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"bio": "Amy Gotliffe is Conservation Manager at the Oakland Zoo. She is a Detroit transplant, enjoying the good Bay Area life for 17 years. She has a degree in communications, holds several teaching credentials and has a Masters Degree in Environmental Education. She has worked at various Bay Area educational and environmental institutions, teaching second grade, working on campaigns, planting pollinator gardens, producing earth day events and generally spreading the word about wildlife and green living. She currently works at The Oakland Zoo where she serves as the Conservation Manager. There, she coordinates support for international, national and local conservation efforts, produces a Conservation Speaker Series, produces the zoo's Earth Day event, leads eco-trips, teaches the various educational programs and heads up an on-site Green Team. On her list of other passions are travel, photography, music and the lindy hop. :-)",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/piggy.jpg\">\u003cem>Animal viruses can be more deadly than their human\u003cbr> counterparts\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nA lot of people have been commenting about the apparent overreaction of governments to the swine flu. Why go to such extreme measures to deal with simple influenza? The reason has to do with the \u003ca href=\"http://1918.pandemicflu.gov/index.htm\">flu pandemic of 1918-1919\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over those two years, at least three waves of flu struck killing over 600,000 people in the U.S. and a staggering 30-50 million people worldwide. People died at such a high rate that cities ran out of caskets and dead bodies were stacked on porches and in the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governments have been concerned that history might repeat itself because the two flues share one thing in common--\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=26\">they both started out as animal viruses\u003c/a>. And our bodies are not particularly good at fighting off viruses new to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year a new flock of flu strains kicks off the flu season. Almost always these strains are variations of human flues from previous years. What this means is that we have seen cousins of these viruses in the past and so have a leg up on mounting an attack and defeating them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do not have this same leg up on animal viruses. Our immune systems haven't seen anything like them and so can't mount a quick attack. The end result is that the percentage of people who die from animal flues tends to be much higher than from run of the mill human flues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any flu season, the CDC estimates that 5-20% of the U.S. population ends up with the flu. And that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/us_flu-related_deaths.htm\">36,000 of these people die\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Flu/story?id=1173856&page=1\">numbers of deaths would be much higher\u003c/a> if a truly deadly animal flu virus like the bird flu from a few years back were to emerge and gain the ability to spread from person to person. (The bird flu was never more than a few isolated cases since it never gained this ability.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first blush, this is what the swine flu looked like. The disease spread easily among people and, in Mexico at least, appeared to be more deadly than normal flues. So governments around the world sprang into action. Since flu is spread through contact, governments tried to keep people away from each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They closed schools at the fist sign of trouble. Mexico closed restaurants, theaters and museums too. All of this was done in an attempt to prevent the spread of a disease like the flu of 1918.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least outside of Mexico, this flu does not seem to be too much worse than other flues. So it may be that governments overreacted this time. But I would prefer that they overreact like this as opposed to ignoring a deadly pandemic. We don't want another 1918 on our hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/influenza/sfeature/sanfran.html\">More info on The 1918 Flu in San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/kittie.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>What are the options for eco-friendly cat litter?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In researching this blog post, I continually ran across the word \"conundrum\" - which is defined as a puzzling question or problem. Used in a sentence, one might say, \"I am a cat owner who cares about the environment. What to do about their poop presents quite a conundrum.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Let's explore the facts around this puzzle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact:\u003c/strong> There are approximately 88.3 million companion cats in the United States, according to the Humane Society of the US.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact:\u003c/strong> All of them poop. The poop and the kitty litter must go somewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact\u003c/strong>: The \u003ca href=\"http://cats.about.com/cs/litterbox/a/clumpingclay.htm\">traditional clay litters\u003c/a> have been criticized for being resourced through strip-mining, and may contain harmful chemicals that cats can lick from their fur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>These three facts alone are reason enough to feel the effects of a conundrum, but let's explore further\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: \u003c/strong>Flushing cat poop down the toilet is an option once suggested by environmentalists, but is now an eco- No-No. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003cem>Toxoplasma gondii\u003c/em>, a parasite found in cat's intestines, can be passed through the feces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When flushed, the T. Gondii travels with the toilet water from your house to a treatment center (where it resists treatment) to the bay to the Pacific Ocean and into the habitat of many sea creatures, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/efc/efc_wao/wao_seaotter.asp\">Sea Otter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A UC Davis study of otters that live in areas near freshwater runoff, found that 42% of live otters and 62% of dead otters tested positive for \u003cem>T. Gondii\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, recent legislation will require kitty litters bags to include warning labels about flushing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Editor's note: QUEST's very first TV story, \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/whats-killing-the-sea-otters\">\"What's Killing the Sea Otters?\" - 2/6/07- \u003c/a>\" covers this topic in detail.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Now that we are clear on the conundrum, let's explore some options.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reclaimed Wood Litter: \u003c/strong>Litter made from reclaimed wood is an greener option. Pine and cedar sawdust that would normally end up in landfills is concentrated without the use of dangerous chemicals to produce environmentally safe litter. Feline Pine, Nature's Earth and Catfresh are options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Recycled Newspaper Litter: \u003c/strong>Try litter made from recycled newspapers. The paper absorbs just as well and re-uses resources. Two great brands are Yesterdays News and Good Mews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plant-based Litters: \u003c/strong>Plant-based litters are made from materials such as corn, corncobs, cornhusks, wheat by-products, wheat grass and beet pulp. These biodegradable materials, have no odor, are very absorbent and don't produce the same kind or volume of dust as clay litters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biodegradable Bags: \u003c/strong> These are available at most pet stores. Use the biodegradable litter with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Composting: \u003c/strong>Being a Zoo employee, we are BIG composters of our herbivore poop, creating rich and wonderful soil to grow our botanical paradise at Knowland Park. \u003ca href=\"http://www.naturemill.com\">NatureMill\u003c/a>, makers of the pet-friendly composter claim that it is possible to compost pet poop, as well. This composter, made from recycled and recyclable materials, is an easy to use alternative. Just add food scraps and the computerized composter heats up the ingredients to the 140 degrees (the EPA suggests over 130 degrees). Out comes soil for your flowerbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Make Your Own Kitty Litter: \u003c/strong>The DIY-crowd may even wish to attempt a \u003ca href=\"http://alliesanswers.com/tip-of-the-day/tip-of-the-day-make-your-own-kitty-litter/1044\">hand-crafted solution\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are all great alternatives that, of course, present more questions. Like all environmental issues these days, each solution may lead to a new puzzle or conundrum for us to wrap our greening brains around. Let's keep on exploring!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7772 -122.166595\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>These three facts alone are reason enough to feel the effects of a conundrum, but let's explore further\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact: \u003c/strong>Flushing cat poop down the toilet is an option once suggested by environmentalists, but is now an eco- No-No. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003cem>Toxoplasma gondii\u003c/em>, a parasite found in cat's intestines, can be passed through the feces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When flushed, the T. Gondii travels with the toilet water from your house to a treatment center (where it resists treatment) to the bay to the Pacific Ocean and into the habitat of many sea creatures, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/efc/efc_wao/wao_seaotter.asp\">Sea Otter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A UC Davis study of otters that live in areas near freshwater runoff, found that 42% of live otters and 62% of dead otters tested positive for \u003cem>T. Gondii\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, recent legislation will require kitty litters bags to include warning labels about flushing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Editor's note: QUEST's very first TV story, \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/whats-killing-the-sea-otters\">\"What's Killing the Sea Otters?\" - 2/6/07- \u003c/a>\" covers this topic in detail.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Now that we are clear on the conundrum, let's explore some options.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reclaimed Wood Litter: \u003c/strong>Litter made from reclaimed wood is an greener option. Pine and cedar sawdust that would normally end up in landfills is concentrated without the use of dangerous chemicals to produce environmentally safe litter. Feline Pine, Nature's Earth and Catfresh are options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Recycled Newspaper Litter: \u003c/strong>Try litter made from recycled newspapers. The paper absorbs just as well and re-uses resources. Two great brands are Yesterdays News and Good Mews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plant-based Litters: \u003c/strong>Plant-based litters are made from materials such as corn, corncobs, cornhusks, wheat by-products, wheat grass and beet pulp. These biodegradable materials, have no odor, are very absorbent and don't produce the same kind or volume of dust as clay litters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biodegradable Bags: \u003c/strong> These are available at most pet stores. Use the biodegradable litter with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Composting: \u003c/strong>Being a Zoo employee, we are BIG composters of our herbivore poop, creating rich and wonderful soil to grow our botanical paradise at Knowland Park. \u003ca href=\"http://www.naturemill.com\">NatureMill\u003c/a>, makers of the pet-friendly composter claim that it is possible to compost pet poop, as well. This composter, made from recycled and recyclable materials, is an easy to use alternative. Just add food scraps and the computerized composter heats up the ingredients to the 140 degrees (the EPA suggests over 130 degrees). Out comes soil for your flowerbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Make Your Own Kitty Litter: \u003c/strong>The DIY-crowd may even wish to attempt a \u003ca href=\"http://alliesanswers.com/tip-of-the-day/tip-of-the-day-make-your-own-kitty-litter/1044\">hand-crafted solution\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are all great alternatives that, of course, present more questions. Like all environmental issues these days, each solution may lead to a new puzzle or conundrum for us to wrap our greening brains around. Let's keep on exploring!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7772 -122.166595\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/swine-flu-and-you\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/radio3-30_swineflublog300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The swine flu virus. Credit: C. S. Goldsmith and A. Balish, CDC.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As this story is being produced, the reports on swine flu are changing hourly. Cases are popping up \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_12267034\" target=\"_blank\">closer and closer to home\u003c/a>, and the CDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/\" target=\"_blank\">is updating several times a day\u003c/a> on the spread of the virus, and plans to fight it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $64,000 question is \u003ca href=\"http://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/swine-flu-a-cause-for-panic/?8ty&emc=ty&apage=3\" target=\"_blank\">how worried we should be\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swine flu is largely untreatable: The two effective antiviral drugs, Tamiflu and Relenza, must be taken within 48 hours of infection to stop the spread of the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves a vaccine. Vaccines are relatively \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/business/economy/29vaccine.html?ref=media\" target=\"_blank\">straightforward to create\u003c/a>, but they take time. If swine flu becomes a deadly pandemic (meaning it's not only widespread -- a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic\" target=\"_blank\">pandemic \u003c/a>-- but more lethal \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-sci-swine-reality30-2009apr30,0,3606923.story\" target=\"_blank\">than it appears to be\u003c/a> so far) the demand for vaccines would likely far outpace supply. According to Art Reingold, at UC Berkeley's School of Public Health, it could take years for doses to reach everyone in the world who's vulnerable to the disease. Here in the US, we have very few vaccine producing facilities, which means we'd be competing with other countries' priorities to treat their own citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our story focuses on what could, one day, be the answer to pandemics like this one: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/23/health/23flu.html\" target=\"_blank\">a universal vaccine\u003c/a>. Scientists like Harvard Medical School's Wayne Marasco believe that, in just a few years, \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126976.000-scientists-find-chink-in-flus-armour.html\" target=\"_blank\">we might be able to inoculate ourselves\u003c/a> against nearly all influenza viruses – like a tetanus shot, against the flu. Universal vaccines will come too late for our current swine flu pandemic. But they may well be our response to pandemics of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/swine-flu-and-you\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/swine-flu-and-you\">Listen to the Swine Flu and You\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.47851 -122.1407\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/swine-flu-and-you\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/radio3-30_swineflublog300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The swine flu virus. Credit: C. S. Goldsmith and A. Balish, CDC.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As this story is being produced, the reports on swine flu are changing hourly. Cases are popping up \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_12267034\" target=\"_blank\">closer and closer to home\u003c/a>, and the CDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/\" target=\"_blank\">is updating several times a day\u003c/a> on the spread of the virus, and plans to fight it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $64,000 question is \u003ca href=\"http://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/swine-flu-a-cause-for-panic/?8ty&emc=ty&apage=3\" target=\"_blank\">how worried we should be\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swine flu is largely untreatable: The two effective antiviral drugs, Tamiflu and Relenza, must be taken within 48 hours of infection to stop the spread of the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves a vaccine. Vaccines are relatively \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/business/economy/29vaccine.html?ref=media\" target=\"_blank\">straightforward to create\u003c/a>, but they take time. If swine flu becomes a deadly pandemic (meaning it's not only widespread -- a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic\" target=\"_blank\">pandemic \u003c/a>-- but more lethal \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-sci-swine-reality30-2009apr30,0,3606923.story\" target=\"_blank\">than it appears to be\u003c/a> so far) the demand for vaccines would likely far outpace supply. According to Art Reingold, at UC Berkeley's School of Public Health, it could take years for doses to reach everyone in the world who's vulnerable to the disease. Here in the US, we have very few vaccine producing facilities, which means we'd be competing with other countries' priorities to treat their own citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our story focuses on what could, one day, be the answer to pandemics like this one: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/23/health/23flu.html\" target=\"_blank\">a universal vaccine\u003c/a>. Scientists like Harvard Medical School's Wayne Marasco believe that, in just a few years, \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126976.000-scientists-find-chink-in-flus-armour.html\" target=\"_blank\">we might be able to inoculate ourselves\u003c/a> against nearly all influenza viruses – like a tetanus shot, against the flu. Universal vaccines will come too late for our current swine flu pandemic. But they may well be our response to pandemics of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/swine-flu-and-you\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/swine-flu-and-you\">Listen to the Swine Flu and You\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.47851 -122.1407\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/04/swine-flu-virus.jpg\">\u003cem>The swine flu virus, up close (and colorized!)\u003cbr>\nCredit: C. S. Goldsmith and A. Balish, CDC\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swine Flu has been blanketing the news as of late. On April 29th, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a> (CDC) reported the first US fatality occurring in Texas. The CDC has determined that this swine influenza A(H1N1) virus is contagious and spreading from human to human. Yet at this time, they do not know how easily the virus spreads between people. At our museum, we have taken this very seriously and staff has been asked to stay home if symptoms arise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC is recommending that those who come down with flu-like symptoms stay home from work in order to decrease the rate of infection. The Swine Flu is a viral infection rather than a bacterial infection, which makes it harder to treat. Much of the care for viruses is preventive; viruses are hard to treat after they have entered a living host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people do not know the difference between a viral infection and a bacterial one and consider them interchangeable. Yet they are quite different. Viruses are sub-microscopic particles ranging in size from 20 to 300 nanometers (about 1000 times smaller than the width of a human hair). Viruses must have a living host to function. They remain dormant until they infect a living cell. Within a cell, they then change the genetic material of the cell to replicate the virus. AIDS and Influenza are both created by this process of taking over the normal function of a cell in order to replicate viral cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bacteria do not take over cells. Bacteria are much larger than viruses, usually 10 to 100 times bigger than a virus. Their shapes include curved rods, spheres, rods and spirals. They are known as intercellular organisms because they live between cells. All viruses are harmful to the host because they alter cells, but bacteria can be beneficial (like the species that live in our guts and help us digest our food). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmful bacteria in the body create infections like Strep throat or Small Pox. Bacteria can grow and reproduce in both living and non-living environments. Antibiotics are used to treat harmful bacterial growth and infection in the body. Antibiotics; however, are ineffectual against treating viruses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the Swine Flu is a virally spread disease, it is even more important to practice prevention. The CDC sees this disease being spread like a common flu - mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing by people with influenza. People can also become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose. Taking simple precautions like washing your hands and covering your mouth when sneezing is effective prevention. Working in a museum,we take this extra seriously considering how often we come in contact with lots of people and their germs. Many of my co-workers, myself included, have hand sanitizer at our desks, wash our hands often, and carry tissues. It is a simple way to combat an evasive illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more about how to protect yourself from swine flu, check out \u003ca href=\"http://www2a.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=11322\">this podcast\u003c/a> from the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.769700 -122.466000\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>One of the most fun parts about my job is answering people's genetics questions at our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/index.php\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/a> website. We get around 200 questions each month from all over the world and they definitely keep me on my toes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also give me a feel for what is going on with science in popular culture. I can tell this by looking at Google Analytics data and seeing which of our previous answers has had an upsurge in visits. (We post around one new answer online per week.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, whenever PBS airs a show on how a mutation called CCR5-delta 32 may have made people resistant to the plague, I get an uptick in the hits on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=10\">answer\u003c/a> that deals with that topic. When \u003cem>House\u003c/em> (a show on Fox) had a character say that of course someone was adopted because he had a cleft chin and his parents didn't, I got an uptick on the \u003ca>answer\u003c/a> that dealt with that. (The answer is that a child can have a cleft chin even if his or her parents don't.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last couple of weeks, there has been a surge in our answers about chimeras. Usually this means that somewhere in the world, a certain episode of CSI is being shown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=233\">Chimeras\u003c/a> start out as fraternal twins that fuse together at a very early stage. What this means is that chimeras have two sets of DNA. Some of their cells have the DNA from one twin and the rest of their cells have DNA from the other twin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can imagine, these folks can wreak havoc with a police investigation! What happened in the CSI episode was that the DNA from the crime scene did not match the DNA from the most likely suspect. In the end we find out that the suspect is a chimera and that the evidence left behind at the crime scene had one set of DNA and that the blood they tested had a different set of DNA. From the same person!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is great that there is so much science starting to seep into popular culture. If the science is accurate, it is a great way to get people involved in science. I just wish it was accurate more often.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/03/babies.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Credit: Deutsches Bundesarchiv (German Federal Archive)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nA storm of protest broke out a month or so ago when a fertility clinic in Los Angeles announced it would start helping women \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123439771603075099.html\">choose what their babies might look like\u003c/a>. The ruckus was loud enough that the clinic has since backed off on this service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is probably a good thing. I am not sure this is a road we want to go down-- it smacks a bit too much of Hitler and a perfect race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, we've started down this road a ways already. We \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=140\">aren't able to shape anyone's DNA\u003c/a> yet. We don't have the technology to do this in any safe or reliable way and frankly, it'll probably be a long time before we can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we can take a peek at an embryo's DNA if the egg has been fertilized outside of the body. The process is called preimplantation genetic diagnosis or \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=23\">PGD\u003c/a>. Using PGD, scientists can look through a number of embryos' DNA and pick the one(s) the parents want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now we can't scan all of an embryo's DNA. We have to pick and choose what part of the DNA to look at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, PGD is often used to make sure that an embryo has all 46 chromosomes. This service increases the chances for a successful birth for women who are going through repeated miscarriages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if we can look at the chromosomes, we can also tell whether the embryo is a boy or a girl. Often this is done to select for girls in families that carry male specific genetic diseases like \u003ca href=\"http://www.genome.gov/19518854\">Duchenne muscular dystrophy\u003c/a>. But it is also done for the less life threatening goal of an even number of boys and girls in a family (gender balancing).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PGD can also be used to make sure an embryo did not inherit specific diseases like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia that might run in the parents' families. These diseases can be screened for by looking for specific DNA differences in certain genes. Which is what this fertility clinic wanted to do for hair, skin and eye color genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's say a parent wants a redhead with brown eyes. The clinic would screen for certain versions of the HERC2 gene that mean brown eyes and certain versions of the MC1R gene that indicate red hair. When they found an embryo with the right combination of traits, then that embryo would be selected for implantation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, the people at the clinic can't change the DNA of the embryo. They can only sort through the genes that are already in the pool. So if one parent doesn't carry a red hair version of MC1R, then the parents can't have a red haired child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even without this ability, the furor over the fertility clinic's service raises a very important discussion point-- where do we draw the line with PGD? And who should draw that line?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously eye color is going too far (or is it?) and preventing an early death from a genetic disease is OK. But is it OK to look at gender for family balancing? This is allowed in the U.S. right now but is not permitted in most other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about conditions like high cholesterol? Or diseases that kill later in life like Huntington’s disease? Or traits like height, weight, or intelligence? Who gets to decide?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, PGD is often used to make sure that an embryo has all 46 chromosomes. This service increases the chances for a successful birth for women who are going through repeated miscarriages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if we can look at the chromosomes, we can also tell whether the embryo is a boy or a girl. Often this is done to select for girls in families that carry male specific genetic diseases like \u003ca href=\"http://www.genome.gov/19518854\">Duchenne muscular dystrophy\u003c/a>. But it is also done for the less life threatening goal of an even number of boys and girls in a family (gender balancing).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PGD can also be used to make sure an embryo did not inherit specific diseases like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia that might run in the parents' families. These diseases can be screened for by looking for specific DNA differences in certain genes. Which is what this fertility clinic wanted to do for hair, skin and eye color genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's say a parent wants a redhead with brown eyes. The clinic would screen for certain versions of the HERC2 gene that mean brown eyes and certain versions of the MC1R gene that indicate red hair. When they found an embryo with the right combination of traits, then that embryo would be selected for implantation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, the people at the clinic can't change the DNA of the embryo. They can only sort through the genes that are already in the pool. So if one parent doesn't carry a red hair version of MC1R, then the parents can't have a red haired child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even without this ability, the furor over the fertility clinic's service raises a very important discussion point-- where do we draw the line with PGD? And who should draw that line?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously eye color is going too far (or is it?) and preventing an early death from a genetic disease is OK. But is it OK to look at gender for family balancing? This is allowed in the U.S. right now but is not permitted in most other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about conditions like high cholesterol? Or diseases that kill later in life like Huntington’s disease? Or traits like height, weight, or intelligence? Who gets to decide?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/03/twins.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Identical twins are more similar to one another than a clone\u003cbr>\nwill be to the person cloned.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>President Obama lifted the ban on federal funding of embryonic stem cell research last Monday. Many researchers breathed a sigh of relief as they could finally get to work using these cells to find treatments and even cures for many debilitating diseases and injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, these cells aren't any less controversial than they were eight years ago. Researchers will still need to destroy embryos to get these cells (at least until they perfect \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=107\">iPS cells\u003c/a> which would make this part of the debate moot). Anyone who considers an embryo made up of a few hundred cells to be alive will protest that embryo's destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a legitimate argument based on when someone believes life begins. But some protests I heard were from people worried about embryonic stem cells being used to clone humans. What I can't figure out is why anyone would want to clone someone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloning won't be like it is in the movies. Scientists won't take a cell from someone and make an exact copy of a person who is the same age and has the same memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, a human will be cloned like any other mammal. First they'll remove the DNA-containing nucleus from an egg. Then they'll fuse that egg with a cell from the person they want to clone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \"fertilized egg\" will then have to grow and develop in a surrogate mother, be born, and then have to grow up. The clone won't have any of the original's memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In essence, a clone would be more like an identical twin who has been reared apart from his or her twin. Even though identical twins reared apart have a lot of similarities, they have a lot of differences, too. One \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyas.org/publications/sciences/sci_0997_bouc.html\"> article\u003c/a> I saw put the amount of behavior/personality similarity due to genes at something around 50%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a clone will probably be more different than that. When the cell's nucleus is put into the egg, scientists erase a lot of the markings on the DNA that originally turned it into an adult cell. This \"fertilized egg\" is now a blank cell which can be shaped by both its genes AND its environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identical twins develop in the same womb at the same time and so are exposed to the same sorts of environmental effects. A clone would not be. And these environmental factors can affect how we develop. They can even \u003ca href=\"//www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=106%E2%80%9D\">alter DNA\u003c/a> and as a result, alter who we become.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>You'd have to be a real gas pump aficionado to notice the new gear that gas stations across California are required to have installed by April 1st. California's gas nozzles have been outfitted for some time with vapor-capture devices, designed to cut back on the amount of volatile organic compounds – those smelly fumes - that escape when you pump gas. This explains that accordion-style rubber sheath that bunches up against your gas tank when you pump – a feature you don't necessarily find in states with less stringent air quality laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When those fumes combine with sunlight, along with other emissions, they form ground-level ozone, an air pollutant which acts as a greenhouse gas, contributing to global warming much like carbon dioxide does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at \u003cstrong>this nifty, infra-red video footage\u003c/strong> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\" target=\"_blank\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, showing how fumes disperse from the gas pump when they aren't properly collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Small\" mediaid=\"38489\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground-level ozone is also a real problem for human health, especially for people with asthma and respiratory disease. Just this week, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-ozone12-2009mar12,0,2086958.story\" target=\"_blank\">UC Berkeley released a study\u003c/a> finding that people living in areas with high ozone levels, like Los Angeles and the Central Valley, have a 25-30% greater risk of dying from respiratory disease than those in less ozone-heavy parts of the state, like San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, if you're wondering what \"ground-level ozone\" has to do with that ozone hole we used to hear so much about, here's the short answer: Turns out ozone does different things, depending on where you find it. In the atmosphere, ozone's a good thing. It forms a protective layer that shields the Earth from the sun's radiation – a layer that's been steadily eroded by chlorofluorocarbons, found in aerosol sprays and other places. Here at ground level, ozone's much less likable: a toxic air pollutant, as I said above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If every station in California installs the new, hi-tech \u003ca href=\"http://www.evrhome.org\" target=\"_blank\">\"enhanced vapor recovery system\"\u003c/a> they'll collectively cut back statewide, ground-level ozone emissions by ten tons a day – that's roughly equivalent to taking 450,000 cars off the road, according to CARB.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/changes-at-the-pump\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/changes-at-the-pump\">Listen to the \u003cem>Changes at the Pump\u003c/em>\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.981081 -122.56678\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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