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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/nose.jpg\">\u003cem>Love is in the air\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I love you. Because you smell different than I do. Not quite Titanic or Casablanca or even Olivia Newton-John in Grease. But smells may be part of the reason why we fall in love with a certain person. At least that is what a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000184\">new study\u003c/a> argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known for awhile that animals find their \"true love\" partly through smells. One of the things they are sensing is whether the potential mate has a different set of MHC genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MHC genes are a big part of our immune system. These genes are used to create the huge number of antibodies that we each make to battle bacteria, viruses, etc. Everyone has a different set of these antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more varied your MHC genes are, the more invaders your immune system can recognize and defeat. So two parents with very different MHC genes will have kids with immune systems that can recognize (and so defeat) lots of different kinds of bacteria and viruses. Parents with similar MHC genes will have kids with less varied immune systems. (This is a big reason why \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=131\">inbred animals\u003c/a> are so sickly.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Animals can tell about a potential mate's MHC genes through smell. And people might be able to do this as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lots of experiments have been done where men or women \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/05/dna-and-love/\">sniff the sweaty t-shirts of members of the opposite sex\u003c/a> to see which t-shirt smells better. If the potential mates are of the same ethnic group, the sniffers tend to prefer mates with very dissimilar MHC genes. If the potential mates were of different ethnic groups, the sniffers preferred mates with somewhat but not wildly dissimilar MHC genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000184\">new study\u003c/a> looked at a group of 30 European American couples from Utah and 30 Yoruba couples from Nigeria. Thankfully there was no sweat smelling involved. Instead the researchers compared the DNA between the spouses of each couple in many different places throughout their genome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found was that for the Utah couples, the DNA around the MHC genes was much less alike than the DNA almost everywhere else. This did not appear to be the case for the Yoruba couples. This suggests that at least for these 30 couples from Utah, having a very different set of MHC genes may have been part of picking a spouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the difference between the Utahans and the Yorubans? It is hard to say without more data but one possibility has to do with how much of a role social factors play in picking a spouse in each society. Perhaps the European Americans are freer to choose a mate. If this is the case, then they might be more likely to follow some sort of biological imperative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility is that this smell test is only a big deal if the potential mates are all very similar to start with. The Utah couples all had pretty similar DNA to each other to begin with. The Yoruba couples' DNA was less alike. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, this is a total of 60 couples and so is in no way exhaustive and may be proven wrong tomorrow. But it adds to a growing pile of evidence that suggests how mate selection works at the biological level. And it shows the wide range of things we can learn about ourselves by studying our DNA in great detail. Maybe it even gives perfume companies some ideas too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lots of experiments have been done where men or women \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/05/dna-and-love/\">sniff the sweaty t-shirts of members of the opposite sex\u003c/a> to see which t-shirt smells better. If the potential mates are of the same ethnic group, the sniffers tend to prefer mates with very dissimilar MHC genes. If the potential mates were of different ethnic groups, the sniffers preferred mates with somewhat but not wildly dissimilar MHC genes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000184\">new study\u003c/a> looked at a group of 30 European American couples from Utah and 30 Yoruba couples from Nigeria. Thankfully there was no sweat smelling involved. Instead the researchers compared the DNA between the spouses of each couple in many different places throughout their genome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found was that for the Utah couples, the DNA around the MHC genes was much less alike than the DNA almost everywhere else. This did not appear to be the case for the Yoruba couples. This suggests that at least for these 30 couples from Utah, having a very different set of MHC genes may have been part of picking a spouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the difference between the Utahans and the Yorubans? It is hard to say without more data but one possibility has to do with how much of a role social factors play in picking a spouse in each society. Perhaps the European Americans are freer to choose a mate. If this is the case, then they might be more likely to follow some sort of biological imperative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility is that this smell test is only a big deal if the potential mates are all very similar to start with. The Utah couples all had pretty similar DNA to each other to begin with. The Yoruba couples' DNA was less alike. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, this is a total of 60 couples and so is in no way exhaustive and may be proven wrong tomorrow. But it adds to a growing pile of evidence that suggests how mate selection works at the biological level. And it shows the wide range of things we can learn about ourselves by studying our DNA in great detail. Maybe it even gives perfume companies some ideas too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/radio2-47_beyondalzheimers3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second of two stories born out of an afternoon at \u003ca href=\"http://memory.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF’s Memory and Aging Center\u003c/a>, where a team of scientists, led by Dr. Bruce Miller, is trying to tease out the differences between as many as 200 dementias that affect aging brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two stories have a lot in common: Both introduce us to people who have lived with extremely difficult degenerative diseases: ALS in “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/decoding-the-emotional-brain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Decoding the Emotional Brain\u003c/a>,” and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/beyond-alzheimers\">frontotemporal dementia in this week’s story\u003c/a>. Both open up provocative questions about human nature. And neither would have happened without the generosity of a Northern California family – in this case, Cassandra Shafer, who drove down from Forestville with her daughter, Columbia, to tell me about Cassandra’s husband and Columbia’s father, Keith Jordan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these video clips, you meet Keith Jordan in the second half of his disease, after doctors at UC Davis and UCSF diagnosed him with \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/frontotemporal-dementia/DS00874\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">frontotemporal dementia\u003c/a>. The videos were taken at UCSF over the course of many hours doctors spent studying Keith and his symptoms. In them, we glimpse of two of Keith’s FTD-caused obsessions: joke telling and music. (We also see one of the first symptoms to have emerged: his Jerry Garcia hairdo.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first glance, Keith’s behavior might strike you as more eccentric than brain-damaged, which is precisely why FTD can take so long to diagnose. If you’re a doctor with a 15-minute appointment slot, frontotemporal dementia might just look like a midlife crisis. What we don’t see in the video clips are the five heartbreaking years that Cassandra spent trying to figure out what was happening to her husband – a search that included marriage and career counseling, the full gamut of conventional western specialists, yoga, meditation, chelation therapy, replacing every household cleaning product, every pot and pan, all the way to shamanic soul retrieval and exorcism – all while his behavior grew more erratic and difficult to be around. It’s impossible to overstate the drain – both emotional and financial — that this search brought on Keith’s family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keith died in May and Cassandra is still, she says, “inching her way” out of the “foreign land” that FTD plunged her into. As unlikely as it sounds, I think she takes some comfort in the fact that Keith’s illness also gave doctors a chance to explore profound questions about human nature and the extent to which the structure of our brains determines who we are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FTD can turn Democrats into Republicans, and vice versa. People with no interest in art begin to paint obsessively. As the neurons in Keith’s right frontotemporal lobe (just behind the right eyebrow) died, his taste in music, his sense of humor, his relationships with his family members and friends changed completely. Our self, in other words, may owe much more to the way our brains are built than we’d care to acknowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what to make of the fact that this same part of the brain that shapes personality is also responsible for reading other people’s reactions? People with some forms of FTD can’t empathize with others (hear more about this in our slide show about FTD and art) or read the emotion on another person’s face. Not only do they experience radical personality changes, but they lose the ability to sense others’ reactions to them. In other words, how we define ourselves – whether we consider ourselves funny, smart, ambitious — seems to have everything to do with how others define us. We are all, in other words, people people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs the question: What about people raised in isolation, without the critical feedback loop of social interaction? What does FTD tell us, for example, about children who have been deeply neglected in orphanages? Or – taking another angle entirely — autistic people, who have trouble empathizing with others? What does self-perception look like in those who can’t perceive those around them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all this is giving you a headache, you might spend some time exploring the web extras we’ve produced for these two stories. Here, Bruce Miller explains \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/artistic-renaissance-and-frontotemporal-dementia\">why frontotemporal dementia can bring with it an artistic renaissance\u003c/a>. And here, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/emotions-from-the-inside-and-out\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">we introduce you to Matt Cheney\u003c/a> and find out what his compulsive laughing and crying jags might reveal about emotion and the human brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then use our blog, below, to let us know what you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/beyond-alzheimers\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/beyond-alzheimers\">Beyond Alzheimer’s\u003c/a> radio report online, and watch our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/artistic-renaissance-and-frontotemporal-dementia\">Web Extra: Dementia and Artistic Renaissance\u003c/a> slideshow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.76355 -122.458\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/radio2-47_beyondalzheimers3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second of two stories born out of an afternoon at \u003ca href=\"http://memory.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF’s Memory and Aging Center\u003c/a>, where a team of scientists, led by Dr. Bruce Miller, is trying to tease out the differences between as many as 200 dementias that affect aging brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two stories have a lot in common: Both introduce us to people who have lived with extremely difficult degenerative diseases: ALS in “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/decoding-the-emotional-brain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Decoding the Emotional Brain\u003c/a>,” and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/beyond-alzheimers\">frontotemporal dementia in this week’s story\u003c/a>. Both open up provocative questions about human nature. And neither would have happened without the generosity of a Northern California family – in this case, Cassandra Shafer, who drove down from Forestville with her daughter, Columbia, to tell me about Cassandra’s husband and Columbia’s father, Keith Jordan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these video clips, you meet Keith Jordan in the second half of his disease, after doctors at UC Davis and UCSF diagnosed him with \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/frontotemporal-dementia/DS00874\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">frontotemporal dementia\u003c/a>. The videos were taken at UCSF over the course of many hours doctors spent studying Keith and his symptoms. In them, we glimpse of two of Keith’s FTD-caused obsessions: joke telling and music. (We also see one of the first symptoms to have emerged: his Jerry Garcia hairdo.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first glance, Keith’s behavior might strike you as more eccentric than brain-damaged, which is precisely why FTD can take so long to diagnose. If you’re a doctor with a 15-minute appointment slot, frontotemporal dementia might just look like a midlife crisis. What we don’t see in the video clips are the five heartbreaking years that Cassandra spent trying to figure out what was happening to her husband – a search that included marriage and career counseling, the full gamut of conventional western specialists, yoga, meditation, chelation therapy, replacing every household cleaning product, every pot and pan, all the way to shamanic soul retrieval and exorcism – all while his behavior grew more erratic and difficult to be around. It’s impossible to overstate the drain – both emotional and financial — that this search brought on Keith’s family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keith died in May and Cassandra is still, she says, “inching her way” out of the “foreign land” that FTD plunged her into. As unlikely as it sounds, I think she takes some comfort in the fact that Keith’s illness also gave doctors a chance to explore profound questions about human nature and the extent to which the structure of our brains determines who we are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FTD can turn Democrats into Republicans, and vice versa. People with no interest in art begin to paint obsessively. As the neurons in Keith’s right frontotemporal lobe (just behind the right eyebrow) died, his taste in music, his sense of humor, his relationships with his family members and friends changed completely. Our self, in other words, may owe much more to the way our brains are built than we’d care to acknowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what to make of the fact that this same part of the brain that shapes personality is also responsible for reading other people’s reactions? People with some forms of FTD can’t empathize with others (hear more about this in our slide show about FTD and art) or read the emotion on another person’s face. Not only do they experience radical personality changes, but they lose the ability to sense others’ reactions to them. In other words, how we define ourselves – whether we consider ourselves funny, smart, ambitious — seems to have everything to do with how others define us. We are all, in other words, people people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs the question: What about people raised in isolation, without the critical feedback loop of social interaction? What does FTD tell us, for example, about children who have been deeply neglected in orphanages? Or – taking another angle entirely — autistic people, who have trouble empathizing with others? What does self-perception look like in those who can’t perceive those around them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all this is giving you a headache, you might spend some time exploring the web extras we’ve produced for these two stories. Here, Bruce Miller explains \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/artistic-renaissance-and-frontotemporal-dementia\">why frontotemporal dementia can bring with it an artistic renaissance\u003c/a>. And here, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/emotions-from-the-inside-and-out\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">we introduce you to Matt Cheney\u003c/a> and find out what his compulsive laughing and crying jags might reveal about emotion and the human brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then use our blog, below, to let us know what you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/beyond-alzheimers\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/beyond-alzheimers\">Beyond Alzheimer’s\u003c/a> radio report online, and watch our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/artistic-renaissance-and-frontotemporal-dementia\">Web Extra: Dementia and Artistic Renaissance\u003c/a> slideshow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.76355 -122.458\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"radio2-47_beyond_alzheimers_webextra\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frontotemporal dementia occurs when parts of the brain atrophy, causing marked personality changes. Some patients lose the ability to read other people's facial expressions. Others have trouble with language. Sometimes FTD also brings a new interest in art. Dr. Bruce Miller, director of the UCSF Memory and Aging Center, explains what patient artwork might suggest about the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists have used gene therapy to make insulin-producing cells in a mouse's pancreas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/08/pancreaticislet300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Insulin producing cells (like the ones shown in green) have\u003cbr>\nbeen made in a mouse's pancreas. Photo credit by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Pancreaticislet.jpg\">Masur\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nA new \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature07314.html\">study\u003c/a> out in Nature shows how to turn one kind of pancreas cell into an insulin-producing islet cell. This research is an important step in finding a cure for Type 1 diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People get Type 1 diabetes when their bodies attack and destroy their own islet cells. These people can't make insulin anymore and so have to inject it. The best cure would be if scientists could replace the old islet cells with new ones. This is what the researchers in this study set out to do in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers made islet cells directly in a mouse’s pancreas. They did this by using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">gene therapy\u003c/a> to reprogram one type of pancreas cell (an exocrine cell) into islet cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All cells \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=4\">share the same DNA\u003c/a>. What makes each cell type different is which genes are on (or have been on in the past). Proteins called transcription factors are a big part of this programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors reasoned that they might be able to directly reprogram one kind of adult cell into another by adding the right mix of transcription factors. They couldn't just add transcription factors though. Instead, they added transcription factor genes*.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding the right transcription factors was not simple. There are thousands of these things scattered throughout our DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers narrowed the list of possible candidates down by looking at those that were found in the pancreas. And then they further narrowed down the candidates by mutating these transcription factor genes and looking for effects on pancreas development. Nine transcription factors made it through these tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By testing different combinations of these genes, the authors were able to find a cocktail of three that turned an exocrine cell into an islet cell. These new cells looked and acted like islet cells. And what is also important, the new cells stayed islet cells even after the transcription factors were gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=260\">big problems with gene therapy\u003c/a> is that eventually the body recognizes the viral DNA as other and shuts it down. So the best gene therapies are the ones like this--the hit and run kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is all very promising but the procedure is nowhere near ready for prime time yet. One problem, of course, is that mice aren't people. What worked in a mouse might not work in a person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An even bigger problem is that the created islet cells are scattered here and there throughout the pancreas. Islet cells work best in clumps (as they exist naturally). So scientists will need to figure out how to get them to clump together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>* Transcription factors are proteins and like all proteins, their instructions are found in genes. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's challenging to report on an illness such as autism, which scientists and doctors are only beginning to understand (the disease was described in the 1940s) and over which there is so much debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is even disagreement around the question of whether or not there has been a real increase in the number of children being diagnosed with autism in California. In our TV segment, we interview psychologist Ron Huff, director of clinical services at the Alta California Regional Center in Sacramento. In the mid-1990s, Huff sounded the alarm about an increase in the number of reported cases of autism in California. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.dds.ca.gov/RC/Home.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Through California's 21 regional centers\u003c/a> the state's Department of Developmental Services offers services to children and adults with developmental disabilities).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In 1996 I asked the Department of Developmental Services to pull some raw data off of their statewide electronic information system. And when I saw that data it was obvious that there were a lot more kids in our system with autism than anyone else had expected,\"Huff told QUEST. \"By 1999 the (California) legislature decided to have the department do a formal study of the number of people who were entering the system with autism. So we looked at about 11 years of data and recognized that there was a 300 plus percent increase in the number of kids coming in with autism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, researchers have vigorously been debating whether or not there is a true increase in the number of cases. Huff believes that at least part of the increase is a true increase, in other words, that not all of the increase can be explained by factors such as more accurate diagnosis of autism, increased awareness or better availability of services. But other researchers like Kaiser Permanente epidemiologist Lisa Croen feel there isn’t enough information to conclude that even part of the cases are due to a true increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, I don't think we really have the data, and no one really has the data right now to answer that question adequately,\" she told QUEST. But in her view, whether or not there's a true increase, there is indeed a crisis afoot. \"It goes without question that there are definitely more people being diagnosed with autism today than ever before and that is a really big public health crisis. Estimates across the country are that one in 150 children at about 8 years of age will have a diagnosis of autism. So whether or not the increase, or how much of this increase, is really due to a true increase in occurrence, the question now is what’s causing this and what are the risk factors and that’s what we really have to concentrate on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research looking into factors other than genes is just beginning. The Centers for Disease Control have launched a large epidemiological study called SEED that seeks to answer the question of what the environmental causes of autism are. When researchers talk about \"environmental factors\" they mean this very broadly. These factors include, for example, the age of the parents. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/autism-searching-for-causes\" target=\"_blank\">For our TV story we filmed Meghan Wallace\u003c/a>, a four-year-old with an autism diagnosis who is participating in SEED. In Northern California, Kaiser Permanente is overseeing the research. Both children with and without autism are being enrolled. \"There really has never been a large, robust, well-designed epidemiologic study that can adequately study the many possible risk factors for autism spectrum disorders,\" said Lisa Croen, who is one of the principal investigators on SEED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, U.C. Davis' M.I.N.D. Institute is carrying out a smaller study into the causes of autism. It's called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/welcome/features/20070912_pregnantmothers_autism/\" target=\"_blank\">MARBLES\u003c/a> and it’s funded by the EPA and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. By studying pregnant women, MARBLES principal investigator Irva Hertz-Picciotto hopes to find out if there are any risk factors for autism that happen during pregnancy. In our TV story, we followed M.I.N.D. Institute personnel as they visited one of the families in the study. They had followed the mother through her pregnancy and delivery and were now taking samples from her six-month-old boy. The researchers collected everything from his dirty diapers to dust from the family's rug. In between, they asked the mom about her family's use of pesticides and cleaning products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hertz-Picciotto's research stemming from another M.I.N.D. Institute study has already pointed to a connection between autism and pesticides. In May of 2008, she and her colleagues reported at the International Meeting for Autism Research in London that mothers of autistic children were twice as likely as mothers of children who didn't develop autism to report that they had used household insecticides and pet shampoos for fleas or ticks. They reported using these products during a period between three months before conception and the first year of the child’s life. Other risk factors are also starting to emerge. A study by Lisa Croen and colleagues reported that paternal and maternal age are risk factors for autism. \"What we found was for every 10 years of increase in the age of a mother or a father, the risk of autism went up by about 20 or 30%,\" Croen told QUEST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the SEED and the MARBLES studies are looking at the question of whether or not childhood vaccination is a risk factor for autism. This is another issue that we talk about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/autism-searching-for-causes\" target=\"_blank\">in our TV story\u003c/a>. Concerned about guaranteeing that infectious diseases don't reemerge, public health officials at agencies like the CDCs state that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/vaccines.htm\" target=\"_blank\">research doesn't bear out an autism-vaccine connection\u003c/a>. But UC Davis' M.I.N.D. Institute is taking a more nuanced approach to the question. Based on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/Gene_Expression_Changes_in_Children_With_Autism_by_Hertz-Picciotto_2008.pdf\">new findings by their researchers\u003c/a> showing that the immune systems of autistic children are different than those of typically developing children, the Institute suggests that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/mindinstitute/newsroom/vaccineposition.html\" target=\"_blank\">a small number of children may respond to vaccines in an atypical way\u003c/a>. They quickly add that there isn't yet a way to determine who those children might be. Studies like SEED and MARBLES might help elucidate this and other questions about what remains a mysterious disease.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's challenging to report on an illness such as autism, which scientists and doctors are only beginning to understand (the disease was described in the 1940s) and over which there is so much debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is even disagreement around the question of whether or not there has been a real increase in the number of children being diagnosed with autism in California. In our TV segment, we interview psychologist Ron Huff, director of clinical services at the Alta California Regional Center in Sacramento. In the mid-1990s, Huff sounded the alarm about an increase in the number of reported cases of autism in California. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.dds.ca.gov/RC/Home.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Through California's 21 regional centers\u003c/a> the state's Department of Developmental Services offers services to children and adults with developmental disabilities).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In 1996 I asked the Department of Developmental Services to pull some raw data off of their statewide electronic information system. And when I saw that data it was obvious that there were a lot more kids in our system with autism than anyone else had expected,\"Huff told QUEST. \"By 1999 the (California) legislature decided to have the department do a formal study of the number of people who were entering the system with autism. So we looked at about 11 years of data and recognized that there was a 300 plus percent increase in the number of kids coming in with autism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, researchers have vigorously been debating whether or not there is a true increase in the number of cases. Huff believes that at least part of the increase is a true increase, in other words, that not all of the increase can be explained by factors such as more accurate diagnosis of autism, increased awareness or better availability of services. But other researchers like Kaiser Permanente epidemiologist Lisa Croen feel there isn’t enough information to conclude that even part of the cases are due to a true increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, I don't think we really have the data, and no one really has the data right now to answer that question adequately,\" she told QUEST. But in her view, whether or not there's a true increase, there is indeed a crisis afoot. \"It goes without question that there are definitely more people being diagnosed with autism today than ever before and that is a really big public health crisis. Estimates across the country are that one in 150 children at about 8 years of age will have a diagnosis of autism. So whether or not the increase, or how much of this increase, is really due to a true increase in occurrence, the question now is what’s causing this and what are the risk factors and that’s what we really have to concentrate on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research looking into factors other than genes is just beginning. The Centers for Disease Control have launched a large epidemiological study called SEED that seeks to answer the question of what the environmental causes of autism are. When researchers talk about \"environmental factors\" they mean this very broadly. These factors include, for example, the age of the parents. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/autism-searching-for-causes\" target=\"_blank\">For our TV story we filmed Meghan Wallace\u003c/a>, a four-year-old with an autism diagnosis who is participating in SEED. In Northern California, Kaiser Permanente is overseeing the research. Both children with and without autism are being enrolled. \"There really has never been a large, robust, well-designed epidemiologic study that can adequately study the many possible risk factors for autism spectrum disorders,\" said Lisa Croen, who is one of the principal investigators on SEED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, U.C. Davis' M.I.N.D. Institute is carrying out a smaller study into the causes of autism. It's called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/welcome/features/20070912_pregnantmothers_autism/\" target=\"_blank\">MARBLES\u003c/a> and it’s funded by the EPA and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. By studying pregnant women, MARBLES principal investigator Irva Hertz-Picciotto hopes to find out if there are any risk factors for autism that happen during pregnancy. In our TV story, we followed M.I.N.D. Institute personnel as they visited one of the families in the study. They had followed the mother through her pregnancy and delivery and were now taking samples from her six-month-old boy. The researchers collected everything from his dirty diapers to dust from the family's rug. In between, they asked the mom about her family's use of pesticides and cleaning products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hertz-Picciotto's research stemming from another M.I.N.D. Institute study has already pointed to a connection between autism and pesticides. In May of 2008, she and her colleagues reported at the International Meeting for Autism Research in London that mothers of autistic children were twice as likely as mothers of children who didn't develop autism to report that they had used household insecticides and pet shampoos for fleas or ticks. They reported using these products during a period between three months before conception and the first year of the child’s life. Other risk factors are also starting to emerge. A study by Lisa Croen and colleagues reported that paternal and maternal age are risk factors for autism. \"What we found was for every 10 years of increase in the age of a mother or a father, the risk of autism went up by about 20 or 30%,\" Croen told QUEST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the SEED and the MARBLES studies are looking at the question of whether or not childhood vaccination is a risk factor for autism. This is another issue that we talk about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/autism-searching-for-causes\" target=\"_blank\">in our TV story\u003c/a>. Concerned about guaranteeing that infectious diseases don't reemerge, public health officials at agencies like the CDCs state that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/vaccines.htm\" target=\"_blank\">research doesn't bear out an autism-vaccine connection\u003c/a>. But UC Davis' M.I.N.D. Institute is taking a more nuanced approach to the question. Based on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/Gene_Expression_Changes_in_Children_With_Autism_by_Hertz-Picciotto_2008.pdf\">new findings by their researchers\u003c/a> showing that the immune systems of autistic children are different than those of typically developing children, the Institute suggests that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/mindinstitute/newsroom/vaccineposition.html\" target=\"_blank\">a small number of children may respond to vaccines in an atypical way\u003c/a>. They quickly add that there isn't yet a way to determine who those children might be. Studies like SEED and MARBLES might help elucidate this and other questions about what remains a mysterious disease.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/decoding-the-emotional-brain\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/08/radio2-44emotionalbrain3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being a neurologist in the era of fMRI scanners must feel like being a kid in a candy shop. What's going in there while we're, say, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-making-decisions\" target=\"_blank\">shopping\u003c/a>? How about \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/590\" target=\"_blank\">reading\u003c/a>? \u003ca href=\"http://pcl.stanford.edu/press/2004/nyt-brain.html\" target=\"_blank\">Watching campaign ads\u003c/a>? Now that we have a way to take real-time images of the brain at work, the scientific possibilities are endless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the surface, the experiment at the heart of this story might seem pretty narrow. It focuses on a rare disorder called pseudobulbar affect, which afflicts only people with ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease -- a far cry from the universal rites of shopping or reading. But what’s fascinating about pseudobulbar is the light it might shed on all of us, and one of the most primal and mysterious human experiences of all: emotion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with pseudobulbar get happy and sad, just like the rest of us. They laugh and cry like the rest of us too. But then sometimes, something else happens: They keep going. And going. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/emotions-from-the-inside-and-out\" target=\"_blank\">In this video\u003c/a>, you can see how what looks like a laughing fit morphs into something else entirely. It’s as if the laughing and crying mechanisms have become detached from whatever part of the brain triggered the emotion in the first place. Maybe – and this is the hope of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsfhealth.org/adult/cgi-bin/prd.cgi?action=DISPLAYDOCTOR&doctorid=1414\" target=\"_blank\">Howard Rosen\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://psychology.berkeley.edu/faculty/profiles/rlevenson.html\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Levenson\u003c/a> – by seeing that disconnect take place in real time through the fMRI, we’ll understand, for the first time, how emotion plays out in people without pseudobulbar affect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(And it doesn’t stop there. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/decoding-the-emotional-brain\" target=\"_blank\">Listen to the radio piece\u003c/a> to hear Rosen's theory about what PBA might mean for depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, and, particularly, PTSD.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, a note about Matt Chaney. As Rosen and Levenson remarked many times, science can't happen without people like Chaney. While the rest of us sat comfortably in front of the fMRI monitors, Chaney spent an hour and a half lying in the cramped quarters of an MRI tube, watching highly emotional videos designed to make him sad. Moving his head by a millimeter would blur the image, so not only is Chaney being taken on an emotional roller coaster, he's doing it without moving a muscle – a lot to ask from anyone, let alone someone with a degenerative muscular disease like ALS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Journalism is a little less demanding (at least I hope so) but Chaney added to an already long day by spending time in an interview with me. He and his wife, Liz, were also extremely generous in allowing us to share videos of them, which illustrate pseudobulbar far more movingly and effectively than anything I could have written.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/decoding-the-emotional-brain\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/decoding-the-emotional-brain\">Decoding the Emotional Brain\u003c/a> radio report online, and watch our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/emotions-from-the-inside-and-out\">Web Extra: Emotions from the Inside and Out\u003c/a> video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.76355 -122.458\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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},
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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