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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_2_991170061_shuvo-roy-phd-1952.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF Bioengineer Shuvo Roy works on a model of an artificial, implantable kidney. (Credit: UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From his lab at the Mission Bay campus of the University of California-San Francisco, Shuvo Roy is leading a project with nearly 40 scientists from across the nation to develop the world’s first artificial, implantable kidney. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have kidney failure, the sickest of the sick tend to get on the transplant waiting list,” said Roy, an associate professor of bioengineering and therapeutic sciences at UCSF. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy is collaborating with scientists and biotech experts at ten other institutions, including the University of Michigan, the Cleveland Clinic and Case Western Reserve University. Drawing inspiration from Silicon Valley, the researchers have figured out how to take a room-sized dialysis machine and shrink it down to a cartridge the size of a coffee cup. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we are motivated to do,” said Roy, “is come up with a solution that will provide the benefits of a healthy kidney to the vast majority of patients that are on dialysis and who have a very low chance of ever getting a transplant kidney.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers have built the prototype of a device that can be implanted in patients and run without batteries or pumps. Their goal: have it in clinical trials in five to seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy kidneys filter toxins from blood. Dialysis machines do the same thing, but require patients to sit, often for three hours or more, several times a week. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s artificial kidney filters blood using strips of silicon, etched with tiny pores. “We're applying state-of-the-art fabrication technologies used in making computer chips to achieve very precise features and dimensions at the nano-scale,\" said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By engineering super-thin silicon membranes at the microscopic scale, the scientists have done away with the need for pumps and large amounts of electricity used in traditional dialysis machines. Instead, the patient’s blood pressure is sufficient to pump the blood for filtration through the artificial kidney device. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_2_kidney_991182869_QKPUF-L.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Scientist manipulates pieces of silicon membrane in a petri dish. (Credit: UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really our contribution,” he said. “Because our silicon membranes don't require a lot of pressure for filtration, we can make them small enough and compact enough to fit inside the little cartridge.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy and his team have tested the filtration component of their artificial kidney device on animal models, including rats and pigs. Right now, they’re working to scale it up for use on humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the National Kidney Foundation, roughly 11 percent of adults in the U.S. suffer from stage one or higher chronic kidney disease, including nearly a million adults in the Bay Area. But most people don’t even know they have kidney disease, which is diagnosed with a simple blood test, until it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until kidney disease gets to stages four or five, it's a silent disease,” said Patty McCormac, a registered nurse and a program director for the San Francisco office of the National Kidney Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients with End Stage Renal Disease, the last of five stages in chronic kidney disease, when the kidneys have ceased to work, must undergo dialysis. The only alternative is a kidney transplant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly every five minutes, all of the blood pumped from the heart is sent through the kidneys, which sit below the rib cage on either side of the spine. The five-inch organs filter the blood to remove toxins from drugs, for example, that are ingested and that build up from the daily metabolic activity of the liver and the muscles in the body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also perform the crucial job of balancing water, salts, minerals and acid in the blood through hormones and other chemical messages which are relayed from other parts of the body to let the kidneys know whether to increase or decrease the amount of water, mineral salts or acid in the blood. Kidneys also help regulate blood pressure and spur the production of red blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area kidney patients already are watching Roy’s research with the hope that one day it could change their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Anderson is a 60 year-old San Francisco resident who first started dialysis 11 years ago. After a four year wait, he received a kidney transplant in 2003, but the kidney failed in 2007. So he had to resume visits to the dialysis outpatient clinic at UCSF Mount Zion. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson found out about Roy’s research in August while talking with a friend of his who had read about it on the internet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential that this artificial kidney might be available in five years has changed my outlook,” he said. “It has given me a more disciplined participation in my own treatment -- a discipline with my diet, which is more likely to keep me around for those five years.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Anderson tolerates dialysis fairly well, many patients can experience fatigue, nausea and low blood pressure after the treatment. When Anderson started dialysis, he also suffered from hypertension, which along with diabetes, causes two-thirds of all cases of chronic kidney disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the U.S. Renal Data System, roughly 350,000 adults in the U.S. were on dialysis in 2007, including nearly 50,000 adults in California alone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dialysis is also expensive. In 2007, Medicare spent on average more than $72,000 per patient on dialysis treatments. The cost of the artificial kidney, Roy said, would be comparable to two years of dialysis treatments and cheaper in the long run as expensive immunosuppressant drugs would not be needed to maintain it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the researchers are successful, dialysis patients would experience a greatly enhanced level of mobility and independence. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would potentially be like having your own little artificial kidney, so you'd be able to get up and walk around. It would revolutionize treatment. The dialysis machines we use today, you're basically sitting in a chair for four hours at a time,” said Dr. Lynda Frassetto, a kidney doctor and professor of medicine at UCSF. “We don't let you get up.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using the tools of nanotechnology, some of which were developed at UC Berkeley, Roy and his team are able to cut shapes and precise patterns into silicon, much like electrical engineers do in designing a computer chip to carry out complex calculations and tasks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here the silicon is tailored to be the right size and shape for blood filtration, so tiny pores - a few billionths of a meter in size - are cut into silicon wafers, the same material from which computer chips are made. The silicon wafers are then cut into strips and assembled into rows which act as filters, the first stage of Roy’s artificial kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much like a real human kidney, the silicon filters take a portion of the patient’s blood and remove toxins from it, along with sugars, water and salts. The portion of the blood that is unfiltered returns to the body, eventually cycling back for filtration. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filtered blood, or “filtrate”, then passes to a second compartment, the bioreactor, for additional processing. In the bioreactor, the filtrate passes over a bed of kidney cells, which could be cultured from the patient’s own kidneys or they could come from a donor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the filtrate flows over this bed of cells, the bed of cells senses how much salts and sugars the body needs and they reabsorb the salts, sugars and much of the water back into the body”, said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_Kidney_Model-pix.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Schematic image of the artificial implantable kidney device being developed at UCSF. Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/UCSF_kidney_large.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger image. (Credit: Dr. Shuvo Roy, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the bed of kidney cells would help perform a job that the most advanced dialysis machine currently can’t do: maintain the critical balance between water, salts and other constituents of blood, which healthy kidneys do automatically. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though the kidney cells may not come from the patient, they wouldn’t be rejected by the patient’s immune system - a problem that until now, has inhibited the development of an artificial, implantable kidney. This is because the silicon membrane on which they sit contains pores that are big enough to allow the filtered blood through where it mingles with the live kidney cells, but they’re too small for the body’s immune cells to pass through and attack them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if they can use this artificial kidney filter and they don’t need to give people anti-rejection medication, that's huge,” said Frassetto. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.767050 -122.391139\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy is collaborating with scientists and biotech experts at ten other institutions, including the University of Michigan, the Cleveland Clinic and Case Western Reserve University. Drawing inspiration from Silicon Valley, the researchers have figured out how to take a room-sized dialysis machine and shrink it down to a cartridge the size of a coffee cup. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we are motivated to do,” said Roy, “is come up with a solution that will provide the benefits of a healthy kidney to the vast majority of patients that are on dialysis and who have a very low chance of ever getting a transplant kidney.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers have built the prototype of a device that can be implanted in patients and run without batteries or pumps. Their goal: have it in clinical trials in five to seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy kidneys filter toxins from blood. Dialysis machines do the same thing, but require patients to sit, often for three hours or more, several times a week. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s artificial kidney filters blood using strips of silicon, etched with tiny pores. “We're applying state-of-the-art fabrication technologies used in making computer chips to achieve very precise features and dimensions at the nano-scale,\" said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By engineering super-thin silicon membranes at the microscopic scale, the scientists have done away with the need for pumps and large amounts of electricity used in traditional dialysis machines. Instead, the patient’s blood pressure is sufficient to pump the blood for filtration through the artificial kidney device. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_2_kidney_991182869_QKPUF-L.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Scientist manipulates pieces of silicon membrane in a petri dish. (Credit: UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really our contribution,” he said. “Because our silicon membranes don't require a lot of pressure for filtration, we can make them small enough and compact enough to fit inside the little cartridge.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy and his team have tested the filtration component of their artificial kidney device on animal models, including rats and pigs. Right now, they’re working to scale it up for use on humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the National Kidney Foundation, roughly 11 percent of adults in the U.S. suffer from stage one or higher chronic kidney disease, including nearly a million adults in the Bay Area. But most people don’t even know they have kidney disease, which is diagnosed with a simple blood test, until it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until kidney disease gets to stages four or five, it's a silent disease,” said Patty McCormac, a registered nurse and a program director for the San Francisco office of the National Kidney Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients with End Stage Renal Disease, the last of five stages in chronic kidney disease, when the kidneys have ceased to work, must undergo dialysis. The only alternative is a kidney transplant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly every five minutes, all of the blood pumped from the heart is sent through the kidneys, which sit below the rib cage on either side of the spine. The five-inch organs filter the blood to remove toxins from drugs, for example, that are ingested and that build up from the daily metabolic activity of the liver and the muscles in the body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also perform the crucial job of balancing water, salts, minerals and acid in the blood through hormones and other chemical messages which are relayed from other parts of the body to let the kidneys know whether to increase or decrease the amount of water, mineral salts or acid in the blood. Kidneys also help regulate blood pressure and spur the production of red blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area kidney patients already are watching Roy’s research with the hope that one day it could change their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Anderson is a 60 year-old San Francisco resident who first started dialysis 11 years ago. After a four year wait, he received a kidney transplant in 2003, but the kidney failed in 2007. So he had to resume visits to the dialysis outpatient clinic at UCSF Mount Zion. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson found out about Roy’s research in August while talking with a friend of his who had read about it on the internet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential that this artificial kidney might be available in five years has changed my outlook,” he said. “It has given me a more disciplined participation in my own treatment -- a discipline with my diet, which is more likely to keep me around for those five years.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Anderson tolerates dialysis fairly well, many patients can experience fatigue, nausea and low blood pressure after the treatment. When Anderson started dialysis, he also suffered from hypertension, which along with diabetes, causes two-thirds of all cases of chronic kidney disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the U.S. Renal Data System, roughly 350,000 adults in the U.S. were on dialysis in 2007, including nearly 50,000 adults in California alone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dialysis is also expensive. In 2007, Medicare spent on average more than $72,000 per patient on dialysis treatments. The cost of the artificial kidney, Roy said, would be comparable to two years of dialysis treatments and cheaper in the long run as expensive immunosuppressant drugs would not be needed to maintain it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the researchers are successful, dialysis patients would experience a greatly enhanced level of mobility and independence. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would potentially be like having your own little artificial kidney, so you'd be able to get up and walk around. It would revolutionize treatment. The dialysis machines we use today, you're basically sitting in a chair for four hours at a time,” said Dr. Lynda Frassetto, a kidney doctor and professor of medicine at UCSF. “We don't let you get up.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using the tools of nanotechnology, some of which were developed at UC Berkeley, Roy and his team are able to cut shapes and precise patterns into silicon, much like electrical engineers do in designing a computer chip to carry out complex calculations and tasks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here the silicon is tailored to be the right size and shape for blood filtration, so tiny pores - a few billionths of a meter in size - are cut into silicon wafers, the same material from which computer chips are made. The silicon wafers are then cut into strips and assembled into rows which act as filters, the first stage of Roy’s artificial kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much like a real human kidney, the silicon filters take a portion of the patient’s blood and remove toxins from it, along with sugars, water and salts. The portion of the blood that is unfiltered returns to the body, eventually cycling back for filtration. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filtered blood, or “filtrate”, then passes to a second compartment, the bioreactor, for additional processing. In the bioreactor, the filtrate passes over a bed of kidney cells, which could be cultured from the patient’s own kidneys or they could come from a donor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the filtrate flows over this bed of cells, the bed of cells senses how much salts and sugars the body needs and they reabsorb the salts, sugars and much of the water back into the body”, said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_Kidney_Model-pix.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Schematic image of the artificial implantable kidney device being developed at UCSF. Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/UCSF_kidney_large.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger image. (Credit: Dr. Shuvo Roy, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the bed of kidney cells would help perform a job that the most advanced dialysis machine currently can’t do: maintain the critical balance between water, salts and other constituents of blood, which healthy kidneys do automatically. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though the kidney cells may not come from the patient, they wouldn’t be rejected by the patient’s immune system - a problem that until now, has inhibited the development of an artificial, implantable kidney. This is because the silicon membrane on which they sit contains pores that are big enough to allow the filtered blood through where it mingles with the live kidney cells, but they’re too small for the body’s immune cells to pass through and attack them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if they can use this artificial kidney filter and they don’t need to give people anti-rejection medication, that's huge,” said Frassetto. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/california-takes-the-lead-on-stem-cell-research\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/4-46StemCell_300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Image courtesy of Jeff Miller, University of Wisconsin-Madison.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deepak Srivastava – profiled in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/california-takes-the-lead-on-stem-cell-research\">this week's radio story\u003c/a> – is no stranger to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/326\" target=\"_top\">QUEST\u003c/a>, or to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\" target=\"_top\">KQED News\u003c/a>. Just last month, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/new-approach-to-creating-heart-cells-could-make-transplantation-unnecessary/\" target=\"_top\">Srivastava made headlines\u003c/a> when he announced that his lab had for the first time directly created beating heart cells from adult cells, without having to go through the stem cell stage.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when I interviewed Srivastava for this story, I wanted to hear as well about his work with a type of stem cell called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/science/11prof.html?_r=1\" target=\"_top\">induced pluripotent cells\u003c/a>. These are adult cells that have been coaxed into becoming like embryonic stem cells. Just like embryonic stem cells, these transformed cells are \"pluripotent,\" meaning that they have the ability to develop into any other kind of cell.\u003cbr>\nIf researchers like Srivastava can do pioneering work without requiring human embryonic stem cells, I wondered, then what to make of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eli-y-adashi/the-halting-of-stem-cell-_b_711616.html\" target=\"_top\">recent ruling by US district court Judge Royce Lamberth?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a scientific standpoint, at least, was the debate over the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickey-Wicker_Amendment\" target=\"_top\">Dickey-Wicker Amendment\u003c/a> a moot point?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, if human embryonic stem cells are no longer necessary, where does that leave \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirm.ca.gov/\" target=\"_top\">The California Institute For Regenerative Medicine\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_71_(2004)\" target=\"_top\">the taxpayer-funded\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirm.ca.gov/GrantsSummary\" target=\"_top\">$3 billion\u003c/a> foundation created specifically to ensure that human embryonic stem cell research continues, regardless of federal support?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's how The Institute – which funds \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirm.ca.gov/Grant_overview_charts\" target=\"_top\">research on induced pluripotent stem cells and other cells\u003c/a>, as well as embryonic stem cells, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cirm.ca.gov/StemCellBasics_Questions#6\" target=\"_top\">answers that question\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's \u003ca href=\"http://www.isscr.org/ScienceStatementEndorsers.cfm\" target=\"_top\">a letter\u003c/a>, signed by 834 scientists in defense of continued support of research on both types of cells. An excerpt:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The basic tools for these discoveries will include the “gold standard” embryonic stem cells that remain the benchmark for assessment of pluripotency, or the ability to develop into all the fully functional cells of the body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's exactly the term Srivastava used: \"gold standard.\" Adult cells that can be transformed into embryonic stem cell-like cells may well someday free researchers from the political roller coaster of embryonic stem cell support, he said. But first, scientists need to figure out exactly how well they work. And without human embryonic stem cells, there's just nothing to compare them to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/tOdyaiWr0oo&color1=0xb1b1b1&color2=0xd0d0d0&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&fs=1\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/tOdyaiWr0oo&color1=0xb1b1b1&color2=0xd0d0d0&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&fs=1\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Video of beating heart cell created from adult cells - Courtesy of the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/california-takes-the-lead-on-stem-cell-research\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/california-takes-the-lead-on-stem-cell-research\">Listen to the California Takes the Lead on Stem Cell Research \u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7677229 -122.3942944\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Chickens.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem> Backyard chickens (credit: Meredith Hall)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Yesterday, I along with every other Oakland hipster visited the \u003ca href=\"http://eatrealfest.com/\">Eat Real Festival\u003c/a> in Jack London Square. There were dozens of food carts—tacos, steamed buns, hot dogs, ice cream, the best Cuban sandwich I’ve ever eaten—and chickens. Yep. There was an \u003ca href=\"http://eatrealfest.com/urbanhomesteading\">urban homesteading\u003c/a> exhibit, with animals and experts, and my friend Angela was smitten with the chickens. She wanted to take a few home. Think of all those fresh eggs! However, her husband Malcolm was against the idea—having grown up on a ranch in Mexico, he knew firsthand that chickens are a lot of work. But as I thought about the salmonella-laced \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2010/08/24/why-eggs-became-a-salmonella-hazard?ref=us\">headlines\u003c/a> that have tumbled across my doorstep and my computer screen over the past few weeks, I thought having my own backyard chickens might not be a bad idea.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent salmonella outbreak has led to a recall of half a billion eggs, and has sickened thousands of people. (Check this FDA page to see if the eggs in your fridge are safe to eat.) Many of the contaminated eggs have been traced to two giant farms in Iowa. It is not entirely clear what caused the outbreak—and there may have been multiple sources. But at least some of the contaminated eggs were laid by hens that ate contaminated chicken feed. Rodents carrying salmonella had gotten into the feed. In large-scale egg farms, salmonella can spread easily. Backyard chickens can still be subject to salmonella, but at least if you’re in charge of the coop, you can be sure to take precautions to keep your birds healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These precautions include keeping the habitat clean, making sure the food isn’t contaminated by rodents or other animals (reptiles carry salmonella too), and maybe even vaccinating your chickens. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/business/25vaccine.html?pagewanted=1&ref=business\">Vaccination\u003c/a> is common in the UK and other parts of Europe (though in this country, the FDA has deemed it unnecessary). I have no idea if vaccines are available for backyard birds—but it might be a good idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not being a bird owner myself, I wondered how a first-time chicken raiser could learn about keeping birds healthy. I read Oakland urban farmer Novella Carpenter’s book \u003ca href=\"http://amzn.com/0143117289\">Farm City\u003c/a>, and I couldn’t remember if her mail-order poultry had come with instructions. Then, I found out that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/08/backyard-chicken-keepers-avian-flu.php\">USDA recently started a public education campaign\u003c/a> on backyard bird health. And, urban homesteaders swap chicken husbandry tips thanks to internet sites like \u003ca href=\"http://www.meetup.com/\">Meetup\u003c/a>. There are whole communities out there, dedicated to raising healthy birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, I am not ready build a coop on my back porch and fill it with chickens. But the salmonella outbreak and the poultry experts at the Eat Real Festival reminded me that farmers, with their great knowledge of how animals and diseases and the environment are all entwined, are the world’s original ecologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about eggs and the differences between supermarket eggs or farm fresh eggs, watch \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/city-egg-country-egg\">City Egg, Country Egg on QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7941971 -122.2760333\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/all-charged-up-over-emfs\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/4-43EMF_300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The wireless age has introduced countless devices that many of us can’t live without, like cell phones, laptop computers and wifi routers. Like all electronics they communicate using electromagnetic frequencies - or EMFs. Some people worry that EMFs are making them sick - and say that technology should slow down.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED has done a lot of reporting on SmartMeters over the past year, including this \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/06/13/dumbfounded-by-smartmeters/\" target=\"_top\">story from the Central Valley\u003c/a> by KQED’s Sasha Khokha.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My interest in the subject stems from a note I read on a neighborhood listserve, about a company’s plans to install a wireless cell phone tower on Bernal Hill. A number of San Francisco neighborhoods have fought these towers in recent years – \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-07-06/bay-area/21939151_1_cellular-antennas-new-antennas-cell-sites\" target=\"_top\">often successfully\u003c/a> –over concerns about EMFs – electromagnetic frequencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I learned pretty quickly, there’s no mere toe-dipping on the subject of EMFs. People have arguing about the health effects of EMFs ever since (and probably before) the Cold War, when employees at the US Embassy in Moscow \u003ca href=\"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918076,00.html\">blamed a variety of health problems\u003c/a> on the fact that the KGB had been directing high-power microwaves at the walls of the building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Paul Saffo what advice he'd give PG&E, which seems to have been taken off guard by the amount of protest \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-08-16/business/22221173_1_smartmeters-meter-installers-pg-e\">ink\u003c/a> this issue has generated. He said it's simple: Give people a choice. Put an off switch on those SmartMeters, or let people choose not to have one at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way to raise alarm, he said, is to make a new technology mandatory. That's why you don't see people out protesting wifi routers (which do more or less the same thing SmartMeters do, and are usually in closer proximity to us) or baby monitors. Or even (\u003ca href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/s/ytech_wguy/20100727/tc_ytech_wguy/ytech_wguy_tc3246\">except in the case of San Francisco\u003c/a>) cell phones, which we hold up right next to our heads. Or, for that matter, \u003ca href=\"http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/transportation/motor_vehicle_accidents_and_fatalities.html\">cars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/20/reporters-notes-all-charged-up-over-emfs/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/all-charged-up-over-emfs\">Listen to All Charged Up Over EMFs\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.780156 -122.420478\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/all-charged-up-over-emfs\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/4-43EMF_300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The wireless age has introduced countless devices that many of us can’t live without, like cell phones, laptop computers and wifi routers. Like all electronics they communicate using electromagnetic frequencies - or EMFs. Some people worry that EMFs are making them sick - and say that technology should slow down.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED has done a lot of reporting on SmartMeters over the past year, including this \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/06/13/dumbfounded-by-smartmeters/\" target=\"_top\">story from the Central Valley\u003c/a> by KQED’s Sasha Khokha.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My interest in the subject stems from a note I read on a neighborhood listserve, about a company’s plans to install a wireless cell phone tower on Bernal Hill. A number of San Francisco neighborhoods have fought these towers in recent years – \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-07-06/bay-area/21939151_1_cellular-antennas-new-antennas-cell-sites\" target=\"_top\">often successfully\u003c/a> –over concerns about EMFs – electromagnetic frequencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I learned pretty quickly, there’s no mere toe-dipping on the subject of EMFs. People have arguing about the health effects of EMFs ever since (and probably before) the Cold War, when employees at the US Embassy in Moscow \u003ca href=\"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918076,00.html\">blamed a variety of health problems\u003c/a> on the fact that the KGB had been directing high-power microwaves at the walls of the building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Paul Saffo what advice he'd give PG&E, which seems to have been taken off guard by the amount of protest \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-08-16/business/22221173_1_smartmeters-meter-installers-pg-e\">ink\u003c/a> this issue has generated. He said it's simple: Give people a choice. Put an off switch on those SmartMeters, or let people choose not to have one at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way to raise alarm, he said, is to make a new technology mandatory. That's why you don't see people out protesting wifi routers (which do more or less the same thing SmartMeters do, and are usually in closer proximity to us) or baby monitors. Or even (\u003ca href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/s/ytech_wguy/20100727/tc_ytech_wguy/ytech_wguy_tc3246\">except in the case of San Francisco\u003c/a>) cell phones, which we hold up right next to our heads. Or, for that matter, \u003ca href=\"http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/transportation/motor_vehicle_accidents_and_fatalities.html\">cars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/20/reporters-notes-all-charged-up-over-emfs/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/all-charged-up-over-emfs\">Listen to All Charged Up Over EMFs\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.780156 -122.420478\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "EPA Enters Debate Over Toxic Strawberry Fumigant",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/strawberries-and-worker-safety--part-two\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/sportfield21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>If methyl iodide is approved, the decision will come with a long list of regulations, designed to protect workers, and people who live nearby from inhaling fumes from the chemical.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story comes from \u003ca title=\"http://www.californiawatch.org/watchblog/epa-enters-189-debate-toxic-strawberry-fumigant-35\" href=\"http://www.californiawatch.org/watchblog/epa-enters-189-debate-toxic-strawberry-fumigant-35\">California Watch\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Protection Agency is reviewing scientific assessments of a controversial strawberry fumigant scheduled for use in California, as well as opening up a public comment period on the toxic pesticide, according to U.S. Sen. Dianne Feinstein and the environmental law group \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthjustice.org/\">Earthjustice\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could have implications in California, where the state's Department of Pesticide Regulation is expected to approve the fumigant, methyl iodide, later this year, amid concerns that it could be toxic to farmworkers and people who live near agricultural fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nIn an interview last week, Feinstein said she had \u003ca title=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2010/08/07/2943103/foes-of-controversial-fumigant.html\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2010/08/07/2943103/foes-of-controversial-fumigant.html\" target=\"_blank\">asked the EPA\u003c/a> to look into methyl iodide after learning about the 120-fold difference between exposure levels deemed safe by the DPR, and the levels deemed safe by the agency's own staff scientists, as well as by a panel of outside scientists commissioned by the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My letter,\" said Feinstein, \"was to say, 'EPA, can you take another look at this, in view of this other testimony? Because the scientific data here is so very different.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA later told Feinstein it would open a review of California's differing scientific assessments of the fumigant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methyl iodide is considered critical to California's $2 billion strawberry industry. Currently growers use a fumigant called methyl bromide, which is being phased out under international treaty because it damages the ozone layer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA approved methyl iodide in 2007. Both Feinstein and Earthjustice have requested formal reconsideration of that approval. However, the EPA's announcement falls short of that. Earthjustice's Paul Towers says he hopes the public comment period is the first step toward reconsideration, \"and that when the federal government reviews this, they'll come to the right decision.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA spokesman Dale Kemery declined to say whether reconsideration was on the table or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lea Brooks, \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/\" href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">DPR spokeswoman\u003c/a>, noted that the EPA's approved exposure levels are more than twice as high as what California is proposing. \"California's proposed restrictions are much more health-protective than U.S. EPA's,\" she said in an e-mail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the EPA decides to limit the use of methyl iodide, California growers could be unaffected, since the state's restrictions are more stringent than the EPA's. However, if the agency ultimately decides to revoke its approval of the pesticide, California officials would have to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, state Sen. Dean Florez, D-Fresno, who held a hearing on methyl iodide in June, has introduced a provision into state budget negotiations that would postpone methyl iodide's registration by a year and require further review. The provision has met opposition from Republicans, and awaits approval by the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>36.910231 -121.7568946\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Environmental Protection Agency is reviewing scientific assessments of a controversial strawberry fumigant scheduled for use in California, as well as opening up a public comment period on the toxic pesticide, according to U.S. Sen. Dianne Feinstein and the environmental law group Earthjustice.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/strawberries-and-worker-safety--part-two\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/sportfield21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>If methyl iodide is approved, the decision will come with a long list of regulations, designed to protect workers, and people who live nearby from inhaling fumes from the chemical.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story comes from \u003ca title=\"http://www.californiawatch.org/watchblog/epa-enters-189-debate-toxic-strawberry-fumigant-35\" href=\"http://www.californiawatch.org/watchblog/epa-enters-189-debate-toxic-strawberry-fumigant-35\">California Watch\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Protection Agency is reviewing scientific assessments of a controversial strawberry fumigant scheduled for use in California, as well as opening up a public comment period on the toxic pesticide, according to U.S. Sen. Dianne Feinstein and the environmental law group \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthjustice.org/\">Earthjustice\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could have implications in California, where the state's Department of Pesticide Regulation is expected to approve the fumigant, methyl iodide, later this year, amid concerns that it could be toxic to farmworkers and people who live near agricultural fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nIn an interview last week, Feinstein said she had \u003ca title=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2010/08/07/2943103/foes-of-controversial-fumigant.html\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2010/08/07/2943103/foes-of-controversial-fumigant.html\" target=\"_blank\">asked the EPA\u003c/a> to look into methyl iodide after learning about the 120-fold difference between exposure levels deemed safe by the DPR, and the levels deemed safe by the agency's own staff scientists, as well as by a panel of outside scientists commissioned by the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My letter,\" said Feinstein, \"was to say, 'EPA, can you take another look at this, in view of this other testimony? Because the scientific data here is so very different.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA later told Feinstein it would open a review of California's differing scientific assessments of the fumigant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methyl iodide is considered critical to California's $2 billion strawberry industry. Currently growers use a fumigant called methyl bromide, which is being phased out under international treaty because it damages the ozone layer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA approved methyl iodide in 2007. Both Feinstein and Earthjustice have requested formal reconsideration of that approval. However, the EPA's announcement falls short of that. Earthjustice's Paul Towers says he hopes the public comment period is the first step toward reconsideration, \"and that when the federal government reviews this, they'll come to the right decision.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA spokesman Dale Kemery declined to say whether reconsideration was on the table or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lea Brooks, \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/\" href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">DPR spokeswoman\u003c/a>, noted that the EPA's approved exposure levels are more than twice as high as what California is proposing. \"California's proposed restrictions are much more health-protective than U.S. EPA's,\" she said in an e-mail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the EPA decides to limit the use of methyl iodide, California growers could be unaffected, since the state's restrictions are more stringent than the EPA's. However, if the agency ultimately decides to revoke its approval of the pesticide, California officials would have to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, state Sen. Dean Florez, D-Fresno, who held a hearing on methyl iodide in June, has introduced a provision into state budget negotiations that would postpone methyl iodide's registration by a year and require further review. The provision has met opposition from Republicans, and awaits approval by the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>36.910231 -121.7568946\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Major Breakthrough in Reviving Heart Cells",
"title": "Major Breakthrough in Reviving Heart Cells",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Deepak-Srivastava-director-of-the-Gladstone-Institute-of-Cardiovascular-Disease_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Deepak Srivastava, director of the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, co-authored the new paper.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/gweb1/\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, a research foundation affiliated with the University of California-San Francisco, reported today that they have succeeded for the first time in creating beating heart cells from other types of adult cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breakthrough offers new hope to the more than 5 million people in the United States who have survived heart attacks that one day their damaged hearts could be repaired. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a person suffers a heart attack, the heart sustains damage than can permanently inhibit its function. Devices like pacemakers, and drugs like beta blockers, can keep the heart going, but not restore it to its full capacity – something that only a heart transplant can achieve today. But only about 2,000 hearts are available for transplants in the United States each year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This discovery opens a door to think about a different approach, which is to take cells that are already within a damaged heart and convert them from just a simple structural cell that’s not beating into a cell that’s beating like its neighbors,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/srivastava/\">Dr. Deepak Srivastava\u003c/a>, director of the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and a member of the research team. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That can help the heart squeeze better and maybe avoid the need for transplantation.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research appears in the August 6 edition of the journal Cell and was led by Masaki Ieda. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a major step forward in regenerative medicine,” said Dr. Ira Cohen, director of the Institute for Molecular Cardiology at Stony Brook University in New York, who wasn’t involved in the research. “It represents a novel approach to replacing heart cells.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Research bypasses stem cells\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research represents the first time that scientists have succeeded in creating beating heart muscle cells from adult cells that are not stem cells. Researchers had previously created heart muscle cells from both embryonic and adult stem cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Embryonic stem cells, and adult cells that have been made to act like embryonic stem cells, are referred to as being “pluripotent” because they have the unique ability to transform into many different types of cells. Scientists hope that one day \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush\">stem cell research\u003c/a> can lead to cures for a wide host of diseases, from diabetes to Parkinson’s. Stem cells that are pluripotent give researchers great flexibility, but they also could cause the wrong type of cell, or even a tumor, to end up in a patient’s heart. In bypassing stem cells, the new research avoids these potential problems, said Cohen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research follows in the footsteps of a groundbreaking discovery by scientist Shinya Yamanaka, of the Gladstone Institutes and Kyoto University. In 2007, Yamanaka found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/science/11prof.html\">adult skin cells can be reprogrammed \u003c/a>to become embryonic-like stem cells. Yamanaka and his team inserted four genes that are present in embryonic stem cells into adult cells. The four genes reprogrammed the adult cells to become embryonic-like stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery, a major medical advance, offered a new way for stem cell research to proceed without many of the ethical and religious debates over the use of embryonic cells that had previously surrounded it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it also revealed to scientists that “in fact an adult cell could be induced to change so much, which we didn’t think was possible before,” said Srivastava. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Three genes did the trick\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the latest research, Srivastava and his team applied Yamanaka’s technique, but instead of seeking to create stem cells, they set out to bypass stem cells altogether. They took 15 genes from heart muscle cells and inserted them into adult cells called fibroblasts, which are found in the body’s connective tissue. They used fibroblasts from mice hearts and tails. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then looked for signs that the fibroblasts were becoming like heart muscle cells. Once they verified that heart muscle cells had been produced, they removed the genes one by one until they were left with the three genes that were necessary, but sufficient, to make the reprogramming happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/iCM_resizedcopy.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The beating heart cells appear green.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heart attacks are the number 1 cause of death in the United States, killing half a million people each year. This week’s research is an early step toward what one day could become a new treatment to repair the heart. Under one potential scenario, Srivastava said, rather than inserting genes into a patient’s heart, a doctor might deliver a therapeutic substance to the heart through a stent – without surgery – to transform non-beating heart cells into new beating heart cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, gene therapy has run into problems because introducing new genes into the human body can cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions that the new research doesn’t answer is whether this technique would be able to generate enough heart muscle cells – which are called cardiomyocytes – to repair a damaged heart, said Cohen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re talking about replacing 1 billion cardiomyocytes,” he said. “How do you generate that many cells? How do you guarantee they’re healthy? How do you deliver them healthily? And how do you guarantee they stay there?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cardiac stem cells offer another possible treatment\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other approaches to regenerating heart cells also are being investigated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two clinical trials are underway in the United States to study the possibility of repairing the heart by giving patients an infusion of their own heart stem cells. Results of one of the trials, which is being carried out at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, are due at the end of 2010, said researcher Rachel Smith, from the hospital’s Heart Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the so-called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Heart-Institute/Clinical-Trials/Stem-Cell-Trials.aspx#CADUCEUS:CArdiosphere-DerivedaUtologousstemCEllstoreverseventricUlardysfunction.APhaseIRandomizedDoseEscalationStudyoftheSafetyandEfficacyofIntracoronaryDeliveryofCardiosphere-DerivedStemCellsinPatientsWithIschemicLeftVentriculardysfunctionandarecentMyocardialInfarction\">CADUCEUS trial\u003c/a>, researchers take a few snips of the heart during an outpatient biopsy, then culture the tissue for three to four days to increase the number of stem cells. Close to 25 million cardiac stem cells are then infused into the heart through a catheter that goes into the blood vessel that feeds the organ. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a pig model, giving that equivalent dose of cells actually caused the area of damage in the heart to shrink,” said Smith. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New paper furthers cell reprogramming\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research follows several recent cell reprogramming discoveries involving cells in other organs, said Dr. Arnold Kriegstein, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://stemcell.ucsf.edu/\">Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCSF\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, a team at Stanford University reported that they had reprogrammed an adult skin cell to become a neuron-like cell. And in 2008, scientists reprogrammed one type of cells found in the gut – exocrine cells – into another type, endocrine cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paper follows on the heels of those two discoveries,” said Kriegstein, “and it provides fascinating potential applications.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/tOdyaiWr0oo&hl=en&fs=1\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/tOdyaiWr0oo&hl=en&fs=1\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This beating heart cell video was produced by the Gladstone Institutes' researchers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>More video:\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nWatch QUEST TV's segment about stem cell research, called \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush\">Stem Cell Gold Rush\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.460293 -122.233785\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Deepak-Srivastava-director-of-the-Gladstone-Institute-of-Cardiovascular-Disease_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Deepak Srivastava, director of the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, co-authored the new paper.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/gweb1/\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, a research foundation affiliated with the University of California-San Francisco, reported today that they have succeeded for the first time in creating beating heart cells from other types of adult cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breakthrough offers new hope to the more than 5 million people in the United States who have survived heart attacks that one day their damaged hearts could be repaired. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a person suffers a heart attack, the heart sustains damage than can permanently inhibit its function. Devices like pacemakers, and drugs like beta blockers, can keep the heart going, but not restore it to its full capacity – something that only a heart transplant can achieve today. But only about 2,000 hearts are available for transplants in the United States each year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This discovery opens a door to think about a different approach, which is to take cells that are already within a damaged heart and convert them from just a simple structural cell that’s not beating into a cell that’s beating like its neighbors,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/srivastava/\">Dr. Deepak Srivastava\u003c/a>, director of the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and a member of the research team. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That can help the heart squeeze better and maybe avoid the need for transplantation.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research appears in the August 6 edition of the journal Cell and was led by Masaki Ieda. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a major step forward in regenerative medicine,” said Dr. Ira Cohen, director of the Institute for Molecular Cardiology at Stony Brook University in New York, who wasn’t involved in the research. “It represents a novel approach to replacing heart cells.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Research bypasses stem cells\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research represents the first time that scientists have succeeded in creating beating heart muscle cells from adult cells that are not stem cells. Researchers had previously created heart muscle cells from both embryonic and adult stem cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Embryonic stem cells, and adult cells that have been made to act like embryonic stem cells, are referred to as being “pluripotent” because they have the unique ability to transform into many different types of cells. Scientists hope that one day \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush\">stem cell research\u003c/a> can lead to cures for a wide host of diseases, from diabetes to Parkinson’s. Stem cells that are pluripotent give researchers great flexibility, but they also could cause the wrong type of cell, or even a tumor, to end up in a patient’s heart. In bypassing stem cells, the new research avoids these potential problems, said Cohen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research follows in the footsteps of a groundbreaking discovery by scientist Shinya Yamanaka, of the Gladstone Institutes and Kyoto University. In 2007, Yamanaka found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/science/11prof.html\">adult skin cells can be reprogrammed \u003c/a>to become embryonic-like stem cells. Yamanaka and his team inserted four genes that are present in embryonic stem cells into adult cells. The four genes reprogrammed the adult cells to become embryonic-like stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery, a major medical advance, offered a new way for stem cell research to proceed without many of the ethical and religious debates over the use of embryonic cells that had previously surrounded it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it also revealed to scientists that “in fact an adult cell could be induced to change so much, which we didn’t think was possible before,” said Srivastava. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Three genes did the trick\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the latest research, Srivastava and his team applied Yamanaka’s technique, but instead of seeking to create stem cells, they set out to bypass stem cells altogether. They took 15 genes from heart muscle cells and inserted them into adult cells called fibroblasts, which are found in the body’s connective tissue. They used fibroblasts from mice hearts and tails. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then looked for signs that the fibroblasts were becoming like heart muscle cells. Once they verified that heart muscle cells had been produced, they removed the genes one by one until they were left with the three genes that were necessary, but sufficient, to make the reprogramming happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/iCM_resizedcopy.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The beating heart cells appear green.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heart attacks are the number 1 cause of death in the United States, killing half a million people each year. This week’s research is an early step toward what one day could become a new treatment to repair the heart. Under one potential scenario, Srivastava said, rather than inserting genes into a patient’s heart, a doctor might deliver a therapeutic substance to the heart through a stent – without surgery – to transform non-beating heart cells into new beating heart cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, gene therapy has run into problems because introducing new genes into the human body can cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions that the new research doesn’t answer is whether this technique would be able to generate enough heart muscle cells – which are called cardiomyocytes – to repair a damaged heart, said Cohen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re talking about replacing 1 billion cardiomyocytes,” he said. “How do you generate that many cells? How do you guarantee they’re healthy? How do you deliver them healthily? And how do you guarantee they stay there?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cardiac stem cells offer another possible treatment\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other approaches to regenerating heart cells also are being investigated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two clinical trials are underway in the United States to study the possibility of repairing the heart by giving patients an infusion of their own heart stem cells. Results of one of the trials, which is being carried out at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, are due at the end of 2010, said researcher Rachel Smith, from the hospital’s Heart Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the so-called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Heart-Institute/Clinical-Trials/Stem-Cell-Trials.aspx#CADUCEUS:CArdiosphere-DerivedaUtologousstemCEllstoreverseventricUlardysfunction.APhaseIRandomizedDoseEscalationStudyoftheSafetyandEfficacyofIntracoronaryDeliveryofCardiosphere-DerivedStemCellsinPatientsWithIschemicLeftVentriculardysfunctionandarecentMyocardialInfarction\">CADUCEUS trial\u003c/a>, researchers take a few snips of the heart during an outpatient biopsy, then culture the tissue for three to four days to increase the number of stem cells. Close to 25 million cardiac stem cells are then infused into the heart through a catheter that goes into the blood vessel that feeds the organ. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a pig model, giving that equivalent dose of cells actually caused the area of damage in the heart to shrink,” said Smith. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New paper furthers cell reprogramming\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research follows several recent cell reprogramming discoveries involving cells in other organs, said Dr. Arnold Kriegstein, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://stemcell.ucsf.edu/\">Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCSF\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, a team at Stanford University reported that they had reprogrammed an adult skin cell to become a neuron-like cell. And in 2008, scientists reprogrammed one type of cells found in the gut – exocrine cells – into another type, endocrine cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paper follows on the heels of those two discoveries,” said Kriegstein, “and it provides fascinating potential applications.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/tOdyaiWr0oo&hl=en&fs=1\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/tOdyaiWr0oo&hl=en&fs=1\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This beating heart cell video was produced by the Gladstone Institutes' researchers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>More video:\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nWatch QUEST TV's segment about stem cell research, called \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush\">Stem Cell Gold Rush\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/poi300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Poi is a performance art using two balls suspended on ropes a person holds in their hands and swings in a variety of circular patterns. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Monday I started a refresher course in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)\">Poi dancing\u003c/a>. Yet again, I was doing butterfly moves and the weave while every now and then hitting myself in the back or in the head with a wayward move. Thankfully, I was dancing with practice poi, which are covered tennis balls that don’t hurt very much. There are usually three types of Poi balls used in Poi dancing: practice poi, used by beginners, and glow poi which are LED glowing balls for performance or fire poi which are heavier and are used while lit on fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poi is a performance art using two balls suspended on ropes a person holds in their hands and swings in a variety of circular patterns. The Poi are usually spun in parallel planes, and can be spun in the same direction or in opposite directions. Throwing in moves such as stalls and wraps allows a performer to change between going the same direction to the opposite direction and alternating planes of movement. All of the moves in Poi dancing require having symmetry on both sides of the body. The weave was one of the hardest moves I learned and it took a lot of time and bruises to perfect. It was much later that I was playing with a Halloween sword and swung it around in the same motion that I practice the weave. The sword arched smoothly in my hands. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Poi today and its evolution into fire dancing is mostly performative; its origin fostered culture and functional skills. The pre-European Maori used Poi in games and physical exercises to hone reflexes, improve wrist flexibility, increase overall flexibility and improve coordination. Men, women and children would use Poi in action songs and dances that exemplified the culture. Poi were weighted differently depending on the use. Poi used for traditional performance and games were lightweight on ropes less than a meter long. Maori martial arts used balls that were heavily weighted stones on rope between one and five meters long. Their design enabled the user to increase resistance and power. The skill set learned with the heavier Poi transferred to weaponry and fighting skills use by Maori warriors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Poi that Maori used was made out of local material. The principal materials used were ropes of intertwined flax from a cabbage tree or palm and the balls were made out of a local swamp plant. In the ancient practice, fire was not used in Maori games, performances or martial arts. But from these sustainable materials and ancient practice Poi dancing has evolved into a beautiful and challenging performance art. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/poi300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Poi is a performance art using two balls suspended on ropes a person holds in their hands and swings in a variety of circular patterns. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Monday I started a refresher course in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)\">Poi dancing\u003c/a>. Yet again, I was doing butterfly moves and the weave while every now and then hitting myself in the back or in the head with a wayward move. Thankfully, I was dancing with practice poi, which are covered tennis balls that don’t hurt very much. There are usually three types of Poi balls used in Poi dancing: practice poi, used by beginners, and glow poi which are LED glowing balls for performance or fire poi which are heavier and are used while lit on fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poi is a performance art using two balls suspended on ropes a person holds in their hands and swings in a variety of circular patterns. The Poi are usually spun in parallel planes, and can be spun in the same direction or in opposite directions. Throwing in moves such as stalls and wraps allows a performer to change between going the same direction to the opposite direction and alternating planes of movement. All of the moves in Poi dancing require having symmetry on both sides of the body. The weave was one of the hardest moves I learned and it took a lot of time and bruises to perfect. It was much later that I was playing with a Halloween sword and swung it around in the same motion that I practice the weave. The sword arched smoothly in my hands. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Poi today and its evolution into fire dancing is mostly performative; its origin fostered culture and functional skills. The pre-European Maori used Poi in games and physical exercises to hone reflexes, improve wrist flexibility, increase overall flexibility and improve coordination. Men, women and children would use Poi in action songs and dances that exemplified the culture. Poi were weighted differently depending on the use. Poi used for traditional performance and games were lightweight on ropes less than a meter long. Maori martial arts used balls that were heavily weighted stones on rope between one and five meters long. Their design enabled the user to increase resistance and power. The skill set learned with the heavier Poi transferred to weaponry and fighting skills use by Maori warriors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Poi that Maori used was made out of local material. The principal materials used were ropes of intertwined flax from a cabbage tree or palm and the balls were made out of a local swamp plant. In the ancient practice, fire was not used in Maori games, performances or martial arts. But from these sustainable materials and ancient practice Poi dancing has evolved into a beautiful and challenging performance art. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Whooping Cough Epidemic Exposes Holes in California's Immunization System",
"title": "Whooping Cough Epidemic Exposes Holes in California's Immunization System",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/Neal-Snider-34-got-his-whooping-cough-vaccine-at-San-Franciscos-Adult-Immunization-and-Travel-Clinic-on-Wednesday_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Neal Snider, 34, got his whooping cough vaccine at San Francisco's Adult Immunization and Travel Clinic on Wednesday. His wife is seven months pregnant. Credit: Gabriela Quiros\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whooping cough epidemic that has killed six babies and made an estimated 1,500 people sick in California this year is exposing holes in the state’s immunization system, which leaders in the public health community are now racing to patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/DEFAULT.aspx\">California Department of Public Health\u003c/a> declared whooping cough an epidemic. Public health officials are urging anyone who has contact with children under the age of one to get a whooping cough booster shot called Tdap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is the worst state for whooping cough,” said Andrew Resignato, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfimmunize.org/\">San Francisco Immunization Coalition\u003c/a>, a partnership of state agencies, community groups and medical organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state saw a five-fold increase in the number of reported cases of whooping cough in the first half of 2010, compared to the same period last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough is the common name for pertussis, a bacterial respiratory infection that causes a persistent, fitful cough that can be life-threatening for infants. Highly infectious, it gets its name from the characteristic \u003ca href=\"http://www.pkids.org/dis_pert_stsop.php\">“whoop” sound\u003c/a> that happens as people gasp for breath. But the name might be misleading. Many babies under six months of age who contract pertussis don’t develop the whoop, said Dr. Stephen Parodi, chair of infectious disease for Kaiser Permanente Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Booster shot advised\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health care providers should be able to provide their patients with the Tdap booster shot, which is covered by insurance, said Amy Pine, director of the Communicable Disease Prevention Unit at San Francisco’s Public Health Department. And those who lack insurance can get the shot through their county public health department, either for a small fee or for free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfcdcp.org/aitc.html\">Adult Immunization and Travel Clinic\u003c/a> at San Francisco’s Department of Public Health, almost 500 people have received the Tdap shot in July. That’s twice as many as did in July of 2009, said Pam Axelson, the clinic’s nurse manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re getting a good response,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsie and William Leal dropped by for their shot because their daughter is six weeks away from giving birth to their sixth grandchild, a boy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/Elsie-Leal-got-her-whooping-cough-booster-shot-at-San-Franciscos-Adult-Immunization-and-Travel-Clinic_resized3.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Elsie Leal got the booster shot to protect her soon-to-be-born grandson. Credit: Gabriela Quiros\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to make sure that we don’t give him anything,” said Elsie Leal. Everyone in their family, from their 25-year-old grandson to their 3-year-old granddaughter is in the process of updating their pertussis immunization. “Anyone who wants to see the baby is going to get it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the response public health officials are hoping for. Though pertussis affects both adults and children, infants under six months are the most at risk for infection and death, due to the fact that they are not yet fully immune to the disease. Babies receive immunizations against pertussis, which are called DTaP, at two, four and six months, then again between 15 and 18 months. Infants aren’t fully immune until they have received the first three doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We try to promote the concept of cocooning,” said Amy Pine, of San Francisco’s Public Health Department. “This is vaccinating anyone around a child who’s too young to be vaccinated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is recommending that anyone older than age seven receive the booster shot. Health providers are giving priority to pregnant women and women who have just given birth, as well as the people in contact with children under one or pregnant women. They’re also prioritizing health care workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interviews with people getting the shot Wednesday show that information on the epidemic hasn’t yet reached all health providers. Leal said it took her a week to find a place that would give her the Tdap. She said that both her obstetrician and her primary care doctor refused to immunize her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So did the pharmacy near her house in Dolores Heights, which told her that the shot is only for people under 64. Leal is 72. Nurse Axelson said that the booster shot also is safe for people over 64. She added that Leal’s doctors’ refusal to give her the booster shot might be related to the fact that ordering vaccines is a time-consuming process for doctors’ offices, involving significant paperwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Public Health doesn’t track the number of adults who are immunized against pertussis, said Ralph Montano, spokesman with the department. But it does track the number of kindergartners who have received their shots. He said that 98 percent of children entering kindergarten in California have been immunized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, about 43 percent of adolescents have been immunized against whooping cough, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Closing the immunization gap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immunity against pertussis wears out with time, said Kaiser Permanente's Stephen Parodi. Children should get another shot between 4 and 6, and then another one at 11. Adults who haven’t received a booster shot should get one, and research is ongoing as to how long the immunity provided by that shot will last, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the Tdap booster shot was developed in 2005, adolescents and adults didn’t have a way to keep up their immunity against the disease. Now that the booster shot exists, public health leaders are looking for a way to make sure that adolescents receive it. Most states have established a mandate for adolescents to get the shot around the time they enter 6th or 7th grade. California is one of 11 states that have no such mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Assemblyman Juan Arambula, I-Fresno, is sponsoring \u003ca href=\"http://www.assembly.ca.gov/acs/acsframeset2text.htm\">a bill\u003c/a> that would change that, by eliminating the age limits now set by the state Health and Safety Code. The code now says that public health officials can only compel children to get vaccinated against pertussis before they turn seven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure, AB 354, passed the Assembly by a vote of 74-2 in May and is awaiting a vote in the state Senate. [UPDATE: Governor Schwarzenegger signed the bill into law on Sept. 29. Starting in July 2011, children entering grades 7 through 12 will have to show proof that they received a whooping cough booster. As of July 2012, only children entering 7th grade will have to get the booster shot.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disease misdiagnosed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials are concerned that doctors might be misdiagnosing the disease. In all six deaths this year, health providers who saw the babies misdiagnosed the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A seven-week-old girl who died in Los Angeles County earlier this month was misdiagnosed by her doctor three times and by emergency care personnel twice, according to a summary of her case distributed to public health leaders by the state Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People don’t recognize it,” said Resignato. Doctors may confuse pertussis with an upper respiratory infection, bronchitis, allergies, or a cough caused by asthma, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, pertussis can look like a common cold, causing a runny nose and maybe an achy, sore throat, said Parodi. That is followed by what he described as an annoying cough that typically lasts two weeks, but can last up to six weeks. The cough can be so bad that it causes patients to pass out or throw up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This can be a particular problem for little children,” said Parodi. “They can have trouble with breathing. This is what gets people to the hospital.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease is treated with antibiotics. Patients are contagious from when they become ill until three weeks afterward. If they receive treatment, they will no longer be contagious after five days of antibiotics. The recovery period can take six to 14 weeks from when the patient first got sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s another good reason to get vaccinated,” said Parodi. “Who wants to be sick for three months?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Latinos disproportionately affected\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latino babies under six months are getting infected at a much higher rate than other babies that age. According to the state Department of Public Health, Latino babies under six months old have a rate of infection of 94 per 100,000 babies – twice the rate of African-American babies and almost three times the rate of white babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the four baby girls and two baby boys who have died from pertussis this year were Latino and hadn’t yet turned two months old. Three of them lived in Los Angeles County, and one each in San Bernardino, Fresno and Stanislaus counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials said Latino newborns might be at a higher risk for infection because they live with extended families, which puts them in contact with more people. Latinos in California are also under-immunized, said pediatrician Jaime Ruiz, from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mnhc.org/\">Mission Neighborhood Health Center \u003c/a>in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Latino population isn’t always aware that there are clinics where they can get vaccines for free, if they qualify by income,” said Ruiz. “And if they are migrant farm workers, they are moving around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The whooping cough epidemic that has killed six babies and made an estimated 1,500 people sick in California this year is exposing holes in the state’s immunization system, which leaders in the public health community are now racing to patch.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/Neal-Snider-34-got-his-whooping-cough-vaccine-at-San-Franciscos-Adult-Immunization-and-Travel-Clinic-on-Wednesday_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Neal Snider, 34, got his whooping cough vaccine at San Francisco's Adult Immunization and Travel Clinic on Wednesday. His wife is seven months pregnant. Credit: Gabriela Quiros\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whooping cough epidemic that has killed six babies and made an estimated 1,500 people sick in California this year is exposing holes in the state’s immunization system, which leaders in the public health community are now racing to patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/DEFAULT.aspx\">California Department of Public Health\u003c/a> declared whooping cough an epidemic. Public health officials are urging anyone who has contact with children under the age of one to get a whooping cough booster shot called Tdap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is the worst state for whooping cough,” said Andrew Resignato, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfimmunize.org/\">San Francisco Immunization Coalition\u003c/a>, a partnership of state agencies, community groups and medical organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state saw a five-fold increase in the number of reported cases of whooping cough in the first half of 2010, compared to the same period last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough is the common name for pertussis, a bacterial respiratory infection that causes a persistent, fitful cough that can be life-threatening for infants. Highly infectious, it gets its name from the characteristic \u003ca href=\"http://www.pkids.org/dis_pert_stsop.php\">“whoop” sound\u003c/a> that happens as people gasp for breath. But the name might be misleading. Many babies under six months of age who contract pertussis don’t develop the whoop, said Dr. Stephen Parodi, chair of infectious disease for Kaiser Permanente Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Booster shot advised\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health care providers should be able to provide their patients with the Tdap booster shot, which is covered by insurance, said Amy Pine, director of the Communicable Disease Prevention Unit at San Francisco’s Public Health Department. And those who lack insurance can get the shot through their county public health department, either for a small fee or for free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfcdcp.org/aitc.html\">Adult Immunization and Travel Clinic\u003c/a> at San Francisco’s Department of Public Health, almost 500 people have received the Tdap shot in July. That’s twice as many as did in July of 2009, said Pam Axelson, the clinic’s nurse manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re getting a good response,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsie and William Leal dropped by for their shot because their daughter is six weeks away from giving birth to their sixth grandchild, a boy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/Elsie-Leal-got-her-whooping-cough-booster-shot-at-San-Franciscos-Adult-Immunization-and-Travel-Clinic_resized3.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Elsie Leal got the booster shot to protect her soon-to-be-born grandson. Credit: Gabriela Quiros\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to make sure that we don’t give him anything,” said Elsie Leal. Everyone in their family, from their 25-year-old grandson to their 3-year-old granddaughter is in the process of updating their pertussis immunization. “Anyone who wants to see the baby is going to get it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the response public health officials are hoping for. Though pertussis affects both adults and children, infants under six months are the most at risk for infection and death, due to the fact that they are not yet fully immune to the disease. Babies receive immunizations against pertussis, which are called DTaP, at two, four and six months, then again between 15 and 18 months. Infants aren’t fully immune until they have received the first three doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We try to promote the concept of cocooning,” said Amy Pine, of San Francisco’s Public Health Department. “This is vaccinating anyone around a child who’s too young to be vaccinated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is recommending that anyone older than age seven receive the booster shot. Health providers are giving priority to pregnant women and women who have just given birth, as well as the people in contact with children under one or pregnant women. They’re also prioritizing health care workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interviews with people getting the shot Wednesday show that information on the epidemic hasn’t yet reached all health providers. Leal said it took her a week to find a place that would give her the Tdap. She said that both her obstetrician and her primary care doctor refused to immunize her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So did the pharmacy near her house in Dolores Heights, which told her that the shot is only for people under 64. Leal is 72. Nurse Axelson said that the booster shot also is safe for people over 64. She added that Leal’s doctors’ refusal to give her the booster shot might be related to the fact that ordering vaccines is a time-consuming process for doctors’ offices, involving significant paperwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Public Health doesn’t track the number of adults who are immunized against pertussis, said Ralph Montano, spokesman with the department. But it does track the number of kindergartners who have received their shots. He said that 98 percent of children entering kindergarten in California have been immunized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, about 43 percent of adolescents have been immunized against whooping cough, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Closing the immunization gap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immunity against pertussis wears out with time, said Kaiser Permanente's Stephen Parodi. Children should get another shot between 4 and 6, and then another one at 11. Adults who haven’t received a booster shot should get one, and research is ongoing as to how long the immunity provided by that shot will last, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the Tdap booster shot was developed in 2005, adolescents and adults didn’t have a way to keep up their immunity against the disease. Now that the booster shot exists, public health leaders are looking for a way to make sure that adolescents receive it. Most states have established a mandate for adolescents to get the shot around the time they enter 6th or 7th grade. California is one of 11 states that have no such mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Assemblyman Juan Arambula, I-Fresno, is sponsoring \u003ca href=\"http://www.assembly.ca.gov/acs/acsframeset2text.htm\">a bill\u003c/a> that would change that, by eliminating the age limits now set by the state Health and Safety Code. The code now says that public health officials can only compel children to get vaccinated against pertussis before they turn seven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure, AB 354, passed the Assembly by a vote of 74-2 in May and is awaiting a vote in the state Senate. [UPDATE: Governor Schwarzenegger signed the bill into law on Sept. 29. Starting in July 2011, children entering grades 7 through 12 will have to show proof that they received a whooping cough booster. As of July 2012, only children entering 7th grade will have to get the booster shot.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disease misdiagnosed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials are concerned that doctors might be misdiagnosing the disease. In all six deaths this year, health providers who saw the babies misdiagnosed the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A seven-week-old girl who died in Los Angeles County earlier this month was misdiagnosed by her doctor three times and by emergency care personnel twice, according to a summary of her case distributed to public health leaders by the state Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People don’t recognize it,” said Resignato. Doctors may confuse pertussis with an upper respiratory infection, bronchitis, allergies, or a cough caused by asthma, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, pertussis can look like a common cold, causing a runny nose and maybe an achy, sore throat, said Parodi. That is followed by what he described as an annoying cough that typically lasts two weeks, but can last up to six weeks. The cough can be so bad that it causes patients to pass out or throw up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This can be a particular problem for little children,” said Parodi. “They can have trouble with breathing. This is what gets people to the hospital.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease is treated with antibiotics. Patients are contagious from when they become ill until three weeks afterward. If they receive treatment, they will no longer be contagious after five days of antibiotics. The recovery period can take six to 14 weeks from when the patient first got sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s another good reason to get vaccinated,” said Parodi. “Who wants to be sick for three months?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Latinos disproportionately affected\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latino babies under six months are getting infected at a much higher rate than other babies that age. According to the state Department of Public Health, Latino babies under six months old have a rate of infection of 94 per 100,000 babies – twice the rate of African-American babies and almost three times the rate of white babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the four baby girls and two baby boys who have died from pertussis this year were Latino and hadn’t yet turned two months old. Three of them lived in Los Angeles County, and one each in San Bernardino, Fresno and Stanislaus counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials said Latino newborns might be at a higher risk for infection because they live with extended families, which puts them in contact with more people. Latinos in California are also under-immunized, said pediatrician Jaime Ruiz, from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mnhc.org/\">Mission Neighborhood Health Center \u003c/a>in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Latino population isn’t always aware that there are clinics where they can get vaccines for free, if they qualify by income,” said Ruiz. “And if they are migrant farm workers, they are moving around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Legalize Marijuana--Save Our Houses?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Save-Our-Houses300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Are high energy use and a rotting housing stock in the North more reasons to legalize, regulate, and tax marijuana for anyone? Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Save-Our-Houses.jpg\">here \u003c/a>for a larger version of the image.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High energy bills can mean several things: a leaky home with a leaky duct system; a home with a lot of electronic devices always plugged in, which means they are “on” and wasting electricity even though switched “off” and in standby mode; a large home; or a home where someone is growing marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the case of Humbolt County in Northern California. Famously, because of strong leadership on behalf of energy efficiency, the per capita energy use in California has remained relatively flat since the 1970s. More people means more overall energy use, and the state’s population keeps on growing, but still, flat per capita energy use is a pretty fine achievement. Humbolt County went along with the rest of the state—until the mid-1990s when per capita energy use in the county started rising rapidly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1995 California voters passed \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_215_(1996)\">Proposition 215\u003c/a>, which legalized the medical use of marijuana—and a cottage industry was born. See the Figure, where all the dots are connected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But high energy use is not the only problem for people who grow pot at home. In order to grow pot, you have to create a hot and humid environment, which will rot a home out from the inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are high energy use and a rotting housing stock in the North more reasons to legalize, regulate, and tax marijuana for anyone? This would probably mean that marijuana growing will take place in greenhouses, and not in houses that are green with mold. Greenhouses, unlike homes, are designed to handle heat and moisture levels approaching that of Washington DC—where I grew up—in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/LegalizationNation/archives/2010/07/21/official-state-analysis-of-prop-19-super-green\">Proposition 19: Control and Tax Cannabis\u003c/a>will be on the ballot in California in the fall. The voters, once again, will decide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Save-Our-Houses300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Are high energy use and a rotting housing stock in the North more reasons to legalize, regulate, and tax marijuana for anyone? Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Save-Our-Houses.jpg\">here \u003c/a>for a larger version of the image.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High energy bills can mean several things: a leaky home with a leaky duct system; a home with a lot of electronic devices always plugged in, which means they are “on” and wasting electricity even though switched “off” and in standby mode; a large home; or a home where someone is growing marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the case of Humbolt County in Northern California. Famously, because of strong leadership on behalf of energy efficiency, the per capita energy use in California has remained relatively flat since the 1970s. More people means more overall energy use, and the state’s population keeps on growing, but still, flat per capita energy use is a pretty fine achievement. Humbolt County went along with the rest of the state—until the mid-1990s when per capita energy use in the county started rising rapidly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1995 California voters passed \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_215_(1996)\">Proposition 215\u003c/a>, which legalized the medical use of marijuana—and a cottage industry was born. See the Figure, where all the dots are connected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But high energy use is not the only problem for people who grow pot at home. In order to grow pot, you have to create a hot and humid environment, which will rot a home out from the inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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}