QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
Water Recycling Comes Of Age In Silicon Valley
Are Wetlands Nature's Best Defense Against Sea Level Rise?
Tesla Unveils 90-Second Battery Swap Technology
Work Begins on Largest Dam Removal Project in California History
With Condors on the Brink, California Considers a Lead-Bullet Ban for Hunters
The Green Side of Drones: Science and Environmental Apps Abound
Debate Over on Climate Change, Says Chief UN Climate Negotiator
Next Meal: Engineering Food
Solar plane takes off on historic cross-country trip
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"content": "\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"58083,58093,58085,58089,58091,58090,58088\"]\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This fall, Santa Clara county residents will get a new source of water. This water is local and pristine. In fact, it's cleaner than almost anything coming out of taps today. But – for now at least – no one will drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, water from the $68 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/SVAWPC.aspx\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a> will flow into segregated, purple pipes to irrigate lawns and cool power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because the water is recycled from wastewater – sewage – from a wastewater treatment plant across the street. Engineers say it's possible to purify sewage water until it's cleaner than much of what residents drink today. The bigger challenge, they say, is convincing people to drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">The need\u003c/a> for this new Bay Area plant is well established, says \u003ca href=\"http://urbanwatererc.org/people\">Dick Luthy\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental engineering at \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem> San Diego’s recycling plan nearly died in 2007 when the mayor uttered the three most dreaded words for this industry: “Toilet to tap.”\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We're basically at the limits of our current water supply,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">California's population will increase in coming years. Climate change will make \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/06/09/forget-this-winter-western-snowpack-shrinking/\">snowmelt from the Sierra Mountains\u003c/a> more erratic. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/05/09/governor-girds-for-battle-over-delta-fix/\">Policy battles\u003c/a> over farms and endangered fish in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">the Delta\u003c/a> mean more competition for less supply. The important thing to realize, says Luthy, is that where we get our water and what we do with it have to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we're realizing now,” he says, “is that the ways of the past are not the ways of the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes online, the plant will produce eight million gallons of purified water a day, using some of the most high-tech water purification systems available today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first step is microfiltration. Canisters filled with spaghetti-like fibers filter out anything larger than one micron – 1/300th of the width of a human hair – including bacteria. Next, high-pressure pumps force water through a reverse osmosis membrane, with pores so small they exclude anything larger than a water molecule, including viruses and traces of pharmaceuticals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the water gets zapped by ultraviolet rays to scramble the DNA of (and therefore sterilize) anything that might be left living in it. “We are removing 99.99 percent of all pathogens,” says Crystal Yezman, an engineer for the Santa Clara Valley Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose's been recycling water for more than a decade, but this water will be much cleaner. Theoretically, says plant spokesman Marty Grimes, you could drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike water from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">the embattled Delta\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/hetch-hetchy-aqueduct-big-fixes-for-big-quakes/\">Hetch Hetchy system\u003c/a>, the supply – sewage – is basically boundless. And, as Grimes points out, local.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This water is ours,” he says. “No one can take it away”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-58142 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"329\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg 1144w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-400x481.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-800x962.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-960x1155.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 329px) 100vw, 329px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Initially, at least, this water will be more expensive than current water sources, like the Delta or underground aquifers. It will also be more expensive than measures to conserve current water supply, like low-flow shower heads or more efficient toilets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But managers expect recycled water costs to fall in the future, as the practice becomes more common, and say that recycled water is much less expensive than other “new” sources of water, such as desalination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, water recycling has been a tough sell here in California. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiego.gov/water/recycled/\">San Diego’s recycling plan\u003c/a> nearly died \u003ca href=\"http://www.10news.com/news/mayor-opposes-toilet-to-tap-water-supply-proposal\">in 2007\u003c/a> when the mayor uttered the three most dreaded words for this industry: “Toilet to tap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago \u003ca href=\"http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/people/bhaddad\">Brent Haddad\u003c/a>, an environmental engineer at UC Santa Cruz, noticed that he kept finding himself at industry meetings listening to water managers complaining about an “irrational” public unwilling to accept perfectly clean, recycled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For more on this, here's a terrific \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/08/16/139642271/why-cleaned-wastewater-stays-dirty-in-our-minds\">NPR story\u003c/a> from a couple years ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Haddad conducted a national survey, to try and understand this resistance and what it would take to change it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found it has nothing to do with level of education or any other personal demographic traits, like race, religion or salary,” says Haddad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fear about drinking recycled water, he says, is “a great equalizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do you convince the public to embrace recycled water? Haddad says the first step is to explain to people how the water is treated, and why it is safe to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that process is explaining that Americans have effectively been drinking recycled water for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for instance, cities along the Mississippi or Colorado Rivers. Cities treat their sewage and pump it back into the river. Downstream, other cities suck water from the river, treat it, and pipe it to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any city that gets its water from Colorado river, like Las Vegas and southern California utilities,” says Dave Smith, Managing Director for Water Reuse California. “are getting some of their water supply through incidental potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brent Haddad says another way to reassure customers is to use what he calls “psychological cleansing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to break the memory, the line of history of the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, re-write the history of the water, editing out the part about sewage. One way to do this is to take recycled water and put it back into nature, for instance, a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That river is something that's comforting to people. We don’t have to think that the water came through a city. We just begin the history of the water in the river itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact California's Department of Public Health, which works with utilities to design water recycling facilities, currently requires this kind of “environmental buffer.” (Though the Department is currently reevaluating \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/site/node/7428\">that policy\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environmental buffer is built into the design of the world's largest water recycling facility, operated by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/water-recycling/californias-water-water-recycling-imitates-nature\">Orange County Water District\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58107\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-58107 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg\" alt=\"A water fountain at San Francisco's Exploratorium challenges people's assumptions about where their water comes from. Photo courtesy of Windell Oskay\" width=\"400\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water fountain at San Francisco's Exploratorium challenges people's assumptions about where their water comes from. Photo courtesy of Windell Oskay\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead of a river, the county's Groundwater Replenishment System cleans treated sewage, then pumps it into underground aquifers, where it mixes with other water and eventually gets pumped up, re-treated, and piped to peoples’ houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers call these systems “indirect potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We put it back into the ground and then eventually it becomes part of the water supply,” says the district's general manager Michael Markus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markus says getting water clean enough that it can be put back into an aquifer is the easy part. Much more of a challenge, he says, was convincing the public that the water would be safe enough to drink. The district decided on a policy of total transparency, he says, and started planning a series of public meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We went to our local state elected officials, the health and medical community, environmental groups, Rotary clubs,” he says. “We talked to the Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution, scouting troops... anyone who would want to hear or receive a presentation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole process took nine years. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocwd.com/ConservationEducation/ToursSpeakersBureau.aspx\">Tours of the facility\u003c/a> are still available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The irony is that when you put recycled water back into the ecosystem, it actually gets dirtier, and has to be treated again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markus says it's “frustrating” to watch this facility pump pristine water into a hole in the ground. But he realizes that winning people over to recycled water is an ongoing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That process is farther along in Southern California. In Los Angeles, says Dave Smith, “One-fifth of the population is already getting part of their water supply from indirect potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In West Texas, which faces critical water shortages, at least two recycling facilities skip the “environmental buffer” stage entirely, using advanced purification to treat wastewater and pump it directly to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in Northern California, the process of use and acceptance is just beginning. When the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center opens up in late fall, the pristine water will be destined for golf courses and power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one day, if policies and public opinion change, it could be there for drinking, too.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This fall, Santa Clara county residents will get a new source of water. This water is local and pristine. In fact, it's cleaner than almost anything coming out of taps today. But – for now at least – no one will drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, water from the $68 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/SVAWPC.aspx\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a> will flow into segregated, purple pipes to irrigate lawns and cool power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because the water is recycled from wastewater – sewage – from a wastewater treatment plant across the street. Engineers say it's possible to purify sewage water until it's cleaner than much of what residents drink today. The bigger challenge, they say, is convincing people to drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">The need\u003c/a> for this new Bay Area plant is well established, says \u003ca href=\"http://urbanwatererc.org/people\">Dick Luthy\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental engineering at \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem> San Diego’s recycling plan nearly died in 2007 when the mayor uttered the three most dreaded words for this industry: “Toilet to tap.”\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We're basically at the limits of our current water supply,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">California's population will increase in coming years. Climate change will make \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/06/09/forget-this-winter-western-snowpack-shrinking/\">snowmelt from the Sierra Mountains\u003c/a> more erratic. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/05/09/governor-girds-for-battle-over-delta-fix/\">Policy battles\u003c/a> over farms and endangered fish in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">the Delta\u003c/a> mean more competition for less supply. The important thing to realize, says Luthy, is that where we get our water and what we do with it have to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we're realizing now,” he says, “is that the ways of the past are not the ways of the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes online, the plant will produce eight million gallons of purified water a day, using some of the most high-tech water purification systems available today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first step is microfiltration. Canisters filled with spaghetti-like fibers filter out anything larger than one micron – 1/300th of the width of a human hair – including bacteria. Next, high-pressure pumps force water through a reverse osmosis membrane, with pores so small they exclude anything larger than a water molecule, including viruses and traces of pharmaceuticals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the water gets zapped by ultraviolet rays to scramble the DNA of (and therefore sterilize) anything that might be left living in it. “We are removing 99.99 percent of all pathogens,” says Crystal Yezman, an engineer for the Santa Clara Valley Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose's been recycling water for more than a decade, but this water will be much cleaner. Theoretically, says plant spokesman Marty Grimes, you could drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike water from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">the embattled Delta\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/hetch-hetchy-aqueduct-big-fixes-for-big-quakes/\">Hetch Hetchy system\u003c/a>, the supply – sewage – is basically boundless. And, as Grimes points out, local.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This water is ours,” he says. “No one can take it away”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-58142 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"329\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg 1144w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-400x481.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-800x962.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-960x1155.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 329px) 100vw, 329px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Initially, at least, this water will be more expensive than current water sources, like the Delta or underground aquifers. It will also be more expensive than measures to conserve current water supply, like low-flow shower heads or more efficient toilets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But managers expect recycled water costs to fall in the future, as the practice becomes more common, and say that recycled water is much less expensive than other “new” sources of water, such as desalination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, water recycling has been a tough sell here in California. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiego.gov/water/recycled/\">San Diego’s recycling plan\u003c/a> nearly died \u003ca href=\"http://www.10news.com/news/mayor-opposes-toilet-to-tap-water-supply-proposal\">in 2007\u003c/a> when the mayor uttered the three most dreaded words for this industry: “Toilet to tap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago \u003ca href=\"http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/people/bhaddad\">Brent Haddad\u003c/a>, an environmental engineer at UC Santa Cruz, noticed that he kept finding himself at industry meetings listening to water managers complaining about an “irrational” public unwilling to accept perfectly clean, recycled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For more on this, here's a terrific \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/08/16/139642271/why-cleaned-wastewater-stays-dirty-in-our-minds\">NPR story\u003c/a> from a couple years ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Haddad conducted a national survey, to try and understand this resistance and what it would take to change it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found it has nothing to do with level of education or any other personal demographic traits, like race, religion or salary,” says Haddad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fear about drinking recycled water, he says, is “a great equalizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do you convince the public to embrace recycled water? Haddad says the first step is to explain to people how the water is treated, and why it is safe to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that process is explaining that Americans have effectively been drinking recycled water for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for instance, cities along the Mississippi or Colorado Rivers. Cities treat their sewage and pump it back into the river. Downstream, other cities suck water from the river, treat it, and pipe it to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any city that gets its water from Colorado river, like Las Vegas and southern California utilities,” says Dave Smith, Managing Director for Water Reuse California. “are getting some of their water supply through incidental potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brent Haddad says another way to reassure customers is to use what he calls “psychological cleansing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to break the memory, the line of history of the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, re-write the history of the water, editing out the part about sewage. One way to do this is to take recycled water and put it back into nature, for instance, a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That river is something that's comforting to people. We don’t have to think that the water came through a city. We just begin the history of the water in the river itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact California's Department of Public Health, which works with utilities to design water recycling facilities, currently requires this kind of “environmental buffer.” (Though the Department is currently reevaluating \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/site/node/7428\">that policy\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environmental buffer is built into the design of the world's largest water recycling facility, operated by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/water-recycling/californias-water-water-recycling-imitates-nature\">Orange County Water District\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58107\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-58107 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg\" alt=\"A water fountain at San Francisco's Exploratorium challenges people's assumptions about where their water comes from. Photo courtesy of Windell Oskay\" width=\"400\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water fountain at San Francisco's Exploratorium challenges people's assumptions about where their water comes from. Photo courtesy of Windell Oskay\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead of a river, the county's Groundwater Replenishment System cleans treated sewage, then pumps it into underground aquifers, where it mixes with other water and eventually gets pumped up, re-treated, and piped to peoples’ houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers call these systems “indirect potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We put it back into the ground and then eventually it becomes part of the water supply,” says the district's general manager Michael Markus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markus says getting water clean enough that it can be put back into an aquifer is the easy part. Much more of a challenge, he says, was convincing the public that the water would be safe enough to drink. The district decided on a policy of total transparency, he says, and started planning a series of public meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We went to our local state elected officials, the health and medical community, environmental groups, Rotary clubs,” he says. “We talked to the Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution, scouting troops... anyone who would want to hear or receive a presentation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole process took nine years. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocwd.com/ConservationEducation/ToursSpeakersBureau.aspx\">Tours of the facility\u003c/a> are still available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The irony is that when you put recycled water back into the ecosystem, it actually gets dirtier, and has to be treated again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markus says it's “frustrating” to watch this facility pump pristine water into a hole in the ground. But he realizes that winning people over to recycled water is an ongoing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That process is farther along in Southern California. In Los Angeles, says Dave Smith, “One-fifth of the population is already getting part of their water supply from indirect potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In West Texas, which faces critical water shortages, at least two recycling facilities skip the “environmental buffer” stage entirely, using advanced purification to treat wastewater and pump it directly to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in Northern California, the process of use and acceptance is just beginning. When the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center opens up in late fall, the pristine water will be destined for golf courses and power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one day, if policies and public opinion change, it could be there for drinking, too.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Are Wetlands Nature's Best Defense Against Sea Level Rise?",
"title": "Are Wetlands Nature's Best Defense Against Sea Level Rise?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57690\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57690 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg\" alt=\"Flooding near the Bay Bridge during an extremely high tide. Photo by Michael Filippoff\" width=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg 1672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1672px) 100vw, 1672px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooding near the Bay Bridge during an extremely high tide in December 2012. Photo by Michael Filippoff\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Northern California coordinating producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lindseyhoshaw/\">Lindsey Hoshaw\u003c/a> contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://woods.stanford.edu/news-events/news/best-defense-against-catastrophic-storms-mother-nature\">new report\u003c/a> from Stanford University indicates that conserving wetlands is critical to defending coastal communities from a rising sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nearly 50 percent of the nation’s population projected to live in coastal counties by 2020, sea level rise could affect millions of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level is rising because the ocean is warming, which increases the ocean volume, and also because ice sheets and glaciers are melting. Storm surges and ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/resources/\">king tides\u003c/a>,’ the highest tides of the year, can contribute to short-term coastal flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global sea level is predicted to rise 3 feet by 2100, but that number can vary widely in \u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Videos/Sea-level-Rise\">different geographic locations\u003c/a> where the land is either rising or sinking and may be tectonically active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, sea level is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13389&page=89\">predicted to rise\u003c/a> by at least 1 foot, and could rise by \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/sea-level-rise.html\">up to 5 feet\u003c/a>, since it is situated on several fault lines. Over the last century, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/05/30/bay-area-wetlands-slowly-drowning-as-seas-rise/\">sea level in the Bay Area\u003c/a> has already increased by 7 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need to look in the future, Highway 101 is flooded every year,” Heidi Nutters from the San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On-ramps to Highway 101 in Sausalito are flooded every year by king tides. “Sea level rise and storms that cause flooding will only get worse in the future because of climate change,” Nutters said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-57717\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg\" alt=\"horizontal levee\" width=\"480\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nTo prepare for the deluge, land managers, planners, scientists and engineers are already working to explore and develop possible solutions. One option involves using wetlands as natural buffers against sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128113664\">Wetlands\u003c/a> have been shown to be really effective at buffering sea level rise and flooding,” said Hilary Papendick, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> Coastal Management Fellow. “Not only do they have benefits for water quality but they also provide habitat for different species,” Papendick said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, more than 80 percent of intertidal habitat around the bay, that might have been useful as a buffer to rising tides, has been lost to development. It has been diked and drained for salt production and farming, or filled, paved and turned into highways, railroads, and sewage treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy Lowe, a wetlands scientist with consulting firm \u003ca title=\"Environmental Science Associates website\" href=\"http://esassoc.com/about-us\" target=\"_blank\">Environmental Science Associates,\u003c/a> is working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org/\">Bay Institute\u003c/a> to evaluate the concept of \u003ca title=\"Horizontal Levees, San Francisco Estuary Institute\" href=\"http://www.sfestuary.org/estuary-news/the-laid-back-levee/\" target=\"_blank\">“horizontal levees”\u003c/a> in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57763\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57763 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg\" alt='The California Clapper Rail, an endangered species, would benefit by the expanded habitat provided by a \"horizontal levee.\" Photo courtesy of Robert Stronck, stronckphoto.com' width=\"400\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg 1586w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-400x250.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-800x500.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-1180x737.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Clapper Rail, an endangered species, would benefit from the expanded habitat provided by a \"horizontal levee.\" Photo courtesy of Robert Stronck, stronckphoto.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A “horizontal levee” is an expanded marshland in front of a manmade levee. By maintaining a wide tidal marsh in front of a manmade levee, urban areas are buffered from sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the marshland on the seaside of the levee can decrease the size and power of the incoming waves. It can also serve to buffer the incoming water and decrease the wear and tear on the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lowlands, wetlands and mud flats have formed a resilient shoreline for a long time,” Lowe said. “We’re trying to incorporate these features into our planning of an urban estuary in the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe’s firm, along with state agencies, utilities, universities and other consulting groups are collaborating on a \u003ca title=\"Horizontal Levee, Oro Loma Sanitary District\" href=\"http://www.oroloma.org/engineering/projects/Treatment%20Wetland%20and%20Ecotone%20Project%20-%20Feasibility%20Study.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">demonstration project\u003c/a> for a horizontal levee led by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oroloma.org/\">Oro Loma Sanitary District\u003c/a>. Though it’s still in the developmental phase, Lowe hopes that such demonstrations will allow this and similar concepts to be tested, refined and implemented on a larger scale in the next couple of decades. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endangered species, such as California Clapper Rail and Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, could also benefit from the additional habitat, helping to improve their chances of rebuilding sustainable populations.\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-07-11T11:45\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the horizontal levee moves from concept to demonstration, it becomes one more tool in the toolbox to consider in preparing for sea level rise. But Lowe notes that it will take more than wetland restoration to fully combat sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a silver bullet, but it buys us some time,” Lowe said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Restoring marshlands along the shore of San Francisco Bay may be the key to protecting communities from rising sea level and it may lend a helping hand to some endangered species, too. \r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57690\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57690 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg\" alt=\"Flooding near the Bay Bridge during an extremely high tide. Photo by Michael Filippoff\" width=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge.jpg 1672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Flooding-near-the-Bay-Bridge-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1672px) 100vw, 1672px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooding near the Bay Bridge during an extremely high tide in December 2012. Photo by Michael Filippoff\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Northern California coordinating producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lindseyhoshaw/\">Lindsey Hoshaw\u003c/a> contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://woods.stanford.edu/news-events/news/best-defense-against-catastrophic-storms-mother-nature\">new report\u003c/a> from Stanford University indicates that conserving wetlands is critical to defending coastal communities from a rising sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nearly 50 percent of the nation’s population projected to live in coastal counties by 2020, sea level rise could affect millions of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level is rising because the ocean is warming, which increases the ocean volume, and also because ice sheets and glaciers are melting. Storm surges and ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/resources/\">king tides\u003c/a>,’ the highest tides of the year, can contribute to short-term coastal flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global sea level is predicted to rise 3 feet by 2100, but that number can vary widely in \u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Videos/Sea-level-Rise\">different geographic locations\u003c/a> where the land is either rising or sinking and may be tectonically active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, sea level is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13389&page=89\">predicted to rise\u003c/a> by at least 1 foot, and could rise by \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/sea-level-rise.html\">up to 5 feet\u003c/a>, since it is situated on several fault lines. Over the last century, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/05/30/bay-area-wetlands-slowly-drowning-as-seas-rise/\">sea level in the Bay Area\u003c/a> has already increased by 7 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need to look in the future, Highway 101 is flooded every year,” Heidi Nutters from the San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On-ramps to Highway 101 in Sausalito are flooded every year by king tides. “Sea level rise and storms that cause flooding will only get worse in the future because of climate change,” Nutters said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-57717\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg\" alt=\"horizontal levee\" width=\"480\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/horizontal-levee-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nTo prepare for the deluge, land managers, planners, scientists and engineers are already working to explore and develop possible solutions. One option involves using wetlands as natural buffers against sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128113664\">Wetlands\u003c/a> have been shown to be really effective at buffering sea level rise and flooding,” said Hilary Papendick, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> Coastal Management Fellow. “Not only do they have benefits for water quality but they also provide habitat for different species,” Papendick said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, more than 80 percent of intertidal habitat around the bay, that might have been useful as a buffer to rising tides, has been lost to development. It has been diked and drained for salt production and farming, or filled, paved and turned into highways, railroads, and sewage treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy Lowe, a wetlands scientist with consulting firm \u003ca title=\"Environmental Science Associates website\" href=\"http://esassoc.com/about-us\" target=\"_blank\">Environmental Science Associates,\u003c/a> is working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bay.org/\">Bay Institute\u003c/a> to evaluate the concept of \u003ca title=\"Horizontal Levees, San Francisco Estuary Institute\" href=\"http://www.sfestuary.org/estuary-news/the-laid-back-levee/\" target=\"_blank\">“horizontal levees”\u003c/a> in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57763\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57763 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg\" alt='The California Clapper Rail, an endangered species, would benefit by the expanded habitat provided by a \"horizontal levee.\" Photo courtesy of Robert Stronck, stronckphoto.com' width=\"400\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail.jpg 1586w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-400x250.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-800x500.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-1180x737.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/California_Clapper_rail-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Clapper Rail, an endangered species, would benefit from the expanded habitat provided by a \"horizontal levee.\" Photo courtesy of Robert Stronck, stronckphoto.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A “horizontal levee” is an expanded marshland in front of a manmade levee. By maintaining a wide tidal marsh in front of a manmade levee, urban areas are buffered from sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the marshland on the seaside of the levee can decrease the size and power of the incoming waves. It can also serve to buffer the incoming water and decrease the wear and tear on the levee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lowlands, wetlands and mud flats have formed a resilient shoreline for a long time,” Lowe said. “We’re trying to incorporate these features into our planning of an urban estuary in the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe’s firm, along with state agencies, utilities, universities and other consulting groups are collaborating on a \u003ca title=\"Horizontal Levee, Oro Loma Sanitary District\" href=\"http://www.oroloma.org/engineering/projects/Treatment%20Wetland%20and%20Ecotone%20Project%20-%20Feasibility%20Study.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">demonstration project\u003c/a> for a horizontal levee led by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oroloma.org/\">Oro Loma Sanitary District\u003c/a>. Though it’s still in the developmental phase, Lowe hopes that such demonstrations will allow this and similar concepts to be tested, refined and implemented on a larger scale in the next couple of decades. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endangered species, such as California Clapper Rail and Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, could also benefit from the additional habitat, helping to improve their chances of rebuilding sustainable populations.\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-07-11T11:45\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the horizontal levee moves from concept to demonstration, it becomes one more tool in the toolbox to consider in preparing for sea level rise. But Lowe notes that it will take more than wetland restoration to fully combat sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a silver bullet, but it buys us some time,” Lowe said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57098\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tesla_model_s_1-e1371855934884.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-57098 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tesla_model_s_1-e1371855934884.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy of Tesla Motors\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Tesla Motors\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palo Alto based electric car maker, Tesla, has announced a service that will swap out a battery in less than two minutes. The auto maker is trying to address one of the obstacles to electric car adoption: fears of limited driving range. Tesla cars can travel a maximum of 300 miles before needing a recharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a packed event in Los Angeles Thursday, CEO Elon Musk announced that Tesla will roll out battery swapping stations later this year along the drive between Los Angeles and San Francisco and the Washington to Boston corridor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electric cars have been a hard sell due to their high price, limited driving range and lack of public charging infrastructure. Musk says a battery pack swap will take about as long and cost about as much as filling up a 15-gallon gas tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drivers who swap their battery packs will reclaim their original battery on their return trip, kind of like renting a pair of skis. The new battery stations will be built next to the company's fast chargers which will charge up a Tesla battery in less than thirty minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla's announcement comes just a month after Silicon Valley based, A Better Place, an electric car battery swapping business, declared bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5V0vL3nnHY]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57098\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tesla_model_s_1-e1371855934884.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-57098 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/tesla_model_s_1-e1371855934884.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy of Tesla Motors\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of Tesla Motors\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palo Alto based electric car maker, Tesla, has announced a service that will swap out a battery in less than two minutes. The auto maker is trying to address one of the obstacles to electric car adoption: fears of limited driving range. Tesla cars can travel a maximum of 300 miles before needing a recharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a packed event in Los Angeles Thursday, CEO Elon Musk announced that Tesla will roll out battery swapping stations later this year along the drive between Los Angeles and San Francisco and the Washington to Boston corridor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electric cars have been a hard sell due to their high price, limited driving range and lack of public charging infrastructure. Musk says a battery pack swap will take about as long and cost about as much as filling up a 15-gallon gas tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drivers who swap their battery packs will reclaim their original battery on their return trip, kind of like renting a pair of skis. The new battery stations will be built next to the company's fast chargers which will charge up a Tesla battery in less than thirty minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla's announcement comes just a month after Silicon Valley based, A Better Place, an electric car battery swapping business, declared bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Work Begins on Largest Dam Removal Project in California History",
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"content": "\u003cp>CARMEL VALLEY -- A ceremonial groundbreaking in Carmel Valley on Friday marks the beginning of the end for the 92-year-old San Clemente Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanclementedamremoval.org/\">dam removal project\u003c/a> in California history comes nearly 20 years after state inspectors declared the 106-foot-tall concrete structure unsafe and at risk of collapse in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an earthquake were to cause it to have any breaks it would collapse quickly,” said Trish Chapman, regional manager for the state \u003ca href=\"http://coastalconservancy.org/\">Coastal Conservancy\u003c/a>, which is helping fund the $84 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most dams, the reservoir has accumulated sediment over the years, so much that it’s now 95 percent silted up and no longer provides water to the Monterey Peninsula. Altogether, 2.5 million cubic yards of sand, gravel and other sediment – enough to fill 767 Olympic swimming pools – has piled up behind the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57020\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-57020 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg\" alt=\"steelhead trout\" width=\"800\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-400x442.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-1180x1305.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-960x1062.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg 1188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dam’s owner, \u003ca href=\"http://www.amwater.com/caaw/\">California American Water Company\u003c/a>, based in Coronado, will pay $49 million toward the project, funded through rate increases on Monterey water customers that amount to about $2.55 a month for average residential users over the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam demolition “is a similar situation to how you plan for decommissioning a nuclear plant,” said California American Water President Robert MacLean. “It’s a matter of ‘when’ not ‘if.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only will 1,500 homes and structures downstream be safer after the three-year project is completed, but removing the dam also will help restore habitat for red-legged frogs and steelhead trout whose numbers have plummeted in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A trout population that numbered 1,350 in 1965 has dwindled to 249 this year, in part because the dam blocks the fish’s migration to and from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited because we’ve been relocating these frogs and fish—now we’re going to let nature take over and let her do what she does best,” said Brian Stranko, regional director for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, which contributed $1 million to the removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the project, construction crews will permanently reroute the Carmel River for about half a mile around the sediment, then tear the dam down over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57056 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-800x716.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"800\" height=\"716\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-400x358.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project, which also received some funding from federal grants, is being watched as a possible model for other dam removals across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good example of where the community came together and recognized there is a reason why people and river would benefit from taking [the dam] down,” said William Irvin, president of \u003ca href=\"www.americanrivers.org/%E2%80%8E\">American Rivers\u003c/a>, an environmental group based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest dam removal project in the country was the demolition of the 108-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\">Elwha Dam\u003c/a> and the 210-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/removal-of-the-glines-canyon-dam.htm\">Glines Canyon Dam\u003c/a> near Port Angeles, Washington, a project that began in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That demolition released more than 24 million cubic yards of silt and other debris downstream. Ecologists are still waiting to find out how it will affect fish and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irvin said that projects like the San Clemente are part of a broader movement, one that favors dam removals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are approximately 79,000 dams in the U.S., according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil\">Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a>. Thousands of them are obsolete, silted up or otherwise suited for removal, although finding the funding to remove them and figuring out what to do with the millions of tons of sediment behind them often pose major challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a while we were building dams all the time, but our understanding of rivers has evolved and we know the value of them,” Irvin said. “It’s a golden age for river restoration and we’re just at the beginning of it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>CARMEL VALLEY -- A ceremonial groundbreaking in Carmel Valley on Friday marks the beginning of the end for the 92-year-old San Clemente Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanclementedamremoval.org/\">dam removal project\u003c/a> in California history comes nearly 20 years after state inspectors declared the 106-foot-tall concrete structure unsafe and at risk of collapse in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an earthquake were to cause it to have any breaks it would collapse quickly,” said Trish Chapman, regional manager for the state \u003ca href=\"http://coastalconservancy.org/\">Coastal Conservancy\u003c/a>, which is helping fund the $84 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most dams, the reservoir has accumulated sediment over the years, so much that it’s now 95 percent silted up and no longer provides water to the Monterey Peninsula. Altogether, 2.5 million cubic yards of sand, gravel and other sediment – enough to fill 767 Olympic swimming pools – has piled up behind the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57020\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-57020 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg\" alt=\"steelhead trout\" width=\"800\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-400x442.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-1180x1305.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-960x1062.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg 1188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dam’s owner, \u003ca href=\"http://www.amwater.com/caaw/\">California American Water Company\u003c/a>, based in Coronado, will pay $49 million toward the project, funded through rate increases on Monterey water customers that amount to about $2.55 a month for average residential users over the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam demolition “is a similar situation to how you plan for decommissioning a nuclear plant,” said California American Water President Robert MacLean. “It’s a matter of ‘when’ not ‘if.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only will 1,500 homes and structures downstream be safer after the three-year project is completed, but removing the dam also will help restore habitat for red-legged frogs and steelhead trout whose numbers have plummeted in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A trout population that numbered 1,350 in 1965 has dwindled to 249 this year, in part because the dam blocks the fish’s migration to and from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited because we’ve been relocating these frogs and fish—now we’re going to let nature take over and let her do what she does best,” said Brian Stranko, regional director for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, which contributed $1 million to the removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the project, construction crews will permanently reroute the Carmel River for about half a mile around the sediment, then tear the dam down over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57056 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-800x716.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"800\" height=\"716\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-400x358.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project, which also received some funding from federal grants, is being watched as a possible model for other dam removals across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good example of where the community came together and recognized there is a reason why people and river would benefit from taking [the dam] down,” said William Irvin, president of \u003ca href=\"www.americanrivers.org/%E2%80%8E\">American Rivers\u003c/a>, an environmental group based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest dam removal project in the country was the demolition of the 108-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\">Elwha Dam\u003c/a> and the 210-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/removal-of-the-glines-canyon-dam.htm\">Glines Canyon Dam\u003c/a> near Port Angeles, Washington, a project that began in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That demolition released more than 24 million cubic yards of silt and other debris downstream. Ecologists are still waiting to find out how it will affect fish and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irvin said that projects like the San Clemente are part of a broader movement, one that favors dam removals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are approximately 79,000 dams in the U.S., according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil\">Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a>. Thousands of them are obsolete, silted up or otherwise suited for removal, although finding the funding to remove them and figuring out what to do with the millions of tons of sediment behind them often pose major challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a while we were building dams all the time, but our understanding of rivers has evolved and we know the value of them,” Irvin said. “It’s a golden age for river restoration and we’re just at the beginning of it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "With Condors on the Brink, California Considers a Lead-Bullet Ban for Hunters",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/06/2013-06-17-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56773\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Huntington, courtesy the Ventana Wildlife Society\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Huntington, courtesy the Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After teetering on the brink of extinction 30 years ago, the California condor has made a gradual recovery in the state. But scientists say hunters are hampering a full recovery – not because they’re shooting at condors, but because the giant scavenger birds swallow lead bullet fragments when hunters leave an animal carcass behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California legislature is considering a bill that would ban the use of lead bullets in hunting across the state. It would be the first statewide ban in the country and in the midst of a tense national debate over gun rights, the bill, AB 711, is raising controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Slow Progress\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The condor’s incremental recovery has taken longer than many expected, demanding substantial resources. “There’s plenty of other species to be focusing on,” said Kelly Sorenson, a biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ventanaws.org/\">Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/a>. “But instead we’re entrenched in this very intensive effort to save this species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorenson is ensconced in a spot along the Pacific Coast Highway, overlooking a large, rotting gray whale carcass, washed up on a beach. The windswept stretch of Big Sur coast is prime condor country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56800\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-biobox-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56800\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-biobox-1200-504x360.jpg\" alt=\"condor-biobox-1200\" width=\"353\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Oh yeah, from a condor point of view this is a smorgasbord,” Sorenson says. “This is dinner for months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just over the hill, two condors come soaring out of the trees. “This might be a breeding pair,” he says. “They’re both adults, I can tell from here. They have a bright red head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Condors resemble turkey vultures, but dominate the skies with an imposing nine-foot wingspan. Sorenson scans their wings with binoculars, looking for numbers. “I can almost make it out. It looks like it might be 51.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There aren’t many condors without numbered tags, because most were born in captivity. Centuries ago, condors ranged from Canada to Texas. But by 1982, under pressure from hunting and habitat loss, only 22 remained. Scientists took them out of the wild in a last-ditch effort to save the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fortunately they bred very well in captivity and we started reintroducing condors to Big Sur in 1997,” Sorenson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a slow recovery since. Today, there are about 400 condors in California, Arizona and Mexico, including a large portion in captivity. On California’s central coast, just 70 live in the wild. It could be why Sorenson is having trouble shaking what happened the day before we met. His team found one of those condors dead, a male that Sorensen had been tracking for 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s what makes it especially hard when one of those birds dies,” he says. “But if it’s what it usually is, which is lead poisoning, it makes it even harder to deal with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorenson’s team traps condors twice a year to test for lead poisoning. If they catch a case in time, the bird is taken to a treatment center in Southern California. Ten condors have already been treated this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Condor Forensics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56804\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-feather-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56804 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-feather-1200-576x360.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"403\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The problem is really epidemic,” says toxicologist Myra Finkelstein. “These California condors are exposed to chronic harmful levels of lead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her lab at the University of California-Santa Cruz, Finkelstein holds up a vial with a small shard of metal: a lead bullet fragment found in the digestive system of a dead condor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is enough lead to poison and potentially kill a condor,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scavengers, condors will feed on any dead animal, including carcasses or partial carcasses left by hunters or ranchers. “They’ll come to eat it and they inadvertently will also ingest these fragments,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through tests on hundreds of condor blood samples and feathers, Finkelstein’s lab has worked to trace the source of lead. In the majority of cases, she says it matches the \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/condors-and-lead.html\">chemical profile of lead bullets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, former Governor Arnold Schwarzengger banned the use of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/hunting/condor/\">lead bullets in hunting\u003c/a> in 1997, but only in condor territory. Condors are still showing high levels of lead, which can shut down their digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It only takes one meal so that’s why the problem is so severe,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the California legislature is considering taking the ban a step further by banning lead bullets for hunting statewide. Lead ammunition could still be used at shooting ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Casting Doubt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know exactly what the source of the soluble lead is,” says Chuck Michel, an attorney for the National Rifle Association. “There are multiple sources of soluble lead in the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56808\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-population-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56808 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-population-1200-585x360.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"410\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The NRA and other gun groups have targeted the scientific research, saying the lead could be coming from paint or garbage dumps. Hunters could use copper ammunition as an alternative, but it’s often twice as expensive. A box of 20 rounds that costs $25 for lead, goes for around $50 for copper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It prices a lot of people out of the market,” says Michel. “If it’s mandatory, there’s really going to be a lot less people that can afford to go hunting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why gun groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.huntfortruth.org/site/\">see the bill as a threat\u003c/a>. “This is a way to bring a cultural attack on hunting and sportsmen and women,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We heard all the same arguments in the late 80s and early 90s,” says Jennifer Fearing of the Humane Society of the United States, referring to when lead shot was banned in duck-and-goose hunting nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually restrains very little about activities with guns,” she says. “It just requires that a bullet be made of one metal rather than another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead was phased out of paint and gasoline decades ago. While AB 711 wouldn’t prohibit the sale of lead bullets, Fearing believes it would still be effective and could help other wildlife that also scavenge, like eagles and hawks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just going to take some time, quite frankly, for ranchers and others to switch the ammunition they use on their properties and just for the culture within the hunting community to move to a place where they accept their responsibility,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lead ammunition bill has already passed the California Assembly and is now being considered by the state Senate, where its chances look favorable.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/06/2013-06-17-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56773\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Huntington, courtesy the Ventana Wildlife Society\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tim-Huntington_Condor1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Huntington, courtesy the Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After teetering on the brink of extinction 30 years ago, the California condor has made a gradual recovery in the state. But scientists say hunters are hampering a full recovery – not because they’re shooting at condors, but because the giant scavenger birds swallow lead bullet fragments when hunters leave an animal carcass behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California legislature is considering a bill that would ban the use of lead bullets in hunting across the state. It would be the first statewide ban in the country and in the midst of a tense national debate over gun rights, the bill, AB 711, is raising controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Slow Progress\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The condor’s incremental recovery has taken longer than many expected, demanding substantial resources. “There’s plenty of other species to be focusing on,” said Kelly Sorenson, a biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ventanaws.org/\">Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/a>. “But instead we’re entrenched in this very intensive effort to save this species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorenson is ensconced in a spot along the Pacific Coast Highway, overlooking a large, rotting gray whale carcass, washed up on a beach. The windswept stretch of Big Sur coast is prime condor country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56800\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-biobox-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56800\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-biobox-1200-504x360.jpg\" alt=\"condor-biobox-1200\" width=\"353\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Oh yeah, from a condor point of view this is a smorgasbord,” Sorenson says. “This is dinner for months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just over the hill, two condors come soaring out of the trees. “This might be a breeding pair,” he says. “They’re both adults, I can tell from here. They have a bright red head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Condors resemble turkey vultures, but dominate the skies with an imposing nine-foot wingspan. Sorenson scans their wings with binoculars, looking for numbers. “I can almost make it out. It looks like it might be 51.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There aren’t many condors without numbered tags, because most were born in captivity. Centuries ago, condors ranged from Canada to Texas. But by 1982, under pressure from hunting and habitat loss, only 22 remained. Scientists took them out of the wild in a last-ditch effort to save the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fortunately they bred very well in captivity and we started reintroducing condors to Big Sur in 1997,” Sorenson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a slow recovery since. Today, there are about 400 condors in California, Arizona and Mexico, including a large portion in captivity. On California’s central coast, just 70 live in the wild. It could be why Sorenson is having trouble shaking what happened the day before we met. His team found one of those condors dead, a male that Sorensen had been tracking for 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s what makes it especially hard when one of those birds dies,” he says. “But if it’s what it usually is, which is lead poisoning, it makes it even harder to deal with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorenson’s team traps condors twice a year to test for lead poisoning. If they catch a case in time, the bird is taken to a treatment center in Southern California. Ten condors have already been treated this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Condor Forensics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56804\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-feather-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56804 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-feather-1200-576x360.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"403\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The problem is really epidemic,” says toxicologist Myra Finkelstein. “These California condors are exposed to chronic harmful levels of lead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her lab at the University of California-Santa Cruz, Finkelstein holds up a vial with a small shard of metal: a lead bullet fragment found in the digestive system of a dead condor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is enough lead to poison and potentially kill a condor,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scavengers, condors will feed on any dead animal, including carcasses or partial carcasses left by hunters or ranchers. “They’ll come to eat it and they inadvertently will also ingest these fragments,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through tests on hundreds of condor blood samples and feathers, Finkelstein’s lab has worked to trace the source of lead. In the majority of cases, she says it matches the \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/condors-and-lead.html\">chemical profile of lead bullets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, former Governor Arnold Schwarzengger banned the use of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/hunting/condor/\">lead bullets in hunting\u003c/a> in 1997, but only in condor territory. Condors are still showing high levels of lead, which can shut down their digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It only takes one meal so that’s why the problem is so severe,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the California legislature is considering taking the ban a step further by banning lead bullets for hunting statewide. Lead ammunition could still be used at shooting ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Casting Doubt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know exactly what the source of the soluble lead is,” says Chuck Michel, an attorney for the National Rifle Association. “There are multiple sources of soluble lead in the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56808\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 410px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-population-1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-56808 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/condor-population-1200-585x360.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"410\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The NRA and other gun groups have targeted the scientific research, saying the lead could be coming from paint or garbage dumps. Hunters could use copper ammunition as an alternative, but it’s often twice as expensive. A box of 20 rounds that costs $25 for lead, goes for around $50 for copper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It prices a lot of people out of the market,” says Michel. “If it’s mandatory, there’s really going to be a lot less people that can afford to go hunting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why gun groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.huntfortruth.org/site/\">see the bill as a threat\u003c/a>. “This is a way to bring a cultural attack on hunting and sportsmen and women,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We heard all the same arguments in the late 80s and early 90s,” says Jennifer Fearing of the Humane Society of the United States, referring to when lead shot was banned in duck-and-goose hunting nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually restrains very little about activities with guns,” she says. “It just requires that a bullet be made of one metal rather than another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead was phased out of paint and gasoline decades ago. While AB 711 wouldn’t prohibit the sale of lead bullets, Fearing believes it would still be effective and could help other wildlife that also scavenge, like eagles and hawks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just going to take some time, quite frankly, for ranchers and others to switch the ammunition they use on their properties and just for the culture within the hunting community to move to a place where they accept their responsibility,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lead ammunition bill has already passed the California Assembly and is now being considered by the state Senate, where its chances look favorable.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Green Side of Drones: Science and Environmental Apps Abound",
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"content": "\u003cp>It appears that “drones” are here to stay. And Silicon Valley drone makers are going beyond military and spy applications, creating new environmental uses for unmanned aerial vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday afternoons, you’ll usually find Chris Anderson out by the Berkeley Marina, tinkering with his squadron of drones. Looking up at the sky as one of his creations buzzes about, he can’t help blurting out, \"So that’s just freakin’ cool, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Anderson, this is serious stuff. He quit his job as editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine to build \u003ca href=\"http://3drobotics.com/\">3D Robotics\u003c/a>. The do-it-yourself drone company based in San Diego, won’t do military projects. That's part of a compact it has with about 40 thousand developers in its \u003ca href=\"http://diydrones.com/\">online community\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few of them are here today, testing a 2-pound fixed-wing airplane that’s carrying a pocket-sized near-infrared camera, which is nothing more than a regular point-and-shoot model, with the plastic filter popped off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our eyes are like the worst eyes in the animal kingdom,” Anderson says. “The cameras have been sort of crippled, to resemble the human eye. So we ‘un-cripple’ these cameras, to see the world the way an insect would see it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpMn1-qgGQo\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Photo: Systems Program, UC Berkeley Engineering \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mini-airplane with a 2-and-half foot wingspan is different from conventional remote-controlled planes because it’s flying without a human operator. It’s following GPS coordinates plugged in before take-off. Other drones track moving objects on the ground using sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more autonomous, the more drone-like they are,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drone darts back and forth in a lawnmower pattern, 150 feet above the grass. It’s reporting its position to a laptop, and snapping pictures to stitch together a high-resolution map of the marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That image may not be something the world desperately needs but Anderson says farmers could use this kind of data gathering and image processing for crop surveys, to figure out what plants need water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A healthy plant will absorb the red light, but reflect the infrared,” he explains. “But as chlorophyll is damaged, it'll start to reflect the red as well. So the ratio of the infrared and the red tells you the health of the plant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The application isn’t quite ready to go wheels-up. Anderson is still working on getting his drones to tell up from down. The accelerators, the gyroscopes, the magnetometers and GPS have to get better at correcting each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, it's illegal to fly drones for profit. The Federal Aviation Administration is expected to issue regulations by 2015. Anderson points out that a camera on a drone is far more regulated than the one in his iPhone. \"We've seen what camera phones have done to spread cameras everywhere, except for in the sky. The sky's empty.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 415px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints-415x253.jpg\" alt=\"This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo courtesy of 3D Robotics\" width=\"415\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo: 3D Robotics\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unforeseen Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley technology forecaster \u003ca href=\"http://www.saffo.com/\">Paul Saffo\u003c/a> says one man’s drone utopia could be another’s dystopia. \"There are going to be people upset enough by these drones, that they're going to figure out counter-measures,” he predicts, “whether it's shining lasers into their sensor systems, or perhaps a shotgun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drones could be used for \u003ca href=\"http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/28/uvs-avia/\">search and rescue\u003c/a>, to \u003ca href=\"http://opencanada.org/features/the-think-tank/essays/the-case-for-humanitarian-drones/\">drop medicine in remote villages\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://marinedebrisblog.wordpress.com/2012/06/18/looking-for-debris-from-the-sky/\">to scout debris from tsunamis\u003c/a>, or to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/04/25/179017548/from-battle-to-birds-drones-get-second-life-counting-critters\">count wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental and scientific uses may end up \u003cstrong>not\u003c/strong> being the most popular. Saffo says drones could also be the next killer app for police spying on homes and teenage boys peeking into the girls' locker room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already signs of civilian conflict. The animal rights group PETA is \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/11/us/animal-rights-drones\">shopping for drones\u003c/a> to prevent illegal hunting while hunters \u003ca href=\"http://westernfarmpress.com/blog/peta-drones-trophy-prize-us-hunters\">vow to shoot down\u003c/a> those eyes in the sky. Lawmakers in California and other states that embrace self-driving cars are \u003ca href=\"http://legiscan.com/CA/bill/SB15\">drafting bills\u003c/a> to limit self-driving aerial vehicles, out of privacy concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saffo isn't convinced just yet that privacy will emerge as the\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>main issue. He likens the current state of drones to when automobiles first arrived a century ago. “There were cities that required somebody walking in front of the automobile with a red flag, warning off horses and riders,” he recounted. “Turned out that wasn’t an issue. But traffic jams were an issue, and nobody imagined traffic jams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Low-Cost Solution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raja Sengupta is the go-to drones professor at \u003ca href=\"http://c3uv.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley’s engineering school\u003c/a>. On a recent day, he and three of his students gathered at Oakland’s Lake Merritt, to test a small drone that could help merchant ships avoid collisions with whales or icebergs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just imagine if the Titanic had had a drone in front of it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta gets to skirt some of the tough issues like privacy, by taking his drones out to sea. His team did a project with Shell Oil using drones last year. Sengupta says drones could save oil companies a lot of money. “As I understand it, they pay people to sit in Cessnas and fly around and count whales,” he tells me, then adds, “I mean, this is some part of the money we are putting into the gas tank.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leading industry group estimates that drones will generate \u003ca href=\"http://www.auvsi.org/econreport\">$82 billion and 100,000 jobs\u003c/a> in the decade after they go commercial. Sengupata says the more important number may be the cost of building a drone. It's relatively cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His student Hao Chen mounts a digital camera on a small, beat-up drone made of ice cream sticks and Styrofoam. “This whole thing is probably about 600 or 700 hundred dollars,” Chen estimates. And Sengupta estimates the data it collects is worth five thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chen programs GPS coordinates into the drone and it takes off over the lake. Geese flutter away, sounding frazzled. And in two minutes, the drone vanishes. It’s completely out of sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fortunately it’s a very harmless drone,” Sengupta laughs. “It has no weapons system on it. It’s nothing like President Obama’s drones.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can sort of see the drone's position on Google maps. It's stuck in a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation, which has invested $25 million in drone science over the last five years, gave Sengupta an NSF-sponsored graduate student. He climbs the tree to rescue the drone, as though it were a stranded cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta keeps laughing, \"This is exactly the kind of doctoral student one wants -- does everything from solving a differential equation to climbing a tree.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The propeller is broken. But the pictures -- the data -- survived. Sengupta says that's proof civilian drones will take off: crashing doesn't put a deep dent in anyone's wallet.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It appears that “drones” are here to stay. And Silicon Valley drone makers are going beyond military and spy applications, creating new environmental uses for unmanned aerial vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday afternoons, you’ll usually find Chris Anderson out by the Berkeley Marina, tinkering with his squadron of drones. Looking up at the sky as one of his creations buzzes about, he can’t help blurting out, \"So that’s just freakin’ cool, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Anderson, this is serious stuff. He quit his job as editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine to build \u003ca href=\"http://3drobotics.com/\">3D Robotics\u003c/a>. The do-it-yourself drone company based in San Diego, won’t do military projects. That's part of a compact it has with about 40 thousand developers in its \u003ca href=\"http://diydrones.com/\">online community\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few of them are here today, testing a 2-pound fixed-wing airplane that’s carrying a pocket-sized near-infrared camera, which is nothing more than a regular point-and-shoot model, with the plastic filter popped off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our eyes are like the worst eyes in the animal kingdom,” Anderson says. “The cameras have been sort of crippled, to resemble the human eye. So we ‘un-cripple’ these cameras, to see the world the way an insect would see it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpMn1-qgGQo\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Photo: Systems Program, UC Berkeley Engineering \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mini-airplane with a 2-and-half foot wingspan is different from conventional remote-controlled planes because it’s flying without a human operator. It’s following GPS coordinates plugged in before take-off. Other drones track moving objects on the ground using sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more autonomous, the more drone-like they are,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drone darts back and forth in a lawnmower pattern, 150 feet above the grass. It’s reporting its position to a laptop, and snapping pictures to stitch together a high-resolution map of the marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That image may not be something the world desperately needs but Anderson says farmers could use this kind of data gathering and image processing for crop surveys, to figure out what plants need water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A healthy plant will absorb the red light, but reflect the infrared,” he explains. “But as chlorophyll is damaged, it'll start to reflect the red as well. So the ratio of the infrared and the red tells you the health of the plant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The application isn’t quite ready to go wheels-up. Anderson is still working on getting his drones to tell up from down. The accelerators, the gyroscopes, the magnetometers and GPS have to get better at correcting each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, it's illegal to fly drones for profit. The Federal Aviation Administration is expected to issue regulations by 2015. Anderson points out that a camera on a drone is far more regulated than the one in his iPhone. \"We've seen what camera phones have done to spread cameras everywhere, except for in the sky. The sky's empty.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 415px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56016\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/3D-GPS-waypoints-415x253.jpg\" alt=\"This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo courtesy of 3D Robotics\" width=\"415\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This drone above the Berkeley Marina follows GPS coordinates and takes pictures at specified points to create a terrestrial map. Photo: 3D Robotics\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unforeseen Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley technology forecaster \u003ca href=\"http://www.saffo.com/\">Paul Saffo\u003c/a> says one man’s drone utopia could be another’s dystopia. \"There are going to be people upset enough by these drones, that they're going to figure out counter-measures,” he predicts, “whether it's shining lasers into their sensor systems, or perhaps a shotgun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drones could be used for \u003ca href=\"http://techcrunch.com/2013/05/28/uvs-avia/\">search and rescue\u003c/a>, to \u003ca href=\"http://opencanada.org/features/the-think-tank/essays/the-case-for-humanitarian-drones/\">drop medicine in remote villages\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://marinedebrisblog.wordpress.com/2012/06/18/looking-for-debris-from-the-sky/\">to scout debris from tsunamis\u003c/a>, or to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/04/25/179017548/from-battle-to-birds-drones-get-second-life-counting-critters\">count wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental and scientific uses may end up \u003cstrong>not\u003c/strong> being the most popular. Saffo says drones could also be the next killer app for police spying on homes and teenage boys peeking into the girls' locker room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already signs of civilian conflict. The animal rights group PETA is \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/11/us/animal-rights-drones\">shopping for drones\u003c/a> to prevent illegal hunting while hunters \u003ca href=\"http://westernfarmpress.com/blog/peta-drones-trophy-prize-us-hunters\">vow to shoot down\u003c/a> those eyes in the sky. Lawmakers in California and other states that embrace self-driving cars are \u003ca href=\"http://legiscan.com/CA/bill/SB15\">drafting bills\u003c/a> to limit self-driving aerial vehicles, out of privacy concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saffo isn't convinced just yet that privacy will emerge as the\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>main issue. He likens the current state of drones to when automobiles first arrived a century ago. “There were cities that required somebody walking in front of the automobile with a red flag, warning off horses and riders,” he recounted. “Turned out that wasn’t an issue. But traffic jams were an issue, and nobody imagined traffic jams.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Low-Cost Solution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raja Sengupta is the go-to drones professor at \u003ca href=\"http://c3uv.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley’s engineering school\u003c/a>. On a recent day, he and three of his students gathered at Oakland’s Lake Merritt, to test a small drone that could help merchant ships avoid collisions with whales or icebergs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just imagine if the Titanic had had a drone in front of it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta gets to skirt some of the tough issues like privacy, by taking his drones out to sea. His team did a project with Shell Oil using drones last year. Sengupta says drones could save oil companies a lot of money. “As I understand it, they pay people to sit in Cessnas and fly around and count whales,” he tells me, then adds, “I mean, this is some part of the money we are putting into the gas tank.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leading industry group estimates that drones will generate \u003ca href=\"http://www.auvsi.org/econreport\">$82 billion and 100,000 jobs\u003c/a> in the decade after they go commercial. Sengupata says the more important number may be the cost of building a drone. It's relatively cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His student Hao Chen mounts a digital camera on a small, beat-up drone made of ice cream sticks and Styrofoam. “This whole thing is probably about 600 or 700 hundred dollars,” Chen estimates. And Sengupta estimates the data it collects is worth five thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chen programs GPS coordinates into the drone and it takes off over the lake. Geese flutter away, sounding frazzled. And in two minutes, the drone vanishes. It’s completely out of sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fortunately it’s a very harmless drone,” Sengupta laughs. “It has no weapons system on it. It’s nothing like President Obama’s drones.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can sort of see the drone's position on Google maps. It's stuck in a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Science Foundation, which has invested $25 million in drone science over the last five years, gave Sengupta an NSF-sponsored graduate student. He climbs the tree to rescue the drone, as though it were a stranded cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sengupta keeps laughing, \"This is exactly the kind of doctoral student one wants -- does everything from solving a differential equation to climbing a tree.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Debate Over on Climate Change, Says Chief UN Climate Negotiator ",
"title": "Debate Over on Climate Change, Says Chief UN Climate Negotiator ",
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"content": "\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55193\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55193\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Tom Hawk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Watching the golden toad disappear from Costa Rican rainforests had a lasting impression on Figueres. Photo by Tom Hawk\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Christiana Figueres\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Hailing from a family with two former presidents of Costa Rica, Christiana Figueres was primed to tackle daunting political challenges, head on. Figueres first found her footing as the founder of the Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas. Now, as the executive secretary of the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/2860.php\">\u003cem>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, she travels internationally helping countries agree upon strategies to limit greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> On \u003cstrong>\u003cem>a recent visit to San Francisco, she attended a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvent.com/events/navigating-the-american-carbon-world/event-summary-370741f03c8c4363b1865ec6bb8e96c3.aspx?i=b980a317-eb6f-4eb5-b6bd-57c1a0437b45\">carbon market conference\u003c/a> to talk about California's cap and trade program, which went into effect last year.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 184px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-55207 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg\" alt=\"Figueres profile resized\" width=\"184\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg 1417w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-400x534.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-1180x1574.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 184px) 100vw, 184px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figueres has been the executive secretary of the UNFCCC since 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is your role with the U.N. and what are in you in town for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[My role is] to support governments in their ongoing efforts to reach agreements with each other about how they’re going to address climate change. I’m in California to recognize California’s leadership with their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap and trade program\u003c/a> because it is quite unique for the U.S. that a state has moved forward with a market-based solution to their climate policy. Covering 85 percent of the state's greenhouse gas emissions, and second in size only to the European Union system, the robustness of California's program cannot be denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the value of California’s leadership if there are so few followers? Isn’t there a danger that it’s all going to be too little too late?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there is that danger but that’s not the only possibility. We have so many more extreme weather events that are really making this issue no longer a debate. Every single country is being affected and every single country is realizing that—in their own interest—they need to address this. There is no more compelling evidence of this than the joint working group between the United States and China. If you had asked anybody four years ago, three years ago, two years ago: will the United States and China ever come to the table on climate change to try to find joint collaborative solutions, it would have been a hard sell to say yes. Here we have a joint working group of the United States and China, not because they necessarily are looking at the global benefit, but because they are motivated by avoiding the national impacts that they are already seeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So you think cap and trade can work as a policy? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55248\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 362px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-55248 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg\" alt=\"Last seen in 1989, the golden toad is thouught to be extinct due to climate change and disease. Photo courtesy of Conservation International\" width=\"362\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg 603w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap-400x325.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 362px) 100vw, 362px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last seen in 1989, the golden toad is thought to be extinct due to climate change and disease. Photo courtesy of Conservation International\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Absolutely, it has been proven to work in the \u003ca href=\"http://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htm\">European Union\u003c/a>, that is the oldest cap and trade system, and it is a model that is being experimented with in many other countries as well. So yes, I think it is a policy of choice that will be used by many countries, and many subnational governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Many would suggest that with the pace of climate change, that there’s just no way we’re going to reign in warming at the two-degree level, what’s your take on that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been, over the past 12 months, at least four studies that have looked at this issue and looked at the fact that greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and that should this continue as a business as usual scenario, that it would be impossible to reach that two-degree target. However, every single one of those studies also says that there is no reason why we have to continue along that business as usual route. Every single one of those studies says we have number one, the technology, number two, the capital and number three, the human ingenuity to change business as usual and make a serious dent in addressing climate change. So I still am heartened that we will be able to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was environmental sustainability something that you remember discussing around the family dinner table at an early age?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the dinner table--no, because I don’t think the concept of sustainability was something that was around in the 1960s and ’70s. That came later. What was always a discussion at the dinner table was how do you structure societies and economic systems in order to benefit those that are most vulnerable. That is not very different from what we’re doing in the climate arena. It’s very clear that there are a group of countries that are least responsible for climate change and they are the most vulnerable. The \u003ca href=\"http://aosis.org/\">low-lying island states\u003c/a> are those that have the least responsibility and they are the most vulnerable because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slrviewer/\">sea level rise\u003c/a>. And so our progress and our success in meeting climate change needs to be measured against how well are we protecting the future of those that are most vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate change is unlike other environmental issues because it’s intangible. What’s—\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[INTERRUPTS]\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Intangible? It is anything but intangible. Tangible is \u003ca href=\"http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mfl/?n=sandy\">[Hurricane] Sandy\u003c/a>, tangible is sea level rise that is completely swamping populations. Tangible is the fact that the farming belt in the United States went bankrupt last year and that had a huge \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/08/30/severe-droughts-drive-food-prices-higher-threatening-poor\">spike in food prices\u003c/a> across the world. So it’s very tangible, it’s just very distributed across the world. In that sense it’s difficult to pinpoint with one single finger because the effects are not just seen in one single country, they are seen everywhere.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When was first time you feel like you really saw the impact of climate change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was about 12 or 13 and my parents took me to a rainforest in Costa Rica where there was an endemic \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=D00A\">golden frog\u003c/a> that was a beautiful species. By the time I was married and had children, the species of frog had disappeared because of the increasing temperatures [caused by climate change]. The fact that I have seen the disappearance of a species in my lifetime has left me marked. I now realize that the planet I am leaving to my children is visibly diminished from the planet I inherited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To that point, what would you say to students—the generations that will inherit the problems we’re facing now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re going to have to finish fixing this problem. The only things we oldies can do right now is identify the possibilities of what the solutions will be, but there is no doubt we’re handing over a very serious problem to the next generation and they’re going to have to step up and be the ones that finish the solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited. Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A United Nations expert recalls the exact moment she first witnessed the impact of climate change–and sees a concerted global effort as the only way to turn down the heat.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55193\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55193\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Tom Hawk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Frog-Golden-Toad-sized-correctly-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Watching the golden toad disappear from Costa Rican rainforests had a lasting impression on Figueres. Photo by Tom Hawk\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Christiana Figueres\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Hailing from a family with two former presidents of Costa Rica, Christiana Figueres was primed to tackle daunting political challenges, head on. Figueres first found her footing as the founder of the Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas. Now, as the executive secretary of the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/2860.php\">\u003cem>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, she travels internationally helping countries agree upon strategies to limit greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> On \u003cstrong>\u003cem>a recent visit to San Francisco, she attended a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvent.com/events/navigating-the-american-carbon-world/event-summary-370741f03c8c4363b1865ec6bb8e96c3.aspx?i=b980a317-eb6f-4eb5-b6bd-57c1a0437b45\">carbon market conference\u003c/a> to talk about California's cap and trade program, which went into effect last year.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 184px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-55207 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg\" alt=\"Figueres profile resized\" width=\"184\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized.jpg 1417w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-400x534.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-1180x1574.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Figueres-profile-resized-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 184px) 100vw, 184px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figueres has been the executive secretary of the UNFCCC since 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is your role with the U.N. and what are in you in town for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[My role is] to support governments in their ongoing efforts to reach agreements with each other about how they’re going to address climate change. I’m in California to recognize California’s leadership with their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap and trade program\u003c/a> because it is quite unique for the U.S. that a state has moved forward with a market-based solution to their climate policy. Covering 85 percent of the state's greenhouse gas emissions, and second in size only to the European Union system, the robustness of California's program cannot be denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the value of California’s leadership if there are so few followers? Isn’t there a danger that it’s all going to be too little too late?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there is that danger but that’s not the only possibility. We have so many more extreme weather events that are really making this issue no longer a debate. Every single country is being affected and every single country is realizing that—in their own interest—they need to address this. There is no more compelling evidence of this than the joint working group between the United States and China. If you had asked anybody four years ago, three years ago, two years ago: will the United States and China ever come to the table on climate change to try to find joint collaborative solutions, it would have been a hard sell to say yes. Here we have a joint working group of the United States and China, not because they necessarily are looking at the global benefit, but because they are motivated by avoiding the national impacts that they are already seeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So you think cap and trade can work as a policy? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55248\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 362px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-55248 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg\" alt=\"Last seen in 1989, the golden toad is thouught to be extinct due to climate change and disease. Photo courtesy of Conservation International\" width=\"362\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap.jpg 603w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/goldenToadMap-400x325.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 362px) 100vw, 362px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last seen in 1989, the golden toad is thought to be extinct due to climate change and disease. Photo courtesy of Conservation International\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Absolutely, it has been proven to work in the \u003ca href=\"http://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htm\">European Union\u003c/a>, that is the oldest cap and trade system, and it is a model that is being experimented with in many other countries as well. So yes, I think it is a policy of choice that will be used by many countries, and many subnational governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Many would suggest that with the pace of climate change, that there’s just no way we’re going to reign in warming at the two-degree level, what’s your take on that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been, over the past 12 months, at least four studies that have looked at this issue and looked at the fact that greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and that should this continue as a business as usual scenario, that it would be impossible to reach that two-degree target. However, every single one of those studies also says that there is no reason why we have to continue along that business as usual route. Every single one of those studies says we have number one, the technology, number two, the capital and number three, the human ingenuity to change business as usual and make a serious dent in addressing climate change. So I still am heartened that we will be able to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was environmental sustainability something that you remember discussing around the family dinner table at an early age?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the dinner table--no, because I don’t think the concept of sustainability was something that was around in the 1960s and ’70s. That came later. What was always a discussion at the dinner table was how do you structure societies and economic systems in order to benefit those that are most vulnerable. That is not very different from what we’re doing in the climate arena. It’s very clear that there are a group of countries that are least responsible for climate change and they are the most vulnerable. The \u003ca href=\"http://aosis.org/\">low-lying island states\u003c/a> are those that have the least responsibility and they are the most vulnerable because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slrviewer/\">sea level rise\u003c/a>. And so our progress and our success in meeting climate change needs to be measured against how well are we protecting the future of those that are most vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate change is unlike other environmental issues because it’s intangible. What’s—\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[INTERRUPTS]\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Intangible? It is anything but intangible. Tangible is \u003ca href=\"http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mfl/?n=sandy\">[Hurricane] Sandy\u003c/a>, tangible is sea level rise that is completely swamping populations. Tangible is the fact that the farming belt in the United States went bankrupt last year and that had a huge \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/08/30/severe-droughts-drive-food-prices-higher-threatening-poor\">spike in food prices\u003c/a> across the world. So it’s very tangible, it’s just very distributed across the world. In that sense it’s difficult to pinpoint with one single finger because the effects are not just seen in one single country, they are seen everywhere.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When was first time you feel like you really saw the impact of climate change?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was about 12 or 13 and my parents took me to a rainforest in Costa Rica where there was an endemic \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=D00A\">golden frog\u003c/a> that was a beautiful species. By the time I was married and had children, the species of frog had disappeared because of the increasing temperatures [caused by climate change]. The fact that I have seen the disappearance of a species in my lifetime has left me marked. I now realize that the planet I am leaving to my children is visibly diminished from the planet I inherited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To that point, what would you say to students—the generations that will inherit the problems we’re facing now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re going to have to finish fixing this problem. The only things we oldies can do right now is identify the possibilities of what the solutions will be, but there is no doubt we’re handing over a very serious problem to the next generation and they’re going to have to step up and be the ones that finish the solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited. Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this half-hour special, QUEST Northern California explores genetically engineered crops in the wake of Proposition 37, the 2012 ballot initiative that would have required foods containing genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled in California. Prop 37 lost, but some 6 million Californians voted in favor of labeling, signaling that many aren't completely comfortable with genetically engineered food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are the benefits of genetically engineered foods worth the risks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Meal: Engineering Food\u003c/strong> explores how genetically engineered crops are made, their pros and cons, and what the future holds for research and regulations such as labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ever wondered what genetically engineered crops and other foods are in the pipeline?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Click through the map below and find out what's in your next meal... or in the forest on your next camping trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a bigger version of this map, click on the link below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[googlemaps https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&output=embed&w=640&h=360]\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&source=embed\">Genetically Engineered Foods in the Pipeline\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Conventional plant breeding vs. genetic engineering – 5 differences:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>1. When did we start using each technique?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Plant breeding is some 10,000 years old – as old as agriculture itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ancestors of tomatoes were the size of my thumb and they tasted very bad,” said \u003ca title=\"Eduardo Blumwald's lab at UC Davis\" href=\"http://blumwald.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Eduardo Blumwald\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Davis. “And breeding gave us what we have right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54133\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tomato paste made from genetically engineered tomatoes in the mid-1990s.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the mid-1990s, tomatoes genetically engineered in California were made into a tomato paste that sold well in England. But the tomatoes were short-lived. Photo: Alan McHughen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first genetically engineered food to be commercialized, the Flavr Savr tomato, was sold by Calgene, a Davis company, starting in 1994. The tomato was engineered to stay firm on the vine for longer, but it was short-lived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto, the Missouri-based seed company, started selling genetically engineered soybeans and cotton in 1996. The soybeans tolerate the herbicide Roundup, so that farmers can spray it on weeds without hurting their crop in the process. The cotton keeps away pests like the bollworm.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>2. How do these two techniques work?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Classical plant breeding involves taking the female eggs from one plant and bringing them together with the male parts of another plant,” said \u003ca title=\"Peggy Lemaux, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://pmb.berkeley.edu/profile/plemaux\" target=\"_blank\">Peggy Lemaux\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Berkeley. “And then all that genetic information gets mixed up. Half of the information in the progeny – or children – of that cross comes from the mother and half comes from the father. And it just all gets mixed up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the plant, breeders use different strategies to cross them. Corn breeders, for example, gather pollen from female plants and shake it onto male plants. \u003ca title=\"Cucumber breeding\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5a-coN2Xgg&list=UUqyLv50NSDw9MHhtZ3OBrBw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">Plants such as cucumbers\u003c/a> usually contain both female and male flowers on each plant. Breeders remove the male part from one flower and attach it to a female flower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun-300x169.jpg\" alt='\"Gene gun\" at the University of California-Berkeley' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant biologist Peggy Lemaux, at the University of California-Berkeley, uses a \"gene gun\" to genetically engineer crops like corn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In contrast with breeding, genetic engineering involves only one or a few genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With genetic engineering, it’s just moving very small parts of the genetic information. You might take it out of one plant and move it into another plant,” said Lemaux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In genetic engineering, genes can be transported into a plant by a type of soil bacterium. Or they can be injected into a plant using a tool called a gene gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>3. What can you do with each one?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classical plant breeding allows scientists to do things like breed disease resistance or a higher-protein content into crops like wheat, said \u003ca title=\"UC Davis Wheat Breeding Program\" href=\"http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/dubcovsky/Breeding/WheatBreedingUCD.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Jorge Dubcovsky\u003c/a>, leader of the wheat breeding program at the University of California at Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they’re breeding, scientists have to cross plants that are closely related to each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Classical breeding is done between closely related plants, so you might take a wild variety of rice, for example, and you could cross that with modern cultivated rice,” said Peggy Lemaux. “However, maybe there are traits that you want, that you can’t find in a wild variety of rice. Maybe you want to introduce some vitamin or mineral, and you can’t find a wild rice species that would give you that particular trait. So what you have to do is you have to go and find some other organism that does make, let’s say, vitamin A, and you can pull that information out from that plant and put it in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, genetic engineering would be required. Engineering would also be required to tweak a gene in such a way that it produces more or less of a desired trait.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>4. Is conventional plant breeding low-tech, while genetic engineering is high-tech?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic engineering can be more expensive than conventional plant breeding, and is usually faster. But this doesn’t mean that breeding is as low-tech as you might think. In the past 15 years or so, plant breeders have been able to speed up the crossing process by using \u003ca title=\"Marker Assisted Selection in Wheat \" href=\"http://maswheat.ucdavis.edu/Education/animations/anim_mas.htm\" target=\"_blank\">genetic markers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The markers allow me to see the genes that I have bred into a plant,” said Jorge Dubcovsky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many genes that scientists set out to breed into plants are difficult to see and expensive to find within the plant. A genetic marker is a piece of DNA that is easy to see and inexpensive to find within a plant. So scientists identify the markers that are on either side of the gene they’re trying to breed into a plant. This way, when they have crossed their plants to contain that gene, they can easily and inexpensively find out which plants contain their gene of interest by looking for the markers, rather than for the gene. Markers are like tiny flags on either side of the gene that make it visible to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>5. Do scientists do either one \u003cem>or \u003c/em>the other?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually, some researchers specialize in plant breeding and others in genetic engineering. But both types of scientists work closely to improve crops, said Eduardo Blumwald, who is genetically engineering rice to be drought-tolerant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are placing new genes in those varieties which plant breeders have bred,” said Blumwald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this half-hour special, QUEST Northern California explores genetically engineered crops in the wake of Proposition 37, the 2012 ballot initiative that would have required foods containing genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled in California. Prop 37 lost, but some 6 million Californians voted in favor of labeling, signaling that many aren't completely comfortable with genetically engineered food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are the benefits of genetically engineered foods worth the risks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Meal: Engineering Food\u003c/strong> explores how genetically engineered crops are made, their pros and cons, and what the future holds for research and regulations such as labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ever wondered what genetically engineered crops and other foods are in the pipeline?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Click through the map below and find out what's in your next meal... or in the forest on your next camping trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a bigger version of this map, click on the link below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n src='https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&output=embed&w=640&h=360'\n title='https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&output=embed&w=640&h=360'\n width='640'\n height='360'\n scrolling='no'\n frameborder='no'>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&source=embed\">Genetically Engineered Foods in the Pipeline\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Conventional plant breeding vs. genetic engineering – 5 differences:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>1. When did we start using each technique?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Plant breeding is some 10,000 years old – as old as agriculture itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ancestors of tomatoes were the size of my thumb and they tasted very bad,” said \u003ca title=\"Eduardo Blumwald's lab at UC Davis\" href=\"http://blumwald.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Eduardo Blumwald\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Davis. “And breeding gave us what we have right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54133\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tomato paste made from genetically engineered tomatoes in the mid-1990s.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the mid-1990s, tomatoes genetically engineered in California were made into a tomato paste that sold well in England. But the tomatoes were short-lived. Photo: Alan McHughen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first genetically engineered food to be commercialized, the Flavr Savr tomato, was sold by Calgene, a Davis company, starting in 1994. The tomato was engineered to stay firm on the vine for longer, but it was short-lived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto, the Missouri-based seed company, started selling genetically engineered soybeans and cotton in 1996. The soybeans tolerate the herbicide Roundup, so that farmers can spray it on weeds without hurting their crop in the process. The cotton keeps away pests like the bollworm.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>2. How do these two techniques work?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Classical plant breeding involves taking the female eggs from one plant and bringing them together with the male parts of another plant,” said \u003ca title=\"Peggy Lemaux, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://pmb.berkeley.edu/profile/plemaux\" target=\"_blank\">Peggy Lemaux\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Berkeley. “And then all that genetic information gets mixed up. Half of the information in the progeny – or children – of that cross comes from the mother and half comes from the father. And it just all gets mixed up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the plant, breeders use different strategies to cross them. Corn breeders, for example, gather pollen from female plants and shake it onto male plants. \u003ca title=\"Cucumber breeding\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5a-coN2Xgg&list=UUqyLv50NSDw9MHhtZ3OBrBw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">Plants such as cucumbers\u003c/a> usually contain both female and male flowers on each plant. Breeders remove the male part from one flower and attach it to a female flower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun-300x169.jpg\" alt='\"Gene gun\" at the University of California-Berkeley' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant biologist Peggy Lemaux, at the University of California-Berkeley, uses a \"gene gun\" to genetically engineer crops like corn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In contrast with breeding, genetic engineering involves only one or a few genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With genetic engineering, it’s just moving very small parts of the genetic information. You might take it out of one plant and move it into another plant,” said Lemaux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In genetic engineering, genes can be transported into a plant by a type of soil bacterium. Or they can be injected into a plant using a tool called a gene gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>3. What can you do with each one?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classical plant breeding allows scientists to do things like breed disease resistance or a higher-protein content into crops like wheat, said \u003ca title=\"UC Davis Wheat Breeding Program\" href=\"http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/dubcovsky/Breeding/WheatBreedingUCD.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Jorge Dubcovsky\u003c/a>, leader of the wheat breeding program at the University of California at Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they’re breeding, scientists have to cross plants that are closely related to each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Classical breeding is done between closely related plants, so you might take a wild variety of rice, for example, and you could cross that with modern cultivated rice,” said Peggy Lemaux. “However, maybe there are traits that you want, that you can’t find in a wild variety of rice. Maybe you want to introduce some vitamin or mineral, and you can’t find a wild rice species that would give you that particular trait. So what you have to do is you have to go and find some other organism that does make, let’s say, vitamin A, and you can pull that information out from that plant and put it in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, genetic engineering would be required. Engineering would also be required to tweak a gene in such a way that it produces more or less of a desired trait.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>4. Is conventional plant breeding low-tech, while genetic engineering is high-tech?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic engineering can be more expensive than conventional plant breeding, and is usually faster. But this doesn’t mean that breeding is as low-tech as you might think. In the past 15 years or so, plant breeders have been able to speed up the crossing process by using \u003ca title=\"Marker Assisted Selection in Wheat \" href=\"http://maswheat.ucdavis.edu/Education/animations/anim_mas.htm\" target=\"_blank\">genetic markers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The markers allow me to see the genes that I have bred into a plant,” said Jorge Dubcovsky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many genes that scientists set out to breed into plants are difficult to see and expensive to find within the plant. A genetic marker is a piece of DNA that is easy to see and inexpensive to find within a plant. So scientists identify the markers that are on either side of the gene they’re trying to breed into a plant. This way, when they have crossed their plants to contain that gene, they can easily and inexpensively find out which plants contain their gene of interest by looking for the markers, rather than for the gene. Markers are like tiny flags on either side of the gene that make it visible to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>5. Do scientists do either one \u003cem>or \u003c/em>the other?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually, some researchers specialize in plant breeding and others in genetic engineering. But both types of scientists work closely to improve crops, said Eduardo Blumwald, who is genetically engineering rice to be drought-tolerant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are placing new genes in those varieties which plant breeders have bred,” said Blumwald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53840\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640.jpg\" alt=\"impulse_takeoff640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighter than an SUV and covered with more than 12,000 solar cells, \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarimpulse.com/\">Solar Impulse\u003c/a>, the world's first solar plane that can fly day and night without recharging, launched from Moffett Field this morning in a cross country voyage. The $150million project initiated by co-pilots Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg will test the limits of solar aviation and be a proving ground for a planned trip across the world in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 5:15am, a crowd of 25 journalists gathered around Piccard as he answered questions about what it's like to fly the plane and whether he was exhausted. \"I'll be in the air for 20 hours but I've been dreaming of this flight for 10 years so there is no time to be tired,\" he said. Researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> also stood 50 feet from the tarmac to catch a glimpse of the plane taking off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The single-seater plane was financed by several large corporations including Omega, Solvay and Deutsche Bank. The companies developed new technologies in order to create the aircraft. The monocrystalline solar cells needed to be flexible enough to curve atop the wings and the resulting cells are the thickness of a human hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar cells power four electric engines and excess energy is stored in four lithium batteries located below the wings. Since the batteries account for 25 percent of the plane's total weigh other elements had to be eliminated. There is no heating or cooling system and many metal parts were replaced with plastic; Solvay designed ultra-light polymers that could replace metal in the instrument panels and control box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all of the plane's high-tech innovation it's far from ready for commercialization. Flying at 43 miles per hour, it could easily be outpaced by a pigeon. But Piccard has said the goal is not speed but duration and Borschberg believes the technology developed for this plane could be used by everyone. \"All the technology we have used in the airplane can be used on the ground, it wasn't developed by aviation companies,\" Borschberg said. \"One day it could be used in refrigerators in your home or in electric batteries in your car.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plane will fly at 28,000 feet, stopping in Phoenix, Dallas and Washington D.C. before touching down in New York. The pilots will take turns flying, switching out at each city where they will talk to the public about the plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To watch live coverage of the flight and watch Piccard as he talks about what he sees from above visit the \u003ca href=\"http://live.solarimpulse.com/\">live stream\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg\" alt=\"SolarImpulsePilots\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53871\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg\" alt=\"sign\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53869\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg\" alt=\"piccardthumbsup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy.js\" type=\"text/javascript\" language=\"javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\u003cnoscript>[\u003ca href=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy\" target=\"_blank\">View the story \"Solar Plane marks first transcontinental voyage\" on Storify\u003c/a>]\u003c/noscript>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://vine.co/v/bQHiY35A5Oi/embed/simple\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all of the plane's high-tech innovation it's far from ready for commercialization. Flying at 43 miles per hour, it could easily be outpaced by a pigeon. But Piccard has said the goal is not speed but duration and Borschberg believes the technology developed for this plane could be used by everyone. \"All the technology we have used in the airplane can be used on the ground, it wasn't developed by aviation companies,\" Borschberg said. \"One day it could be used in refrigerators in your home or in electric batteries in your car.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plane will fly at 28,000 feet, stopping in Phoenix, Dallas and Washington D.C. before touching down in New York. The pilots will take turns flying, switching out at each city where they will talk to the public about the plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To watch live coverage of the flight and watch Piccard as he talks about what he sees from above visit the \u003ca href=\"http://live.solarimpulse.com/\">live stream\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg\" alt=\"SolarImpulsePilots\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53871\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg\" alt=\"sign\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53869\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg\" alt=\"piccardthumbsup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy.js\" type=\"text/javascript\" language=\"javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\u003cnoscript>[\u003ca href=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy\" target=\"_blank\">View the story \"Solar Plane marks first transcontinental voyage\" on Storify\u003c/a>]\u003c/noscript>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://vine.co/v/bQHiY35A5Oi/embed/simple\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Air Pollution Lurks Inside Your Home",
"title": "Air Pollution Lurks Inside Your Home",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53294\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53294\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph courtesy of kfisto via Creative Commons licensing.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kfisto/369599892/sizes/z/\" target=\"_blank\">kfisto\u003c/a> via Creative Commons licensing.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How would you like a job that involves shopping at the grocery store with the company credit card and cooking dishes like stir-fry? This describes Tosh Hotchi’s job, but he isn’t a chef. He is part of a research team that studies how to build healthy, efficient homes, including how to improve the quality of air inside a home through better ventilation. Hotchi is helping to study a major source of indoor pollution: cooking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people think of air pollution, they usually picture a factory spewing a plume of toxic chemicals into the air. But indoor air pollution causes significant health effects such as respiratory illness, asthma attacks, cancer and premature death. Californians spend over 45 billion dollars each year on these health impacts, according to a \u003ca title=\"California Air Resources Board study\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ab1173/rpt0705.pdf\">study\u003c/a> by the California Air Resources Board. This is in part because they spend about \u003ca title=\"California Air Recoures Board study\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ab1173/rpt0705.pdf\">90% of their time indoors\u003c/a>, which is typical for people living in a developed country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the \u003ca title=\"LBNL EETD\" href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/research-development\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory \u003c/a>(Berkeley Lab) have identified which indoor air pollutants cause the greatest health consequences. In a \u003ca title=\"Environmental Health Perspectives journal article\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279453/\">paper\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Environmental Health Perspectives\u003c/em>, they reported that fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less, formaldehyde and acrolein are the worst indoor contaminants for non-smoking households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particulates are found indoors mainly due to cooking, burning candles or incense, tobacco smoke and outdoor sources that leak inside. These fine particulates cause significant health problems – stroke, heart disease, chronic bronchitis and premature death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formaldehyde is mainly emitted by materials used in home construction and furniture, such as particle board, paneling and foam insulation. It also comes from cooking and tobacco smoke. Formaldehyde is a lung irritant that can trigger asthma attacks and it may cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acrolein was used as a chemical weapon in World War I. Acrolein in the home is primarily from cooking (especially oils) and tobacco smoke. It is a strong irritant for the skin, eyes and nasal passages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about what you're putting in your home,” says Melissa Lunden, a Berkeley Lab staff engineer. “Most of us have to cook, but do you need the candles, incense and air fresheners? Freshening your air requires taking stuff out, not putting more stuff in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley Lab scientists are now looking for ways to improve indoor air quality by developing better standards for residential buildings and new tests to measure these hazardous pollutants. For example, their \u003ca title=\"Why We Ventilate LBNL report\" href=\"http://eaei.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-5093e_2.pdf\">Berkeley Lab report\u003c/a> recommends to regulators that whole-residence ventilation rates should focus on controlling formaldehyde and acrolein, whereas filtration should be used to remove fine particle pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since cooking is a major source of indoor air pollutants, Berkeley Lab scientists have also evaluated the effectiveness of cooking exhaust hoods. Their \u003ca title=\"Environmental Science and Techonolgy journal article\" href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/stoken/presspac/presspac/abs/10.1021/es3001079\">study results \u003c/a>showed that cooking hoods should be redesigned and new rating standards are needed to help consumers know how effective a cooking hood is at removing pollutants. However, they also found that indoor air quality can be significantly improved by simply cooking on the back burners of your stove, using higher fan settings and turning the fan on before you start cooking. Further research on cooking-induced pollutants is underway using a new demonstration kitchen to study real-life cooking conditions. During these studies, Tosh Hotchi’s stir-fries and cookies are just a happy bonus for his co-workers like Melissa Lunden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about how air quality affects your health this week during \u003ca title=\"Air Quality Awareness Week\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airnow/airaware/index.html\">Air Quality Awareness Week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53294\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53294\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph courtesy of kfisto via Creative Commons licensing.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/strifry_kfisto_flickr_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kfisto/369599892/sizes/z/\" target=\"_blank\">kfisto\u003c/a> via Creative Commons licensing.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How would you like a job that involves shopping at the grocery store with the company credit card and cooking dishes like stir-fry? This describes Tosh Hotchi’s job, but he isn’t a chef. He is part of a research team that studies how to build healthy, efficient homes, including how to improve the quality of air inside a home through better ventilation. Hotchi is helping to study a major source of indoor pollution: cooking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people think of air pollution, they usually picture a factory spewing a plume of toxic chemicals into the air. But indoor air pollution causes significant health effects such as respiratory illness, asthma attacks, cancer and premature death. Californians spend over 45 billion dollars each year on these health impacts, according to a \u003ca title=\"California Air Resources Board study\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ab1173/rpt0705.pdf\">study\u003c/a> by the California Air Resources Board. This is in part because they spend about \u003ca title=\"California Air Recoures Board study\" href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ab1173/rpt0705.pdf\">90% of their time indoors\u003c/a>, which is typical for people living in a developed country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the \u003ca title=\"LBNL EETD\" href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/research-development\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory \u003c/a>(Berkeley Lab) have identified which indoor air pollutants cause the greatest health consequences. In a \u003ca title=\"Environmental Health Perspectives journal article\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279453/\">paper\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Environmental Health Perspectives\u003c/em>, they reported that fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less, formaldehyde and acrolein are the worst indoor contaminants for non-smoking households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fine particulates are found indoors mainly due to cooking, burning candles or incense, tobacco smoke and outdoor sources that leak inside. These fine particulates cause significant health problems – stroke, heart disease, chronic bronchitis and premature death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formaldehyde is mainly emitted by materials used in home construction and furniture, such as particle board, paneling and foam insulation. It also comes from cooking and tobacco smoke. Formaldehyde is a lung irritant that can trigger asthma attacks and it may cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acrolein was used as a chemical weapon in World War I. Acrolein in the home is primarily from cooking (especially oils) and tobacco smoke. It is a strong irritant for the skin, eyes and nasal passages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about what you're putting in your home,” says Melissa Lunden, a Berkeley Lab staff engineer. “Most of us have to cook, but do you need the candles, incense and air fresheners? Freshening your air requires taking stuff out, not putting more stuff in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley Lab scientists are now looking for ways to improve indoor air quality by developing better standards for residential buildings and new tests to measure these hazardous pollutants. For example, their \u003ca title=\"Why We Ventilate LBNL report\" href=\"http://eaei.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-5093e_2.pdf\">Berkeley Lab report\u003c/a> recommends to regulators that whole-residence ventilation rates should focus on controlling formaldehyde and acrolein, whereas filtration should be used to remove fine particle pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since cooking is a major source of indoor air pollutants, Berkeley Lab scientists have also evaluated the effectiveness of cooking exhaust hoods. Their \u003ca title=\"Environmental Science and Techonolgy journal article\" href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/stoken/presspac/presspac/abs/10.1021/es3001079\">study results \u003c/a>showed that cooking hoods should be redesigned and new rating standards are needed to help consumers know how effective a cooking hood is at removing pollutants. However, they also found that indoor air quality can be significantly improved by simply cooking on the back burners of your stove, using higher fan settings and turning the fan on before you start cooking. Further research on cooking-induced pollutants is underway using a new demonstration kitchen to study real-life cooking conditions. During these studies, Tosh Hotchi’s stir-fries and cookies are just a happy bonus for his co-workers like Melissa Lunden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about how air quality affects your health this week during \u003ca title=\"Air Quality Awareness Week\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airnow/airaware/index.html\">Air Quality Awareness Week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Grappling with Rising Tides",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53188\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-at-bay-farm-bridge-ebrpd-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53188\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-53188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg\" alt=\"Last December the King Tide brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last December, the King Tides brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall along the shore in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strolling along the Bay Trail at \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach, EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\" target=\"_blank\">Crown Memorial State Beach\u003c/a> in Alameda a few weekends ago with a group of naturalists and college students at a professional workshop, we looked for areas that were inundated by the \u003ca title=\"CA King Tides website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides\u003c/a> last winter. We stood on trails and turf that had been underwater during those extreme high tides and discussed scientists’ predictions that high tide events, like King Tides, are likely to become the normal high tides in coming years. As seawater warms, it will expand as well as increase due to polar ice cap melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In California, we are very likely to experience a sea level rise of 16 inches by 2050 and 55 inches (1.4 meters) by 2100, and much more after that.\" \u003ca title=\"SPUR website\" href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/report/sealevelrise_110109\" target=\"_blank\">Sea Level Rise and the Future of the Bay Area, SPUR \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edges of our shoreline “bathtub” won’t be able to contain the overflow as the moon and sun interact and tides edge up and over into shoreline parks, roadways, homes and businesses. You can explore the \u003ca title=\"NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer\" href=\"http://www.csc.noaa.gov/slr/viewer/#\" target=\"_blank\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration interactive model\u003c/a> of how the rising tides may impact our coastlines. Much of my hometown, with an elevation of 30 feet above sea level, may be underwater at the predicted high water level of 55 inches above current high-high tide. My house would be above water, but I wouldn't be able to get to work due to flooded roadways. Sea level rise predictions are evolving as more information is gathered and assessed. The models continue to be refined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53187\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-gos-pt-ebrpd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53187\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-53187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-GOS-Pt.-EBRPD-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The good news about sea level rise is that these are long-term predictions, allowing us time to prepare. As CAKE (Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website) states, \u003ca title=\"Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website\" href=\"http://www.cakex.org/community/don%27t-panic\" target=\"_blank\">“Don’t Panic.”\u003c/a> It’s a great site to learn more about climate change basics and sea level rise science, as well as access tools available to municipalities to plan for climate change mitigation measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many municipalities are working together on a regional approach. In the East Bay this regional working group is referred to as “Adapting to Rising Tides (ART).” It’s led by the Bay Conservation and Development Committee (BCDC) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Services Center with participation by two regional park agencies, East Bay Regional Park District and Hayward Area Recreation District, along with local, regional, state and federal agencies and organizations, as well as non-profit and private associations. ART is looking at potential climate change impacts and subsequent effects to be addressed in this \u003ca title=\"ART Climate Impacts Statment\" href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ClimateImpacts1pg20120112.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Impacts Statement\u003c/a>. For more photos of King Tides around the Bay Area and California, check out the \u003ca title=\"California King Tides.org website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/view-king-tide-images/low-tidehigh-tide-photos/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides Initiative website\u003c/a>. What steps is your area taking to prepare for future sea level rise?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Climate change and rising tides are predicted to take a toll on our shoreline areas in the Bay Area. Find out more about last winter's King Tides and what actions are underway to help plan for future sea level rise.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53188\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-at-bay-farm-bridge-ebrpd-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53188\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-53188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg\" alt=\"Last December the King Tide brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-at-Bay-Farm-Bridge-EBRPD-2-e1366935919861-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Last December, the King Tides brought high water very close to the top of a containment wall along the shore in Alameda. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strolling along the Bay Trail at \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach, EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\" target=\"_blank\">Crown Memorial State Beach\u003c/a> in Alameda a few weekends ago with a group of naturalists and college students at a professional workshop, we looked for areas that were inundated by the \u003ca title=\"CA King Tides website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides\u003c/a> last winter. We stood on trails and turf that had been underwater during those extreme high tides and discussed scientists’ predictions that high tide events, like King Tides, are likely to become the normal high tides in coming years. As seawater warms, it will expand as well as increase due to polar ice cap melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In California, we are very likely to experience a sea level rise of 16 inches by 2050 and 55 inches (1.4 meters) by 2100, and much more after that.\" \u003ca title=\"SPUR website\" href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/report/sealevelrise_110109\" target=\"_blank\">Sea Level Rise and the Future of the Bay Area, SPUR \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edges of our shoreline “bathtub” won’t be able to contain the overflow as the moon and sun interact and tides edge up and over into shoreline parks, roadways, homes and businesses. You can explore the \u003ca title=\"NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer\" href=\"http://www.csc.noaa.gov/slr/viewer/#\" target=\"_blank\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration interactive model\u003c/a> of how the rising tides may impact our coastlines. Much of my hometown, with an elevation of 30 feet above sea level, may be underwater at the predicted high water level of 55 inches above current high-high tide. My house would be above water, but I wouldn't be able to get to work due to flooded roadways. Sea level rise predictions are evolving as more information is gathered and assessed. The models continue to be refined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53187\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/26/grappling-with-rising-tides/2012-12-12-king-tide-crown-beach-gos-pt-ebrpd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53187\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-53187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/2012-12-12-King-Tide-Crown-Beach-GOS-Pt.-EBRPD-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The King Tide nearly cut off the trail at Crown Beach leading out to a popular fishing point. Photo courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The good news about sea level rise is that these are long-term predictions, allowing us time to prepare. As CAKE (Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website) states, \u003ca title=\"Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange website\" href=\"http://www.cakex.org/community/don%27t-panic\" target=\"_blank\">“Don’t Panic.”\u003c/a> It’s a great site to learn more about climate change basics and sea level rise science, as well as access tools available to municipalities to plan for climate change mitigation measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many municipalities are working together on a regional approach. In the East Bay this regional working group is referred to as “Adapting to Rising Tides (ART).” It’s led by the Bay Conservation and Development Committee (BCDC) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Services Center with participation by two regional park agencies, East Bay Regional Park District and Hayward Area Recreation District, along with local, regional, state and federal agencies and organizations, as well as non-profit and private associations. ART is looking at potential climate change impacts and subsequent effects to be addressed in this \u003ca title=\"ART Climate Impacts Statment\" href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ClimateImpacts1pg20120112.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Impacts Statement\u003c/a>. For more photos of King Tides around the Bay Area and California, check out the \u003ca title=\"California King Tides.org website\" href=\"http://www.californiakingtides.org/view-king-tide-images/low-tidehigh-tide-photos/\" target=\"_blank\">King Tides Initiative website\u003c/a>. What steps is your area taking to prepare for future sea level rise?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Landslide at the Calaveras Reservoir",
"title": "Landslide at the Calaveras Reservoir",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Big construction projects are rarely straightforward. The new San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge is a prime example, thanks to unexpected problems with the steel. But there, at least, nature was not to blame. This week a long-running dam project made the news when a geological discovery forced the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to move millions of dollars around and push back its schedule by three years. Big excavations are like exploratory surgery, no matter how carefully planned, because mapping the underground is never certain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calaveras Reservoir dam, east of Milpitas, is a massive earthen structure built across Calaveras Creek in 1925. These traditional dam designs are generally robust—the Crystal Springs Reservoir on the Peninsula has one that easily weathered the 1906 earthquake while the fault moved beneath it. However, the Calaveras Dam needed more work. The reservoir needs to be a reliable six-month backup water supply in case the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct is out of action. And what could damage the aqueduct? Among other things, a major earthquake on the Calaveras fault, which happens to run right under the Calaveras Reservoir next to the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan for meeting this dire scenario was to build a new dam just downstream of the old one. It will use the existing hills on either side of the creek as buttresses and be largely made of the rock excavated from the hills. The work was proceeding without incident until June of last year when excavators on the western buttress found signs of a huge, ancient landslide in the Temblor Formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutting into the hillslope under those circumstances would risk reactivating the slide, which could endanger the workers and threaten the new dam ever afterward. So now they will cut deeper to create a shallower slope, producing about a million and a half cubic yards of extra rubble and pushing the construction schedule back three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a view of the project as seen looking south from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/\">Sunol Regional Wilderness\u003c/a> in July 2012. The reservoir, its water level drawn down for safety reasons, is just visible between the two cuts making up the buttresses for the new dam. The cut on the left (the right bank of Calaveras Creek) is in bluish metamorphic rock of the Franciscan Complex, and the cut on the right is in the much younger brown sandstone of the Temblor Formation. (The chopped-up hill in the middle is downstream from the dam site; the creek runs around it on the left side.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdam/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53214\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam.jpg\" alt=\"Calaveras Dam project\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53214\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The hill on the right, where the landslide was discovered, is Observation Hill. Both it and the smaller hill at center are composed of Temblor Formation sandstone. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The landslide was discovered in the Temblor Formation. Here's the part of the Alameda County geologic map that covers the area. The photo above was taken from roughly the \"25\" mark at the top of the map. The solid black lines running north-south down the middle are major strands of the Calaveras fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53215\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdamgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53215\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap.png\" alt=\"Geologic map of the Calaveras Dam area.\" width=\"600\" height=\"341\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53215\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap-400x227.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From oldest to youngest: KJfm, Franciscan melange; Ks, sandstone of Cretaceous age; Ttem, Temblor Formation (Miocene age); Tcs, Claremont Shale (cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/\">Monterey Formation\u003c/a>); To, Oursan Sandstone; Tbr, Briones Formation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The amended dam plan, filed with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission last December, shows an east-west cross section of the dam site. The extra digging will happen on the left side to create a slope that is less steep and more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53216\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdamdiagram/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53216\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram.jpg\" alt=\"From the Addendum to Environmental Impact Report (Dec. 13, 2012), San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\" width=\"600\" height=\"337\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53216\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From the Addendum to Environmental Impact Report (Dec. 13, 2012), San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I have to say a little about the Temblor Formation, which occurs mostly in the southern Central Valley beneath the Monterey Formation. It gets its name from the Temblor Range, where its type section was described. And the Temblor Range got its name after the great 1857 earthquake ripped through the area. It's a coarse-grained marine sandstone full of fossils, and this spot appears to be its northernmost outcrop—right next to another earthquake fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Temblor is strong stone, but landslides can affect any kind of rock if it's fractured enough. And around major faults like the Calaveras, everything can be assumed to be fractured. The mountains of the Bay Area look beautiful and strong, but watch them for a few thousand years and you'll find them rather crumbly. Alternatively, scientists with the right equipment can survey the ground with millimeter precision. In the Bay Area's steeper hills they have detected many large, old landslides that are creeping very slowly, as they have for centuries. Maybe the landslide at the dam site was just pausing for breath. Better for the Calaveras Reservoir project to get this one out of the way.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The long-running dam replacement project must pause to deal with a sleeping monster.",
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"headline": "Landslide at the Calaveras Reservoir",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Big construction projects are rarely straightforward. The new San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge is a prime example, thanks to unexpected problems with the steel. But there, at least, nature was not to blame. This week a long-running dam project made the news when a geological discovery forced the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to move millions of dollars around and push back its schedule by three years. Big excavations are like exploratory surgery, no matter how carefully planned, because mapping the underground is never certain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calaveras Reservoir dam, east of Milpitas, is a massive earthen structure built across Calaveras Creek in 1925. These traditional dam designs are generally robust—the Crystal Springs Reservoir on the Peninsula has one that easily weathered the 1906 earthquake while the fault moved beneath it. However, the Calaveras Dam needed more work. The reservoir needs to be a reliable six-month backup water supply in case the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct is out of action. And what could damage the aqueduct? Among other things, a major earthquake on the Calaveras fault, which happens to run right under the Calaveras Reservoir next to the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan for meeting this dire scenario was to build a new dam just downstream of the old one. It will use the existing hills on either side of the creek as buttresses and be largely made of the rock excavated from the hills. The work was proceeding without incident until June of last year when excavators on the western buttress found signs of a huge, ancient landslide in the Temblor Formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutting into the hillslope under those circumstances would risk reactivating the slide, which could endanger the workers and threaten the new dam ever afterward. So now they will cut deeper to create a shallower slope, producing about a million and a half cubic yards of extra rubble and pushing the construction schedule back three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a view of the project as seen looking south from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/\">Sunol Regional Wilderness\u003c/a> in July 2012. The reservoir, its water level drawn down for safety reasons, is just visible between the two cuts making up the buttresses for the new dam. The cut on the left (the right bank of Calaveras Creek) is in bluish metamorphic rock of the Franciscan Complex, and the cut on the right is in the much younger brown sandstone of the Temblor Formation. (The chopped-up hill in the middle is downstream from the dam site; the creek runs around it on the left side.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdam/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53214\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam.jpg\" alt=\"Calaveras Dam project\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53214\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdam-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The hill on the right, where the landslide was discovered, is Observation Hill. Both it and the smaller hill at center are composed of Temblor Formation sandstone. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The landslide was discovered in the Temblor Formation. Here's the part of the Alameda County geologic map that covers the area. The photo above was taken from roughly the \"25\" mark at the top of the map. The solid black lines running north-south down the middle are major strands of the Calaveras fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53215\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdamgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53215\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap.png\" alt=\"Geologic map of the Calaveras Dam area.\" width=\"600\" height=\"341\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53215\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamgeomap-400x227.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From oldest to youngest: KJfm, Franciscan melange; Ks, sandstone of Cretaceous age; Ttem, Temblor Formation (Miocene age); Tcs, Claremont Shale (cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/\">Monterey Formation\u003c/a>); To, Oursan Sandstone; Tbr, Briones Formation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The amended dam plan, filed with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission last December, shows an east-west cross section of the dam site. The extra digging will happen on the left side to create a slope that is less steep and more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53216\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/25/landslide-at-the-calaveras-reservoir/calaverasdamdiagram/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53216\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram.jpg\" alt=\"From the Addendum to Environmental Impact Report (Dec. 13, 2012), San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\" width=\"600\" height=\"337\" class=\"size-full wp-image-53216\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/calaverasdamdiagram-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From the Addendum to Environmental Impact Report (Dec. 13, 2012), San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I have to say a little about the Temblor Formation, which occurs mostly in the southern Central Valley beneath the Monterey Formation. It gets its name from the Temblor Range, where its type section was described. And the Temblor Range got its name after the great 1857 earthquake ripped through the area. It's a coarse-grained marine sandstone full of fossils, and this spot appears to be its northernmost outcrop—right next to another earthquake fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Temblor is strong stone, but landslides can affect any kind of rock if it's fractured enough. And around major faults like the Calaveras, everything can be assumed to be fractured. The mountains of the Bay Area look beautiful and strong, but watch them for a few thousand years and you'll find them rather crumbly. Alternatively, scientists with the right equipment can survey the ground with millimeter precision. In the Bay Area's steeper hills they have detected many large, old landslides that are creeping very slowly, as they have for centuries. Maybe the landslide at the dam site was just pausing for breath. Better for the Calaveras Reservoir project to get this one out of the way.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"order": 14
},
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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