QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
Reawakening Extinct Species
QUEST TV: Highway to Hydrogen
Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources
The Key to Sustainable Fish Farming? Vegetarian Fish
During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break
In Dry Year, California Looks to Cloud Seeding
Career Spotlight: Insulation and Coatings Technician
Career Spotlight: Microbiologist
Career Spotlight: Kite Designer
Career Spotlight: Mechatronics Engineer
Transforming San Francisco Into a Model of Disaster Preparedness
Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening
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"disqusTitle": "Reawakening Extinct Species",
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"content": "\u003cp>Ever since the 1993 blockbuster \u003cstrong>Jurassic Park\u003c/strong>, the possibility of bringing extinct species back to life has been part of our collective imagination. The film, based on a Michael Crichton novel, was itself inspired by actual scientific breakthroughs in the early 1990s that allowed scientists to use DNA from museum specimens and fossils to recreate the genome -- or genetic blueprint -- of dead animals. When the film debuted the science wasn’t advanced enough to bring back extinct species. But today it might well be, and researchers’ growing efforts to recreate extinct species -- in labs from California to Australia -- \u003ca title=\"National Geographic article about de-extinction\" href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/04/125-species-revival/zimmer-text\">have been making headlines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69776\">It isn’t possible to bring dinosaurs back to life, scientists say, because DNA is too degraded after millions of years. But work is now underway to bring back more recently extinct species, including research at the University of California-Santa Cruz aimed at restoring passenger pigeons, and Harvard scientists’ attempts to bring back the woolly mammoth, which QUEST explores in this half-hour documentary, \u003cstrong>Reawakening Extinct Species\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69776\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Gromme_DistantThunder_HR_25percent_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69776\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Gromme_DistantThunder_HR_25percent_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt='In the 19th century, passenger pigeons were the most abundant birds in the world. Painting \"Distant Thunder,\" by Owen Gromme. Courtesy Anne Marie Gromme.' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the 19th century, passenger pigeons were the most abundant birds in the world. Painting \"Distant Thunder,\" by Owen Gromme. Courtesy Anne Marie Gromme.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are significant \u003ca title=\"KQED Science blog post on de-extinction conference\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/06/05/deextinction-debate-should-extinct-species-be-revived/\">practical\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"San Jose Mercury News article about de-extinction conference\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_23365591/reviving-extinct-species-raises-hopes-and-fears\">ethical, and legal questions\u003c/a> yet to be worked out, such as whether de-extincted species would be protected by the Endangered Species Act or would find sufficient habitat in which to thrive. Nevertheless, scientists around the world are moving ahead using three different technologies to try and bring species back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloning\u003c/strong>: In April 1999, scientists in Aragón, Spain, trapped the last remaining Pyrenean ibex, known in Spanish as a “bucardo,” a species of large mountain goat adapted to the snowy Pyrenees, where they traipsed along sharp outcroppings and kept mostly out of sight. Long hunted as a source of protein, by 1989 a census revealed that only six to 14 were left, according to Alberto Fernández-Arias, head of Aragón’s Service of Hunting, Fishing and Wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, Spanish researchers carefully took skin samples from the last remaining goat’s left ear and its abdomen. They named the goat Celia, and fitted her with a radio transmitter before releasing her back into Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park. A few months later, in January 2000, Celia was killed by a falling tree. With the species now extinct, José Folch, at the CITA, a public research institute in Aragón, joined researchers from Spain, France, and Belgium to clone the goat in 2002.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69771\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_AragonGov_Celia_Stuffed_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_AragonGov_Celia_Stuffed_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt='The remains of the last Pyrenean ibex, a female named \"Celia,\" are in a museum in the Spanish town of Torla. Courtesy Government of Aragón.' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The remains of the last Pyrenean ibex, a female named \"Celia,\" are in a museum in the Spanish town of Torla. Courtesy Government of Aragón.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To clone the bucardo, the researchers defrosted cells they had obtained from Celia’s skin samples. Using technology developed to clone Dolly the sheep in 1996, they transferred the nucleus from Celia’s cells into cells from domestic goats whose nucleus had been removed (a cell’s nucleus contains its genetic material, in the form of chromosomes). They then stimulated the cells with a jolt of electricity and waited to see which ones grew into embryos. They transferred 154 embryos into surrogate mothers, a cross between domestic and wild goats. A bucardo kid was born in 2003, but died after a few minutes from a lung deformity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folch and his collaborators are repeating their attempt this year and Fernández-Arias said they hope that if all goes well, a kid, or kids, could be born in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia researcher \u003ca title=\"Michael Archer page\" href=\"http://www.bees.unsw.edu.au/michael-archer\">Michael Archer\u003c/a> is attempting to clone the \u003ca title=\"The Thylacine Museum\" href=\"http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/mrp/itsd/itsd_1.htm\">Tasmanian tiger\u003c/a>, also known as a thylacine or Tasmanian wolf. This was a unique carnivore that carried its young in a pouch and was hunted to extinction by 1936. Archer, who is based at the University of New South Wales, is also working to bring back the gastric brooding frog. Discovered in 1972, it turned its stomach into a uterus where it gestated its tadpoles, then birthed the baby frogs through its mouth. (In most frogs, females and males excrete eggs and sperm, and fertilization occurs in the water).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_PeterSchouten_Gastric-brooding-Frog_Painting_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_PeterSchouten_Gastric-brooding-Frog_Painting_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The extinct gastric brooding frog gave birth through its mouth. Painting by Peter Schouten, courtesy Michael Archer.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The extinct gastric brooding frog gave birth through its mouth. Painting by Peter Schouten, courtesy Michael Archer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s the first time we’ve seen an animal change one organ in the body into another,” said Archer. “The medical world was excited at the frog’s discovery. They wondered, could they use this in human health, not to have babies in our stomachs but to manage gastric secretions in the gut?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The frog was extinct by 1983, likely wiped out by chytrid fungus, a disease spread by peoples’ shoes that is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/disappearing-frogs/\">decimating frog populations\u003c/a> around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Breeding: \u003c/strong>In the Netherlands entrepreneurs at an organization called \u003ca title=\"Rewilding Europe\" href=\"http://www.rewildingeurope.com/\">Rewilding Europe\u003c/a> are working to create large wildlife parks in parts of the continent where farmland has been abandoned, such as along Croatian mountain ranges on the Adriatic coast, emptied out during the 1990s wars in the former Yugoslavia. They envision parks teeming with wildlife like bears and wolves, and the aurochs, the ancestor to all breeds of modern cattle. Aurochs were hunted, domesticated, and bred out of existence by 1627. They would have been the only cattle big enough to put up a fight with predators like wolves, said Ronald Goderie of the Holland-based \u003ca title=\"Tauros Programme\" href=\"http://www.taurosproject.com/\">Taurus Foundation\u003c/a>, which is working in close collaboration with the Rewilding Europe project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69764\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_Oerrund_groep_Felius_scaled2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_Oerrund_groep_Felius_scaled2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Aurochs, the ancestors of all modern cattle, disappeared from Europe in 1627. Illustration by Marleen Felius, Taurus Foundation.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aurochs, the ancestors of all modern cattle, disappeared from Europe in 1627. Illustration by Marleen Felius, Taurus Foundation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They want to create something like the game parks in Africa or the national parks in America that will also realize some economic activity,” said Goderie. The idea would be that visitors could go on a European safari.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Taurus Foundation is focused on bringing back the aurochs by working with researchers in Holland, Spain, and Portugal to breed “primitive” types of cattle: breeds that have survived in poorer parts of Europe where modern breeds of cattle aren’t as available. The process of breeding these cattle to make them more like their ancestors is called “back breeding.” The foundation has already produced 150 crossbred cattle, said Goderie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69768\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_ManoloUno_SWD-2012-09-09-190250_03_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69768\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_ManoloUno_SWD-2012-09-09-190250_03_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt='A bull called \"Manolo Uno\" was bred to resemble an aurochs. Courtesy Staffan Widstrand.' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bull called \"Manolo Uno\" was bred to resemble an aurochs. Courtesy Staffan Widstrand.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first of these crossbred animals, a bull named Manolo Uno, was created by performing in vitro fertilization using eggs from a Maremmana Primitivo cow from the Maremma region of Tuscany, Italy, and sperm from a Pajuna bull, from Andalucía, Spain. Researchers using genetic analysis have traced both breeds back to aurochs. Maremmanas are similar to aurochs in their thick horns, large size, and coloration (black males and brown females). Pajunas have long faces, like their ancestors. And both breeds live in natural herds and can subsist in harsh conditions. To create Manolo Uno, sperm and egg were joined in a lab by \u003ca title=\"Hurkmans ET web site\" href=\"http://en.hurkmanset.nl/\">Hurkmans ET\u003c/a>, a Dutch company, and the resulting fertilized egg was carried by a surrogate dairy cow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome Editing: \u003c/strong>At the University of California-Santa Cruz, biologists \u003ca title=\"Ben Novak's bio\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/about-us/\">Ben Novak\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Beth Shapiro, UCSC\" href=\"http://campusdirectory.ucsc.edu/detail.php?type=people&uid=bashapir\">Beth Shapiro\u003c/a> are piecing together the genome of the extinct \u003ca title=\"Project Passenger Pigeon web site\" href=\"http://passengerpigeon.org/\">passenger pigeon\u003c/a>. Three to five billion of these pigeons existed in the United States in the 19th century. They are believed to have been the most abundant birds in the world, but they were hunted for food and went extinct in 1914. Novak’s work to bring the bird back is being funded by \u003ca title=\"Revive & Restore\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/\">Revive & Restore\u003c/a>, a nonprofit group based in Sausalito, California, co-founded by environmentalist \u003ca title=\"Stewart Brand's TED talk about de-extinction\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/de-extinction/2013/stewart-brand-the-dawn-of-de-extinction-are-you-ready/\">Stewart Brand\u003c/a>, creator of the \u003ca title=\"Whole Earth Catalog\" href=\"http://www.wholeearth.com/index.php\">\u003cstrong>Whole Earth Catalog\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and entrepreneur \u003ca title=\"Ryan Phelan's bio\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/about-us/\">Ryan Phelan\u003c/a>, former CEO of DNA Direct, \u003ca title=\"QUEST story about DNA Direct\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/genetic-testing-through-the-web/\">one of the first companies to offer genetic testing online\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69770\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Passenger-pigeon-specimen_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69770\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Passenger-pigeon-specimen_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Passenger pigeon specimens, like this one from the Oakland Museum of California, are all that remains from what was once the most abundant bird in the world. Photo by Arwen Curry, QUEST Northern California. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Passenger pigeon specimens, like this one from the Oakland Museum of California, are all that remains from what was once the most abundant bird in the world. Photo by Arwen Curry, QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Using DNA extracted from passenger pigeon specimens stored in facilities like Canada’s \u003ca title=\"Royal Ontario Museum\" href=\"http://www.rom.on.ca/en\">Royal Ontario Museum\u003c/a>, Novak and Shapiro are putting together as much of the passenger pigeon’s genome as possible. Then they’ll compare it to the genome of its closest living relative, the band-tailed pigeon, which is found on the West Coast, in the Southwest, and all the way down to Argentina. By comparing the two genomes scientists hope to figure out what genes gave the passenger pigeon its physical characteristics, like the long tail and swift wings that allowed it to fly at 60 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once researchers have identified these genes and built them in the lab using chemical compounds, they’ll insert them into the band-tailed pigeon’s genome using new genome-editing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like very precise scissors that allow you to cut and splice with unprecedented accuracy and ease of use,” said Harvard Medical School geneticist \u003ca title=\"George Church's TEDx talk about de-extinction\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTH_fmQo3Ok\">George Church\u003c/a>, one of the scientists who pioneered the technology, known as \u003ca title=\"Nature article on CRISPR biotech company Editas\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/crispr-technology-leaps-from-lab-to-industry-1.14299\">CRISPR\u003c/a>, in the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69765\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69765\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"If revived, woolly mammoths could help keep the permafrost from melting, say scientists. Illustration by Mauricio Antón, courtesy PLoS Biology.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If revived, woolly mammoths could help keep the permafrost from melting, say scientists. Illustration by Mauricio Antón, courtesy PLoS Biology.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In his lab, Church is editing elephant cells to try to make those animals more closely resemble woolly mammoths, with a fatty layer and thick fur to better withstand the cold. Teams in Russia and South Korea hope to \u003ca title=\"NPR story about woolly mammoth blood find\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/05/31/187581614/report-of-liquid-woolly-mammoth-blood-prompts-clone-talk\">clone a woolly mammoth\u003c/a> using blood found in fossilized remains. And although it may be years before mammoths roam the Earth or passenger pigeons take to the skies, it probably isn’t too early to start considering the implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science associate producer Arwen Curry contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Author's note: This post was corrected on 4/24 to reflect the correct number of bucardos that researchers believe remained in 1989. A census revealed that six to 14 were left, not four. The principal investigator on the cloning of the bucardo is José Folch, at the CITA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ever since the 1993 blockbuster \u003cstrong>Jurassic Park\u003c/strong>, the possibility of bringing extinct species back to life has been part of our collective imagination. The film, based on a Michael Crichton novel, was itself inspired by actual scientific breakthroughs in the early 1990s that allowed scientists to use DNA from museum specimens and fossils to recreate the genome -- or genetic blueprint -- of dead animals. When the film debuted the science wasn’t advanced enough to bring back extinct species. But today it might well be, and researchers’ growing efforts to recreate extinct species -- in labs from California to Australia -- \u003ca title=\"National Geographic article about de-extinction\" href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/04/125-species-revival/zimmer-text\">have been making headlines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69776\">It isn’t possible to bring dinosaurs back to life, scientists say, because DNA is too degraded after millions of years. But work is now underway to bring back more recently extinct species, including research at the University of California-Santa Cruz aimed at restoring passenger pigeons, and Harvard scientists’ attempts to bring back the woolly mammoth, which QUEST explores in this half-hour documentary, \u003cstrong>Reawakening Extinct Species\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69776\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Gromme_DistantThunder_HR_25percent_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69776\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Gromme_DistantThunder_HR_25percent_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt='In the 19th century, passenger pigeons were the most abundant birds in the world. Painting \"Distant Thunder,\" by Owen Gromme. Courtesy Anne Marie Gromme.' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the 19th century, passenger pigeons were the most abundant birds in the world. Painting \"Distant Thunder,\" by Owen Gromme. Courtesy Anne Marie Gromme.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are significant \u003ca title=\"KQED Science blog post on de-extinction conference\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/06/05/deextinction-debate-should-extinct-species-be-revived/\">practical\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"San Jose Mercury News article about de-extinction conference\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_23365591/reviving-extinct-species-raises-hopes-and-fears\">ethical, and legal questions\u003c/a> yet to be worked out, such as whether de-extincted species would be protected by the Endangered Species Act or would find sufficient habitat in which to thrive. Nevertheless, scientists around the world are moving ahead using three different technologies to try and bring species back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloning\u003c/strong>: In April 1999, scientists in Aragón, Spain, trapped the last remaining Pyrenean ibex, known in Spanish as a “bucardo,” a species of large mountain goat adapted to the snowy Pyrenees, where they traipsed along sharp outcroppings and kept mostly out of sight. Long hunted as a source of protein, by 1989 a census revealed that only six to 14 were left, according to Alberto Fernández-Arias, head of Aragón’s Service of Hunting, Fishing and Wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, Spanish researchers carefully took skin samples from the last remaining goat’s left ear and its abdomen. They named the goat Celia, and fitted her with a radio transmitter before releasing her back into Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park. A few months later, in January 2000, Celia was killed by a falling tree. With the species now extinct, José Folch, at the CITA, a public research institute in Aragón, joined researchers from Spain, France, and Belgium to clone the goat in 2002.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69771\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_AragonGov_Celia_Stuffed_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_AragonGov_Celia_Stuffed_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt='The remains of the last Pyrenean ibex, a female named \"Celia,\" are in a museum in the Spanish town of Torla. Courtesy Government of Aragón.' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The remains of the last Pyrenean ibex, a female named \"Celia,\" are in a museum in the Spanish town of Torla. Courtesy Government of Aragón.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To clone the bucardo, the researchers defrosted cells they had obtained from Celia’s skin samples. Using technology developed to clone Dolly the sheep in 1996, they transferred the nucleus from Celia’s cells into cells from domestic goats whose nucleus had been removed (a cell’s nucleus contains its genetic material, in the form of chromosomes). They then stimulated the cells with a jolt of electricity and waited to see which ones grew into embryos. They transferred 154 embryos into surrogate mothers, a cross between domestic and wild goats. A bucardo kid was born in 2003, but died after a few minutes from a lung deformity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folch and his collaborators are repeating their attempt this year and Fernández-Arias said they hope that if all goes well, a kid, or kids, could be born in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia researcher \u003ca title=\"Michael Archer page\" href=\"http://www.bees.unsw.edu.au/michael-archer\">Michael Archer\u003c/a> is attempting to clone the \u003ca title=\"The Thylacine Museum\" href=\"http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/mrp/itsd/itsd_1.htm\">Tasmanian tiger\u003c/a>, also known as a thylacine or Tasmanian wolf. This was a unique carnivore that carried its young in a pouch and was hunted to extinction by 1936. Archer, who is based at the University of New South Wales, is also working to bring back the gastric brooding frog. Discovered in 1972, it turned its stomach into a uterus where it gestated its tadpoles, then birthed the baby frogs through its mouth. (In most frogs, females and males excrete eggs and sperm, and fertilization occurs in the water).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_PeterSchouten_Gastric-brooding-Frog_Painting_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_PeterSchouten_Gastric-brooding-Frog_Painting_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The extinct gastric brooding frog gave birth through its mouth. Painting by Peter Schouten, courtesy Michael Archer.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The extinct gastric brooding frog gave birth through its mouth. Painting by Peter Schouten, courtesy Michael Archer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s the first time we’ve seen an animal change one organ in the body into another,” said Archer. “The medical world was excited at the frog’s discovery. They wondered, could they use this in human health, not to have babies in our stomachs but to manage gastric secretions in the gut?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The frog was extinct by 1983, likely wiped out by chytrid fungus, a disease spread by peoples’ shoes that is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/disappearing-frogs/\">decimating frog populations\u003c/a> around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Breeding: \u003c/strong>In the Netherlands entrepreneurs at an organization called \u003ca title=\"Rewilding Europe\" href=\"http://www.rewildingeurope.com/\">Rewilding Europe\u003c/a> are working to create large wildlife parks in parts of the continent where farmland has been abandoned, such as along Croatian mountain ranges on the Adriatic coast, emptied out during the 1990s wars in the former Yugoslavia. They envision parks teeming with wildlife like bears and wolves, and the aurochs, the ancestor to all breeds of modern cattle. Aurochs were hunted, domesticated, and bred out of existence by 1627. They would have been the only cattle big enough to put up a fight with predators like wolves, said Ronald Goderie of the Holland-based \u003ca title=\"Tauros Programme\" href=\"http://www.taurosproject.com/\">Taurus Foundation\u003c/a>, which is working in close collaboration with the Rewilding Europe project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69764\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_Oerrund_groep_Felius_scaled2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_Oerrund_groep_Felius_scaled2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Aurochs, the ancestors of all modern cattle, disappeared from Europe in 1627. Illustration by Marleen Felius, Taurus Foundation.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aurochs, the ancestors of all modern cattle, disappeared from Europe in 1627. Illustration by Marleen Felius, Taurus Foundation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They want to create something like the game parks in Africa or the national parks in America that will also realize some economic activity,” said Goderie. The idea would be that visitors could go on a European safari.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Taurus Foundation is focused on bringing back the aurochs by working with researchers in Holland, Spain, and Portugal to breed “primitive” types of cattle: breeds that have survived in poorer parts of Europe where modern breeds of cattle aren’t as available. The process of breeding these cattle to make them more like their ancestors is called “back breeding.” The foundation has already produced 150 crossbred cattle, said Goderie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69768\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_ManoloUno_SWD-2012-09-09-190250_03_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69768\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_ManoloUno_SWD-2012-09-09-190250_03_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt='A bull called \"Manolo Uno\" was bred to resemble an aurochs. Courtesy Staffan Widstrand.' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bull called \"Manolo Uno\" was bred to resemble an aurochs. Courtesy Staffan Widstrand.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first of these crossbred animals, a bull named Manolo Uno, was created by performing in vitro fertilization using eggs from a Maremmana Primitivo cow from the Maremma region of Tuscany, Italy, and sperm from a Pajuna bull, from Andalucía, Spain. Researchers using genetic analysis have traced both breeds back to aurochs. Maremmanas are similar to aurochs in their thick horns, large size, and coloration (black males and brown females). Pajunas have long faces, like their ancestors. And both breeds live in natural herds and can subsist in harsh conditions. To create Manolo Uno, sperm and egg were joined in a lab by \u003ca title=\"Hurkmans ET web site\" href=\"http://en.hurkmanset.nl/\">Hurkmans ET\u003c/a>, a Dutch company, and the resulting fertilized egg was carried by a surrogate dairy cow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome Editing: \u003c/strong>At the University of California-Santa Cruz, biologists \u003ca title=\"Ben Novak's bio\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/about-us/\">Ben Novak\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Beth Shapiro, UCSC\" href=\"http://campusdirectory.ucsc.edu/detail.php?type=people&uid=bashapir\">Beth Shapiro\u003c/a> are piecing together the genome of the extinct \u003ca title=\"Project Passenger Pigeon web site\" href=\"http://passengerpigeon.org/\">passenger pigeon\u003c/a>. Three to five billion of these pigeons existed in the United States in the 19th century. They are believed to have been the most abundant birds in the world, but they were hunted for food and went extinct in 1914. Novak’s work to bring the bird back is being funded by \u003ca title=\"Revive & Restore\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/\">Revive & Restore\u003c/a>, a nonprofit group based in Sausalito, California, co-founded by environmentalist \u003ca title=\"Stewart Brand's TED talk about de-extinction\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/de-extinction/2013/stewart-brand-the-dawn-of-de-extinction-are-you-ready/\">Stewart Brand\u003c/a>, creator of the \u003ca title=\"Whole Earth Catalog\" href=\"http://www.wholeearth.com/index.php\">\u003cstrong>Whole Earth Catalog\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and entrepreneur \u003ca title=\"Ryan Phelan's bio\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/about-us/\">Ryan Phelan\u003c/a>, former CEO of DNA Direct, \u003ca title=\"QUEST story about DNA Direct\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/genetic-testing-through-the-web/\">one of the first companies to offer genetic testing online\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69770\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Passenger-pigeon-specimen_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69770\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Passenger-pigeon-specimen_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Passenger pigeon specimens, like this one from the Oakland Museum of California, are all that remains from what was once the most abundant bird in the world. Photo by Arwen Curry, QUEST Northern California. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Passenger pigeon specimens, like this one from the Oakland Museum of California, are all that remains from what was once the most abundant bird in the world. Photo by Arwen Curry, QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Using DNA extracted from passenger pigeon specimens stored in facilities like Canada’s \u003ca title=\"Royal Ontario Museum\" href=\"http://www.rom.on.ca/en\">Royal Ontario Museum\u003c/a>, Novak and Shapiro are putting together as much of the passenger pigeon’s genome as possible. Then they’ll compare it to the genome of its closest living relative, the band-tailed pigeon, which is found on the West Coast, in the Southwest, and all the way down to Argentina. By comparing the two genomes scientists hope to figure out what genes gave the passenger pigeon its physical characteristics, like the long tail and swift wings that allowed it to fly at 60 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once researchers have identified these genes and built them in the lab using chemical compounds, they’ll insert them into the band-tailed pigeon’s genome using new genome-editing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like very precise scissors that allow you to cut and splice with unprecedented accuracy and ease of use,” said Harvard Medical School geneticist \u003ca title=\"George Church's TEDx talk about de-extinction\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTH_fmQo3Ok\">George Church\u003c/a>, one of the scientists who pioneered the technology, known as \u003ca title=\"Nature article on CRISPR biotech company Editas\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/crispr-technology-leaps-from-lab-to-industry-1.14299\">CRISPR\u003c/a>, in the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69765\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69765\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"If revived, woolly mammoths could help keep the permafrost from melting, say scientists. Illustration by Mauricio Antón, courtesy PLoS Biology.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If revived, woolly mammoths could help keep the permafrost from melting, say scientists. Illustration by Mauricio Antón, courtesy PLoS Biology.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In his lab, Church is editing elephant cells to try to make those animals more closely resemble woolly mammoths, with a fatty layer and thick fur to better withstand the cold. Teams in Russia and South Korea hope to \u003ca title=\"NPR story about woolly mammoth blood find\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/05/31/187581614/report-of-liquid-woolly-mammoth-blood-prompts-clone-talk\">clone a woolly mammoth\u003c/a> using blood found in fossilized remains. And although it may be years before mammoths roam the Earth or passenger pigeons take to the skies, it probably isn’t too early to start considering the implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science associate producer Arwen Curry contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Author's note: This post was corrected on 4/24 to reflect the correct number of bucardos that researchers believe remained in 1989. A census revealed that six to 14 were left, not four. The principal investigator on the cloning of the bucardo is José Folch, at the CITA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "QUEST TV: Highway to Hydrogen",
"title": "QUEST TV: Highway to Hydrogen",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Bill Holloway loves showing off the sporty metallic sedan he uses to brave a150-mile commute to his job or while running errands around town. The 62-year-old resident of Alameda, California, will even hand over his keys -- as he did with me -- to individuals curious about the car and how it handles on neighborhood roads and busy highways. But what really makes his Mercedes a conversation starter is the fuel it uses: compressed hydrogen gas that gets converted into electricity to power the car’s electric motor and travel roughly 200 miles per fill-up, with water vapor as the only tailpipe emission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67735\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Holloway, a 62 year-old resident of Alameda, California, thinks his Mercedes hydrogen fuel cell car is the best city car he has ever owned. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Holloway, a 62 year-old resident of Alameda, California, thinks his Mercedes hydrogen fuel cell car is the best city car he has ever owned. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I took his hydrogen fuel cell vehicle for a spin, I had to agree that it was fun to drive and had that Ninja-quiet, electric car feel to it, much like a Toyota Prius. The comparison is apt, considering that in 2015, Toyota will release a new hydrogen car that can travel roughly 300 miles per fill-up, a range that is on par with conventional gasoline-powered cars. In spring 2014, Hyundai will release the \u003ca title=\"2015 Hyundai Tucson Fuel Cell | Hydrogen-Powered Vehicle | Hyundai\" href=\"https://www.hyundaiusa.com/tucsonfuelcell/\">Tucson Fuel Cell\u003c/a>, an SUV that runs on hydrogen, for Southern California motorists willing to put down $2999 and pay $499 a month for a three-year lease, fuel and maintenance included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the commercial roll-out of new hydrogen cars is successful in California, the nation’s largest car market, the cars may then expand to other markets where concerns about CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions and climate change resonate among voters and consumers. In October 2013, for example, seven other states joined California on an ambitious initiative to place more than three million zero-emission vehicles on the road by 2025, presenting both a challenge and an opportunity for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the federal government is showing renewed interest in fuel cell technology and the infrastructure the cars desperately need to take off. In May 2013, the Department of Energy launched H2USA, a public-private partnership that includes the American Gas Association, automakers and other industries working together to make the production and delivery of hydrogen fuel cheaper and more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67734\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67734\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2.jpg\" alt=\"Filling up a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is similar to filling up a conventional gasoline-powered car. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Filling up a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle takes a few minutes, much like refueling a conventional car with gasoline. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But as Holloway told me, “If someone wants a fuel cell car, I would give them a rousing thumbs up for their decision as long as they can find somewhere to fill it.” Currently, there is only one public hydrogen refueling station in Northern California where he can fill up his \u003ca title=\"B-Class F-CELL Electric Car - Fuel Cell Technology | Mercedes-Benz\" href=\"http://www.mbusa.com/mercedes/benz/green/electric_car\">Mercedes B-Class F-Cell\u003c/a>, which he leases from Mercedes for $950 a month, hydrogen included. At the time of our filming, only a handful of other drivers were leasing a Mercedes F-Cell in the San Francisco Bay Area, and only one other auto maker -- Honda -- was also leasing its fuel cell sedan, the \u003ca title=\"Honda FCX Clarity Overview - Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle - Site\" href=\"http://fcx.honda.com/\">FCX Clarity\u003c/a>, to motorists based in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With only 300 to 400 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles on the nation’s roads, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://cafcp.org/\">California Fuel Cell Partnership\u003c/a>, the lack of hydrogen refueling stations has been a major stumbling block. A decade after former governor Arnold Schwarzenegger’s failed plan to build hundreds of hydrogen refueling stations up and down the state, the California Fuel Cell Partnership is today promoting a “\u003ca href=\"http://m.cafcp.org/sites/files/20120814_Roadmapv(Overview).pdf\">road map\u003c/a>” to prioritize the construction of 68 new hydrogen refueling stations in five geographic regions, such as Silicon Valley and Santa Monica/West L.A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with 19 new hydrogen refueling stations already in development, which are being built with the help of public dollars, thanks to recent legislation signed by Governor Jerry Brown, it’s far from certain that drivers will enthusiastically get behind the wheel of hydrogen cars that already have some catching up to do with Nissan Leafs, Chevy Volts, and other zero-emission vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67747\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2.jpg\" alt='A glimpse under the hood of the Mercedes F-Cell hydrogen fuel cell car. It looks like a conventional vehicle, except for the green \"H2\" gas sticker. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A glimpse under the hood of the Mercedes F-Cell which uses hydrogen instead of gasoline for fuel. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But in a state where the Toyota Prius was the best-selling car in 2012 and 2013, hydrogen cars may still have a chance among drivers concerned about the environment and tech-savvy motorists like Bill Holloway, who leased his fuel cell car because it appealed to his inner geek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at his house, with his car parked in his driveway, Holloway lifted the hood to reveal a pretty conventional-looking array of car parts, such as a battery and an air compressor. “You open the hood and it’s a normal car,” he said. “You put the key in, you put it in drive, and away you go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just don’t make a road trip out of it or you may hit a dead end trying to find a place to fill up - for now, at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional footage and imagery used in “Highway to Hydrogen” QUEST video courtesy of: \u003c/em>\u003cem>American Honda Motor Co., Inc.; California Fuel Cell Partnership; Hyundai Motor America; KQED Newsroom; Lun So; Marc Marshall, Schatz Energy Research Center, Humboldt State University; Mercedes-Benz USA; Toyota Motor Corporation; University of California- Davis News Service\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bill Holloway loves showing off the sporty metallic sedan he uses to brave a150-mile commute to his job or while running errands around town. The 62-year-old resident of Alameda, California, will even hand over his keys -- as he did with me -- to individuals curious about the car and how it handles on neighborhood roads and busy highways. But what really makes his Mercedes a conversation starter is the fuel it uses: compressed hydrogen gas that gets converted into electricity to power the car’s electric motor and travel roughly 200 miles per fill-up, with water vapor as the only tailpipe emission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67735\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Holloway, a 62 year-old resident of Alameda, California, thinks his Mercedes hydrogen fuel cell car is the best city car he has ever owned. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.23.13_JV0A1417_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Holloway, a 62 year-old resident of Alameda, California, thinks his Mercedes hydrogen fuel cell car is the best city car he has ever owned. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I took his hydrogen fuel cell vehicle for a spin, I had to agree that it was fun to drive and had that Ninja-quiet, electric car feel to it, much like a Toyota Prius. The comparison is apt, considering that in 2015, Toyota will release a new hydrogen car that can travel roughly 300 miles per fill-up, a range that is on par with conventional gasoline-powered cars. In spring 2014, Hyundai will release the \u003ca title=\"2015 Hyundai Tucson Fuel Cell | Hydrogen-Powered Vehicle | Hyundai\" href=\"https://www.hyundaiusa.com/tucsonfuelcell/\">Tucson Fuel Cell\u003c/a>, an SUV that runs on hydrogen, for Southern California motorists willing to put down $2999 and pay $499 a month for a three-year lease, fuel and maintenance included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the commercial roll-out of new hydrogen cars is successful in California, the nation’s largest car market, the cars may then expand to other markets where concerns about CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions and climate change resonate among voters and consumers. In October 2013, for example, seven other states joined California on an ambitious initiative to place more than three million zero-emission vehicles on the road by 2025, presenting both a challenge and an opportunity for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the federal government is showing renewed interest in fuel cell technology and the infrastructure the cars desperately need to take off. In May 2013, the Department of Energy launched H2USA, a public-private partnership that includes the American Gas Association, automakers and other industries working together to make the production and delivery of hydrogen fuel cheaper and more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67734\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67734\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2.jpg\" alt=\"Filling up a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is similar to filling up a conventional gasoline-powered car. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/QBL_Hydrogen_SS_11.20.13_JV0A1347_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Filling up a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle takes a few minutes, much like refueling a conventional car with gasoline. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But as Holloway told me, “If someone wants a fuel cell car, I would give them a rousing thumbs up for their decision as long as they can find somewhere to fill it.” Currently, there is only one public hydrogen refueling station in Northern California where he can fill up his \u003ca title=\"B-Class F-CELL Electric Car - Fuel Cell Technology | Mercedes-Benz\" href=\"http://www.mbusa.com/mercedes/benz/green/electric_car\">Mercedes B-Class F-Cell\u003c/a>, which he leases from Mercedes for $950 a month, hydrogen included. At the time of our filming, only a handful of other drivers were leasing a Mercedes F-Cell in the San Francisco Bay Area, and only one other auto maker -- Honda -- was also leasing its fuel cell sedan, the \u003ca title=\"Honda FCX Clarity Overview - Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle - Site\" href=\"http://fcx.honda.com/\">FCX Clarity\u003c/a>, to motorists based in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With only 300 to 400 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles on the nation’s roads, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://cafcp.org/\">California Fuel Cell Partnership\u003c/a>, the lack of hydrogen refueling stations has been a major stumbling block. A decade after former governor Arnold Schwarzenegger’s failed plan to build hundreds of hydrogen refueling stations up and down the state, the California Fuel Cell Partnership is today promoting a “\u003ca href=\"http://m.cafcp.org/sites/files/20120814_Roadmapv(Overview).pdf\">road map\u003c/a>” to prioritize the construction of 68 new hydrogen refueling stations in five geographic regions, such as Silicon Valley and Santa Monica/West L.A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with 19 new hydrogen refueling stations already in development, which are being built with the help of public dollars, thanks to recent legislation signed by Governor Jerry Brown, it’s far from certain that drivers will enthusiastically get behind the wheel of hydrogen cars that already have some catching up to do with Nissan Leafs, Chevy Volts, and other zero-emission vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67747\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2.jpg\" alt='A glimpse under the hood of the Mercedes F-Cell hydrogen fuel cell car. It looks like a conventional vehicle, except for the green \"H2\" gas sticker. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/JV0A1465_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A glimpse under the hood of the Mercedes F-Cell which uses hydrogen instead of gasoline for fuel. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But in a state where the Toyota Prius was the best-selling car in 2012 and 2013, hydrogen cars may still have a chance among drivers concerned about the environment and tech-savvy motorists like Bill Holloway, who leased his fuel cell car because it appealed to his inner geek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at his house, with his car parked in his driveway, Holloway lifted the hood to reveal a pretty conventional-looking array of car parts, such as a battery and an air compressor. “You open the hood and it’s a normal car,” he said. “You put the key in, you put it in drive, and away you go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just don’t make a road trip out of it or you may hit a dead end trying to find a place to fill up - for now, at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional footage and imagery used in “Highway to Hydrogen” QUEST video courtesy of: \u003c/em>\u003cem>American Honda Motor Co., Inc.; California Fuel Cell Partnership; Hyundai Motor America; KQED Newsroom; Lun So; Marc Marshall, Schatz Energy Research Center, Humboldt State University; Mercedes-Benz USA; Toyota Motor Corporation; University of California- Davis News Service\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003ch3>Hey! The post you are on right now was written in 2014. Please see \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/renewable-and-non-renewable-energy-resources-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this updated article\u003c/a> with more current information, including new sections on climate change and nuclear power.\u003c/h3>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>There are nine major areas of energy resources. They fall into two categories: nonrenewable and renewable. Nonrenewable energy resources, like coal, nuclear, oil, and natural gas, are available in limited supplies. This is usually due to the long time it takes for them to be replenished. Renewable resources are replenished naturally and over relatively short periods of time. 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For a range of reasons, from the limited amount of fossil fuels available to their effects on the environment, there is increased interest in using renewable forms of energy and developing technologies to increase their efficiency. This growing industry calls for a new workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This infographic is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions for Exploring Careers in Renewable Energy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are some ways that humans used renewable resources for energy centuries or even millennia ago?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Research what kind(s) of renewable energy your state produces. Why is your state an optimal location for that form of renewable energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Choose a renewable energy resource. Brainstorm three to five types of jobs in that field.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Research a new and innovative technology in each of the renewable energy categories. What are the benefits of the new technologies? What are the risks? Which area (solar, wind, etc.) sounds the most exciting to you? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take a look at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/perspectives.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pie chart of our national energy consumption by source in 2011\u003c/a>. Which renewable do you think has the potential for the most growth as a source of energy for the U.S.? Why? What factors are involved?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/education/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Energy Education and Workforce Development\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy website -- The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy supports education and workforce development. Find out about clean energy jobs, explore careers, and find internships in the renewable energy industry.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://green360careers.net/category/renewable-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Renewable Energy\u003c/a>, Green 360 website -- Get an insider view from people who work in the field of renewable energy. 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HS-ESS3-1\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Resource availability has guided the development of human society. HS-ESS3.A: Natural Resources\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch3>Hey! The post you are on right now was written in 2014. Please see \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/renewable-and-non-renewable-energy-resources-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this updated article\u003c/a> with more current information, including new sections on climate change and nuclear power.\u003c/h3>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>There are nine major areas of energy resources. They fall into two categories: nonrenewable and renewable. Nonrenewable energy resources, like coal, nuclear, oil, and natural gas, are available in limited supplies. This is usually due to the long time it takes for them to be replenished. Renewable resources are replenished naturally and over relatively short periods of time. The five major renewable energy resources are solar, wind, water (hydro), biomass, and geothermal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the dawn of humanity people have used renewable sources of energy to survive -- wood for cooking and heating, wind and water for milling grain, and solar for lighting fires. A little more than 150 years ago people created the technology to extract energy from the ancient fossilized remains of plants and animals. These super-rich but limited sources of energy (coal, oil, and natural gas) quickly replaced wood, wind, solar, and water as the main sources of fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil fuels make up a large portion of today’s energy market, although promising new renewable technologies are emerging. Careers in both the renewable and nonrenewable energy industries are growing; however, there are differences between the two sectors. They each have benefits and challenges, and relate to unique technologies that play a role in our current energy system. For a range of reasons, from the limited amount of fossil fuels available to their effects on the environment, there is increased interest in using renewable forms of energy and developing technologies to increase their efficiency. This growing industry calls for a new workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This infographic is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions for Exploring Careers in Renewable Energy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are some ways that humans used renewable resources for energy centuries or even millennia ago?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Research what kind(s) of renewable energy your state produces. Why is your state an optimal location for that form of renewable energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Choose a renewable energy resource. 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What factors are involved?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/education/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Energy Education and Workforce Development\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy website -- The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy supports education and workforce development. Find out about clean energy jobs, explore careers, and find internships in the renewable energy industry.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://green360careers.net/category/renewable-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Renewable Energy\u003c/a>, Green 360 website -- Get an insider view from people who work in the field of renewable energy. Hear about what a typical day is like for someone in the industry, learn about up-and-coming careers, find opportunities to get involved, and more with this blog.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://usofenergy.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The United States of Energy\u003c/a>, Saxum infographics -- A series of infographics provides insight on our country’s energy production and consumption of both renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://pbslearningmedia.org/search/?q=renewable+energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a> -- Find hundreds of digital media resources about renewable energy for use in the classroom from public media stations across the country.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the availability of natural resources, occurrence of natural hazards, and changes in climate have influenced human activity. HS-ESS3-1\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Resource availability has guided the development of human society. HS-ESS3.A: Natural Resources\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Key to Sustainable Fish Farming? Vegetarian Fish",
"title": "The Key to Sustainable Fish Farming? Vegetarian Fish",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most anchovies and sardines don’t end up on pizzas. Instead, they go to processing plants where they are turned into pellets to feed farmed fish. Now scientists and entrepreneurs are finding ways to create vegetarian diets for species like trout, which may lessen the strain on over-fished oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World demand for seafood is rising, but many of the world’s oceans are already overfished. As a result, fish farming is booming. By 2030 nearly two-thirds of seafood worldwide will be farm-raised, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/12/18882045/\">World Bank report\u003c/a> issued last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the environmental perspective, that is creating a major problem: millions of tons of wild fish like anchovies, sardines and mackerel are being caught in the ocean to feed farm-raised fish like salmon. In many cases, it can take three pounds of wild fish to grow one pound of farmed fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re depleting the world’s oceans to make a cheap protein,” said Kenny Belov, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://twoxsea.com/\">TwoXsea\u003c/a>, a sustainable sea food company in San Francisco. “The question is whether we’re catching fish that will be extinct in our lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67044\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout.jpg\" alt=\"Fillets of TwoXsea's rainbow trout ready for San Francisco restaurants and grocery stores. Lindsey Hoshaw/QUEST.\" width=\"354\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fillets of TwoXsea's rainbow trout ready for San Francisco restaurants and grocery stores. Lindsey Hoshaw/QUEST.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>TwoXsea supplies rainbow trout to \u003ca href=\"http://twoxsea.com/clients/\">grocery stores and restaurants \u003c/a>in the Bay Area and is the only seafood distributor in the country to raise carnivorous farmed fish on an entirely vegetarian diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 90 percent of tiny harvested forage fish from the oceans go into pet food, poultry feed and fishmeal, never destined for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small, filter feeding fish were traditionally used because they were inexpensive. But as wild fish stocks diminish, the cost of these forage fish increases. Meanwhile, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1143e/i1143e00.htm\">price for plants like corn and soy\u003c/a> has decreased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid using wild fish in farmed fish diets, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome\">United States Department of Agriculture\u003c/a> has spent the past ten years researching alternative diets that include plants, animal processing products, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/let-them-eat-flies/\">insects\u003c/a> and single-cell organisms like yeast, bacteria, and algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA has proven that eight species of carnivorous fish – white sea bass, walleye, rainbow trout, cobia, arctic char, yellowtail, Atlantic salmon and coho salmon – can get enough nutrients from these alternative sources without eating other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If widely adopted by the aquaculture industry, this plant-based diet could significantly reduce the amount of wild fish that are harvested and turned into fish meal pellets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research comes at a pivotal time when a growing population will mean an increased demand for seafood. Americans consumed \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/mediacenter/2013/10/30_10_fus2012.html\">4.5 billion pounds of seafood\u003c/a> in 2012 and to meet that demand, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fishwatch.gov/farmed_seafood/outside_the_us.htm\">91 percent of it was imported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without increased aquaculture production, the world will face a seafood shortage of 50 to 80 million tons by 2030, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/home/en/\">United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that production needs to be sustainable by decreasing the use of wild fish according to the USDA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/pandp/people/people.htm?personid=35087\">Rick Barrows\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fish don’t require fishmeal, in fact, it made fish nutritionists lazy,” said Barrows, a Research Physiologist for the USDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Giving them fishmeal was easy and we didn’t have to understand the nutrient requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Infographic: Can farmed fish go vegetarian?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67282\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/13/infographic-can-farmed-fish-go-vegetarian\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67282\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/fish-feed-graphic-medium.jpg\" alt=\"By giving carnivorous farmed fish barley, yeast and soy can we get them to go vegetarian? Click on the infographic above to learn more.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" border=\"1\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/fish-feed-graphic-medium.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/fish-feed-graphic-medium-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By giving carnivorous farmed fish barley, yeast and soy can we get them to go vegetarian? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/13/infographic-can-farmed-fish-go-vegetarian\">Click on the infographic\u003c/a> above to view a full-size image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Barrows said that fish, like people, don’t need specific foods but rather specific nutrients in order to stay healthy. In fact, all animals essentially need the same forty nutrients—a combination of amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish get omega-3 fatty acids from their diets, usually from fish oil in the pellets they eat. While fish oil is a source of heart health fatty acids, for both fish and humans, fish can get the same omega-3s from plants like algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this in mind Belov started TwoxSea. He was approached by Netscape co-founder William Foss who was disturbed by the collapse of the sardine fishery off the California coast in the 1950s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ocean has more or less been treated as an unlimited source of seafood and it’s not,” Foss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foss wanted to see if farmed fish could be raised on a sustainable diet. He called Belov who was working for \u003ca href=\"http://www.salmonaid.org/\">SalmonAid\u003c/a>, a non-profit promoting wild salmon conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They started TwoxSea after looking for aquaculture facilities that would replace fishmeal with alternative feeds like corn, soy and algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I started cold calling people from the California aquaculture list and called literally every farm and no one was willing to say yes,” said Foss. People were uneasy with testing a new diet and didn’t see the benefit if the sustainable feed cost more than fishmeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“David McFarland was the only one who said yes,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McFarland runs \u003ca href=\"http://www.ilovebluesea.com/mcfarland-springs-california-trout\">McFarland Springs Trout\u003c/a> farm, based in Susanville, California. He was raising trout to stock rivers and lakes. The idea piqued his interest and after two years of testing the diet on a small scale and tweaking the ingredients he started feeding it to the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought if we’re not doing it, who will?” McFarland said. He admits there are drawbacks to using an alternative diet, namely the cost. His pellets cost 90 cents more than traditional fishmeal, which can add up since feed is the largest fixed cost in aquaculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67021\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67021 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil.jpg\" alt=\"Rick Barrows, a fish physiologist with the USDA, has tested more than 120 ingredients for fish pellets including flax seed oil seen here. Photo courtesy USDA.\" width=\"345\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil.jpg 575w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil-400x260.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 345px) 100vw, 345px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rick Barrows, a research physiologist with the USDA, has tested more than 120 ingredients for fish pellets including the flax seed oil seen here. Photo courtesy USDA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re not losing money but we’re not in this to get rich,” said McFarland. The trout farmer said his company is breaking even since the algae for the feed is more expensive than forage fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d wanted to feed them spirulina, an algae often sold as a nutritional supplement at health food stores, but said that no company will sell it at a low price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought biofuel companies would want in on the action,” McFarland said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biofuels are fuels made from plants that can be used in place of petroleum-based fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s another way for [biofuel] companies to market their algae, but no one would take us up on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the price to consumers. Belov says his fish costs more per pound than traditional farmed trout. It’s $1.50 more expensive than rainbow trout sold at grocery chains like Safeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While McFarland Farms Trout is the only commercial aquaculture facility in the country using an entirely vegetarian diet, Barrows said it’s the future of aquaculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is hope that we can have a growing aquaculture industry that is sustainable and we won’t have to rely on the ocean to get our fish” said Barrows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vt18mkt1qjc\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most anchovies and sardines don’t end up on pizzas. Instead, they go to processing plants where they are turned into pellets to feed farmed fish. Now scientists and entrepreneurs are finding ways to create vegetarian diets for species like trout, which may lessen the strain on over-fished oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World demand for seafood is rising, but many of the world’s oceans are already overfished. As a result, fish farming is booming. By 2030 nearly two-thirds of seafood worldwide will be farm-raised, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/12/18882045/\">World Bank report\u003c/a> issued last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the environmental perspective, that is creating a major problem: millions of tons of wild fish like anchovies, sardines and mackerel are being caught in the ocean to feed farm-raised fish like salmon. In many cases, it can take three pounds of wild fish to grow one pound of farmed fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re depleting the world’s oceans to make a cheap protein,” said Kenny Belov, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://twoxsea.com/\">TwoXsea\u003c/a>, a sustainable sea food company in San Francisco. “The question is whether we’re catching fish that will be extinct in our lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67044\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout.jpg\" alt=\"Fillets of TwoXsea's rainbow trout ready for San Francisco restaurants and grocery stores. Lindsey Hoshaw/QUEST.\" width=\"354\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fillets of TwoXsea's rainbow trout ready for San Francisco restaurants and grocery stores. Lindsey Hoshaw/QUEST.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>TwoXsea supplies rainbow trout to \u003ca href=\"http://twoxsea.com/clients/\">grocery stores and restaurants \u003c/a>in the Bay Area and is the only seafood distributor in the country to raise carnivorous farmed fish on an entirely vegetarian diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 90 percent of tiny harvested forage fish from the oceans go into pet food, poultry feed and fishmeal, never destined for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small, filter feeding fish were traditionally used because they were inexpensive. But as wild fish stocks diminish, the cost of these forage fish increases. Meanwhile, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1143e/i1143e00.htm\">price for plants like corn and soy\u003c/a> has decreased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid using wild fish in farmed fish diets, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome\">United States Department of Agriculture\u003c/a> has spent the past ten years researching alternative diets that include plants, animal processing products, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/let-them-eat-flies/\">insects\u003c/a> and single-cell organisms like yeast, bacteria, and algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA has proven that eight species of carnivorous fish – white sea bass, walleye, rainbow trout, cobia, arctic char, yellowtail, Atlantic salmon and coho salmon – can get enough nutrients from these alternative sources without eating other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If widely adopted by the aquaculture industry, this plant-based diet could significantly reduce the amount of wild fish that are harvested and turned into fish meal pellets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research comes at a pivotal time when a growing population will mean an increased demand for seafood. Americans consumed \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/mediacenter/2013/10/30_10_fus2012.html\">4.5 billion pounds of seafood\u003c/a> in 2012 and to meet that demand, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fishwatch.gov/farmed_seafood/outside_the_us.htm\">91 percent of it was imported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without increased aquaculture production, the world will face a seafood shortage of 50 to 80 million tons by 2030, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/home/en/\">United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that production needs to be sustainable by decreasing the use of wild fish according to the USDA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/pandp/people/people.htm?personid=35087\">Rick Barrows\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fish don’t require fishmeal, in fact, it made fish nutritionists lazy,” said Barrows, a Research Physiologist for the USDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Giving them fishmeal was easy and we didn’t have to understand the nutrient requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Infographic: Can farmed fish go vegetarian?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67282\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/13/infographic-can-farmed-fish-go-vegetarian\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67282\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/fish-feed-graphic-medium.jpg\" alt=\"By giving carnivorous farmed fish barley, yeast and soy can we get them to go vegetarian? Click on the infographic above to learn more.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" border=\"1\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/fish-feed-graphic-medium.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/fish-feed-graphic-medium-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By giving carnivorous farmed fish barley, yeast and soy can we get them to go vegetarian? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/13/infographic-can-farmed-fish-go-vegetarian\">Click on the infographic\u003c/a> above to view a full-size image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Barrows said that fish, like people, don’t need specific foods but rather specific nutrients in order to stay healthy. In fact, all animals essentially need the same forty nutrients—a combination of amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish get omega-3 fatty acids from their diets, usually from fish oil in the pellets they eat. While fish oil is a source of heart health fatty acids, for both fish and humans, fish can get the same omega-3s from plants like algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this in mind Belov started TwoxSea. He was approached by Netscape co-founder William Foss who was disturbed by the collapse of the sardine fishery off the California coast in the 1950s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ocean has more or less been treated as an unlimited source of seafood and it’s not,” Foss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foss wanted to see if farmed fish could be raised on a sustainable diet. He called Belov who was working for \u003ca href=\"http://www.salmonaid.org/\">SalmonAid\u003c/a>, a non-profit promoting wild salmon conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They started TwoxSea after looking for aquaculture facilities that would replace fishmeal with alternative feeds like corn, soy and algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I started cold calling people from the California aquaculture list and called literally every farm and no one was willing to say yes,” said Foss. People were uneasy with testing a new diet and didn’t see the benefit if the sustainable feed cost more than fishmeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“David McFarland was the only one who said yes,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McFarland runs \u003ca href=\"http://www.ilovebluesea.com/mcfarland-springs-california-trout\">McFarland Springs Trout\u003c/a> farm, based in Susanville, California. He was raising trout to stock rivers and lakes. The idea piqued his interest and after two years of testing the diet on a small scale and tweaking the ingredients he started feeding it to the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought if we’re not doing it, who will?” McFarland said. He admits there are drawbacks to using an alternative diet, namely the cost. His pellets cost 90 cents more than traditional fishmeal, which can add up since feed is the largest fixed cost in aquaculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67021\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67021 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil.jpg\" alt=\"Rick Barrows, a fish physiologist with the USDA, has tested more than 120 ingredients for fish pellets including flax seed oil seen here. Photo courtesy USDA.\" width=\"345\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil.jpg 575w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil-400x260.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 345px) 100vw, 345px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rick Barrows, a research physiologist with the USDA, has tested more than 120 ingredients for fish pellets including the flax seed oil seen here. Photo courtesy USDA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re not losing money but we’re not in this to get rich,” said McFarland. The trout farmer said his company is breaking even since the algae for the feed is more expensive than forage fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d wanted to feed them spirulina, an algae often sold as a nutritional supplement at health food stores, but said that no company will sell it at a low price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought biofuel companies would want in on the action,” McFarland said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biofuels are fuels made from plants that can be used in place of petroleum-based fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s another way for [biofuel] companies to market their algae, but no one would take us up on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the price to consumers. Belov says his fish costs more per pound than traditional farmed trout. It’s $1.50 more expensive than rainbow trout sold at grocery chains like Safeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While McFarland Farms Trout is the only commercial aquaculture facility in the country using an entirely vegetarian diet, Barrows said it’s the future of aquaculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is hope that we can have a growing aquaculture industry that is sustainable and we won’t have to rely on the ocean to get our fish” said Barrows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Stream/Pop_up_wetlands_Jan_27_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\">severe drought\u003c/a> is taking a toll on wildlife around the state. Millions of birds migrate through this time of year, but the waterways and wetlands they rely on are largely dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sacramento Valley, one environmental group is working with farmers and citizen scientists to provide some help by creating temporary “pop-up” wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter is always a busy bird season at Douglas Thomas’s rice farm in Olivehurst, California, about 40 miles north of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those fields behind there will fill with geese,” he says. “It’s just so loud. You can’t sleep at night. The first couple nights are pretty rough and I’m actually cussing them even though I love them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent winter morning, Thomas watches as a young bald eagle dives at some 3,000 snow geese floating in the rice fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as they start getting here, this is what I sit and do,” he says “I keep my binoculars in my truck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66369\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\" alt=\"The orange areas show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science observations from eBird. The blue shows available waterways and wetlands. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"314\" height=\"465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003cstrong>orange areas\u003c/strong> show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science data from eBird. The \u003cstrong>blue\u003c/strong> shows available water. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds come here because Thomas keeps his rice fields flooded in December and January. The water decomposes the rice straw leftover from last year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, at the end of January, “we would let our water go and start trying to dry our fields out because the lake that’s in front of us has to be dry enough to drive a tractor in it and then we’ve got to seed it,” he says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not this year. Thomas is leaving water on his fields a little longer as part of an experimental project with \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, designed to provide extra habitat for the birds when they need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas’s farm is in the middle of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>, a vast migration route that stretches from the Arctic to South America. The Central Valley is a key pit stop for millions of birds along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway,” says Nature Conservancy scientist Mark Reynolds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these species breed in the high Arctic and are coming down to spend the wintertime in southern latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some birds, like snow geese, spend the winter in California. Others only stop briefly before continuing hundreds of miles south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like stopping on a road trip so anywhere that they can find habitat and find things to eat to put on fat for their journey, they’ll stop,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wetlands aren’t as abundant as they once were. Ninety percent of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Central Valley’s historic wetlands\u003c/a> have been filled in and dry years like this one make it even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Many of these water bird species on the flyway have had long-term declining population trends,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds wanted to know where and when the birds need wetlands, so he turned to an \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">app called e-Bird\u003c/a>. Birders have used it to report tens of thousands of bird sightings, creating a detailed data set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it gives us that we’ve not really had before is for many, many species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">we now can look week-by-week\u003c/a> at arrival patterns in California,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places that lack wetlands, the Nature Conservancy asked rice farmers to put up bids, pricing out how much it would cost to keep their fields flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is paying farmers \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">to create about 10,000 acres\u003c/a> of these temporary wetlands in February and March. The bidding process is secret, but bids came in both above and below $45 per acre, the payments some farmers get from federal conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66368\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\" alt=\"Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"309\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1-400x368.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thomas says his cost is largely labor. “It’ll push back our planting cycle,” he says. “We can’t get into our fields earlier. So we’re putting harder, longer hours on our tractor and our crew. We’re taking a greater risk doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas will keep two-to-four inches of water on his fields for four weeks. The water level is tailored for shorebirds, like long-billed dowitchers, sandpipers, and godwits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Conservancy economist Eric Hallstein says the payments help offset the farmers’ risks and are a cost-effective way to create habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traditional model in conservation – it’s actually to permanently buy a piece of property or an easement,” Hallstein says. “It’s very expensive, prohibitively expensive. And also, we don’t want to displace farmers from that property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Douglas Thomas sees a more personal upside. “Northern pintail is my favorite bird,” he says. “It’s such a graceful, amazing creature. And that we’re part of that annual cycle, that’s a neat, special thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By April, his fields will be dry and the birds will be on their way back north.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent winter morning, Thomas watches as a young bald eagle dives at some 3,000 snow geese floating in the rice fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as they start getting here, this is what I sit and do,” he says “I keep my binoculars in my truck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66369\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\" alt=\"The orange areas show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science observations from eBird. The blue shows available waterways and wetlands. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"314\" height=\"465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003cstrong>orange areas\u003c/strong> show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science data from eBird. The \u003cstrong>blue\u003c/strong> shows available water. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds come here because Thomas keeps his rice fields flooded in December and January. The water decomposes the rice straw leftover from last year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, at the end of January, “we would let our water go and start trying to dry our fields out because the lake that’s in front of us has to be dry enough to drive a tractor in it and then we’ve got to seed it,” he says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not this year. Thomas is leaving water on his fields a little longer as part of an experimental project with \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, designed to provide extra habitat for the birds when they need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas’s farm is in the middle of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>, a vast migration route that stretches from the Arctic to South America. The Central Valley is a key pit stop for millions of birds along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway,” says Nature Conservancy scientist Mark Reynolds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these species breed in the high Arctic and are coming down to spend the wintertime in southern latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some birds, like snow geese, spend the winter in California. Others only stop briefly before continuing hundreds of miles south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like stopping on a road trip so anywhere that they can find habitat and find things to eat to put on fat for their journey, they’ll stop,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wetlands aren’t as abundant as they once were. Ninety percent of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Central Valley’s historic wetlands\u003c/a> have been filled in and dry years like this one make it even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Many of these water bird species on the flyway have had long-term declining population trends,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds wanted to know where and when the birds need wetlands, so he turned to an \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">app called e-Bird\u003c/a>. Birders have used it to report tens of thousands of bird sightings, creating a detailed data set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it gives us that we’ve not really had before is for many, many species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">we now can look week-by-week\u003c/a> at arrival patterns in California,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places that lack wetlands, the Nature Conservancy asked rice farmers to put up bids, pricing out how much it would cost to keep their fields flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is paying farmers \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">to create about 10,000 acres\u003c/a> of these temporary wetlands in February and March. The bidding process is secret, but bids came in both above and below $45 per acre, the payments some farmers get from federal conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66368\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\" alt=\"Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"309\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1-400x368.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thomas says his cost is largely labor. “It’ll push back our planting cycle,” he says. “We can’t get into our fields earlier. So we’re putting harder, longer hours on our tractor and our crew. We’re taking a greater risk doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas will keep two-to-four inches of water on his fields for four weeks. The water level is tailored for shorebirds, like long-billed dowitchers, sandpipers, and godwits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Conservancy economist Eric Hallstein says the payments help offset the farmers’ risks and are a cost-effective way to create habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traditional model in conservation – it’s actually to permanently buy a piece of property or an easement,” Hallstein says. “It’s very expensive, prohibitively expensive. And also, we don’t want to displace farmers from that property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Douglas Thomas sees a more personal upside. “Northern pintail is my favorite bird,” he says. “It’s such a graceful, amazing creature. And that we’re part of that annual cycle, that’s a neat, special thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By April, his fields will be dry and the birds will be on their way back north.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Cloud+Seeding/Cloud_seeding_Jan_6_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snowpack is just \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/010314.pdf\">20 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year, according to snow survey results released on Friday. That’s not surprising after 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of the state, but it’s fueling concerns about California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With rationing looking likely, water managers are hoping to squeeze every last drop out of Mother Nature with cloud seeding. The decades-old technology is designed to wring extra moisture out of storm systems, though the storms have to appear in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much we can do,” says Jeff Tilley, who runs the cloud seeding program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dri.edu/\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno, Nevada. “If we could make the clouds appear out of the thin air, we would, but we can’t do that yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time of year, Tilley and his team are scouring weather imagery, waiting for the right conditions to turn on five ground-based cloud seeding towers. One sits at the summit of the Alpine Meadows Ski Resort, north of Lake Tahoe, right where the chairlift drops off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large metal bunker with a chimney on top goes mostly unnoticed by skiers zipping by. It’s not a snow-making machine, like those the ski areas are relying on this winter. The chimney releases tiny particles of silver iodide – the seeds that rise thousands of feet into the clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water needs some sort of substance to condense upon,” says Tilley. Clouds are made of millions of tiny water droplets, but the droplets don’t automatically fall as rain or snow. They stick to tiny particles like dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If a cloud doesn’t have enough dust, “you have these very static, dead clouds that don’t precipitate, don’t produce any water and just keep moving right through,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the silver iodide comes in. Tilley says it’s the right size and shape to help snowflakes form. Cloud seeding only works in certain conditions: cold temperatures with the right wind direction and cloud types. But over a season, Tilley says it can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find is a range of anywhere between eight and 15 percent increase in water,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silver iodide eventually ends up in the local environment, where some worry it’s a contaminant, though Tilley says tests show it’s only a trace amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloud seeding has been used for six decades in California. In the early days, it was closer to “magical thinking,” an idea Tilley says has stuck around. “We get voodoo,” he says. “We get Dr. Frankenstein. We get all sorts of things. But we’ve been able to refine the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time there’s been hope that we could somehow figure out of a way to squeeze more water out of nature,” says Peter Gleick, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">The Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick says the problem with cloud seeding is that it’s tough to measure or verify how much water it produces and if it’s worth the investment. \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10829\">A review\u003c/a> by the National Academy of Sciences in 2003 found that more research needs to be done to prove its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65564\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"360\" height=\"535\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But even more importantly, it’s limited no matter what,” says Gleick. “We get a certain number of clouds with moisture in them. If we can wring a little more out of those clouds, that’s sort of the idea behind cloud seeding. But we’re not going to wring a lot more out of those clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it’s not a silver bullet,\" he says. \"There is no silver bullet for California’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine other western states also use cloud seeding, where it’s commonly done with airplanes. The Desert Research Institute is also looking into using drones, potentially cutting the cost of flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across California, water agencies and utilities spend $3-to-5 million a year on seeding, which is estimated to boost runoff by around four percent. That might not sound like much, but these days when every drop counts, Jeff Tilley says cloud seeding getting a second wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important,” he says. “It’s not going to be the whole answer but it can be one tool in the toolkit and it’s a cost-effective one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Snowstorms from Dust Storms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Improving cloud seeding may depend on scientists unraveling something that’s still mysterious: what exactly makes it rain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly complicated,” says Kim Prather, who studies atmospheric chemistry at the University of California-San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather wanted to know why some clouds produce snow in the Sierra Nevada and others don’t. So, she and her team flew an airplane through the clouds, testing them to see what kinds of tiny particles were forming snowflakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What she found was a big surprise. On snowy days, the clouds contained dust from a faraway source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dust had made its way across the Pacific, clear from Asia and even Africa, the Middle East where there are these big dust storms,” she says. “Takes about 7-to-10 days to get here, but it makes it. It’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says that type of dust can boost snowfall, but other kinds of particles seem to have the opposite effect. Air pollution, from California sources and all the way from Asia, could be adding too many tiny cloud seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much water available and in order to get rain, you have to have big enough droplets for them to fall. The more seeds you have, you have many more tiny droplets. If you have too many seeds, you’re not going to get precipitation out of that cloud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially it’s us affecting our own water supply,” she says. “Potentially it’s stuff coming from much farther away and to be able to sort that out, we’re just at the tip of the iceberg.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says understanding that process could improve cloud-seeding techniques or show when it may not be effective, something that could be key as California relies more than ever on every last raindrop.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "There’s no doubt about it – it’s dry out there. 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of California. So water managers are trying to squeeze out every last drop with an old technology: cloud seeding.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Cloud+Seeding/Cloud_seeding_Jan_6_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snowpack is just \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/010314.pdf\">20 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year, according to snow survey results released on Friday. That’s not surprising after 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of the state, but it’s fueling concerns about California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With rationing looking likely, water managers are hoping to squeeze every last drop out of Mother Nature with cloud seeding. The decades-old technology is designed to wring extra moisture out of storm systems, though the storms have to appear in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much we can do,” says Jeff Tilley, who runs the cloud seeding program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dri.edu/\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno, Nevada. “If we could make the clouds appear out of the thin air, we would, but we can’t do that yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time of year, Tilley and his team are scouring weather imagery, waiting for the right conditions to turn on five ground-based cloud seeding towers. One sits at the summit of the Alpine Meadows Ski Resort, north of Lake Tahoe, right where the chairlift drops off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large metal bunker with a chimney on top goes mostly unnoticed by skiers zipping by. It’s not a snow-making machine, like those the ski areas are relying on this winter. The chimney releases tiny particles of silver iodide – the seeds that rise thousands of feet into the clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water needs some sort of substance to condense upon,” says Tilley. Clouds are made of millions of tiny water droplets, but the droplets don’t automatically fall as rain or snow. They stick to tiny particles like dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If a cloud doesn’t have enough dust, “you have these very static, dead clouds that don’t precipitate, don’t produce any water and just keep moving right through,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the silver iodide comes in. Tilley says it’s the right size and shape to help snowflakes form. Cloud seeding only works in certain conditions: cold temperatures with the right wind direction and cloud types. But over a season, Tilley says it can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find is a range of anywhere between eight and 15 percent increase in water,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silver iodide eventually ends up in the local environment, where some worry it’s a contaminant, though Tilley says tests show it’s only a trace amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloud seeding has been used for six decades in California. In the early days, it was closer to “magical thinking,” an idea Tilley says has stuck around. “We get voodoo,” he says. “We get Dr. Frankenstein. We get all sorts of things. But we’ve been able to refine the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time there’s been hope that we could somehow figure out of a way to squeeze more water out of nature,” says Peter Gleick, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">The Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick says the problem with cloud seeding is that it’s tough to measure or verify how much water it produces and if it’s worth the investment. \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10829\">A review\u003c/a> by the National Academy of Sciences in 2003 found that more research needs to be done to prove its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65564\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"360\" height=\"535\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But even more importantly, it’s limited no matter what,” says Gleick. “We get a certain number of clouds with moisture in them. If we can wring a little more out of those clouds, that’s sort of the idea behind cloud seeding. But we’re not going to wring a lot more out of those clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it’s not a silver bullet,\" he says. \"There is no silver bullet for California’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine other western states also use cloud seeding, where it’s commonly done with airplanes. The Desert Research Institute is also looking into using drones, potentially cutting the cost of flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across California, water agencies and utilities spend $3-to-5 million a year on seeding, which is estimated to boost runoff by around four percent. 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So, she and her team flew an airplane through the clouds, testing them to see what kinds of tiny particles were forming snowflakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What she found was a big surprise. On snowy days, the clouds contained dust from a faraway source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dust had made its way across the Pacific, clear from Asia and even Africa, the Middle East where there are these big dust storms,” she says. “Takes about 7-to-10 days to get here, but it makes it. It’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says that type of dust can boost snowfall, but other kinds of particles seem to have the opposite effect. Air pollution, from California sources and all the way from Asia, could be adding too many tiny cloud seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much water available and in order to get rain, you have to have big enough droplets for them to fall. 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"content": "\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nSamuel Weatherwax is an insulation and coatings technician for Calpine Corporation’s geothermal power plant, The Geysers, northeast of San Francisco. Weatherwax started as an apprentice and has now worked at The Geysers for four years. He loves spending most of his workday outside, where he paints, pressure washes, sandblasts, and repairs Calpine’s 15 geothermal power plants. After graduating from high school Weatherwax worked several jobs before a friend helped him land a position at Bottle Rock Power Plant, which helped prepare him for his work at The Geysers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you know about geothermal energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some job that might be needed to operate a geothermal power plant?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How does a geothermal power plant generate electricity?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What types of activities does Weatherwax work on during his day?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What kinds of materials, equipment and technology does Weatherwax need for his work?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What was his career path?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some skills that he learned and developed that helped prepare him for work in this field?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What does Weatherwax like most about his job?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal characteristics does he think are a good fit for this career?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What aspects of this career are most interesting to you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What questions do you still have?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Have your students create their own renewable energy career spotlight video or narrated slideshow! Research local companies, colleges, and universities for people working in the field who students can contact for an interview. A worksheet with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/downloads/2011/06/interview_tips.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">tips for planning interviews\u003c/a>, and information about creating narrated slideshows and videos can be found in the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/media-making-toolkit/\" target=\"_blank\">Media-Making Toolkit for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/education/geothermal_careers.html\" target=\"_blank\">Explore Geothermal Careers\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy website -- Find information on the kinds of jobs available in the geothermal energy industry, classes and training available, and workforce needs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/geothermal-heats-up/\" target=\"_blank\">Geothermal Heats Up\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Learn about geothermal energy, how it is used to produce electricity, optimal locations for geothermal plants, its benefits and drawbacks, and potential for growth.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/egs_animation.html\" target=\"_blank\">How an Enhanced Geothermal System Works\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy website -- Learn how enhanced geothermal systems work with animations from the Geothermal Technologies Office.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/gis/geothermal.html\" target=\"_blank\">Geothermal Maps\u003c/a>, National Renewable Energy Laboratory website -- Find maps that show favorable sites for geothermal projects, current and planned geothermal power generation capacity, and geothermal plants that are operating or in development.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. HS-ESS3-2\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: All forms of energy production and other resource extraction have associated economic, social, environmental, and geopolitical costs and risks, as well as benefits. New technologies and social regulations can change the balance of these factors. HS-ESS3.A: Natural Resources\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nSamuel Weatherwax is an insulation and coatings technician for Calpine Corporation’s geothermal power plant, The Geysers, northeast of San Francisco. Weatherwax started as an apprentice and has now worked at The Geysers for four years. He loves spending most of his workday outside, where he paints, pressure washes, sandblasts, and repairs Calpine’s 15 geothermal power plants. After graduating from high school Weatherwax worked several jobs before a friend helped him land a position at Bottle Rock Power Plant, which helped prepare him for his work at The Geysers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you know about geothermal energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some job that might be needed to operate a geothermal power plant?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How does a geothermal power plant generate electricity?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What types of activities does Weatherwax work on during his day?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What kinds of materials, equipment and technology does Weatherwax need for his work?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What was his career path?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some skills that he learned and developed that helped prepare him for work in this field?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What does Weatherwax like most about his job?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal characteristics does he think are a good fit for this career?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What aspects of this career are most interesting to you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What questions do you still have?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Have your students create their own renewable energy career spotlight video or narrated slideshow! Research local companies, colleges, and universities for people working in the field who students can contact for an interview. A worksheet with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/downloads/2011/06/interview_tips.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">tips for planning interviews\u003c/a>, and information about creating narrated slideshows and videos can be found in the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/media-making-toolkit/\" target=\"_blank\">Media-Making Toolkit for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/education/geothermal_careers.html\" target=\"_blank\">Explore Geothermal Careers\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy website -- Find information on the kinds of jobs available in the geothermal energy industry, classes and training available, and workforce needs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/geothermal-heats-up/\" target=\"_blank\">Geothermal Heats Up\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Learn about geothermal energy, how it is used to produce electricity, optimal locations for geothermal plants, its benefits and drawbacks, and potential for growth.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/egs_animation.html\" target=\"_blank\">How an Enhanced Geothermal System Works\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy website -- Learn how enhanced geothermal systems work with animations from the Geothermal Technologies Office.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/gis/geothermal.html\" target=\"_blank\">Geothermal Maps\u003c/a>, National Renewable Energy Laboratory website -- Find maps that show favorable sites for geothermal projects, current and planned geothermal power generation capacity, and geothermal plants that are operating or in development.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. HS-ESS3-2\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: All forms of energy production and other resource extraction have associated economic, social, environmental, and geopolitical costs and risks, as well as benefits. New technologies and social regulations can change the balance of these factors. HS-ESS3.A: Natural Resources\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Aindrila Mukhopadhyay is a microbiologist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where she investigates the most effective ways to use microbes to convert plants into biofuels. Mukhopadhyay leads a multidisciplinary team studying stress response in bacteria. Her work ranges from hands-on research to grant writing. As a student Mukhopadhyay was always passionate about science, and she went on to earn a doctorate in chemistry. Every day she celebrates “small victories” at work and enjoys improving biofuels that will power the cars of today and tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What problems related to renewable energy do you think a microbiologist might work on?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What tools do you think a microbiologist uses? 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Find information on various job tasks, salaries, education requirements, and more. Hear from professionals in the field through short videos and interviews.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/biofuels-beyond-ethanol/\" target=\"_blank\">Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Learn how plants’ sugars are turned into fuels and meet scientists investigating new ways to convert what we grow into what makes us go.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_biofuels.html\" target=\"_blank\">Energy 101: Biofuels\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy video -- Find out about the benefits of biofuels and the basics of how biomass is converted into biofuels.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/gis/images/map_biomass_total_us_new.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Biomass Resources of the United States\u003c/a>, National Renewable Energy Laboratory map -- This map displays the biomass resources currently available by county in the United States.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Aindrila Mukhopadhyay is a microbiologist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where she investigates the most effective ways to use microbes to convert plants into biofuels. Mukhopadhyay leads a multidisciplinary team studying stress response in bacteria. Her work ranges from hands-on research to grant writing. As a student Mukhopadhyay was always passionate about science, and she went on to earn a doctorate in chemistry. Every day she celebrates “small victories” at work and enjoys improving biofuels that will power the cars of today and tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What problems related to renewable energy do you think a microbiologist might work on?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What tools do you think a microbiologist uses? 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Find information on various job tasks, salaries, education requirements, and more. Hear from professionals in the field through short videos and interviews.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/biofuels-beyond-ethanol/\" target=\"_blank\">Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Learn how plants’ sugars are turned into fuels and meet scientists investigating new ways to convert what we grow into what makes us go.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_biofuels.html\" target=\"_blank\">Energy 101: Biofuels\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy video -- Find out about the benefits of biofuels and the basics of how biomass is converted into biofuels.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/gis/images/map_biomass_total_us_new.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Biomass Resources of the United States\u003c/a>, National Renewable Energy Laboratory map -- This map displays the biomass resources currently available by county in the United States.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. 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"content": "\u003cp>Damon Vander Lind is a kite designer for Makani Power, a wind power generation company owned by Google. Vander Lind loved working in his dad’s shop as a kid, tinkering with boats and model gliders, which fueled his passion for design and engineering. After receiving an engineering degree from MIT, he thought he wanted to get a doctorate, but during his post-college internship at Makani he fell in love with the work and decided to stay. He now leads a team that is building high-altitude kites that can generate more power than conventional wind turbines. He says that while not all start-up projects succeed, it only takes one successful project to make a huge difference. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Damon Vander Lind is a kite designer for Makani Power, a wind power generation company owned by Google. Vander Lind loved working in his dad’s shop as a kid, tinkering with boats and model gliders, which fueled his passion for design and engineering. After receiving an engineering degree from MIT, he thought he wanted to get a doctorate, but during his post-college internship at Makani he fell in love with the work and decided to stay. He now leads a team that is building high-altitude kites that can generate more power than conventional wind turbines. He says that while not all start-up projects succeed, it only takes one successful project to make a huge difference. He finds it extremely exciting to be a part of that process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How might the work of a kite designer relate to the renewable energy industry?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What tools do you think a kite designer uses? What skills might be important in this job?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are Vander Lind's kites designed to do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do his kites differ from conventional wind turbines? What issues with conventional wind turbines are Vander Lind’s team trying to solve with the kites?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why does Vander Lind think renewable energy is important?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some of the things he does as part of his job?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What was his career path?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What advice does Vander Lind have for people interested in a career as an engineer or a designer?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What skills do you think Vander Lind uses as a kite designer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What kinds of data do you think he collects and analyzes to help improve the kite design?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What aspects of this career are most interesting to you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What questions do you still have?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Have your students create their own renewable energy career spotlight video or narrated slideshow! Research local companies, colleges, and universities for people working in the field who students can contact for an interview. A worksheet with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/downloads/2011/06/interview_tips.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">tips for planning interviews\u003c/a>, and information about creating narrated slideshows and videos can be found in the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/media-making-toolkit/\" target=\"_blank\">Media-Making Toolkit for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/education/wind_careers.html\" target=\"_blank\">Explore Careers in Wind Power\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy website -- Investigate the kinds of jobs available in the wind energy industry, classes and training available, and get information on the industry outlook.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/airborne-wind-energy/\" target=\"_blank\">Airborne Wind Energy\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Explore the potential of wind energy with new airborne wind turbines designed to harness the stronger and more consistent winds found at higher altitudes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://pbslearningmedia.org/resource/3fc045eb-ad9b-49b9-b584-ed3337f6e463/3fc045eb-ad9b-49b9-b584-ed3337f6e463/\" target=\"_blank\">Wind Energy Fuels Jobs for Oklahoma Youth\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>PBS NewsHour\u003c/strong> video -- \u003cstrong>NewsHour\u003c/strong>’s Judy Woodruff investigates how wind energy is generating new job opportunities for youth in Oklahoma.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ate10.sci.engin.systems.windtech/wind-energy-technology/\" target=\"_blank\">Wind Energy Technology\u003c/a>, ATETV video -- Hear from students in the wind energy technology program at a community college about their interest in the industry and activities included in their coursework.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_wind_turbines.html\" target=\"_blank\">Energy 101: Wind Turbines\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy video -- Learn how wind turbines capture the wind’s energy and generate electricity.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. 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"content": "\u003cp>Leila Madrone is a mechatronics engineer -- a combination of electrical and mechanical engineering -- who works at Otherlab, a San Francisco start-up company. She leads an engineering team that is trying to improve large solar power fields. By changing the size and materials of heliostats, structures that include large mirrors to reflect sunlight, she can make high-concentration solar systems more energy efficient and less costly. Madrone has a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in electrical engineering from MIT. Before she joined Otherlab she was part of the Intelligent Robotics Group at NASA, where she created a device for taking high-resolution panoramic images. She chose to become an engineer because she wanted to help create a better world. She says that if you’re curious and have a desire to improve the world around you, you may enjoy a career as an engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you think a mechatronics engineer does?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some projects she might work on or items she might develop?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What tools do you think she uses?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does Leila Madrone do as a mechatronics engineer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are heliostats?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why are Madrone and her team working on new designs for heliostats? What problems are they trying to solve?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What was her career path?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What education is needed to be a mechatronics engineer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are the benefits of the job or career? What does Madrone like most about her job?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who does she work with?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What skills does she need to have for her job?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Madrone builds models of the heliostats. What aspects of the models do you think she analyzes and tests in order to improve their design?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What aspects of this career are most interesting to you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What questions do you still have?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Have your students create their own renewable energy career spotlight video or narrated slideshow! Research local companies, colleges, and universities for people working in the field who students can contact for an interview. A worksheet with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/downloads/2011/06/interview_tips.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">tips for planning interviews\u003c/a> and information about creating narrated slideshows and videos can be found in the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/media-making-toolkit/\" target=\"_blank\">Media-Making Toolkit for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/careermap/\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Career Map\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy interactive -- Explore a number of careers in the solar power industry. Learn about career paths, job requirements and responsibilities, salary ranges and more.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_csp.html\" target=\"_blank\">Energy 101: Concentrating Solar Power\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy video -- Learn about the basics of concentrating solar power and how it is used to produce electricity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening/\" target=\"_blank\">Big Solar Comes of Age\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Hear about the largest solar thermal plant in the world as it opens, following a debate that pitted renewable energy against a threatened tortoise. The Ivanpah solar plant, in California’s Mojave Desert, is one of seven big solar farms scheduled to open in California in the coming months, as a result of the state’s push to produce one-third of its electricity from renewable energy.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-heliostats.htm\" target=\"_blank\">What Are Heliostats?\u003c/a>, WiseGEEK website -- In this post from WiseGEEK, find out more about heliostats, the mechanisms that Leila Madrone and her team are working to redesign.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Leila Madrone is a mechatronics engineer -- a combination of electrical and mechanical engineering -- who works at Otherlab, a San Francisco start-up company. She leads an engineering team that is trying to improve large solar power fields. By changing the size and materials of heliostats, structures that include large mirrors to reflect sunlight, she can make high-concentration solar systems more energy efficient and less costly. Madrone has a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in electrical engineering from MIT. Before she joined Otherlab she was part of the Intelligent Robotics Group at NASA, where she created a device for taking high-resolution panoramic images. She chose to become an engineer because she wanted to help create a better world. 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Learn about career paths, job requirements and responsibilities, salary ranges and more.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_csp.html\" target=\"_blank\">Energy 101: Concentrating Solar Power\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy video -- Learn about the basics of concentrating solar power and how it is used to produce electricity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening/\" target=\"_blank\">Big Solar Comes of Age\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Hear about the largest solar thermal plant in the world as it opens, following a debate that pitted renewable energy against a threatened tortoise. The Ivanpah solar plant, in California’s Mojave Desert, is one of seven big solar farms scheduled to open in California in the coming months, as a result of the state’s push to produce one-third of its electricity from renewable energy.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-heliostats.htm\" target=\"_blank\">What Are Heliostats?\u003c/a>, WiseGEEK website -- In this post from WiseGEEK, find out more about heliostats, the mechanisms that Leila Madrone and her team are working to redesign.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. 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"disqusTitle": "Transforming San Francisco Into a Model of Disaster Preparedness",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63816\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/20/transforming-san-francisco-into-a-model-of-disaster-preparedness/shawn-clover_edited-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg\" alt=\"A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today. Credit: Shawn Clover\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today.\u003cbr>Credit: Shawn Clover\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mention sleeping in \u003ca href=\"http://sfrecpark.org/destination/golden-gate-park/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>, and most people think of homelessness. But the idea that San Francisco’s most famous park could be used as an emergency shelter for thousands of victims after a major earthquake – as it was after the 1906 earthquake – is again resurfacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.publicarchitecture.org/\">Public Architecture\u003c/a>, a San Francisco non-profit organization, recently asked three architecture and design firms to devise resiliency plans for the city that could be put in place as soon as next year and explore creative ways San Francisco could respond to natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With everything from urine recycling to art installations that indicate areas at risk for earthquake liquefaction, tsunamis and floods, the firms drew up a variety of innovative strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the plans, from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/\">CMG Landscape Architecture\u003c/a>, looks to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a>. That catastrophe killed at least 3,000 people, destroyed more than 28,000 buildings and left 225,000 people homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After the 7.6 magnitude earthquake hit, many victims flocked to the Presidio—then a military outpost—and to Golden Gate Park for refuge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, tents were constructed, but as winter approached, soldiers from the Army built small houses that provided shelter for more than 16,000 survivors. CMG believes the Park can once again support many thousands of people, if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it,” said CMG design leader \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/firm/people/scott-cataffa/\">Scott Cataffa\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CMG proposes new waste treatment facilities, emergency-response infrastructure and energy supplies by lining the Park’s polo fields with dry-composting restrooms and first aid stations. The restrooms would divert treated wastewater onto nearby turf for use as a natural fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An on-site, sand-filter water treatment system also would serve as a 100-foot tall water tower and viewing deck. The observation deck, covered with solar panels and a modern-day windmill, would allow people to survey the surrounding area. Dutch and Murphy Windmills that already exist at the Park would serve as a back-up power source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By integrating large-scale sanitation-systems, water treatment infrastructure and a water tower, the park could support up to 12,000 people, Cataffa estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is already a precedent for Golden Gate Park supporting a large influx of people in the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Annual events, like the Outside Lands music festival, draw hundreds of thousands of fans into the park during the summer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, CMG officials believe that public events are ideal opportunities to teach disaster preparedness and encourage a sense of community among attendees. “During Super Storm Sandy, some communities had fewer economic resources but knew each other better and they looked out for each other,” Caffata said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to tap into the sharing economy of Burning Man and back-country camping,” he said, “and see if we could come together and get to know our neighbors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next April 18, on the 108th anniversary of the 1906 earthquake, CMG proposes a “Camp the Park” event. Interested San Franciscans would spend the night in Golden Gate Park to test the city’s ability to mobilize and prepare for disaster response while meeting neighbors and learning about survival techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corporate sponsors would provide the funding while the San Francisco Recreation and Park Department would need to approve the event and any structural upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, not everyone thinks it’s a good idea to herd thousands of people into Golden Gate Park after the next major earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our first choice is to keep people in their homes, not in a city that gets built in Golden Gate Park,\" said Lt. Erica Arteseros, program coordinator for the San Francisco Fire Department’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-fire.org/index.aspx?page=875\">Neighborhood Emergency Response Team\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arteseros' program, formed after the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, allows roughly 2,000 people a year to receive 18 hours of disaster preparedness training from San Francisco firefighters and emergency responders. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s not enough space and housing to accommodate everyone leaving their home,” she said. “If your home is safe enough to stay in, that’s the best.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/\">San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association\u003c/a>, a non-profit planning group, has published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/article/san-francisco-safe-enough-stay\">“Safe Enough to Stay”\u003c/a> report that details what it would take to make people's homes suitable as shelters after an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If residents can stay in their homes, the process of rebuilding the city can begin much sooner, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, after a magnitude 7.0 earthquake or greater, many people would be left homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, the San Francisco \u003ca href=\"http://sfdem.org/\">Department of Emergency Management\u003c/a> would work with the Red Cross to set up temporary shelters and use large spaces like the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium to provide longer term housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all San Francisco's current planning, CMG and Public Architecture say they are not evaluating optimal conditions. They anticipate a future that is hard to imagine and even harder to predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not planning for a best-case scenario,” said Public Architecture CEO John Peterson. “Unfortunately the best case is not realistic.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The next “big one” is never out of mind for San Francisco residents who may have a new place to gather if one landscape architecture firm has its way. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63816\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/20/transforming-san-francisco-into-a-model-of-disaster-preparedness/shawn-clover_edited-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg\" alt=\"A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today. Credit: Shawn Clover\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Shawn-Clover_edited-1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mashup of San Francisco's Pacific Heights neighborhood right after the 1906 earthquake and what the area looks like today.\u003cbr>Credit: Shawn Clover\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mention sleeping in \u003ca href=\"http://sfrecpark.org/destination/golden-gate-park/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>, and most people think of homelessness. But the idea that San Francisco’s most famous park could be used as an emergency shelter for thousands of victims after a major earthquake – as it was after the 1906 earthquake – is again resurfacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.publicarchitecture.org/\">Public Architecture\u003c/a>, a San Francisco non-profit organization, recently asked three architecture and design firms to devise resiliency plans for the city that could be put in place as soon as next year and explore creative ways San Francisco could respond to natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With everything from urine recycling to art installations that indicate areas at risk for earthquake liquefaction, tsunamis and floods, the firms drew up a variety of innovative strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the plans, from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/\">CMG Landscape Architecture\u003c/a>, looks to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a>. That catastrophe killed at least 3,000 people, destroyed more than 28,000 buildings and left 225,000 people homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After the 7.6 magnitude earthquake hit, many victims flocked to the Presidio—then a military outpost—and to Golden Gate Park for refuge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, tents were constructed, but as winter approached, soldiers from the Army built small houses that provided shelter for more than 16,000 survivors. CMG believes the Park can once again support many thousands of people, if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in earthquake country and it can be the elephant in the room—we know it could happen but we want to ignore it,” said CMG design leader \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmgsite.com/firm/people/scott-cataffa/\">Scott Cataffa\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CMG proposes new waste treatment facilities, emergency-response infrastructure and energy supplies by lining the Park’s polo fields with dry-composting restrooms and first aid stations. The restrooms would divert treated wastewater onto nearby turf for use as a natural fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An on-site, sand-filter water treatment system also would serve as a 100-foot tall water tower and viewing deck. The observation deck, covered with solar panels and a modern-day windmill, would allow people to survey the surrounding area. Dutch and Murphy Windmills that already exist at the Park would serve as a back-up power source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By integrating large-scale sanitation-systems, water treatment infrastructure and a water tower, the park could support up to 12,000 people, Cataffa estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is already a precedent for Golden Gate Park supporting a large influx of people in the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Annual events, like the Outside Lands music festival, draw hundreds of thousands of fans into the park during the summer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, CMG officials believe that public events are ideal opportunities to teach disaster preparedness and encourage a sense of community among attendees. “During Super Storm Sandy, some communities had fewer economic resources but knew each other better and they looked out for each other,” Caffata said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to tap into the sharing economy of Burning Man and back-country camping,” he said, “and see if we could come together and get to know our neighbors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next April 18, on the 108th anniversary of the 1906 earthquake, CMG proposes a “Camp the Park” event. Interested San Franciscans would spend the night in Golden Gate Park to test the city’s ability to mobilize and prepare for disaster response while meeting neighbors and learning about survival techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corporate sponsors would provide the funding while the San Francisco Recreation and Park Department would need to approve the event and any structural upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, not everyone thinks it’s a good idea to herd thousands of people into Golden Gate Park after the next major earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our first choice is to keep people in their homes, not in a city that gets built in Golden Gate Park,\" said Lt. Erica Arteseros, program coordinator for the San Francisco Fire Department’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-fire.org/index.aspx?page=875\">Neighborhood Emergency Response Team\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arteseros' program, formed after the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, allows roughly 2,000 people a year to receive 18 hours of disaster preparedness training from San Francisco firefighters and emergency responders. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s not enough space and housing to accommodate everyone leaving their home,” she said. “If your home is safe enough to stay in, that’s the best.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/\">San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association\u003c/a>, a non-profit planning group, has published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/publications/library/article/san-francisco-safe-enough-stay\">“Safe Enough to Stay”\u003c/a> report that details what it would take to make people's homes suitable as shelters after an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If residents can stay in their homes, the process of rebuilding the city can begin much sooner, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, after a magnitude 7.0 earthquake or greater, many people would be left homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, the San Francisco \u003ca href=\"http://sfdem.org/\">Department of Emergency Management\u003c/a> would work with the Red Cross to set up temporary shelters and use large spaces like the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium to provide longer term housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all San Francisco's current planning, CMG and Public Architecture say they are not evaluating optimal conditions. They anticipate a future that is hard to imagine and even harder to predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not planning for a best-case scenario,” said Public Architecture CEO John Peterson. “Unfortunately the best case is not realistic.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening",
"title": "Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening",
"headTitle": "QUEST Sustainability Science – TV series | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>In the last major step before the world’s largest solar plant opens in California’s Mojave Desert, engineers at the \u003ca title=\"Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/ivanpah-solar-project\">Ivanpah solar farm\u003c/a>, 40 miles south of Las Vegas, are testing the huge water boilers on top of the plant’s three 459-foot towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.2 billion project is scheduled to start delivering electricity to the power grid by the end of the year, said Joseph Desmond, vice-president of marketing for Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"BrightSource Energy\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/\">BrightSource Energy\u003c/a>, the plant’s developer. Ivanpah is owned by BrightSource, \u003ca title=\"NRG Energy\" href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> and Google, and is being built by Bechtel. The plant’s electricity will be purchased by Pacific Gas and Electric, in Northern California, and by Southern California Edison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will deliver 377 megawatts of power, enough electricity for 140,000 houses, said Desmond, and about the same output as a medium-sized natural gas-fired plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63257\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Power tower surrounded by mirrors\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Ivanpah, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged around three towers like this one. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a major milestone for renewable energy development in North America,” said \u003ca title=\"Carl Zichella, NRDC\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/carl-zichella\">Carl Zichella\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group in San Francisco. “A plant like this creates economies of scale that will reduce the costs in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah, which received a \u003ca title=\"DOE press release\" href=\"http://energy.gov/articles/doe-finalizes-16-billion-loan-guarantee-brightsource-energy-inc\">$1.6 billion loan guarantee\u003c/a> by the federal Department of Energy in 2011, is one of seven massive solar plants scheduled to open in California by 2014. In the works for years, together they’re part of the coming of age of big solar in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom is fueled in part by state laws designed to promote renewable energy. In California, under a measure signed by Gov. Jerry Brown two years ago, utilities are required to produce \u003ca title=\"KQED series about California's push for renewable energy\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/\">33 percent of their electricity from solar, wind and other renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California was among the very first states to adopt a policy that required utilities to buy a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable energy sources,” said Zichella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 30 states now have similar laws, which are known as \u003ca title=\"Database on renewable portfolio standards\" href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/rpsdata/index.cfm\">renewable portfolio standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, U.S. Sen. Edward Markey, D-Mass., introduced a bill to require every utility in America to produce 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Environmentalists cheered the news, although similar bills in Congress have failed in recent years due to opposition from Republican leaders and from lawmakers who represent regions that do not have as much wind or sunshine as other areas and worry that such rules would increase monthly utility bills for consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63258\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mirrors and boiler at Ivanpah solar farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mirrors concentrate the sun's heat onto a 120-foot boiler atop a 459-foot tower. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the next two to three weeks, engineers at Ivanpah will painstakingly point tens of thousands of mirrors onto a boiler full of water on Unit 1. Their goal: to heat the steam inside to a searing 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, said Tim Fisk, Ivanpah project director. That’s six times hotter than boiling water. The high-pressure steam powers a turbine, which in turn generates electricity. The “loading of the boiler,” as this step is known, is the last major step before Unit 1 can start delivering electricity to the grid. Afterward boilers on the plant’s other two units will undergo similar tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At each of the plant’s three units, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged in a circular pattern around a tower as tall as a 45-story building, on top of which sits the boiler. The mirrors are controlled by computers, which move them during the day, sunflower-like, so that they’re always picking up the sun’s rays and sending them to the boiler, a 120-foot high black rectangle of steel tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200-300x160.jpg\" alt=\"Concentrating solar power v. photovoltaic\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is called concentrating solar thermal, and is different than the photovoltaic solar panels commonly used on rooftop installations, which transform the sun into electricity through a chemical reaction. Similar plants exist in \u003ca title=\"Shams 1\" href=\"http://www.abengoa.com/web/en/noticias_y_publicaciones/noticias/historico/2013/03_marzo/solar_20130314_2.html\">Abu Dhabi\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Andasol solar plant\" href=\"http://www.solarmillennium.de/english/archiv/press/press-releases/archive-2011/2011_09_30-inauguration.html\">Spain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrating solar thermal technology offers the promise of getting around one of solar energy’s shortcomings. Because the sun only shines during the day, plants stop producing electricity at dusk. Concentrating solar thermal plants can be built to store heat in large vats full of molten salt, and can draw that heat to continue producing electricity for a few hours after sundown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63259\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"One of Ivanpah's three towers and turbines\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boiler atop a 459-foot tower delivers high-pressure steam to the turbine at the bottom, which uses it to generate electricity. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you add storage, you’re essentially making this a power plant just like a natural gas plant, meaning it has the ability to be flexible, controllable, and deliver power when it’s most valued and most needed onto the grid,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah doesn’t include storage, but the first U.S. plant with storage, the \u003ca title=\"Solana solar plant\" href=\"http://www.abengoasolar.com/web/en/nuestras_plantas/plantas_en_operacion/estados_unidos/\">Solana solar farm\u003c/a>, opened 70 miles southwest of Phoenix, in Gila Bend, Arizona, in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the advantages of large solar plants in the desert, Ivanpah, which is located on about 3,500 acres of federal land owned by the Bureau of Land Management, ran into challenges. While the Mojave Desert is one of the best solar resources in the world and is located relatively near dense population centers like Los Angeles that need the electricity, parts of the desert are also home to endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Photo: Joshua Cassidy / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From the get-go, we knew that the Ivanpah project was located in an area that had fairly high density of desert tortoise in it,” said \u003ca title=\"Ileene Anderson, Center for Biological Diversity\" href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/staff/\">Ileene Anderson\u003c/a>, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried that habitat disruption would impact desert tortoises, which are classified as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act, the group testified against the project. After it was reduced in size, it obtained federal and state permits, and construction began in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial surveys had led BrightSource officials to believe that they’d find 30 tortoises on the site where they were building the plant. But rains created favorable conditions for tortoises, and resulted in the company finding 173 instead. The company transferred the tortoises to pens and later moved them back onto wild land. More than 50 additional tortoises have been born in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take into account the care and monitoring of all the tortoises involved in the program, it works out to be about $55,000 per tortoise,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63255\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise hatchling\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The care of each desert tortoise found on the Ivanpah site, or born in captivity, costs the project some $55,000, said the project's developers. Photo: Kristina Drake, USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tension between protecting threatened species and pushing for large-scale solar plants in the desert put environmental groups at odds with each other during Ivanpah’s construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been genuine local concerns about the location of some of the earlier projects that have led people to feel not so committed to some of the renewable energy options,” said Zichella. “There’s no such thing as an impact-free energy source. If we’re going to deal with climate change, we have to understand that. And if we can choose the locations for these facilities very carefully, we can avoid a lot of the biggest problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to find the best places for large renewable energy projects. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/solar_energy.html\">Interior Department has identified “solar energy zones”\u003c/a> on public land in six southwestern states. These 300,000 acres are close to transmission lines and have fewer threatened species than other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, government agencies and environmental groups are working to identify large tracts in the Mojave Desert suitable for both wind and solar plants. \u003ca title=\"Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan web page\" href=\"http://www.drecp.org/\">The plan\u003c/a> would also set aside land for desert species. A full draft of the plan’s environmental review is expected this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re engaged in that process and very much looking forward to help crafting a good plan that allows for renewable energy development, as well as allowing for good, strong conservation to occur,” said Anderson.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Largest Solar Farms in the World\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When it opens in the next few months, the Ivanpah solar farm will be the largest in the world, providing 370 megawatts - enough electricity for 140,000 homes. The largest now:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"solar farm table\">\n\u003ctable>\n\u003cthead>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Name\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Country\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">State/Province\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Capacity (megawatts)\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Developer\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/thead>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Agua Caliente\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>278\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>First Solar\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>California Valley Solar Ranch\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>250\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>SunPower\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Charanka Solar Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>India\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Gujarat\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>214\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Several\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>CPI Golmud Power Station\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>China\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Quinghai\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>200\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CPI Huanghe Hydropower Co.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Mesquite Solar 1\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>150\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sempra Generation\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Source: SEIA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting contributed by KQED Science radio reporter Lauren Sommer. Tortoise footage: Stephen M. Wessells, USGS.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/\">As World’s Largest Solar Thermal Plant Opens, California Looks to End Solar Wars\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the last major step before the world’s largest solar plant opens in California’s Mojave Desert, engineers at the \u003ca title=\"Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/ivanpah-solar-project\">Ivanpah solar farm\u003c/a>, 40 miles south of Las Vegas, are testing the huge water boilers on top of the plant’s three 459-foot towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.2 billion project is scheduled to start delivering electricity to the power grid by the end of the year, said Joseph Desmond, vice-president of marketing for Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"BrightSource Energy\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/\">BrightSource Energy\u003c/a>, the plant’s developer. Ivanpah is owned by BrightSource, \u003ca title=\"NRG Energy\" href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> and Google, and is being built by Bechtel. The plant’s electricity will be purchased by Pacific Gas and Electric, in Northern California, and by Southern California Edison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will deliver 377 megawatts of power, enough electricity for 140,000 houses, said Desmond, and about the same output as a medium-sized natural gas-fired plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63257\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Power tower surrounded by mirrors\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Ivanpah, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged around three towers like this one. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a major milestone for renewable energy development in North America,” said \u003ca title=\"Carl Zichella, NRDC\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/carl-zichella\">Carl Zichella\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group in San Francisco. “A plant like this creates economies of scale that will reduce the costs in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah, which received a \u003ca title=\"DOE press release\" href=\"http://energy.gov/articles/doe-finalizes-16-billion-loan-guarantee-brightsource-energy-inc\">$1.6 billion loan guarantee\u003c/a> by the federal Department of Energy in 2011, is one of seven massive solar plants scheduled to open in California by 2014. In the works for years, together they’re part of the coming of age of big solar in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom is fueled in part by state laws designed to promote renewable energy. In California, under a measure signed by Gov. Jerry Brown two years ago, utilities are required to produce \u003ca title=\"KQED series about California's push for renewable energy\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/\">33 percent of their electricity from solar, wind and other renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California was among the very first states to adopt a policy that required utilities to buy a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable energy sources,” said Zichella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 30 states now have similar laws, which are known as \u003ca title=\"Database on renewable portfolio standards\" href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/rpsdata/index.cfm\">renewable portfolio standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, U.S. Sen. Edward Markey, D-Mass., introduced a bill to require every utility in America to produce 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Environmentalists cheered the news, although similar bills in Congress have failed in recent years due to opposition from Republican leaders and from lawmakers who represent regions that do not have as much wind or sunshine as other areas and worry that such rules would increase monthly utility bills for consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63258\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mirrors and boiler at Ivanpah solar farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mirrors concentrate the sun's heat onto a 120-foot boiler atop a 459-foot tower. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the next two to three weeks, engineers at Ivanpah will painstakingly point tens of thousands of mirrors onto a boiler full of water on Unit 1. Their goal: to heat the steam inside to a searing 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, said Tim Fisk, Ivanpah project director. That’s six times hotter than boiling water. The high-pressure steam powers a turbine, which in turn generates electricity. The “loading of the boiler,” as this step is known, is the last major step before Unit 1 can start delivering electricity to the grid. Afterward boilers on the plant’s other two units will undergo similar tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At each of the plant’s three units, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged in a circular pattern around a tower as tall as a 45-story building, on top of which sits the boiler. The mirrors are controlled by computers, which move them during the day, sunflower-like, so that they’re always picking up the sun’s rays and sending them to the boiler, a 120-foot high black rectangle of steel tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200-300x160.jpg\" alt=\"Concentrating solar power v. photovoltaic\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is called concentrating solar thermal, and is different than the photovoltaic solar panels commonly used on rooftop installations, which transform the sun into electricity through a chemical reaction. Similar plants exist in \u003ca title=\"Shams 1\" href=\"http://www.abengoa.com/web/en/noticias_y_publicaciones/noticias/historico/2013/03_marzo/solar_20130314_2.html\">Abu Dhabi\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Andasol solar plant\" href=\"http://www.solarmillennium.de/english/archiv/press/press-releases/archive-2011/2011_09_30-inauguration.html\">Spain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrating solar thermal technology offers the promise of getting around one of solar energy’s shortcomings. Because the sun only shines during the day, plants stop producing electricity at dusk. Concentrating solar thermal plants can be built to store heat in large vats full of molten salt, and can draw that heat to continue producing electricity for a few hours after sundown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63259\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"One of Ivanpah's three towers and turbines\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boiler atop a 459-foot tower delivers high-pressure steam to the turbine at the bottom, which uses it to generate electricity. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you add storage, you’re essentially making this a power plant just like a natural gas plant, meaning it has the ability to be flexible, controllable, and deliver power when it’s most valued and most needed onto the grid,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah doesn’t include storage, but the first U.S. plant with storage, the \u003ca title=\"Solana solar plant\" href=\"http://www.abengoasolar.com/web/en/nuestras_plantas/plantas_en_operacion/estados_unidos/\">Solana solar farm\u003c/a>, opened 70 miles southwest of Phoenix, in Gila Bend, Arizona, in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the advantages of large solar plants in the desert, Ivanpah, which is located on about 3,500 acres of federal land owned by the Bureau of Land Management, ran into challenges. While the Mojave Desert is one of the best solar resources in the world and is located relatively near dense population centers like Los Angeles that need the electricity, parts of the desert are also home to endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Photo: Joshua Cassidy / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From the get-go, we knew that the Ivanpah project was located in an area that had fairly high density of desert tortoise in it,” said \u003ca title=\"Ileene Anderson, Center for Biological Diversity\" href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/staff/\">Ileene Anderson\u003c/a>, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried that habitat disruption would impact desert tortoises, which are classified as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act, the group testified against the project. After it was reduced in size, it obtained federal and state permits, and construction began in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial surveys had led BrightSource officials to believe that they’d find 30 tortoises on the site where they were building the plant. But rains created favorable conditions for tortoises, and resulted in the company finding 173 instead. The company transferred the tortoises to pens and later moved them back onto wild land. More than 50 additional tortoises have been born in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take into account the care and monitoring of all the tortoises involved in the program, it works out to be about $55,000 per tortoise,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63255\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise hatchling\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The care of each desert tortoise found on the Ivanpah site, or born in captivity, costs the project some $55,000, said the project's developers. Photo: Kristina Drake, USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tension between protecting threatened species and pushing for large-scale solar plants in the desert put environmental groups at odds with each other during Ivanpah’s construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been genuine local concerns about the location of some of the earlier projects that have led people to feel not so committed to some of the renewable energy options,” said Zichella. “There’s no such thing as an impact-free energy source. If we’re going to deal with climate change, we have to understand that. And if we can choose the locations for these facilities very carefully, we can avoid a lot of the biggest problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to find the best places for large renewable energy projects. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/solar_energy.html\">Interior Department has identified “solar energy zones”\u003c/a> on public land in six southwestern states. These 300,000 acres are close to transmission lines and have fewer threatened species than other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, government agencies and environmental groups are working to identify large tracts in the Mojave Desert suitable for both wind and solar plants. \u003ca title=\"Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan web page\" href=\"http://www.drecp.org/\">The plan\u003c/a> would also set aside land for desert species. A full draft of the plan’s environmental review is expected this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re engaged in that process and very much looking forward to help crafting a good plan that allows for renewable energy development, as well as allowing for good, strong conservation to occur,” said Anderson.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Largest Solar Farms in the World\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When it opens in the next few months, the Ivanpah solar farm will be the largest in the world, providing 370 megawatts - enough electricity for 140,000 homes. The largest now:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"solar farm table\">\n\u003ctable>\n\u003cthead>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Name\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Country\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">State/Province\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Capacity (megawatts)\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Developer\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/thead>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Agua Caliente\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>278\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>First Solar\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>California Valley Solar Ranch\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>250\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>SunPower\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Charanka Solar Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>India\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Gujarat\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>214\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Several\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>CPI Golmud Power Station\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>China\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Quinghai\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>200\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CPI Huanghe Hydropower Co.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Mesquite Solar 1\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>150\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sempra Generation\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Source: SEIA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting contributed by KQED Science radio reporter Lauren Sommer. Tortoise footage: Stephen M. Wessells, USGS.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"thelatest": {
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