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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/blog_800px-The_Cow_Boy_1888.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>It can be hard to tell which science is good, bad, or ugly on the web.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have often thought that the percentage of good scientific information on the web must be pretty low. So I decided to test the idea out on a question I was recently working on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone asked me if \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=342\">humans started out with O blood type\u003c/a> and then only later developed A and B. A quick look at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed\">PubMed\u003c/a> showed that this was not the case. Most of the recent genetics studies point to A coming first, followed by B about 3.5 million years ago and then, finally, about 1 million years ago, O.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes some intuitive sense if we think about what A, B, and O are. O is a form of A that doesn’t work any more because of a mutation*. This makes the idea that a broken gene came before a working one pretty unlikely. Not impossible, just not all that likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I researched this answer the way I usually do—I headed straight for PubMed to get the hard scientific data. I can do that because I work for Stanford and so have access to lots of journal articles and I have the scientific background to decipher the geneticsese these reports are written in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I also did this time was to try to find the answer without PubMed. I started out on Yahoo searching for \u003cem>human blood type evolution\u003c/em>. Yikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links 1, 2, and 7 talk about primate A and B blood types. Gorillas have B and chimpanzees have A and a bit of O. From this the authors try to conclude that we are somehow a mix of these two…perhaps gorillas and Neanderthals are closely related to each other and so are chimps and Cro Magnon. In this scenario, humans come from a mix of Cro Magnon and Neanderthals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is certainly not the case. Gorillas do have a blood type similar to B but it isn’t the same as ours at the gene level. And if current evolutionary history is to be believed, we split from gorillas way before our B blood type was born. So we did not get our B from gorillas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, chimpanzee O is not the same as our O…it developed well after we split as well. We even know that Neanderthals have our O blood type and not a chimp’s (and certainly not a gorilla’s!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links 3, 5, and 9 use blood type genetics to show that Adam and Eve could have founded the human race. Links 4, 6, and 8 talk about the blood type diet. And link 10 connects blood groups to aliens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google does a bit better. You get eight similar links but you also get an NPR piece that does pretty well and a Dawkins forum comments piece that can get you to the answer eventually. However, you have to wade through a lot of stuff to get there and you only know to home in on the comment with the correct information if you already know the right answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously what is popular isn’t always what is right. (And the prize for stating the obvious goes to Dr. Starr!) I thought I’d try Wikipedia next. Wikipedia can have many factual errors but it often gets the overall story line correct. Unfortunately there isn’t an article on this subject. There is on one the blood type diet though…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is a non-scientist to do? There don’t seem to be a lot of options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are websites like mine at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/index.php\">Understanding Genetics \u003c/a>that try to give the real scoop on what current science says about various issues. But they tend to focus on a single topic and don’t often appear at the top of a website search. (Understanding Genetics is an exception in that it gets enough hits to often be on the first or second page if the query is worded in the right way.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am not sure what the answer is to getting better science via the web. Maybe we need a web based encyclopedia about science written by scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky part will be to get them to do it. And to have it make sense to anyone but another scientist in that particular field. And for them to do it impartially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m curious how other people find their science online. And how they make sure it is reliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>* This isn’t weird, blue eyes and red hair work the same way.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I also did this time was to try to find the answer without PubMed. I started out on Yahoo searching for \u003cem>human blood type evolution\u003c/em>. Yikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links 1, 2, and 7 talk about primate A and B blood types. Gorillas have B and chimpanzees have A and a bit of O. From this the authors try to conclude that we are somehow a mix of these two…perhaps gorillas and Neanderthals are closely related to each other and so are chimps and Cro Magnon. In this scenario, humans come from a mix of Cro Magnon and Neanderthals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is certainly not the case. Gorillas do have a blood type similar to B but it isn’t the same as ours at the gene level. And if current evolutionary history is to be believed, we split from gorillas way before our B blood type was born. So we did not get our B from gorillas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, chimpanzee O is not the same as our O…it developed well after we split as well. We even know that Neanderthals have our O blood type and not a chimp’s (and certainly not a gorilla’s!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links 3, 5, and 9 use blood type genetics to show that Adam and Eve could have founded the human race. Links 4, 6, and 8 talk about the blood type diet. And link 10 connects blood groups to aliens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google does a bit better. You get eight similar links but you also get an NPR piece that does pretty well and a Dawkins forum comments piece that can get you to the answer eventually. However, you have to wade through a lot of stuff to get there and you only know to home in on the comment with the correct information if you already know the right answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously what is popular isn’t always what is right. (And the prize for stating the obvious goes to Dr. Starr!) I thought I’d try Wikipedia next. Wikipedia can have many factual errors but it often gets the overall story line correct. Unfortunately there isn’t an article on this subject. There is on one the blood type diet though…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is a non-scientist to do? There don’t seem to be a lot of options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are websites like mine at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/index.php\">Understanding Genetics \u003c/a>that try to give the real scoop on what current science says about various issues. But they tend to focus on a single topic and don’t often appear at the top of a website search. (Understanding Genetics is an exception in that it gets enough hits to often be on the first or second page if the query is worded in the right way.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am not sure what the answer is to getting better science via the web. Maybe we need a web based encyclopedia about science written by scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky part will be to get them to do it. And to have it make sense to anyone but another scientist in that particular field. And for them to do it impartially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m curious how other people find their science online. And how they make sure it is reliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>* This isn’t weird, blue eyes and red hair work the same way.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/blog_sf-morula.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>When choosing an embryo, a little bit of knowledge is a dangerous thing.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People often think about certain versions of a gene as either good or bad. One that leads to depression is bad while one that protects you from HIV infection is good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most genes this is almost certainly too simplistic a view. Many versions of genes can be good or bad depending on your situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the delta 32 version of the CCR5 gene can make you more resistant to HIV infection. But it also makes you more susceptible to infection by the West Nile Virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which version is best for you depends on where and how you live. If you’re an IV drug user who lives somewhere up north, then you would probably benefit most from the delta 32 version. But if you are a faithfully monogamous man in Africa or Central America, then you might do better with the more common version of the CCR5 gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I talk about in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/GeneWatch/GeneWatchPage.aspx?pageId=226\">GeneWatch article\u003c/a>, the same is true for the SERT gene and depression. This gene comes in two versions, long and short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that people who only have the short version are at a higher risk for depression. A deeper look at the data shows that this is only the case if these people had a traumatic childhood. People with two short versions who had a happy childhood are actually more resistant to depression than people with the longer gene versions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all matters because we are at the point where you can choose some of your child’s gene versions. And too simplistic a view of genes could cause you to make the wrong choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who undergo in vitro fertilization (IVF) can go through an additional procedure called preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Basically PGD allows you to look at an embryo’s DNA before it is placed in the womb. This means that when multiple embryos are created, you can choose which one to implant based on its genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately we \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=140\">can’t really change the embryo’s DNA\u003c/a> for the foreseeable future so you’re stuck with whatever genes you and your partner can contribute. But as we are able to look at more and more genes with less and less DNA, we are getting very close to a Gattaca-like future where we can choose many of our children’s genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the two previous examples showed, this won’t be a simple choice! There are undoubtedly hundreds of genes just like these where what effect they have on someone depends on how and where that person lives, how they were raised, etc. It might be best to restrict this sort of thing except for cases where the child might end up with a devastating illness like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, this sort of thing is already being restricted. For example, when a fertility doctor in L.A. suggested that he might offer parents a chance to choose what eye, hair, and skin color their children might have, the public uproar \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/30/designer-babies/\">shut down the service\u003c/a> before it even began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m not sure that less politically sensitive gene selection would cause such a furor. It may be that we need some sort of government regulation to protect people from what they don’t know. Or maybe parents need to take a course before selecting which embryo they want…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/blog_egg3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>For most of us, avoiding these is just as important as the genes we inherit.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As someone who studies genes, I tend to give the environment short shrift. I have to watch out for that because it can cause a blind spot in how I think about biology. And how I live my life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/12/do-these-genes-make-me-look-diabetic/\">As readers of this blog might remember\u003c/a>, I was recently diagnosed with \u003ca href=\"https://health.google.com/health/ref/Metabolic+syndrome\">metabolic syndrome\u003c/a> just as I was undergoing DNA testing. This was a wake up call in a couple of different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, it confirmed my belief that we can’t get a lot out of genetic testing for complicated diseases right now. I couldn’t look at my DNA and predict that I would end up with high cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose levels. We just don’t know enough yet about our genes to be able to figure this out from any available DNA test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I could have guessed this might be a problem from my lifestyle and family history. All four of my grandparents developed \u003ca href=\"https://health.google.com/health/ref/Type+2+diabetes\">Type 2 diabetes\u003c/a> which put me at a pretty high risk. Of course I thought I could beat the odds and so lived a life filled with couch sitting, Haagen Dazs, and Double Western Bacon Cheeseburgers (cue Homer Simpson drool). Until my diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I decided to see if all this talk of diet and exercise actually can have a significant impact on me. Or was I destined to high cholesterol, \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4778\">triglycerides\u003c/a> and glucose levels because of the genes I got from my parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctor told me to lose weight, exercise more and eat better. So I did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I lost 30 pounds by changing my diet and walking 30 minutes a day. This dropped my body mass index (BMI) from overweight (27.8) to normal (23.5).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also stopped eating most sweets, and cut my saturated fats down to 15 grams per day. And the effects on my blood work have been amazing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are a few of the stats:\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"115\" valign=\"top\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"72\" valign=\"top\">Desired\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"74\" valign=\"top\">9/21/2009\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"82\" valign=\"top\">11/16/2009\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"115\" valign=\"top\">Total Cholesterol\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"72\" valign=\"top\"><200\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"74\" valign=\"top\">205(H)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"82\" valign=\"top\">115\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"115\" valign=\"top\">Cholesterol/HDL\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"72\" valign=\"top\"><5\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"74\" valign=\"top\">5.4(H)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"82\" valign=\"top\">2.5\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"115\" valign=\"top\">Triglycerides\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"72\" valign=\"top\"><150\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"74\" valign=\"top\">351(H)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"82\" valign=\"top\">85\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"115\" valign=\"top\">Fasting Glucose\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"72\" valign=\"top\">70-100\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"74\" valign=\"top\">122(H)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"82\" valign=\"top\">104(H)\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>As you can see, everything is now in the normal range except for glucose which is still a bit worrisome. Now I just need to maintain this regimen which, in America, won’t be easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I probably panicked and went overboard anyway. I should have tried to just add exercise and see if that was good enough. If not, then cut back on sweets and saturated fats. I did bad science on myself by changing too many variables at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think what I can conclude is that my set of genes makes me particularly susceptible to my lifestyle choices. Some lucky people are born with genes that let them get away with poor diet and no exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am not one of those lucky ones. Although perhaps more lucky than those people who make these changes and still have these health issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As readers of this blog might remember, I was recently diagnosed with metabolic syndrome just as I was undergoing DNA testing. This was a wake up call in a couple of different ways.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/blog_egg3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>For most of us, avoiding these is just as important as the genes we inherit.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As someone who studies genes, I tend to give the environment short shrift. I have to watch out for that because it can cause a blind spot in how I think about biology. And how I live my life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/12/do-these-genes-make-me-look-diabetic/\">As readers of this blog might remember\u003c/a>, I was recently diagnosed with \u003ca href=\"https://health.google.com/health/ref/Metabolic+syndrome\">metabolic syndrome\u003c/a> just as I was undergoing DNA testing. This was a wake up call in a couple of different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, it confirmed my belief that we can’t get a lot out of genetic testing for complicated diseases right now. I couldn’t look at my DNA and predict that I would end up with high cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose levels. We just don’t know enough yet about our genes to be able to figure this out from any available DNA test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I could have guessed this might be a problem from my lifestyle and family history. All four of my grandparents developed \u003ca href=\"https://health.google.com/health/ref/Type+2+diabetes\">Type 2 diabetes\u003c/a> which put me at a pretty high risk. Of course I thought I could beat the odds and so lived a life filled with couch sitting, Haagen Dazs, and Double Western Bacon Cheeseburgers (cue Homer Simpson drool). Until my diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I decided to see if all this talk of diet and exercise actually can have a significant impact on me. Or was I destined to high cholesterol, \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4778\">triglycerides\u003c/a> and glucose levels because of the genes I got from my parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctor told me to lose weight, exercise more and eat better. So I did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I lost 30 pounds by changing my diet and walking 30 minutes a day. This dropped my body mass index (BMI) from overweight (27.8) to normal (23.5).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also stopped eating most sweets, and cut my saturated fats down to 15 grams per day. And the effects on my blood work have been amazing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are a few of the stats:\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"115\" valign=\"top\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"72\" valign=\"top\">Desired\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"74\" valign=\"top\">9/21/2009\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"82\" valign=\"top\">11/16/2009\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"115\" valign=\"top\">Total Cholesterol\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"72\" valign=\"top\"><200\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"74\" valign=\"top\">205(H)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"82\" valign=\"top\">115\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"115\" valign=\"top\">Cholesterol/HDL\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"72\" valign=\"top\"><5\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"74\" valign=\"top\">5.4(H)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"82\" valign=\"top\">2.5\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"115\" valign=\"top\">Triglycerides\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"72\" valign=\"top\"><150\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"74\" valign=\"top\">351(H)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"82\" valign=\"top\">85\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"115\" valign=\"top\">Fasting Glucose\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"72\" valign=\"top\">70-100\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"74\" valign=\"top\">122(H)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"82\" valign=\"top\">104(H)\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>As you can see, everything is now in the normal range except for glucose which is still a bit worrisome. Now I just need to maintain this regimen which, in America, won’t be easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I probably panicked and went overboard anyway. I should have tried to just add exercise and see if that was good enough. If not, then cut back on sweets and saturated fats. I did bad science on myself by changing too many variables at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think what I can conclude is that my set of genes makes me particularly susceptible to my lifestyle choices. Some lucky people are born with genes that let them get away with poor diet and no exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am not one of those lucky ones. Although perhaps more lucky than those people who make these changes and still have these health issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scenes from the Pacific Garbage Patch",
"headTitle": "Scenes from the Pacific Garbage Patch | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/web-extra-scenes-from-the-pacific-garbage-patch\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/pacific_gyre_slideshow300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Hundreds of plastic fragments taken from the Eastern Garbage Patch fill a Petri dish that is also crammed with insect-like water striders and blue copepods.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be sure to check out Lindsey’s \u003ca href=\"#slideshow\">photos of the patch on the slideshow below\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.linkedin.com/in/lindseyhoshaw\">Reporter Lindsey Hoshaw\u003c/a> recently returned from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.spot.us/stories/252-dissecting-the-great-pacific-garbage-patch\">trip to the Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>. She was the only journalist on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.algalita.org/\">scientific expedition \u003c/a> led by Charles Moore, who discovered the patch 12 years ago. QUEST reporter Amy Standen talked to Lindsey about her trip to the patch and what she found there.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tell me a little bit about your trip to the Pacific Gyre. How long did it take, and what was life like onboard?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took about a week to reach the patch after we set sail from Honolulu, Hawaii. There were four other crew members besides myself: first mate Jeffery Ernst, Algalita director of research Gwen Lattin, University of North Carolina at Wilmington graduate student Bonnie Monteleone, scientist and director of UC Irvine’s Urban Water Resource Center Bill Cooper, and, of course, Captain Charles Moore, who discovered the patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The living conditions were tight. We each had our own bunk and there was one common living area where we’d eat meals, work on our laptops, read, and generally unwind at the end of the day. The meals that Captain Moore cooked were definitely the highlight. We ate fresh Mahi Mahi and had fresh fruit and vegetables throughout most of the trip until we started running low at the end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you describe what the plastic patch looks like, as you approach it in the boat? Is it something you can see from a distance?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patch is very difficult to describe because it’s not all stuck together. Imagine if you dumped a small wastebasket full of trash in an Olympic-size swimming pool. It wouldn’t all stay in one place and it might not all float. Most of the patch is made up of tiny plastic particles that are the size of grains of rice. It’s not something that you’d “see as you approach.” In a way, there’s no single feature to approach; the boundary of the garbage patch is hard to define because there is plastic throughout the Pacific. When you’re out on the bow sometimes you won’t see anything and other days you’ll see a rapid-fire succession of empty barrels, rope, buoys, plastic water bottles, and lots of unidentifiable plastic fragments. I’ve often been asked why you can’t see the patch from Google Earth and this is precisely why: The pieces are so tiny, water isn’t a fixed feature, and many of the fragments float beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Describe the moment you reached the gyre. What were your first impressions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually reaching the gyre was a little anti-climactic because we collected trash throughout the journey — not just when were in the highest accumulation zone. It’s not like driving from one state to another where you’d see the road signs and vegetation change. My impression overall was surprisingly tempered. It was strange to see toothbrushes and water bottles and a toilet seat floating in the middle of the ocean. But if you think about how much plastic we produce each year, it completely makes sense. If the average American produces over four pounds of trash a day, how can we be surprised that it’s ending up in the ocean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there any single type of plastic that seems most prominent? (E.g. plastic bags, or fishing nets?) How much of the plastic is still recognizable as a specific product?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four most common items we saw were ropes, buoys, water bottles, and 55-gallon plastic barrels. Things like umbrella handles, toilet seats, toothbrushes, and light bulbs were much less common. There seem to be more identifiable objects if you’re measuring by weight but if you’re counting the number of plastic pieces then there are many more fragments than specific products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does it get there? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe most of the plastic in the gyre is from the Pacific Rim, off the coasts of North America and Asia. Some is obviously from commercial fishing vessels; the rope, nets and buoys likely drifted away from fishing operations or may have been intentionally dumped. The question about plastic’s journey from a consumer to the patch is an interesting one. I would love to see a model of how this occurs or a report that charts the path of one piece of plastic from producer to consumer to the patch. Thus far I haven’t seen this and we can’t pick up a piece of plastic from the patch and say, “here’s how this got here.” That said, here’s a likely scenario: Someone on-the-go buys a water bottle and tosses it in the trash. The trashcan happens to be full and the water bottle falls onto the sidewalk. That night it rains and the water bottle goes into a storm drain that empties into the bay. From there it is slowly sucked out to sea and ends up in the North Pacific Gyre, which keeps everything swirling together in a giant whirlpool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there any known human health effects from eating large ocean fish with high concentrations of plastic-derived toxins? And what kinds of toxins are we talking about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously there’s a precedent for this: We’ve been warned about the inherent dangers in eating tuna that contains mercury. If we are eating large ocean fish with high concentrations of plastic-derived toxins, they may be leaking into our tissues but most table fish (the fish we eat) don’t come from the garbage patch. More research needs to be done on this subject. The types of toxins we’re talking about are DDT and PCBs, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Having seen the patch in person, does it seem feasible that the Pacific gyre (or any of the others) could ever be cleaned up? Any idea what the leading strategies might be? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am an eternal optimist, so while it would be extremely difficult to clean up, I still believe some sort of removal program may be possible. What may happen in 100 to 200 years is that we start to see this plastic as valuable once petroleum is no longer available. If rescuing the plastic becomes profitable then I could see people investing in large commercial vessels to try and clean it up. But right now I haven’t seem any clean-up endeavors that have convinced me they can remove an ocean’s worth of trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>… Or, does the focus seem to be more on understanding the patches so that we don’t keep adding to them? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the four groups I know of who are studying the patch — the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, Project Kaisei and the GP2 Project — the first two are devoted to research and the latter are l ways to clean up the mess. There’s so much that needs to be understood in this arena, I think research is the way to go at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For everyday citizens, our best bet is to do away with single-use disposable items like water bottles and take-out containers and plastic bags and coffee cups. I’ve started carrying around a mason jar, à la No Impact Man (http://noimpactman.typepad.com/), for coffee and restaurant leftovers. It’s just a matter of convincing ourselves that one hour of enjoyment with a disposable coffee cup is not worth a lifetime of plastic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tune in April 20, 2010 for a new QUEST TV story, Sea of Plastic. You can also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/sea-of-plastic\">listen now QUEST Radio’s story on the Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a> online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Funds for Lindsey’s trip to the garbage patch were paid in part by \u003ca href=\"http://spot.us\">Spot.us\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The living conditions were tight. We each had our own bunk and there was one common living area where we’d eat meals, work on our laptops, read, and generally unwind at the end of the day. The meals that Captain Moore cooked were definitely the highlight. We ate fresh Mahi Mahi and had fresh fruit and vegetables throughout most of the trip until we started running low at the end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you describe what the plastic patch looks like, as you approach it in the boat? Is it something you can see from a distance?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patch is very difficult to describe because it’s not all stuck together. Imagine if you dumped a small wastebasket full of trash in an Olympic-size swimming pool. It wouldn’t all stay in one place and it might not all float. Most of the patch is made up of tiny plastic particles that are the size of grains of rice. It’s not something that you’d “see as you approach.” In a way, there’s no single feature to approach; the boundary of the garbage patch is hard to define because there is plastic throughout the Pacific. When you’re out on the bow sometimes you won’t see anything and other days you’ll see a rapid-fire succession of empty barrels, rope, buoys, plastic water bottles, and lots of unidentifiable plastic fragments. I’ve often been asked why you can’t see the patch from Google Earth and this is precisely why: The pieces are so tiny, water isn’t a fixed feature, and many of the fragments float beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Describe the moment you reached the gyre. What were your first impressions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually reaching the gyre was a little anti-climactic because we collected trash throughout the journey — not just when were in the highest accumulation zone. It’s not like driving from one state to another where you’d see the road signs and vegetation change. My impression overall was surprisingly tempered. It was strange to see toothbrushes and water bottles and a toilet seat floating in the middle of the ocean. But if you think about how much plastic we produce each year, it completely makes sense. If the average American produces over four pounds of trash a day, how can we be surprised that it’s ending up in the ocean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there any single type of plastic that seems most prominent? (E.g. plastic bags, or fishing nets?) How much of the plastic is still recognizable as a specific product?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four most common items we saw were ropes, buoys, water bottles, and 55-gallon plastic barrels. Things like umbrella handles, toilet seats, toothbrushes, and light bulbs were much less common. There seem to be more identifiable objects if you’re measuring by weight but if you’re counting the number of plastic pieces then there are many more fragments than specific products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does it get there? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe most of the plastic in the gyre is from the Pacific Rim, off the coasts of North America and Asia. Some is obviously from commercial fishing vessels; the rope, nets and buoys likely drifted away from fishing operations or may have been intentionally dumped. The question about plastic’s journey from a consumer to the patch is an interesting one. I would love to see a model of how this occurs or a report that charts the path of one piece of plastic from producer to consumer to the patch. Thus far I haven’t seen this and we can’t pick up a piece of plastic from the patch and say, “here’s how this got here.” That said, here’s a likely scenario: Someone on-the-go buys a water bottle and tosses it in the trash. The trashcan happens to be full and the water bottle falls onto the sidewalk. That night it rains and the water bottle goes into a storm drain that empties into the bay. From there it is slowly sucked out to sea and ends up in the North Pacific Gyre, which keeps everything swirling together in a giant whirlpool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there any known human health effects from eating large ocean fish with high concentrations of plastic-derived toxins? And what kinds of toxins are we talking about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously there’s a precedent for this: We’ve been warned about the inherent dangers in eating tuna that contains mercury. If we are eating large ocean fish with high concentrations of plastic-derived toxins, they may be leaking into our tissues but most table fish (the fish we eat) don’t come from the garbage patch. More research needs to be done on this subject. The types of toxins we’re talking about are DDT and PCBs, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Having seen the patch in person, does it seem feasible that the Pacific gyre (or any of the others) could ever be cleaned up? Any idea what the leading strategies might be? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am an eternal optimist, so while it would be extremely difficult to clean up, I still believe some sort of removal program may be possible. What may happen in 100 to 200 years is that we start to see this plastic as valuable once petroleum is no longer available. If rescuing the plastic becomes profitable then I could see people investing in large commercial vessels to try and clean it up. But right now I haven’t seem any clean-up endeavors that have convinced me they can remove an ocean’s worth of trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>… Or, does the focus seem to be more on understanding the patches so that we don’t keep adding to them? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the four groups I know of who are studying the patch — the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, Project Kaisei and the GP2 Project — the first two are devoted to research and the latter are l ways to clean up the mess. There’s so much that needs to be understood in this arena, I think research is the way to go at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For everyday citizens, our best bet is to do away with single-use disposable items like water bottles and take-out containers and plastic bags and coffee cups. I’ve started carrying around a mason jar, à la No Impact Man (http://noimpactman.typepad.com/), for coffee and restaurant leftovers. It’s just a matter of convincing ourselves that one hour of enjoyment with a disposable coffee cup is not worth a lifetime of plastic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tune in April 20, 2010 for a new QUEST TV story, Sea of Plastic. You can also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/sea-of-plastic\">listen now QUEST Radio’s story on the Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a> online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Funds for Lindsey’s trip to the garbage patch were paid in part by \u003ca href=\"http://spot.us\">Spot.us\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/blog_George-W-Bush.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Current DNA tests could not have predicted that George W. Bush would be our 43rd President of the United States.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time recently had a \u003ca href=\"http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1940395,00.html\">great article on helicopter parents\u003c/a>. These are the parents who hover around their kids, protecting them from any harm. They are undoubtedly doing this to ensure their kids’ success in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t want to get into the plusses and minuses of this parenting style…to each his own. What I do want to do is to warn them away from a new genetic testing company that seems designed to target them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This testing company, called My Gene Profile, claims to be able to use genetics to help parents figure out where their child’s inborn talents lie. The idea, then, is for parents to point their children towards interests or careers that match up with what the genetic test says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The talents the company is looking at are not simple ones like tongue rolling or bending your thumb back (neither of which we can yet determine genetically). They claim to be able to tell you if your child will be smart, creative, good at sports, and near as I can tell, five other similarly broad traits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is impossible given our current knowledge of genetics. And frankly, I am not sure we’ll ever be able to figure any of this out with a simple genetic test. Most of these traits are more than just the DNA we inherit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s take IQ as an example. Most of the studies I have seen point to about half of someone’s IQ coming from genes and the other half from the environment. Any test done right now won’t look at how the environment affected a child’s DNA. And they certainly won’t look at how the environment influenced the growth and development of the brain or how it affected synapse connections or about a million other things to do with intelligence and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, 50% from genes is a lot. If we could get a complete readout of how our genes influence our IQ that might be at the very least interesting. But we can’t. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe there are at least 100 genes that contribute to IQ. So far they’ve only identified a handful and none of them have been shown to have reproducibly significant effects on IQ. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, scientists have found that having certain versions of the CHRM2 gene affects your ability to organize things in a logical way. The effects aren’t huge though. \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a> (a company that I have tested with) reports that the variations that they look at in this gene can lead to a 6 point swing in IQ. Woopty doo. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you drill down a bit farther, some scientists claim that you can get much larger differences. For example, at the furthest extremes, people with one set of variations in this gene averaged an IQ of 85 while people with a second set averaged an IQ of 103. Sounds impressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except that a larger follow up \u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/pr127717wk321gk6/\">study\u003c/a> was not able to see the same effect. In this study, scientists weren’t able to find any connection between variations in the CHRM2 gene and IQ. And CHRM2 is by far the best characterized IQ gene. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely the way that genetics contributes to IQ is that each of the 100 or so genes tweaks IQ a bit higher or lower. So to get a complete readout on IQ you’d need to look at all of these genes. This is difficult to do right now since we only know about a few of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make things even more complicated, the genetic contribution to IQ probably isn’t a simple summing up of these different variations. They don’t exist in a vacuum—these gene variations all interact with each other too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that we may never be able to get an accurate prediction about genetic IQ from our genes. There are lots of possible combinations all with different outcomes. In other words, everyone’s IQ genetics may be unique which would make predictions impossible. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line is that there is not nearly enough data out there to figure out someone’s IQ or intellectual potential. And this goes for athletic ability, creativity and any other similarly complicated trait. We can’t even predict eye color yet very well from our DNA!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So consumers be aware of what a genetic test can and can’t deliver based on what scientists know. Testing for cystic fibrosis, pretty good. Testing for intelligence, not so much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A final example. Imagine that Einstein’s parents had tested his genes for IQ with a company that looked at four or five IQ genes. And let’s say that he happened to have versions of these genes that lead to a lower IQ. Of course, since it is Einstein his other 95 or 96 or so IQ genes swamp out the effects of these few genes. But the testing company misses this and recommends that he not take an academic career. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*This is common with genetic studies. There is a promising result with a small group that disappears when scientists look at a larger group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Time recently had a great article on helicopter parents. These are the parents who hover around their kids, protecting them from any harm. They are undoubtedly doing this to ensure their kids’ success in life. I don’t want to get into the plusses and minuses of this parenting style…to each his own. What I do want to do is to warn them away from a new genetic testing company that seems designed to target them.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is impossible given our current knowledge of genetics. And frankly, I am not sure we’ll ever be able to figure any of this out with a simple genetic test. Most of these traits are more than just the DNA we inherit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s take IQ as an example. Most of the studies I have seen point to about half of someone’s IQ coming from genes and the other half from the environment. Any test done right now won’t look at how the environment affected a child’s DNA. And they certainly won’t look at how the environment influenced the growth and development of the brain or how it affected synapse connections or about a million other things to do with intelligence and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, 50% from genes is a lot. If we could get a complete readout of how our genes influence our IQ that might be at the very least interesting. But we can’t. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe there are at least 100 genes that contribute to IQ. So far they’ve only identified a handful and none of them have been shown to have reproducibly significant effects on IQ. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, scientists have found that having certain versions of the CHRM2 gene affects your ability to organize things in a logical way. The effects aren’t huge though. \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a> (a company that I have tested with) reports that the variations that they look at in this gene can lead to a 6 point swing in IQ. Woopty doo. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you drill down a bit farther, some scientists claim that you can get much larger differences. For example, at the furthest extremes, people with one set of variations in this gene averaged an IQ of 85 while people with a second set averaged an IQ of 103. Sounds impressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except that a larger follow up \u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/pr127717wk321gk6/\">study\u003c/a> was not able to see the same effect. In this study, scientists weren’t able to find any connection between variations in the CHRM2 gene and IQ. And CHRM2 is by far the best characterized IQ gene. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely the way that genetics contributes to IQ is that each of the 100 or so genes tweaks IQ a bit higher or lower. So to get a complete readout on IQ you’d need to look at all of these genes. This is difficult to do right now since we only know about a few of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make things even more complicated, the genetic contribution to IQ probably isn’t a simple summing up of these different variations. They don’t exist in a vacuum—these gene variations all interact with each other too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that we may never be able to get an accurate prediction about genetic IQ from our genes. There are lots of possible combinations all with different outcomes. In other words, everyone’s IQ genetics may be unique which would make predictions impossible. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line is that there is not nearly enough data out there to figure out someone’s IQ or intellectual potential. And this goes for athletic ability, creativity and any other similarly complicated trait. We can’t even predict eye color yet very well from our DNA!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So consumers be aware of what a genetic test can and can’t deliver based on what scientists know. Testing for cystic fibrosis, pretty good. Testing for intelligence, not so much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A final example. Imagine that Einstein’s parents had tested his genes for IQ with a company that looked at four or five IQ genes. And let’s say that he happened to have versions of these genes that lead to a lower IQ. Of course, since it is Einstein his other 95 or 96 or so IQ genes swamp out the effects of these few genes. But the testing company misses this and recommends that he not take an academic career. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*This is common with genetic studies. There is a promising result with a small group that disappears when scientists look at a larger group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
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},
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
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