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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130304science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of California residents rely on water pumped through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, as its delicate ecosystem teeters on the brink, and its aging levees crumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners have spent decades searching for a fix. But they'll have to finish the job without the advice of a man who’s played a central role in Delta science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/aboard-the-tugnacious-with-dr-doom/mountportrait_edit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50230\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-50230\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mountportrait_edit-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mount, the scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Delta, has retired from his post at University California, Davis. Science editor Craig Miller caught up with him – where else – on the river, aboard his 27-foot cruiser, “Tugnacious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited version of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The question of what to do about deteriorating conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has dogged Mount throughout his 33 years as a professor of geology, as co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\">Center for Watershed Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis and going back to Governor Brown’s first administration. I asked Mount – one of the Delta’s most plainspoken explainers, why it matters so much.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Miller: Eight in 10 Californians can’t even tell you where or what the Delta is. Why do they need to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Very few Californians get the notion that this is an interconnected system now, with water that comes all the way out of the Trinity River, piped over and into the Sacramento River and down through the Delta, run into canals and ends up in San Diego. I mean really, that’s extraordinary, all the way from the Klamath Basin to San Diego. This is an interconnected network, so 25 million people get some of their water out of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-37115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg\" alt=\"aerial view of the Delta\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You said in an interview that you thought we were down to our last shot with the Delta. What did you mean by that? And what do you think the real chance is that we'll have a long-term solution in hand by, say 2020?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Let me explain why I think we’re down to our last shot. We have deeply entrenched interests, and regrettably it’s not simple. You’ve got farmers fighting against farmers. You have urban interests fighting against urban interests. You have environmental groups fighting against environmental groups, and then they’re all fighting each other, and that makes it wickedly complicated. And instead of coming out of their foxholes, they seem to be digging deeper and deeper foxholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?attachment_id=37951\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37951\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37951\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail5.jpg\" alt=\"map\" width=\"170\" height=\"195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta network.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Events will eventually dictate how we manage the Delta and I have said many times, and nothing in the last seven or eight years has changed in this, that we’re dealing with a system that is unstable, and it will rearrange itself, whether from floods or earthquakes or rising sea level or changing human demands on the system or invasive species, it is unstable and it is changing and if we don’t get our hands around it now, it’s going to be doubly hard to get our hands around it in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Some believe one way to “get our hands around it” is to move southbound water around this fragile ecosystem – or in the case of the latest proposal, under it, with twin tunnels that would shuttle water from upstream on the Sacramento, more than 30 miles south to serve needs in the Central Valley and Southern California. Mount agrees, saying it’s the only way to comply with current laws that put water needs and the environment on equal footing.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: To meet the co-equal goals of the 2009 legislation, I think you’re going to have to have a tunnel or two. Don’t like it, go back and change the policy. You could say, \"We’re going to manage this ecosystem. We’re going to go for ecosystem health as the primary objective within it.\" If that’s the case, at best you want a tiny little pipe – a peripheral garden hose would be the best description of it. You want to dramatically reduce your withdrawals from the Delta, both in-Delta exports and then all those people upstream; all those people like San Francisco, let’s take them for example, they’re taking water from the Delta, they’re just taking it out upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: By upstream, you mean up in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Yeah, they’re just taking it out before it gets to Delta, that’s all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-36945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\" alt=\"A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: Give me your pithiest version of why a tunnel beats a canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Actually I don’t think there’s any difference between the two in terms of system performance, but there are major differences politically. Good luck building a peripheral canal across the Delta given the level of local resistance and changes in our practices of eminent domain. I can completely understand why they want to spend more money and go under the problem rather than over the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: We talked a little about this déjà vu aspect of it, this goes further back than Jerry Brown’s first term, this goes back to Pat Brown, doesn’t it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=left color=white]\u003cstrong>California's Deadlocked Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Video explainer: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">What is the Delta?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Interactive map: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Envisioning California’s Delta As it Was\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Feature story: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Can the Delta Be Fixed?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: That’s correct. When the state water project was developed, they knew all along that they had left a hole in it, and that is the Delta. They knew there was a problem even back in the 1950s that the Delta was going to be a major issue. From that point on, this intractable, difficult wicked problem has bedeviled governors, heads of the Department of Water Resources and water managers in California nonstop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: If they were so aware that this was a problem looming, why didn’t they address the problem head on the first time around?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: There’s a tendency in water supply to leave the most complicated and difficult problems to later. We are a society – and there’s no difference in the water supply community – that likes to pluck the low hanging fruit and put off the hard work until later. The Delta fix, if there is one, is not simple, it’s not cheap, it involves burning massive amounts of political capital to get it done, and it involves lots of angry people no matter what you do. I can easily understand why people kept putting that one off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>And yet, with all of the rancor that remains in the Delta water wars, Mount sees a light at end of this tunnel.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I can actually say that I think the state government and federal government are starting to paddle together, which has not been the case – it’s actually been one of the principal problems. They are actually starting to look like they’re much more in sync with each other, and that’s a glimmer of hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Does that mean you think we have a decent shot at a long-term solution?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I think it’s a 50-50 chance that we’ll get a long-term solution out of this. This is all of California’s problem. I mean this is 25 million people, also two-thirds of the population of California. It’s our problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mount still has some skin in the game. In his new career is as a consultant, he says he wants to help restore rivers, not just talk about restoring them. As for his nickname, “Dr. Doom,” Mount says it was coined a decade ago by then-KQED reporter Tamara Keith, now Capitol correspondent for NPR. It stuck – and Mount still embraces it, though no doubt he’d love to be proven wrong.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sean Greene contributed to this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is retiring after 33 years working on the troubled ecosystem that's central to California's water supply.",
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"description": "The scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is retiring after 33 years working on the troubled ecosystem that's central to California's water supply.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two-thirds of California residents rely on water pumped through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, as its delicate ecosystem teeters on the brink, and its aging levees crumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners have spent decades searching for a fix. But they'll have to finish the job without the advice of a man who’s played a central role in Delta science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/aboard-the-tugnacious-with-dr-doom/mountportrait_edit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50230\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-50230\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mountportrait_edit-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mount, the scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Delta, has retired from his post at University California, Davis. Science editor Craig Miller caught up with him – where else – on the river, aboard his 27-foot cruiser, “Tugnacious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited version of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The question of what to do about deteriorating conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has dogged Mount throughout his 33 years as a professor of geology, as co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\">Center for Watershed Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis and going back to Governor Brown’s first administration. I asked Mount – one of the Delta’s most plainspoken explainers, why it matters so much.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Miller: Eight in 10 Californians can’t even tell you where or what the Delta is. Why do they need to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Very few Californians get the notion that this is an interconnected system now, with water that comes all the way out of the Trinity River, piped over and into the Sacramento River and down through the Delta, run into canals and ends up in San Diego. I mean really, that’s extraordinary, all the way from the Klamath Basin to San Diego. This is an interconnected network, so 25 million people get some of their water out of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-37115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg\" alt=\"aerial view of the Delta\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You said in an interview that you thought we were down to our last shot with the Delta. What did you mean by that? And what do you think the real chance is that we'll have a long-term solution in hand by, say 2020?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Let me explain why I think we’re down to our last shot. We have deeply entrenched interests, and regrettably it’s not simple. You’ve got farmers fighting against farmers. You have urban interests fighting against urban interests. You have environmental groups fighting against environmental groups, and then they’re all fighting each other, and that makes it wickedly complicated. And instead of coming out of their foxholes, they seem to be digging deeper and deeper foxholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?attachment_id=37951\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37951\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37951\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail5.jpg\" alt=\"map\" width=\"170\" height=\"195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta network.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Events will eventually dictate how we manage the Delta and I have said many times, and nothing in the last seven or eight years has changed in this, that we’re dealing with a system that is unstable, and it will rearrange itself, whether from floods or earthquakes or rising sea level or changing human demands on the system or invasive species, it is unstable and it is changing and if we don’t get our hands around it now, it’s going to be doubly hard to get our hands around it in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Some believe one way to “get our hands around it” is to move southbound water around this fragile ecosystem – or in the case of the latest proposal, under it, with twin tunnels that would shuttle water from upstream on the Sacramento, more than 30 miles south to serve needs in the Central Valley and Southern California. Mount agrees, saying it’s the only way to comply with current laws that put water needs and the environment on equal footing.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: To meet the co-equal goals of the 2009 legislation, I think you’re going to have to have a tunnel or two. Don’t like it, go back and change the policy. You could say, \"We’re going to manage this ecosystem. We’re going to go for ecosystem health as the primary objective within it.\" If that’s the case, at best you want a tiny little pipe – a peripheral garden hose would be the best description of it. You want to dramatically reduce your withdrawals from the Delta, both in-Delta exports and then all those people upstream; all those people like San Francisco, let’s take them for example, they’re taking water from the Delta, they’re just taking it out upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: By upstream, you mean up in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Yeah, they’re just taking it out before it gets to Delta, that’s all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-36945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\" alt=\"A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: Give me your pithiest version of why a tunnel beats a canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Actually I don’t think there’s any difference between the two in terms of system performance, but there are major differences politically. Good luck building a peripheral canal across the Delta given the level of local resistance and changes in our practices of eminent domain. I can completely understand why they want to spend more money and go under the problem rather than over the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: We talked a little about this déjà vu aspect of it, this goes further back than Jerry Brown’s first term, this goes back to Pat Brown, doesn’t it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=left color=white]\u003cstrong>California's Deadlocked Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Video explainer: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">What is the Delta?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Interactive map: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Envisioning California’s Delta As it Was\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Feature story: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Can the Delta Be Fixed?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: That’s correct. When the state water project was developed, they knew all along that they had left a hole in it, and that is the Delta. They knew there was a problem even back in the 1950s that the Delta was going to be a major issue. From that point on, this intractable, difficult wicked problem has bedeviled governors, heads of the Department of Water Resources and water managers in California nonstop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: If they were so aware that this was a problem looming, why didn’t they address the problem head on the first time around?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: There’s a tendency in water supply to leave the most complicated and difficult problems to later. We are a society – and there’s no difference in the water supply community – that likes to pluck the low hanging fruit and put off the hard work until later. The Delta fix, if there is one, is not simple, it’s not cheap, it involves burning massive amounts of political capital to get it done, and it involves lots of angry people no matter what you do. I can easily understand why people kept putting that one off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>And yet, with all of the rancor that remains in the Delta water wars, Mount sees a light at end of this tunnel.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I can actually say that I think the state government and federal government are starting to paddle together, which has not been the case – it’s actually been one of the principal problems. They are actually starting to look like they’re much more in sync with each other, and that’s a glimmer of hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Does that mean you think we have a decent shot at a long-term solution?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I think it’s a 50-50 chance that we’ll get a long-term solution out of this. This is all of California’s problem. I mean this is 25 million people, also two-thirds of the population of California. It’s our problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mount still has some skin in the game. In his new career is as a consultant, he says he wants to help restore rivers, not just talk about restoring them. As for his nickname, “Dr. Doom,” Mount says it was coined a decade ago by then-KQED reporter Tamara Keith, now Capitol correspondent for NPR. It stuck – and Mount still embraces it, though no doubt he’d love to be proven wrong.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills",
"title": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>As you head south on I-5 past Coalinga, the road runs just east of a long range of hills. From on high, and on the geologic map, the Kettleman Hills are a dramatic and obvious example of an anticlinal arch. The center is uplifted and dissected by erosion, so that the insides are the older rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50107\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png\" alt=\"kethillsgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50107\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These hills drew the attention of oil drillers early on, but their holes came up dry until October 3rd, 1928, when a well struck a highly overpressured reservoir some 7000 feet down. A gusher resulted that lasted for three years. Oil production from the field was so great that the market was depressed and several other oil-producing states grumbled about the lack of regulation in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50111\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillswellhead/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50111\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg\" alt=\"Massive Christmas tree of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50111\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Massive \"Christmas tree\" of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/bilbord99/\"}Bill Mulder{/link} of flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The town of Avenal arose with the oil boom, along with a host of businesses based on petroleum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kettlemanking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50104\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png\" alt=\"This company was later acquired by Beacon.\" width=\"600\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50104\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking-400x302.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This company was later acquired by Beacon. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/\"}Thomas Hawk{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The classic geologic treatment of the Kettleman Hills oil field was issued in 1940 by the U.S. Geological Survey as \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp195\">Professional Paper 195\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the field is almost played out, although you can never discount new advances that might revive it. But the hills remain, blooming every spring. And the roadcuts, where you can access them, are still \u003ca href=\"http://inyo.coffeecup.com/site/kh/kettleman.html\">full of fossils\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillssanddollar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50109\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg\" alt=\"The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi\" width=\"500\" height=\"484\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50109\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-400x387.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi, 43 millimeters across, from the interior of the Kettleman Hills. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/\"}James St. John{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can cross the hills in three places, two of them busy highways: the Avenal cutoff in the north and state route 41 in the middle. I've tried looking for places to pull over on these roads and it basically shouldn't be done. Take the third way, farther south starting at the Utica Avenue exit; head west and then immediately south on 25th Avenue, taking it all the way to Twisselman Road and back to the freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsroutemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50108\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png\" alt=\"kethillsroutemap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50108\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edge of the hills is marked by the California Aqueduct, which is always worth contemplating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsaqueduct/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50106\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50106\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are a few roadcuts worth checking out. They all seem to be full of fossils dating from the Pleistocene, when the Central Valley was an arm of the sea. With the compression of the Coast Ranges, outlying folds in the crust of the San Joaquin Valley were pushed up into anticlines which formed traps for huge amounts of oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillfossils/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg\" alt=\"kethillfossils\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Devil's Den Road splits off is the gap between the Middle and South Domes of the Kettleman Hills. East of there was the shoreline of Tulare Lake, an inland sea that was drained away long ago by the farms and cities of the Great Valley. Imagine the effect it must have had on the local climate here. This countryside, at its best, is worlds away from I-5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillstop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg\" alt=\"kethillstop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50110\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, the point of a side trip is not to rush—plenty of opportunity for that on the freeway—and be ready to stop and smell the flowers, or at least sniff the breeze.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "This side trip takes you into the quiet range of hills that runs along the freeway south of Coalinga.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As you head south on I-5 past Coalinga, the road runs just east of a long range of hills. From on high, and on the geologic map, the Kettleman Hills are a dramatic and obvious example of an anticlinal arch. The center is uplifted and dissected by erosion, so that the insides are the older rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50107\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png\" alt=\"kethillsgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50107\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These hills drew the attention of oil drillers early on, but their holes came up dry until October 3rd, 1928, when a well struck a highly overpressured reservoir some 7000 feet down. A gusher resulted that lasted for three years. Oil production from the field was so great that the market was depressed and several other oil-producing states grumbled about the lack of regulation in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50111\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillswellhead/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50111\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg\" alt=\"Massive Christmas tree of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50111\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Massive \"Christmas tree\" of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/bilbord99/\"}Bill Mulder{/link} of flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The town of Avenal arose with the oil boom, along with a host of businesses based on petroleum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kettlemanking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50104\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png\" alt=\"This company was later acquired by Beacon.\" width=\"600\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50104\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking-400x302.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This company was later acquired by Beacon. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/\"}Thomas Hawk{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The classic geologic treatment of the Kettleman Hills oil field was issued in 1940 by the U.S. Geological Survey as \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp195\">Professional Paper 195\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the field is almost played out, although you can never discount new advances that might revive it. But the hills remain, blooming every spring. And the roadcuts, where you can access them, are still \u003ca href=\"http://inyo.coffeecup.com/site/kh/kettleman.html\">full of fossils\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillssanddollar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50109\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg\" alt=\"The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi\" width=\"500\" height=\"484\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50109\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-400x387.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi, 43 millimeters across, from the interior of the Kettleman Hills. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/\"}James St. John{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can cross the hills in three places, two of them busy highways: the Avenal cutoff in the north and state route 41 in the middle. I've tried looking for places to pull over on these roads and it basically shouldn't be done. Take the third way, farther south starting at the Utica Avenue exit; head west and then immediately south on 25th Avenue, taking it all the way to Twisselman Road and back to the freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsroutemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50108\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png\" alt=\"kethillsroutemap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50108\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edge of the hills is marked by the California Aqueduct, which is always worth contemplating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsaqueduct/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50106\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50106\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are a few roadcuts worth checking out. They all seem to be full of fossils dating from the Pleistocene, when the Central Valley was an arm of the sea. With the compression of the Coast Ranges, outlying folds in the crust of the San Joaquin Valley were pushed up into anticlines which formed traps for huge amounts of oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillfossils/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg\" alt=\"kethillfossils\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Devil's Den Road splits off is the gap between the Middle and South Domes of the Kettleman Hills. East of there was the shoreline of Tulare Lake, an inland sea that was drained away long ago by the farms and cities of the Great Valley. Imagine the effect it must have had on the local climate here. This countryside, at its best, is worlds away from I-5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillstop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg\" alt=\"kethillstop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50110\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, the point of a side trip is not to rush—plenty of opportunity for that on the freeway—and be ready to stop and smell the flowers, or at least sniff the breeze.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Infrasound Takes a Bow",
"title": "Infrasound Takes a Bow",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49822\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/21/infrasound-takes-a-bow/infrasound/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49822\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound.jpg\" alt=\"Infrasound array at Tristan da Cunha. Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49822\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrasound array at Tristan da Cunha. Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When North Korea conducted its third nuclear explosion on February 12, the global nuclear police, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization, detected it immediately and soon afterward released its evidence. Most people probably know that the CTBTO uses seismometers to detect these forbidden explosions, but it also relies on instruments that monitor infrasound: sound that is too low in frequency for us to hear. Stations in Japan and \u003cdel datetime=\"2013-02-22T18:03:23+00:00\">China \u003c/del>Russia recorded the superdeep bass roar of the bomb as it arrived from North Korea through the air, not the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three days later came the big meteor explosion in Russia. That was high in the atmosphere, not underground, and it gave infrasound its chance to shine. The tremendous shock wave that shattered the windows of Chelyabinsk spread over the world and was recorded by 17 of the CTBTO's 45 infrasound stations, even one in Antarctica. (The CTBTO has issued the record from the Antarctic station, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-8ij80vs1E\">sped up 135 times to make it audible.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atom bombs and meteors are just part of the subject, though—all sorts of things create infrasound, both natural and human. Natural sources include volcanoes, wind tumbling over mountain ranges, heavy surf, auroras, tornadoes, landslides, earthquakes and of course meteors. Human sources include vehicle traffic of all kinds, rocket launches, sonic booms, quarry blasts, military bombardments and of course nuclear explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower limit of human hearing—the deepest bass notes of thunder or big church organ pipes—is a frequency of about 20 hertz, and infrasound goes from about 20 Hz down to perhaps 0.001 Hz, or one cycle in a thousand seconds. Anything slower than that is more meteorology than acoustics! Infrasound includes ordinary sound-type pressure waves as well as gravity waves, which are like ripples in a pond only in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infrasound waves are called microbaroms in the literature. It takes special large instruments to detect them, like the one shown in the photo. The flowerlike apparatus is a set of thin pipes that minimizes the noise of wind, arranged around a pressure sensor. The best instruments are networked arrays of these, scattered over an area measured in acres. Even so, infrasound arrays are put in remote places to avoid the noises of civilization. In California, UC San Diego has a \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/\">strong infrasound program\u003c/a> that includes \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/L2A_arrayinfo.php\">research arrays\u003c/a> near Temecula, Santa Margarita and Chico. It also runs one of the official CTBTO infrasound sites, near Palm Springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science awoke to the potential of infrasound back in 1883, when the enormous eruption of Krakatoa sent waves through the air that registered on barometers around the world. But I first read about infrasound in Robert Heinlein's 1941 novel \u003ci>The Day After Tomorrow\u003c/i> (also known as \u003ci>Sixth Column\u003c/i>), in which \"subsonic\" vibrations were used to induce feelings of terror in an enemy delegation. If I recall correctly, the frequency used was 14 Hz. There is something uncanny about sound that can't be heard, and there is a strong flavor of paranoia around the subject in some circles. High levels of infrasound do have health effects, particularly because the vibrations rattle the whole organism, not just the ears. More benignly, elephants and whales are known to perceive and produce infrasound. And \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/infrasonics/a/birdsound.htm\">one intriguing line of research\u003c/a> suggests that migratory birds use infrasound for navigation as a sonic map of the regional landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty gave a big boost to infrasound research. In addition to its well-known seismometers and radiation monitors, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/map/#ims\">the CTBTO's worldwide network of sensors\u003c/a> includes a planned total of 60 infrasound stations, of which 45 are working today. (A network of hydrophones, to monitor the seas, is the fourth component.) The United States Senate has still not ratified the treaty, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/member-states/country-profiles/?country=34&cHash=2a8d71d449c1396faae0a2060b03391a\">Chad did just this month\u003c/a>. President Clinton signed the treaty on September 24, 1996, but ever since then the Senate has failed to do its part. It would be nice if it did, and soon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Last week's events pushed the obscure subject of infrasound into the news. That was music to my science-obsessed ears.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49822\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/21/infrasound-takes-a-bow/infrasound/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49822\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound.jpg\" alt=\"Infrasound array at Tristan da Cunha. Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49822\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrasound array at Tristan da Cunha. Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When North Korea conducted its third nuclear explosion on February 12, the global nuclear police, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization, detected it immediately and soon afterward released its evidence. Most people probably know that the CTBTO uses seismometers to detect these forbidden explosions, but it also relies on instruments that monitor infrasound: sound that is too low in frequency for us to hear. Stations in Japan and \u003cdel datetime=\"2013-02-22T18:03:23+00:00\">China \u003c/del>Russia recorded the superdeep bass roar of the bomb as it arrived from North Korea through the air, not the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three days later came the big meteor explosion in Russia. That was high in the atmosphere, not underground, and it gave infrasound its chance to shine. The tremendous shock wave that shattered the windows of Chelyabinsk spread over the world and was recorded by 17 of the CTBTO's 45 infrasound stations, even one in Antarctica. (The CTBTO has issued the record from the Antarctic station, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-8ij80vs1E\">sped up 135 times to make it audible.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atom bombs and meteors are just part of the subject, though—all sorts of things create infrasound, both natural and human. Natural sources include volcanoes, wind tumbling over mountain ranges, heavy surf, auroras, tornadoes, landslides, earthquakes and of course meteors. Human sources include vehicle traffic of all kinds, rocket launches, sonic booms, quarry blasts, military bombardments and of course nuclear explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower limit of human hearing—the deepest bass notes of thunder or big church organ pipes—is a frequency of about 20 hertz, and infrasound goes from about 20 Hz down to perhaps 0.001 Hz, or one cycle in a thousand seconds. Anything slower than that is more meteorology than acoustics! Infrasound includes ordinary sound-type pressure waves as well as gravity waves, which are like ripples in a pond only in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infrasound waves are called microbaroms in the literature. It takes special large instruments to detect them, like the one shown in the photo. The flowerlike apparatus is a set of thin pipes that minimizes the noise of wind, arranged around a pressure sensor. The best instruments are networked arrays of these, scattered over an area measured in acres. Even so, infrasound arrays are put in remote places to avoid the noises of civilization. In California, UC San Diego has a \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/\">strong infrasound program\u003c/a> that includes \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/L2A_arrayinfo.php\">research arrays\u003c/a> near Temecula, Santa Margarita and Chico. It also runs one of the official CTBTO infrasound sites, near Palm Springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science awoke to the potential of infrasound back in 1883, when the enormous eruption of Krakatoa sent waves through the air that registered on barometers around the world. But I first read about infrasound in Robert Heinlein's 1941 novel \u003ci>The Day After Tomorrow\u003c/i> (also known as \u003ci>Sixth Column\u003c/i>), in which \"subsonic\" vibrations were used to induce feelings of terror in an enemy delegation. If I recall correctly, the frequency used was 14 Hz. There is something uncanny about sound that can't be heard, and there is a strong flavor of paranoia around the subject in some circles. High levels of infrasound do have health effects, particularly because the vibrations rattle the whole organism, not just the ears. More benignly, elephants and whales are known to perceive and produce infrasound. And \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/infrasonics/a/birdsound.htm\">one intriguing line of research\u003c/a> suggests that migratory birds use infrasound for navigation as a sonic map of the regional landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty gave a big boost to infrasound research. In addition to its well-known seismometers and radiation monitors, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/map/#ims\">the CTBTO's worldwide network of sensors\u003c/a> includes a planned total of 60 infrasound stations, of which 45 are working today. (A network of hydrophones, to monitor the seas, is the fourth component.) The United States Senate has still not ratified the treaty, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/member-states/country-profiles/?country=34&cHash=2a8d71d449c1396faae0a2060b03391a\">Chad did just this month\u003c/a>. President Clinton signed the treaty on September 24, 1996, but ever since then the Senate has failed to do its part. It would be nice if it did, and soon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Romantic Spots for Bay Area Geologists (and Those Who Love Them)",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49613\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/14/romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them/georomance/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49613\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Ring Mountain, in Marin County, is as beautiful as it is geological. Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49613\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ring Mountain, in Marin County, is as beautiful as it is geological. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Valentine's Day honors all ties of affection, from schoolchildren's innocent intimacies to the \"likes\" strewn on Facebook. But let's talk about romance and the occasions that nourish it. In the ideal date, one person takes another by the hand and leads him or her into a realm of wonder. And how does one recognize that wonder? Through the passion one senses in the other person and the answering passion in one's own heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passion can be found in all things, even chess and mathematics. I'm not capable of being flirtatious with the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen's_Gambit\" target=\"_blank\">Queen's Opening\u003c/a> or making you giddy about \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'H%C3%B4pital's_rule\" target=\"_blank\">l'Hôpital's Rule\u003c/a>, but I can speak for geology lovers. \"Heart\" is an anagram of \"Earth\" for us. In the science devoted to landscape and rocks, the perception of color and form is not just an observational tool but an art. And the pursuit of meaning in geology begins with perceptions and intimations of beauty. So I heartily recommend dates with geologists, especially in this part of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Brown, an undergrad studying meteorites at Portland State University, has fond memories of one such date in the Bay Area: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My pseudo first date took place in San Francisco while I was down there over the holiday break. I met a guy through my friend that I was staying with and he offered to show me around the city. There was a mutual attraction between us, but I was heading back to Portland and he to Iowa City. For that reason I call it a pseudo first date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Had it been a first date, it would have been damned near perfect. I say that because he took me to all these geologically interesting spots and just listened to me ramble about the geology. And he was actually interested in what I was saying, too. He didn't get bored when I started to talk about the significance of the chert and pillow basalts at Twin Peaks. Nor did he zone out when I got excited over the possible Bouma sequences at Sutro Baths and the neighboring beach a bit further down. I think he was amused by my ramblings actually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Regardless if it was a date or not, the combination of spending the day with a handsome man and looking at some cool geology made for a very ideal day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah yes, the Bouma sequence (pronounced with a \"wow\"). While still a young grad student, Arnold Bouma discovered the signature of underwater landslides in the rocks—a set of specific features, stacked one atop the other, found in sandstone beds. Almost immediately people named them after Bouma, and for the rest of his long career he was that rare kind of celebrity, an eponym. But it's one thing for me to tell you about Bouma sequences and another to clamber about the Sutro Baths with someone special, finding and sharing them like daisies in a field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe you don't believe me. Here's another example, from Erika Amir, who also recalls a good time in the Bay Area in this post on Twitter: \"My ex-bf told me that he fell in love with me after seeing my enthusiasm the first time I took him to see coastal tafoni!\" And how could he have resisted?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/14/romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them/georomance-tafoni/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49614\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni.jpg\" alt=\"Tafoni at Pebble Beach, San Mateo County\" width=\"600\" height=\"439\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49614\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni-400x293.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tafoni at Pebble Beach, San Mateo County\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So if someone interesting proposes a day trip to a cool field site, why not open yourself up to the unexpected? In my two years here on KQED Quest Science Blogs, I've presented 24 different \"Geological Outings Around the Bay\" that would serve admirably:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/\">Albany Hill\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/16/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-cordelia-and-green-valley-faults/\">The Cordelia and Green Valley faults\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights/\">The Corona Heights slickenside\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Preserve\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/\">Fremont Peak\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">The Hayward fault in Hayward\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/\">Las Trampas Wilderness\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-los-trancos-open-space/\">Los Trancos and the San Andreas fault\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/\">Moraga volcanics in the East Bay Hills\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">Mount Vaca\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Napa Glass Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/\">Natural Bridges\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">New Almaden\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">Pebble Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">Point Año Nuevo\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/\">Point Pinole\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-ring-mountain/\">Ring Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-rodeo-beach/\">Rodeo Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/\">San Bruno Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Shell Beach and the mammoth rubbing rocks\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/23/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach/\">Stinson Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/\">Sunol Wilderness\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49613\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/14/romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them/georomance/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49613\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Ring Mountain, in Marin County, is as beautiful as it is geological. Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49613\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ring Mountain, in Marin County, is as beautiful as it is geological. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Valentine's Day honors all ties of affection, from schoolchildren's innocent intimacies to the \"likes\" strewn on Facebook. But let's talk about romance and the occasions that nourish it. In the ideal date, one person takes another by the hand and leads him or her into a realm of wonder. And how does one recognize that wonder? Through the passion one senses in the other person and the answering passion in one's own heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passion can be found in all things, even chess and mathematics. I'm not capable of being flirtatious with the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen's_Gambit\" target=\"_blank\">Queen's Opening\u003c/a> or making you giddy about \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'H%C3%B4pital's_rule\" target=\"_blank\">l'Hôpital's Rule\u003c/a>, but I can speak for geology lovers. \"Heart\" is an anagram of \"Earth\" for us. In the science devoted to landscape and rocks, the perception of color and form is not just an observational tool but an art. And the pursuit of meaning in geology begins with perceptions and intimations of beauty. So I heartily recommend dates with geologists, especially in this part of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Brown, an undergrad studying meteorites at Portland State University, has fond memories of one such date in the Bay Area: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My pseudo first date took place in San Francisco while I was down there over the holiday break. I met a guy through my friend that I was staying with and he offered to show me around the city. There was a mutual attraction between us, but I was heading back to Portland and he to Iowa City. For that reason I call it a pseudo first date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Had it been a first date, it would have been damned near perfect. I say that because he took me to all these geologically interesting spots and just listened to me ramble about the geology. And he was actually interested in what I was saying, too. He didn't get bored when I started to talk about the significance of the chert and pillow basalts at Twin Peaks. Nor did he zone out when I got excited over the possible Bouma sequences at Sutro Baths and the neighboring beach a bit further down. I think he was amused by my ramblings actually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Regardless if it was a date or not, the combination of spending the day with a handsome man and looking at some cool geology made for a very ideal day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah yes, the Bouma sequence (pronounced with a \"wow\"). While still a young grad student, Arnold Bouma discovered the signature of underwater landslides in the rocks—a set of specific features, stacked one atop the other, found in sandstone beds. Almost immediately people named them after Bouma, and for the rest of his long career he was that rare kind of celebrity, an eponym. But it's one thing for me to tell you about Bouma sequences and another to clamber about the Sutro Baths with someone special, finding and sharing them like daisies in a field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe you don't believe me. Here's another example, from Erika Amir, who also recalls a good time in the Bay Area in this post on Twitter: \"My ex-bf told me that he fell in love with me after seeing my enthusiasm the first time I took him to see coastal tafoni!\" And how could he have resisted?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/14/romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them/georomance-tafoni/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49614\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni.jpg\" alt=\"Tafoni at Pebble Beach, San Mateo County\" width=\"600\" height=\"439\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49614\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni-400x293.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tafoni at Pebble Beach, San Mateo County\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So if someone interesting proposes a day trip to a cool field site, why not open yourself up to the unexpected? In my two years here on KQED Quest Science Blogs, I've presented 24 different \"Geological Outings Around the Bay\" that would serve admirably:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/\">Albany Hill\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/16/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-cordelia-and-green-valley-faults/\">The Cordelia and Green Valley faults\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights/\">The Corona Heights slickenside\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Preserve\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/\">Fremont Peak\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">The Hayward fault in Hayward\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/\">Las Trampas Wilderness\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-los-trancos-open-space/\">Los Trancos and the San Andreas fault\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/\">Moraga volcanics in the East Bay Hills\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">Mount Vaca\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Napa Glass Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/\">Natural Bridges\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">New Almaden\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">Pebble Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">Point Año Nuevo\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/\">Point Pinole\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-ring-mountain/\">Ring Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-rodeo-beach/\">Rodeo Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/\">San Bruno Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Shell Beach and the mammoth rubbing rocks\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/23/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach/\">Stinson Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/\">Sunol Wilderness\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Welcoming Pinnacles to the Elite Club of National Parks",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49565\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2.jpg\" alt=\"Pinnacles National Park\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pinnacles at Pinnacles are remnants of a volcano. (Photo: The Pokerbird/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you visit the slice of Central California serenity known as Pinnacles, you might notice the sign out front now says, “National Park.” It became a national park in January when President Barack Obama signed a bill introduced by Central California Congressman Sam Farr. On Monday, the first sign that says so was unveiled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the nation’s 59th national park, and the ninth in California, making it the state with the most national parks. Pinnacles was already a national monument, which comes with the same level of protection as a park. But Farr said the new designation will bring more attention and jobs to Monterey and San Benito counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The significance of moving a designation from a monument to a national park is tremendous,” Farr said. “People don’t get in their cars in the summer to see national monuments. They do take the family to visit national parks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farr introduced the legislation at the urging of local chambers of commerce. But he’s a bit of a parks geek himself: he named all the national parks in California -- in order of their establishment -- during our interview. His father, Fred Farr was a politician, environmentalist and friend of Ansel Adams. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I always felt that one of the greatest accomplishments you could make in public life is to set aside land in permanent protection and national parks, to me, is the crown jewel of all of those,” said Farr. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49572\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919.jpg\" alt=\"bee pinnacles\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49572\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are hundreds of different species of bees in Pinnacles. (Photo: National Park Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/index.htm\">Pinnacles\u003c/a>, named for the slender rocky spires at its center, is home to endangered California condors and hundreds of species of bees in addition to its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/\">geological attractions\u003c/a>. It was set aside as a monument by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1908. (Presidents can create national monuments, but only Congress can create national parks.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Documentary filmmaker Ken Burns voiced his support for the elevation of Pinnacles to national park. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.farr.house.gov/images/stories/Documents/kenburnsletter.pdf\">letter to Congress\u003c/a>, he wrote, “A Pinnacles National Park would preserve a unique portion of our land: not only a critical record of geological time (what John Muir would have called a \"grand geological library\")”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It now takes its place with Yosemite, the greatest collection of geothermal features on Earth, [and] the grandest canyon on earth, the Grand Canyon,\" Burns told me in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/08/ken-burns-on-pinnacles-national-park-hallelujah/\">an interview\u003c/a>. (He also said Yosemite is his favorite national park – score one more point for California in the national parks category.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49575\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z.jpg\" alt=\"California condors have been reintroduced in Pinnacles. In 2010, a pair laid an egg in the park for the first time in 100 years. (Photo: Brian Sims/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49575\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California condors have been reintroduced in Pinnacles. In 2010, a pair laid an egg in the park for the first time in 100 years. (Photo: Brian Sims/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Pinnacles staff, much will stay the same. Nichole Andler, chief of interpretation and education at the park, said their uniforms won’t even change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as our day to day jobs, it will all be very similar,” she said. “But there is a lot of excitement around this. It's a neat thing for us too: we work here, we love Pinnacles, we think it’s a special place. We recognize that the public will recognize Pinnacles in a different way now that our name says National Park.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar was at the ceremony Monday afternoon, along with other state and local officials. And rangers were ready with spotting scopes, in case any condors decided to swoop by. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49565\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2.jpg\" alt=\"Pinnacles National Park\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pinnacles at Pinnacles are remnants of a volcano. (Photo: The Pokerbird/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you visit the slice of Central California serenity known as Pinnacles, you might notice the sign out front now says, “National Park.” It became a national park in January when President Barack Obama signed a bill introduced by Central California Congressman Sam Farr. On Monday, the first sign that says so was unveiled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the nation’s 59th national park, and the ninth in California, making it the state with the most national parks. Pinnacles was already a national monument, which comes with the same level of protection as a park. But Farr said the new designation will bring more attention and jobs to Monterey and San Benito counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The significance of moving a designation from a monument to a national park is tremendous,” Farr said. “People don’t get in their cars in the summer to see national monuments. They do take the family to visit national parks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farr introduced the legislation at the urging of local chambers of commerce. But he’s a bit of a parks geek himself: he named all the national parks in California -- in order of their establishment -- during our interview. His father, Fred Farr was a politician, environmentalist and friend of Ansel Adams. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I always felt that one of the greatest accomplishments you could make in public life is to set aside land in permanent protection and national parks, to me, is the crown jewel of all of those,” said Farr. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49572\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919.jpg\" alt=\"bee pinnacles\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49572\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are hundreds of different species of bees in Pinnacles. (Photo: National Park Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/index.htm\">Pinnacles\u003c/a>, named for the slender rocky spires at its center, is home to endangered California condors and hundreds of species of bees in addition to its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/\">geological attractions\u003c/a>. It was set aside as a monument by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1908. (Presidents can create national monuments, but only Congress can create national parks.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Documentary filmmaker Ken Burns voiced his support for the elevation of Pinnacles to national park. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.farr.house.gov/images/stories/Documents/kenburnsletter.pdf\">letter to Congress\u003c/a>, he wrote, “A Pinnacles National Park would preserve a unique portion of our land: not only a critical record of geological time (what John Muir would have called a \"grand geological library\")”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It now takes its place with Yosemite, the greatest collection of geothermal features on Earth, [and] the grandest canyon on earth, the Grand Canyon,\" Burns told me in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/08/ken-burns-on-pinnacles-national-park-hallelujah/\">an interview\u003c/a>. (He also said Yosemite is his favorite national park – score one more point for California in the national parks category.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49575\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z.jpg\" alt=\"California condors have been reintroduced in Pinnacles. In 2010, a pair laid an egg in the park for the first time in 100 years. (Photo: Brian Sims/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49575\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California condors have been reintroduced in Pinnacles. In 2010, a pair laid an egg in the park for the first time in 100 years. (Photo: Brian Sims/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Pinnacles staff, much will stay the same. Nichole Andler, chief of interpretation and education at the park, said their uniforms won’t even change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as our day to day jobs, it will all be very similar,” she said. “But there is a lot of excitement around this. It's a neat thing for us too: we work here, we love Pinnacles, we think it’s a special place. We recognize that the public will recognize Pinnacles in a different way now that our name says National Park.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar was at the ceremony Monday afternoon, along with other state and local officials. And rangers were ready with spotting scopes, in case any condors decided to swoop by. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49367\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/07/geological-sounds/obsidiansound/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49367\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/obsidiansound-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This active obsidian flow sounded like breaking glass, which in fact is what it was. Image by Hugh Tuffen, used under Creative Commons license\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49367\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This active obsidian flow made sounds like breaking glass, which in fact is what it was. Image by Hugh Tuffen, used under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I love it when scientists speak out about their work in their own voices and their own words. A great example is \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/27337835@N00/sets/72157632557249894/\">a wonderful set of annotated photos on Flickr\u003c/a> that volcanologist Hugh Tuffen put up last month from his recent expedition to Chile's volcano Cordón Caulle. One thing I liked was how he approached and sampled a body of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">obsidian\u003c/a> that was still flowing, several months after its eruption. He could tell the flow was active because its red-hot heart continued to flex its crusty rind, making a memorable noise: \"a succession of platy fracturing sounds, as if a bowl of Rice Krispies cereal were made up of thousands of fragile plates that each broke, rather than the usual snap, crackle and pop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuffen regretted not being able to record this. But there are some other recordings of volcano-related sounds out there. Similar to the obsidian noise is the hissing crackle of lava flows moving underwater, their glowing interiors instantly freezing into pillow lava. A Hawaiian tour-diving outfit \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsJn8izcKtg\">has a video of such scenes\u003c/a>. And volcanologist Boris Behncke, who makes it his business to shoot footage of Sicily's Mount Etna, has captured some good audio of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVQOrODayG4\">the volcano's roaring lava fountains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes, of course, are nothing but a very loud noise made by the Earth, mostly at very low frequencies. The littlest shakers we get in the Bay Area are more easily appreciated as sound rather than vibration, though. Where I live, events on the Hayward fault arrive from almost directly below with a bang like a nearby truck crash. Seismologist Zhigang Peng, of Georgia Tech University, has a fascinating page with \u003ca href=\"http://geophysics.eas.gatech.edu/people/zpeng/Japan_20110311/\">sonifications of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake\u003c/a>, made by simply speeding up the earthquake waves into the audible range. They sound a lot like our local jigglers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're ever in a position to watch a flooding river at close range, you might listen for the sound of boulders cracking against each other as they move downstream. One witness told me, \"They can ring like bells.\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J64_XO5qODk\">In one short video\u003c/a>, the rocks sound like big billiard balls in a giant's game. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up in the mountains where the lakes freeze over, those large sheets of ice produce all sorts of eerie noises as the weather changes. Some liken the sounds to giant springs being struck by hammers, or whining cries, or booming. Geologists classify all these under the name of ice yowling. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=ice+sounds\">A YouTube search on \"ice sounds\"\u003c/a> turns up a satisfying variety of recordings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the quieter side is the hum made by certain sand dunes. What I like about this is its totally unthreatening nature, unlike the other sounds I've mentioned. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/\">my post on singing sands\u003c/a> last year, I included some videos of this rare phenomenon, which you can create by yourself at four places in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the quietest geological sound I can think of is the ghostly hiss of the aurora. One witness described it to me as \"like grains of rice sliding on a teflon cutting board.\" For many years scientists considered the sounds of the Northern Lights to be undependable folklore or a psychological illusion. But recently Finnish researchers used an array of microphones to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRZfKqhs6rM\">record the sounds\u003c/a> and pinpoint their origin. The strangest thing about this story is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-07/au-son070912.php\">the sounds came out of thin air, about 70 meters above the ground\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What other things have you heard the Earth say?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49367\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/07/geological-sounds/obsidiansound/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49367\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/obsidiansound-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This active obsidian flow sounded like breaking glass, which in fact is what it was. Image by Hugh Tuffen, used under Creative Commons license\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49367\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This active obsidian flow made sounds like breaking glass, which in fact is what it was. Image by Hugh Tuffen, used under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I love it when scientists speak out about their work in their own voices and their own words. A great example is \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/27337835@N00/sets/72157632557249894/\">a wonderful set of annotated photos on Flickr\u003c/a> that volcanologist Hugh Tuffen put up last month from his recent expedition to Chile's volcano Cordón Caulle. One thing I liked was how he approached and sampled a body of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">obsidian\u003c/a> that was still flowing, several months after its eruption. He could tell the flow was active because its red-hot heart continued to flex its crusty rind, making a memorable noise: \"a succession of platy fracturing sounds, as if a bowl of Rice Krispies cereal were made up of thousands of fragile plates that each broke, rather than the usual snap, crackle and pop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuffen regretted not being able to record this. But there are some other recordings of volcano-related sounds out there. Similar to the obsidian noise is the hissing crackle of lava flows moving underwater, their glowing interiors instantly freezing into pillow lava. A Hawaiian tour-diving outfit \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsJn8izcKtg\">has a video of such scenes\u003c/a>. And volcanologist Boris Behncke, who makes it his business to shoot footage of Sicily's Mount Etna, has captured some good audio of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVQOrODayG4\">the volcano's roaring lava fountains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes, of course, are nothing but a very loud noise made by the Earth, mostly at very low frequencies. The littlest shakers we get in the Bay Area are more easily appreciated as sound rather than vibration, though. Where I live, events on the Hayward fault arrive from almost directly below with a bang like a nearby truck crash. Seismologist Zhigang Peng, of Georgia Tech University, has a fascinating page with \u003ca href=\"http://geophysics.eas.gatech.edu/people/zpeng/Japan_20110311/\">sonifications of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake\u003c/a>, made by simply speeding up the earthquake waves into the audible range. They sound a lot like our local jigglers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're ever in a position to watch a flooding river at close range, you might listen for the sound of boulders cracking against each other as they move downstream. One witness told me, \"They can ring like bells.\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J64_XO5qODk\">In one short video\u003c/a>, the rocks sound like big billiard balls in a giant's game. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up in the mountains where the lakes freeze over, those large sheets of ice produce all sorts of eerie noises as the weather changes. Some liken the sounds to giant springs being struck by hammers, or whining cries, or booming. Geologists classify all these under the name of ice yowling. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=ice+sounds\">A YouTube search on \"ice sounds\"\u003c/a> turns up a satisfying variety of recordings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the quieter side is the hum made by certain sand dunes. What I like about this is its totally unthreatening nature, unlike the other sounds I've mentioned. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/\">my post on singing sands\u003c/a> last year, I included some videos of this rare phenomenon, which you can create by yourself at four places in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the quietest geological sound I can think of is the ghostly hiss of the aurora. One witness described it to me as \"like grains of rice sliding on a teflon cutting board.\" For many years scientists considered the sounds of the Northern Lights to be undependable folklore or a psychological illusion. But recently Finnish researchers used an array of microphones to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRZfKqhs6rM\">record the sounds\u003c/a> and pinpoint their origin. The strangest thing about this story is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-07/au-son070912.php\">the sounds came out of thin air, about 70 meters above the ground\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What other things have you heard the Earth say?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What Makes California's Quake Warning System So Timely?",
"title": "What Makes California's Quake Warning System So Timely?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49224\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/31/what-makes-californias-quake-warning-system-so-timely/caleqwarningtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49224\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/CalEQwarningtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The collapsed Cypress Viaduct was the site of the first earthquake early-warning system, in 1989. USGS photo by Howard Wilshire\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49224\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The collapsed Cypress Viaduct in Oakland was the site of the first earthquake early-warning system, in 1989. USGS photo by Howard Wilshire\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, State Senator Alex Padilla went before the cameras with a group of earthquake scientists to kick-start California into building the world's best earthquake early-warning system. Does such a thing really work? And why should we start now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early-warning systems are not a scientific boondoggle; they really work. First things first, though: these do not predict earthquakes. Instead, they're automatic systems that detect quakes right at the epicenter, and measure their size almost instantly. With that information, they signal faraway users that strong shaking is on its way RIGHT NOW. You could call that a prediction if you like, an instant shaking prediction. But quake researchers are extremely allergic to the word \"prediction,\" so please call these warning systems. They're like the tsunami warning systems we're familiar with by now, only a lot faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area had the world's first example back in 1989, in the aftermath of the Loma Prieta earthquake. It detected aftershocks. It consisted of a handful of seismographs around the epicenter in the Santa Cruz Mountains, a computer and a microwave radio network. When the computer got enough simultaneous signals from the seismographs, it considered that the detection of a large aftershock and sent out an alarm on the radio network. Crews who were taking down the wreckage of the Cypress Structure, 100 kilometers away, got about 20 seconds of warning to back off and get out. You can imagine how useful that system was to those workers, crude as it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today much larger and better systems are at work around the world. Japan's is the most advanced—not so much scientifically, because every system's software uses the latest science, but in terms of being integrated into people's lives. If you saw it in action during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, you can imagine one like it in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senator Padilla's bill was triggered after one of his regular visits to Caltech. (He's an astronomy geek, it turns out.) While he was there, the earthquake people got hold of him and demonstrated the early-warning tools on the California Integrated Seismic Network (\u003ca href=\"http://www.cisn.org/\">CISN\u003c/a>), like the experimental \u003ca href=\"http://www.elarms.org/index.php\">ElarmS\u003c/a> project. The CISN people told him, as they've been telling anyone who will listen for ten years now, that they're ready to roll whenever the money can be found. Right now their research relies on a lean stream of funds from government projects and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Padilla's bill (\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB135\">Senate Bill 135\u003c/a>) is mostly preamble with one new sentence for the Government Code that commits the Office of Emergency Services to work with the CISN partners to \"develop a comprehensive statewide earthquake early warning system in California.\" In the preamble is one unusual item: a reference to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11703.html\">a dry scientific paper in \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i> last month\u003c/a>. The paper is also prominently featured in Padilla's news release about SB-135, which linked to a Caltech \u003ca href=\"http://www.caltech.edu/content/faulty-behavior\">press-office piece\u003c/a> on the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peggy Hellweg, the CISN point person at Cal Berkeley's Seismological Lab, explained where the paper fits in the larger story. Ever since the 1992 Landers quake in Southern California, she told me, a major weak point in our understanding of earthquake faults is how ruptures can expand beyond the limits we thought they had. At Landers, five separately mapped faults gave way at once in a single rupture. On the larger scale, both the giant 2004 Sumatra and 2011 Tohoku quakes ruptured fault segments that no one expected to fail. As for our own San Andreas fault system, we've always taken it as a given that the so-called creeping section, which runs between San Juan Bautista and Parkfield, separates northern and southern California. We don't expect a rupture on either the north or south end of the fault to rip through the creeping section, because its degree of creep—steady motion without earthquakes—would seem to preclude the more wrenching motion of a proper earthquake. It shouldn't have enough strain energy on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i> paper combined simulations of faulting with lab tests of actual material drill-sampled from the fault zone that ruptured in the large 1999 Chi Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Its authors described scenarios in which ruptures advancing into a creeping fault, if they hit it just right, would set it off. In fact, that supposedly low-strain creeping section could release quite a lot of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors suggested that creeping might be a temporary state between the relaxed state right after a quake (no energy) and the \"stuck\" state that most earthquake faults are in (lots of energy). \"Temporary\" in this case means centuries. If their work holds up and can be generalized, then it's plausible that the San Andreas fault could all go at once. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/347423/description/Quakes_may_bring_nearby_rocks_closer_to_rupture\">An article in \u003ci>Science News\u003c/i>\u003c/a> quotes some of the cautionary comments, which make the same points I would. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It strikes me as unusual that such a scientific article would be used as a \"news hook\" to promote something as fundamental as a new statewide quake-warning system. Normally, in California, we would cite the latest awful earthquake, because that seems to focus people's attention better. But as Senator Padilla said, better to get a system in place before rather than after the next Big One. I absolutely support SB-135 anyway, regardless of this one paper.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In the age-old war between Northern and Southern California, a change in the science has changed the politics.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49224\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/31/what-makes-californias-quake-warning-system-so-timely/caleqwarningtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49224\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/CalEQwarningtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The collapsed Cypress Viaduct was the site of the first earthquake early-warning system, in 1989. USGS photo by Howard Wilshire\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49224\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The collapsed Cypress Viaduct in Oakland was the site of the first earthquake early-warning system, in 1989. USGS photo by Howard Wilshire\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this week, State Senator Alex Padilla went before the cameras with a group of earthquake scientists to kick-start California into building the world's best earthquake early-warning system. Does such a thing really work? And why should we start now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early-warning systems are not a scientific boondoggle; they really work. First things first, though: these do not predict earthquakes. Instead, they're automatic systems that detect quakes right at the epicenter, and measure their size almost instantly. With that information, they signal faraway users that strong shaking is on its way RIGHT NOW. You could call that a prediction if you like, an instant shaking prediction. But quake researchers are extremely allergic to the word \"prediction,\" so please call these warning systems. They're like the tsunami warning systems we're familiar with by now, only a lot faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area had the world's first example back in 1989, in the aftermath of the Loma Prieta earthquake. It detected aftershocks. It consisted of a handful of seismographs around the epicenter in the Santa Cruz Mountains, a computer and a microwave radio network. When the computer got enough simultaneous signals from the seismographs, it considered that the detection of a large aftershock and sent out an alarm on the radio network. Crews who were taking down the wreckage of the Cypress Structure, 100 kilometers away, got about 20 seconds of warning to back off and get out. You can imagine how useful that system was to those workers, crude as it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today much larger and better systems are at work around the world. Japan's is the most advanced—not so much scientifically, because every system's software uses the latest science, but in terms of being integrated into people's lives. If you saw it in action during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, you can imagine one like it in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senator Padilla's bill was triggered after one of his regular visits to Caltech. (He's an astronomy geek, it turns out.) While he was there, the earthquake people got hold of him and demonstrated the early-warning tools on the California Integrated Seismic Network (\u003ca href=\"http://www.cisn.org/\">CISN\u003c/a>), like the experimental \u003ca href=\"http://www.elarms.org/index.php\">ElarmS\u003c/a> project. The CISN people told him, as they've been telling anyone who will listen for ten years now, that they're ready to roll whenever the money can be found. Right now their research relies on a lean stream of funds from government projects and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Padilla's bill (\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB135\">Senate Bill 135\u003c/a>) is mostly preamble with one new sentence for the Government Code that commits the Office of Emergency Services to work with the CISN partners to \"develop a comprehensive statewide earthquake early warning system in California.\" In the preamble is one unusual item: a reference to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11703.html\">a dry scientific paper in \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i> last month\u003c/a>. The paper is also prominently featured in Padilla's news release about SB-135, which linked to a Caltech \u003ca href=\"http://www.caltech.edu/content/faulty-behavior\">press-office piece\u003c/a> on the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peggy Hellweg, the CISN point person at Cal Berkeley's Seismological Lab, explained where the paper fits in the larger story. Ever since the 1992 Landers quake in Southern California, she told me, a major weak point in our understanding of earthquake faults is how ruptures can expand beyond the limits we thought they had. At Landers, five separately mapped faults gave way at once in a single rupture. On the larger scale, both the giant 2004 Sumatra and 2011 Tohoku quakes ruptured fault segments that no one expected to fail. As for our own San Andreas fault system, we've always taken it as a given that the so-called creeping section, which runs between San Juan Bautista and Parkfield, separates northern and southern California. We don't expect a rupture on either the north or south end of the fault to rip through the creeping section, because its degree of creep—steady motion without earthquakes—would seem to preclude the more wrenching motion of a proper earthquake. It shouldn't have enough strain energy on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i> paper combined simulations of faulting with lab tests of actual material drill-sampled from the fault zone that ruptured in the large 1999 Chi Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Its authors described scenarios in which ruptures advancing into a creeping fault, if they hit it just right, would set it off. In fact, that supposedly low-strain creeping section could release quite a lot of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors suggested that creeping might be a temporary state between the relaxed state right after a quake (no energy) and the \"stuck\" state that most earthquake faults are in (lots of energy). \"Temporary\" in this case means centuries. If their work holds up and can be generalized, then it's plausible that the San Andreas fault could all go at once. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/347423/description/Quakes_may_bring_nearby_rocks_closer_to_rupture\">An article in \u003ci>Science News\u003c/i>\u003c/a> quotes some of the cautionary comments, which make the same points I would. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It strikes me as unusual that such a scientific article would be used as a \"news hook\" to promote something as fundamental as a new statewide quake-warning system. Normally, in California, we would cite the latest awful earthquake, because that seems to focus people's attention better. But as Senator Padilla said, better to get a system in place before rather than after the next Big One. I absolutely support SB-135 anyway, regardless of this one paper.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: San Bruno Mountain",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: San Bruno Mountain",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Bruno Mountain has been in the way for a long time. Roadbuilders and railroad companies had to cut their way around this peak, which walls off San Francisco from the San Mateo Peninsula. Ranchers found no forage on it, and urbanizers made little headway on its rugged slopes. Megalomaniac planners once proposed blowing it up and using it as fill to turn the whole Bay into \"made land\" à la Foster City. And I'm sure the airline pilots at SFO would rather it weren't there either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But three sets of users benefit from the mountain today. A quarry on its north side, in Brisbane, produces crushed rock. Several large broadcasting towers serve the city and peninsula from its long ridgetop. And the rest of us can hike this distinctive place in peace and relative quiet because San Bruno Mountain is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=518\">state park\u003c/a> that happens to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.co.sanmateo.ca.us/portal/site/parks/menuitem.f13bead76123ee4482439054d17332a0/?vgnextoid=cb7bc8909231e110VgnVCM1000001d37230aRCRD\">run by San Mateo County\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mountain serves as an island of habitat for some of the Bay Area's most iconic vegetation. As usual, the park literature will give you lots of detail on the plants and little about the rocks. But here's what we know, starting with the bedrock map (excerpted from the San Mateo County geologic map).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49032\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunogeo600/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49032\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunogeo600.png\" alt=\"Relevant map units: KJs, San Bruno Mountain sandstone; fs, fsr, Franciscan sandstone and sheared rock (melange); Qc, Colma Formation; Qcl, colluvium (debris); Qhaf, alluvial (stream) sediment; af, artificial fill. San Andreas fault at lower left corner.\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunogeo600.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunogeo600-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Relevant map units: KJs, San Bruno Mountain sandstone; fs, fsr, Franciscan sandstone and sheared rock (melange); Qc, Colma Formation; Qcl, colluvium (debris); Qhaf, alluvial (stream) sediment; af, artificial fill. San Andreas fault at lower left corner.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rock is composed of the coarse, raw sandstone known as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/sedrockindex/rocpicgraywacke.htm\">graywacke\u003c/a> along with some finer-grained shale. It's strongly layered, as seen in this roadcut on the Bay side along Bayshore Boulevard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49036\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-outcrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49036\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-outcrop.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"382\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-outcrop.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-outcrop-400x255.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here's a piece of it close up. The fresh rock, like you get in quarries, is gray, but at the surface it's brown because of iron oxides that form by weathering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-handspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49035\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49035\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-handspec.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-handspec\" width=\"600\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-handspec.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-handspec-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sandstone has a lot of rock particles (lithics) in it, which are rich in iron and which break down readily under surface conditions. The thin brown crust is made of manganese oxides and is coating the surface of a fracture. As you turn pieces of it in the sunlight, you'll see tiny glittering flakes of white mica in it. Under the microscope it displays metamorphic minerals like pumpellyite, showing that the stone was subjected to heat and pressure after it formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This body of stone is classified as part of the Franciscan Complex, and correlated rocks (the San Bruno Mountain terrane) run north through western San Francisco, including Land's End. The Marin hills from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/23/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach/\">Stinson Beach\u003c/a> to southern Tomales Bay, across from Inverness, also are part of it. It has no fossils in it, but the experts say it formed in a marine setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A paper published in November 2012 (Dumitru et al., \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i>) assigned this rock an Early Eocene date (53-49 million years ago) and concluded that its sand came in a huge flood of sediment from Idaho, where vigorous volcanism was going on at the time. This was not what anyone thought. Most Franciscan sandstones, which are older, are thought to arise from the Californian upheavals in the Sierra Nevada region. Since that time the sandstone was heated and intruded by dikes of lava around 14-12 million years ago, while it was being manhandled by the San Andreas fault system like the rest of the Coast Ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But knowing all that doesn't make San Bruno Mountain any more beautiful. And even on hazy days when the amazing view around is occluded, you can still admire the mountain itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49031\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49031\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-top.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-top\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wrapping around the mountain's west side is the Colma Formation, which underlies the cemeteries of Colma and surroundings. This is a package of ice age sand, about 125,000 years old, that is the remains of the seashore at a time when the polar ice caps were even smaller than they are today. The ocean was about 10 meters higher than today, and sands from this time are found in the East Bay, all over San Francisco, and up and down the Pacific coast on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">wave-cut platforms\u003c/a>. This map shows the situation at the time the Colma Formation was laid down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49033\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-bay125ka/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49033\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49033\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-bay125ka.gif\" alt=\"US Geological Survey illustration\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Geological Survey illustration\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much of the Colma Formation is recycled sand from the earlier Merced Formation, but surely the rain and waves here added lots of brown sand from San Bruno Mountain, too. You can see the Colma sands at the far west end of the park, in Daly City at the place on the geologic map where the third question mark sits marking the Hillside fault. This is an exposure in Hillside Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-sand/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49037\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-sand.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-sand\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-sand.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-sand-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the sandstone of San Bruno Mountain, this sand has a large proportion of lithics, accounting for its dark color. The area looks and feels just like beach dunes, but it's some 400 feet above the sea today. That is a testimony to the geologically rapid disruption of the Bay Area's land by the San Andreas fault system. Nearby is a small patch of dune habitat that San Bruno Mountain Watch is \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainwatch.org/daly-city-dunes/\">keeping an eye on\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now is a good time to start visiting San Bruno Mountain instead of driving around it. The wildflower season is just starting, heralded by this ceanothus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-cean/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49034\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49034\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-cean.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-cean\" width=\"600\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-cean.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-cean-400x299.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Bruno Mountain has been in the way for a long time. Roadbuilders and railroad companies had to cut their way around this peak, which walls off San Francisco from the San Mateo Peninsula. Ranchers found no forage on it, and urbanizers made little headway on its rugged slopes. Megalomaniac planners once proposed blowing it up and using it as fill to turn the whole Bay into \"made land\" à la Foster City. And I'm sure the airline pilots at SFO would rather it weren't there either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But three sets of users benefit from the mountain today. A quarry on its north side, in Brisbane, produces crushed rock. Several large broadcasting towers serve the city and peninsula from its long ridgetop. And the rest of us can hike this distinctive place in peace and relative quiet because San Bruno Mountain is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=518\">state park\u003c/a> that happens to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.co.sanmateo.ca.us/portal/site/parks/menuitem.f13bead76123ee4482439054d17332a0/?vgnextoid=cb7bc8909231e110VgnVCM1000001d37230aRCRD\">run by San Mateo County\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mountain serves as an island of habitat for some of the Bay Area's most iconic vegetation. As usual, the park literature will give you lots of detail on the plants and little about the rocks. But here's what we know, starting with the bedrock map (excerpted from the San Mateo County geologic map).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49032\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunogeo600/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49032\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunogeo600.png\" alt=\"Relevant map units: KJs, San Bruno Mountain sandstone; fs, fsr, Franciscan sandstone and sheared rock (melange); Qc, Colma Formation; Qcl, colluvium (debris); Qhaf, alluvial (stream) sediment; af, artificial fill. San Andreas fault at lower left corner.\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunogeo600.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunogeo600-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Relevant map units: KJs, San Bruno Mountain sandstone; fs, fsr, Franciscan sandstone and sheared rock (melange); Qc, Colma Formation; Qcl, colluvium (debris); Qhaf, alluvial (stream) sediment; af, artificial fill. San Andreas fault at lower left corner.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rock is composed of the coarse, raw sandstone known as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/sedrockindex/rocpicgraywacke.htm\">graywacke\u003c/a> along with some finer-grained shale. It's strongly layered, as seen in this roadcut on the Bay side along Bayshore Boulevard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49036\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-outcrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49036\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-outcrop.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"382\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-outcrop.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-outcrop-400x255.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here's a piece of it close up. The fresh rock, like you get in quarries, is gray, but at the surface it's brown because of iron oxides that form by weathering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-handspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49035\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49035\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-handspec.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-handspec\" width=\"600\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-handspec.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-handspec-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sandstone has a lot of rock particles (lithics) in it, which are rich in iron and which break down readily under surface conditions. The thin brown crust is made of manganese oxides and is coating the surface of a fracture. As you turn pieces of it in the sunlight, you'll see tiny glittering flakes of white mica in it. Under the microscope it displays metamorphic minerals like pumpellyite, showing that the stone was subjected to heat and pressure after it formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This body of stone is classified as part of the Franciscan Complex, and correlated rocks (the San Bruno Mountain terrane) run north through western San Francisco, including Land's End. The Marin hills from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/23/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach/\">Stinson Beach\u003c/a> to southern Tomales Bay, across from Inverness, also are part of it. It has no fossils in it, but the experts say it formed in a marine setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A paper published in November 2012 (Dumitru et al., \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i>) assigned this rock an Early Eocene date (53-49 million years ago) and concluded that its sand came in a huge flood of sediment from Idaho, where vigorous volcanism was going on at the time. This was not what anyone thought. Most Franciscan sandstones, which are older, are thought to arise from the Californian upheavals in the Sierra Nevada region. Since that time the sandstone was heated and intruded by dikes of lava around 14-12 million years ago, while it was being manhandled by the San Andreas fault system like the rest of the Coast Ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But knowing all that doesn't make San Bruno Mountain any more beautiful. And even on hazy days when the amazing view around is occluded, you can still admire the mountain itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49031\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49031\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-top.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-top\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wrapping around the mountain's west side is the Colma Formation, which underlies the cemeteries of Colma and surroundings. This is a package of ice age sand, about 125,000 years old, that is the remains of the seashore at a time when the polar ice caps were even smaller than they are today. The ocean was about 10 meters higher than today, and sands from this time are found in the East Bay, all over San Francisco, and up and down the Pacific coast on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">wave-cut platforms\u003c/a>. This map shows the situation at the time the Colma Formation was laid down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49033\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-bay125ka/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49033\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49033\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-bay125ka.gif\" alt=\"US Geological Survey illustration\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Geological Survey illustration\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much of the Colma Formation is recycled sand from the earlier Merced Formation, but surely the rain and waves here added lots of brown sand from San Bruno Mountain, too. You can see the Colma sands at the far west end of the park, in Daly City at the place on the geologic map where the third question mark sits marking the Hillside fault. This is an exposure in Hillside Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-sand/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49037\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-sand.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-sand\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-sand.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-sand-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the sandstone of San Bruno Mountain, this sand has a large proportion of lithics, accounting for its dark color. The area looks and feels just like beach dunes, but it's some 400 feet above the sea today. That is a testimony to the geologically rapid disruption of the Bay Area's land by the San Andreas fault system. Nearby is a small patch of dune habitat that San Bruno Mountain Watch is \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainwatch.org/daly-city-dunes/\">keeping an eye on\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now is a good time to start visiting San Bruno Mountain instead of driving around it. The wildflower season is just starting, heralded by this ceanothus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/sanbrunomtn-cean/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49034\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-49034\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-cean.jpg\" alt=\"sanbrunomtn-cean\" width=\"600\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-cean.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/sanbrunomtn-cean-400x299.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Placing a Bet on the Surface of Mars",
"title": "Placing a Bet on the Surface of Mars",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mars has been on my radar for a very long time, since the astonishing day back in 1965 when Mariner 10 first sent back a picture of craters on its surface. So I'm not a Johnny-come-lately to the red planet. I've followed the news from every Mars mission, orbiters and landers alike. But Curiosity, the most recent robot rover, has especially piqued my curiosity as a geologist. I think there are two reasons: the darn thing has finally become a decent field assistant, and NASA is sending it to some of Mars' most Earthlike places. So let me channel the late Huell Howser here and share some of what makes me go, \"That's amazing!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike most previous landers, Curiosity has decent vision, about as good as my pocket camera. Its pictures actually look good on my desktop display, no longer like a frame grab from an old videocassette. Curiosity is a lot sturdier too—big, quick on its feet—and smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's got a nice hand lens, better than mine, that offers almost-microscopic closeups. It has a shovel, like lots of its predecessors did. One of my worst frustrations in watching Mars robots over the years was wishing I could lean in and just blow the dust off of things. Lo and behold, this rover packs a broom! \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-broom/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48765\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-broom\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars images courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while previous rovers had little grinding tools to function like the hammer and chisel in my field pack, Curiosity has a proper rock drill. They'll be testing it for the first time in coming weeks, somewhere in this car-sized piece of landscape named John Klein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48767\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48767\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until they can send a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/\">Gigapan\u003c/a> outfit to Mars for a really huge, zoomable picture, the \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA16567.jpg\">full-size version of this image on the NASA website\u003c/a> at 3483 by 2651 pixels will be the state of the art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks in this part of Mars, on the floor of Gale crater, are full of minerals and features that testify to the chemical action of water. Here's a closeup from an outcrop called Sheepbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-sheepbed/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48763\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-sheepbed\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48763\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To all appearances it's a fine-grained sandstone, shot with veins of gypsum (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/\">like those I showed you last year\u003c/a>) and tiny \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/\">concretions\u003c/a> of hematite, a hydrated iron oxide. Larger concretions lie in the surrounding dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the rover has shown us clear examples of crossbedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-crossbeds/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48766\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-crossbeds\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48766\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossbeds testify to not just the presence of water, but its physical action—rushing rivulets that sent large ripples of sand down their streambeds. Each crossbed represents the root of a ripple, spared from erosion in a setting where sediment was brought in faster than it was taken away. (Wind-blown sand dunes also make crossbeds, but the particles involved are much smaller.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, back to the drilling site at John Klein. I look at this detail and have several questions about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite-veins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48769\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite-veins\" width=\"600\" height=\"427\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48769\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I see curving veins cropping out of the surface. The Curiosity team claims that \"some of the veins have two walls and an eroded interior.\" I think they look more like double veins, but the rover will help us decide. Why are they protruding, and why is the surface around them so flat? The whole surface gives the impression of having been gently swept for a very long time—not strongly enough to streamline anything, but enough to winnow away the finest material as it works loose under Mars' 100°C daily temperature swings. What do the veins consist of, and why do they curve so tantalizingly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity's camera is too far away to confirm or deny that curvature, and its x-ray instrument cannot yet tell us whether the veins are gypsum. So for now I can indulge in the hypothesis that we may be seeing the curving forms of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/ss/Pseudofossils_5.htm\">liesegang structures\u003c/a>, which you've probably noticed many times without knowing their name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/liesegangs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48764\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"liesegangs\" width=\"600\" height=\"465\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48764\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liesegang bands in an Oakland street rock. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liesegang (LEEZ-gahng) structures are thin waves of iron-oxide minerals found in porous rocks where chemically active groundwater has come and gone. In Earth rocks they may or may not affect a stone's strength, or the difference may not matter in the abrasive environment of a riverbed, like this example. But we already know that the right minerals exist on Mars, making up the concretions. Perhaps, under the utterly different conditions of Mars, these homely features can emerge to display their thin, curving, multiple form to Curiosity's eyes and toolkit.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As Curiosity gets ready to use its rock drill for the first time, we can hypothesize on what it will find.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mars has been on my radar for a very long time, since the astonishing day back in 1965 when Mariner 10 first sent back a picture of craters on its surface. So I'm not a Johnny-come-lately to the red planet. I've followed the news from every Mars mission, orbiters and landers alike. But Curiosity, the most recent robot rover, has especially piqued my curiosity as a geologist. I think there are two reasons: the darn thing has finally become a decent field assistant, and NASA is sending it to some of Mars' most Earthlike places. So let me channel the late Huell Howser here and share some of what makes me go, \"That's amazing!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike most previous landers, Curiosity has decent vision, about as good as my pocket camera. Its pictures actually look good on my desktop display, no longer like a frame grab from an old videocassette. Curiosity is a lot sturdier too—big, quick on its feet—and smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's got a nice hand lens, better than mine, that offers almost-microscopic closeups. It has a shovel, like lots of its predecessors did. One of my worst frustrations in watching Mars robots over the years was wishing I could lean in and just blow the dust off of things. Lo and behold, this rover packs a broom! \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-broom/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48765\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-broom\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars images courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while previous rovers had little grinding tools to function like the hammer and chisel in my field pack, Curiosity has a proper rock drill. They'll be testing it for the first time in coming weeks, somewhere in this car-sized piece of landscape named John Klein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48767\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48767\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until they can send a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/\">Gigapan\u003c/a> outfit to Mars for a really huge, zoomable picture, the \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA16567.jpg\">full-size version of this image on the NASA website\u003c/a> at 3483 by 2651 pixels will be the state of the art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks in this part of Mars, on the floor of Gale crater, are full of minerals and features that testify to the chemical action of water. Here's a closeup from an outcrop called Sheepbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-sheepbed/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48763\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-sheepbed\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48763\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To all appearances it's a fine-grained sandstone, shot with veins of gypsum (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/\">like those I showed you last year\u003c/a>) and tiny \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/\">concretions\u003c/a> of hematite, a hydrated iron oxide. Larger concretions lie in the surrounding dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the rover has shown us clear examples of crossbedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-crossbeds/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48766\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-crossbeds\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48766\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossbeds testify to not just the presence of water, but its physical action—rushing rivulets that sent large ripples of sand down their streambeds. Each crossbed represents the root of a ripple, spared from erosion in a setting where sediment was brought in faster than it was taken away. (Wind-blown sand dunes also make crossbeds, but the particles involved are much smaller.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, back to the drilling site at John Klein. I look at this detail and have several questions about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite-veins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48769\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite-veins\" width=\"600\" height=\"427\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48769\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I see curving veins cropping out of the surface. The Curiosity team claims that \"some of the veins have two walls and an eroded interior.\" I think they look more like double veins, but the rover will help us decide. Why are they protruding, and why is the surface around them so flat? The whole surface gives the impression of having been gently swept for a very long time—not strongly enough to streamline anything, but enough to winnow away the finest material as it works loose under Mars' 100°C daily temperature swings. What do the veins consist of, and why do they curve so tantalizingly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity's camera is too far away to confirm or deny that curvature, and its x-ray instrument cannot yet tell us whether the veins are gypsum. So for now I can indulge in the hypothesis that we may be seeing the curving forms of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/ss/Pseudofossils_5.htm\">liesegang structures\u003c/a>, which you've probably noticed many times without knowing their name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/liesegangs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48764\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"liesegangs\" width=\"600\" height=\"465\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48764\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liesegang bands in an Oakland street rock. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liesegang (LEEZ-gahng) structures are thin waves of iron-oxide minerals found in porous rocks where chemically active groundwater has come and gone. In Earth rocks they may or may not affect a stone's strength, or the difference may not matter in the abrasive environment of a riverbed, like this example. But we already know that the right minerals exist on Mars, making up the concretions. Perhaps, under the utterly different conditions of Mars, these homely features can emerge to display their thin, curving, multiple form to Curiosity's eyes and toolkit.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Las Trampas Regional Wilderness",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Las Trampas Regional Wilderness",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Each day thousands of people take the back road between Castro Valley and San Ramon through Crow Canyon. They all pass the road up Bollinger Canyon. A handful of people take that road to an unassuming park that holds the highest hills between Mount Diablo and the Bay. Here the rocks between the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been pushed together and rumpled upward into chaparral-covered ridges laced with smaller faults. Both quiet and rugged, Las Trampas Regional Wilderness is an archetypical California place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the topography and park boundaries, as shown in Google Maps with a few landmarks labeled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampastopomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48552\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampastopomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48552\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the bedrock geology of the same quadrangle. Resistant rocks hold up the ridges while more yielding rocks underlie the valleys, aided by faults and folds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampasgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48553\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampasgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48553\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocks of Las Trampas: Tn, Neroly Formation (Miocene); Tbr/Tbg/Tbd, Briones Formation (Miocene); Tus, unnamed sedimentary/volcanic rocks (Pliocene). Alameda and Contra Costa county geologic maps are spliced together at the thin white line\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The paved trail up the west side of Bollinger Canyon climbs a thousand feet to Rock 2, the park's highest point. Before I took this trail I noted the boulders in the staging area, which include examples of massive sandstone and the distinctive shell hash of the Briones Formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-shellhash/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48554\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-shellhash\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48554\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I've shown you this rock elsewhere, at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>. It's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">attractive to fossil collectors\u003c/a>, but no such activity is allowed here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the trail I noticed some boulders of conglomerate as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampascongl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampascongl\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48555\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a whole, the rocks of Las Trampas testify to a coastal setting similar to today, where coarse sediment washed offshore in large amounts from the flanks of steep and growing hills. Then, as now, landsliding was an important geological process. Look up and down from the trail to see signs of slides, most of them more subtle than this textbook case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-slide\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The climb is steep, which means that the view changes rapidly as you ascend. Take a look around each time you pause for breath. First \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> emerges from behind Las Trampas Ridge, as does the noise of the San Ramon Valley. The Sierra Nevada is visible when the air is clear enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-diablo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48557\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-diablo\" width=\"600\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48557\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reward of the climb up the valley wall is that you get to stroll along the hawk-encircled ridgetop trails as far as you care to go. On Las Trampas Ridge the sandstone is sculpted by the process of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/mechweathering/cavweather.htm\">cavernous weathering\u003c/a> into the picturesque hollows called tafoni by geologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-ss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48558\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-ss\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48558\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reward is the sweeping views on all sides. The top of Rocky Ridge, near the transmission tower on Rock 2, offered dramatic views during my visit: westward toward Mount Tam and the Oakland hills . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48551\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-top\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48551\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and southward across the East Bay Municipal Utility District watershed lands to the South Bay and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-south/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48559\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-south\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48559\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, like me, you find these views beckoning. Hikers (without dogs) can visit East Bay MUD lands with a permit; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/recreation/trail-use-permit/east-bay-trails\">at ten bucks a year it's a great bargain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Each day thousands of people take the back road between Castro Valley and San Ramon through Crow Canyon. They all pass the road up Bollinger Canyon. A handful of people take that road to an unassuming park that holds the highest hills between Mount Diablo and the Bay. Here the rocks between the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been pushed together and rumpled upward into chaparral-covered ridges laced with smaller faults. Both quiet and rugged, Las Trampas Regional Wilderness is an archetypical California place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the topography and park boundaries, as shown in Google Maps with a few landmarks labeled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampastopomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48552\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampastopomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48552\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the bedrock geology of the same quadrangle. Resistant rocks hold up the ridges while more yielding rocks underlie the valleys, aided by faults and folds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampasgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48553\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampasgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48553\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocks of Las Trampas: Tn, Neroly Formation (Miocene); Tbr/Tbg/Tbd, Briones Formation (Miocene); Tus, unnamed sedimentary/volcanic rocks (Pliocene). Alameda and Contra Costa county geologic maps are spliced together at the thin white line\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The paved trail up the west side of Bollinger Canyon climbs a thousand feet to Rock 2, the park's highest point. Before I took this trail I noted the boulders in the staging area, which include examples of massive sandstone and the distinctive shell hash of the Briones Formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-shellhash/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48554\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-shellhash\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48554\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I've shown you this rock elsewhere, at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>. It's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">attractive to fossil collectors\u003c/a>, but no such activity is allowed here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the trail I noticed some boulders of conglomerate as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampascongl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampascongl\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48555\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a whole, the rocks of Las Trampas testify to a coastal setting similar to today, where coarse sediment washed offshore in large amounts from the flanks of steep and growing hills. Then, as now, landsliding was an important geological process. Look up and down from the trail to see signs of slides, most of them more subtle than this textbook case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-slide\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The climb is steep, which means that the view changes rapidly as you ascend. Take a look around each time you pause for breath. First \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> emerges from behind Las Trampas Ridge, as does the noise of the San Ramon Valley. The Sierra Nevada is visible when the air is clear enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-diablo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48557\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-diablo\" width=\"600\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48557\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reward of the climb up the valley wall is that you get to stroll along the hawk-encircled ridgetop trails as far as you care to go. On Las Trampas Ridge the sandstone is sculpted by the process of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/mechweathering/cavweather.htm\">cavernous weathering\u003c/a> into the picturesque hollows called tafoni by geologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-ss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48558\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-ss\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48558\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reward is the sweeping views on all sides. The top of Rocky Ridge, near the transmission tower on Rock 2, offered dramatic views during my visit: westward toward Mount Tam and the Oakland hills . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48551\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-top\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48551\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and southward across the East Bay Municipal Utility District watershed lands to the South Bay and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-south/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48559\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-south\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48559\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, like me, you find these views beckoning. Hikers (without dogs) can visit East Bay MUD lands with a permit; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/recreation/trail-use-permit/east-bay-trails\">at ten bucks a year it's a great bargain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Our Newest National Park: Pinnacles National Monument",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48411\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/pinnaclesnp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48411\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesNP-300x169.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-48411\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View from the Pinnacles, on the Pacific plate, to the North America plate across the San Andreas fault. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/33671002@N00/\"}Mike Prasad{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the last things the 112th Congress did in 2012 was to enact legislation that turns Pinnacles National Monument into the nation's 59th national park. It will replace Yosemite as the nearest national park to the Bay Area, so we should familiarize ourselves with its wealth of natural attractions -- including the geological.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinnacles has a lot to offer besides rocks and tectonics. It's a crucial \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/condors.htm\">northern outpost of the California condor\u003c/a> and a stronghold of good habitat for all kinds of animals and plants. The park is reported, among other things, to be the most species-rich area in the world for wild bees. The park's plant checklist is 20 pages long, covering five major habitats. The views from its namesake peaks are phenomenal, and its night skies are dark as can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pinnacles of Pinnacles are spires of volcanic rocks: rhyolite, dacite, andesite. These are remnants of a small volcanic complex that dates from early Miocene time, about 23 million years ago. That is quite a bit older than the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">volcanic centers of the Bay Area proper\u003c/a>, which date from the late Miocene, but its tectonic origin is the same: the rearrangement of the Pacific and North America plates that created the San Andreas fault system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original volcano was probably not right on the new fault but east of it, and it was located near Lancaster in Southern California. We know this because soon after the volcano finished its business, the fault system took hold of it and wrenched it apart. Pinnacles is the western portion. The eastern portion is still down there, where geologists know it as the Neenach Volcanics. That's where I picked up this specimen of rhyolite, just like what you'll see at Pinnacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/neenachlava/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"neenachlava\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhyolite from 3 Points Road. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Pinnacles/Neenach connection, or piercing point, documents about 315 kilometers of movement across the San Andreas fault. It's one of the fault's best-known piercing points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some point during its northward journey, the Pinnacles volcanics sank into a basin created by a spur fault. Otherwise it might have been entirely eroded away by now. Instead it's an island of high lava, sitting between Salinian granite on the west and unrelated sedimentary rocks across the fault on the east. This is very similar to the geologic setting of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/\">Fremont Peak\u003c/a>, up the fault a little ways. Here's the park boundary superimposed on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48413\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/pinnaclesgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48413\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinnaclesgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48413\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap-400x300.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocks in the park: pink, Mesozoic granite; Ti/Tv/Tv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup>, Pinnacles volcanics; Mc, Miocene conglomerate.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The erosion of the Pinnacles has created some unusual features, most notably a number of deep crevices that have become covered by large fallen boulders (talus). The cover of boulders, in fact, has rendered the crevices into caves. If you've visited limestone caves and lava tubes, you'll want to add these rare \u003ca href=\"http://geotripper.blogspot.com/2012/11/inside-pinnacles-volcano-talus-caves-of.html\">talus caves\u003c/a> to your collection. I know I will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about Pinnacles geology at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/naturalfeaturesandecosystems.htm\">Pinnacles National Monument site\u003c/a>. Rock climbers will want to bookmark the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinnacles.org/\">Friends of Pinnacles\u003c/a>, who work to keep the park at its best.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48411\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/pinnaclesnp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48411\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesNP-300x169.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-48411\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View from the Pinnacles, on the Pacific plate, to the North America plate across the San Andreas fault. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/33671002@N00/\"}Mike Prasad{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the last things the 112th Congress did in 2012 was to enact legislation that turns Pinnacles National Monument into the nation's 59th national park. It will replace Yosemite as the nearest national park to the Bay Area, so we should familiarize ourselves with its wealth of natural attractions -- including the geological.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinnacles has a lot to offer besides rocks and tectonics. It's a crucial \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/condors.htm\">northern outpost of the California condor\u003c/a> and a stronghold of good habitat for all kinds of animals and plants. The park is reported, among other things, to be the most species-rich area in the world for wild bees. The park's plant checklist is 20 pages long, covering five major habitats. The views from its namesake peaks are phenomenal, and its night skies are dark as can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pinnacles of Pinnacles are spires of volcanic rocks: rhyolite, dacite, andesite. These are remnants of a small volcanic complex that dates from early Miocene time, about 23 million years ago. That is quite a bit older than the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">volcanic centers of the Bay Area proper\u003c/a>, which date from the late Miocene, but its tectonic origin is the same: the rearrangement of the Pacific and North America plates that created the San Andreas fault system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original volcano was probably not right on the new fault but east of it, and it was located near Lancaster in Southern California. We know this because soon after the volcano finished its business, the fault system took hold of it and wrenched it apart. Pinnacles is the western portion. The eastern portion is still down there, where geologists know it as the Neenach Volcanics. That's where I picked up this specimen of rhyolite, just like what you'll see at Pinnacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/neenachlava/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"neenachlava\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/neenachlava-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhyolite from 3 Points Road. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Pinnacles/Neenach connection, or piercing point, documents about 315 kilometers of movement across the San Andreas fault. It's one of the fault's best-known piercing points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some point during its northward journey, the Pinnacles volcanics sank into a basin created by a spur fault. Otherwise it might have been entirely eroded away by now. Instead it's an island of high lava, sitting between Salinian granite on the west and unrelated sedimentary rocks across the fault on the east. This is very similar to the geologic setting of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/\">Fremont Peak\u003c/a>, up the fault a little ways. Here's the park boundary superimposed on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48413\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/pinnaclesgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48413\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"pinnaclesgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48413\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/pinnaclesgeomap-400x300.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocks in the park: pink, Mesozoic granite; Ti/Tv/Tv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup>, Pinnacles volcanics; Mc, Miocene conglomerate.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The erosion of the Pinnacles has created some unusual features, most notably a number of deep crevices that have become covered by large fallen boulders (talus). The cover of boulders, in fact, has rendered the crevices into caves. If you've visited limestone caves and lava tubes, you'll want to add these rare \u003ca href=\"http://geotripper.blogspot.com/2012/11/inside-pinnacles-volcano-talus-caves-of.html\">talus caves\u003c/a> to your collection. I know I will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about Pinnacles geology at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/naturalfeaturesandecosystems.htm\">Pinnacles National Monument site\u003c/a>. Rock climbers will want to bookmark the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinnacles.org/\">Friends of Pinnacles\u003c/a>, who work to keep the park at its best.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The 2012 Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz - Answers Posted",
"title": "The 2012 Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz - Answers Posted",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48292\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/27/the-2012-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz/xmasquiz/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48292\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/xmasquiz-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"xmasquiz\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-48292\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">I used this picture in last year's quiz and have not been able to top it, so this will be the permanent Holiday Quiz photo.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the second annual KQED QUEST Science Blogs Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz, or KQSBBAGHQ II. As always (he said), this quiz consists of 20 questions centered on the Bay Area's geology. Each has one correct answer, and some of them are based on posts in the Geology category during the last year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the fine print: No prizes are awarded; answers will be added to this post on New Year's Eve; until then please use the comments for questions, not answers. Are we agreed? Thanks, I thought so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. What fault continues south from where the Hayward fault ends: Calaveras, Morgan Hill, Rodgers Creek, San Andreas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. What do scientists now call \"Pineapple Express\" storms: airstreams, atmospheric rivers, haboobs, washaways?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Where is the golden sandstone of Stanford University from: Italy, Palo Alto, Rocklin, San Jose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. What rock underlies Point San Quentin: melange, rhyolite, sandstone, serpentinite?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. What gave its name to Black Diamond Mines: coal, metallurgical sand, shellmound lime, smoky quartz?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. What makes up the bubbles in our region's hot springs: carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, water vapor?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. What mineral was mined at New Almaden before the Gold Rush: alabaster, bitumen, cinnabar, orpiment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. What resource was used by the native tribes near St. Helena: coal, obsidian, potsherds, steam?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. What stones whose history involved outer space occur in Sonoma County soils?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. What rock class is the Great Valley Sequence: igneous, metamorphic, plutonic, sedimentary?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. What part of California releases the most seismic energy: Bay Area, Central, Northwest, Southern?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. Where is the Bay Area's most recent volcanism: Clear Lake, Loma Prieta, Mount Diablo, Sutter Buttes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. What gemstone is sometimes found at Rodeo Beach: aquamarine, carnelian, moonstone, peridot?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. What city straddles the Rodgers Creek fault: Colma, Morgan Hill, Santa Rosa, Vacaville?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. What is the Bluerock district of Antioch named for: blue clay, blue ground, blueschist, celestite?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. How much damage did the Japanese tsunami of March 2011 cause California: none, $15 million, $100 million, $1 billion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. What resource originates in the Monterey Shale: aggregate, ball clay, petroleum, shale?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Which South Bay mountain is higher: Fremont Peak, Loma Prieta, Mount Hamilton, Pinnacles?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Which North Bay mountain is higher: Geyser Peak, Mount Konocti, Mount St. Helena, Mount Vaca?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. What rock type underlies Twin Peaks: basalt, chert, granite, sandstone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Added on December 31:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All right, keyboards down! Following are the answers. Most of them are found in posts I made during the year, and I've linked the answers to those posts. Another helpful post for some of the questions is the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/04/access-to-geologic-maps-the-landscapes-hidden-rooms/\">list of geologic maps I posted last year\u003c/a>. And the US Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqscanv/FaultMaps/San_Francisco.html\">has an easy page\u003c/a> for learning about Bay Area earthquake faults and watching their current activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Calaveras fault\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/\">Atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/\">San Jose\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Melange\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/\">Coal\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/\">Carbon dioxide\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">Cinnabar\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Obsidian\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/13/help-find-the-healdsburg-tektites/\">Tektites\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/devilsgate-288x162.jpg\">Sedimentary\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/\">Northwest\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/\">Clear Lake\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-rodeo-beach/\">Carnelian\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Santa Rosa\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/07/the-blue-rock-of-antioch/\">Blue clay\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/27/things-you-may-not-know-about-california-tsunamis/\">$100 million\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/\">Petroleum\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount Hamilton\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Mount St. Helena\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. Chert\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hope you enjoyed the quiz. Same time next year!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Test your knowledge with the second annual KQED QUEST Science Blogs Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48292\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/27/the-2012-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz/xmasquiz/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48292\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/xmasquiz-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"xmasquiz\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-48292\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">I used this picture in last year's quiz and have not been able to top it, so this will be the permanent Holiday Quiz photo.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the second annual KQED QUEST Science Blogs Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz, or KQSBBAGHQ II. As always (he said), this quiz consists of 20 questions centered on the Bay Area's geology. Each has one correct answer, and some of them are based on posts in the Geology category during the last year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the fine print: No prizes are awarded; answers will be added to this post on New Year's Eve; until then please use the comments for questions, not answers. Are we agreed? Thanks, I thought so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. What fault continues south from where the Hayward fault ends: Calaveras, Morgan Hill, Rodgers Creek, San Andreas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. What do scientists now call \"Pineapple Express\" storms: airstreams, atmospheric rivers, haboobs, washaways?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Where is the golden sandstone of Stanford University from: Italy, Palo Alto, Rocklin, San Jose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. What rock underlies Point San Quentin: melange, rhyolite, sandstone, serpentinite?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. What gave its name to Black Diamond Mines: coal, metallurgical sand, shellmound lime, smoky quartz?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. What makes up the bubbles in our region's hot springs: carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, water vapor?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. What mineral was mined at New Almaden before the Gold Rush: alabaster, bitumen, cinnabar, orpiment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. What resource was used by the native tribes near St. Helena: coal, obsidian, potsherds, steam?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. What stones whose history involved outer space occur in Sonoma County soils?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. What rock class is the Great Valley Sequence: igneous, metamorphic, plutonic, sedimentary?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. What part of California releases the most seismic energy: Bay Area, Central, Northwest, Southern?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. Where is the Bay Area's most recent volcanism: Clear Lake, Loma Prieta, Mount Diablo, Sutter Buttes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. What gemstone is sometimes found at Rodeo Beach: aquamarine, carnelian, moonstone, peridot?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. What city straddles the Rodgers Creek fault: Colma, Morgan Hill, Santa Rosa, Vacaville?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. What is the Bluerock district of Antioch named for: blue clay, blue ground, blueschist, celestite?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. How much damage did the Japanese tsunami of March 2011 cause California: none, $15 million, $100 million, $1 billion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. What resource originates in the Monterey Shale: aggregate, ball clay, petroleum, shale?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Which South Bay mountain is higher: Fremont Peak, Loma Prieta, Mount Hamilton, Pinnacles?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Which North Bay mountain is higher: Geyser Peak, Mount Konocti, Mount St. Helena, Mount Vaca?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. What rock type underlies Twin Peaks: basalt, chert, granite, sandstone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Added on December 31:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All right, keyboards down! Following are the answers. Most of them are found in posts I made during the year, and I've linked the answers to those posts. Another helpful post for some of the questions is the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/04/access-to-geologic-maps-the-landscapes-hidden-rooms/\">list of geologic maps I posted last year\u003c/a>. And the US Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqscanv/FaultMaps/San_Francisco.html\">has an easy page\u003c/a> for learning about Bay Area earthquake faults and watching their current activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Calaveras fault\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/watching-the-atmospheric-rivers-flow/\">Atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/\">San Jose\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Melange\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/\">Coal\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/\">Carbon dioxide\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">Cinnabar\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Obsidian\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/13/help-find-the-healdsburg-tektites/\">Tektites\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/devilsgate-288x162.jpg\">Sedimentary\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/\">Northwest\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/\">Clear Lake\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-rodeo-beach/\">Carnelian\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Santa Rosa\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/07/the-blue-rock-of-antioch/\">Blue clay\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/27/things-you-may-not-know-about-california-tsunamis/\">$100 million\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/29/the-mighty-monterey-formation-in-your-future/\">Petroleum\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount Hamilton\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Mount St. Helena\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. Chert\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hope you enjoyed the quiz. Same time next year!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
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