QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
QUEST TV: America’s Energy Future
Using Social Media to Rescue Food
Road Kill or Road Crossing: California Slow to Protect Wildlife
QUEST TV: From Farm to Fork to Fuel
Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?
Stanford Solar Car Races Across Australian Desert
Fighting Food Waste
Stanford Students Debut Solar-Powered Prefab Home
The World with Us: Can the Earth Support Eleven Billion?
The Great Escape: How Soil Protects Us from Carbon Emissions
Captive Breeding Program May Ensure Survival for African Frogs
Urban Farms in San Francisco Struggle to Put Down Roots
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"content": "\u003cp>On a gray, foggy summer morning in San Francisco, Shakirah Simley is busily typing away at a computer in a loft space overlooking premium organic produce, prepared foods and artisanal groceries for sale at \u003ca href=\"http://www.biritemarket.com/\">Bi-Rite Market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 28-year-old former Fulbright scholar, cooking instructor and Community Coordinator for Bi-Rite is on a mission this morning: to give away 115 pounds of organic gold apricots and black seedless grapes to a local hunger-relief charity. Fifteen minutes later, a tweet alerts Simley that a volunteer from \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodrunners.org/\">Food Runners\u003c/a> is on his way to claim the fresh fruits which will be distributed within 24 hours to low-income residents in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59839\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.09.13_JV0A0043_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-59839\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.09.13_JV0A0043_2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shakirah Simley manages the community outreach and giving initiatives for Bi-Rite market in San Francisco. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shakirah Simley manages the community outreach and giving initiatives for Bi-Rite market in San Francisco. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's a stunningly effective demonstration of how the battle against food waste has shifted online, where Facebook, Twitter and startups are helping to nimbly crowdsource surplus food that would otherwise end up composted or worse - end up rotting in a landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to efficient purchasing and its popular deli and creamery, not much gets wasted at Bi-Rite. Still, the summer months can yield bumper crops of fruits and vegetables. So in June of 2013, Simley decided to give away some excess fruit through \u003ca href=\"http://www.cropmobster.com/\">CropMobster\u003c/a>, a web site co-founded and launched by Nick Papadopoulos, a Bi-Rite supplier and the General Manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomfieldfarmsorganics.com/\">Bloomfield Farms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to change the mindset that it’s acceptable for 40 percent of any industry to go to waste. Imagine if you saw 40 percent of smartphones going to the dump just as they're coming off the assembly line,\" said Papadopoulos, a management consultant who created CropMobster after seeing that a significant portion of each week's harvest wasn't being sold. Determined not to let the crops go to waste, he jumped onto Facebook and sent out texts to see if his network of friends and contacts would come to the rescue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Impressed with the results of this digital experiment, Papadopoulos and his colleagues launched the CropMobster web site which has helped save more than 40 tons of food in the Bay Area. The site is easy to use, allowing just about anyone - including farmers, retailers and caterers - to sign up and post quick alerts about surplus food, nursery seedlings, even chickens in need of new homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s free to sign-up and use the site, CropMobster makes money through online tips and commissions - in the 10 to 20% range according to Papadopoulos - for growers who've used the application to quickly sell large amounts of perishable food, such as 10-pound cases of organic heirloom tomatoes and organic lemon cucumbers sold at 50% off by a Santa Rosa farm in late August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>DONATION: Organic Apricots and ACME Bread | Bi-Rite Market (San Francisco, CA) \u003ca href=\"http://t.co/i4vaub6w5P\">http://t.co/i4vaub6w5P\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— CropMobster™ (@CropMobster) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CropMobster/statuses/367031210213507072\">August 12, 2013\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\"We need to have a system that is fast and that's where crowdsourcing and harnessing the power of the community is so critical in each situation of surplus and potential waste,\" Papadopoulos said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 15 miles from Bi-Rite, in Berkeley, California, shoppers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.andronicos.com/\">Andronico’s\u003c/a> are sifting through racks of organic, bagged apples and potatoes on sale for 50 cents a pound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.15.13-029_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-59841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.15.13-029_2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"More than 50% of all the fruits and vegetables in the U.S. never get eaten and often end up in landfills. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 50% of all the fruits and vegetables in the U.S. never get eaten and often end up in landfills. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Andronico’s first began partnering with \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodstarpartners.com/how-it-works.html\">FoodStar\u003c/a>, a Bay Area start-up that helps retailers reduce food waste, in February 2013 when it set up a bin of slightly undersized Pink Lady apples. Customers heartily snapped up the bargain apples and soon Andronico’s began offering not only surplus produce grown by California farmers but also bags of potatoes, pears, oranges and other items which are slightly blemished or undersized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers learn about the “flash sales” of discounted produce three times a week at Andronico's five locations through weekly emails and the store's Facebook page . Chad Solari, the manager of Andronico’s produce and floral departments, said that the FoodStar offerings have reduced the store’s produce waste by 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60822\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-60822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/704_FoodWaste_BKwok_Screen-shot-2013-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A screenshot announcing a recent FoodStar flash sale on Andronico's Facebook page. Image courtesy of Bridget Kwok. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screenshot announcing a recent FoodStar flash sale on Andronico's Facebook page. Image courtesy of Bridget Kwok.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we all need to do as retailers and customers to try to reduce food waste is to think about it and put our heads together and find solutions. Our FoodStar program is a step in the right direction for the communities we serve,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knows, there may even be a compelling business model around a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/09/21/222082247/trader-joes-ex-president-to-turn-expired-food-into-cheap-meals\">store which exclusively sells discounted foods nearing their sell-by dates. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Against the backdrop of super-sized portions and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/opinion/bruni-hard-truths-about-our-soft-bodies.html\">a peculiarly American appetite for excess\u003c/a>, it's encouraging to see how retailers and startups are using the connective power of the web to speedily supply food to those in need or those simply craving a good bargain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On a gray, foggy summer morning in San Francisco, Shakirah Simley is busily typing away at a computer in a loft space overlooking premium organic produce, prepared foods and artisanal groceries for sale at \u003ca href=\"http://www.biritemarket.com/\">Bi-Rite Market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 28-year-old former Fulbright scholar, cooking instructor and Community Coordinator for Bi-Rite is on a mission this morning: to give away 115 pounds of organic gold apricots and black seedless grapes to a local hunger-relief charity. Fifteen minutes later, a tweet alerts Simley that a volunteer from \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodrunners.org/\">Food Runners\u003c/a> is on his way to claim the fresh fruits which will be distributed within 24 hours to low-income residents in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59839\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.09.13_JV0A0043_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-59839\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.09.13_JV0A0043_2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shakirah Simley manages the community outreach and giving initiatives for Bi-Rite market in San Francisco. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shakirah Simley manages the community outreach and giving initiatives for Bi-Rite market in San Francisco. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's a stunningly effective demonstration of how the battle against food waste has shifted online, where Facebook, Twitter and startups are helping to nimbly crowdsource surplus food that would otherwise end up composted or worse - end up rotting in a landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to efficient purchasing and its popular deli and creamery, not much gets wasted at Bi-Rite. Still, the summer months can yield bumper crops of fruits and vegetables. So in June of 2013, Simley decided to give away some excess fruit through \u003ca href=\"http://www.cropmobster.com/\">CropMobster\u003c/a>, a web site co-founded and launched by Nick Papadopoulos, a Bi-Rite supplier and the General Manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomfieldfarmsorganics.com/\">Bloomfield Farms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to change the mindset that it’s acceptable for 40 percent of any industry to go to waste. Imagine if you saw 40 percent of smartphones going to the dump just as they're coming off the assembly line,\" said Papadopoulos, a management consultant who created CropMobster after seeing that a significant portion of each week's harvest wasn't being sold. Determined not to let the crops go to waste, he jumped onto Facebook and sent out texts to see if his network of friends and contacts would come to the rescue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Impressed with the results of this digital experiment, Papadopoulos and his colleagues launched the CropMobster web site which has helped save more than 40 tons of food in the Bay Area. The site is easy to use, allowing just about anyone - including farmers, retailers and caterers - to sign up and post quick alerts about surplus food, nursery seedlings, even chickens in need of new homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s free to sign-up and use the site, CropMobster makes money through online tips and commissions - in the 10 to 20% range according to Papadopoulos - for growers who've used the application to quickly sell large amounts of perishable food, such as 10-pound cases of organic heirloom tomatoes and organic lemon cucumbers sold at 50% off by a Santa Rosa farm in late August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>DONATION: Organic Apricots and ACME Bread | Bi-Rite Market (San Francisco, CA) \u003ca href=\"http://t.co/i4vaub6w5P\">http://t.co/i4vaub6w5P\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— CropMobster™ (@CropMobster) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CropMobster/statuses/367031210213507072\">August 12, 2013\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\"We need to have a system that is fast and that's where crowdsourcing and harnessing the power of the community is so critical in each situation of surplus and potential waste,\" Papadopoulos said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 15 miles from Bi-Rite, in Berkeley, California, shoppers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.andronicos.com/\">Andronico’s\u003c/a> are sifting through racks of organic, bagged apples and potatoes on sale for 50 cents a pound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.15.13-029_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-59841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.15.13-029_2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"More than 50% of all the fruits and vegetables in the U.S. never get eaten and often end up in landfills. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 50% of all the fruits and vegetables in the U.S. never get eaten and often end up in landfills. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Andronico’s first began partnering with \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodstarpartners.com/how-it-works.html\">FoodStar\u003c/a>, a Bay Area start-up that helps retailers reduce food waste, in February 2013 when it set up a bin of slightly undersized Pink Lady apples. Customers heartily snapped up the bargain apples and soon Andronico’s began offering not only surplus produce grown by California farmers but also bags of potatoes, pears, oranges and other items which are slightly blemished or undersized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers learn about the “flash sales” of discounted produce three times a week at Andronico's five locations through weekly emails and the store's Facebook page . Chad Solari, the manager of Andronico’s produce and floral departments, said that the FoodStar offerings have reduced the store’s produce waste by 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60822\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-60822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/704_FoodWaste_BKwok_Screen-shot-2013-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A screenshot announcing a recent FoodStar flash sale on Andronico's Facebook page. Image courtesy of Bridget Kwok. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screenshot announcing a recent FoodStar flash sale on Andronico's Facebook page. Image courtesy of Bridget Kwok.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we all need to do as retailers and customers to try to reduce food waste is to think about it and put our heads together and find solutions. Our FoodStar program is a step in the right direction for the communities we serve,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knows, there may even be a compelling business model around a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/09/21/222082247/trader-joes-ex-president-to-turn-expired-food-into-cheap-meals\">store which exclusively sells discounted foods nearing their sell-by dates. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Against the backdrop of super-sized portions and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/opinion/bruni-hard-truths-about-our-soft-bodies.html\">a peculiarly American appetite for excess\u003c/a>, it's encouraging to see how retailers and startups are using the connective power of the web to speedily supply food to those in need or those simply craving a good bargain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Road Kill or Road Crossing: California Slow to Protect Wildlife",
"title": "Road Kill or Road Crossing: California Slow to Protect Wildlife",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most drivers have had this experience: it’s late at night and out of nowhere an animal darts across the road. Thousands of animals are hit every year in California, taking a toll on both wildlife and drivers. Nationwide, wildlife collisions are estimated to cause $1 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several western states have built infrastructure to help wildlife cross under highways safely—projects known as “wildlife corridors.” Some experts say that while California officials know about the extent of the problem, the state is way behind in solving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dangers have recently become clear in the Santa Cruz Mountains, where mountain lions are crossing Highway 17, a winding, four-lane highway. The population is being studied by the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a>, run out of the University of California-Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny, late-spring afternoon, field biologist Paul Houghtaling meets up with Dan Tichenor, a volunteer from California Houndsmen for Conservation, and his hound dogs. They tracked the scent of a mountain lion, now in a tree to avoid the barking dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s looking at us,” Houghtaling says, looking up at the lion. “He’s interested in us but just a little while ago he had his head down on the branch. He’s gonna wait us out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62748\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\" alt=\" Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\" width=\"400\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Houghtaling intends to put a radio and GPS tracking collar on the lion. The data will feed into a five-year project to document mountain lion movements in the area and study how they live around people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had several lions that have crossed Highway 17 down near Santa Cruz many times,” he says. “One of them was hit and killed about a week before she was going to give birth to a single kitten.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other lions have been killed on Highway 17 in the last few years. Houghtaling says the data show that most of them are trying to cross the highway at the same places, which makes those locations good candidates for wildlife corridor projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Circle of Death”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know it’s a problem and we know how to fix it,” said Fraser Shilling, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/\">Road Ecology Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis. “Almost every place you have a highway near an open space area, we have hotspots. So it’s sort of a circle of death around the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s highway network fragments wildlife habitat, either forcing animals to cross freeways or isolating them in “islands” of habitat. Scientists say connecting habitat will be increasingly important with climate change, as animals and plants need to move with shifting conditions. A recent effort by conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarealands.org/next-steps/linkages.php\">identified 14 places \u003c/a>where preserving land would connect the Bay Area's open spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifecrossing.net/california/\">Citizen scientists have documented\u003c/a> around 7,000 dead animals on Bay Area roads over the last four years, which Shilling says represents a fraction of the total number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62746\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map-278x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots.\" width=\"278\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots (\u003cstrong>click to enlarge\u003c/strong>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another road-kill hotspot is Interstate 280, a commuter favorite heading south out of San Francisco. The multi-lane freeway opens to rolling, grassy hills on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/07/30/103810/study_tracks_deer_movement_on_interstate_280?category=science\">tracked deer behavior around the freeway\u003c/a> for six months. “They’ll come right up to the edge of highway,” he says. “They’ll also try to cross the highway and because it’s so busy, they really can’t make it. They’ll get hit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collisions at freeway speeds are often fatal for the deer, and sometimes for the driver. Every year, drivers hit about 40 deer along I-280, but Shilling found some deer are going under the freeway through culverts and underpasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report he’s drafting for Caltrans, Shilling recommends putting up wildlife fencing that would funnel deer to the underpasses, keeping them off the freeway. Those underpasses could be made more attractive to wildlife by creating separate pathways for people and animals to use. Animals tend to avoid areas that are heavily used by people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building fences can be expensive—up to $100,000 per mile—but Shilling compares that to cost of collisions from vehicle damage and injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On Interstate 280, there are places where the cost is about $10,000–40,000 per mile from collisions per year,” he says. “So when you add that up and say: what is that over ten years and would it be cost-effective to do something? Certainly, it would save society money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other western states like Colorado and Montana have put in fences and built underpasses on major highways, and the projects have proven effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling says California is lagging behind. “We build about one wildlife underpass per year and the scale of the problem here is huge,” he says. “Because this is framed as an environmental issue, Caltrans seems to ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Waiting for Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a problem,” says Bob Haus, spokesman for Caltrans District 4, representing the Bay Area. “It’s very difficult for humans and wildlife to mix. If we can cut down on human injuries and wildlife injuries, then we’ll do anything we can to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says Caltrans is building a culvert for wildlife near Napa \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/12jamesoncanyon/\">as Highway 12 is widened\u003c/a>. But that’s only one of five projects being built or designed specifically for wildlife in the Bay Area that Caltrans could name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62750\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62750\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\" width=\"360\" height=\"262\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The agency also remains skeptical about using fencing as a guide path. “So, say if you have fencing that’s specifically designed for a deer, it might harm other species,” Haus says. “So if there’s anyway at all to avoid the fencing, we try to do that right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says his district has commissioned a report from UC Davis about Bay Area collision hotspots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really depends on what they recommend. If it requires any changes to what our projects already are, we’ll go from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraser Shilling wants to see legislation that requires Caltrans to make all highway projects more wildlife-safe. “The agency, Caltrans, has known about this problem for a long time,” he says. “They’ve heard about it from Fish and Game. They’ve heard about it from their peers. They’re not doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe there’s a lot more that can be done in California to make habitats more connected for wildlife, particularly across roads and other kinds of barriers,” says David Wright, who works on the Resource Assessment Program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that if we starting thinking about every project as it comes up and trying to make sure that we include something that improves connectivity for wildlife, then I think we’ll start seeing better habitat and more wildlife in our state,\" Wright says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Progress on Highway 17\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the Santa Cruz mountains, Paul Houghtaling loads his rifle with a dart to sedate the mountain lion in the tree above us. He takes aim and the dart hits square in the thigh. The mountain lion leaps down and runs by at full speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He catches up with her (turns out it’s a “she”) as she’s failing asleep under some bushes. Houghtaling takes her vitals and fits her with a radio collar, giving her the name \"\u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/2013/05/30/meet-38f/\">38F\u003c/a>\" as the 38th mountain lion in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things could be looking up for the Santa Cruz lion population. Local land trusts, including the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, the Land Trust of Santa Cruz County, and the Peninsula Open Space Trust, are working with another Caltrans district, District 5, to improve highway 17 by expanding culverts and putting up fencing in two locations. The group is using cameras to study animal movement in those corridors and is currently applying for state funding to complete the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the mountain lion capture in KQED's \"Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas\":\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQyh13LOmnM&noredirect=1\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Drivers hit thousands of animals every year on California freeways, often killing the wildlife, and sometimes killing or injuring the human, too. Several western states have built fencing and other infrastructure to help wildlife cross freeways safely, and critics say California could be doing a lot more of the same.",
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"title": "Road Kill or Road Crossing: California Slow to Protect Wildlife | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most drivers have had this experience: it’s late at night and out of nowhere an animal darts across the road. Thousands of animals are hit every year in California, taking a toll on both wildlife and drivers. Nationwide, wildlife collisions are estimated to cause $1 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several western states have built infrastructure to help wildlife cross under highways safely—projects known as “wildlife corridors.” Some experts say that while California officials know about the extent of the problem, the state is way behind in solving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dangers have recently become clear in the Santa Cruz Mountains, where mountain lions are crossing Highway 17, a winding, four-lane highway. The population is being studied by the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a>, run out of the University of California-Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny, late-spring afternoon, field biologist Paul Houghtaling meets up with Dan Tichenor, a volunteer from California Houndsmen for Conservation, and his hound dogs. They tracked the scent of a mountain lion, now in a tree to avoid the barking dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s looking at us,” Houghtaling says, looking up at the lion. “He’s interested in us but just a little while ago he had his head down on the branch. He’s gonna wait us out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62748\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\" alt=\" Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\" width=\"400\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Houghtaling intends to put a radio and GPS tracking collar on the lion. The data will feed into a five-year project to document mountain lion movements in the area and study how they live around people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had several lions that have crossed Highway 17 down near Santa Cruz many times,” he says. “One of them was hit and killed about a week before she was going to give birth to a single kitten.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other lions have been killed on Highway 17 in the last few years. Houghtaling says the data show that most of them are trying to cross the highway at the same places, which makes those locations good candidates for wildlife corridor projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Circle of Death”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know it’s a problem and we know how to fix it,” said Fraser Shilling, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/\">Road Ecology Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis. “Almost every place you have a highway near an open space area, we have hotspots. So it’s sort of a circle of death around the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s highway network fragments wildlife habitat, either forcing animals to cross freeways or isolating them in “islands” of habitat. Scientists say connecting habitat will be increasingly important with climate change, as animals and plants need to move with shifting conditions. A recent effort by conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarealands.org/next-steps/linkages.php\">identified 14 places \u003c/a>where preserving land would connect the Bay Area's open spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifecrossing.net/california/\">Citizen scientists have documented\u003c/a> around 7,000 dead animals on Bay Area roads over the last four years, which Shilling says represents a fraction of the total number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62746\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map-278x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots.\" width=\"278\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots (\u003cstrong>click to enlarge\u003c/strong>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another road-kill hotspot is Interstate 280, a commuter favorite heading south out of San Francisco. The multi-lane freeway opens to rolling, grassy hills on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/07/30/103810/study_tracks_deer_movement_on_interstate_280?category=science\">tracked deer behavior around the freeway\u003c/a> for six months. “They’ll come right up to the edge of highway,” he says. “They’ll also try to cross the highway and because it’s so busy, they really can’t make it. They’ll get hit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collisions at freeway speeds are often fatal for the deer, and sometimes for the driver. Every year, drivers hit about 40 deer along I-280, but Shilling found some deer are going under the freeway through culverts and underpasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report he’s drafting for Caltrans, Shilling recommends putting up wildlife fencing that would funnel deer to the underpasses, keeping them off the freeway. Those underpasses could be made more attractive to wildlife by creating separate pathways for people and animals to use. Animals tend to avoid areas that are heavily used by people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building fences can be expensive—up to $100,000 per mile—but Shilling compares that to cost of collisions from vehicle damage and injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On Interstate 280, there are places where the cost is about $10,000–40,000 per mile from collisions per year,” he says. “So when you add that up and say: what is that over ten years and would it be cost-effective to do something? Certainly, it would save society money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other western states like Colorado and Montana have put in fences and built underpasses on major highways, and the projects have proven effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling says California is lagging behind. “We build about one wildlife underpass per year and the scale of the problem here is huge,” he says. “Because this is framed as an environmental issue, Caltrans seems to ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Waiting for Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a problem,” says Bob Haus, spokesman for Caltrans District 4, representing the Bay Area. “It’s very difficult for humans and wildlife to mix. If we can cut down on human injuries and wildlife injuries, then we’ll do anything we can to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says Caltrans is building a culvert for wildlife near Napa \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/12jamesoncanyon/\">as Highway 12 is widened\u003c/a>. But that’s only one of five projects being built or designed specifically for wildlife in the Bay Area that Caltrans could name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62750\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62750\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\" width=\"360\" height=\"262\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The agency also remains skeptical about using fencing as a guide path. “So, say if you have fencing that’s specifically designed for a deer, it might harm other species,” Haus says. “So if there’s anyway at all to avoid the fencing, we try to do that right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says his district has commissioned a report from UC Davis about Bay Area collision hotspots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really depends on what they recommend. If it requires any changes to what our projects already are, we’ll go from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraser Shilling wants to see legislation that requires Caltrans to make all highway projects more wildlife-safe. “The agency, Caltrans, has known about this problem for a long time,” he says. “They’ve heard about it from Fish and Game. They’ve heard about it from their peers. They’re not doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe there’s a lot more that can be done in California to make habitats more connected for wildlife, particularly across roads and other kinds of barriers,” says David Wright, who works on the Resource Assessment Program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that if we starting thinking about every project as it comes up and trying to make sure that we include something that improves connectivity for wildlife, then I think we’ll start seeing better habitat and more wildlife in our state,\" Wright says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Progress on Highway 17\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the Santa Cruz mountains, Paul Houghtaling loads his rifle with a dart to sedate the mountain lion in the tree above us. He takes aim and the dart hits square in the thigh. The mountain lion leaps down and runs by at full speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He catches up with her (turns out it’s a “she”) as she’s failing asleep under some bushes. Houghtaling takes her vitals and fits her with a radio collar, giving her the name \"\u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/2013/05/30/meet-38f/\">38F\u003c/a>\" as the 38th mountain lion in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things could be looking up for the Santa Cruz lion population. Local land trusts, including the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, the Land Trust of Santa Cruz County, and the Peninsula Open Space Trust, are working with another Caltrans district, District 5, to improve highway 17 by expanding culverts and putting up fencing in two locations. The group is using cameras to study animal movement in those corridors and is currently applying for state funding to complete the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the mountain lion capture in KQED's \"Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas\":\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003ch2>Episode Description\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Discover innovative approaches for producing and maximizing our food resources. Explore how a Milwaukee farmer feeds a growing urban population, discover strategies for reducing food waste in the San Francisco Bay Area and beyond, and go behind the scenes at a North Carolina facility that turns cooking grease into fuel. Plus, check out gardens on wheels in Omaha, Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Segment Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Watch the full 1/2 hour television episode above or watch individual segments and read accompanying articles on the following pages:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm/\">An Oasis Grows in an Urban Food Desert\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fighting-food-waste/\">Fighting Food Waste\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/biodiesel-power/\">Biodiesel Power\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"disqusTitle": "Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?",
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"headTitle": "QUEST Sustainability Science – TV series | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Lake Tahoe’s famously blue waters – which make it the clearest lake of its size in the United States – attract three million visitors to California and Nevada each year. But decades of development, and now climate change, threaten this national treasure. This QUEST half-hour documentary takes you behind the scenes with the scientists working to keep the lake pristine and protect it for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lake Tahoe isn’t the only body of water that comes to mind when we think about America’s most treasured lakes. The Great Lakes, an interconnected set of five lakes which include lakes Erie, Superior, Huron, Michigan and Ontario, hold 18% of the water on the face of the Earth. Both Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes face environmental challenges, but are differently equipped to handle them because of their particular characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Similarities between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Potable Water Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62237\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tahoe dam\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe delivers millions of gallons of water every day for residents and farmers along the Truckee River. The Tahoe dam was built in 1909. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both the Great Lakes and Lake Tahoe provide potable water to surrounding populations, though at very different scales. The Great Lakes deliver 43 billion gallons per day, hundreds of times more than Lake Tahoe. Lake Michigan alone provides drinking water to 12 million residents. Around three quarters of the water taken from the Great Lakes is used to cool down power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Warmer temperatures are nice for visitors, like these at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor, in Nevada. But they could lead the lake to move away from its famous indigo blue and more towards green. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes are warming up, just like all lakes around the world. “We’ve had some summers where the surface temperature is very, very warm, compared to 20, 25 years ago,” said Brant Allen, of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. Although it’s nice for visitors, heat encourages the growth of microscopic algae that scatter the light off the lake’s surface and make it appear cloudy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up north, intense spring rains that washed fertilizer into Lake Erie, coupled with a warm summer, contributed to a 2011 algae bloom that covered the surface of the lake’s western basin with a bright green scum. “All of the factors that happened in 2011 are the types of factors that we expect to see more commonly in the future,” said Anna Michalak, a Great Lakes researcher at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Invasive Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Quagga mussels attached to pipes in Lake Mead\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quagga mussels clog pipes, like these in Nevada's Lake Mead. Authorities are working hard to keep the mussels out of Lake Tahoe. Photo: National Park Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Zebra mussels and quagga mussels have invaded the Great Lakes, damaging sport fisheries and clogging intake pipes with their hard shells, to the tune of $1 billion per year. The mussels have hitched rides out west on recreational boats. But so far they haven’t reached Lake Tahoe, and authorities there are fighting hard to keep them out by inspecting every boat before it goes into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first, I thought the public would be very resistant to the idea of paying fees for boat inspections,” said Geoff Schladow, director of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. “But the more people I talk to, they’re very accepting of the need for it.” Lake Tahoe is already dealing with \u003ca title=\"Information on Asian clams on UC Davis TERC's page\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">the invasive Asian clam\u003c/a>, which produces algae mats that wash up on its beaches, and an aquatic plant called milfoil, which sticks to boats’ propellers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Differences between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Depth v. Width\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62228\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62228\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\" alt=\"Eagle Falls over Emerald Bay\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water pouring into Lake Tahoe doesn't carry many of the nutrients that algae feed on. This is one of the reasons why the lake is so clear. Eagle Falls flows into Emerald Bay, one of Lake Tahoe's most iconic spots on the California side of the lake. Photo: Gabriela Quirós / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is the eleventh \u003cem>deepest \u003c/em>lake in the world. Lake Erie is the tenth \u003cem>largest \u003c/em>lake in the world. At its deepest point, Lake Tahoe plunges to 1,645 feet – which makes it deeper than the Empire State building is tall. And this depth helps the lake stay clear, since its 39 trillion gallons of water are able to dilute the tiny dirt particles and nitrogen and phosphorus that threaten its transparency. By contrast, Lake Erie’s deepest point is only about 200 feet deep. With less water to dilute the nutrients that algae feed off, \u003ca title=\"Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie \" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">Lake Erie is particularly vulnerable to algae blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Watershed Size\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is fortunate in that its watershed is small and the soil around it is relatively nutrient-poor. The 63 rivers that feed Lake Tahoe travel through an area about the size of the lake itself. Most lakes have watersheds many times bigger, which give tributaries more of a chance to pick up pollutants as they flow towards the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/farmers-fight-back-against-toxic-algal-blooms/\">Lake Erie has suffered from a steady flow of phosphorus from agriculture\u003c/a>, which has contributed to bad algae blooms. Corn is planted widely in the Plains – partly to produce ethanol for use as a biofuel – and requires a lot of fertilizer. “The national biofuels program is what’s pushing more corn production,” said Stanford scientist Anna Michalak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62224\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\" alt=\"Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake. Brad Kohler watches as workers install a channel and sediment trap at the bottom of his driveway in Tahoe City, California. When it rains, this mechanism will trap dirt particles. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To keep their watersheds from becoming sources of pollutants, authorities at Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes have efforts underway to prevent dirt from running into nearby rivers (Tahoe), and reduce the amount of fertilizer used on crops (Great Lakes).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">University of California-Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center (TERC)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Tahoe Boat Inspections\" href=\"http://tahoeboatinspections.com/welcome-to-tahoe-boat-inspections/\">Tahoe Boat Inspections\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lake Tahoe’s famously blue waters – which make it the clearest lake of its size in the United States – attract three million visitors to California and Nevada each year. But decades of development, and now climate change, threaten this national treasure. This QUEST half-hour documentary takes you behind the scenes with the scientists working to keep the lake pristine and protect it for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lake Tahoe isn’t the only body of water that comes to mind when we think about America’s most treasured lakes. The Great Lakes, an interconnected set of five lakes which include lakes Erie, Superior, Huron, Michigan and Ontario, hold 18% of the water on the face of the Earth. Both Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes face environmental challenges, but are differently equipped to handle them because of their particular characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Similarities between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Potable Water Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62237\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tahoe dam\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe delivers millions of gallons of water every day for residents and farmers along the Truckee River. The Tahoe dam was built in 1909. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both the Great Lakes and Lake Tahoe provide potable water to surrounding populations, though at very different scales. The Great Lakes deliver 43 billion gallons per day, hundreds of times more than Lake Tahoe. Lake Michigan alone provides drinking water to 12 million residents. Around three quarters of the water taken from the Great Lakes is used to cool down power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Warmer temperatures are nice for visitors, like these at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor, in Nevada. But they could lead the lake to move away from its famous indigo blue and more towards green. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes are warming up, just like all lakes around the world. “We’ve had some summers where the surface temperature is very, very warm, compared to 20, 25 years ago,” said Brant Allen, of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. Although it’s nice for visitors, heat encourages the growth of microscopic algae that scatter the light off the lake’s surface and make it appear cloudy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up north, intense spring rains that washed fertilizer into Lake Erie, coupled with a warm summer, contributed to a 2011 algae bloom that covered the surface of the lake’s western basin with a bright green scum. “All of the factors that happened in 2011 are the types of factors that we expect to see more commonly in the future,” said Anna Michalak, a Great Lakes researcher at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Invasive Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Quagga mussels attached to pipes in Lake Mead\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quagga mussels clog pipes, like these in Nevada's Lake Mead. Authorities are working hard to keep the mussels out of Lake Tahoe. Photo: National Park Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Zebra mussels and quagga mussels have invaded the Great Lakes, damaging sport fisheries and clogging intake pipes with their hard shells, to the tune of $1 billion per year. The mussels have hitched rides out west on recreational boats. But so far they haven’t reached Lake Tahoe, and authorities there are fighting hard to keep them out by inspecting every boat before it goes into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first, I thought the public would be very resistant to the idea of paying fees for boat inspections,” said Geoff Schladow, director of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. “But the more people I talk to, they’re very accepting of the need for it.” Lake Tahoe is already dealing with \u003ca title=\"Information on Asian clams on UC Davis TERC's page\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">the invasive Asian clam\u003c/a>, which produces algae mats that wash up on its beaches, and an aquatic plant called milfoil, which sticks to boats’ propellers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Differences between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Depth v. Width\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62228\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62228\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\" alt=\"Eagle Falls over Emerald Bay\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water pouring into Lake Tahoe doesn't carry many of the nutrients that algae feed on. This is one of the reasons why the lake is so clear. Eagle Falls flows into Emerald Bay, one of Lake Tahoe's most iconic spots on the California side of the lake. Photo: Gabriela Quirós / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is the eleventh \u003cem>deepest \u003c/em>lake in the world. Lake Erie is the tenth \u003cem>largest \u003c/em>lake in the world. At its deepest point, Lake Tahoe plunges to 1,645 feet – which makes it deeper than the Empire State building is tall. And this depth helps the lake stay clear, since its 39 trillion gallons of water are able to dilute the tiny dirt particles and nitrogen and phosphorus that threaten its transparency. By contrast, Lake Erie’s deepest point is only about 200 feet deep. With less water to dilute the nutrients that algae feed off, \u003ca title=\"Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie \" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">Lake Erie is particularly vulnerable to algae blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Watershed Size\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is fortunate in that its watershed is small and the soil around it is relatively nutrient-poor. The 63 rivers that feed Lake Tahoe travel through an area about the size of the lake itself. Most lakes have watersheds many times bigger, which give tributaries more of a chance to pick up pollutants as they flow towards the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/farmers-fight-back-against-toxic-algal-blooms/\">Lake Erie has suffered from a steady flow of phosphorus from agriculture\u003c/a>, which has contributed to bad algae blooms. Corn is planted widely in the Plains – partly to produce ethanol for use as a biofuel – and requires a lot of fertilizer. “The national biofuels program is what’s pushing more corn production,” said Stanford scientist Anna Michalak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62224\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\" alt=\"Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake. Brad Kohler watches as workers install a channel and sediment trap at the bottom of his driveway in Tahoe City, California. When it rains, this mechanism will trap dirt particles. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To keep their watersheds from becoming sources of pollutants, authorities at Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes have efforts underway to prevent dirt from running into nearby rivers (Tahoe), and reduce the amount of fertilizer used on crops (Great Lakes).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">University of California-Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center (TERC)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Tahoe Boat Inspections\" href=\"http://tahoeboatinspections.com/welcome-to-tahoe-boat-inspections/\">Tahoe Boat Inspections\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Stanford Solar Car Races Across Australian Desert",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford solar car race image\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Just as co-eds are getting wrapped up in college football, a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> students are dusting the sand off their shirts after a week in the Australian outback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team designed, built, and raced a solar-powered car 1,864 miles from the edge of northern Australia to the southern port of Adelaide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty-eight teams made up of high school and college students from 24 countries competed in the cross-continental race, which promotes advanced solar-power technology that could fuel cars of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Solar-Race-Map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-62235\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Solar-Race-Map-270x253.jpg\" alt=\"Solar Race Map\" width=\"270\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>Stanford took fourth in the biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldsolarchallenge.org/\">Bridgestone World Solar Challenge\u003c/a> behind the Netherland’s \u003ca href=\"http://home.tudelft.nl/en/\">Delft University of Technology\u003c/a>, which placed first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although there is no cash prize, the first team to cross the finish line wins more than bragging rights. Many of these students go on to accept coveted engineering job offers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford students that participated in the past were offered jobs and internships with prestigious companies like Tesla Motors, Apple and Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford team spent two years designing and building \u003ca href=\"http://solarcar.stanford.edu/\">Luminos\u003c/a>, a carbon fiber car that can travel up to 70 mph and is powered almost entirely by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the race the car averaged between 40 and 55 mph due to overcast skies and rain that often blocked the sunlight.\u003cbr>\nIn addition to the overall design, the students built an original motor for the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>Each day, the cars travel as far as they can until 5 pm to avoid fender-benders with kangaroos that cross the road at night\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Most teams just buy kits as an off the shelf solution to motor design but our team actually developed our own,” said recent Stanford graduate and team director, Wesley Ford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We learn a lot from designing and building almost everything on our car and we place a very high value on that,” said Jason Trinidad, an undeclared sophomore who took turns driving the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It may cost us in placing in the race, [but] it does produce exceptional engineers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team has 50 members who pitched in throughout the process, while 16 traveled to Australia. Stanford first participated in the challenge in 1989 and Luminos will be the team’s eleventh entry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professors say that students had guidance but no actual participation from faculty or professionals. The race is a chance for students to get their hands dirty and advance alternative energy technology at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good that challenge is in the title. It pushes the envelope and now things that weren’t possible before are possible today,” said Stanford lecturer and team advisor Sven Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62247\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62247\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford students stand behind their design Luminos which can reach speeds of 70 mph. Photo: Mark Shwartz\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford students stand behind their car (Luminos) which can reach speeds of 70 mph. Photo: Mark Shwartz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each day, the cars travel as far as they can until 5 pm to avoid fender-benders with kangaroos that cross the road at night. The blazing sun, although necessary to power the car, provides other challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Outback is hot, lotta flies, not very comfortable place to be when you’re driving,” Ford said. Students on the solar team put in four-hour shifts driving in 90 degree weather, jammed in their single passenger car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will probably come to a sense of, ‘Oh, you know what, a car that actually has air conditioning or a nice stereo or something like that, that makes a lot of sense,'” said Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year the race encouraged more practical or useful designs that included four wheels and a roomier inside; previous vehicles had two wheels and barely enough room for the driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Super efficiency is one thing, but to get consumers to subscribe to a high efficiency vehicle, that’s a whole different story,” said Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hc1eup37S-A]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford solar car race image\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Just as co-eds are getting wrapped up in college football, a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> students are dusting the sand off their shirts after a week in the Australian outback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team designed, built, and raced a solar-powered car 1,864 miles from the edge of northern Australia to the southern port of Adelaide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty-eight teams made up of high school and college students from 24 countries competed in the cross-continental race, which promotes advanced solar-power technology that could fuel cars of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Solar-Race-Map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-62235\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Solar-Race-Map-270x253.jpg\" alt=\"Solar Race Map\" width=\"270\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>Stanford took fourth in the biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldsolarchallenge.org/\">Bridgestone World Solar Challenge\u003c/a> behind the Netherland’s \u003ca href=\"http://home.tudelft.nl/en/\">Delft University of Technology\u003c/a>, which placed first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although there is no cash prize, the first team to cross the finish line wins more than bragging rights. Many of these students go on to accept coveted engineering job offers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford students that participated in the past were offered jobs and internships with prestigious companies like Tesla Motors, Apple and Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford team spent two years designing and building \u003ca href=\"http://solarcar.stanford.edu/\">Luminos\u003c/a>, a carbon fiber car that can travel up to 70 mph and is powered almost entirely by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the race the car averaged between 40 and 55 mph due to overcast skies and rain that often blocked the sunlight.\u003cbr>\nIn addition to the overall design, the students built an original motor for the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>Each day, the cars travel as far as they can until 5 pm to avoid fender-benders with kangaroos that cross the road at night\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Most teams just buy kits as an off the shelf solution to motor design but our team actually developed our own,” said recent Stanford graduate and team director, Wesley Ford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We learn a lot from designing and building almost everything on our car and we place a very high value on that,” said Jason Trinidad, an undeclared sophomore who took turns driving the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It may cost us in placing in the race, [but] it does produce exceptional engineers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team has 50 members who pitched in throughout the process, while 16 traveled to Australia. Stanford first participated in the challenge in 1989 and Luminos will be the team’s eleventh entry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professors say that students had guidance but no actual participation from faculty or professionals. The race is a chance for students to get their hands dirty and advance alternative energy technology at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good that challenge is in the title. It pushes the envelope and now things that weren’t possible before are possible today,” said Stanford lecturer and team advisor Sven Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62247\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62247\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford students stand behind their design Luminos which can reach speeds of 70 mph. Photo: Mark Shwartz\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford students stand behind their car (Luminos) which can reach speeds of 70 mph. Photo: Mark Shwartz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each day, the cars travel as far as they can until 5 pm to avoid fender-benders with kangaroos that cross the road at night. The blazing sun, although necessary to power the car, provides other challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Outback is hot, lotta flies, not very comfortable place to be when you’re driving,” Ford said. Students on the solar team put in four-hour shifts driving in 90 degree weather, jammed in their single passenger car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will probably come to a sense of, ‘Oh, you know what, a car that actually has air conditioning or a nice stereo or something like that, that makes a lot of sense,'” said Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year the race encouraged more practical or useful designs that included four wheels and a roomier inside; previous vehicles had two wheels and barely enough room for the driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Super efficiency is one thing, but to get consumers to subscribe to a high efficiency vehicle, that’s a whole different story,” said Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Hc1eup37S-A'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Hc1eup37S-A'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fighting Food Waste",
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"content": "\u003cp>By 2050, the world's population is expected to grow to nine billion people, a population increase which will require boosting global food production by 70%, according to the UN's Food and Agriculture Office. And yet, according to a recent report by this same UN agency, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3347e/i3347e.pdf\">1.3 billion tons of food is wasted each year\u003c/a> while nearly 900 million people around the world struggle each day with hunger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S. alone, 40% of the food produced each year goes to waste. That's $165 billion worth of uneaten and wasted food, according to a report authored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/food/files/wasted-food-IP.pdf\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> 80% of our nation's freshwater, 50% of the land and 10% of the U.S. energy budget is spent on food production.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Many factors contribute to food waste, including portion sizes which have ballooned in a little more than a generation. For example, between 1982 and 2002, the average pizza slice almost doubled in calories and even our humble dinner plate has increased two inches in diameter since the 1970s, according to Dana Gunders, an NRDC staff scientist and food waste expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food waste occurs not just in our homes but in grocery stores, restaurants and farms. In fact, more than half of all the fruits and vegetables grown in the U.S. never get eaten, and most of this produce never even gets to market since it it doesn't meet size or appearance specifications for retail sale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-59841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.15.13-029_2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"More than 50% of all the fruits and vegetables in the U.S. never get eaten and often end up in landfills. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 50% of all the fruits and vegetables in the U.S. never get eaten and often end up in landfills. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another culprit of food waste can be found in the use or sell by or \"best before\" dates stamped on practically any packaged food. As a new report co-authored by the NRDC and the Harvard Food Law and Policy Clinic makes clear, those dates are placed by the manufacturer to indicate a product's freshness, not its safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One survey found that the dates confuse whopping 90 percent of respondents to throw out foods past their expiration dates out of a mistaken belief that the items are no longer safe to eat. Moreover, there is no consistent, federal expiration date labeling system, which is why the expiration date listed on a box of granola bars, for example, is up to the manufacturer to determine, along with the choice of wording ('sell by' versus 'best before') and even where it is listed on the product. So the report's authors came up with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/food/expiration-dates.asp\">suggestions\u003c/a> to improve the current confusion over expiration dates, including the elimination of \"sell by\" dates or other dates which are designed to inform the retailer when to remove the product from the shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before producing this story, I confess to being a bit complacent in my own food shopping and dining habits. After all, if I didn't finish that meal or if that leafy, organic kale had been sitting in the fridge for a few weeks without being used, I could always compost it and buy more, right? Maybe, but what this attitude ignores is the unseen cost of food waste: namely, the enormous amount of resources utilized in growing, harvesting and bringing that produce and food to market. For example, 80 percent of our nation's freshwater, 50 percent of the land and 10 percent of the U.S. energy budget is spent on food production, which is why wasting food is tantamount to wasting environmental resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, \"not all food waste is equal,\" according to the NRDC’s Dana Gunders. When you throw out a hamburger, the amount of water that has been used to produce that hamburger is equal to taking a 90-minute shower, as she explained to me. While it would, of course, be great to curb all forms of food waste, knowing the amount of land, water, and energy it took to produce that Big Mac may help us at least begin to realize the environmental toll that dairy and meat products take when they go uneaten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60491\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-60491\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/704_FoodWaste_BiRite_08.06-7-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Organic apples for sale at Bi-Rite Market in San Francisco. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Organic apples for sale at Bi-Rite Market in San Francisco. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today the fight against food waste has met the digital age through the use of social media and new websites that have sprung up to crowdsource surplus food at farms, grocery stores and businesses. Perhaps simply being aware of the hunger which afflicts millions of Americans can change how we view the food we eat, and more importantly, the food we allow to go to waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Kathy Jackson, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.shfb.org/\">Second Harvest\u003c/a> food bank in San Jose told me, \"Twenty or thirty years from now, I’m cautiously optimistic that we’ll have fewer hungry people in our country. And I really do believe that the only way we’re going to get there from here is by dramatically reducing the amount of food waste in the United States.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Forty percent of the food produced in the U.S. goes uneaten. From \"farm to fork\", there are many reasons for food waste, including consumer demand for perfect produce and confusion over expiration dates printed on packaged foods. This massive waste occurs as one in six Americans struggles with hunger every day, even in affluent regions such as Silicon Valley. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By 2050, the world's population is expected to grow to nine billion people, a population increase which will require boosting global food production by 70%, according to the UN's Food and Agriculture Office. And yet, according to a recent report by this same UN agency, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3347e/i3347e.pdf\">1.3 billion tons of food is wasted each year\u003c/a> while nearly 900 million people around the world struggle each day with hunger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S. alone, 40% of the food produced each year goes to waste. That's $165 billion worth of uneaten and wasted food, according to a report authored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/food/files/wasted-food-IP.pdf\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> 80% of our nation's freshwater, 50% of the land and 10% of the U.S. energy budget is spent on food production.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Many factors contribute to food waste, including portion sizes which have ballooned in a little more than a generation. For example, between 1982 and 2002, the average pizza slice almost doubled in calories and even our humble dinner plate has increased two inches in diameter since the 1970s, according to Dana Gunders, an NRDC staff scientist and food waste expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food waste occurs not just in our homes but in grocery stores, restaurants and farms. In fact, more than half of all the fruits and vegetables grown in the U.S. never get eaten, and most of this produce never even gets to market since it it doesn't meet size or appearance specifications for retail sale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-59841\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SS_704_FoodWaste_08.15.13-029_2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"More than 50% of all the fruits and vegetables in the U.S. never get eaten and often end up in landfills. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 50% of all the fruits and vegetables in the U.S. never get eaten and often end up in landfills. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another culprit of food waste can be found in the use or sell by or \"best before\" dates stamped on practically any packaged food. As a new report co-authored by the NRDC and the Harvard Food Law and Policy Clinic makes clear, those dates are placed by the manufacturer to indicate a product's freshness, not its safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One survey found that the dates confuse whopping 90 percent of respondents to throw out foods past their expiration dates out of a mistaken belief that the items are no longer safe to eat. Moreover, there is no consistent, federal expiration date labeling system, which is why the expiration date listed on a box of granola bars, for example, is up to the manufacturer to determine, along with the choice of wording ('sell by' versus 'best before') and even where it is listed on the product. So the report's authors came up with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/food/expiration-dates.asp\">suggestions\u003c/a> to improve the current confusion over expiration dates, including the elimination of \"sell by\" dates or other dates which are designed to inform the retailer when to remove the product from the shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before producing this story, I confess to being a bit complacent in my own food shopping and dining habits. After all, if I didn't finish that meal or if that leafy, organic kale had been sitting in the fridge for a few weeks without being used, I could always compost it and buy more, right? Maybe, but what this attitude ignores is the unseen cost of food waste: namely, the enormous amount of resources utilized in growing, harvesting and bringing that produce and food to market. For example, 80 percent of our nation's freshwater, 50 percent of the land and 10 percent of the U.S. energy budget is spent on food production, which is why wasting food is tantamount to wasting environmental resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, \"not all food waste is equal,\" according to the NRDC’s Dana Gunders. When you throw out a hamburger, the amount of water that has been used to produce that hamburger is equal to taking a 90-minute shower, as she explained to me. While it would, of course, be great to curb all forms of food waste, knowing the amount of land, water, and energy it took to produce that Big Mac may help us at least begin to realize the environmental toll that dairy and meat products take when they go uneaten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60491\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-60491\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/704_FoodWaste_BiRite_08.06-7-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Organic apples for sale at Bi-Rite Market in San Francisco. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Organic apples for sale at Bi-Rite Market in San Francisco. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today the fight against food waste has met the digital age through the use of social media and new websites that have sprung up to crowdsource surplus food at farms, grocery stores and businesses. Perhaps simply being aware of the hunger which afflicts millions of Americans can change how we view the food we eat, and more importantly, the food we allow to go to waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Kathy Jackson, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.shfb.org/\">Second Harvest\u003c/a> food bank in San Jose told me, \"Twenty or thirty years from now, I’m cautiously optimistic that we’ll have fewer hungry people in our country. And I really do believe that the only way we’re going to get there from here is by dramatically reducing the amount of food waste in the United States.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Stanford Students Debut Solar-Powered Prefab Home",
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"headTitle": "QUEST Sustainability Science- Web series | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>The future of home design is in a box. At least, that’s where 100 \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> students are placing their bets. They’ve constructed a mechanical room that powers a house like the engine of a car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students have spent thousands of hours over the past two years designing and creating a prefabricated home on campus that they hope will win top honors at the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/\">Department of Energy\u003c/a>’s biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/contests.html\">Solar Decathlon Competition\u003c/a> that kicks off in Irvine, CA on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've waited so long for this moment,\" said graduate student \u003ca href=\"http://tedx.stanford.edu/2013/speakers/derek-ouyang/\">Derek Ouyang\u003c/a>, project manager of the Stanford team. \"I'm excited and exhausted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61556 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Irvine just two days before the competition. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Orange County Great Park in Irvine, CA before the contest starts on Oct 3. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every two years, hundreds of teams from around the world submit proposals. Only 20 teams, however, are invited to compete in the home-building event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there is no official prize, placing first in any one of ten categories all but guarantees a job offer from a prestigious architecture firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOE provided $100,000 in seed funding for each team and Stanford fund-raised an additional $1 million for construction, labor and material. Ouyang values the house at about $250,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three other California teams, including Santa Clara University, the University of Southern California and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/team_sci_arc_caltech.html\">Southern California Institute of Architecture and California Institute of Technology\u003c/a>, are also competing in event, which runs through October 13.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is Stanford’s first entry in the competition. Participating students have backgrounds in everything from computer science to product design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 100 students participated in building Stanford's “\u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.stanford.edu/\">Start.Home\u003c/a>”, though roughly 20 have worked continuously on the project. None of the students had ever built a house before and many had never even hammered a nail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61559\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 382px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61559 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior-546x360.jpg\" alt=\"Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\" width=\"382\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To fulfill the DOE requirements of a creating 1,000 square foot solar-powered home that is attractive, affordable and energy-efficient, Stanford decided to rethink how prefabricated homes are designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though most prefab homes come in a limited number of sizes and styles, Stanford’s team decided to create a house that could expand to meet a family's needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building a unit that contains a majority of the house’s mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems in a “core,” the homeowner could build rooms around this central fixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 180 square foot core attaches to a kitchen counter and appliances, a bathroom and a laundry room, so all that’s needed, the students say, are additional living spaces—as many as the homeowner desires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With this design everything arrives on site ready to go,\" said graduate student and construction team leader Rob Best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You build rooms around the core and just as a family grows, the house can grow with you because you can always add on more rooms that connect to the core.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61471\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61471 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford's main innovative is a "core" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford's main innovative is a \"core\" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The core has a pump that filters used water from the kitchen sink and shower (known as graywater), and sends it to a vegetable garden in the backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121220143405.htm\">special layer of paint\u003c/a> covering the core removes nitrogen oxides --major components of smog--from the air. Ouyang said it’s the equivalent of removing two cars from the road every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar panels cover the roof of the house so that the home is a net-zero energy building, which means it generates all its power from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make the house even greener, the students salvaged wood from old homes in the Bay Area for the walls and floor, and put a living wall made out of plants in the bathroom to purify the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to encourage sustainable behavior, the students installed an iPad on the wall of the core that tells users about their water and energy consumption. It allows the homeowner to set goals and compare his or her energy use with neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people actually want to behave in a more sustainable way, the issue is just convenience,” said alum and design team leader Jason Bade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the invisible visible was a key part of the team’s strategy; the outlets on the walls glow red if they aren’t turned “off” and the team created a central switch that prevents energy from going to the sockets when appliances are not in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people don’t realize that plugged-in appliances like toasters and blenders are still using energy even when they are just sitting on the counter,” Bade said. “We’re trying to make saving energy almost a no-brainer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students built the home on campus, then took it apart and moved it to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocgp.org/\">Orange County Great Park\u003c/a> for the competition, which was no easy feat. The handicap ramp leading to the entrance was too steep in some sections and the students had to rebuild it on-site in Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the contest coincides with the first week of classes. Ouyang said very few students traveled to Irvine, making re-assembly quite difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Having enough manpower has been really tough,\" Ouyang said. \"We've been working from 7 a.m. to midnight for eight days straight, barely finishing the house in time for Thursday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the competition, the Start.Home will be re-assembled on Stanford's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve and provide a new home for the resident ranger and his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why we love doing this is it’s not just a homework assignment or a grade at the end,” said Ouyang. “It’s a real project with real problems and a real end result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: 10/13/13\u003c/strong> – Stanford placed fifth overall. \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Stanford University students set out to revolutionize home design by entering a solar powered prefab house into the Department of Energy's biennial Solar Decathlon competition.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The future of home design is in a box. At least, that’s where 100 \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> students are placing their bets. They’ve constructed a mechanical room that powers a house like the engine of a car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students have spent thousands of hours over the past two years designing and creating a prefabricated home on campus that they hope will win top honors at the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/\">Department of Energy\u003c/a>’s biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/contests.html\">Solar Decathlon Competition\u003c/a> that kicks off in Irvine, CA on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've waited so long for this moment,\" said graduate student \u003ca href=\"http://tedx.stanford.edu/2013/speakers/derek-ouyang/\">Derek Ouyang\u003c/a>, project manager of the Stanford team. \"I'm excited and exhausted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61556 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Irvine just two days before the competition. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Orange County Great Park in Irvine, CA before the contest starts on Oct 3. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every two years, hundreds of teams from around the world submit proposals. Only 20 teams, however, are invited to compete in the home-building event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there is no official prize, placing first in any one of ten categories all but guarantees a job offer from a prestigious architecture firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOE provided $100,000 in seed funding for each team and Stanford fund-raised an additional $1 million for construction, labor and material. Ouyang values the house at about $250,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three other California teams, including Santa Clara University, the University of Southern California and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/team_sci_arc_caltech.html\">Southern California Institute of Architecture and California Institute of Technology\u003c/a>, are also competing in event, which runs through October 13.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is Stanford’s first entry in the competition. Participating students have backgrounds in everything from computer science to product design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 100 students participated in building Stanford's “\u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.stanford.edu/\">Start.Home\u003c/a>”, though roughly 20 have worked continuously on the project. None of the students had ever built a house before and many had never even hammered a nail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61559\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 382px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61559 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior-546x360.jpg\" alt=\"Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\" width=\"382\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To fulfill the DOE requirements of a creating 1,000 square foot solar-powered home that is attractive, affordable and energy-efficient, Stanford decided to rethink how prefabricated homes are designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though most prefab homes come in a limited number of sizes and styles, Stanford’s team decided to create a house that could expand to meet a family's needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building a unit that contains a majority of the house’s mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems in a “core,” the homeowner could build rooms around this central fixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 180 square foot core attaches to a kitchen counter and appliances, a bathroom and a laundry room, so all that’s needed, the students say, are additional living spaces—as many as the homeowner desires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With this design everything arrives on site ready to go,\" said graduate student and construction team leader Rob Best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You build rooms around the core and just as a family grows, the house can grow with you because you can always add on more rooms that connect to the core.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61471\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61471 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford's main innovative is a "core" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford's main innovative is a \"core\" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The core has a pump that filters used water from the kitchen sink and shower (known as graywater), and sends it to a vegetable garden in the backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121220143405.htm\">special layer of paint\u003c/a> covering the core removes nitrogen oxides --major components of smog--from the air. Ouyang said it’s the equivalent of removing two cars from the road every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar panels cover the roof of the house so that the home is a net-zero energy building, which means it generates all its power from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make the house even greener, the students salvaged wood from old homes in the Bay Area for the walls and floor, and put a living wall made out of plants in the bathroom to purify the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to encourage sustainable behavior, the students installed an iPad on the wall of the core that tells users about their water and energy consumption. It allows the homeowner to set goals and compare his or her energy use with neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people actually want to behave in a more sustainable way, the issue is just convenience,” said alum and design team leader Jason Bade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the invisible visible was a key part of the team’s strategy; the outlets on the walls glow red if they aren’t turned “off” and the team created a central switch that prevents energy from going to the sockets when appliances are not in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people don’t realize that plugged-in appliances like toasters and blenders are still using energy even when they are just sitting on the counter,” Bade said. “We’re trying to make saving energy almost a no-brainer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students built the home on campus, then took it apart and moved it to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocgp.org/\">Orange County Great Park\u003c/a> for the competition, which was no easy feat. The handicap ramp leading to the entrance was too steep in some sections and the students had to rebuild it on-site in Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the contest coincides with the first week of classes. Ouyang said very few students traveled to Irvine, making re-assembly quite difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Having enough manpower has been really tough,\" Ouyang said. \"We've been working from 7 a.m. to midnight for eight days straight, barely finishing the house in time for Thursday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the competition, the Start.Home will be re-assembled on Stanford's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve and provide a new home for the resident ranger and his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why we love doing this is it’s not just a homework assignment or a grade at the end,” said Ouyang. “It’s a real project with real problems and a real end result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: 10/13/13\u003c/strong> – Stanford placed fifth overall. \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The World with Us: Can the Earth Support Eleven Billion?",
"title": "The World with Us: Can the Earth Support Eleven Billion?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60364\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 664px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927022563.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60364 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520.jpg\" alt=\"A grandfather in India enjoys the company of his grandson. \" width=\"664\" height=\"374\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-400x226.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-800x452.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-1440x813.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-1180x666.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-960x542.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 664px) 100vw, 664px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grandfather in India with his grandson. India is the second most populous country in the world and is projected to surpass China as the most populous country by 2050. Photo: Dibyendu Dey Choudhury, courtesy of Photoshare.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Alan Weisman\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>On a cobblestone street in Buenos Aires, Argentina, journalist and professor \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Weisman\">Alan Weisman\u003c/a> stepped into a cafe to meet me for an interview. His book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/The-World-Without-Alan-Weisman/dp/0312347294/ref=pd_sim_b_4\">\u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em>\u003c/a> had just hit Latin American book stands and as pedestrians navigated the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Telmo\">Bohemian neighborhood\u003c/a> outside, we discussed what a world without humans would look like. That was back in 2008. It’s five years later and I was just as anxious to discuss the sequel, \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Countdown-Last-Best-Future-Earth/dp/031623981X\">\u003cem>Countdown\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, which hits shelves today. His latest book suggests limiting population growth in a world that now harbors seven billion people. From his home in Western Massachusetts, he talked about women’s rights, culture, a global population that \u003ca href=\"http://esa.un.org/wpp/\">may reach 11 billion\u003c/a> by 2100 and what he sees as a reasonable path forward.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60359 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park.jpg\" alt=\"Alan Weisman examines a tree in Golestan National Park in Iran. Ecology is a central feature of his book Countdown, which asks which species do we need to keep around to ensure our survival? Photo: Beckie Kravetz\" width=\"288\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park.jpg 1111w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park-400x510.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park-800x1020.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park-960x1224.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 288px) 100vw, 288px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alan Weisman examines a tree in Golestan National Park in Iran. Ecology is a central feature of his book Countdown, which asks which species are crucial to our survival? Photo: Beckie Kravetz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: In \u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em>, at the end you say, “every four days there are a million more people on this planet.” And you ask, “is there some way that we can have a restored earth and be part of it?” Can you talk more about this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t want to write \u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em> because I want [a world without people]. I wanted us to see how beautiful the world is and [consider] if we could add ourselves back in the picture in a more harmonious way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might recall from \u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em>, an interview I did with a guy from the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement\">Volunteer Human Extinction Movement\u003c/a>, and the best thing he said we could do is stop procreating. That we’re pushing so many species off the planet and we’re going to push something off [that we rely on] and we won’t realize it until it’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to prevent against this, why don’t we stop procreating and we’ll become fewer and fewer and the last remaining humans will essentially see the Garden of Eden. I wanted to know, is there a happy medium between what he said and what’s realistic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At book signings everyone would ask me about the population thing and I really didn’t want to write about population but then I thought, what the heck, I’ll write it out. When I got into it, I had no idea how complicated it was, my fifty page proposal was so naïve. I knew so little about this. Five years and 21 countries later I had this book [Countdown].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: A \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/conservation-and-development/population-bomb-so-wrong/\">\u003cstrong>recent article\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> cited \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>a global trend of lower population growth, where the author said,\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> “\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>I find it extraordinary that the massive global drop in human fertility has been so little noticed by the media.” So how concerned should we really be?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of experts would say, really there’s no problem, our growth rate is way down. On the one hand, those people are right. However, there are so many of us on the planet right now, and an average of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2127.html\">2.6 children\u003c/a> per female still means we’re growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even at a lower rate, the question is, are we still putting too much stress on the environment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to know, is there a way to convince a huge panorama of cultures that it might be in their best interest to encourage people, in some culturally acceptable way, to keep their reproduction on a sustainable level?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I had to go visit a whole wide variety of cultures to understand. So many of us immediately think of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policy\">one child policy\u003c/a> and most people don’t like it because it’s so Draconian. But for all its imperfections it has functioned. It wouldn’t work in other cultures, so what are other alternatives?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60348\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60348 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100.jpg\" alt=\"Image courtesy: Benjamin Hennig\" width=\"374\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100.jpg 445w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100-400x318.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy: Benjamin Hennig\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: With a few exceptions, we are not good at planning for the future and by the future I mean for 250 years down the road. You ask, “might we benefit right now by bringing population down?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, we should cut ourselves some slack. The idea of having to manage our species because we’re running out of room is something we’ve never had to do before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, the benefits will come long term. Even if we did a policy like China’s it will take two generations to get back to levels in the 1900s, but the levels would come down in the first 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what is happening now in Japan. They \u003ca href=\"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.UikyZTash8E\">legalized abortion after WWII\u003c/a> because they had too many people. The result of cutting off their baby boom, 60 years later, is that they are seeing their population begin to drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: In a lot of ways, your book is ultimately about education and women’s rights.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m convinced; it’s the most hopeful thing in the world. Make access to contraception universal for women and it will solve enormous problems on this planet. It will bring down birthrates to a sustainable and manageable level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can educate all the women in the world, think of all the brilliant thinking and human ingenuity that will be added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Q. When we talked in 2008, after \u003cem>A World Without Us\u003c/em> came out, you were hopeful about the future. Are you still hopeful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t think my species is facing imminent extinction, though frankly we’ve really rolled the dice with the atmosphere and the ocean in terms of climate, and none of us know how that will go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re an incredibly adaptable species; we’ve figured out how to live from the poles to the equator. We’ll probably be moving to higher ground this century. That will require an adjustment. We’re going to lose food producing areas because of flooding or salt water intrusion. It’s going to be a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe it’s just my hope speaking but I expect my species to survive. This century is going to be a century of decisions for us in many ways.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Journalist Alan Weisman's latest book, Countdown, explores how we can sustainably manage a population of seven billion people.",
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"title": "The World with Us: Can the Earth Support Eleven Billion? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60364\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 664px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927022563.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60364 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520.jpg\" alt=\"A grandfather in India enjoys the company of his grandson. \" width=\"664\" height=\"374\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-400x226.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-800x452.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-1440x813.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-1180x666.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Global-Population-photo-India--e1378927184520-960x542.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 664px) 100vw, 664px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grandfather in India with his grandson. India is the second most populous country in the world and is projected to surpass China as the most populous country by 2050. Photo: Dibyendu Dey Choudhury, courtesy of Photoshare.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Alan Weisman\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>On a cobblestone street in Buenos Aires, Argentina, journalist and professor \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Weisman\">Alan Weisman\u003c/a> stepped into a cafe to meet me for an interview. His book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/The-World-Without-Alan-Weisman/dp/0312347294/ref=pd_sim_b_4\">\u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em>\u003c/a> had just hit Latin American book stands and as pedestrians navigated the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Telmo\">Bohemian neighborhood\u003c/a> outside, we discussed what a world without humans would look like. That was back in 2008. It’s five years later and I was just as anxious to discuss the sequel, \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Countdown-Last-Best-Future-Earth/dp/031623981X\">\u003cem>Countdown\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, which hits shelves today. His latest book suggests limiting population growth in a world that now harbors seven billion people. From his home in Western Massachusetts, he talked about women’s rights, culture, a global population that \u003ca href=\"http://esa.un.org/wpp/\">may reach 11 billion\u003c/a> by 2100 and what he sees as a reasonable path forward.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60359 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park.jpg\" alt=\"Alan Weisman examines a tree in Golestan National Park in Iran. Ecology is a central feature of his book Countdown, which asks which species do we need to keep around to ensure our survival? Photo: Beckie Kravetz\" width=\"288\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park.jpg 1111w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park-400x510.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park-800x1020.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Alan-Weisman-Golestan-National-Park-960x1224.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 288px) 100vw, 288px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alan Weisman examines a tree in Golestan National Park in Iran. Ecology is a central feature of his book Countdown, which asks which species are crucial to our survival? Photo: Beckie Kravetz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: In \u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em>, at the end you say, “every four days there are a million more people on this planet.” And you ask, “is there some way that we can have a restored earth and be part of it?” Can you talk more about this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t want to write \u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em> because I want [a world without people]. I wanted us to see how beautiful the world is and [consider] if we could add ourselves back in the picture in a more harmonious way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might recall from \u003cem>The World Without Us\u003c/em>, an interview I did with a guy from the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement\">Volunteer Human Extinction Movement\u003c/a>, and the best thing he said we could do is stop procreating. That we’re pushing so many species off the planet and we’re going to push something off [that we rely on] and we won’t realize it until it’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to prevent against this, why don’t we stop procreating and we’ll become fewer and fewer and the last remaining humans will essentially see the Garden of Eden. I wanted to know, is there a happy medium between what he said and what’s realistic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At book signings everyone would ask me about the population thing and I really didn’t want to write about population but then I thought, what the heck, I’ll write it out. When I got into it, I had no idea how complicated it was, my fifty page proposal was so naïve. I knew so little about this. Five years and 21 countries later I had this book [Countdown].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: A \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/conservation-and-development/population-bomb-so-wrong/\">\u003cstrong>recent article\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> cited \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>a global trend of lower population growth, where the author said,\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> “\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>I find it extraordinary that the massive global drop in human fertility has been so little noticed by the media.” So how concerned should we really be?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of experts would say, really there’s no problem, our growth rate is way down. On the one hand, those people are right. However, there are so many of us on the planet right now, and an average of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2127.html\">2.6 children\u003c/a> per female still means we’re growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even at a lower rate, the question is, are we still putting too much stress on the environment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to know, is there a way to convince a huge panorama of cultures that it might be in their best interest to encourage people, in some culturally acceptable way, to keep their reproduction on a sustainable level?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I had to go visit a whole wide variety of cultures to understand. So many of us immediately think of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policy\">one child policy\u003c/a> and most people don’t like it because it’s so Draconian. But for all its imperfections it has functioned. It wouldn’t work in other cultures, so what are other alternatives?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60348\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60348 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100.jpg\" alt=\"Image courtesy: Benjamin Hennig\" width=\"374\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100.jpg 445w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/WorldPopulationScenarios1950to2100-400x318.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy: Benjamin Hennig\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: With a few exceptions, we are not good at planning for the future and by the future I mean for 250 years down the road. You ask, “might we benefit right now by bringing population down?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, we should cut ourselves some slack. The idea of having to manage our species because we’re running out of room is something we’ve never had to do before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, the benefits will come long term. Even if we did a policy like China’s it will take two generations to get back to levels in the 1900s, but the levels would come down in the first 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what is happening now in Japan. They \u003ca href=\"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/20/reference/abortion-still-key-birth-control/#.UikyZTash8E\">legalized abortion after WWII\u003c/a> because they had too many people. The result of cutting off their baby boom, 60 years later, is that they are seeing their population begin to drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: In a lot of ways, your book is ultimately about education and women’s rights.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m convinced; it’s the most hopeful thing in the world. Make access to contraception universal for women and it will solve enormous problems on this planet. It will bring down birthrates to a sustainable and manageable level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we can educate all the women in the world, think of all the brilliant thinking and human ingenuity that will be added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Q. When we talked in 2008, after \u003cem>A World Without Us\u003c/em> came out, you were hopeful about the future. Are you still hopeful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t think my species is facing imminent extinction, though frankly we’ve really rolled the dice with the atmosphere and the ocean in terms of climate, and none of us know how that will go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re an incredibly adaptable species; we’ve figured out how to live from the poles to the equator. We’ll probably be moving to higher ground this century. That will require an adjustment. We’re going to lose food producing areas because of flooding or salt water intrusion. It’s going to be a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Great Escape: How Soil Protects Us from Carbon Emissions",
"title": "The Great Escape: How Soil Protects Us from Carbon Emissions",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60124\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60124\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\" alt=\"XBD201108-01182-110.TIF\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soil scientist Margaret Torn conducting fieldwork on microbes in the soil near Council, Alaska. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Jennifer Huber— Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the northernmost city of the United States—Barrow, Alaska—the treeless, flat tundra looks stark and forbidding to many people. The permafrost (permanently frozen soil) is only capable of supporting plants like moss, heather, and lichen, and the temperatures can drop to minus 60 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">However, this tundra is a mecca for climate scientists like Margaret Torn, co-lead of the Climate and Carbon Sciences Program at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> (Berkeley Lab).\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>\"[Alaskan permafrost] has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right\" --soil scientist Margaret Torn\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Torn just returned from performing field experiments near Barrow. She is part of the 10-year \u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiment\u003c/a>, a large collaboration among scientists and engineers who are trying to better understand the Arctic’s terrestrial ecosystem so they can improve vital climate predictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These scientists are finding \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10040-012-0939-y\">new ways\u003c/a> to study this complex ecosystem, including looking deep into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Soil is a big mystery,” explains Torn. “We don’t understand why soil holds so much carbon. And we don’t understand how a warming climate will affect soils, the question being whether a warming climate will result in carbon transferring from soils to the atmosphere as greenhouse gases, creating additional global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are an important part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bAuCfaNYNE\">carbon cycle\u003c/a>. In the natural carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is taken up by plants and photosynthesized. If the plants aren’t harvested for food or fuel, they decay and their organic matter makes its way to the soil. There, it is processed by tiny microbes—bacteria and fungi—that release the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are critical because they store about 2.3 \u003cem>trillion\u003c/em> tons of carbon—more than twice as much as the atmosphere or vegetation. In comparison, burning fossil fuels releases about 9 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are also a long-term reservoir of carbon. Carbon cycles very slowly deep in the soil, where it can remain for 50,000 years. So, a critical question is, how long will soils contain these rich deposits of carbon? Will the carbon stay put or will it enter the atmosphere in the near future, greatly amplifying climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic’s tundra is an area that is particularly worrisome. Cold temperatures suppress microbial growth, which helps trap the vast stores of carbon in the soil. But global warming is causing the permafrost to thaw, triggering the microbes to become active and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\" alt=\"Equipment that measures greenhouse gas fluxes from the tundra into the atmosphere.\" width=\"277\" height=\"369\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equipment Torn and her team use to sample greenhouse gases flowing from the land to the atmosphere. They later determine how old the carbon is in these gas samples using carbon-14 dating. Photo: Margaret Torn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Torn’s group drills wells in the Alaskan ground to directly measure the flow of carbon dioxide and methane from the land to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They measure these gas flows in areas where the permafrost is intact and where it is thawing, trying to understand the environmental variables that are controlling the release of greenhouse gases. They see very high methane concentrations in areas where the permafrost is thawing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this summer they found that in some areas specialized microbes consume this methane before it is released, so carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is good news for the environment because carbon dioxide is a less potent greenhouse gas than methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also take soil core samples from different regions in Barrow and then incubate them at different temperatures at Berkeley Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They find that each handful of soil has thousands of different kinds of microbes and billions of cells that respond differently to the environment. They also determine the age of the carbon in the samples by using \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geology/carbon-14.htm\">carbon-14 dating\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing we’ve seen this summer is that the carbon that is being decomposed just above the permafrost is more than 2,500 years old,” says Torn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, this place that we’re studying has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results have been validated by other recent experiments, but they contradict the old belief that carbon hidden deep in soil will remain there forever due to the soil’s material properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The field is evolving rapidly. We’re trying to unravel the mystery of why we see older carbon in the soil, trying to create a more realistic view,” explains Torn. “It is more complex. It’s the interaction between the entire ecosystem and the material properties that’s important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the more complicated, realistic view makes climate modeling more challenging. Climate models are computer programs that simulate how the climate has changed in the past and how it will change in the future. They are critical to understanding our planet and how to limit the impact of human activity upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists know that their climate models are wrong when it comes to soil carbon. This is why scientists need new data, like the data they’re acquiring in Alaska, to test and improve their models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can do so much better than we’re doing,” says Torn. “So, we feel pretty confident that we can make improvements. It may not be perfect, but our work is going to make predictions more robust and believable.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60124\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60124\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Soil-microbes-e1378767382648.jpg\" alt=\"XBD201108-01182-110.TIF\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soil scientist Margaret Torn conducting fieldwork on microbes in the soil near Council, Alaska. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Jennifer Huber— Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the northernmost city of the United States—Barrow, Alaska—the treeless, flat tundra looks stark and forbidding to many people. The permafrost (permanently frozen soil) is only capable of supporting plants like moss, heather, and lichen, and the temperatures can drop to minus 60 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">However, this tundra is a mecca for climate scientists like Margaret Torn, co-lead of the Climate and Carbon Sciences Program at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> (Berkeley Lab).\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>\"[Alaskan permafrost] has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right\" --soil scientist Margaret Torn\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Torn just returned from performing field experiments near Barrow. She is part of the 10-year \u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiment\u003c/a>, a large collaboration among scientists and engineers who are trying to better understand the Arctic’s terrestrial ecosystem so they can improve vital climate predictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These scientists are finding \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10040-012-0939-y\">new ways\u003c/a> to study this complex ecosystem, including looking deep into the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Soil is a big mystery,” explains Torn. “We don’t understand why soil holds so much carbon. And we don’t understand how a warming climate will affect soils, the question being whether a warming climate will result in carbon transferring from soils to the atmosphere as greenhouse gases, creating additional global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are an important part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bAuCfaNYNE\">carbon cycle\u003c/a>. In the natural carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is taken up by plants and photosynthesized. If the plants aren’t harvested for food or fuel, they decay and their organic matter makes its way to the soil. There, it is processed by tiny microbes—bacteria and fungi—that release the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are critical because they store about 2.3 \u003cem>trillion\u003c/em> tons of carbon—more than twice as much as the atmosphere or vegetation. In comparison, burning fossil fuels releases about 9 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soils are also a long-term reservoir of carbon. Carbon cycles very slowly deep in the soil, where it can remain for 50,000 years. So, a critical question is, how long will soils contain these rich deposits of carbon? Will the carbon stay put or will it enter the atmosphere in the near future, greatly amplifying climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic’s tundra is an area that is particularly worrisome. Cold temperatures suppress microbial growth, which helps trap the vast stores of carbon in the soil. But global warming is causing the permafrost to thaw, triggering the microbes to become active and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60168 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/greenhouse-gas-measurements.png\" alt=\"Equipment that measures greenhouse gas fluxes from the tundra into the atmosphere.\" width=\"277\" height=\"369\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Equipment Torn and her team use to sample greenhouse gases flowing from the land to the atmosphere. They later determine how old the carbon is in these gas samples using carbon-14 dating. Photo: Margaret Torn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Torn’s group drills wells in the Alaskan ground to directly measure the flow of carbon dioxide and methane from the land to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They measure these gas flows in areas where the permafrost is intact and where it is thawing, trying to understand the environmental variables that are controlling the release of greenhouse gases. They see very high methane concentrations in areas where the permafrost is thawing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this summer they found that in some areas specialized microbes consume this methane before it is released, so carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is good news for the environment because carbon dioxide is a less potent greenhouse gas than methane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also take soil core samples from different regions in Barrow and then incubate them at different temperatures at Berkeley Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They find that each handful of soil has thousands of different kinds of microbes and billions of cells that respond differently to the environment. They also determine the age of the carbon in the samples by using \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geology/carbon-14.htm\">carbon-14 dating\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One thing we’ve seen this summer is that the carbon that is being decomposed just above the permafrost is more than 2,500 years old,” says Torn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, this place that we’re studying has been storing carbon for a long, long time. But that carbon can be decomposed and released as carbon dioxide very quickly when the conditions are right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results have been validated by other recent experiments, but they contradict the old belief that carbon hidden deep in soil will remain there forever due to the soil’s material properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The field is evolving rapidly. We’re trying to unravel the mystery of why we see older carbon in the soil, trying to create a more realistic view,” explains Torn. “It is more complex. It’s the interaction between the entire ecosystem and the material properties that’s important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the more complicated, realistic view makes climate modeling more challenging. Climate models are computer programs that simulate how the climate has changed in the past and how it will change in the future. They are critical to understanding our planet and how to limit the impact of human activity upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists know that their climate models are wrong when it comes to soil carbon. This is why scientists need new data, like the data they’re acquiring in Alaska, to test and improve their models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can do so much better than we’re doing,” says Torn. “So, we feel pretty confident that we can make improvements. It may not be perfect, but our work is going to make predictions more robust and believable.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Captive Breeding Program May Ensure Survival for African Frogs",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Click PLAY to hear mating calls from Cameroonian frogs in quarantine at Cal Academy: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" mediaid=\"59563\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent June evening, herpetologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/heroes/dblackburn/\">David Blackburn\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> was knee-deep in a west African lake hoping to capture a critically endangered frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cold, clear water of Cameroon’s Lake Oku, hundreds of brown and gray frogs with webbed feet were paddling around looking for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake Oku clawed frog, found nowhere else but in this lake, is like other frogs across the globe that are fighting for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of frog species worldwide are losing habitat due to deforestation and an amphibian disease caused by a type of fungus called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/\">\u003cem>chytrid fungus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.” The fungus grows on the frogs’ skin and causes sloughing skin and extreme lethargy. The changes to the frogs’ skin can be deadly, because frogs absorb water, salts and other nutrients get through their skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a third of the world's amphibians are threatened with extinction. The disease is a leading cause of frog population declines worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59629\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59629 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\" width=\"258\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-400x600.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-960x1440.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>Frogs are the canaries in the coal mine,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/staff/smith_thomas.html\">Tom Smith\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/\">Center for Tropical Research\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California - Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “They tell us about the health of ecosystems like no other organism. When their populations decline it’s time to pay attention because what is affecting frogs may ultimately affect us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of an expedition to the mountains of northern \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html\">Cameroon\u003c/a> this summer, Blackburn led a group of students and colleagues to collect the clawed frog and other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hoped the fragile amphibians would survive the 10,000-mile journey back to San Francisco where the team will breed the species in captivity at the California Academy of Sciences in \u003ca href=\"http://www.golden-gate-park.com/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By breeding the amphibians and learning about the frogs’ biology and reproduction habits, Blackburn and his team expect to gain key insights that could help save the frogs – and other species like them – in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know so little about some of these species,” Blackburn said. “We'd like to figure out what it would take to be able to breed these frogs in captivity should they suddenly become under serious threat in the only place they're known to occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/issues/invasivespecies.cfm\">invasive species\u003c/a> or predator entered the lake, it would be difficult for scientists to save the frogs because they don’t fully understand their lifecycle and what they need in order to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blackburn and his team took video of their expedition. As he knelt close to the water and bagged 25 frogs, he said, “the clock started ticking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once they are out of the lake, we want them back at the Academy in clean and cool water as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59631\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59631\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\" alt=\"Bamboutos_camp\" width=\"344\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg 1194w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-400x343.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-800x686.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-1180x1012.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-960x823.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While Blackburn's team surveyed frogs in the highlands of Cameroon, they camped in the Bamboutos Mountains, a region with several endemic frog species.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to the clawed frog, Blackburn and his colleagues also collected four other species: Riggenbach’s Reed Frog, Bamenda Reed Frog, Rio Benito Long-fingered Frog and the Black Long-fingered Frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three of the species they brought back, including the clawed frogs, are considered threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frogs, which are roughly the size of a quarter, were fed a diet of fish or termites before they were placed in a box aboard an international flight bound for San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases, we had the frogs for two weeks before we traveled back so we had to feed them in the field,” said Cal Academy Senior Biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/aquarium/staff/bfreiermuth/\">Brian Freiermuth\u003c/a>. “One of the things we actually did was use termites; we found nests and could break them open and feed the frogs. Termites are actually really high in fat so it’s good if you want to fatten up an animal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than 30 hours in transit, 54 of the 56 captured frogs survived and now sit in quarantine at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of the frogs tested positive for \u003cem>chytrid fungus\u003c/em>, which Blackburn said he expected based on his studies of the same species in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t a surprise to me to find [the fungus] in the frogs that we brought back,” Blackburn said. “It just reiterates why our work is so important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From late August to early September, the frogs will be treated with a fungicide that will work to clear the disease. After that, Blackburn and his team will begin breeding these species as Academy staff build an exhibit in the facility’s aquarium so the public can finally meet the frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One huge part of our goal was public awareness,” Blackburn said. “We really can’t conserve what we don’t know. I’m excited that we can celebrate biodiversity at the Academy’s aquarium. That diversity is threatened and it’s exactly what we’re hoping to conserve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Click PLAY to hear mating calls from Cameroonian frogs in quarantine at Cal Academy: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" mediaid=\"59563\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent June evening, herpetologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/heroes/dblackburn/\">David Blackburn\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> was knee-deep in a west African lake hoping to capture a critically endangered frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cold, clear water of Cameroon’s Lake Oku, hundreds of brown and gray frogs with webbed feet were paddling around looking for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake Oku clawed frog, found nowhere else but in this lake, is like other frogs across the globe that are fighting for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of frog species worldwide are losing habitat due to deforestation and an amphibian disease caused by a type of fungus called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/\">\u003cem>chytrid fungus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.” The fungus grows on the frogs’ skin and causes sloughing skin and extreme lethargy. The changes to the frogs’ skin can be deadly, because frogs absorb water, salts and other nutrients get through their skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a third of the world's amphibians are threatened with extinction. The disease is a leading cause of frog population declines worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59629\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59629 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\" width=\"258\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-400x600.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-960x1440.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>Frogs are the canaries in the coal mine,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/staff/smith_thomas.html\">Tom Smith\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/\">Center for Tropical Research\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California - Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “They tell us about the health of ecosystems like no other organism. When their populations decline it’s time to pay attention because what is affecting frogs may ultimately affect us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of an expedition to the mountains of northern \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html\">Cameroon\u003c/a> this summer, Blackburn led a group of students and colleagues to collect the clawed frog and other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hoped the fragile amphibians would survive the 10,000-mile journey back to San Francisco where the team will breed the species in captivity at the California Academy of Sciences in \u003ca href=\"http://www.golden-gate-park.com/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By breeding the amphibians and learning about the frogs’ biology and reproduction habits, Blackburn and his team expect to gain key insights that could help save the frogs – and other species like them – in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know so little about some of these species,” Blackburn said. “We'd like to figure out what it would take to be able to breed these frogs in captivity should they suddenly become under serious threat in the only place they're known to occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/issues/invasivespecies.cfm\">invasive species\u003c/a> or predator entered the lake, it would be difficult for scientists to save the frogs because they don’t fully understand their lifecycle and what they need in order to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blackburn and his team took video of their expedition. As he knelt close to the water and bagged 25 frogs, he said, “the clock started ticking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once they are out of the lake, we want them back at the Academy in clean and cool water as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59631\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59631\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\" alt=\"Bamboutos_camp\" width=\"344\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg 1194w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-400x343.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-800x686.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-1180x1012.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-960x823.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While Blackburn's team surveyed frogs in the highlands of Cameroon, they camped in the Bamboutos Mountains, a region with several endemic frog species.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to the clawed frog, Blackburn and his colleagues also collected four other species: Riggenbach’s Reed Frog, Bamenda Reed Frog, Rio Benito Long-fingered Frog and the Black Long-fingered Frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three of the species they brought back, including the clawed frogs, are considered threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frogs, which are roughly the size of a quarter, were fed a diet of fish or termites before they were placed in a box aboard an international flight bound for San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases, we had the frogs for two weeks before we traveled back so we had to feed them in the field,” said Cal Academy Senior Biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/aquarium/staff/bfreiermuth/\">Brian Freiermuth\u003c/a>. “One of the things we actually did was use termites; we found nests and could break them open and feed the frogs. Termites are actually really high in fat so it’s good if you want to fatten up an animal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than 30 hours in transit, 54 of the 56 captured frogs survived and now sit in quarantine at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of the frogs tested positive for \u003cem>chytrid fungus\u003c/em>, which Blackburn said he expected based on his studies of the same species in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t a surprise to me to find [the fungus] in the frogs that we brought back,” Blackburn said. “It just reiterates why our work is so important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From late August to early September, the frogs will be treated with a fungicide that will work to clear the disease. After that, Blackburn and his team will begin breeding these species as Academy staff build an exhibit in the facility’s aquarium so the public can finally meet the frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One huge part of our goal was public awareness,” Blackburn said. “We really can’t conserve what we don’t know. I’m excited that we can celebrate biodiversity at the Academy’s aquarium. That diversity is threatened and it’s exactly what we’re hoping to conserve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Urban Farms in San Francisco Struggle to Put Down Roots",
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"content": "\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Free-farm-regular-size.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59222 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Free-farm-regular-size.jpg\" alt=\"Free farm regular size\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Free-farm-regular-size.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Free-farm-regular-size-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans are falling in love with city gardens. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.truckfarm.org/\">truck bed farms\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/talks/ron_finley_a_guerilla_gardener_in_south_central_la.html\">guerrilla gardening\u003c/a>, urbanites have found a way to bring small scale farming into the city. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://afsic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=2&tax_level=2&tax_subject=301&topic_id=1444\">United States Department of Agriculture\u003c/a>, around 15 percent of the world's food is now grown in urban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of things have come together to make urban farming so popular,” said Adrian Benepe, a Senior Vice President from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tpl.org/\">Trust for Public Land\u003c/a>, a land conservation non-profit in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The advent of the community gardening movement coincided with the interest for fresh food and even more recently, the interest and necessity to allow people to eat better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite all the benefits – from reducing urban blight to teaching kids about where their food comes from – farming in some cities is easier than in others. Perhaps most difficult is in San Francisco.\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"It’s hard for [urban farms] to exist, except in cities like Detroit where there is a lot of open space\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>The Free Farm community garden, located in the Tenderloin neighborhood, has harvested more than three tons of produce since opening in 2010. However, by December it will close, joining the Hayes Valley Farm, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/local/police-remove-treesitters-occupied-sf-urban-farm/nYKQS/\">shut down\u003c/a> last month after developers decided to build housing on the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The back-to-back closures raise questions about why \u003ca href=\"http://locavores.com/\">locavore-loving San Francisco\u003c/a> farms can’t seem to stay open. Benepe says it’s simple, and comes down to space and money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The essential dilemma is that it’s hard for [urban farms] to exist, except in cities like Detroit where there is a lot of open space,” Benepe said. “In cities like New York, Boston and San Francisco, you’re unlikely to have large open space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/29/san-francisco-median-home-price_n_3356238.html\">real estate prices\u003c/a> have also risen sharply in San Francisco, and locals often quip that it’s the most expensive place to put down roots in the country. Couple that with limited space— the city is only 30,000 acres, a tenth the size of Los Angeles—and it’s easy to see why community farms fail to stay in business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“We knew this was coming we just didn’t know what the timing would be,” said Free Farm co-founder Margaret Dyer-Chamberlain. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59301\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Free-Farm-kids.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59301\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Free-Farm-kids-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Free Farm kids\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Free Farm provided food to more than 150 people a week, including kids that were learning how to garden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like the Hayes Valley Farm, the Free Farm is also closing because developers want to build housing on the property—something the farmers knew might happen when they signed the temporary land agreement back in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has taken note. The San Francisco Department of Recreation and Parks’ board of directors \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/blog/tag/urban-agriculture\">recently approved a measure\u003c/a> that creates a position for an urban agriculture coordinator within the \u003ca href=\"http://sfrecpark.org/\">Department of Recreation and Parks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are always looking for opportunities to expand food production in the city,\" said Public Affairs Director for the Department of Recreation and Parks, Sarah Ballard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That’s one of the main goals of this coordinator position, we want to make starting a city garden less cumbersome for folks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move follows widespread sentiment among urban farmers that there had been poor coordination between the city and community groups. Dyer-Chamberlain hopes it will improve the situation for farmers in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take four months before a new urban agriculture coordinator is appointed, and Ballard says the department hopes to hire someone before the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Ballard's department is helping the Hayes Valley Farm look for a new space, as the Free Farm continues searching for a new plot of land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Dyer-Chamberlain said the Free Farmers have built something more enduring than just an urban garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been a validation that people long for community,” said Dyer-Chamberlain said. “We will always be this community. We might not be [there] every Wednesday and Saturday at the Free Farm, but we’re hanging onto that.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Free-farm-regular-size.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59222 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Free-farm-regular-size.jpg\" alt=\"Free farm regular size\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Free-farm-regular-size.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Free-farm-regular-size-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans are falling in love with city gardens. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.truckfarm.org/\">truck bed farms\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/talks/ron_finley_a_guerilla_gardener_in_south_central_la.html\">guerrilla gardening\u003c/a>, urbanites have found a way to bring small scale farming into the city. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://afsic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=2&tax_level=2&tax_subject=301&topic_id=1444\">United States Department of Agriculture\u003c/a>, around 15 percent of the world's food is now grown in urban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of things have come together to make urban farming so popular,” said Adrian Benepe, a Senior Vice President from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tpl.org/\">Trust for Public Land\u003c/a>, a land conservation non-profit in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The advent of the community gardening movement coincided with the interest for fresh food and even more recently, the interest and necessity to allow people to eat better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite all the benefits – from reducing urban blight to teaching kids about where their food comes from – farming in some cities is easier than in others. Perhaps most difficult is in San Francisco.\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"It’s hard for [urban farms] to exist, except in cities like Detroit where there is a lot of open space\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>The Free Farm community garden, located in the Tenderloin neighborhood, has harvested more than three tons of produce since opening in 2010. However, by December it will close, joining the Hayes Valley Farm, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/local/police-remove-treesitters-occupied-sf-urban-farm/nYKQS/\">shut down\u003c/a> last month after developers decided to build housing on the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The back-to-back closures raise questions about why \u003ca href=\"http://locavores.com/\">locavore-loving San Francisco\u003c/a> farms can’t seem to stay open. Benepe says it’s simple, and comes down to space and money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The essential dilemma is that it’s hard for [urban farms] to exist, except in cities like Detroit where there is a lot of open space,” Benepe said. “In cities like New York, Boston and San Francisco, you’re unlikely to have large open space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/29/san-francisco-median-home-price_n_3356238.html\">real estate prices\u003c/a> have also risen sharply in San Francisco, and locals often quip that it’s the most expensive place to put down roots in the country. Couple that with limited space— the city is only 30,000 acres, a tenth the size of Los Angeles—and it’s easy to see why community farms fail to stay in business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“We knew this was coming we just didn’t know what the timing would be,” said Free Farm co-founder Margaret Dyer-Chamberlain. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59301\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Free-Farm-kids.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59301\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Free-Farm-kids-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Free Farm kids\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Free Farm provided food to more than 150 people a week, including kids that were learning how to garden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like the Hayes Valley Farm, the Free Farm is also closing because developers want to build housing on the property—something the farmers knew might happen when they signed the temporary land agreement back in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has taken note. The San Francisco Department of Recreation and Parks’ board of directors \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/blog/tag/urban-agriculture\">recently approved a measure\u003c/a> that creates a position for an urban agriculture coordinator within the \u003ca href=\"http://sfrecpark.org/\">Department of Recreation and Parks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are always looking for opportunities to expand food production in the city,\" said Public Affairs Director for the Department of Recreation and Parks, Sarah Ballard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That’s one of the main goals of this coordinator position, we want to make starting a city garden less cumbersome for folks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move follows widespread sentiment among urban farmers that there had been poor coordination between the city and community groups. Dyer-Chamberlain hopes it will improve the situation for farmers in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take four months before a new urban agriculture coordinator is appointed, and Ballard says the department hopes to hire someone before the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Ballard's department is helping the Hayes Valley Farm look for a new space, as the Free Farm continues searching for a new plot of land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Dyer-Chamberlain said the Free Farmers have built something more enduring than just an urban garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been a validation that people long for community,” said Dyer-Chamberlain said. “We will always be this community. We might not be [there] every Wednesday and Saturday at the Free Farm, but we’re hanging onto that.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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},
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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