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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/spermatazoa1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mole voles do fine with one X and no Y\u003cbr>\nchromosome.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/07/why-no-y-gender-bending-transcaucasian-mole-voles/\">Last blog\u003c/a> I talked about the Transcaucasian mole vole. This little burrowing mammal has lost its Y chromosome over time. Now both males and females have only a single X.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I focused on how scientists can't yet figure out how there are any male mole voles running around. This week, I want to focus on what this means from an evolutionary perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These little animals show that massive changes in chromosome structure can be tolerated and the species can do quite well. Even when the chromosomal change results in a significant increase in miscarriages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of a mole vole's fertilized eggs don't survive to term. Why not? Because these embryos have either no or two copies of the X chromosome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most mammals have two copies of each of their chromosomes-- one from mom and one from dad. At the end of \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=234\">meiosis\u003c/a>, each chromosome copy ends up in a different sperm or egg. This is so that when an egg and a sperm combine, the new mammal has the right number of chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mole voles end up with half of their sperm or eggs with one X chromosome and the other half with no X chromosome. There is a 1 in 4 chance that a sperm without an X chromosome will fertilize an egg without an X chromosome. Since mammals need an X chromosome to survive, these fertilized eggs don’t make it to term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also a 1 in 4 chance that a sperm with an X chromosome will fertilize an egg with an X chromosome. In most mammals, this would be OK-- the fertilized egg would go on to become a female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is fatal for mole voles. Most likely this is because these animals have a \u003ca href=\"http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowAbstract&ArtikelNr=000104771&Ausgabe=233312&ProduktNr=231547\">defective Xist gene\u003c/a>. This gene's job is to keep only one X chromosome on in any cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, these mole voles deal fine with the fact that half their fertilized eggs do not make it to term. This means that chromosomal rearrangements and changes that affect fertility can be tolerated. At least in the mole vole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is important because one of the key differences between a chimpanzee and a human at the chromosome level is that humans have 46 chromosomes and chimpanzees have 48. Looking at the DNA we see that\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/12/chromosome-fusion-chance-or-design/\"> human chromosome 2 looks just like chimpanzee chromosomes 12 and 13 fused together\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people argue that this sort of rearrangement wouldn't be successful because at an early transition stage from 48 to 46 chromosomes, half the fertilized eggs would not make it to term. These fertilized eggs would either be missing or have an extra chromosome. Just like the mole vole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here we have a mammalian example where this isn't an issue. This little mole vole is doing quite fine thank you very much. As our ancestors most likely did too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you have a note from your doctor?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/blog_array11.jpg\">\u003cem>So much information, so little understanding\u003c/em>\u003c/span>On June 9, the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/06/16/financial/f153128D68.DTL\">sent letters\u003c/a> to 13 different direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies telling them that they were not in compliance with California laws and needed to stop providing testing. The two main issues appear to be:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. The testing facilities were not licensed correctly.\u003cbr>\n2. The tests were ordered without the request or counsel of a doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seems to me to be the opening salvo in an upcoming war between the government and these companies about DNA testing. The government wants to protect the consumer from getting incorrect results and/or misinterpreting the results they get. The companies want to provide people with information about their own DNA. I have to say I am unsure where I stand on this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, there are some companies out there selling snake oil. For example, anyone claiming that they can provide a set of nutritional products based on your genetic test results almost certainly should be shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I would guess that the CDPH is not going after purely recreational companies like those involved in ancestry. I can't imagine why a doctor would order that kind of test. If these letters target ancestry companies, then whatever laws are involved should be changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also companies that comply with the current California laws. One of the most prominent is \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnadirect.com/\">DNA Direct\u003c/a>. This company follows all of the rules of the state, only offers well validated tests that are performed in a CLIA lab, and provides genetic counseling so people can understand the results they get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the companies between DNA Direct and ancestry testing services? Although we don't know for sure, the CDPH seems to have targeted many newer companies that look at hundreds of thousands or even millions of DNA differences at once throughout a person's DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three main companies that I know about that are in this gray region are \u003ca href=\"http://www.navigenics.com/\">Navigenics\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.decodeme.com/\">deCODEme\u003c/a>. Navigenics is a different sort of beast from the other two in that it only provides information on DNA differences that have a well established link to a disease and they also provide genetic counseling. The other two can really be thought more of as recreational genomics at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe and deCODEme give a client all of their information and then tell the client what is known about each DNA difference. They offer ancestry, trait, and disease information bundled up in a single 1000 dollar test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These companies count on the consumer being able to digest all of that data and recognize what is a strong and/or important correlation and what is not. This is the point where a group that includes the government, doctors, and many academics differ with these companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once we make sure that the testing is done well, the question really boils down to whether or not the consumer can handle all of the information*. Can consumers interpret these kinds of results and know when to seek help and when not to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is that \u003cstrong>some can and some can't\u003c/strong>. So how do we protect those who can't but still allow people access to their own DNA? Or should we protect consumers at all from their own DNA information?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*There is also the stipulation about a doctor ordering the test but frankly I don't get that one and am not sure it should be part of any consumer protection.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/files/madrigal.PDF\">Copy of the letter from Wired Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>In an email this week from John Woodward, an Alaska builder and \u003ca title=\"Home Energy\" href=\"http://www.homeenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Home Energy\u003c/em>\u003c/a> author, he wrote, \"I put together a working/management group to manage the relocation of the community of Shishmaref sustainabely. They live on Sarichef, a barrier island that global warming is wiping out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Shimaref, Alaska\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishmaref,_Alaska\" target=\"_blank\">Shishmaref\u003c/a> is home to a small community of \u003ca title=\"Inupiat\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inupiat\" target=\"_blank\">Inupiat\u003c/a>, a Native American tribe. John is working with the Inupiat Tribal Government, the City of Shishmaref, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shishmarefrelocation.com/\">Shishmaref Erosion & Relocation Coalition\u003c/a>, to salvage as much of the village as possible before it goes under water and move it, along with the island inhabitants, to a new plot of land in the interior of Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corp of Engineers gives the island about 5 or 10 more years of livability. But as the ocean and permafrost warm and the ocean rises, unpredictable storms take a heavy toll on the island. \"Each big storm with a high tide and an on-shore wind takes a big bite out of Sarichef,\" says Woodward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community is seeking funds for a comprehensive alternative energy plan, an anaerobic pump/methane generator, and the retrofit of all existing buildings, including more than 110 homes, community buildings and a school. The homes will be retrofit to use less than 5 Btu per square foot to heat. Heating load calculations can be pretty complicated, but in general, contractors recommend furnaces that can provide 30-50 Btu per square foot to heat homes in the Bay Area. To reach such a high level of energy efficiency, the Shishmaref homes will have the insulation installed on the outside of the structure, a technique that Woodward has successfully used in the past. The new village will have the look and functionality of the Inupiat culture as defined and designed through community planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our community planning process involves community charettes with the whole community gathered in the school gym,\" say Woodward. \"The goal of these meetings is the rough-out of a comprehensive community plan for sustainable relocation of the existing salvageable infrastructure and the development of the new village site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Inupiat will build their new village to suit their needs and lifestyles, to be efficient, and to be in harmony with its surroundings-in other words, sustainabely. Let's keep an eye on our northern neighbors, who may teach us some valuable lessons. How long before whole towns in California will have to relocate because of water shortages? We all witnessed what happened in New Orleans a few years ago. How long before towns and cities on the coast of California will have to move inland or be seriously reconfigured because of the rising Pacific Ocean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can e-mail John Woodward with questions, comments, ideas, and offers of help at\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"mailto:panuktuk@yahoo.com\">panuktuk@yahoo.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In an email this week from John Woodward, an Alaska builder and \u003ca title=\"Home Energy\" href=\"http://www.homeenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Home Energy\u003c/em>\u003c/a> author, he wrote, \"I put together a working/management group to manage the relocation of the community of Shishmaref sustainabely. They live on Sarichef, a barrier island that global warming is wiping out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Shimaref, Alaska\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishmaref,_Alaska\" target=\"_blank\">Shishmaref\u003c/a> is home to a small community of \u003ca title=\"Inupiat\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inupiat\" target=\"_blank\">Inupiat\u003c/a>, a Native American tribe. John is working with the Inupiat Tribal Government, the City of Shishmaref, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shishmarefrelocation.com/\">Shishmaref Erosion & Relocation Coalition\u003c/a>, to salvage as much of the village as possible before it goes under water and move it, along with the island inhabitants, to a new plot of land in the interior of Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corp of Engineers gives the island about 5 or 10 more years of livability. But as the ocean and permafrost warm and the ocean rises, unpredictable storms take a heavy toll on the island. \"Each big storm with a high tide and an on-shore wind takes a big bite out of Sarichef,\" says Woodward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community is seeking funds for a comprehensive alternative energy plan, an anaerobic pump/methane generator, and the retrofit of all existing buildings, including more than 110 homes, community buildings and a school. The homes will be retrofit to use less than 5 Btu per square foot to heat. Heating load calculations can be pretty complicated, but in general, contractors recommend furnaces that can provide 30-50 Btu per square foot to heat homes in the Bay Area. To reach such a high level of energy efficiency, the Shishmaref homes will have the insulation installed on the outside of the structure, a technique that Woodward has successfully used in the past. The new village will have the look and functionality of the Inupiat culture as defined and designed through community planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our community planning process involves community charettes with the whole community gathered in the school gym,\" say Woodward. \"The goal of these meetings is the rough-out of a comprehensive community plan for sustainable relocation of the existing salvageable infrastructure and the development of the new village site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Inupiat will build their new village to suit their needs and lifestyles, to be efficient, and to be in harmony with its surroundings-in other words, sustainabely. Let's keep an eye on our northern neighbors, who may teach us some valuable lessons. How long before whole towns in California will have to relocate because of water shortages? We all witnessed what happened in New Orleans a few years ago. How long before towns and cities on the coast of California will have to move inland or be seriously reconfigured because of the rising Pacific Ocean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can e-mail John Woodward with questions, comments, ideas, and offers of help at\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"mailto:panuktuk@yahoo.com\">panuktuk@yahoo.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Vaccines: One Small Risk for a Child, One Giant Benefit for Mankind",
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"content": "\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/lightningstrike1.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You're as likely to be struck by lightning as to have a severe reaction to a vaccine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was reading an \u003ca href=\"http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1721109,00.html\">article in Time\u003c/a> last week about parents not vaccinating their children. The story was about how this phenomenon is becoming more widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of stories are weird to me because vaccines are pretty safe. The risk of an adverse side effect is incredibly small. For example, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00046738.htm\">risk for anaphylaxis\u003c/a> from the Hepatitis B Virus vaccination is around 1 in 600,000. This is about the same risk as being struck by lightning (1 in 700,000).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the article wasn't talking about known risks. Instead, it was referring to a hypothesized link between vaccines and autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People proposed this link when they noticed that cases of autism and the number of vaccinations were rising at the same time. Of course, just because two things happen to occur at the same time, this does not mean they are causally linked. For example, the increase in global temperature is not related to the decrease in the world's populations of pirates (despite what the \u003ca href=\"http://www.venganza.org/about/open-letter/\">Pastafarians\u003c/a> say).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how could an increased number of vaccinations cause an increase in the number of cases of autism? I have seen two ideas put forth. The first is that thimerosal is to blame. The second is that there are so many vaccinations now that we are stressing out the body's immune system. Most likely neither idea is valid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thimerosal is a mercury-based preservative that used to be used in vaccines. Even though there haven't been any good studies on the effects of thimerosal on brain development, everyone knows mercury is bad for the brain. So the idea behind thimerosal makes some sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2001, vaccine manufacturers decided to eliminate thimerosal from their vaccines. We would predict, then, that cases of autism should go down significantly if thimerosal was linked to autism. They haven't. In fact, in one \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/news/20080107/thimerosal-down-but-autism-rising\">California study\u003c/a>, cases have continued to climb. So thimerosal is most likely not to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another point that has been made is that there are so many vaccines now that we are stressing out our bodies' immune systems. Again, this concern is unfounded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines are injections of viral proteins. Our bodies see the proteins and raise antibodies to them. Then when a virus invades, we have antibodies that recognize the virus and target it for destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the number of viral proteins that matter in terms of taxing the body's immune system and not the number of vaccinations. All of the current vaccines put together do not have as many viral proteins as the old smallpox vaccine (150 vs. 200). So the number of vaccines is unlikely to be the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What all of this means is that vaccines are probably not responsible for the significant increase in the number of cases of autism. What is responsible? 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/barry_bit1.jpg\">\u003cem>The author feeling cheeky\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Last Monday I finally took my show out on the road. At \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum\u003c/a> I run hands on genetics programs for visitors. On Monday, we took them to \u003ca href=\"http://wo.ca.campusgrid.net/home\">Overfelt High School\u003c/a> in San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the students had a blast*. They got to take home 4X6 glossy pictures of their cheek cells like the one I posted here (that's my handsome cell). They got to use DNA from a crime scene to solve a murder. They got to make bacteria glow like a jellyfish. They got to spool their own DNA. And they got to learn what 1000-2000 bases of their DNA looks like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part they were genuinely excited and engaged in the activities. They learned about nuclei, dominant and recessive gene versions, why blood cells look different from nerve cells and lots more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some educators call this sort of thing \"\u003cstrong>drive-by science\u003c/strong>.\" A scientist zooms in, wows the kids and then disappears. These educators feel that this sort of thing has little effect on learning science. I beg to differ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This experience obviously can't replace classroom learning. But it can reinforce what they've already learned. And it can show them how exciting science really is (even if their textbooks have convinced them otherwise).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nice theory, but is there any proof this sort of thing works? You betcha.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/04/27/national/a092052D18.DTL&type=science\">new study\u003c/a> out by the National Academies shows that this kind of \"informal learning\" greatly increases the retention time of the things people learn while in that environment. For example, these kids, having seen and taken a picture home with them of their own nuclei, will remember that a nucleus houses DNA longer than if they learn it in a textbook or lecture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the study is right, the students will also become more excited about science so they'll pursue it in the future. Especially if the teacher then does follow on activities to reinforce what they learned (which he will).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully the nine graduate students from \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/outreach/tech.html\">Stanford's Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and I did our part to get some kids wanting to learn more about science. Maybe we even got a few to imagine themselves as scientists. Not bad for a day's work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* Quote from the students' teacher:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>These are some of the adjectives my students used to describe their experience: \"awesome\", \"cool\", \"fun\"; and they don't use these very lightly when it comes to academic activities. Some of them were wondering if we are \"going to do that again.\" They enjoyed not only the activities, but also the experience of interacting with young graduate students from Stanford. Some experiences that can be a matter of fact for us can be huge for some of these kids and have a dramatic impact on their lives. \u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"science-friday": {
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