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"bio": "QUEST, an Emmy Award-winning multimedia science series, has a new focus on the science of sustainability.The half-hour magazine style episodes are produced by a collaboration of six public broadcasters around the country and explore a wide variety of sustainability issues related to food, energy, water, climate and biodiversity. The story segments featured in each show are introduced by on-camera host, environmental journalist \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/pssethi/\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a>. The series also includes half-hour specials that focus on a single topic.\r\n \r\nAll 2013-2014 television programs can be viewed online in their entirety or as individual segments by clicking on the titles and images listed below. The programs are also broadcast in each of our six PBS partner regions including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/north-carolina/\">North Carolina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\">Ohio\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/nebraska/\">Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northern-california/\">Northern California\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northwest/\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>. Check local listings for broadcast dates and times.",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/FileVaccination-of-girl300l.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Why aren’t more parents vaccinating their kids?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough has reached epidemic proportions in the state of California. And it is hard to know who to be the maddest at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be mad at the parents who refuse to have their children vaccinated? Or the scientists who have failed to communicate the safety of vaccines to these parents? Or the bacterium itself since it tends to follow a cycle and get worse every 2-5 years? Or the state of California for being too cheap to provide booster shots for 11 and 12 year olds? Or the insurance companies for refusing to adequately reimburse the cost of a vaccine? As you can see, there is plenty of blame to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can’t do anything about the bacterium itself and little or nothing about the last two. Penny-wise and pound-foolish seems to be the modus operandi of government and the insurance industry. But it seems like other scientists and I should be able to do something about the first two. The question is what…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The facts are out there. Vaccines are very safe and they do not cause autism. All the follow up studies have failed to find a link between autism and vaccines. And the doctor in the U.K. who published the original paper on the subject has had his license taken away because of the unethical way he did the original study. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is some risk of adverse side effects from a vaccine but they tend to be small. For example, the whooping cough or pertussis vaccine can sometimes lead to severe side effects like shock or brain inflammation. These only happen 1 in 10,000 and less than I in one million respectively. These are much better odds than the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kidsgrowth.com/resources/articledetail.cfm?id=248\">1 in 200 kids\u003c/a> who died from whooping cough before the vaccine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why aren’t more parents vaccinating their kids? I have always thought that if people have the facts, then they will come to the “right” conclusion. But this is only true if someone can tell good facts from bad. And without training, this can be very difficult which means most folks need to trust the authorities who are reporting the facts. Unfortunately, as our UK doctor and countless others have shown, not all authorities can be trusted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Mooney is someone who thinks an awful lot about this stuff and in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/25/AR2010062502158.html?wprss=rss_technology\">Washington Post op-ed \u003c/a>he concluded that, “…based upon my observation, vaccine skepticism seems closely connected to distrust of the pharmaceutical industry and of the federal government's medical research establishment.” What this means is that the facts are out there and the people who don’t vaccinate their kids know about them, they just don’t trust the folks who did the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we don’t necessarily need more facts or getting the facts out there more comprehensively. We need some out-of-the-box thinking to get around this impasse. Here are three possibilities off the top of my head (note that I didn’t even try to come up with a way to gain trust in the pharmaceutical industry): \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1)\tBuild up trust in government agencies\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2)\tCircumvent government agencies by creating new scientifically reliable nongovernmental study groups \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3)\tIncrease the public’s scientific literacy\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the three, the best short term solution is probably to create some reliable alternative to government agencies on controversial sorts of issues like vaccinations. Perhaps something like the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation could fund a group who would try to build consensus on the need for vaccinations and their relative safety compared to the diseases they protect us from. The group would include people opposed to vaccines like Jenny McCarthy, parents whose children have died from whooping cough, scientists with no stake in the discussion, etc. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe these people get together and start the discussion with the fact that, “In 1920 prior to the development of the ‘DPT’ vaccine, one in 200 children died of whooping cough.” Then they propose ways to solve this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely the solution will be vaccines but who knows, maybe people can come up with something better. If vaccines end up as the solution, then the next step is to figure out how to get more buy in for vaccination. Find out why people aren’t getting vaccinated and then build studies or policy suggestions around that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If people think kids get too many vaccines too close together, then maybe alternative vaccination strategies should be made available. Maybe some people just get vaccines to the real killers and vaccines like chicken pox and maybe even the measles become optional. Would this get more people on board? Would this provide adequate safety for the public? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also find out what scientific studies this group wants done and by whom to show that vaccines do not cause autism. Then fund those studies and have people that Jenny McCarthy trusts to do the studies. The study would obviously need to be done by someone qualified to conduct such a study but still, get everyone as involved as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe we could push the pharmaceutical industry to create even safer vaccines. Or maybe have nongovernmental organization make the vaccine instead. If we have Pharma do it, then we’ll have to give them incentives. More profits (since profits on vaccines tend to be mighty low) or maybe some protection from lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, the take home message here is that unlike Joe Friday, most people need more than just the facts. They need for the facts to come from someone they trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/epArchive/R201006250931\">Forum\u003c/a> discussion of the whooping cough epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is some risk of adverse side effects from a vaccine but they tend to be small. For example, the whooping cough or pertussis vaccine can sometimes lead to severe side effects like shock or brain inflammation. These only happen 1 in 10,000 and less than I in one million respectively. These are much better odds than the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kidsgrowth.com/resources/articledetail.cfm?id=248\">1 in 200 kids\u003c/a> who died from whooping cough before the vaccine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why aren’t more parents vaccinating their kids? I have always thought that if people have the facts, then they will come to the “right” conclusion. But this is only true if someone can tell good facts from bad. And without training, this can be very difficult which means most folks need to trust the authorities who are reporting the facts. Unfortunately, as our UK doctor and countless others have shown, not all authorities can be trusted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Mooney is someone who thinks an awful lot about this stuff and in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/25/AR2010062502158.html?wprss=rss_technology\">Washington Post op-ed \u003c/a>he concluded that, “…based upon my observation, vaccine skepticism seems closely connected to distrust of the pharmaceutical industry and of the federal government's medical research establishment.” What this means is that the facts are out there and the people who don’t vaccinate their kids know about them, they just don’t trust the folks who did the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we don’t necessarily need more facts or getting the facts out there more comprehensively. We need some out-of-the-box thinking to get around this impasse. Here are three possibilities off the top of my head (note that I didn’t even try to come up with a way to gain trust in the pharmaceutical industry): \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1)\tBuild up trust in government agencies\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2)\tCircumvent government agencies by creating new scientifically reliable nongovernmental study groups \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3)\tIncrease the public’s scientific literacy\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the three, the best short term solution is probably to create some reliable alternative to government agencies on controversial sorts of issues like vaccinations. Perhaps something like the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation could fund a group who would try to build consensus on the need for vaccinations and their relative safety compared to the diseases they protect us from. The group would include people opposed to vaccines like Jenny McCarthy, parents whose children have died from whooping cough, scientists with no stake in the discussion, etc. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe these people get together and start the discussion with the fact that, “In 1920 prior to the development of the ‘DPT’ vaccine, one in 200 children died of whooping cough.” Then they propose ways to solve this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely the solution will be vaccines but who knows, maybe people can come up with something better. If vaccines end up as the solution, then the next step is to figure out how to get more buy in for vaccination. Find out why people aren’t getting vaccinated and then build studies or policy suggestions around that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If people think kids get too many vaccines too close together, then maybe alternative vaccination strategies should be made available. Maybe some people just get vaccines to the real killers and vaccines like chicken pox and maybe even the measles become optional. Would this get more people on board? Would this provide adequate safety for the public? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also find out what scientific studies this group wants done and by whom to show that vaccines do not cause autism. Then fund those studies and have people that Jenny McCarthy trusts to do the studies. The study would obviously need to be done by someone qualified to conduct such a study but still, get everyone as involved as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe we could push the pharmaceutical industry to create even safer vaccines. Or maybe have nongovernmental organization make the vaccine instead. If we have Pharma do it, then we’ll have to give them incentives. More profits (since profits on vaccines tend to be mighty low) or maybe some protection from lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, the take home message here is that unlike Joe Friday, most people need more than just the facts. They need for the facts to come from someone they trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/epArchive/R201006250931\">Forum\u003c/a> discussion of the whooping cough epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/06/2010-06-28-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/06/finding-a-home-pt-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-19156\" title=\"finding a home pt 2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/06/finding-a-home-pt-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>A plan that requires California's utilities to generate one third of their electricity from solar and other types of clean energy by 2020 has been held up by a glacially slow permitting process due, in part, to controversies over where to build big, renewable projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of our ongoing series \"33 by 20,\" we conclude a look at the Panoche Valley, south of Hollister, which is finding itself in the center of one of those debates. Andrea Kissack reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: Ringed most of the year by dry, rolling, scrub covered hills, this ranchland in rural San Benito County gets 90-percent of the solar intensity of the Mojave Desert. But the Mojave, with its protected federal lands and desert tortoises, has turned out to be a nightmare for big solar entrepreneurs. For the Cupertino-based company Solargen, Panoche Valley seemed a better bet for a 420-megawatt solar array that would power about 120,000 homes. PG and E already has transmission lines running right through the valley and five cattle ranchers have agreed to sell their land. But to its critics the company's plan to cover part of the valley in panels doesn't seem like such a green idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KIM WILLIAMS: They would like to build an industrial project that extends the entire length of the valley. Once you take the vegetation off the soil, the high winds are just going to be whipping up the top soil and creating dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: Kim Williams moved to the tranquil Panoche Valley about four years ago from the Bay Area to run an organic egg business called Your Family Farm.\u003cbr>\n[Sound of Williams talking to her hens]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WILLIAMS: When you travel around California there are not many valleys that you say I am stepping back into time, this is amazing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: Panoche Valley's unique landscape also turns out to be rich in wildlife. The valley floor is teaming with creatures, some of them endangered like the San Joaquin kit fox, and the blunt nose leopard lizard. More than 130 species of birds have also been observed in the area, including bald eagles. Looking out at the project site, Brandon Hill, President of the Fresno Audubon Society, says the valley has too much biodiversity for a big solar plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HILL: When you are taking up four thousand acres plus you are basically destroying the habitat, much of it is under panels or converted into roads and it is going to drastically change the habitat out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: To find out just what is out there Solargen's investors have spent over seven million dollars to gather information for a required Environmental Impact Report. More than twenty biologists have spent much of the past year searching out every fox den on the project site, canvassing creek beds and geo-tagging lizard scat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KORPOS: Does anyone have an anemometer to measure the wind?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: Today, in high winds, wildlife biologist Michelle Korpos leads her team through a barbed wire fence and onto an adjacent parcel called \"mitigation land\" - about eleven thousand acres that Solargen would set aside for wildlife to offset the impact of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KORPOS: Presumably the species can disperse from the site because the mitigation lands are contiguous to the site. And the larger mammals like the kit fox and badger, they can make their way over the hills into little Panoche valley which offers greater biodiversity and topography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: These biologists are taking a multispecies conservation approach - which could speed up the permitting process. The San Joaquin kit fox, for example, thrives in grazing areas and if it can do well in the mitigation lands, it's assumed so can other grassland species. But not everyone agrees. In fact, local environmentalists are concerned that the surveys are being rushed to meet the deadline to qualify for federal tax credits. Chicken farmer Kim Williams says she is all for solar -- just not big arrays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WILLIAMS: You could do smaller solar fields around cities as well as utilizing all rooftops and shade and parking areas and bus stops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: Energy analysts say California can't meet its clean power goals without big solar farms and that line of thinking has some surprising supporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BOYLE: There are a few of us who have been working very closely with the generators and increasingly with the state and federal regulators trying to find a pathway through these conflicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: Barbara Boyle oversees clean energy solutions for the Sierra Club. She thinks the :us vs. them\" approach that has helped win a lot of environmental debates, in the past, needs to change when it comes to siting clean energy projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BOYLE: We also need to get out there and identify where are the good places for solar and wind to go so they know when they invest hundreds of millions of dollars in their proposals they are going to a place that has a high probability of getting permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: In the Panoche Valley Charlie McCullough steps out of his modest home and looks over the hills behind him. He and his brother are among the ranching families that have agreed to sell land to Solargen, in his case, for several million dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCCOLLOUGH: Everybody in the valley is mad at us for bringing the solar in. I'm going to hate to see a bunch of panels out there, too but I know that we have to have solar. If you can't have it here, you can't have it anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: The San Benito County Board of supervisors is expected to vote on the project before the end of the year. To see a map of solar intensity throughout the U.S, go to KQED.org/33x20. I'm Andrea Kissack, KQED Public Radio.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: Kim Williams moved to the tranquil Panoche Valley about four years ago from the Bay Area to run an organic egg business called Your Family Farm.\u003cbr>\n[Sound of Williams talking to her hens]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WILLIAMS: When you travel around California there are not many valleys that you say I am stepping back into time, this is amazing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: Panoche Valley's unique landscape also turns out to be rich in wildlife. The valley floor is teaming with creatures, some of them endangered like the San Joaquin kit fox, and the blunt nose leopard lizard. More than 130 species of birds have also been observed in the area, including bald eagles. Looking out at the project site, Brandon Hill, President of the Fresno Audubon Society, says the valley has too much biodiversity for a big solar plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HILL: When you are taking up four thousand acres plus you are basically destroying the habitat, much of it is under panels or converted into roads and it is going to drastically change the habitat out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: To find out just what is out there Solargen's investors have spent over seven million dollars to gather information for a required Environmental Impact Report. More than twenty biologists have spent much of the past year searching out every fox den on the project site, canvassing creek beds and geo-tagging lizard scat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KORPOS: Does anyone have an anemometer to measure the wind?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: Today, in high winds, wildlife biologist Michelle Korpos leads her team through a barbed wire fence and onto an adjacent parcel called \"mitigation land\" - about eleven thousand acres that Solargen would set aside for wildlife to offset the impact of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KORPOS: Presumably the species can disperse from the site because the mitigation lands are contiguous to the site. And the larger mammals like the kit fox and badger, they can make their way over the hills into little Panoche valley which offers greater biodiversity and topography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: These biologists are taking a multispecies conservation approach - which could speed up the permitting process. The San Joaquin kit fox, for example, thrives in grazing areas and if it can do well in the mitigation lands, it's assumed so can other grassland species. But not everyone agrees. In fact, local environmentalists are concerned that the surveys are being rushed to meet the deadline to qualify for federal tax credits. Chicken farmer Kim Williams says she is all for solar -- just not big arrays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WILLIAMS: You could do smaller solar fields around cities as well as utilizing all rooftops and shade and parking areas and bus stops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: Energy analysts say California can't meet its clean power goals without big solar farms and that line of thinking has some surprising supporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BOYLE: There are a few of us who have been working very closely with the generators and increasingly with the state and federal regulators trying to find a pathway through these conflicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: Barbara Boyle oversees clean energy solutions for the Sierra Club. She thinks the :us vs. them\" approach that has helped win a lot of environmental debates, in the past, needs to change when it comes to siting clean energy projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BOYLE: We also need to get out there and identify where are the good places for solar and wind to go so they know when they invest hundreds of millions of dollars in their proposals they are going to a place that has a high probability of getting permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: In the Panoche Valley Charlie McCullough steps out of his modest home and looks over the hills behind him. He and his brother are among the ranching families that have agreed to sell land to Solargen, in his case, for several million dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCCOLLOUGH: Everybody in the valley is mad at us for bringing the solar in. I'm going to hate to see a bunch of panels out there, too but I know that we have to have solar. If you can't have it here, you can't have it anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KISSACK: The San Benito County Board of supervisors is expected to vote on the project before the end of the year. To see a map of solar intensity throughout the U.S, go to KQED.org/33x20. I'm Andrea Kissack, KQED Public Radio.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/05/gimp_kaleidoscope300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Genetic disease may be as different as different kaleidoscope pictures. This complicates finding the cause of most genetic disease.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have thought that they had a pretty good handle on how genetic diseases work. A certain DNA difference causes a certain gene to work incorrectly leading to a specific genetic disease. And importantly, people with a disease tend to share the same DNA difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A disease like sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a perfect example. A key DNA difference in the hemoglobin gene causes sickle cell anemia and many people with SCA have the exact same difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if diseases like SCA are the outliers? What if instead most people or families had unique DNA differences that led to their disease? Then scientists have been going about finding the causes of genetic disease in the wrong way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now scientists tend to do something called \u003ca href=\"http://www.genome.gov/20019523\">genome wide association studies\u003c/a> (GWAS) to find the causes of genetic diseases. Basically scientists compare the DNA of people with a disease to people without the disease. If they compare enough people, they should be able to pinpoint the differences that matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This strategy is based on people with the same disease having the same DNA differences. If people have unique differences, then this strategy won’t work. And so far, most GWAS studies have not found a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They have tended to find a few DNA differences that can explain a very small part of any disease when they look at related groups like Icelanders or Northern Europeans. And even these small effects sometimes go away when scientists try to apply them to larger, more diverse groups. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just what you might expect with unique, recent DNA changes causing disease. And if you stop and think about it, the idea of lots of unique DNA changes leading to common diseases makes some sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each person in each generation has around 175 new DNA changes that their parents didn’t have. Spread out over the human race over hundreds or thousands of years, that is a lot of relatively recent differences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any DNA change that has too severe an effect on a person shouldn’t survive long in human DNA. People with the change will be at a disadvantage and so won’t do as well as people without the change. Over time, the change will disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exception to this is if the change can have both good and bad effects. SCA is obviously bad but in areas with a lot of malaria, it is actually helpful. People who carry SCA but do not have the disease are more resistant to malaria and do better. Most bad DNA changes won’t come with benefits though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So instead of a set of static DNA differences that are passed down we might need to think about human DNA as constantly changing. Many DNA differences come and go over time. In this scenario, most human disease is caused by DNA changes in the process of being eliminated. Or they are neutral changes that have turned bad now that we live in a new environment. (Think having lots of food, living longer, having fewer babies, etc.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this is how things work, then GWAS won’t find much. And as I said before, they really haven’t. But luckily there are other ways to skin a genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if people have unique DNA changes that lead to disease, there will be overlap in the affected genes. One approach is to look at the DNA of people with severe forms of a disease to find the gene involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then you’d have to sequence the whole gene and look for changes. The sequencing will be easy…we can sequence a gene in no time these days. The hard part will be figuring out which changes matter. There are bound to be lots of differences in most genes with hardly any of them having any effect. So scientists will need to come up with some way to tell which changes matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this is how genetic disease works, more traditional sorts of DNA tests are in real trouble. And we’ve spent an awful lot of time and money heading down blind alleys. But that’s how science works, two steps forward, one step back. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of in-depth looks at this problem: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(10)00320-X\">Genetic Heterogeneity in Human Disease\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.cell.com/trends/genetics/abstract/S0168-9525(09)00266-2\">Beyond genome-wide association studies\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "What if most people or families had unique DNA differences that led to their disease? Then scientists have been going about finding the causes of genetic disease in the wrong way.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This strategy is based on people with the same disease having the same DNA differences. If people have unique differences, then this strategy won’t work. And so far, most GWAS studies have not found a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They have tended to find a few DNA differences that can explain a very small part of any disease when they look at related groups like Icelanders or Northern Europeans. And even these small effects sometimes go away when scientists try to apply them to larger, more diverse groups. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just what you might expect with unique, recent DNA changes causing disease. And if you stop and think about it, the idea of lots of unique DNA changes leading to common diseases makes some sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each person in each generation has around 175 new DNA changes that their parents didn’t have. Spread out over the human race over hundreds or thousands of years, that is a lot of relatively recent differences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any DNA change that has too severe an effect on a person shouldn’t survive long in human DNA. People with the change will be at a disadvantage and so won’t do as well as people without the change. Over time, the change will disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exception to this is if the change can have both good and bad effects. SCA is obviously bad but in areas with a lot of malaria, it is actually helpful. People who carry SCA but do not have the disease are more resistant to malaria and do better. Most bad DNA changes won’t come with benefits though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So instead of a set of static DNA differences that are passed down we might need to think about human DNA as constantly changing. Many DNA differences come and go over time. In this scenario, most human disease is caused by DNA changes in the process of being eliminated. Or they are neutral changes that have turned bad now that we live in a new environment. (Think having lots of food, living longer, having fewer babies, etc.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this is how things work, then GWAS won’t find much. And as I said before, they really haven’t. But luckily there are other ways to skin a genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if people have unique DNA changes that lead to disease, there will be overlap in the affected genes. One approach is to look at the DNA of people with severe forms of a disease to find the gene involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then you’d have to sequence the whole gene and look for changes. The sequencing will be easy…we can sequence a gene in no time these days. The hard part will be figuring out which changes matter. There are bound to be lots of differences in most genes with hardly any of them having any effect. So scientists will need to come up with some way to tell which changes matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this is how genetic disease works, more traditional sorts of DNA tests are in real trouble. And we’ve spent an awful lot of time and money heading down blind alleys. But that’s how science works, two steps forward, one step back. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of in-depth looks at this problem: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(10)00320-X\">Genetic Heterogeneity in Human Disease\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.cell.com/trends/genetics/abstract/S0168-9525(09)00266-2\">Beyond genome-wide association studies\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"perspectives": {
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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