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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/03/vaccine.jpg\">\u003cem>Is there a link between childhood vaccines and\u003cbr>\nautism? Recent news says no. Credit: James Gathany\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>February was a big month in the debate about the possible role of vaccines in causing autism, a subject we covered in last year's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/autism-searching-for-causes\" target=\"_blank\">TV story\u003c/a>, Autism: Searching for Causes, and several \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/06/vaccines-one-small-risk-for-a-child-one-giant-benefit-for-mankind/\" target=\"_blank\">blog posts\u003c/a>. The claim-–that there might be a link between the immunizations children receive and the onset of autism–-has recently taken some hard hits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, on February 1, two Philadelphia researchers published a scientific \u003ca href=\"http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2009/02/02/Researchers_see_no_autism-vaccine_link/UPI-44431233558583/\" target=\"_blank\">literature review\u003c/a> that summarized a number of studies from around the world, all of which refuted the claim that there was a vaccine-autism link. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then on February 8, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article5683671.ece\" target=\"_blank\">news\u003c/a> came out that the doctor whose 1998 research had sparked the initial autism-vaccine scare had manipulated his data. Finally, on February 12, a special federal court \u003ca href=\"//www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-vaccine13-2009feb13,0,3844915.story\" target=\"_blank\">ruled\u003c/a> against three families who argued that the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine had caused autism in their children, saying that the evidence was \"overwhelmingly contrary\" to the claims. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No doubt there will be more debate about this issue in the future, as families and researchers continue the search for the cause. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/playing-with-lead\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/02/radio3-21_playinglead300-2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Artificial Turf. Credit: Anthony V. Thompson\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It’s easy to get scared. You look around the Oakland office of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceh.org/\">Center for Environmental Health\u003c/a>, and lead is everywhere. Piles of toys that are loaded with lead. Lunch boxes and kids’ backpacks that have tested positive for high levels of lead. Samples of artificial turf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s just the beginning. Lead has been found in venetian blinds, in pens, in the glaze of ceramic cups and bowls. It has been found in imported candies. And one Mexican folk remedy to cure stomachaches has landed a number of children in the hospital recently – a packet of powder that is almost entirely lead. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the effects of lead are cumulative, all those points of contamination add up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children’s developing brains and central nervous systems are most susceptible to damage from ingesting lead. That’s why a new federal standard for lead in children’s products was recently put in place. And that’s why the Center for Environmental Health, for one, focuses on products that come in contact with children on a daily basis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of lead in artificial turf, by itself, is unlikely to cause lead poisoning. And the same is true for the amount of lead found in lunch boxes, or in children’s jewelry. But medical experts say that if kids play on artificial turf in the morning, distractedly put a charm bracelet in their mouths during class, and eat food from a lunch box with lead embedded in the vinyl – then those kids are at risk for lead impairment, such as a loss of IQ points, a sign of brain damage. For more, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/playing-with-lead\">listen to the QUEST Radio story\u003c/a>, or check our photos below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.971610 -122.03693\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/playing-with-lead\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/02/radio3-21_playinglead300-2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Artificial Turf. Credit: Anthony V. Thompson\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It’s easy to get scared. You look around the Oakland office of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceh.org/\">Center for Environmental Health\u003c/a>, and lead is everywhere. Piles of toys that are loaded with lead. Lunch boxes and kids’ backpacks that have tested positive for high levels of lead. Samples of artificial turf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s just the beginning. Lead has been found in venetian blinds, in pens, in the glaze of ceramic cups and bowls. It has been found in imported candies. And one Mexican folk remedy to cure stomachaches has landed a number of children in the hospital recently – a packet of powder that is almost entirely lead. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the effects of lead are cumulative, all those points of contamination add up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children’s developing brains and central nervous systems are most susceptible to damage from ingesting lead. That’s why a new federal standard for lead in children’s products was recently put in place. And that’s why the Center for Environmental Health, for one, focuses on products that come in contact with children on a daily basis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of lead in artificial turf, by itself, is unlikely to cause lead poisoning. And the same is true for the amount of lead found in lunch boxes, or in children’s jewelry. But medical experts say that if kids play on artificial turf in the morning, distractedly put a charm bracelet in their mouths during class, and eat food from a lunch box with lead embedded in the vinyl – then those kids are at risk for lead impairment, such as a loss of IQ points, a sign of brain damage. For more, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/playing-with-lead\">listen to the QUEST Radio story\u003c/a>, or check our photos below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/02/bacterialdna.jpg\">\u003cem>There is an awful lot of DNA stuffed into every cell.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/21/stars-and-sand-grains/\">Ben's blog\u003c/a> on stars and grains of sand got me to thinking about DNA. How long would the DNA from every living thing on Earth stretch? Could we make it to the next star? The next galaxy? The end of the Universe?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's start out with people. Each human cell has around 6 feet of DNA. Let's say each human has around 10 trillion cells (this is actually a low ball estimate). This would mean that each person has around 60 trillion feet or around 10 billion miles of DNA inside of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Earth is about 93 million miles away from the sun. So your DNA could stretch to the sun and back 61 times. That is one person’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best estimate I could find of the world’s population of people is around 6.7 billion. When we multiply 10 billion miles of DNA by 6.7 billion, we end up with, well, a really big number. Something like 6.7 X 10\u003csup>19\u003c/sup> or 67 quintillion miles. That is too big a number so let’s convert this to light years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A light year is around 6 X 10\u003csup>12\u003c/sup> miles. So all human DNA would stretch 11.2 million light years. The closest star to Earth (besides the sun) is around 4.2 light years. So we shoot way past that! The Andromeda galaxy is about 2.5 million light years away from us so human DNA could stretch there and back two or three times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What if we add the rest of the DNA on the planet? It would obviously be much farther but it is hard to calculate because we don’t know how many plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, etc. there are on the planet. We also don’t have detailed information about every species on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's add bacteria to the mix. I decided on this because we know how many cells are in a bacterium—one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Largest-Bacteria-in-the-World-62520.shtml\">One number I saw\u003c/a> was that there are 5 X 10\u003csup>30\u003c/sup> bacteria on Earth. Bacterial DNA tends to be a lot smaller than human DNA so there will be less of it per cell. Let's say on average there is \u003ca href=\"http://genomicron.blogspot.com/2007/11/bacterial-genomes-and-evolution.html\">4 million base pairs of DNA/bacterium\u003c/a> (this number could be off by a very lot). This translates to around .05 inch of DNA per bacterium which means you need to scrape together around 1.3 million bacteria to get a mile of DNA. So all the bacteria in the world have about 3.5 X 10\u003csup>24\u003c/sup> miles of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How far is 3.5 X 10\u003csup>24\u003c/sup> miles of DNA? Well, it is about 640 billion light years of DNA. The end of the observable Universe is about 14 billion light years away. So if we stretched out bacterial DNA it would go to the end of the Universe and back around 23 times. Of course it would be incredibly thin and so actually doesn't take up much space in the Universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So that's just human and bacterial DNA. (Well, mostly bacterial since human is so piddly in comparison.) I haven't added all of the rest of the DNA out there. I'll leave that to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/02/bacterialdna.jpg\">\u003cem>There is an awful lot of DNA stuffed into every cell.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/21/stars-and-sand-grains/\">Ben's blog\u003c/a> on stars and grains of sand got me to thinking about DNA. How long would the DNA from every living thing on Earth stretch? Could we make it to the next star? The next galaxy? The end of the Universe?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's start out with people. Each human cell has around 6 feet of DNA. Let's say each human has around 10 trillion cells (this is actually a low ball estimate). This would mean that each person has around 60 trillion feet or around 10 billion miles of DNA inside of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Earth is about 93 million miles away from the sun. So your DNA could stretch to the sun and back 61 times. That is one person’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best estimate I could find of the world’s population of people is around 6.7 billion. When we multiply 10 billion miles of DNA by 6.7 billion, we end up with, well, a really big number. Something like 6.7 X 10\u003csup>19\u003c/sup> or 67 quintillion miles. That is too big a number so let’s convert this to light years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A light year is around 6 X 10\u003csup>12\u003c/sup> miles. So all human DNA would stretch 11.2 million light years. The closest star to Earth (besides the sun) is around 4.2 light years. So we shoot way past that! The Andromeda galaxy is about 2.5 million light years away from us so human DNA could stretch there and back two or three times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What if we add the rest of the DNA on the planet? It would obviously be much farther but it is hard to calculate because we don’t know how many plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, etc. there are on the planet. We also don’t have detailed information about every species on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's add bacteria to the mix. I decided on this because we know how many cells are in a bacterium—one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Largest-Bacteria-in-the-World-62520.shtml\">One number I saw\u003c/a> was that there are 5 X 10\u003csup>30\u003c/sup> bacteria on Earth. Bacterial DNA tends to be a lot smaller than human DNA so there will be less of it per cell. Let's say on average there is \u003ca href=\"http://genomicron.blogspot.com/2007/11/bacterial-genomes-and-evolution.html\">4 million base pairs of DNA/bacterium\u003c/a> (this number could be off by a very lot). This translates to around .05 inch of DNA per bacterium which means you need to scrape together around 1.3 million bacteria to get a mile of DNA. So all the bacteria in the world have about 3.5 X 10\u003csup>24\u003c/sup> miles of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How far is 3.5 X 10\u003csup>24\u003c/sup> miles of DNA? Well, it is about 640 billion light years of DNA. The end of the observable Universe is about 14 billion light years away. So if we stretched out bacterial DNA it would go to the end of the Universe and back around 23 times. Of course it would be incredibly thin and so actually doesn't take up much space in the Universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So that's just human and bacterial DNA. (Well, mostly bacterial since human is so piddly in comparison.) I haven't added all of the rest of the DNA out there. I'll leave that to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/amateurintraining.jpg\">\u003c/span>When I think of an amateur biologist, I imagine a bird watcher. Or perhaps someone investigating a stream or counting fish. What I don't think of is people tinkering with life in their garages. And yet some folks are doing just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AP ran a story the other day about \u003ca href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081225/ap_on_sc/do_it_yourself_dna\">people working with DNA in their garages\u003c/a> (or apartments). For example, a woman in San Francisco is trying to engineer yogurt bacteria that will glow green in the presence of melamine. This is the chemical that was found in baby formula and pet food from China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea would be that you (or some governmental agency) could check your yogurt with a UV light before you ate it. If it glowed green, then the yogurt was contaminated with melamine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These glowing bacteria could help a lot of people avoid melamine poisoning (as long as people could get past the fact that they'd be eating a GMO!). But do we really want people doing this kind of biology at home?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this sort of thing would be very difficult to stop. People can go to science fair project sites and get all the information they need to jury rig a lot of the equipment to do these kinds of experiments. They can also search the web or take a class at their local community college and learn most everything they need to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the technology to do this kind of stuff is so straightforward that we do something similar here at The Tech. We let visitors put a gene in bacteria that causes the bacteria to glow green only in the presence of a special sugar called arabinose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So unless we put up massive resources to shut down these labs (a \"War on Amateur Labs\"), people are going to be able to do this stuff if they want to. To me, the two big questions are:\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Will anything useful come out of these labs?\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Will something dangerous be released onto an unsuspecting public?\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Odds are that nothing too useful will come out of these labs. Sure the melamine bacterium could be useful (it is actually very similar to the outlawed glowing goldfish designed to detect pollutants in the water). But it would be very hard to bring to market. Two potential problems are getting people to eat a GMO and proving to the FDA that it is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One good thing that might come out of this sort of thing is to make biology more accessible and maybe more exciting too. People might think of and do projects for fun that, as a necessary part of accomplishing their goal, will increase their understanding of molecular biology. In other words, they might be more willing to learn this stuff for something fun they thought of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can imagine some dangers too. What if someone decides to come up with an anthrax vaccine and makes a dangerous bug that gets loose? Or who knows what else?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There probably isn't a big risk in something like this happening but biology is different than coming up with a new computer program or light bulb in your garage. Biology uses live things that can make copies of themselves and spread pretty far pretty quickly. Traditional labs have controls in place to keep these sorts of things from happening. These unregulated labs may or may not be that careful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group in Boston that promotes do-it-yourself biology:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://diybio.org/\">http://diybio.org/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How to make some molecular biology lab equipment at home \u003ca href=\"http://www.scq.ubc.ca/the-macgyver-project-genomic-dna-extraction-and-gel-electrophoresis-experiments-using-everyday-materials/\">http://www.scq.ubc.ca/the-macgyver-project-genomic-dna-extraction-and-gel-electrophoresis-experiments-using-everyday-materials/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the technology to do this kind of stuff is so straightforward that we do something similar here at The Tech. We let visitors put a gene in bacteria that causes the bacteria to glow green only in the presence of a special sugar called arabinose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So unless we put up massive resources to shut down these labs (a \"War on Amateur Labs\"), people are going to be able to do this stuff if they want to. To me, the two big questions are:\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Will anything useful come out of these labs?\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Will something dangerous be released onto an unsuspecting public?\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Odds are that nothing too useful will come out of these labs. Sure the melamine bacterium could be useful (it is actually very similar to the outlawed glowing goldfish designed to detect pollutants in the water). But it would be very hard to bring to market. Two potential problems are getting people to eat a GMO and proving to the FDA that it is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One good thing that might come out of this sort of thing is to make biology more accessible and maybe more exciting too. People might think of and do projects for fun that, as a necessary part of accomplishing their goal, will increase their understanding of molecular biology. In other words, they might be more willing to learn this stuff for something fun they thought of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can imagine some dangers too. What if someone decides to come up with an anthrax vaccine and makes a dangerous bug that gets loose? Or who knows what else?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There probably isn't a big risk in something like this happening but biology is different than coming up with a new computer program or light bulb in your garage. Biology uses live things that can make copies of themselves and spread pretty far pretty quickly. Traditional labs have controls in place to keep these sorts of things from happening. These unregulated labs may or may not be that careful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group in Boston that promotes do-it-yourself biology:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://diybio.org/\">http://diybio.org/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How to make some molecular biology lab equipment at home \u003ca href=\"http://www.scq.ubc.ca/the-macgyver-project-genomic-dna-extraction-and-gel-electrophoresis-experiments-using-everyday-materials/\">http://www.scq.ubc.ca/the-macgyver-project-genomic-dna-extraction-and-gel-electrophoresis-experiments-using-everyday-materials/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/new-life-for-embryonic-stem-cell-research\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/radio3-15_stemcells300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon after Barack Obama is sworn in as President next week, he is expected to reverse George Bush’s executive order limiting embryonic stem cell research. Scientists say their research has been stifled by restricting them to existing stem cell lines. The resulting boom in this cutting-edge medical technology will benefit California's research institutes in a big way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers call stem cell technology a \"revolution\" in medicine, along the lines of the development of antibiotics in the 1940s, or the manufacturing of insulin and other therapies from recombinant DNA breakthroughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why do stem cells offer such promise?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"link\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/klein.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nRobert Klein, chair of the governing board for the California Institute of Regenerative Medicine (the state stem-cell agency created by Proposition 71), says that the recombinant DNA revolution in the 1970s saved the life of his son, and that the potential for saving lives is even greater with stem cell work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/quest/radio3-15_StemCells_blogclip1.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"link\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/srivastava.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Stem cell technology has only existed for a decade. And despite the Presidential ban on use of new lines of embryonic stem cells, the advances in research have happened quickly. And, according to Deepak Srivastava, Director of Cardiovascular Research at the UCSF Gladstone Institute, the many possible applications of stem cell work will be seen in the short term (over the next few years) and long term (regeneration of damaged organs could happen in 7 to 10 years, he says).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/quest/radio3-15_StemCells_blogclip2.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"link\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/ryder.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Dr. Srivastava says, in the case of one of his patients, five-month-old Ryder Ortiz, stem cell technology could have been a godsend. And it might still BE a godsend, he adds. Ryder was born without a left ventricle, the heart chamber that shoots blood into the body. With stem cell technology, it may become possible to grow a new ventricle, and that would’ve been a huge boon to the infant Ryder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/quest/radio3-15_StemCells_blogclip3.mp3\" ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's the thing: Doctors jerry-rigged Ryder's circulatory system, and it's a process that works – until the patient hits his teen years. In many cases, that’s when the re-worked circulatory system fails. Now, if Dr. Srivastava's estimate is correct, and the technology develops in the next 7 to 10 years, that will be just in time for Ryder Ortiz, who will be inching nearer to adolescence at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/new-life-for-embryonic-stem-cell-research\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/new-life-for-embryonic-stem-cell-research\">New Life for Embryonic Stem Cell Research\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.76355 -122.458\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/quest/radio3-15_StemCells_blogclip1.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"link\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/srivastava.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Stem cell technology has only existed for a decade. And despite the Presidential ban on use of new lines of embryonic stem cells, the advances in research have happened quickly. And, according to Deepak Srivastava, Director of Cardiovascular Research at the UCSF Gladstone Institute, the many possible applications of stem cell work will be seen in the short term (over the next few years) and long term (regeneration of damaged organs could happen in 7 to 10 years, he says).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/quest/radio3-15_StemCells_blogclip2.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"link\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/ryder.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Dr. Srivastava says, in the case of one of his patients, five-month-old Ryder Ortiz, stem cell technology could have been a godsend. And it might still BE a godsend, he adds. Ryder was born without a left ventricle, the heart chamber that shoots blood into the body. With stem cell technology, it may become possible to grow a new ventricle, and that would’ve been a huge boon to the infant Ryder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/quest/radio3-15_StemCells_blogclip3.mp3\" ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's the thing: Doctors jerry-rigged Ryder's circulatory system, and it's a process that works – until the patient hits his teen years. In many cases, that’s when the re-worked circulatory system fails. Now, if Dr. Srivastava's estimate is correct, and the technology develops in the next 7 to 10 years, that will be just in time for Ryder Ortiz, who will be inching nearer to adolescence at that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/new-life-for-embryonic-stem-cell-research\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/new-life-for-embryonic-stem-cell-research\">New Life for Embryonic Stem Cell Research\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.76355 -122.458\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/cyanobacteria.jpg\">\u003cem>This photomicrograph shows Cyanobacteria (green) found\u003cbr>in a common pond. Image source: \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/photos/w_lanier/\">Wayne Lanier\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/12/22/those-marvelous-mitochondria/\">Last blog\u003c/a> I talked about mitochondria. These are the parts of a cell that ultimately turn our food into energy. They also have a very interesting past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A billion years ago or so, mitochondria were free living bacteria. Then our ancestors hijacked them and now they do our bidding. And mitochondria aren't the only cells that got hijacked. So did the chloroplast’s ancestors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chloroplasts are the part of a plant cell that turns sunshine into sugar. Every green plant that we’ve looked at has them. And chloroplasts were almost certainly once free living cyanobacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both mitochondria and chloroplasts still have many bacterial qualities including having their own DNA. But they don't have a lot of their old DNA left. Most of it has migrated to where the rest of our DNA is kept—the nucleus. Or at least that's the theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do scientists have any proof that DNA can move in a cell from compartment to compartment? As a matter of fact they do. At least with the chloroplast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists used their ability to put DNA specifically into a chloroplast or mitochondrion to design an experiment to look for cells where DNA had migrated. What they did was put some DNA into a chloroplast that could only be read in the nucleus. (Remember, chloroplasts and mitochondria are different enough that nuclear DNA doesn't work there and vice versa.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DNA they put in made the plant resistant to a poison IF the DNA could be read. One way the plant could survive was if the DNA they put in the chloroplast ended up moving from there to the nucleus. And it did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it was pretty common in their experiment. The DNA moved in something like 1 in 16,000 pollen cells. A rate like this suggests that, for example, different cells on the same leaf might have different amounts of chloroplast DNA in their nuclei.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So DNA can move from the chloroplast to the nucleus. And probably from the mitochondrion to the nucleus too. The evidence is less direct for this but there is plenty of DNA in the nuclei of lots of different plants and animals that looks very mitochondrion-like. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all fits in with our understanding that DNA is not as stable as a lot of people think. DNA changes between generations and within an organism. Chromosomes can get rearranged, genes copied or deleted, small DNA changes can happen and who knows what else. And these changes are a big part of the motor that drives evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists used their ability to put DNA specifically into a chloroplast or mitochondrion to design an experiment to look for cells where DNA had migrated. What they did was put some DNA into a chloroplast that could only be read in the nucleus. (Remember, chloroplasts and mitochondria are different enough that nuclear DNA doesn't work there and vice versa.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DNA they put in made the plant resistant to a poison IF the DNA could be read. One way the plant could survive was if the DNA they put in the chloroplast ended up moving from there to the nucleus. And it did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it was pretty common in their experiment. The DNA moved in something like 1 in 16,000 pollen cells. A rate like this suggests that, for example, different cells on the same leaf might have different amounts of chloroplast DNA in their nuclei.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So DNA can move from the chloroplast to the nucleus. And probably from the mitochondrion to the nucleus too. The evidence is less direct for this but there is plenty of DNA in the nuclei of lots of different plants and animals that looks very mitochondrion-like. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all fits in with our understanding that DNA is not as stable as a lot of people think. DNA changes between generations and within an organism. Chromosomes can get rearranged, genes copied or deleted, small DNA changes can happen and who knows what else. And these changes are a big part of the motor that drives evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad for the Lab, Good for the Country\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/solars.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem>Staff at Building Solutions, a home performance\u003cbr>\ncompany, install PV on a roof in Oakland. Next year, the renewable\u003cbr>\nand energy efficiency business will be even better.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Kate Kenke\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Publications/Director\">Dr. Steven Chu\u003c/a>, Noble-prize-winning physicist, and director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, was named as President-elect Barack Obama’s nominee for Secretary of Energy. Home Energy is a nonprofit magazine, but our offices are at Lawrence Berkeley Lab and the magazine was founded by Alan Meier, a lab scientist. People around here are saddened by the loss of Dr. Chu as director of the lab, but extremely excited about his nomination as Secretary of Energy. Dr. Chu believes in science and the important place of technology in helping us meet our energy goals and fight global warming—think cellulosic bio-fuels, nanotechnology, and yet undreamed of solutions to the present energy and environmental crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weatherization Works!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Word in energy efficiency circles is that the funding for \u003ca href=\"http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/weatherization\">Department of Energy (DOE’s) Weatherization Program\u003c/a> will increase several-fold with President Obama’s proposed economic stimulus package. The Weatherization Program is managed state by state from money provided by DOE, and the funds pay to retrofit the homes of low-income families. Homes become healthier to live in, more energy efficient, and more comfortable for the occupants. For every one dollar the Weatherization Program spends, almost two dollars in energy savings results. Hundreds of thousands of homes have been retrofit so far, leaving about 99.5% of existing homes. Talk about green jobs potential! Many nonprofit and for profit organizations do weatherization work, and, basically, you retrofit the home of a low-income family the same way you retrofit a mansion. Lots more skilled people will be needed to do the work, and the jobs will provide a good income, benefits, and the possibility of future advancement. Community colleges, unions, professional training organizations, online trainers, and other players are gearing up to train the new green workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Many Btu Do You Do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I promised in my last blog entry to explain the concept of heating-degree day and cooling-degree day. Sometimes you will hear that a home uses so many Btu or kWh per heating- or cooling-degree day, per square foot, per year. The degree days indicate the heating or cooling load on a building’s HVAC systems. A degree day is the rise or fall of one degree Fahrenheit for 24 hours. The rise or fall in temperature is measured from a baseline of 65F°. For example, if the average temperature tomorrow is 45F°, than the heating load on your heating system is 20 heating-degree days. If on a hot summer day the average temperature over a 24-hour period is 85F°, than the load on your air conditioner is 20 cooling-degree days. The number of heating-degree days for a winter in New York is around 5,000. Barrow, Alaska has about 20,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can figure out how much energy you use to heat or cool your home by subtracting the baseline energy use. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad for the Lab, Good for the Country\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/solars.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem>Staff at Building Solutions, a home performance\u003cbr>\ncompany, install PV on a roof in Oakland. Next year, the renewable\u003cbr>\nand energy efficiency business will be even better.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Kate Kenke\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Publications/Director\">Dr. Steven Chu\u003c/a>, Noble-prize-winning physicist, and director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, was named as President-elect Barack Obama’s nominee for Secretary of Energy. Home Energy is a nonprofit magazine, but our offices are at Lawrence Berkeley Lab and the magazine was founded by Alan Meier, a lab scientist. People around here are saddened by the loss of Dr. Chu as director of the lab, but extremely excited about his nomination as Secretary of Energy. Dr. Chu believes in science and the important place of technology in helping us meet our energy goals and fight global warming—think cellulosic bio-fuels, nanotechnology, and yet undreamed of solutions to the present energy and environmental crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weatherization Works!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Word in energy efficiency circles is that the funding for \u003ca href=\"http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/weatherization\">Department of Energy (DOE’s) Weatherization Program\u003c/a> will increase several-fold with President Obama’s proposed economic stimulus package. The Weatherization Program is managed state by state from money provided by DOE, and the funds pay to retrofit the homes of low-income families. Homes become healthier to live in, more energy efficient, and more comfortable for the occupants. For every one dollar the Weatherization Program spends, almost two dollars in energy savings results. Hundreds of thousands of homes have been retrofit so far, leaving about 99.5% of existing homes. Talk about green jobs potential! Many nonprofit and for profit organizations do weatherization work, and, basically, you retrofit the home of a low-income family the same way you retrofit a mansion. Lots more skilled people will be needed to do the work, and the jobs will provide a good income, benefits, and the possibility of future advancement. Community colleges, unions, professional training organizations, online trainers, and other players are gearing up to train the new green workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Many Btu Do You Do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I promised in my last blog entry to explain the concept of heating-degree day and cooling-degree day. Sometimes you will hear that a home uses so many Btu or kWh per heating- or cooling-degree day, per square foot, per year. The degree days indicate the heating or cooling load on a building’s HVAC systems. A degree day is the rise or fall of one degree Fahrenheit for 24 hours. The rise or fall in temperature is measured from a baseline of 65F°. For example, if the average temperature tomorrow is 45F°, than the heating load on your heating system is 20 heating-degree days. If on a hot summer day the average temperature over a 24-hour period is 85F°, than the load on your air conditioner is 20 cooling-degree days. The number of heating-degree days for a winter in New York is around 5,000. Barrow, Alaska has about 20,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can figure out how much energy you use to heat or cool your home by subtracting the baseline energy use. During a month when you are using neither your air conditioner or heater, such as in October or March (called the “shoulder” months), your gas and electric use represent your baseline. The baseline covers energy for lighting, appliances, hot water, and plug loads. Subtract out the baseline from your winter or summer energy use and you have the amount of energy to heat or cool your house. If you know the square footage of your home, and you have weather data for your area (go to \u003ca href=\"http://www.degreeday.net\">www.degreeday.net\u003c/a> to find out heating-degree days and cooling-degree days for your area), you are in a position to brag to your neighbors (or not) about your energy use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At our house we used about 90 therms of natural gas from September 7 through December 7, 2008. There were about 480 heating-degree days (HDD) in our area during that time. Our baseline use of natural gas is about 10 therms per month, for heating water and cooking, leaving 60 therms for heating over the three-month period. Our house is about 1,200 square feet (ft\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>). Therefore, we used 60 therms/(480 HDD x 1,200 ft\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>), or about 0.0001 therms/HDD·ft\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>. Since one therm of natural gas contains about 100,000 Btu of energy, that equals about 10 Btu/HDD·ft\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>. That’s not bad, but not great either. How about you?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/mito.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This former free living bacterium now supplies our cells their energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Current theories hold that life began on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago. About a billion years ago, a single celled beast engulfed and absorbed another single celled creature. We are all descended from that hijacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hijacked cell has over time become the mitochondrion. This organelle is responsible for making our energy. But it still has the marks of having once been a free living bacterium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, mitochondria still have remnants of their old DNA. There isn’t much there in human mitochondria but there is enough to still get us into trouble. \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=90\">A big part of aging\u003c/a> might be due to damage to this \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=165\">mitochondrial DNA\u003c/a> (mtDNA). Some genetic diseases are also caused by mutations in mtDNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DNA in mitochondria is also much more like bacterial DNA compared to the rest of our DNA. In fact, the mitochondrion has its own bacteria-like machinery for reading its DNA. This means that mitochondria can’t read the genes in our nucleus and vice versa. Mitochondria are so similar to bacteria that some antibiotics can damage them too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though it was once free living, the mitochondrion doesn’t have a lot of its original DNA left. Over time, most of our mitochondrion’s original genes have traveled to the nucleus. These genes now work in the nucleus to make most of a mitochondrion’s proteins which are then transported back to the mitochondrion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all these years, human mtDNA is now only around 16,000 bases long and has only 37 genes left. This is a far cry from even the simplest of bacteria, Mycoplasma genitalium, with its 582,970 bases and 521 genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are not unique in having mitochondria. Every plant, animal, and fungus cell in the world that has been looked at has mitochondria. But the DNA in these mitochondria is all wildly different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The size of mtDNA can range from just 6000 base pairs all the way up to 2 million base pairs. Sometimes the mtDNA is a circle like ours. Sometimes it is spread out over lots of little circles. Sometimes it is one long, linear piece of DNA. Sometimes it is lots and lots of little pieces of linear DNA. And sometimes it is too weird to describe in a short blog like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondria from different species also have different numbers of genes. Some species have mitochondria with nearly 100 genes. While others have as few as 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With up to 2000 mitochondria/cell, evolution has had a free hand in tinkering with mtDNA. If a mutation or change in mtDNA causes a problem, that mitochondrion simply goes away. If there is some advantage to the new DNA structure, it is free to sweep through and take over. It is amazing what evolution has done to this bacterium!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, evolution has made the mitochondrion a shell of what it once was. But we could argue that it is one of the most successful beasts ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has gone from humble bacterium to being part of every eukaryote in the world. If humans die out, mitochondria will still be around somewhere else. Mitochondria will outlive us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More information on mitochondrial genomes: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2003.10.012\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2003.10.012\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all these years, human mtDNA is now only around 16,000 bases long and has only 37 genes left. This is a far cry from even the simplest of bacteria, Mycoplasma genitalium, with its 582,970 bases and 521 genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are not unique in having mitochondria. Every plant, animal, and fungus cell in the world that has been looked at has mitochondria. But the DNA in these mitochondria is all wildly different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The size of mtDNA can range from just 6000 base pairs all the way up to 2 million base pairs. Sometimes the mtDNA is a circle like ours. Sometimes it is spread out over lots of little circles. Sometimes it is one long, linear piece of DNA. Sometimes it is lots and lots of little pieces of linear DNA. And sometimes it is too weird to describe in a short blog like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondria from different species also have different numbers of genes. Some species have mitochondria with nearly 100 genes. While others have as few as 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With up to 2000 mitochondria/cell, evolution has had a free hand in tinkering with mtDNA. If a mutation or change in mtDNA causes a problem, that mitochondrion simply goes away. If there is some advantage to the new DNA structure, it is free to sweep through and take over. It is amazing what evolution has done to this bacterium!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, evolution has made the mitochondrion a shell of what it once was. But we could argue that it is one of the most successful beasts ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has gone from humble bacterium to being part of every eukaryote in the world. If humans die out, mitochondria will still be around somewhere else. Mitochondria will outlive us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More information on mitochondrial genomes: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2003.10.012\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2003.10.012\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"science-friday": {
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