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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/DNACB.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>\"Mysteries of DNA\" image courtesy Mark H. Adams. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/dnamystery.jpg\">Full-size version.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As anyone who follows this blog knows, I recently took a 23andMe genetic test and have been blogging about it ever since. Today I thought I would focus on one of the fun parts of the service: traits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lots of our traits are at least partly dependent on our genes. So a genetic test should be able to tell me a bit about what I’ll look and even be like in the future. It may even tell me what I can expect for my kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is what is available on the 23andMe test (click on the image for a larger version):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/23andMeTraits.gif\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/23andMeTraits.gif\" alt=\"23andMeTraits.gif\" title=\"23andMeTraits\" width=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, some of this is pretty obvious…I know my eye color for example. It is kind of cool to see my blue eyes written in my DNA but not necessarily that helpful. When I click on eye color, I find out that people with this particular bit of DNA have a 72% chance for blue eyes, a 27% chance for green and a 1% for brown. (Incidentally, this 1% brown is probably a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=332\">big reason why blue-eyed parents can have a brown-eyed child.)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would have made this report more interesting for me is what it meant for my kids’ eye color. Does it mean I’ll have blue-eyed kids? This of course depends on my wife’s genes but it would be cool to have the option of including my wife’s data to find out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other less obvious traits were very interesting to me. The results say that like most mammals, I should be lactose intolerant. Which I am not—I’m fine drinking milk. So did 23andMe get it wrong?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probably not. The science is pretty good on this topic. People with a certain difference in their lactase gene almost always lose the ability to make lactase as adults. No lactase means lactose intolerance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I dug deeper on the website I got some hand waving about other genetic influences or the environment. A better explanation is that I will probably become lactose intolerant at some point in my adult life—it just hasn’t happened yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Losing the ability to make lactase is a gradual thing. It happens to some people early in adulthood and others later on. I am probably one of the “later ons.” Something to look forward to…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One trait that I’ve always been a bit interested in is HIV resistance. Some people are more resistant to infection by HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). If these people do become infected, they tend to develop AIDS symptoms much more slowly as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Europeans at least, this resistance has been tied to a DNA difference called CCR5-delta32. The people who are resistant to infection and who develop AIDS more gradually tend to have two copies of this DNA difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This DNA difference has been proposed to have become common in Europeans because it also makes people resistant to either the plague or smallpox. If true, my ancestors must have died like flies from the plague or smallpox because I don’t have the DNA difference. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also now know about what my DNA tells me about my earwax, how I respond to a certain bitter chemical, and whether I flush from alcohol. These are sort of interesting but not very.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This part of the 23andMe experience is kind of fun though. I really enjoy it when genetic theory matches up with what I can see about me. It sort of validates genetics…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/DNACB.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>\"Mysteries of DNA\" image courtesy Mark H. Adams. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/dnamystery.jpg\">Full-size version.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As anyone who follows this blog knows, I recently took a 23andMe genetic test and have been blogging about it ever since. Today I thought I would focus on one of the fun parts of the service: traits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lots of our traits are at least partly dependent on our genes. So a genetic test should be able to tell me a bit about what I’ll look and even be like in the future. It may even tell me what I can expect for my kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is what is available on the 23andMe test (click on the image for a larger version):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/23andMeTraits.gif\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/23andMeTraits.gif\" alt=\"23andMeTraits.gif\" title=\"23andMeTraits\" width=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, some of this is pretty obvious…I know my eye color for example. It is kind of cool to see my blue eyes written in my DNA but not necessarily that helpful. When I click on eye color, I find out that people with this particular bit of DNA have a 72% chance for blue eyes, a 27% chance for green and a 1% for brown. (Incidentally, this 1% brown is probably a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=332\">big reason why blue-eyed parents can have a brown-eyed child.)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would have made this report more interesting for me is what it meant for my kids’ eye color. Does it mean I’ll have blue-eyed kids? This of course depends on my wife’s genes but it would be cool to have the option of including my wife’s data to find out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other less obvious traits were very interesting to me. The results say that like most mammals, I should be lactose intolerant. Which I am not—I’m fine drinking milk. So did 23andMe get it wrong?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probably not. The science is pretty good on this topic. People with a certain difference in their lactase gene almost always lose the ability to make lactase as adults. No lactase means lactose intolerance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I dug deeper on the website I got some hand waving about other genetic influences or the environment. A better explanation is that I will probably become lactose intolerant at some point in my adult life—it just hasn’t happened yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Losing the ability to make lactase is a gradual thing. It happens to some people early in adulthood and others later on. I am probably one of the “later ons.” Something to look forward to…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One trait that I’ve always been a bit interested in is HIV resistance. Some people are more resistant to infection by HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). If these people do become infected, they tend to develop AIDS symptoms much more slowly as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Europeans at least, this resistance has been tied to a DNA difference called CCR5-delta32. The people who are resistant to infection and who develop AIDS more gradually tend to have two copies of this DNA difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This DNA difference has been proposed to have become common in Europeans because it also makes people resistant to either the plague or smallpox. If true, my ancestors must have died like flies from the plague or smallpox because I don’t have the DNA difference. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also now know about what my DNA tells me about my earwax, how I respond to a certain bitter chemical, and whether I flush from alcohol. These are sort of interesting but not very.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This part of the 23andMe experience is kind of fun though. I really enjoy it when genetic theory matches up with what I can see about me. It sort of validates genetics…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/blog_ATCG1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>What can genetic testing tell you?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A while back I took a 23andMe genetic test that looks at over 600,000 different spots on my DNA. The last few blogs I have been going over my genetic test results with an eye on how useful they are. And how well the results are explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/12/do-these-genes-make-me-look-diabetic\">Last blog\u003c/a> I wrote about how current genetic tests aren’t that great at predicting your risk for common, complicated diseases like diabetes or Alzheimer’s. This time I thought I’d focus on what today’s genetic tests can be very good at and whether or not 23andMe does a good job with these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current genetic tests are very good at predicting your risk for rare, simple genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis (CF) or Huntington’s disease (HD). And at predicting the chances that your kids will get these diseases too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic tests for these diseases work because most of them are caused by a single gene gone awry. Testing for a single gene is relatively easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, most cases of CF happen because of known differences in the CFTR gene. A genetic test can look for these differences and tell you if you and/or your spouse have any of them. If you both do, they can also give you a pretty good idea about the chances that your kids will get them too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, we don’t know all of the differences in the CFTR gene that can cause CF. And some differences only cause CF some of the time. And there are people with everyday, run-of-the-mill CFTR genes who get CF because of differences in different genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, as genetic tests go, these are pretty good. If a test comes up with a known CFTR difference that causes CF, then you have a pretty good idea of what your chances for developing CF are. If your spouse gets tested too, then your kids’ chances can be determined as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does 23andMe do? OK, I guess…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, they look at eight of these sorts of diseases under a category called Carrier Status. The diseases they look at are shown in this image:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/blog_CarrierStatus.gif\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/blog_CarrierStatus.gif\" alt=\"CarrierStatus\" title=\"Carrier Status\" width=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For me, the first big result is that I am a carrier for a variant that can lead to hemochromatosis. This isn’t surprising since \u003ca href=\"http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hemochromatosis/index.htm\">1 in 8-12 people of Northern European descent in the U.S. are too\u003c/a>, but it is definitely something to watch out for. It may be important for my wife to be checked too so we can make sure none of our kids got two copies. (Luckily hemochromatosis is easily treated by giving blood on a regular basis.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the other results are less illuminating. For example, I do not carry the CF difference they test for (delta F508). This is of course great news. Unfortunately, this variant only accounts for about half of the CF cases out there. Which means I could be a carrier for CF, just not a carrier of the most common variant that they happen to test for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same thing goes for most if not all of the other carrier status diseases (sickle cell anemia is an exception). Some like BRCA (breast cancer) are as poorly covered as CF while others like Bloom’s disease cover a larger percentage of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe is pretty upfront about the limitations of their testing once you dig a bit into the results. But still, if they’re going to look at 600,000 different parts of my DNA, you’d think they could add a few more to give me a stronger answer about whether or not I am a CF carrier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, most cases of CF happen because of known differences in the CFTR gene. A genetic test can look for these differences and tell you if you and/or your spouse have any of them. If you both do, they can also give you a pretty good idea about the chances that your kids will get them too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, we don’t know all of the differences in the CFTR gene that can cause CF. And some differences only cause CF some of the time. And there are people with everyday, run-of-the-mill CFTR genes who get CF because of differences in different genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, as genetic tests go, these are pretty good. If a test comes up with a known CFTR difference that causes CF, then you have a pretty good idea of what your chances for developing CF are. If your spouse gets tested too, then your kids’ chances can be determined as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does 23andMe do? OK, I guess…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, they look at eight of these sorts of diseases under a category called Carrier Status. The diseases they look at are shown in this image:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/blog_CarrierStatus.gif\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/blog_CarrierStatus.gif\" alt=\"CarrierStatus\" title=\"Carrier Status\" width=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For me, the first big result is that I am a carrier for a variant that can lead to hemochromatosis. This isn’t surprising since \u003ca href=\"http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hemochromatosis/index.htm\">1 in 8-12 people of Northern European descent in the U.S. are too\u003c/a>, but it is definitely something to watch out for. It may be important for my wife to be checked too so we can make sure none of our kids got two copies. (Luckily hemochromatosis is easily treated by giving blood on a regular basis.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the other results are less illuminating. For example, I do not carry the CF difference they test for (delta F508). This is of course great news. Unfortunately, this variant only accounts for about half of the CF cases out there. Which means I could be a carrier for CF, just not a carrier of the most common variant that they happen to test for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same thing goes for most if not all of the other carrier status diseases (sickle cell anemia is an exception). Some like BRCA (breast cancer) are as poorly covered as CF while others like Bloom’s disease cover a larger percentage of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe is pretty upfront about the limitations of their testing once you dig a bit into the results. But still, if they’re going to look at 600,000 different parts of my DNA, you’d think they could add a few more to give me a stronger answer about whether or not I am a CF carrier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Reporter's Notes: Catching the Drift - Part 2",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/Luis-Medellin-and-Karl-Tupper.JPG\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Luis Medellin and Karl Tupper set up a drift catcher in Lindsay, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My radio story on pesticide drift looks at how residents in the citrus town of Lindsay are monitoring pesticides in the air and in their bodies. They are using a device called a \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/docsDrift/DCPPTechnicalEng.pdf\">Drift Catcher\u003c/a>, modeled after technology used by the California Air Resources Board and the Department of Pesticide Regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pesticide drift catcher has a vacuum pump that sucks air into a glass test tube, where pesticide residues are trapped in a resin. Community members change out the test tubes and send them to a lab, where scientists crack them open, extract the residues with an organic solvent, and then analyze those extracts through gas chromatography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lindsay study measures Chlorpyrifos, a pesticide that can cause headaches, blurred vision, and muscle weakness when people breathe in the air from a recently-sprayed orchard or field. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ehponline.org/members/2007/9828/9828.html\">Studies\u003c/a> also show prenatal exposure MAY have \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/118/6/e1845\">effects on children’s cognitive and motor skills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental lawyers are using preliminary data from the \u003ca href=\"http://pesticidereform.org/downloads/Biodrift-Summary-Eng.pdf\">Lindsay drift catchers\u003c/a> in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthjustice.org/library/legal_docs/petition-pesticides-in-the-air-kids-at-risk.pdf\">petition\u003c/a> asking the EPA to create pesticide buffer zones around schools, child care centers, and hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/26/reporters-notes-catching-the-drift-part-2/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/catching-the-drift--part-two\">Listen to the Catching the Drift – Part Two\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>36.196619 -119.107647\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/catching-the-drift\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/radio4-2_CatchingDrift300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Editor’s Note:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> This week we have the first of two special reports on pesticide drift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this week’s Quest radio piece, I talk to two pregnant organic onion workers who got sick after an apple farmer sprayed pesticides on a nearby orchard. Following a nearly three month investigation, the Kern County Ag Commissioner issued citations finding both the apple grower and the organic company at fault (see the citations \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/radio4-2_CrystalOrganicNOPA.pdf\">here \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/radio4-2_hasfarmNOPA.pdf\">here\u003c/a>). Workers told me that even after the drift started, the organic farm’s supervisor encouraged them to keep bunching onions, telling them to put handkerchiefs over their mouths to block out the smell of the insecticides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever a big pesticide drift accident like this happens, it raises important questions: How often do these kinds of incidents occur? Are things getting better for people in communities near where pesticides are sprayed?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s hard to tell, because of the way the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov\">Department of Pesticide Regulation\u003c/a> (DPR) and County Ag Commissioners keep track of the data. There’s no single enforcement code to categorize incidents as “agricultural drift affecting humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DPR does keep \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/whs/pisp.htm\">a statewide database\u003c/a> of acute illness related to pesticides, as documented in worker’s comp or physician’s records. Pesticide activists say those numbers are low, because many victims don’t see a doctor. And doctors don’t always know how to recognize symptoms of pesticide illness, or that they are supposed to report those cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s another twist: back in 2000, DPR changed its criteria for how it evaluates pesticide illness. So you can’t compare the number of incidents from the 1990s with incidents today. All that makes it very difficult to determine if growers and regulators are really doing a better job keeping the public safe from chemicals drifting off the farm, especially after the passage of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/county/sb391.pdf\">bills like the 2004 law\u003c/a> sponsored by State Senator Dean Florez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that law clarified rules for emergency responders and required growers to pay medical bills for uninsured victims, it doesn’t seem to have led to a dramatic drop in pesticide drift incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed a bill that would have sped up pesticide drift investigations and increased penalties. Instead, he directed DPR to streamline the enforcement guidelines for counties. Ag Commissioners can now issue a maximum fine of 5,000 dollars for each person sickened by pesticide drift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/radio4-2_DPRPocketCard-eg.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a penalty some advocates, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.pesticidereform.org/\">Californians for Pesticide Reform\u003c/a> think is far too low to act as a deterrent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, County Ag Commissioners are facing budget cutbacks that may shrink their enforcement teams. Many agriculture commissioners already have just six or seven pesticide enforcement inspectors to police thousands of farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Pesticide Regulation says it can’t enforce the law unless drift incidents are reported. The department has launched a new campaign to educate fieldworkers about pesticide drift, printing up wallet-sized cards with a toll-free hotline number in English and Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/catching-the-drift\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/catching-the-drift\">Listen to the Catching the Drift\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>35.23698 -118.91297\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/diabetes.jpg\">\u003cem>Could a genetic test have told me I was at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes? Image source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/aldenchadwick/\">aldenchadwick\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>This sounds contrived but it isn't. A couple of weeks ago I was diagnosed with \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/health/ref/Metabolic+syndrome\">metabolic syndrome\u003c/a>. Right when I am in the middle of talking about genetic testing!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metabolic syndrome isn’t quite as scary as it sounds. Basically I am on my way to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/health/ref/Type+2+diabetes\">type 2 diabetes\u003c/a>. But if I eat better and get off the couch, I should stave off the disease and get better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My question, naturally, is whether or not a genetic test could have told me I was at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes. And whether I would have done anything with that result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you know if you’ve been following my blog, I took a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/14/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-1/\">23andMe genetic test\u003c/a> and have been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/28/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-2/\">writing about it\u003c/a> since. The image below shows what the front page of my clinical report looks like \u003cem>(click to enlarge)\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/ClinReport.gif\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/ClinReport.gif\" alt=\"ClinReport\" title=\"ClinReport\" width=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the DNA checked in this test, I am in the average risk range for type 2 diabetes. This doesn’t really seem to line up with my reality. But I might not expect it to since these genetic tests are so limited right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of test can be informative with the yes answer—yes I carry a certain version of a gene that might lead to a disease. But the no answer isn’t that useful. It doesn’t mean that they've looked at all the possible genetic differences that can lead to a disease and I don’t have any of them. Basically it means that they didn’t find the specific genetic difference they were looking for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I wouldn’t necessarily have predicted that any genetic test available right now could tell me a lot more than that. Type 2 diabetes is too complicated for that and a whole lot more research will need to be done to get a genetic test useful to lots of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But still, this is probably what people are looking for with these sorts of genetic tests. Will I get cancer, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, etc.? For most of these cases, the tests can tell you a lot about rare forms of these diseases but little about the more common forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the no answer didn’t really help me much. Here I am on my way to being a diabetic and the test said I was at average risk. Of course, I suppose I didn’t even need to take a test… all four of my grandparents came down with type 2 diabetes. Like lots of these complex diseases, family history is the best predictor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second part of my question is a hypothetical one. Let’s say they had a perfect genetic test that said that I was at an increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Would it have changed my behavior? I’m not sure but probably not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I certainly wouldn’t have changed any of my behaviors when I was young. I was invincible, remember?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that I’m a bit older, such a test might have influenced my behavior a bit. I already knew about my risk because of my grandparents but my thought has always been that maybe I got lucky and didn’t inherit their tendencies towards diabetes. But if they were tested and we shared the same genetic differences that led to type 2 diabetes, then I might be worried enough to change what I was doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely though, my behavior modification wouldn’t be perfect. What I’d probably do is keep watching TV and eating Twinkies but get my blood sugar tested more often. Once I was headed for diabetes, then I’d modify my behavior and keep it at bay. (I’m sure doctors scream into their pillows at night because of patients like me.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is different than some people’s reactions to other genetic tests. For example, some women who find out they have the version of BRCA1 that greatly increases their chances of breast and ovarian cancer have a double mastectomy and/or a hysterectomy before there are any signs of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I might react much more strongly with a valid cancer genetic test. Cancer is scary, nasty and not really reversible. Type 2 diabetes is different. You can start down the road, modify your behavior and then nip it in the bud. \u003cem>Carpe diem\u003c/em> and then pay the piper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/diabetes.jpg\">\u003cem>Could a genetic test have told me I was at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes? Image source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/aldenchadwick/\">aldenchadwick\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>This sounds contrived but it isn't. A couple of weeks ago I was diagnosed with \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/health/ref/Metabolic+syndrome\">metabolic syndrome\u003c/a>. Right when I am in the middle of talking about genetic testing!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metabolic syndrome isn’t quite as scary as it sounds. Basically I am on my way to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/health/ref/Type+2+diabetes\">type 2 diabetes\u003c/a>. But if I eat better and get off the couch, I should stave off the disease and get better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My question, naturally, is whether or not a genetic test could have told me I was at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes. And whether I would have done anything with that result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you know if you’ve been following my blog, I took a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/14/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-1/\">23andMe genetic test\u003c/a> and have been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/28/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-2/\">writing about it\u003c/a> since. The image below shows what the front page of my clinical report looks like \u003cem>(click to enlarge)\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/ClinReport.gif\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/ClinReport.gif\" alt=\"ClinReport\" title=\"ClinReport\" width=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the DNA checked in this test, I am in the average risk range for type 2 diabetes. This doesn’t really seem to line up with my reality. But I might not expect it to since these genetic tests are so limited right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of test can be informative with the yes answer—yes I carry a certain version of a gene that might lead to a disease. But the no answer isn’t that useful. It doesn’t mean that they've looked at all the possible genetic differences that can lead to a disease and I don’t have any of them. Basically it means that they didn’t find the specific genetic difference they were looking for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I wouldn’t necessarily have predicted that any genetic test available right now could tell me a lot more than that. Type 2 diabetes is too complicated for that and a whole lot more research will need to be done to get a genetic test useful to lots of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But still, this is probably what people are looking for with these sorts of genetic tests. Will I get cancer, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, etc.? For most of these cases, the tests can tell you a lot about rare forms of these diseases but little about the more common forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the no answer didn’t really help me much. Here I am on my way to being a diabetic and the test said I was at average risk. Of course, I suppose I didn’t even need to take a test… all four of my grandparents came down with type 2 diabetes. Like lots of these complex diseases, family history is the best predictor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second part of my question is a hypothetical one. Let’s say they had a perfect genetic test that said that I was at an increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Would it have changed my behavior? I’m not sure but probably not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I certainly wouldn’t have changed any of my behaviors when I was young. I was invincible, remember?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that I’m a bit older, such a test might have influenced my behavior a bit. I already knew about my risk because of my grandparents but my thought has always been that maybe I got lucky and didn’t inherit their tendencies towards diabetes. But if they were tested and we shared the same genetic differences that led to type 2 diabetes, then I might be worried enough to change what I was doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely though, my behavior modification wouldn’t be perfect. What I’d probably do is keep watching TV and eating Twinkies but get my blood sugar tested more often. Once I was headed for diabetes, then I’d modify my behavior and keep it at bay. (I’m sure doctors scream into their pillows at night because of patients like me.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is different than some people’s reactions to other genetic tests. For example, some women who find out they have the version of BRCA1 that greatly increases their chances of breast and ovarian cancer have a double mastectomy and/or a hysterectomy before there are any signs of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I might react much more strongly with a valid cancer genetic test. Cancer is scary, nasty and not really reversible. Type 2 diabetes is different. You can start down the road, modify your behavior and then nip it in the bud. \u003cem>Carpe diem\u003c/em> and then pay the piper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>There's nothing like producing a controversial story on some favorite food group to have a profound effect on one's appetite. I gave up chicken after doing a story on factory farms (I already didn't eat beef or pork or I would have eliminated those as well.) Now, fish, too, has fallen from grace. Ignorance was bliss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've known for quite some time that some fish, especially tuna, were high in mercury. But discovering the extent of the problem, and that halibut and sea bass were also on the “do not eat too much of” list, was eye-opening for me. Now I count fish servings like some people count calories. Japanese cuisine, one of my favorites, has lost some of its glow, as well as its frequency in my dining-out plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of you have practical questions, as did I. How big a crimp does this have to put in my diet? How much is too much? How often is too often? Can I still enjoy that tuna sashimi and not worry about mercury overload?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because there wasn't time in the QUEST TV segment on mercury in the bay to include information on safe fish eating practices, below are the guidelines, along with web links, to help you get plenty of Omega 3s and still keep your mercury levels low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what California's \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/general/sfbaydelta.html\">Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment\u003c/a> says about eating fish from the San Francisco Bay and Delta Region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>Women beyond childbearing age and men should eat no more than two meals per month of San Francisco Bay sport fish, including sturgeon and striped bass caught in the delta. (One meal for an adult is about eight ounces).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Women beyond childbearing age and men should not eat any striped bass over 35 inches.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Women of childbearing age, pregnant, nursing mothers, and children should not eat more than one meal of Bay fish per month. In addition, they should not eat any striped bass over 27 inches or any shark.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>This advisory does not apply to salmon, anchovies, herring, and smelt caught in the bay; other sport fish caught in the delta or ocean; or commercial fish.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Richmond Harbor Channel area: In addition to the above advice, no one should eat any croakers, surfperches, bullheads, gobies or shellfish taken within the Richmond Harbor Channel area because of high levels of chemicals detected there.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Here’s a summary of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fish/advice/factsheet.html\">joint fish advisory\u003c/a> published by the FDA and EPA for women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or may become pregnant and for children. This is a general advisory not exclusive to any water body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>Do not eat Shark, Swordfish, King Mackerel, or Tilefish because they contain high levels of mercury.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Eat up to 12 ounces (2 average meals) a week of a variety of fish and shellfish that are lower in mercury. Five of the most commonly eaten fish that are low in mercury are shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock, and catfish.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Another commonly eaten fish, albacore (\"white\") tuna has more mercury than canned light tuna. So, when choosing your two meals of fish and shellfish, eat only up to 6 ounces (one average meal) of albacore tuna per week.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Check local advisories about the safety of fish caught by family and friends in your local lakes, rivers, and coastal areas. If no advice is available, eat up to 6 ounces (one average meal) per week of fish you catch from local waters, but don't consume any other fish during that week.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Follow these same recommendations when feeding fish and shellfish to your young child, but serve smaller portions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Also, check for local advisories for each water body in \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/so_cal/index.html\">California\u003c/a> that has fish consumption guidelines. They vary by water body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lastly, here’s some practical advice from Dr. Jane Hightower, the medical doctor who we feature in the mercury story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“If you’re genetically susceptible, it’s really important to know that if you are an autoimmune-prone patient, Lupus, MS, thyroiditis, these kinds of things, then you should not consume mercury on a regular basis or at all. … And then the cardiac patients. You know, mercury can cause a reaction in vessels that leads to inflammation. So you want to have your Omega 3 fatty acids, which is anti-inflammatory. And not have mercury which is pro-inflammatory…. If you want to avoid significant mercury and you just don’t know what the mercury content is in the fish, a rule of thumb is to eat the small fish. Not a piece of the fish. If it comes in a steak, you want to know how big the fish was that the steak came from. You want the whole fish to fit on your plate. Don’t buy a bigger plate. Get a smaller fish. With the exception of salmon. Salmon can have elevated mercury, but very rarely.”\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Good luck, good health, and and watch out for bones!\u003c/p>\n\u003c/ul>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There's nothing like producing a controversial story on some favorite food group to have a profound effect on one's appetite. I gave up chicken after doing a story on factory farms (I already didn't eat beef or pork or I would have eliminated those as well.) Now, fish, too, has fallen from grace. Ignorance was bliss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've known for quite some time that some fish, especially tuna, were high in mercury. But discovering the extent of the problem, and that halibut and sea bass were also on the “do not eat too much of” list, was eye-opening for me. Now I count fish servings like some people count calories. Japanese cuisine, one of my favorites, has lost some of its glow, as well as its frequency in my dining-out plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of you have practical questions, as did I. How big a crimp does this have to put in my diet? How much is too much? How often is too often? Can I still enjoy that tuna sashimi and not worry about mercury overload?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because there wasn't time in the QUEST TV segment on mercury in the bay to include information on safe fish eating practices, below are the guidelines, along with web links, to help you get plenty of Omega 3s and still keep your mercury levels low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what California's \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/general/sfbaydelta.html\">Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment\u003c/a> says about eating fish from the San Francisco Bay and Delta Region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>Women beyond childbearing age and men should eat no more than two meals per month of San Francisco Bay sport fish, including sturgeon and striped bass caught in the delta. (One meal for an adult is about eight ounces).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Women beyond childbearing age and men should not eat any striped bass over 35 inches.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Women of childbearing age, pregnant, nursing mothers, and children should not eat more than one meal of Bay fish per month. In addition, they should not eat any striped bass over 27 inches or any shark.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>This advisory does not apply to salmon, anchovies, herring, and smelt caught in the bay; other sport fish caught in the delta or ocean; or commercial fish.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Richmond Harbor Channel area: In addition to the above advice, no one should eat any croakers, surfperches, bullheads, gobies or shellfish taken within the Richmond Harbor Channel area because of high levels of chemicals detected there.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Here’s a summary of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fish/advice/factsheet.html\">joint fish advisory\u003c/a> published by the FDA and EPA for women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or may become pregnant and for children. This is a general advisory not exclusive to any water body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>Do not eat Shark, Swordfish, King Mackerel, or Tilefish because they contain high levels of mercury.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Eat up to 12 ounces (2 average meals) a week of a variety of fish and shellfish that are lower in mercury. Five of the most commonly eaten fish that are low in mercury are shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock, and catfish.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Another commonly eaten fish, albacore (\"white\") tuna has more mercury than canned light tuna. So, when choosing your two meals of fish and shellfish, eat only up to 6 ounces (one average meal) of albacore tuna per week.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Check local advisories about the safety of fish caught by family and friends in your local lakes, rivers, and coastal areas. If no advice is available, eat up to 6 ounces (one average meal) per week of fish you catch from local waters, but don't consume any other fish during that week.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Follow these same recommendations when feeding fish and shellfish to your young child, but serve smaller portions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Also, check for local advisories for each water body in \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/so_cal/index.html\">California\u003c/a> that has fish consumption guidelines. They vary by water body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lastly, here’s some practical advice from Dr. Jane Hightower, the medical doctor who we feature in the mercury story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“If you’re genetically susceptible, it’s really important to know that if you are an autoimmune-prone patient, Lupus, MS, thyroiditis, these kinds of things, then you should not consume mercury on a regular basis or at all. … And then the cardiac patients. You know, mercury can cause a reaction in vessels that leads to inflammation. So you want to have your Omega 3 fatty acids, which is anti-inflammatory. And not have mercury which is pro-inflammatory…. If you want to avoid significant mercury and you just don’t know what the mercury content is in the fish, a rule of thumb is to eat the small fish. Not a piece of the fish. If it comes in a steak, you want to know how big the fish was that the steak came from. You want the whole fish to fit on your plate. Don’t buy a bigger plate. Get a smaller fish. With the exception of salmon. Salmon can have elevated mercury, but very rarely.”\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Good luck, good health, and and watch out for bones!\u003c/p>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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