshaping of human DNA that essentially divorces us from the nature around us. And there are many ethical dilemmas in its implementation as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The benefits of a virus-free world are obvious. But it is an open question whether the risks outweigh these benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science of Complete Viral Resistance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science behind all of this is plausible although it will definitely be a daunting technological challenge. The basic idea it is to change our operating system—we will be Macs in a PC world and so be immune to those pesky PC viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature’s operating system is the genetic code. At its simplest the code is made up of 64, three letter words called codons. This is the language our genes are written in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viruses are able to infect our cells and make us sick because they use the same operating system. Basically a virus enters a cell and gives it a series of commands via the genetic code to make new viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we engineer our cells to speak a different language, then the viral instructions will be meaningless. Our cell will ignore the virus and eventually clear it out of our system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Re-engineering a code that has been around for a billion years might sound hard, but one of its properties makes it doable. Many of those 64 words mean pretty much the same thing. Our genetic code has a lot of synonyms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50664\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/geneticcodesm/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50664\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/geneticCodeSM.gif\" alt=\"A simple code with lots of synonyms makes re-engineering our operating system relatively simple.\" width=\"250\" height=\"220\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50664\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A simple code with lots of synonyms makes re-engineering our operating system relatively simple.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea would be to change the meaning of a few of the synonyms. What we’d do is pick a codon, maybe TAG, and change all of the TAGs in our genes to its synonyms, TGA and TAA. Then we’d make TAG code for something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now when a virus enters the cell, its instructions to the cell are gibberish. Whenever it gives cells an instruction with TAG somewhere in it, the cell misreads it and so can’t do as it is told. The cell can then calmly ignore the virus and go about its business. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/viral-resistance\">here \u003c/a>to learn more about the science behind this.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the resistance more or less permanent requires changing more than one synonym. Viruses are small and mutate like crazy so we have to make it so the virus requires at least ten and probably many more simultaneous mutations to become resistant. The only way to do this is if we make all the changes in one fell swoop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all sounds like some Hollywood \"B movie\" but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/15/redesigning-life/\">scientists are very close\u003c/a> to testing this theory out in \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, a common lab bacterium. Scientists have made the appropriate changes and are stitching together the DNA as we speak. Soon we should know if this strain of \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> is immune to the phages that plague it. (Phages are what viruses that attack bacteria are called.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this works in bacteria, then it might work in people too. But it isn’t a for sure thing. We are more complicated than a bacterium and the genetic code is more complicated than it first appears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big challenge that has important implications is that we can’t make the necessary changes a bit at a time. If we do that, viruses will mutate along with us and keep up. We need to make all the tens of thousands of changes all at once. This is where the trouble can start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Technical Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are at least two sets of technical risks associated with doing something like this. The first just has to do with how often we make a mistake while changing tens of thousands of our DNA letters. No matter how good we get, there will always be a chance that we make a mistake. And since these changes are in genes, some of the mistakes could be really bad for our health. I am not sure we can ever be careful enough to not introduce a few errors here and there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second big risk is that we do not fully understand how our DNA works. What if there are very small genes we don’t know about that use the synonym that we have changed? The consequences could be severe if that “genelet” plays an important role in the cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem in that the synonyms may not be as alike as we think. We’ve known for a while that not all synonymous codons are created equal. For example, sometimes when we try to optimize a gene by selecting what we think are better codons, the gene stops working. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50677\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/geneticengineering/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50677\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering.jpg\" alt=\"We are bound to make a few mistakes when making so many changes to our DNA.\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50677\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering.jpg 250w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We are bound to make a few mistakes when making so many changes to our DNA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.yeastgenome.org/the-rhythm-of-ribosomes\">study \u003c/a>just out in yeast confirms that some of the specific codons in a gene are there for a reason—not all synonymous codons are used in the same way in the cell. It looks like some words are preferred at certain parts of a gene. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means we may not be able to simply swap one codon out for another in a gene. And since all the genes are competing for a limited amount of machinery using specific codons, we don’t really know what effect eliminating all these codons will have on all 20,000 or 25,000 of our genes. We may slow things down as the parts of the cell all compete for these limited resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes each of these problems worse is that we will need to make all the changes at once in a cell to keep viruses from catching up to us. We will be able to test a lot beforehand, but it may not be enough. We may miss something and that would be unacceptable here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, we are talking about people here not bacteria, yeast or daisies. Mistakes mean a dead baby or one with disabilities. I am not sure there will ever be enough testing to make this safe enough to be worthwhile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Implementation Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you’ve seen, there are definitely health risks associated with doing this (I’m sure I haven’t thought of them all). But the ethical risks might be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes can’t be made in any of us alive today. They would have to be made by inserting the changed DNA into a stem cell and coaxing that stem cell into becoming an embryo. This means that instead of changing the current human race, we’d be creating a new one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An immediate problem is how we choose who gets to be virus-resistant. And scarily still, whose DNA gets to live on. So the first step will be figuring out who gets to have virus-free children and how we “choose” what DNA that child will have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way would be to make it so everyone who wants a child gets the option of having the child be virus-resistant. Maybe parents fertilize an egg the old fashioned way, the embryo’s DNA is sequenced and the DNA made matches this embryo’s. This makes me a little squeamish and is a strange gray area. We have eliminated the embryo but essentially cloned it…is the child truly identical?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50683\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/atcgpeople-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50683\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/atcgPeople.jpg\" alt=\"This sort of re-engineering might result in two species of humans that cannot interbreed. Yikes.\" width=\"150\" height=\"184\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This sort of re-engineering might result in two species of humans that cannot interbreed. Yikes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another option would be to use a computer to generate a mix of the parents’ DNA and then to make that DNA and grow it into a child. This is scary as you know people will be tempted to choose the DNA rather than letting it come down to chance. We’ll definitely end up with a very different human race in the end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these would be pretty expensive dollar-wise but are better than an option where a chosen few get to have virus-free kids. How would that decision be made and who gets to make it? (Hint: The poor would be poorly represented.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever option we choose, there will still be another key issue. Engineered humans and natural humans won’t be able to have kids together. This opens up a whole can of worms if the two groups are around together for any length of time. And chances are they will (unless we outlaw having kids the old fashioned way). We will have artificially speciated the human race!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no way that comes out well. Most likely we’ll split into a group of haves and have nots decided by genetics. The engineered humans will have kids together and the natural humans will too. Occasionally a natural human could make enough money to have an engineered child but for the most part they’d be separated. I’ll let you paint that dystopic future in your head!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are a few of the ethical dilemmas I can think of off the top of my head. I am sure there are many more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may all seem like a problem for Captain Kirk, but it is closer than you might think. It is really important to start talking about this stuff now so we can think out how we are going to deal with these sorts of decisions in coming decades. Before we know it, the need to decide will be upon us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(And I didn’t even bring up the scary possibility of some Bond villain creating a virus-resistant army and then unleashing a deadly virus on the rest of us. Hey, maybe I need to send this idea to Hollywood!)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50657\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/hivdocking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50657\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking.jpg\" alt=\"One day we may all be engineered so that we are immune to all viruses (including the HIV shown here). Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"630\" height=\"361\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50657\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One day we may all be engineered so that we are immune to all viruses (including the HIV shown here). Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I have been reading a book called \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Regenesis-Synthetic-Biology-Reinvent-Ourselves/dp/0465021751/ref=tmm_hrd_title_popover?ie=UTF8&qid=1362680681&sr=8-1\">Regenesis \u003c/a>where in one part the authors propose a way to re-engineer the human race so all people are resistant to all viruses, known and unknown. This will theoretically be possible in the next few decades (or even sooner) and, if done right, is predicted to make us resistant for a very long time and possibly even forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as you might guess, something this radical does not come without risks. There are many possible health risks involved in a major reshaping of human DNA that essentially divorces us from the nature around us. And there are many ethical dilemmas in its implementation as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The benefits of a virus-free world are obvious. But it is an open question whether the risks outweigh these benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science of Complete Viral Resistance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science behind all of this is plausible although it will definitely be a daunting technological challenge. The basic idea it is to change our operating system—we will be Macs in a PC world and so be immune to those pesky PC viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature’s operating system is the genetic code. At its simplest the code is made up of 64, three letter words called codons. This is the language our genes are written in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viruses are able to infect our cells and make us sick because they use the same operating system. Basically a virus enters a cell and gives it a series of commands via the genetic code to make new viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we engineer our cells to speak a different language, then the viral instructions will be meaningless. Our cell will ignore the virus and eventually clear it out of our system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Re-engineering a code that has been around for a billion years might sound hard, but one of its properties makes it doable. Many of those 64 words mean pretty much the same thing. Our genetic code has a lot of synonyms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50664\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/geneticcodesm/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50664\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/geneticCodeSM.gif\" alt=\"A simple code with lots of synonyms makes re-engineering our operating system relatively simple.\" width=\"250\" height=\"220\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50664\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A simple code with lots of synonyms makes re-engineering our operating system relatively simple.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea would be to change the meaning of a few of the synonyms. What we’d do is pick a codon, maybe TAG, and change all of the TAGs in our genes to its synonyms, TGA and TAA. Then we’d make TAG code for something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now when a virus enters the cell, its instructions to the cell are gibberish. Whenever it gives cells an instruction with TAG somewhere in it, the cell misreads it and so can’t do as it is told. The cell can then calmly ignore the virus and go about its business. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/viral-resistance\">here \u003c/a>to learn more about the science behind this.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the resistance more or less permanent requires changing more than one synonym. Viruses are small and mutate like crazy so we have to make it so the virus requires at least ten and probably many more simultaneous mutations to become resistant. The only way to do this is if we make all the changes in one fell swoop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all sounds like some Hollywood \"B movie\" but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/15/redesigning-life/\">scientists are very close\u003c/a> to testing this theory out in \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, a common lab bacterium. Scientists have made the appropriate changes and are stitching together the DNA as we speak. Soon we should know if this strain of \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> is immune to the phages that plague it. (Phages are what viruses that attack bacteria are called.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this works in bacteria, then it might work in people too. But it isn’t a for sure thing. We are more complicated than a bacterium and the genetic code is more complicated than it first appears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big challenge that has important implications is that we can’t make the necessary changes a bit at a time. If we do that, viruses will mutate along with us and keep up. We need to make all the tens of thousands of changes all at once. This is where the trouble can start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Technical Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are at least two sets of technical risks associated with doing something like this. The first just has to do with how often we make a mistake while changing tens of thousands of our DNA letters. No matter how good we get, there will always be a chance that we make a mistake. And since these changes are in genes, some of the mistakes could be really bad for our health. I am not sure we can ever be careful enough to not introduce a few errors here and there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second big risk is that we do not fully understand how our DNA works. What if there are very small genes we don’t know about that use the synonym that we have changed? The consequences could be severe if that “genelet” plays an important role in the cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem in that the synonyms may not be as alike as we think. We’ve known for a while that not all synonymous codons are created equal. For example, sometimes when we try to optimize a gene by selecting what we think are better codons, the gene stops working. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50677\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/geneticengineering/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50677\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering.jpg\" alt=\"We are bound to make a few mistakes when making so many changes to our DNA.\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50677\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering.jpg 250w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We are bound to make a few mistakes when making so many changes to our DNA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.yeastgenome.org/the-rhythm-of-ribosomes\">study \u003c/a>just out in yeast confirms that some of the specific codons in a gene are there for a reason—not all synonymous codons are used in the same way in the cell. It looks like some words are preferred at certain parts of a gene. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means we may not be able to simply swap one codon out for another in a gene. And since all the genes are competing for a limited amount of machinery using specific codons, we don’t really know what effect eliminating all these codons will have on all 20,000 or 25,000 of our genes. We may slow things down as the parts of the cell all compete for these limited resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes each of these problems worse is that we will need to make all the changes at once in a cell to keep viruses from catching up to us. We will be able to test a lot beforehand, but it may not be enough. We may miss something and that would be unacceptable here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, we are talking about people here not bacteria, yeast or daisies. Mistakes mean a dead baby or one with disabilities. I am not sure there will ever be enough testing to make this safe enough to be worthwhile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Implementation Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you’ve seen, there are definitely health risks associated with doing this (I’m sure I haven’t thought of them all). But the ethical risks might be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes can’t be made in any of us alive today. They would have to be made by inserting the changed DNA into a stem cell and coaxing that stem cell into becoming an embryo. This means that instead of changing the current human race, we’d be creating a new one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An immediate problem is how we choose who gets to be virus-resistant. And scarily still, whose DNA gets to live on. So the first step will be figuring out who gets to have virus-free children and how we “choose” what DNA that child will have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way would be to make it so everyone who wants a child gets the option of having the child be virus-resistant. Maybe parents fertilize an egg the old fashioned way, the embryo’s DNA is sequenced and the DNA made matches this embryo’s. This makes me a little squeamish and is a strange gray area. We have eliminated the embryo but essentially cloned it…is the child truly identical?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50683\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/atcgpeople-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50683\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/atcgPeople.jpg\" alt=\"This sort of re-engineering might result in two species of humans that cannot interbreed. Yikes.\" width=\"150\" height=\"184\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This sort of re-engineering might result in two species of humans that cannot interbreed. Yikes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another option would be to use a computer to generate a mix of the parents’ DNA and then to make that DNA and grow it into a child. This is scary as you know people will be tempted to choose the DNA rather than letting it come down to chance. We’ll definitely end up with a very different human race in the end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these would be pretty expensive dollar-wise but are better than an option where a chosen few get to have virus-free kids. How would that decision be made and who gets to make it? (Hint: The poor would be poorly represented.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever option we choose, there will still be another key issue. Engineered humans and natural humans won’t be able to have kids together. This opens up a whole can of worms if the two groups are around together for any length of time. And chances are they will (unless we outlaw having kids the old fashioned way). We will have artificially speciated the human race!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no way that comes out well. Most likely we’ll split into a group of haves and have nots decided by genetics. The engineered humans will have kids together and the natural humans will too. Occasionally a natural human could make enough money to have an engineered child but for the most part they’d be separated. I’ll let you paint that dystopic future in your head!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are a few of the ethical dilemmas I can think of off the top of my head. I am sure there are many more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may all seem like a problem for Captain Kirk, but it is closer than you might think. It is really important to start talking about this stuff now so we can think out how we are going to deal with these sorts of decisions in coming decades. Before we know it, the need to decide will be upon us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(And I didn’t even bring up the scary possibility of some Bond villain creating a virus-resistant army and then unleashing a deadly virus on the rest of us. Hey, maybe I need to send this idea to Hollywood!)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50525\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/08/how-big-is-your-world/bigorsmall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50525\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall.jpg\" alt=\"Is your world big or small?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50525\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Is your world big or small?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Is the universe really so big, or are we just very, very small?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I admit it, this is a question I've toyed with for a very long time—since sometime back in childhood. It all started around the time I had my first exposure to the idea of scale, and the vastly different scales between the cosmological and the subatomic, with us humans fitting in somewhere between. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we're indigenous to the realm of scale we developed in, naturally things in our immediate experience are regarded as \"normal\" in size. But take a short journey into the realms of scale above and below our own, and things start to seem very, very—well, mind-bending. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the cosmic side we find galaxies: structures that contain hundreds of billions of stars and measure so far across that light traveling at its almost unimaginably zippy velocity of 300,000 kilometers per second take tens of thousands of years to span. Our own Milky Way galaxy is 100,000 light years across. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the subatomic side we have atomic nuclei, where most of an atom's mass is packed away. An atomic nucleus is so small that even if the entire atom (nucleus, orbiting electrons, and all the empty space between—about 1 ten-billionth of a meter) were upscaled to the size of a basketball, the nucleus would still be too small for the human eye to perceive. An atomic nucleus is roughly 1 million-billionth of a meter across. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy: 100,000 light years or almost a billion trillion meters. Atomic nucleus: one million-billionth of a meter. Human being: one or two meters. Here we exist in a vast universe that is much larger than us, and we—and the vast universe, for that matter—are composed of particles that much smaller. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dizzying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why are these numbers important to me? Apart from the revelation in these numbers that we humans, as objects that take up space, exist betwixt these realms of scale, the entire notion that something like a galaxy ultimately owes tribute for its physical and dynamic properties to such ultimately miniscule bits is…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dazzling. Stupefying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though in our everyday awareness we do not perceive atoms and galaxies, we do spend our lives dealing with things that are either much smaller or much larger than we are—the broken dishwasher or those few people who are truly our own size notwithstanding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are sustained by a planet-sized life support system, on which we stand. We are aided, and afflicted, by microorganisms (some of which depend on us for life support). Some of us worry about asteroids crashing into the Earth (I don't personally), while others look to them as a possible source of needed natural resources. And did you know that statistically, you're never more than a few feet away from a spider?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even the planet we stand on or a microorganism we depend on still don't figure much into our immediate awareness, each being slightly beyond the thresholds of scale we most readily perceive. The day-to-day universe that we perceive—that we functionally live in—is a lot smaller than the big one…and a heck of a lot larger than what it is built on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is the size of your universe?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50525\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/08/how-big-is-your-world/bigorsmall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50525\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall.jpg\" alt=\"Is your world big or small?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50525\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Is your world big or small?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Is the universe really so big, or are we just very, very small?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I admit it, this is a question I've toyed with for a very long time—since sometime back in childhood. It all started around the time I had my first exposure to the idea of scale, and the vastly different scales between the cosmological and the subatomic, with us humans fitting in somewhere between. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we're indigenous to the realm of scale we developed in, naturally things in our immediate experience are regarded as \"normal\" in size. But take a short journey into the realms of scale above and below our own, and things start to seem very, very—well, mind-bending. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the cosmic side we find galaxies: structures that contain hundreds of billions of stars and measure so far across that light traveling at its almost unimaginably zippy velocity of 300,000 kilometers per second take tens of thousands of years to span. Our own Milky Way galaxy is 100,000 light years across. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the subatomic side we have atomic nuclei, where most of an atom's mass is packed away. An atomic nucleus is so small that even if the entire atom (nucleus, orbiting electrons, and all the empty space between—about 1 ten-billionth of a meter) were upscaled to the size of a basketball, the nucleus would still be too small for the human eye to perceive. An atomic nucleus is roughly 1 million-billionth of a meter across. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy: 100,000 light years or almost a billion trillion meters. Atomic nucleus: one million-billionth of a meter. Human being: one or two meters. Here we exist in a vast universe that is much larger than us, and we—and the vast universe, for that matter—are composed of particles that much smaller. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dizzying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why are these numbers important to me? Apart from the revelation in these numbers that we humans, as objects that take up space, exist betwixt these realms of scale, the entire notion that something like a galaxy ultimately owes tribute for its physical and dynamic properties to such ultimately miniscule bits is…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dazzling. Stupefying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though in our everyday awareness we do not perceive atoms and galaxies, we do spend our lives dealing with things that are either much smaller or much larger than we are—the broken dishwasher or those few people who are truly our own size notwithstanding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are sustained by a planet-sized life support system, on which we stand. We are aided, and afflicted, by microorganisms (some of which depend on us for life support). Some of us worry about asteroids crashing into the Earth (I don't personally), while others look to them as a possible source of needed natural resources. And did you know that statistically, you're never more than a few feet away from a spider?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even the planet we stand on or a microorganism we depend on still don't figure much into our immediate awareness, each being slightly beyond the thresholds of scale we most readily perceive. The day-to-day universe that we perceive—that we functionally live in—is a lot smaller than the big one…and a heck of a lot larger than what it is built on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is the size of your universe?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Since California became a state in 1850, it has had a gold industry: sometimes booming, sometimes just thriving and sometimes under its own version of Prohibition. Lately California gold has become an endangered species. The last producers in the Mother Lode are down to less than a handful, but it looks like the industry is ready to resume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gold was always known in the mountains of California, even before James Marshall famously spotted nuggets in his new millrace near Coloma on 24 January 1848. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.coloma.com/california-gold-discovery/\">Marshall's find\u003c/a> sparked the first serious flush of gold production as thousands of men waded into the Sierra Nevada rivers, sifting the gravel with their pans and sluices. They've been there ever since, ranging from weekend panners to elaborate syndicates. It was the syndicates that ruined things for everyone else with their \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/goldrush/fever19-hy.html\">notorious hydraulic methods\u003c/a>. Before the courts shut down the industry in 1884, operations progressed from the gravel terraces of the Central Valley into the mountains, where hydraulickers stripped large swaths of land of their woods and soils and sent the waste sediment downstream to smother the farmlands of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic mining was banned from discharging waste into the Sacramento River. That left two ways to keep doing it. One was to strip other rivers instead, most notably the Trinity River, where the practice lasted into the mid-1900s. The other was to dredge Central Valley gravels without affecting the river. The huge gravel beds laid down in the Valley by the Yuba and Feather rivers, where the first gold dredger set to work in 1850, nurtured a long-lasting industry based on floating dredges. The last of these, Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17, is still at work there today. By digging up one side of a pond and depositing the waste on the other, the great dredge slowly travels across the gravel fields east of Yuba City collecting enough powder-fine gold to pay for itself. The sand and gravel can be quarried again and sold later as aggregate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50501\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/golddredge17/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg\" alt=\"Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17. Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"389\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17-400x259.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17 works its way across the Deep Reserve Area on behalf of Cal Sierra Development Inc., digging gravel with a belt of buckets (seen below the control room at center), sifting out fine-grained gold and heavy minerals, and dumping the rest out the stern with its high stacker (left). Launched in 1918 and refurbished twice, it makes the damnedest noise you ever heard. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hard-rock mines of the Sierra Nevada, hundreds of them, produced the majority of California's gold and populated the region with strong communities. Without them the Mother Lode country would be a thinly peopled land of loggers like the northern Coast Range. The death blow to this industry was a federal wartime order in 1942 that halted all work. For the next five years the shafts filled with groundwater and the workers dispersed, making it uneconomical to reopen any but the richest deposits. Over the next decades the slow decline in the value of gold squeezed out what mines could be revived, and then the regulatory climate shifted to give nature a little more say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Carson Hill Rock Products, south of Angels Camp, still digs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calaverashistory.org/post/carson-hill\">fabulous ground\u003c/a> that yielded the 195-pound Calaveras Nugget in 1854. But its main business is the green-veined decorative rock called mariposite. I am told that the operators keep their eye out for gold as they go, but produce it from the richest pockets only as a byproduct and thus avoid many of the regulations imposed on a gold mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/mariposite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50497\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg\" alt=\"Mariposite rock\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50497\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mariposite rock is named for the green phyllosilicate mineral mariposite, a variety of phengite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The steady—apparently permanent—high price of gold today is driving a few long-standing efforts to reopen large-scale gold mining in the Sierra. Foremost of these is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.suttergoldmining.com/s/Home.asp\">Lincoln Mine project\u003c/a>, in Amador County between Jackson and Plymouth, where the Sutter Gold Mining company has methodically gotten all its permits in order and anticipates starting to produce ore for real this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one little mine, started in 1896, still runs as an artisan operation: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.origsix.com/\">Original Sixteen to One Mine\u003c/a>, up in Sierra County in the hamlet of Alleghany. Its business model today is based solely on specimen gold, doing its work by hand and making no toxic waste. If you ever run across decorative California gold like this, with visible metal in creamy quartz, you're surely looking at the mine's output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/matrixgoldspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50498\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg\" alt=\"A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite, a rock closely associated with the Mother Lode\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Occasionally the miners hit a jackpot, like this specimen called \"The Whopper,\" that can pay for more than a year's expenses all by itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50499\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/califgoldwhopper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\" width=\"480\" height=\"279\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50499\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Original Sixteen to One Mine will let you spend a day in the mine with the miners for $400, lunch included. There's no word on the website on whether you can keep what you find, but other rewards in Alleghany include \u003ca href=\"http://www.caseys-place.com/\">Casey's Place\u003c/a> and, if you make an appointment, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.undergroundgold.com/Index.html\">Underground Gold Miners Museum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California is not yet finished producing the gold that made it wealthy and famous.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since California became a state in 1850, it has had a gold industry: sometimes booming, sometimes just thriving and sometimes under its own version of Prohibition. Lately California gold has become an endangered species. The last producers in the Mother Lode are down to less than a handful, but it looks like the industry is ready to resume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gold was always known in the mountains of California, even before James Marshall famously spotted nuggets in his new millrace near Coloma on 24 January 1848. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.coloma.com/california-gold-discovery/\">Marshall's find\u003c/a> sparked the first serious flush of gold production as thousands of men waded into the Sierra Nevada rivers, sifting the gravel with their pans and sluices. They've been there ever since, ranging from weekend panners to elaborate syndicates. It was the syndicates that ruined things for everyone else with their \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/goldrush/fever19-hy.html\">notorious hydraulic methods\u003c/a>. Before the courts shut down the industry in 1884, operations progressed from the gravel terraces of the Central Valley into the mountains, where hydraulickers stripped large swaths of land of their woods and soils and sent the waste sediment downstream to smother the farmlands of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic mining was banned from discharging waste into the Sacramento River. That left two ways to keep doing it. One was to strip other rivers instead, most notably the Trinity River, where the practice lasted into the mid-1900s. The other was to dredge Central Valley gravels without affecting the river. The huge gravel beds laid down in the Valley by the Yuba and Feather rivers, where the first gold dredger set to work in 1850, nurtured a long-lasting industry based on floating dredges. The last of these, Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17, is still at work there today. By digging up one side of a pond and depositing the waste on the other, the great dredge slowly travels across the gravel fields east of Yuba City collecting enough powder-fine gold to pay for itself. The sand and gravel can be quarried again and sold later as aggregate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50501\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/golddredge17/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg\" alt=\"Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17. Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"389\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17-400x259.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17 works its way across the Deep Reserve Area on behalf of Cal Sierra Development Inc., digging gravel with a belt of buckets (seen below the control room at center), sifting out fine-grained gold and heavy minerals, and dumping the rest out the stern with its high stacker (left). Launched in 1918 and refurbished twice, it makes the damnedest noise you ever heard. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hard-rock mines of the Sierra Nevada, hundreds of them, produced the majority of California's gold and populated the region with strong communities. Without them the Mother Lode country would be a thinly peopled land of loggers like the northern Coast Range. The death blow to this industry was a federal wartime order in 1942 that halted all work. For the next five years the shafts filled with groundwater and the workers dispersed, making it uneconomical to reopen any but the richest deposits. Over the next decades the slow decline in the value of gold squeezed out what mines could be revived, and then the regulatory climate shifted to give nature a little more say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Carson Hill Rock Products, south of Angels Camp, still digs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calaverashistory.org/post/carson-hill\">fabulous ground\u003c/a> that yielded the 195-pound Calaveras Nugget in 1854. But its main business is the green-veined decorative rock called mariposite. I am told that the operators keep their eye out for gold as they go, but produce it from the richest pockets only as a byproduct and thus avoid many of the regulations imposed on a gold mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/mariposite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50497\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg\" alt=\"Mariposite rock\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50497\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mariposite rock is named for the green phyllosilicate mineral mariposite, a variety of phengite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The steady—apparently permanent—high price of gold today is driving a few long-standing efforts to reopen large-scale gold mining in the Sierra. Foremost of these is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.suttergoldmining.com/s/Home.asp\">Lincoln Mine project\u003c/a>, in Amador County between Jackson and Plymouth, where the Sutter Gold Mining company has methodically gotten all its permits in order and anticipates starting to produce ore for real this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one little mine, started in 1896, still runs as an artisan operation: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.origsix.com/\">Original Sixteen to One Mine\u003c/a>, up in Sierra County in the hamlet of Alleghany. Its business model today is based solely on specimen gold, doing its work by hand and making no toxic waste. If you ever run across decorative California gold like this, with visible metal in creamy quartz, you're surely looking at the mine's output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/matrixgoldspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50498\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg\" alt=\"A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite, a rock closely associated with the Mother Lode\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Occasionally the miners hit a jackpot, like this specimen called \"The Whopper,\" that can pay for more than a year's expenses all by itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50499\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/califgoldwhopper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\" width=\"480\" height=\"279\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50499\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Original Sixteen to One Mine will let you spend a day in the mine with the miners for $400, lunch included. There's no word on the website on whether you can keep what you find, but other rewards in Alleghany include \u003ca href=\"http://www.caseys-place.com/\">Casey's Place\u003c/a> and, if you make an appointment, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.undergroundgold.com/Index.html\">Underground Gold Miners Museum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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